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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guet_royal	Royal Watch	["1 History","2 References"]	Historic French police unit You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (April 2024) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,459 articles in the main category, and specifying\|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Guet royal}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. The Royal Watch, in French guet royal, was a French police unit founded in December 1254 by King Louis IX. It was officially merged with the "Lieutenancy General of Police" in 1750, to form the Paris Guard. The name "Royal Watch" was still used unofficially by the Paris Guard until the French Revolution, when many members of the Paris Guard joined the new National Guard. The Royal Watch were also known to Parisians as "the archers". History Louis IX founded the Watch in 1254 at the request of the guilds of Paris. Its mission was "for the safety of their persons and goods, to remedy the evils that occurred every night in the town, by fire, theft, burglary, violence, rape, and the removal of furniture". Originally, the Royal Watch cooperated with the Standing Watch (guet assis, literally 'sitting watch') provided by the townspeople of Paris (composed of the Burghers' Watch, guet bourgeois, and Guild Watch, guet des métiers). These watches came under the commander of the Royal Watch, titled the Knight of the Watch (chevalier du guet), who was answerable to the Provost. In 1364, the Knight of the Watch's forces by day were 12 sergeants. By night, he commanded eight standing posts of six watchmen each, and patrols conducted by twelve horse sergeants and twenty foot sergeants, as well as two "watch clerks" (clercs de guet). In 1559, the Burghers' Watch and Guild Watch, considered ineffective, were dissolved. Increasingly exemptions had been sought from the burden of performing one full night's patrol duty every three weeks until the age of sixty. Instead, the Royal Watch received 200 archers, of whom 32 were on horse. By 1563 this had increased to 300 archers on foot and 200 on horse. From 1667, the Royal Watch operated alongside the Lieutenancy General of Police founded by Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie. In 1750 the Lieutenancy General and Royal Watch merged to form the Paris Guard. References ^ François Husson (1903), MARCHAL & BILLARD (ed.), Artisans français : étude historique - Les charpentiers (in French), Paris{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)"},{"link_name":"Parisians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"The Royal Watch, in French guet royal, was a French police unit founded in December 1254 by King Louis IX. It was officially merged with the \"Lieutenancy General of Police\" in 1750, to form the Paris Guard. The name \"Royal Watch\" was still used unofficially by the Paris Guard until the French Revolution, when many members of the Paris Guard joined the new National Guard.The Royal Watch were also known to Parisians as \"the archers\".","title":"Royal Watch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Burghers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(civil)#France"}],"text":"Louis IX founded the Watch in 1254 at the request of the guilds of Paris. Its mission was \"for the safety of their persons and goods, to remedy the evils that occurred every night in the town, by fire, theft, burglary, violence, rape, and the removal of furniture\".[1]Originally, the Royal Watch cooperated with the Standing Watch (guet assis, literally 'sitting watch') provided by the townspeople of Paris (composed of the Burghers' Watch, guet bourgeois, and Guild Watch, guet des métiers). These watches came under the commander of the Royal Watch, titled the Knight of the Watch (chevalier du guet), who was answerable to the Provost.In 1364, the Knight of the Watch's forces by day were 12 sergeants. By night, he commanded eight standing posts of six watchmen each, and patrols conducted by twelve horse sergeants and twenty foot sergeants, as well as two \"watch clerks\" (clercs de guet).In 1559, the Burghers' Watch and Guild Watch, considered ineffective, were dissolved. Increasingly exemptions had been sought from the burden of performing one full night's patrol duty every three weeks until the age of sixty. Instead, the Royal Watch received 200 archers, of whom 32 were on horse. By 1563 this had increased to 300 archers on foot and 200 on horse.From 1667, the Royal Watch operated alongside the Lieutenancy General of Police founded by Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie. In 1750 the Lieutenancy General and Royal Watch merged to form the Paris Guard.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"François Husson (1903), MARCHAL & BILLARD (ed.), Artisans français : étude historique - Les charpentiers (in French), Paris","urls":[{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k110493w","url_text":"Artisans français : étude historique - Les charpentiers"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGuet_royal&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k110493w","external_links_name":"Artisans français : étude historique - Les charpentiers"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_literature	Icelandic literature	["1 Early Icelandic literature","1.1 The Eddas","1.2 Skaldic poetry","1.3 Sagas","1.4 Literature by women","2 Middle Icelandic literature","3 Modern Icelandic literature","3.1 Literary revival","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Literature written in Iceland or by Icelandic people Part of a series on theCulture of Iceland History Economic Military Nationality Prohibition Rulers People Languages Mythology and folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music Media Radio Television Cinema Sport Monuments World Heritage Sites Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem Iceland portalvte Icelandic literature refers to literature written in Iceland or by Icelandic people. It is best known for the sagas written in medieval times, starting in the 13th century. As Icelandic and Old Norse are almost the same, and because Icelandic works constitute most of Old Norse literature, Old Norse literature is often wrongly considered a subset of Icelandic literature. However, works by Norwegians are present in the standard reader Sýnisbók íslenzkra bókmennta til miðrar átjándu aldar, compiled by Sigurður Nordal on the grounds that the language was the same. Early Icelandic literature The medieval Icelandic literature is usually divided into three parts: Eddic poetry Sagas Skaldic poetry See also: alliterative verse The Eddas Main article: Edda There has been some discussion on the probable etymology of the term "Edda". Most say it stems from the Old Norse term edda, which means great-grandmother, but some see a reference to Oddi, a place where Snorri Sturluson (the writer of the Prose Edda) was brought up. Skírnismál, one of the poems in the Poetic Edda. The Elder Edda or Poetic Edda (originally attributed to Sæmundr fróði, although this is now rejected by modern scholars) is a collection of Old Norse poems and stories originated in the late 10th century. Although these poems and stories probably come from the Scandinavian mainland, they were first written down in the 13th century in Iceland. The first and original manuscript of the Poetic Edda is the Codex Regius, found in southern Iceland in 1643 by Brynjólfur Sveinsson, Bishop of Skálholt. The Younger Edda or Prose Edda was written by Snorri Sturluson, and it is the main source of modern understanding of Norse mythology and also of some features of medieval Icelandic poetics, as it contains many mythological stories and also several kennings. In fact, its main purpose was to use it as a manual of poetics for the Icelandic skalds. Skaldic poetry Skaldic poetry mainly differs from Eddaic poetry by the fact that skaldic poetry was composed by well-known skalds, the Norwegian and Icelandic poets. Instead of talking about mythological events or telling mythological stories, skaldic poetry was usually sung to honour nobles and kings, commemorate or satirise important or any current events (e.g. a battle won by their lord, a political event in town etc.). In narratives, poems were usually used to pause the story and more closely examine an experience occurring. Poetry was also used to dramatise the emotions in a saga. For example, Egil's Saga contains a poem about the loss of Egil's sons that is lyrical and very emotional. Skaldic poets were highly regarded members of Icelandic society, and are typically divided into four categories: 1) Professional Poets (for the court or aristocrats) When Skaldic poets composed lyrics for the king, they wrote with the purpose of praising the king, recording his dealings, and celebrating him. These poems are generally considered historically correct because a poet would not have written something false about the king; a king would have taken that as the poet mocking him. Ruling aristocratic families also appreciated poetry, and poets composed verses for important events in their lives as well. 2) Private Poets These poets did not write for financial gain, rather, they wrote to participate in societal poetic exchanges. 3) Clerics These poets composed religious verses. 4) Anonymous Poets These poets are anonymously quoted and incorporated into sagas. The anonymity allowed them to mask the comments they made with their verses. Skaldic poetry is written using a strict metric system together with many figures of speech, like the complicated kennings, favoured amongst the skalds, and also with a lot of “artistic license” concerning word order and syntax, with sentences usually inverted. Sagas Main article: Saga The sagas are prose stories written in Old Norse that talk about historical aspects of the Germanic and Scandinavian world; for instance, the migration of people to Iceland, voyages of Vikings to unexplored lands, or the early history of the inhabitants of Gotland. Whereas the Eddas contain mainly mythological stories, sagas are usually realistic and deal with actual events, although there are some legendary sagas of saints, bishops, and translated romances. Sometimes mythological references are added, or a story is rendered more romantic and fantastical than as actually occurred. Sagas are the main sources for studying the history of Scandinavia between the 9th and 13th centuries. Frontispiece of the elaborate printed Bible of the bishop Guðbrandur Þorláksson, printed in 1584. Literature by women Little medieval Icelandic writing is securely attested to be by women. In theory, anonymous sagas might have been written by women, but there is no evidence to support this, and known saga-writers are male. A fairly large number of Skaldic verse stanzas are attributed to Icelandic and Norwegian women, including Hildr Hrólfsdóttir, Jórunn skáldmær, Gunnhildr konungamóðir, Bróka-Auðr, and Þórhildr skáldkona. However, the poetry attributed to women—just like much of the poetry attributed to men— is likely to have been composed by later (male) saga-writers. Even so, this material suggests that women may sometimes have composed verse. However, the authorial voice of the fifteenth-century rímur-cycle Landrés rímur describes itself with grammatically feminine adjectives, and accordingly the poem has been suggested to be the earliest Icelandic poem reliably attributable to a woman. Middle Icelandic literature Reformation-era literature Overview 16th-century Renaissance humanism Reformation-era propaganda 16th century in poetry 16th century in literature British Elizabethan Welsh Scottish Anglo-Irish Metaphysical poets English Renaissance theatre Pastoral Morality History Tragedy Revenge Continental Czech German Swiss Slovak Sorbian Romanian Bohorič alphabet Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age Folklore of the Low Countries Scandinavian Danish Faroese Norwegian Swedish Finnish Icelandic vte Important compositions of the time from the 15th century to the 19th include sacred verse, most famously the Passion Hymns of Hallgrímur Pétursson; rímur, rhymed epic poems with alliterative verse that consist of two to four verses per stanza, popular until the end of the 19th century; and autobiographical prose writings such as the Píslarsaga of Jón Magnússon. The first book printed in Icelandic was the New Testament in 1540. A full translation of the Bible was published in the sixteenth century, and popular religious literature, such as the Sendibréf frá einum reisandi Gyðingi í fornöld, was translated from German or Danish or composed in Icelandic. The most prominent poet of the eighteenth century was Eggert Ólafsson (1726–1768), while Jón Þorláksson á Bægisá (1744–1819) undertook several major translations, including the Paradísarmissir, a translation of John Milton's Paradise Lost. Sagas continued to be composed in the style of medieval ones, particularly romances, not least by the priest Jón Oddsson Hjaltalín (1749-1835). Modern Icelandic literature Literary revival In the beginning of the 19th century, there was a linguistic and literary revival. Romanticism arrived in Iceland and was dominant especially during the 1830s, in the work of poets like Bjarni Thorarensen (1786–1841) and Jónas Hallgrímsson (1807–45). Jónas Hallgrímsson, also the first writer of modern Icelandic short stories, influenced Jón Thoroddsen (1818–68), who, in 1850, published the first Icelandic novel, and so he is considered the father of the modern Icelandic novel. This classic Icelandic style from the 19th and early 20th centuries was continued chiefly by Grímur Thomsen (1820–96), who wrote many heroic poems and Matthías Jochumsson (1835–1920), who wrote many plays that are considered the beginning of modern Icelandic drama, among many others. In short, this period was a great revival of Icelandic literature. Realism and naturalism followed romanticism. Notable Realistic writers include the short-story writer Gestur Pálsson (1852–91), known for his satires, and the Icelandic-Canadian poet Stephan G. Stephansson (1853–1927), noted for his sensitive way of dealing with the language and for his ironic vein. Einar Benediktsson must be mentioned here as an early proponent of Neo-romanticism. He is in many ways alone in Icelandic poetry, but is generally acknowledged to be one of the great figures of the "Golden Age" in poetry. In the early 20th century several Icelandic writers started writing in Danish, among them Jóhann Sigurjónsson, and Gunnar Gunnarsson (1889–1975). Writer Halldór Laxness (1902–98), won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the author of many articles, essays, poems, short stories and novels. Widely translated works include the expressionist novels Independent People (1934–35) and Iceland's Bell (1943–46). After World War I, there was a revival of the classic style, mainly in poetry, with authors such as Davíð Stefánsson and Tómas Guðmundsson, who later became the representer of traditional poetry in Iceland in the 20th century. Modern authors, from the end of World War II, tend to merge the classical style with a modernist style. More recently, crime novelist Arnaldur Indriðason's (b. 1961) works have met with success outside of Iceland. See also Icelandic Literary Prize List of Icelandic writers Nordic Council's Literature Prize References ^ As far as it goes. A poet would not make up untrue deeds, but he would also leave out negative aspects. ^ Nordal, Guðrún. Tools of literacy: The role of skaldic verse in Icelandic textual culture of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. ^ Haukur Þorgeirsson, 'Skáldkona frá 15. öld Archived 2016-04-04 at the Wayback Machine'. ^ Sandra Ballif Straubhaar, Old Norse Women's Poetry: The Voices of Female Skalds (Cambridge: Brewer, 2011), ISBN 9781843842712. ^ Haukur Þorgeirsson, 'Skáldkona frá 15. öld Archived 2016-04-04 at the Wayback Machine'. ^ Matthew James Driscoll, The Unwashed Children of Eve: The Production, Dissemination and Reception of Popular Literature in Post-Reformation Iceland (Enfield Lock: Hisarlik Press, 1997), pp. 6, 35. ^ Einar Benediktsson and Stephan G. Stephansson share, despite all differences, this certain "loner" status. They may not have influenced many other poets directly, but every poet has read them, and they are present in all relevant anthologies and are both required reading in schools. Further reading Einarsson, Stefan (1957). A History of Icelandic Literature. New York: Johns Hopkins University Press. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Literature of Iceland. Icelandic Saga Database - Icelandic sagas in translation Old Norse Prose and Poetry Northvegr.org Nat.is: little but good page on Icelandic literature Electronic Gateway for Icelandic Literature (EGIL) Sagnanetið - digital images of Icelandic manuscripts and texts Icelandic Literature Information on contemporary authors Netútgáfan Literary works in Icelandic. The complete Sagas of Icelanders Icelandic Online Dictionary and Readings from the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center. Collection includes interactive Icelandic dictionary; bilingual readings about Iceland and Icelandic history, society, and culture; readings in Icelandic about contemporary Iceland and Icelanders; and Icelandic literature. vteNordic literature Danish literature Faroese literature Finnish literature Icelandic literature Norwegian literature Swedish literature Old Norse literature vteIceland articlesHistoryBy topic Economic Military Nationality Prohibition Rulers Timeline Settlement Commonwealth Christianization Aristocracy Sturlung Era Reformation Danish trade monopoly Independence Movement Kingdom World War II Invasion Cold War Cod Wars 2008–2011 financial crisis GeographyNatural Climate Earthquakes Extreme points Fjords Forests Geology Glaciers Highlands Islands Lakes National parks Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Wildlife Political Constituencies Counties Farthings Localities Municipalities Regions Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law Law enforcement LGBT rights Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Banking Communications Króna (currency) Energy Nasdaq Iceland Nordic model Outvasion Taxation Tourism Transport Society Abortion Demographics Education Healthcare Icelanders Icelandic Language Languages Religion Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Chess Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Mass media Music Names National costume Public holidays Sport Television OutlineIndex Category Portal vteIcelandic languageFeatures Braille Grammar Orthography Phonology Vocabulary Names Patronymic names Street names List of exonyms History and literature History Old Icelandic Literature Sagas Poetic Edda Skaldic poetry Promotion and purism Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies Icelandic Language Day Icelandic Language Council Icelandic Language Fund Icelandic Language Institute Icelandic Naming Committee Linguistic purism Related topics Icelandic Sign Language List of Icelandic writers vteEuropean literature Abkhaz Albanian Anglo-Norman Aragonese Armenian Aromanian Asturian Austrian Basque Belarusian Belgian Bosnian Breton British Bulgarian Catalan Chuvash Cornish Crimean Tatar Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Middle English Estonian Faroese Finnish Flemish French Frisian Friulian Gaelic Gagauz Galician Georgian German Greek ancient medieval modern Hungarian Icelandic Irish Northern Irish Italian Jèrriais Kazakh Kashubian Kosovar Latin Latvian Lithuanian Luxembourg Macedonian Maltese Manx Moldovan Montenegrin Norwegian Occitan (Provençal) Old Norse Ossetian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Sardinian Scottish Scots Scottish Gaelic Serbian Silesian Slovak Slovene Spanish Swedish Swiss Turkish Turkish Cypriot Ukrainian Venetian Welsh in English in Welsh Western Lombard Yiddish Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_language"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Norwegians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"Sigurður Nordal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur_Nordal"}],"text":"Icelandic literature refers to literature written in Iceland or by Icelandic people. It is best known for the sagas written in medieval times, starting in the 13th century. As Icelandic and Old Norse are almost the same, and because Icelandic works constitute most of Old Norse literature, Old Norse literature is often wrongly considered a subset of Icelandic literature. However, works by Norwegians are present in the standard reader Sýnisbók íslenzkra bókmennta til miðrar átjándu aldar, compiled by Sigurður Nordal on the grounds that the language was the same.","title":"Icelandic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddic poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda"},{"link_name":"Sagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagas"},{"link_name":"Skaldic poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaldic_poetry"},{"link_name":"alliterative verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliterative_verse"}],"text":"The medieval Icelandic literature is usually divided into three parts:Eddic poetry\nSagas\nSkaldic poetrySee also: alliterative verse","title":"Early Icelandic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddi"},{"link_name":"Snorri Sturluson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson"},{"link_name":"Prose Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l-748-2v.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poetic Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda"},{"link_name":"Sæmundr fróði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6mundr_fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Codex Regius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Regius"},{"link_name":"Brynjólfur Sveinsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynj%C3%B3lfur_Sveinsson"},{"link_name":"Skálholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt"},{"link_name":"Prose Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda"},{"link_name":"Norse mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"kennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning"},{"link_name":"skalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald"}],"sub_title":"The Eddas","text":"There has been some discussion on the probable etymology of the term \"Edda\"[citation needed]. Most say it stems from the Old Norse term edda, which means great-grandmother, but some see a reference to Oddi, a place where Snorri Sturluson (the writer of the Prose Edda) was brought up.Skírnismál, one of the poems in the Poetic Edda.The Elder Edda or Poetic Edda (originally attributed to Sæmundr fróði, although this is now rejected by modern scholars) is a collection of Old Norse poems and stories originated in the late 10th century.Although these poems and stories probably come from the Scandinavian mainland, they were first written down in the 13th century in Iceland. The first and original manuscript of the Poetic Edda is the Codex Regius, found in southern Iceland in 1643 by Brynjólfur Sveinsson, Bishop of Skálholt.The Younger Edda or Prose Edda was written by Snorri Sturluson, and it is the main source of modern understanding of Norse mythology and also of some features of medieval Icelandic poetics, as it contains many mythological stories and also several kennings. In fact, its main purpose was to use it as a manual of poetics for the Icelandic skalds.","title":"Early Icelandic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald"},{"link_name":"Egil's Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egil%27s_Saga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"kennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning"}],"sub_title":"Skaldic poetry","text":"Skaldic poetry mainly differs from Eddaic poetry by the fact that skaldic poetry was composed by well-known skalds, the Norwegian and Icelandic poets. Instead of talking about mythological events or telling mythological stories, skaldic poetry was usually sung to honour nobles and kings, commemorate or satirise important or any current events (e.g. a battle won by their lord, a political event in town etc.). In narratives, poems were usually used to pause the story and more closely examine an experience occurring. Poetry was also used to dramatise the emotions in a saga. For example, Egil's Saga contains a poem about the loss of Egil's sons that is lyrical and very emotional.Skaldic poets were highly regarded members of Icelandic society, and are typically divided into four categories:\n1) Professional Poets (for the court or aristocrats)\nWhen Skaldic poets composed lyrics for the king, they wrote with the purpose of praising the king, recording his dealings, and celebrating him. These poems are generally considered historically correct[1][citation needed] because a poet would not have written something false about the king; a king would have taken that as the poet mocking him.[citation needed]Ruling aristocratic families also appreciated poetry, and poets composed verses for important events in their lives as well.2) Private PoetsThese poets did not write for financial gain, rather, they wrote to participate in societal poetic exchanges.3) ClericsThese poets composed religious verses.4) Anonymous PoetsThese poets are anonymously quoted and incorporated into sagas. The anonymity allowed them to mask the comments they made with their verses.[2][citation needed]Skaldic poetry is written using a strict metric system together with many figures of speech, like the complicated kennings, favoured amongst the skalds, and also with a lot of “artistic license” concerning word order and syntax, with sentences usually inverted.","title":"Early Icelandic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"Gotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gudbrandsbiblia.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Sagas","text":"The sagas are prose stories written in Old Norse that talk about historical aspects of the Germanic and Scandinavian world; for instance, the migration of people to Iceland, voyages of Vikings to unexplored lands, or the early history of the inhabitants of Gotland. Whereas the Eddas contain mainly mythological stories, sagas are usually realistic and deal with actual events, although there are some legendary sagas of saints, bishops, and translated romances. Sometimes mythological references are added, or a story is rendered more romantic and fantastical than as actually occurred. Sagas are the main sources for studying the history of Scandinavia between the 9th and 13th centuries.Frontispiece of the elaborate printed Bible of the bishop Guðbrandur Þorláksson, printed in 1584.","title":"Early Icelandic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hildr Hrólfsdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildr_Hr%C3%B3lfsd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"Jórunn skáldmær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3runn_sk%C3%A1ldm%C3%A6r"},{"link_name":"Gunnhildr konungamóðir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnhildr_konungam%C3%B3%C3%B0ir"},{"link_name":"Bróka-Auðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%B3ka-Au%C3%B0r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Þórhildr skáldkona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%B3rhildr_sk%C3%A1ldkona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmur"},{"link_name":"Landrés rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landr%C3%A9s_r%C3%ADmur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Literature by women","text":"Little medieval Icelandic writing is securely attested to be by women. In theory, anonymous sagas might have been written by women, but there is no evidence to support this, and known saga-writers are male.[3] A fairly large number of Skaldic verse stanzas are attributed to Icelandic and Norwegian women, including Hildr Hrólfsdóttir, Jórunn skáldmær, Gunnhildr konungamóðir, Bróka-Auðr, and Þórhildr skáldkona. However, the poetry attributed to women—just like much of the poetry attributed to men— is likely to have been composed by later (male) saga-writers. Even so, this material suggests that women may sometimes have composed verse.[4]However, the authorial voice of the fifteenth-century rímur-cycle Landrés rímur describes itself with grammatically feminine adjectives, and accordingly the poem has been suggested to be the earliest Icelandic poem reliably attributable to a woman.[5]","title":"Early Icelandic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passion Hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_Hymns"},{"link_name":"Hallgrímur Pétursson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallgr%C3%ADmur_P%C3%A9tursson"},{"link_name":"rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmur"},{"link_name":"alliterative verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliterative_verse"},{"link_name":"Jón Magnússon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Magn%C3%BAsson_(author)"},{"link_name":"printed in Icelandic was the New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Icelandic"},{"link_name":"Sendibréf frá einum reisandi Gyðingi í fornöld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendibr%C3%A9f_fr%C3%A1_einum_reisandi_Gy%C3%B0ingi_%C3%AD_forn%C3%B6ld"},{"link_name":"Eggert Ólafsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggert_%C3%93lafsson"},{"link_name":"Jón Þorláksson á Bægisá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3n_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson_%C3%A1_B%C3%A6gis%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson_%C3%A1_B%C3%A6gis%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost"},{"link_name":"romances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_sagas"},{"link_name":"Jón Oddsson Hjaltalín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Oddsson_Hjaltal%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Important compositions of the time from the 15th century to the 19th include sacred verse, most famously the Passion Hymns of Hallgrímur Pétursson; rímur, rhymed epic poems with alliterative verse that consist of two to four verses per stanza, popular until the end of the 19th century; and autobiographical prose writings such as the Píslarsaga of Jón Magnússon. The first book printed in Icelandic was the New Testament in 1540. A full translation of the Bible was published in the sixteenth century, and popular religious literature, such as the Sendibréf frá einum reisandi Gyðingi í fornöld, was translated from German or Danish or composed in Icelandic. The most prominent poet of the eighteenth century was Eggert Ólafsson (1726–1768), while Jón Þorláksson á Bægisá [is] (1744–1819) undertook several major translations, including the Paradísarmissir, a translation of John Milton's Paradise Lost. Sagas continued to be composed in the style of medieval ones, particularly romances, not least by the priest Jón Oddsson Hjaltalín (1749-1835).[6]","title":"Middle Icelandic literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern Icelandic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Bjarni Thorarensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarni_Thorarensen"},{"link_name":"Jónas Hallgrímsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3nas_Hallgr%C3%ADmsson"},{"link_name":"Jón Thoroddsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Thoroddsen_elder"},{"link_name":"Grímur Thomsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur_Thomsen"},{"link_name":"Matthías Jochumsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matth%C3%ADas_Jochumsson"},{"link_name":"Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_realism"},{"link_name":"naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Gestur Pálsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gestur_P%C3%A1lsson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephan G. Stephansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_G._Stephansson"},{"link_name":"Einar Benediktsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Benediktsson"},{"link_name":"Neo-romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-romanticism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jóhann Sigurjónsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3hann_Sigurj%C3%B3nsson"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Gunnarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Gunnarsson"},{"link_name":"Halldór Laxness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist"},{"link_name":"Independent People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_People"},{"link_name":"Iceland's Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%27s_Bell_(novel)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Davíð Stefánsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0_Stef%C3%A1nsson"},{"link_name":"Tómas Guðmundsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3mas_Gu%C3%B0mundsson"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Arnaldur Indriðason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaldur_Indri%C3%B0ason"}],"sub_title":"Literary revival","text":"In the beginning of the 19th century, there was a linguistic and literary revival. Romanticism arrived in Iceland and was dominant especially during the 1830s, in the work of poets like Bjarni Thorarensen (1786–1841) and Jónas Hallgrímsson (1807–45). Jónas Hallgrímsson, also the first writer of modern Icelandic short stories, influenced Jón Thoroddsen (1818–68), who, in 1850, published the first Icelandic novel, and so he is considered the father of the modern Icelandic novel.This classic Icelandic style from the 19th and early 20th centuries was continued chiefly by Grímur Thomsen (1820–96), who wrote many heroic poems and Matthías Jochumsson (1835–1920), who wrote many plays that are considered the beginning of modern Icelandic drama, among many others. In short, this period was a great revival of Icelandic literature.Realism and naturalism followed romanticism. Notable Realistic writers include the short-story writer Gestur Pálsson (1852–91), known for his satires, and the Icelandic-Canadian poet Stephan G. Stephansson (1853–1927), noted for his sensitive way of dealing with the language and for his ironic vein. Einar Benediktsson must be mentioned here as an early proponent of Neo-romanticism. He is in many ways alone in Icelandic poetry, but is generally acknowledged to be one of the great figures of the \"Golden Age\" in poetry.[7]In the early 20th century several Icelandic writers started writing in Danish, among them Jóhann Sigurjónsson, and Gunnar Gunnarsson (1889–1975). Writer Halldór Laxness (1902–98), won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the author of many articles, essays, poems, short stories and novels. Widely translated works include the expressionist novels Independent People (1934–35) and Iceland's Bell (1943–46).After World War I, there was a revival of the classic style, mainly in poetry, with authors such as Davíð Stefánsson and Tómas Guðmundsson, who later became the representer of traditional poetry in Iceland in the 20th century. Modern authors, from the end of World War II, tend to merge the classical style with a modernist style.More recently, crime novelist Arnaldur Indriðason's (b. 1961) works have met with success outside of Iceland.","title":"Modern Icelandic literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Einarsson, Stefan (1957). A History of Icelandic Literature. New York: Johns Hopkins University Press.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Skírnismál, one of the poems in the Poetic Edda.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l-748-2v.jpg/220px-Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l-748-2v.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frontispiece of the elaborate printed Bible of the bishop Guðbrandur Þorláksson, printed in 1584.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gudbrandsbiblia.jpg/220px-Gudbrandsbiblia.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Icelandic Literary Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Literary_Prize"},{"title":"List of Icelandic writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_writers"},{"title":"Nordic Council's Literature Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Council%27s_Literature_Prize"}]	[{"reference":"Einarsson, Stefan (1957). A History of Icelandic Literature. New York: Johns Hopkins University Press.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.arnastofnun.is/page/haukur_thorgeirsson","external_links_name":"Skáldkona frá 15. öld"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404154405/http://www.arnastofnun.is/page/haukur_thorgeirsson","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vePMQ7PFSY4C","external_links_name":"Old Norse Women's Poetry: The Voices of Female Skalds"},{"Link":"https://www.arnastofnun.is/page/haukur_thorgeirsson","external_links_name":"Skáldkona frá 15. öld"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404154405/http://www.arnastofnun.is/page/haukur_thorgeirsson","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sagadb.org/","external_links_name":"Icelandic Saga Database - Icelandic sagas in translation"},{"Link":"http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20070508123104/http://www.heimskringla.no/enindex.php","external_links_name":"Old Norse Prose and Poetry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060130100018/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/main.php","external_links_name":"Northvegr.org"},{"Link":"http://www.nat.is/travelguideeng/icelandic_literature.htm","external_links_name":"Nat.is: little but good page on Icelandic literature"},{"Link":"http://www.egil.nottingham.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"Electronic Gateway for Icelandic Literature (EGIL)"},{"Link":"http://saga.library.cornell.edu/","external_links_name":"Sagnanetið - digital images of Icelandic manuscripts and texts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060613021529/http://bokmenntir.is/default.asp?cat_id=8","external_links_name":"Icelandic Literature"},{"Link":"http://www.snerpa.is/net/index.html","external_links_name":"Netútgáfan"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140618151151/http://shopicelandic.com/store/books/the-complete-sagas-of-icelanders-detail","external_links_name":"The complete Sagas of Icelanders"},{"Link":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/IcelOnline","external_links_name":"Icelandic Online Dictionary and Readings"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953367q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953367q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7507849-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538542605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064030","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576878","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121205&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relations	Finitary relation	["1 Definitions","2 Specific values of n","2.1 Nullary","2.2 Unary","2.3 Binary","2.4 Ternary","3 Example","4 History","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]	Property that assigns truth values to k-tuples of individuals In mathematics, a finitary relation over a sequence of sets X1, ..., Xn is a subset of the Cartesian product X1 × ... × Xn; that is, it is a set of n-tuples (x1, ..., xn), each being a sequence of elements xi in the corresponding Xi. Typically, the relation describes a possible connection between the elements of an n-tuple. For example, the relation "x is divisible by y and z" consists of the set of 3-tuples such that when substituted to x, y and z, respectively, make the sentence true. The non-negative integer n that gives the number of "places" in the relation is called the arity, adicity or degree of the relation. A relation with n "places" is variously called an n-ary relation, an n-adic relation or a relation of degree n. Relations with a finite number of places are called finitary relations (or simply relations if the context is clear). It is also possible to generalize the concept to infinitary relations with infinite sequences. Definitions When two objects, qualities, classes, or attributes, viewed together by the mind, are seen under some connexion, that connexion is called a relation.— Augustus De Morgan Definition R is an n-ary relation on sets X1, ..., Xn is given by a subset of the Cartesian product X1 × ... × Xn. Since the definition is predicated on the underlying sets X1, ..., Xn, R may be more formally defined as the (n + 1)-tuple (X1, ..., Xn, G), where G, called the graph of R, is a subset of the Cartesian product X1 × ... × Xn. As is often done in mathematics, the same symbol is used to refer to the mathematical object and an underlying set, so the statement (x1, ..., xn) ∈ R is often used used to mean (x1, ..., xn) ∈ G is read "x1, ..., xn are R-related" and are denoted using prefix notation by Rx1⋯xn and using postfix notation by x1⋯xnR. In the case where R is a binary relation, those statements are also denoted using infix notation by x1Rx2. The following considerations apply: The set Xi is called the ith domain of R. In the case where R is a binary relation, X1 is also called simply the domain or set of departure of R, and X2 is also called the codomain or set of destination of R. When the elements of Xi are relations, Xi is called a nonsimple domain of R. The set of ∀xi ∈ Xi such that Rx1⋯xi−1xixi+1⋯xn for at least one (x1, ..., xn) is called the ith domain of definition or active domain of R. In the case where R is a binary relation, its first domain of definition is also called simply the domain of definition or active domain of R, and its second domain of definition is also called the codomain of definition or active codomain of R. When the ith domain of definition of R is equal to Xi, R is said to be total on its ith domain (or on Xi, when this is not ambiguous). In the case where R is a binary relation, when R is total on X1, it is also said to be left-total or serial, and when R is total on X2, it is also said to be right-total or surjective. When ∀x ∀y ∈ Xi. ∀z ∈ Xj. xRijz ∧ yRijz ⇒ x = y, where i ∈ I, j ∈ J, Rij = πij R, and {I, J} is a partition of {1, ..., n}, R is said to be unique on {Xi}i∈I, and {Xi}i∈J is called a primary key of R. In the case where R is a binary relation, when R is unique on {X1}, it is also said to be left-unique or injective, and when R is unique on {X2}, it is also said to be univalent or right-unique. When all Xi are the same set X, it is simpler to refer to R as an n-ary relation over X, called a homogeneous relation. Without this restriction, R is called a heterogeneous relation. When any of Xi is empty, the defining Cartesian product is empty, and the only relation over such a sequence of domains is the empty relation R = ∅. Let a Boolean domain B be a two-element set, say, B = {0, 1}, whose elements can be interpreted as logical values, typically 0 = false and 1 = true. The characteristic function of R, denoted by χR, is the Boolean-valued function χR: X1 × ... × Xn → B, defined by χR((x1, ..., xn)) = 1 if Rx1⋯xn and χR((x1, ..., xn)) = 0 otherwise. In applied mathematics, computer science and statistics, it is common to refer to a Boolean-valued function as an n-ary predicate. From the more abstract viewpoint of formal logic and model theory, the relation R constitutes a logical model or a relational structure, that serves as one of many possible interpretations of some n-ary predicate symbol. Because relations arise in many scientific disciplines, as well as in many branches of mathematics and logic, there is considerable variation in terminology. Aside from the set-theoretic extension of a relational concept or term, the term "relation" can also be used to refer to the corresponding logical entity, either the logical comprehension, which is the totality of intensions or abstract properties shared by all elements in the relation, or else the symbols denoting these elements and intensions. Further, some writers of the latter persuasion introduce terms with more concrete connotations (such as "relational structure" for the set-theoretic extension of a given relational concept). Specific values of n Nullary Nullary (0-ary) relations count only two members: the empty nullary relation, which never holds, and the universal nullary relation, which always holds. This is because there is only one 0-tuple, the empty tuple (), and there are exactly two subsets of the (singleton) set of all 0-tuples. They are sometimes useful for constructing the base case of an induction argument. Unary Unary (1-ary) relations can be viewed as a collection of members (such as the collection of Nobel laureates) having some property (such as that of having been awarded the Nobel prize). Every nullary function is a unary relation. Binary Binary (2-ary) relations are the most commonly studied form of finitary relations. Homogeneous binary relations (where X1 = X2) include Equality and inequality, denoted by signs such as = and < in statements such as "5 < 12", or Divisibility, denoted by the sign \| in statements such as "13 \| 143". Heterogeneous binary relations include Set membership, denoted by the sign ∈ in statements such as "1 ∈ N". Ternary Ternary (3-ary) relations include, for example, the binary functions, which relate two inputs and the output. All three of the domains of a homogeneous ternary relation are the same set. Example Consider the ternary relation R "x thinks that y likes z" over the set of people P = { Alice, Bob, Charles, Denise }, defined by: R = { (Alice, Bob, Denise), (Charles, Alice, Bob), (Charles, Charles, Alice), (Denise, Denise, Denise) }. R can be represented equivalently by the following table: Relation R "x thinks that y likes z" x y z Alice Bob Denise Charles Alice Bob Charles Charles Alice Denise Denise Denise Here, each row represents a triple of R, that is it makes a statement of the form "x thinks that y likes z". For instance, the first row states that "Alice thinks that Bob likes Denise". All rows are distinct. The ordering of rows is insignificant but the ordering of columns is significant. The above table is also a simple example of a relational database, a field with theory rooted in relational algebra and applications in data management. Computer scientists, logicians, and mathematicians, however, tend to have different conceptions what a general relation is, and what it is consisted of. For example, databases are designed to deal with empirical data, which is by definition finite, whereas in mathematics, relations with infinite arity (i.e., infinitary relation) are also considered. History See also: Algebraic logic § History The logician Augustus De Morgan, in work published around 1860, was the first to articulate the notion of relation in anything like its present sense. He also stated the first formal results in the theory of relations (on De Morgan and relations, see Merrill 1990). Charles Peirce, Gottlob Frege, Georg Cantor, Richard Dedekind and others advanced the theory of relations. Many of their ideas, especially on relations called orders, were summarized in The Principles of Mathematics (1903) where Bertrand Russell made free use of these results. In 1970, Edgar Codd proposed a relational model for databases, thus anticipating the development of data base management systems. See also Incidence structure Hypergraph Logic of relatives Logical matrix Partial order Predicate (mathematical logic) Projection (set theory) Reflexive relation Relation algebra Relational algebra Relational model Relations (philosophy) References ^ a b c d e f g h Codd 1970 ^ "Relation – Encyclopedia of Mathematics". www.encyclopediaofmath.org. Retrieved 2019-12-12. ^ "Definition of n-ary Relation". cs.odu.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-12. ^ Nivat 1981 ^ De Morgan 1966 ^ "Relations – CS441" (PDF). www.pitt.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-11. Bibliography Bourbaki, N. (1994), Elements of the History of Mathematics, translated by John Meldrum, Springer-Verlag Carnap, Rudolf (1958), Introduction to Symbolic Logic with Applications, Dover Publications Codd, Edgar Frank (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–387. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016. Retrieved 2020-04-29. Codd, Edgar Frank (1990). The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 (PDF). Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0201141924. De Morgan, A. (1966) , "On the syllogism, part 3", in Heath, P. (ed.), On the syllogism and other logical writings, Routledge, p. 119 Halmos, P.R. (1960), Naive Set Theory, Princeton NJ: D. Van Nostrand Company Lawvere, F.W.; Rosebrugh, R (2003), Sets for Mathematics, Cambridge Univ. Press Lewis, C.I. (1918) A Survey of Symbolic Logic, Chapter 3: Applications of the Boole–Schröder Algebra, via Internet Archive Lucas, J.R. (1999), Conceptual Roots of Mathematics, Routledge Maddux, R.D. (2006), Relation Algebras, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, vol. 150, Elsevier Science Merrill, Dan D. (1990), Augustus De Morgan and the logic of relations, Kluwer Nivat, M. (1981). "Infinitary relations". In Astesiano, Egidio; Böhm, Corrado (eds.). Caap '81. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 112. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 46–75. doi:10.1007/3-540-10828-9_54. ISBN 978-3-540-38716-9. Peirce, C.S. (1870), "Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relatives, Resulting from an Amplification of the Conceptions of Boole's Calculus of Logic", Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9, 317–78, 1870. Reprinted, Collected Papers CP 3.45–149, Chronological Edition CE 2, 359–429. Peirce, C.S. (1984) Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, Volume 2, 1867–1871. Peirce Edition Project, eds. Indiana University Press. Russell, B. (1938) , The Principles of Mathematics (2nd ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press. Suppes, P. (1972) , Axiomatic Set Theory, Dover Publications Tarski, A. (1983) , Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics, Papers from 1923 to 1938, translated by J.H. Woodger (1st ed.), Oxford University Press 2nd edition, J. Corcoran, ed. Indianapolis IN: Hackett Publishing. Ulam, S.M. and Bednarek, A.R. (1990), "On the Theory of Relational Structures and Schemata for Parallel Computation", pp. 477–508 in A.R. Bednarek and Françoise Ulam (eds.), Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and His Los Alamos Collaborators, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Ulam, S.M. (1990), A.R. Bednarek; Françoise Ulam (eds.), Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and His Los Alamos Collaborators, University of California Press Fraïssé, R. (2000) , Theory of Relations, North Holland vteMathematical logicGeneral Axiom list Cardinality First-order logic Formal proof Formal semantics Foundations of mathematics Information theory Lemma Logical consequence Model Theorem Theory Type theory Theorems (list) and paradoxes Gödel's completeness and incompleteness theorems Tarski's undefinability Banach–Tarski paradox Cantor's theorem, paradox and diagonal argument Compactness Halting problem Lindström's Löwenheim–Skolem Russell's paradox LogicsTraditional Classical logic Logical truth Tautology Proposition Inference Logical equivalence Consistency Equiconsistency Argument Soundness Validity Syllogism Square of opposition Venn diagram Propositional Boolean algebra Boolean functions Logical connectives Propositional calculus Propositional formula Truth tables Many-valued logic 3 finite ∞ Predicate First-order list Second-order Monadic Higher-order Fixed-point Free Quantifiers Predicate Monadic predicate calculus Set theory Set hereditary Class (Ur-)Element Ordinal number Extensionality Forcing Relation equivalence partition Set operations: intersection union complement Cartesian product power set identities Types of sets Countable Uncountable Empty Inhabited Singleton Finite Infinite Transitive Ultrafilter Recursive Fuzzy Universal Universe constructible Grothendieck Von Neumann Maps and cardinality Function/Map domain codomain image In/Sur/Bi-jection Schröder–Bernstein theorem Isomorphism Gödel numbering Enumeration Large cardinal inaccessible Aleph number Operation binary Set theories Zermelo–Fraenkel axiom of choice continuum hypothesis General Kripke–Platek Morse–Kelley Naive New Foundations Tarski–Grothendieck Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Ackermann Constructive Formal systems (list),language and syntax Alphabet Arity Automata Axiom schema Expression ground Extension by definition conservative Relation Formation rule Grammar Formula atomic closed ground open Free/bound variable Language Metalanguage Logical connective ¬ ∨ ∧ → ↔ = Predicate functional variable propositional variable Proof Quantifier ∃ ! ∀ rank Sentence atomic spectrum Signature String Substitution Symbol function logical/constant non-logical variable Term Theory list Example axiomaticsystems (list) of arithmetic: Peano second-order elementary function primitive recursive Robinson Skolem of the real numbers Tarski's axiomatization of Boolean algebras canonical minimal axioms of geometry: Euclidean: Elements Hilbert's Tarski's non-Euclidean Principia Mathematica Proof theory Formal proof Natural deduction Logical consequence Rule of inference Sequent calculus Theorem Systems axiomatic deductive Hilbert list Complete theory Independence (from ZFC) Proof of impossibility Ordinal analysis Reverse mathematics Self-verifying theories Model theory Interpretation function of models Model equivalence finite saturated spectrum submodel Non-standard model of arithmetic Diagram elementary Categorical theory Model complete theory Satisfiability Semantics of logic Strength Theories of truth semantic Tarski's Kripke's T-schema Transfer principle Truth predicate Truth value Type Ultraproduct Validity Computability theory Church encoding Church–Turing thesis Computably enumerable Computable function Computable set Decision problem decidable undecidable P NP P versus NP problem Kolmogorov complexity Lambda calculus Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory Concrete/Abstract category Category of sets History of logic History of mathematical logic timeline Logicism Mathematical object Philosophy of mathematics Supertask Mathematics portal Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"},{"link_name":"Cartesian product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECodd1970-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"arity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arity"},{"link_name":"infinite sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivat1981-4"}],"text":"In mathematics, a finitary relation over a sequence of sets X1, ..., Xn is a subset of the Cartesian product X1 × ... × Xn; that is, it is a set of n-tuples (x1, ..., xn), each being a sequence of elements xi in the corresponding Xi.[1][2][3] Typically, the relation describes a possible connection between the elements of an n-tuple. For example, the relation \"x is divisible by y and z\" consists of the set of 3-tuples such that when substituted to x, y and z, respectively, make the sentence true.The non-negative integer n that gives the number of \"places\" in the relation is called the arity, adicity or degree of the relation. A relation with n \"places\" is variously called an n-ary relation, an n-adic relation or a relation of degree n. Relations with a finite number of places are called finitary relations (or simply relations if the context is clear). It is also possible to generalize the concept to infinitary relations with infinite sequences.[4]","title":"Finitary relation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augustus De Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Morgan1966-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECodd1970-1"},{"link_name":"prefix notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_notation"},{"link_name":"postfix notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation"},{"link_name":"infix notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infix_notation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECodd1970-1"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Definition"},{"link_name":"codomain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Definition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECodd1970-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECodd1970-1"},{"link_name":"domain of definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Definition"},{"link_name":"codomain of definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Definition"},{"link_name":"left-total","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Special_types_of_binary_relations"},{"link_name":"right-total","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Special_types_of_binary_relations"},{"link_name":"partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_a_set"},{"link_name":"primary key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_key"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECodd1970-1"},{"link_name":"left-unique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Special_types_of_binary_relations"},{"link_name":"univalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Special_types_of_binary_relations"},{"link_name":"homogeneous relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_relation"},{"link_name":"heterogeneous relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_relation"},{"link_name":"Boolean domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_domain"},{"link_name":"characteristic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_function"},{"link_name":"Boolean-valued function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean-valued_function"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"predicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"formal logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_logic"},{"link_name":"model theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory"},{"link_name":"interpretations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"set-theoretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory"},{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(semantics)"},{"link_name":"logical comprehension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehension_(logic)"},{"link_name":"intensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intension"}],"text":"When two objects, qualities, classes, or attributes, viewed together by the mind, are seen under some connexion, that connexion is called a relation.— Augustus De Morgan[5]Definition\nR is an n-ary relation on sets X1, ..., Xn is given by a subset of the Cartesian product X1 × ... × Xn.[1]Since the definition is predicated on the underlying sets X1, ..., Xn, R may be more formally defined as the (n + 1)-tuple (X1, ..., Xn, G), where G, called the graph of R, is a subset of the Cartesian product X1 × ... × Xn.As is often done in mathematics, the same symbol is used to refer to the mathematical object and an underlying set, so the statement (x1, ..., xn) ∈ R is often used used to mean (x1, ..., xn) ∈ G is read \"x1, ..., xn are R-related\" and are denoted using prefix notation by Rx1⋯xn and using postfix notation by x1⋯xnR. In the case where R is a binary relation, those statements are also denoted using infix notation by x1Rx2.The following considerations apply:The set Xi is called the ith domain of R.[1] In the case where R is a binary relation, X1 is also called simply the domain or set of departure of R, and X2 is also called the codomain or set of destination of R.\nWhen the elements of Xi are relations, Xi is called a nonsimple domain of R.[1]\nThe set of ∀xi ∈ Xi such that Rx1⋯xi−1xixi+1⋯xn for at least one (x1, ..., xn) is called the ith domain of definition or active domain of R.[1] In the case where R is a binary relation, its first domain of definition is also called simply the domain of definition or active domain of R, and its second domain of definition is also called the codomain of definition or active codomain of R.\nWhen the ith domain of definition of R is equal to Xi, R is said to be total on its ith domain (or on Xi, when this is not ambiguous). In the case where R is a binary relation, when R is total on X1, it is also said to be left-total or serial, and when R is total on X2, it is also said to be right-total or surjective.\nWhen ∀x ∀y ∈ Xi. ∀z ∈ Xj. xRijz ∧ yRijz ⇒ x = y, where i ∈ I, j ∈ J, Rij = πij R, and {I, J} is a partition of {1, ..., n}, R is said to be unique on {Xi}i∈I, and {Xi}i∈J is called a primary key[1] of R. In the case where R is a binary relation, when R is unique on {X1}, it is also said to be left-unique or injective, and when R is unique on {X2}, it is also said to be univalent or right-unique.\nWhen all Xi are the same set X, it is simpler to refer to R as an n-ary relation over X, called a homogeneous relation. Without this restriction, R is called a heterogeneous relation.\nWhen any of Xi is empty, the defining Cartesian product is empty, and the only relation over such a sequence of domains is the empty relation R = ∅.Let a Boolean domain B be a two-element set, say, B = {0, 1}, whose elements can be interpreted as logical values, typically 0 = false and 1 = true. The characteristic function of R, denoted by χR, is the Boolean-valued function χR: X1 × ... × Xn → B, defined by χR((x1, ..., xn)) = 1 if Rx1⋯xn and χR((x1, ..., xn)) = 0 otherwise.In applied mathematics, computer science and statistics, it is common to refer to a Boolean-valued function as an n-ary predicate. From the more abstract viewpoint of formal logic and model theory, the relation R constitutes a logical model or a relational structure, that serves as one of many possible interpretations of some n-ary predicate symbol.Because relations arise in many scientific disciplines, as well as in many branches of mathematics and logic, there is considerable variation in terminology. Aside from the set-theoretic extension of a relational concept or term, the term \"relation\" can also be used to refer to the corresponding logical entity, either the logical comprehension, which is the totality of intensions or abstract properties shared by all elements in the relation, or else the symbols denoting these elements and intensions. Further, some writers of the latter persuasion introduce terms with more concrete connotations (such as \"relational structure\" for the set-theoretic extension of a given relational concept).","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specific values of n"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_induction"}],"sub_title":"Nullary","text":"Nullary (0-ary) relations count only two members: the empty nullary relation, which never holds, and the universal nullary relation, which always holds. This is because there is only one 0-tuple, the empty tuple (), and there are exactly two subsets of the (singleton) set of all 0-tuples. They are sometimes useful for constructing the base case of an induction argument.","title":"Specific values of n"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobel laureates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureates"},{"link_name":"Nobel prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize"}],"sub_title":"Unary","text":"Unary (1-ary) relations can be viewed as a collection of members (such as the collection of Nobel laureates) having some property (such as that of having been awarded the Nobel prize).Every nullary function is a unary relation.","title":"Specific values of n"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation"},{"link_name":"Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Divisibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor"},{"link_name":"Set membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_(mathematics)"}],"sub_title":"Binary","text":"Binary (2-ary) relations are the most commonly studied form of finitary relations. Homogeneous binary relations (where X1 = X2) includeEquality and inequality, denoted by signs such as = and < in statements such as \"5 < 12\", or\nDivisibility, denoted by the sign \| in statements such as \"13 \| 143\".Heterogeneous binary relations includeSet membership, denoted by the sign ∈ in statements such as \"1 ∈ N\".","title":"Specific values of n"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_relation"},{"link_name":"binary functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_function"}],"sub_title":"Ternary","text":"Ternary (3-ary) relations include, for example, the binary functions, which relate two inputs and the output. All three of the domains of a homogeneous ternary relation are the same set.","title":"Specific values of n"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECodd1970-1"},{"link_name":"relational database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database"},{"link_name":"relational algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_algebra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Consider the ternary relation R \"x thinks that y likes z\" over the set of people P = { Alice, Bob, Charles, Denise }, defined by:R = { (Alice, Bob, Denise), (Charles, Alice, Bob), (Charles, Charles, Alice), (Denise, Denise, Denise) }.R can be represented equivalently by the following table:Here, each row represents a triple of R, that is it makes a statement of the form \"x thinks that y likes z\". For instance, the first row states that \"Alice thinks that Bob likes Denise\". All rows are distinct. The ordering of rows is insignificant but the ordering of columns is significant.[1]The above table is also a simple example of a relational database, a field with theory rooted in relational algebra and applications in data management.[6] Computer scientists, logicians, and mathematicians, however, tend to have different conceptions what a general relation is, and what it is consisted of. For example, databases are designed to deal with empirical data, which is by definition finite, whereas in mathematics, relations with infinite arity (i.e., infinitary relation) are also considered.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algebraic logic § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_logic#History"},{"link_name":"Augustus De Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Charles Peirce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Frege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege"},{"link_name":"Georg Cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Cantor"},{"link_name":"Richard Dedekind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dedekind"},{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_theory"},{"link_name":"The Principles of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"Edgar Codd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd"},{"link_name":"relational model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model"},{"link_name":"databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"data base management systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_base_management_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECodd1970-1"}],"text":"See also: Algebraic logic § HistoryThe logician Augustus De Morgan, in work published around 1860, was the first to articulate the notion of relation in anything like its present sense. He also stated the first formal results in the theory of relations (on De Morgan and relations, see Merrill 1990).Charles Peirce, Gottlob Frege, Georg Cantor, Richard Dedekind and others advanced the theory of relations. Many of their ideas, especially on relations called orders, were summarized in The Principles of Mathematics (1903) where Bertrand Russell made free use of these results.In 1970, Edgar Codd proposed a relational model for databases, thus anticipating the development of data base management systems.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bourbaki, N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki"},{"link_name":"John Meldrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._P._Meldrum"},{"link_name":"Carnap, Rudolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap"},{"link_name":"Codd, Edgar Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd"},{"link_name":"\"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/362384.362685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F362384.362685"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"207549016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207549016"},{"link_name":"Codd, Edgar Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd"},{"link_name":"The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//codeblab.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/rmdb-codd.pdf"},{"link_name":"Addison-Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0201141924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201141924"},{"link_name":"De Morgan, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Halmos, P.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Richard_Halmos"},{"link_name":"Lawvere, F.W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lawvere"},{"link_name":"Lewis, C.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Irving_Lewis"},{"link_name":"A Survey of Symbolic Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/asurveyofsymboli00lewiuoft"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"Lucas, J.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lucas_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Maddux, R.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Maddux"},{"link_name":"Nivat, M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Nivat"},{"link_name":"\"Infinitary relations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-10828-9_54"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/3-540-10828-9_54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-10828-9_54"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-38716-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-38716-9"},{"link_name":"Peirce, C.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce"},{"link_name":"Peirce, C.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce"},{"link_name":"Russell, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"The Principles of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fair-use.org/bertrand-russell/the-principles-of-mathematics"},{"link_name":"Suppes, P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Suppes"},{"link_name":"Tarski, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarski"},{"link_name":"Ulam, S.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam"},{"link_name":"Bednarek, A.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Bednarek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ulam, S.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam"},{"link_name":"Fraïssé, R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Fra%C3%AFss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"Mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"Axiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_axioms"},{"link_name":"Cardinality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality"},{"link_name":"First-order logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic"},{"link_name":"Formal proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_proof"},{"link_name":"Formal semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(logic)"},{"link_name":"Foundations of mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"Lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Logical 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(1994), Elements of the History of Mathematics, translated by John Meldrum, Springer-Verlag\nCarnap, Rudolf (1958), Introduction to Symbolic Logic with Applications, Dover Publications\nCodd, Edgar Frank (June 1970). \"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks\" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–387. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016. Retrieved 2020-04-29.\nCodd, Edgar Frank (1990). The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 (PDF). Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0201141924.\nDe Morgan, A. (1966) [1858], \"On the syllogism, part 3\", in Heath, P. (ed.), On the syllogism and other logical writings, Routledge, p. 119\nHalmos, P.R. (1960), Naive Set Theory, Princeton NJ: D. Van Nostrand Company\nLawvere, F.W.; Rosebrugh, R (2003), Sets for Mathematics, Cambridge Univ. Press\nLewis, C.I. (1918) A Survey of Symbolic Logic, Chapter 3: Applications of the Boole–Schröder Algebra, via Internet Archive\nLucas, J.R. (1999), Conceptual Roots of Mathematics, Routledge\nMaddux, R.D. (2006), Relation Algebras, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, vol. 150, Elsevier Science\nMerrill, Dan D. (1990), Augustus De Morgan and the logic of relations, Kluwer\nNivat, M. (1981). \"Infinitary relations\". In Astesiano, Egidio; Böhm, Corrado (eds.). Caap '81. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 112. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 46–75. doi:10.1007/3-540-10828-9_54. ISBN 978-3-540-38716-9.\nPeirce, C.S. (1870), \"Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relatives, Resulting from an Amplification of the Conceptions of Boole's Calculus of Logic\", Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9, 317–78, 1870. Reprinted, Collected Papers CP 3.45–149, Chronological Edition CE 2, 359–429.\nPeirce, C.S. (1984) Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, Volume 2, 1867–1871. Peirce Edition Project, eds. Indiana University Press.\nRussell, B. (1938) [1903], The Principles of Mathematics (2nd ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press.\nSuppes, P. (1972) [1960], Axiomatic Set Theory, Dover Publications\nTarski, A. (1983) [1956], Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics, Papers from 1923 to 1938, translated by J.H. Woodger (1st ed.), Oxford University Press 2nd edition, J. Corcoran, ed. Indianapolis IN: Hackett Publishing.\nUlam, S.M. and Bednarek, A.R. (1990), \"On the Theory of Relational Structures and Schemata for Parallel Computation\", pp. 477–508 in A.R. Bednarek and Françoise Ulam (eds.), Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and His Los Alamos Collaborators, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.\nUlam, S.M. (1990), A.R. Bednarek; Françoise Ulam (eds.), Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and His Los Alamos Collaborators, University of California Press\nFraïssé, R. (2000) [1986], Theory of Relations, North HollandvteMathematical logicGeneral\nAxiom\nlist\nCardinality\nFirst-order logic\nFormal proof\nFormal semantics\nFoundations of mathematics\nInformation theory\nLemma\nLogical consequence\nModel\nTheorem\nTheory\nType theory\nTheorems (list) and paradoxes\nGödel's completeness and incompleteness theorems\nTarski's undefinability\nBanach–Tarski paradox\nCantor's theorem, paradox and diagonal argument\nCompactness\nHalting problem\nLindström's\nLöwenheim–Skolem\nRussell's paradox\nLogicsTraditional\nClassical logic\nLogical truth\nTautology\nProposition\nInference\nLogical equivalence\nConsistency\nEquiconsistency\nArgument\nSoundness\nValidity\nSyllogism\nSquare of opposition\nVenn diagram\nPropositional\nBoolean algebra\nBoolean functions\nLogical connectives\nPropositional calculus\nPropositional formula\nTruth tables\nMany-valued logic\n3\nfinite\n∞\nPredicate\nFirst-order\nlist\nSecond-order\nMonadic\nHigher-order\nFixed-point\nFree\nQuantifiers\nPredicate\nMonadic predicate calculus\nSet theory\nSet\nhereditary\nClass\n(Ur-)Element\nOrdinal number\nExtensionality\nForcing\nRelation\nequivalence\npartition\nSet operations:\nintersection\nunion\ncomplement\nCartesian product\npower set\nidentities\nTypes of sets\nCountable\nUncountable\nEmpty\nInhabited\nSingleton\nFinite\nInfinite\nTransitive\nUltrafilter\nRecursive\nFuzzy\nUniversal\nUniverse\nconstructible\nGrothendieck\nVon Neumann\nMaps and cardinality\nFunction/Map\ndomain\ncodomain\nimage\nIn/Sur/Bi-jection\nSchröder–Bernstein theorem\nIsomorphism\nGödel numbering\nEnumeration\nLarge cardinal\ninaccessible\nAleph number\nOperation\nbinary\nSet theories\nZermelo–Fraenkel\naxiom of choice\ncontinuum hypothesis\nGeneral\nKripke–Platek\nMorse–Kelley\nNaive\nNew Foundations\nTarski–Grothendieck\nVon Neumann–Bernays–Gödel\nAckermann\nConstructive\nFormal systems (list),language and syntax\nAlphabet\nArity\nAutomata\nAxiom schema\nExpression\nground\nExtension\nby definition\nconservative\nRelation\nFormation rule\nGrammar\nFormula\natomic\nclosed\nground\nopen\nFree/bound variable\nLanguage\nMetalanguage\nLogical connective\n¬\n∨\n∧\n→\n↔\n=\nPredicate\nfunctional\nvariable\npropositional variable\nProof\nQuantifier\n∃\n!\n∀\nrank\nSentence\natomic\nspectrum\nSignature\nString\nSubstitution\nSymbol\nfunction\nlogical/constant\nnon-logical\nvariable\nTerm\nTheory\nlist\nExample axiomaticsystems (list)\nof arithmetic:\nPeano\nsecond-order\nelementary function\nprimitive recursive\nRobinson\nSkolem\nof the real numbers\nTarski's axiomatization\nof Boolean algebras\ncanonical\nminimal axioms\nof geometry:\nEuclidean:\nElements\nHilbert's\nTarski's\nnon-Euclidean\nPrincipia Mathematica\nProof theory\nFormal proof\nNatural deduction\nLogical consequence\nRule of inference\nSequent calculus\nTheorem\nSystems\naxiomatic\ndeductive\nHilbert\nlist\nComplete theory\nIndependence (from ZFC)\nProof of impossibility\nOrdinal analysis\nReverse mathematics\nSelf-verifying theories\nModel theory\nInterpretation\nfunction\nof models\nModel\nequivalence\nfinite\nsaturated\nspectrum\nsubmodel\nNon-standard model\nof arithmetic\nDiagram\nelementary\nCategorical theory\nModel complete theory\nSatisfiability\nSemantics of logic\nStrength\nTheories of truth\nsemantic\nTarski's\nKripke's\nT-schema\nTransfer principle\nTruth predicate\nTruth value\nType\nUltraproduct\nValidity\nComputability theory\nChurch encoding\nChurch–Turing thesis\nComputably enumerable\nComputable function\nComputable set\nDecision problem\ndecidable\nundecidable\nP\nNP\nP versus NP problem\nKolmogorov complexity\nLambda calculus\nPrimitive recursive function\nRecursion\nRecursive set\nTuring machine\nType theory\nRelated\nAbstract logic\nAlgebraic logic\nAutomated theorem proving\nCategory theory\nConcrete/Abstract category\nCategory of sets\nHistory of logic\nHistory of mathematical logic\ntimeline\nLogicism\nMathematical object\nPhilosophy of mathematics\nSupertask\n Mathematics portalAuthority control databases: National \nGermany","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Incidence structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_structure"},{"title":"Hypergraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraph"},{"title":"Logic of relatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_of_relatives"},{"title":"Logical matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_matrix"},{"title":"Partial order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_order"},{"title":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(mathematical_logic)"},{"title":"Projection (set theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(set_theory)"},{"title":"Reflexive 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices_and_Incomes_Act_1966	Prices and Incomes Act 1966	["1 See also"]	United Kingdom legislationPrices and Incomes Act 1966Act of ParliamentParliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to establish a National Board for Prices and Incomes, and authorise the bringing into force of provisions requiring notice of price increases, pay increases and other matters, and for enforcing a temporary standstill in prices or charges or terms and conditions of employment; in connection with recommendations made by the said Board, to amend the Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1956; to provide, for a period lasting not more than twelve months, for restricting price increases and pay increases and for other matters connected with prices and incomes; and for connected purposes.Citation1966 c. 33DatesRoyal assent12 August 1966Other legislationRepealed byHousing (Consequential Provisions) Act 1985Status: Repealed The Prices and Incomes Act 1966 (c. 33) was a United Kingdom act of Parliament, affecting UK labour law, regarding wage levels and price policies. It allowed the government to begin a process to scrutinise rising levels of wages (at around 8 per cent per annum at that time) by initiating reports, and inquiries, and ultimately giving orders for a standstill. The objective was to control inflation. It proved unpopular after the 1960s. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015) See also UK labour law National Board for Prices and Incomes Authority control databases: People UK Parliament	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationThe Prices and Incomes Act 1966 (c. 33) was a United Kingdom act of Parliament, affecting UK labour law, regarding wage levels and price policies. It allowed the government to begin a process to scrutinise rising levels of wages (at around 8 per cent per annum at that time) by initiating reports, and inquiries, and ultimately giving orders for a standstill. The objective was to control inflation. It proved unpopular after the 1960s.","title":"Prices and Incomes Act 1966"}]	[]	[{"title":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"},{"title":"National Board for Prices and Incomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_for_Prices_and_Incomes"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25043906#identifiers"},{"title":"UK Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.parliament.uk/RxCiGBZS"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prices_and_Incomes_Act_1966&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/RxCiGBZS","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/228th_Rifle_Division	228th Rifle Division	["1 1st Formation","1.1 Battle of Kiev","2 2nd Formation","2.1 Operation Blue","3 3rd Formation","3.1 106th Rifle Brigade","4 Into Ukraine","4.1 Nikopol-Krivoi Rog Offensive","4.2 First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive","5 Into the Balkans","5.1 Hungarian Campaign","5.2 Advance into Slovakia and Postwar","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]	228th Rifle Division (March 14, 1941 - December 27, 1941)228th Rifle Division (December 1941 - September 1, 1942)228th Rifle Division (June 25, 1943 - July 1945)Active1941–1945Country Soviet UnionBranch Red ArmyTypeInfantrySizeDivisionEngagementsOperation BarbarossaBattle of Brody (1941)Battle of Kiev (1941)Case BlueDonbas strategic offensive (August 1943)Battle of the DnieprNikopol–Krivoi Rog offensiveUman–Botoșani offensiveFirst Jassy–Kishinev offensiveSecond Jassy–Kishinev offensiveBudapest offensiveSiege of BudapestBratislava–Brno offensivePrague offensiveDecorations Order of Suvorov (3rd formation)Battle honoursVoznesensk (3rd formation)CommandersNotablecommandersCol. Aleksandr Mikhailovich IlyinCol. Viktor Georgievich Chernov Col. Nikolai Ivanovich DementevCol. Pavel Grigorevich KulikovMaj. Gen. Ivan YesinMilitary unit The 228th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed in the months just before the start of the German invasion, based on the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of September 13, 1939. After being formed in the Kiev Special Military District it soon took part in the fighting in northern Ukraine where it joined the 5th Army north of Kyiv. The presence of this Army in the fastnesses of the eastern Pripyat area influenced German strategy as it appeared to threaten both the left flank of Army Group South and the right flank of Army Group Center. In September the latter Group was turned south to encircle the Soviet forces defending Kyiv and in the process the 228th was cut off and destroyed. A new 228th formed in the Siberian Military District in December 1941 based on the 451st Rifle Division. It was soon assigned to 24th Army in Southern Front which was intended as a backstop to the front line armies facing the German summer offensive of 1942, but it was driven back, encircled and destroyed in a matter of weeks. The third 228th, based on the shtat of December 10, 1942, was created in June 1943 from the cadre of a rifle brigade. It took part in the liberation of eastern Ukraine as part of 1st Guards Army before being moved to 37th Army of 2nd Ukrainian Front during the fighting along the Dniepr. During the advance into western Ukraine in the spring of 1944 it won a battle honor but this advance was halted in April after the German defense crystallised along the west bank of the Dniestr River near Bender. During the next few months the 228th moved to the northwest as a reserve unit but was assigned to 53rd Army shortly after the start of the offensive that drove Romania out of the Axis in August. As part of this Army it advanced into Hungary and Czechoslovakia and would be decorated for its part in the liberation of Brno. It was disbanded in July 1945. 1st Formation The division began forming on March 14, 1941, at Zhytomyr in the Kiev Special Military District. When completed it had the following order of battle: 767th Rifle Regiment 795th Rifle Regiment 799th Rifle Regiment 669th Light Artillery Regiment 366th Howitzer Artillery Regiment 10th Antitank Battalion 9th Antiaircraft Battalion 304th Reconnaissance Battalion 383rd Sapper Battalion 605th Signal Battalion 378th Medical/Sanitation Battalion 324th Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Platoon 701st Motor Transport Battalion 485th Field Bakery 659th Field Postal Station 531st Field Office of the State Bank Col. Aleksandr Mikhailovich Ilyin was appointed to command on the day the division began forming. On June 22 it was in the 36th Rifle Corps in the reserves of Southwestern Front, and was located at Shepetivka. By the first of July it had left 36th Corps and had been assigned to 5th Army under direct Army command. At this time it was positioned south of Hoshcha fighting against the advancing 13th and 14th Panzer Divisions of III Motorized Corps in cooperation with 19th Mechanized Corps. As the panzers pushed toward Kyiv on July 7 the 228th attempted to hold at Novohrad-Volynskyi but was soon forced to fall back to the southeast. By July 10 it had been returned to 36th Corps which was now in 6th Army of the same Front, but later in the month the division was again assigned to 5th Army. By July 23 it was fighting southwest of Malyn and as of August 11 it was located east of that city near the confluence of the Teteriv and Irsha Rivers. On August 1 Colonel Ilyin was removed from command and replaced by Col. Viktor Georgievich Chernov. Ilyin would take command of the 215th Motorized Division in mid-September and escaped the Kyiv encirclement to later lead the 261st Rifle Division and the 61st Rifle Corps before being killed in action in May 1944. Chernov had previously served as deputy commanding officer of the 62nd Rifle Division. Battle of Kiev Positions of Soviet forces northeast of Kozelets on September 12, 1941. The 228th is shown. The presence of 5th Army in the area north of Kyiv had been affecting German strategy for some time as noted in Führer directive No. 33 of July 19:The Kiev fortifications and the Soviet 5th Army's operations on our rear have inhibited active operations and free maneuver on Army Group South's northern flank. The directive set the task, among others, "to destroy the Soviet 5th Army by means of a closely coordinated offensive by the forces on Army Group Center's southern flank and Army Group South's northern flank." By August 14 strength returns showed that there were only 2,429 personnel remaining in the 228th, and 11 days later, on August 25 the number had decreased to under 2,000. By the end of the month the 669th Light Artillery Regiment had been detached to 26th Army as a support unit while the remainder of the division was transferred to 37th Army. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Group and 2nd Army of Army Group Center began their drives southward. At this time the remnants of the division were attempting to hold positions west of Chernihiv from elements of the XXIII Army Corps outflanking it to the east. By September 10 the remnants of 5th and 37th Armies were grouped north of Kozelets but on September 16 the 2nd Panzers linked up with the 1st Panzer Group of Army Group South well to the east and the Army was deeply encircled. While the division was noted as effectively destroyed by October 1, it was not officially removed from the Red Army order of battle until December 27. Colonel Chernov took command of 47th Mountain Rifle Division on October 2 and would go on to lead the 90th Guards and 60th Rifle Divisions and be promoted to the rank of major general before being killed in action on March 17, 1945. On April 6 he was posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union. 2nd Formation The 451st Rifle Division began forming at Kansk in the Siberian Military District in November 1941. Later that month it was redesignated as the 2nd formation of the 228th. Its order of battle was similar to that of the 1st formation: 767th Rifle Regiment 795th Rifle Regiment 799th Rifle Regiment 669th Artillery Regiment 10th Antitank Battalion 129th Antiaircraft Battery 120th Mortar Battalion 236th Reconnaissance Company 383rd Sapper Battalion 605th Signal Battalion 378th Medical/Sanitation Battalion 522nd Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company 585th Motor Transport Company 438th Field Bakery 903rd Divisional Veterinary Hospital 1698th Field Postal Station 1068th Field Office of the State Bank Col. Nikolai Ivanovich Dementev took command on February 18, 1942, and would lead the division until it was disbanded. It arrived at the active front on April 28 where it was placed at the disposal of Southern Front. Operation Blue When 1st Panzer and 17th Army launched the German summer offensive on their sectors on July 7, the 228th was still in Southern Front, but now in 24th Army. This newly formed Army, with just four rifle divisions, two of which (335th and 341st) had been badly damaged in the Second Battle of Kharkov, was attempting to provide a second echelon for the Front behind the 12th and 18th Armies. On July 10 the Front was ordered to form those divisions into a task force along with a special tank group to move northeastward to block the XXXX Panzer Corps in the Chertkovo area. This move availed very little, and the Southern Front commander, Lt. Gen. R. Ya. Malinovsky, soon reported that 24th Army was being driven back to the Millerovo–Rogalik–Vishniaki line "under great pressure." By dawn on July 15 the 3rd Panzer Division of 4th Panzer Army had linked up with 14th Panzer of 1st Panzer Army 40 km south of Millerovo. By this time the 228th had been reduced to under 2,500 personnel and although the encirclement was never really closed too few of these men managed to escape for the division to be rebuilt. By the beginning of August the 24th Army had been effectively disbanded and the 228th was no longer in the Red Army order of battle as of July 29 although its headquarters was not officially disbanded until September 1. Colonel Dementev escaped the debacle and on September 6 took over command of the 337th Rifle Division. He was promoted to the rank of major general in January 1943 before being wounded in February and hospitalized for several months; he did not see any further front line service. 3rd Formation Another new 228th was formed on June 25, 1943, in 6th Army of Southwestern Front, based on the 106th Rifle Brigade. 106th Rifle Brigade This brigade had formed from December 1941 until April 1942 in the Moscow Military District. By May 1 it was considered ready for front line service and first went to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command before being assigned to 61st Army in Western Front by month's end. It consisted of: 4 rifle battalions 1 artillery battalion (12 76mm cannon) 1 mortar battalion (82mm mortars) 1 antitank rifle company (48 antitank rifles) 1 submachine gun company 1 reconnaissance company 1 sapper company In June it was moved to the reserves of Bryansk Front and in July joined Operational Group Chibisov on the southern flank of the Front, fighting in direct support of 16th Tank Corps. The 106th took heavy losses during the early stages of Case Blue and returned to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and then Moscow Military District in September for rebuilding. Late in October it returned to the front as part of 13th Army in Bryansk Front. Near the end of the year it was moved to 6th Army in Southwestern Front but after advancing in the wake of the German defeat at Stalingrad it was caught up in the German counteroffensive at Kharkiv. Once the front stabilized in March the brigade was assigned to the 4th Guards Rifle Corps of 6th Army and was again rebuilt, at least in terms of infantry, but remained short of heavy weapons until it was converted to the new 228th. Once formed the division's order of battle was again very similar to that of the first two formations: 767th Rifle Regiment 795th Rifle Regiment 799th Rifle Regiment 669th Artillery Regiment 10th Antitank Battalion 236th Reconnaissance Company 383rd Sapper Battalion 605th Signal Battalion (later 1457th Signal Company) 378th Medical/Sanitation Battalion 522nd Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company 585th Motor Transport Company 562nd Field Bakery 908th Divisional Veterinary Hospital (later 903rd) 1751st Field Postal Station 1831st Field Office of the State Bank Col. Pavel Grigorevich Kulikov took command on June 29. The new division remained in 4th Guards Corps for several weeks but by the beginning of August it had come under direct Army command. Into Ukraine In July the 6th Army was near the right flank of Southwestern Front, along the Donets River southeast of Kharkiv, but was not directly involved in the first Donbas strategic offensive. The Front launched a new effort in the Donbas on August 13 in cooperation with the Soviet forces attacking toward Kharkiv from the north in Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev. At about this time the 228th was transferred to 34th Rifle Corps of 1st Guards Army, just to the south. The defending German 6th Army and 1st Panzer Army resisted as best they could but on August 31, under immense pressure, were authorized to withdraw to the line of the Kalmius River. The retreat did not end there and through September and into October the 228th remained in 34th Corps of 1st Guards Army advancing toward Dnepropetrovsk. Later in October, after the Dniepr had been crossed in several places, the division was shifted again, now to 68th Rifle Corps in 37th Army of 2nd Ukrainian Front, although in November it would come under direct Army command. This Front was under command of Army Gen. I. S. Konev and on October 15 he launched an offensive with elements of four armies, including the 37th, from a bridgehead roughly halfway between Dnepropetrovsk and Kremenchuk in the direction of Kryvyi Rih. Piatykhatky was liberated on October 18 and by the 25th the advance had reached the outskirts of Kryvyi Rih. A counterattack by XXXX Panzer Corps from October 27–30 drove Konev's forces back up to 30 km and badly damaged nine rifle divisions. Nikopol-Krivoi Rog Offensive Nikopol-Krivoi Rog Offensive During December the 228th became part of 57th Rifle Corps, still in 37th Army. In January 1944 the Army came under command of 3rd Ukrainian Front. The Front's first effort to renew the drive on Kryvyi Rih began on January 10, led mainly by 46th Army, but made only modest gains at considerable cost and was halted on the 16th. The offensive was renewed on January 30 after a powerful artillery preparation against the positions of the German XXX Army Corps on the same sector of the line, but this was met with a counter-barrage that disrupted the attack. A new effort the next day, backed by even heavier artillery and air support, made progress but still did not penetrate the German line. On February 1 the XXX Corps line was pierced in several places and by nightfall the Soviet forces had torn a 9 km-wide gap in the line west of the Bazavluk River. During the next two days German 6th Army tried to avoid encirclement by slogging through the mud to the Kamianka River line, which was already compromised by the Soviet advance. Forward detachments of 8th Guards Army reached Apostolove on the 4th and over the next few days 46th Army began to attempt a sweep westward to envelop Kryvyi Rih from the south. The dispersion of the Front's forces, combined with German reserves produced by the evacuation of the Nikopol bridgehead east of the Dniepr and indecision on the part of the German high command, produced "a peculiar sort of semiparalysis" on this part of the front during the second half of the month. Finally, on February 21 elements of the 46th and 37th Armies broke into the outer defenses of Kryvyi Rih. To avoid costly street fighting 6th Army was withdrawn west of the city, which was liberated the next day. First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive The Uman–Botoșani Offensive began on March 5 and as 37th Army advanced toward the Dniestr River the division was one of only two units granted a battle honor for the liberation of Voznesensk on March 24. Three days later Colonel Kulikov left the division and was replaced by Col. Ivan Yesin. This officer had previously commanded the 38th and 88th Guards Rifle Divisions and had been serving as deputy commander of 35th Guards Rifle Division. He would be promoted to the rank of major general on November 2 and would lead the 228th for the duration of the war. As 37th Army closed on the Dniestr the 57th Rifle Corps was commanded by Maj. Gen. F. A. Ostashenko and consisted of the 58th and 92nd Guards and the 228th Rifle Divisions. Early on April 11 the bulk of 3rd Ukrainian Front's forces began pursuing disorganized German forces toward the river with 37th Army advancing toward Tiraspol. The Army's assignment was to force the Dniestr from north of Parcani to as far south as Slobozia, seize a bridgehead roughly 25 km wide and 12 km deep, and to prepare for a further pursuit in the direction of Chișinău. Much of this area consisted of a large, irregular bend of lowlands that were nearly indefensible, but retaining possession depended on capturing high ground to the west that dominated the lower terrain. The Army advanced with 57th Corps on the right (north) wing, 82nd Rifle Corps on the left, and 6th Guards Rifle Corps in second echelon but mostly following the 82nd. The 57th proceeded through Blijnii Hutor toward Parcani with the mission of capturing Tiraspol with an assault from the north, then crossing the river at Parcani before taking the town of Bender (Tighina) on the west bank and its adjacent strip of high ground. General Ostashenko deployed the 228th in the center with 58th Guards to the north and 92nd Guards to the south; the 188th Rifle Division of 82nd Corps supported the flank of the 92nd. The 58th Guards and the 228th cleared Tiraspol overnight on April 11/12 before pushing on to the river south of Parcani. The 92nd Guards also reached the east bank north of the town but ran into effective resistance from the 257th Infantry Division which prevented any crossings. The 58th Guards managed to secure a small bridgehead near Varnița while the 228th was able to get over near Tîrnauca. Colonel Yesin was fortunate to escape the fate of his fellow division commanders, both of whom were wounded in the day's fighting and required evacuation. The 6th Guards Corps had more success in its crossing operations but German reinforcements were already reaching the high ground. Late on April 12 the Front commander, Army Gen. Malinovsky, ordered the Army to "capture the fortress of Bendery by day's end on 14 April". 57th Corps was to capture Novye Lipkani (a suburb of Bender) to the south of the town and Varnița to the north as part of an encircling move but the artillery preparation, which began at 0700 hours on April 13, proved utterly ineffective and this effort ended in total failure. Fighting continued over the following days and by April 17 the Army's bridgehead south of Tiraspol was roughly 15 km wide and 15 km deep, but Bender was still in German hands, as was the high ground where they had managed to establish continuous defenses. Overnight on April 18/19 the 57th and 82nd Corps, reinforced by the 15th Guards Rifle Division, were to make a second effort to seize German positions near Bender, led by the 58th Guards and the 228th. In the event the offensive was postponed until April 20 and in heavy fighting over the next five days the Army made no progress whatsoever. Operations on this sector were effectively shut down until August. Into the Balkans In June the 57th Corps was moved to the reserves of 2nd Ukrainian Front and remained there through July. At the start of the Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive the Corps (now containing the 228th, 203rd and 243rd Rifle Divisions) was still in reserve on the right flank of the Front backing the 52nd and 27th Armies, which formed the Front's shock group. The Corps was to be ready to operate in the zone of either of these as needed. When the offensive began on August 20 the 57th Corps was initially involved in the artillery preparation only. During the first three days the shock group completed the breakthrough of the Axis front and the Front reserves (53rd Army, 57th and 27th Guards Rifle Corps) were ordered to move to the area south of the Podu Iloaiei–Iași road during the night of August 22/23. Over the remainder of the operation the Corps advanced southward to cut off and reduce the retreating German and Romanian forces. By the beginning of September the Corps had been officially assigned to 53rd Army, and the 228th would remain in this Army until after the German surrender. Hungarian Campaign Following its advance through Romania, on October 28 the left flank forces of 2nd Ukrainian Front, including 53rd Army, began an operation to defeat the German-Hungarian forces in and around Budapest. The main drive was carried out by 7th Guards and 46th Armies while the 53rd provided flank security. On October 29 the Army advanced up to 13 km and reached the outskirts of Polgár. By the morning of November 4 the 27th Army relieved the 53rd along the front from Polgár to Tiszafüred while it regrouped to force the Tisza River three days later. On November 11 the Army's right flank corps began fighting for the southern outskirts of Füzesabony; the town did not finally fall until the 15th after which the Army commander, Lt. Gen. I. M. Managarov, was ordered to develop the offensive in the direction of Verpelét. By November 20 the 53rd reached the southeastern slopes of the Mátra Mountains between Gyöngyös and Eger where the Axis forces were able to organize a powerful defense which brought the advance to a halt until November 26. Advance into Slovakia and Postwar Bratislava-Brno Operation A new phase of the offensive began on December 5. 53rd Army occupied a line from Eger to Lőrinci facing units of the German 6th Army and the Hungarian 3rd Army. The assault began at 1015 hours following a brief but powerful artillery preparation and the Army was able to advance 2–4 km on the first day despite facing defenses in mountainous terrain and the fighting continued through the night. In the days following the Army was only able to advance with its left-flank units and by December 9 was stalled along a line from Eger to Gyöngyös. The next phase involved completing the encirclement of Budapest and began on December 10 but again the 53rd Army advanced very little until Pliyev's Cavalry-Mechanized Group rolled up the German/Hungarian defense from the Šahy area in the general direction of Szoldiny. On December 14 Plyiev was ordered to attack in the direction of Kisterenye in conjunction with 53rd Army advancing toward Pásztó. This made only modest progress and on December 18 General Managarov was directed to relieve Plyiev's Group to enable it to regroup for a new assignment. The next day the Army was tasked with reaching a line from Veľký Krtíš to Nemce to Želiezovce. The left-flank forces of 2nd Ukrainian Front attacked at 1000 hours on December 20 but on the first day the 53rd Army made only local advances. By December 29 it had reached a front from Kutas to Szécsény to Balassagyarmat. The encirclement of Budapest had been completed on December 26, but under this command the division played little direct role in the siege of that city. The 53rd pushed on toward Lučenec before going over to the defense in late February. Units of the Army liberated Banská Štiavnica on March 7. The Bratislava–Brno Offensive began on March 25 with 53rd Army roughly in the center of the Front; by this time the division had been reassigned to 49th Rifle Corps, still in 53rd Army, and it remained in this Corps for the duration. The city of Brno was cleared on April 26 and following the German surrender, on May 28, the 228th would be awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, for its role in this victory. By now 53rd Army was in the process of being sent to the far east in preparation for the Soviet invasion of Manchuria but the division was considered excess to these requirements and was therefore briefly assigned to the Central Group of Forces. According to STAVKA Order No. 11096 of May 29, part 8, the division was listed to be disbanded in place. In accordance to this directive the division was disbanded in July. General Yesin would go on to command the 303rd and 55th Guards Rifle Divisions before his retirement in January 1956. References Citations ^ Charles C. Sharp, "Red Legions", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed Before June 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, vol. VIII, Nafziger, 1996, p. 98. This source misnumbers the 767th as the 792nd and the 366th as the 485th. ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941, p. 9 ^ Sharp, "Red Legions", p. 98 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941, p. 16 ^ David Stahel, Kiev 1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2012, p. 72 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941, pp. 24, 33 ^ Stahel, Kiev 1941, p. 72, 84 ^ Aleksander A. Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals, ed. & trans. D. M. Glantz, Frank Cass Publishers, London, UK, 1998, pp. 139, 220-21 ^ David M. Glantz, Barbarossa Derailed, Volume 1, Helion & Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2011, Kindle ed., ch. 7 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941, pp. 42-43 ^ Stahel, Kiev 1941, pp. 210, 228-29 ^ Sharp, "Red Legions", p. 98 ^ Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals, pp. 171, 174 ^ https://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=11735. In Russian. Retrieved May 14, 2022. ^ Walter S. Dunn, Jr., Stalin's Keys to Victory, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2007, p. 100 ^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, vol. X, Nafziger, 1996, p. 90. This source states the division formed from late December 1941 until February 18, 1942. ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, p. 86 ^ David M. Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2009, pp. 112, 177-78, 182-83, 198 ^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", pp. 90-91 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, p. 150 ^ Dunn, Jr., Stalin's Keys to Victory, p. 132 ^ Dunn, Jr., Stalin's Keys to Victory, p. 102 ^ Sharp, "Red Volunteers", Soviet Militia Units, Rifle and Ski Brigades 1941 - 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, vol. XI, Nafziger, 1996, pp. 50-51 ^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 91 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1943, pp. 165, 196 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1943, p. 225 ^ Earl F. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington, DC, 1968, pp. 160-62, 176 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1943, pp. 225, 308 ^ Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, pp. 176, 181-84 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944, p. 18 ^ Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, pp. 240-41 ^ Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, pp. 241-44 ^ https://www.soldat.ru/spravka/freedom/1-ssr-1.html. In Russian. Retrieved May 16, 2022. ^ Glantz, Red Storm Over the Balkans, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2007, pp. 112, 123, 128-29 ^ Glantz, Red Storm Over the Balkans, pp. 129-31 ^ Glantz, Red Storm Over the Balkans, pp. 132-33, 150-51 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944, pp. 198, 229 ^ Soviet General Staff, The Iasi-Kishinev Operation, ed. & trans. R. W. Harrison, Helion & Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2017, pp. 18, 30, 36, 38, 112-13 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944, p. 260 ^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 91 ^ Soviet General Staff, The Budapest Operation 1945, ed. & trans. R. W. Harrison, Helion & Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2017, pp. 24, 29, 32, 34, 41 ^ Soviet General Staff, The Budapest Operation 1945, pp. 43-44, 46, 50-51 ^ Soviet General Staff, The Budapest Operation 1945, pp. 51-52, 55 ^ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945, pp. 129, 166 ^ Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union 1967b, p. 305. ^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 91 ^ Stavka Order No. 11096 Bibliography Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union (1967b). Сборник приказов РВСР, РВС СССР, НКО и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о награждении орденами СССР частей, соединениий и учреждений ВС СССР. Часть II. 1945 – 1966 гг (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Grylev, A. N. (1970). Перечень № 5. Стрелковых, горнострелковых, мотострелковых и моторизованных дивизии, входивших в состав Действующей армии в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat. p. 105 Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union (1964). Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг (in Russian). Moscow: Frunze Military Academy. p. 216 External links Aleksandr Mikhailovich Ilyin Viktor Georgievich Chernov Nikolai Ivanovich Dementev Ivan Nikitovich Yesin HSU Viktor Georgievich Chernov vte List of Soviet divisions (1917–1945)Airborne 1st Guards 2nd Guards 3rd Guards 4th Guards 5th Guards 6th Guards 7th Guards 8th Guards 9th Guards 10th Guards 11th Guards 12th Guards 13th Guards 14th Guards 15th Guards 16th Guards Cavalry 1st 1st Guards 2nd 2nd Guards 3rd 3rd Guards 4th 4th Guards 5th 5th Guards 6th 6th Guards 7th 7th Guards 8th 8th Guards 9th 9th Guards 10th 10th Guards 11th 11th Guards 12th 12th Guards 13th 13th Guards 14th 14th Guards 15th 15th Guards 16th 16th Guards 17th Mountain 17th Guards 18th 19th 20th 21st Mountain 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 65th 66th 67th 68th 70th 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 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61st 101st 102nd 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th Amur Ussuri Motor Rifle 2nd Guards 3rd Guards 36th 57th 82nd 101st 106th 107th 112th 3rd Crimean Other Latvian Riflemen Soviet Divisions NKVD OMSDON People's Militia Reboly Direction Division Guards unit Destruction battalions	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"table of organization and equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_organization_and_equipment"},{"link_name":"Kiev Special Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Military_District"},{"link_name":"5th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Army_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Pripyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pripyat_(river)"},{"link_name":"Siberian Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Military_District"},{"link_name":"24th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Southern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"1st Guards Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"37th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"2nd Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"Dniestr River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniester"},{"link_name":"Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bender,_Moldova"},{"link_name":"53rd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"}],"text":"Military unitThe 228th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed in the months just before the start of the German invasion, based on the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of September 13, 1939. After being formed in the Kiev Special Military District it soon took part in the fighting in northern Ukraine where it joined the 5th Army north of Kyiv. The presence of this Army in the fastnesses of the eastern Pripyat area influenced German strategy as it appeared to threaten both the left flank of Army Group South and the right flank of Army Group Center. In September the latter Group was turned south to encircle the Soviet forces defending Kyiv and in the process the 228th was cut off and destroyed.A new 228th formed in the Siberian Military District in December 1941 based on the 451st Rifle Division. It was soon assigned to 24th Army in Southern Front which was intended as a backstop to the front line armies facing the German summer offensive of 1942, but it was driven back, encircled and destroyed in a matter of weeks.The third 228th, based on the shtat of December 10, 1942, was created in June 1943 from the cadre of a rifle brigade. It took part in the liberation of eastern Ukraine as part of 1st Guards Army before being moved to 37th Army of 2nd Ukrainian Front during the fighting along the Dniepr. During the advance into western Ukraine in the spring of 1944 it won a battle honor but this advance was halted in April after the German defense crystallised along the west bank of the Dniestr River near Bender. During the next few months the 228th moved to the northwest as a reserve unit but was assigned to 53rd Army shortly after the start of the offensive that drove Romania out of the Axis in August. As part of this Army it advanced into Hungary and Czechoslovakia and would be decorated for its part in the liberation of Brno. It was disbanded in July 1945.","title":"228th Rifle Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhytomyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"36th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=36th_Rifle_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shepetivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepetivka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hoshcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshcha"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"14th Panzer Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"III Motorized Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"19th Mechanized Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=19th_Mechanized_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Novohrad-Volynskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novohrad-Volynskyi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"6th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Malyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malyn"},{"link_name":"Teteriv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teteriv"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"215th Motorized Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/215th_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"261st Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_102nd_Military_Base"},{"link_name":"61st Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"62nd Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Rifle_Division"}],"text":"The division began forming on March 14, 1941, at Zhytomyr in the Kiev Special Military District. When completed it had the following order of battle:767th Rifle Regiment\n795th Rifle Regiment\n799th Rifle Regiment\n669th Light Artillery Regiment\n366th Howitzer Artillery Regiment[1]\n10th Antitank Battalion\n9th Antiaircraft Battalion\n304th Reconnaissance Battalion\n383rd Sapper Battalion\n605th Signal Battalion\n378th Medical/Sanitation Battalion\n324th Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Platoon\n701st Motor Transport Battalion\n485th Field Bakery\n659th Field Postal Station\n531st Field Office of the State BankCol. Aleksandr Mikhailovich Ilyin was appointed to command on the day the division began forming. On June 22 it was in the 36th Rifle Corps in the reserves of Southwestern Front,[2] and was located at Shepetivka.[3] By the first of July it had left 36th Corps and had been assigned to 5th Army under direct Army command.[4] At this time it was positioned south of Hoshcha fighting against the advancing 13th and 14th Panzer Divisions of III Motorized Corps in cooperation with 19th Mechanized Corps. As the panzers pushed toward Kyiv on July 7 the 228th attempted to hold at Novohrad-Volynskyi but was soon forced to fall back to the southeast.[5] By July 10 it had been returned to 36th Corps which was now in 6th Army of the same Front, but later in the month the division was again assigned to 5th Army.[6] By July 23 it was fighting southwest of Malyn and as of August 11 it was located east of that city near the confluence of the Teteriv and Irsha Rivers.[7] On August 1 Colonel Ilyin was removed from command and replaced by Col. Viktor Georgievich Chernov. Ilyin would take command of the 215th Motorized Division in mid-September and escaped the Kyiv encirclement to later lead the 261st Rifle Division and the 61st Rifle Corps before being killed in action in May 1944.[8] Chernov had previously served as deputy commanding officer of the 62nd Rifle Division.","title":"1st Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%AE%D0%97%D0%A4_12.09.1941.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kozelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozelets"},{"link_name":"Führer directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"26th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"37th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2nd Panzer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"2nd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv"},{"link_name":"XXIII Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Kozelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozelets"},{"link_name":"1st Panzer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"47th Mountain Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"90th Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_Guards_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"60th Rifle Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Rifle_Division_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Kiev","text":"Positions of Soviet forces northeast of Kozelets on September 12, 1941. The 228th is shown.The presence of 5th Army in the area north of Kyiv had been affecting German strategy for some time as noted in Führer directive No. 33 of July 19:The Kiev fortifications and the Soviet 5th Army's operations on our rear have inhibited active operations and free maneuver on Army Group South's northern flank.The directive set the task, among others, \"to destroy the Soviet 5th Army by means of a closely coordinated offensive by the forces on Army Group Center's southern flank and Army Group South's northern flank.\"[9]By August 14 strength returns showed that there were only 2,429 personnel remaining in the 228th, and 11 days later, on August 25 the number had decreased to under 2,000. By the end of the month the 669th Light Artillery Regiment had been detached to 26th Army as a support unit while the remainder of the division was transferred to 37th Army.[10]Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Group and 2nd Army of Army Group Center began their drives southward. At this time the remnants of the division were attempting to hold positions west of Chernihiv from elements of the XXIII Army Corps outflanking it to the east. By September 10 the remnants of 5th and 37th Armies were grouped north of Kozelets but on September 16 the 2nd Panzers linked up with the 1st Panzer Group of Army Group South well to the east and the Army was deeply encircled.[11] While the division was noted as effectively destroyed by October 1,[12] it was not officially removed from the Red Army order of battle until December 27. Colonel Chernov took command of 47th Mountain Rifle Division on October 2 and would go on to lead the 90th Guards and 60th Rifle Divisions and be promoted to the rank of major general before being killed in action on March 17, 1945.[13] On April 6 he was posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union.[14]","title":"1st Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansk"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The 451st Rifle Division began forming at Kansk in the Siberian Military District in November 1941. Later that month it was redesignated as the 2nd formation of the 228th.[15] Its order of battle was similar to that of the 1st formation:767th Rifle Regiment\n795th Rifle Regiment\n799th Rifle Regiment\n669th Artillery Regiment[16]\n10th Antitank Battalion\n129th Antiaircraft Battery\n120th Mortar Battalion\n236th Reconnaissance Company\n383rd Sapper Battalion\n605th Signal Battalion\n378th Medical/Sanitation Battalion\n522nd Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company\n585th Motor Transport Company\n438th Field Bakery\n903rd Divisional Veterinary Hospital\n1698th Field Postal Station\n1068th Field Office of the State BankCol. Nikolai Ivanovich Dementev took command on February 18, 1942, and would lead the division until it was disbanded. It arrived at the active front on April 28 where it was placed at the disposal of Southern Front.[17]","title":"2nd Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"17th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"335th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/335th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"341st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/341st_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Kharkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"18th Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"XXXX Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXX_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Chertkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertkovo,_Rostov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"R. Ya. Malinovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky"},{"link_name":"Millerovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millerovo,_Millerovsky_District,_Rostov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"3rd Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"4th Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"337th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/337th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"}],"sub_title":"Operation Blue","text":"When 1st Panzer and 17th Army launched the German summer offensive on their sectors on July 7, the 228th was still in Southern Front, but now in 24th Army. This newly formed Army, with just four rifle divisions, two of which (335th and 341st) had been badly damaged in the Second Battle of Kharkov, was attempting to provide a second echelon for the Front behind the 12th and 18th Armies. On July 10 the Front was ordered to form those divisions into a task force along with a special tank group to move northeastward to block the XXXX Panzer Corps in the Chertkovo area. This move availed very little, and the Southern Front commander, Lt. Gen. R. Ya. Malinovsky, soon reported that 24th Army was being driven back to the Millerovo–Rogalik–Vishniaki line \"under great pressure.\" By dawn on July 15 the 3rd Panzer Division of 4th Panzer Army had linked up with 14th Panzer of 1st Panzer Army 40 km south of Millerovo.[18] By this time the 228th had been reduced to under 2,500 personnel and although the encirclement was never really closed too few of these men managed to escape for the division to be rebuilt. By the beginning of August the 24th Army had been effectively disbanded and the 228th was no longer in the Red Army order of battle as of July 29 although its headquarters was not officially disbanded until September 1.[19][20] Colonel Dementev escaped the debacle and on September 6 took over command of the 337th Rifle Division. He was promoted to the rank of major general in January 1943 before being wounded in February and hospitalized for several months; he did not see any further front line service.","title":"2nd Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Another new 228th was formed on June 25, 1943, in 6th Army of Southwestern Front, based on the 106th Rifle Brigade.[21]","title":"3rd Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Moscow Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Reserve of the Supreme High Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command"},{"link_name":"61st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"76mm cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_(ZiS-3)"},{"link_name":"82mm mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82-PM-41"},{"link_name":"antitank rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTRD-41"},{"link_name":"submachine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPSh-41"},{"link_name":"Bryansk Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk_Front"},{"link_name":"Chibisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//generals.dk/general/Chibisov/Nikandr%20Evlampievich/Soviet%20Union.html"},{"link_name":"16th Tank Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Guards_Tank_Division"},{"link_name":"13th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"German counteroffensive at Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov"},{"link_name":"4th Guards Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Guards_Rifle_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"106th Rifle Brigade","text":"This brigade had formed from December 1941[22] until April 1942 in the Moscow Military District. By May 1 it was considered ready for front line service and first went to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command before being assigned to 61st Army in Western Front by month's end. It consisted of:4 rifle battalions\n1 artillery battalion (12 76mm cannon)\n1 mortar battalion (82mm mortars)\n1 antitank rifle company (48 antitank rifles)\n1 submachine gun company\n1 reconnaissance company\n1 sapper companyIn June it was moved to the reserves of Bryansk Front and in July joined Operational Group Chibisov on the southern flank of the Front, fighting in direct support of 16th Tank Corps. The 106th took heavy losses during the early stages of Case Blue and returned to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and then Moscow Military District in September for rebuilding. Late in October it returned to the front as part of 13th Army in Bryansk Front. Near the end of the year it was moved to 6th Army in Southwestern Front but after advancing in the wake of the German defeat at Stalingrad it was caught up in the German counteroffensive at Kharkiv. Once the front stabilized in March the brigade was assigned to the 4th Guards Rifle Corps of 6th Army and was again rebuilt, at least in terms of infantry, but remained short of heavy weapons until it was converted to the new 228th.[23]Once formed the division's order of battle was again very similar to that of the first two formations:767th Rifle Regiment\n795th Rifle Regiment\n799th Rifle Regiment\n669th Artillery Regiment[24]\n10th Antitank Battalion\n236th Reconnaissance Company\n383rd Sapper Battalion\n605th Signal Battalion (later 1457th Signal Company)\n378th Medical/Sanitation Battalion\n522nd Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company\n585th Motor Transport Company\n562nd Field Bakery\n908th Divisional Veterinary Hospital (later 903rd)\n1751st Field Postal Station\n1831st Field Office of the State BankCol. Pavel Grigorevich Kulikov took command on June 29. The new division remained in 4th Guards Corps for several weeks but by the beginning of August it had come under direct Army command.[25]","title":"3rd Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donets River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donets"},{"link_name":"Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation"},{"link_name":"34th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"6th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Kalmius River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmius"},{"link_name":"Dnepropetrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipro"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"68th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=68th_Rifle_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"I. S. Konev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Konev"},{"link_name":"Kremenchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenchuk"},{"link_name":"Kryvyi Rih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih"},{"link_name":"Piatykhatky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatykhatky,_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In July the 6th Army was near the right flank of Southwestern Front, along the Donets River southeast of Kharkiv, but was not directly involved in the first Donbas strategic offensive. The Front launched a new effort in the Donbas on August 13 in cooperation with the Soviet forces attacking toward Kharkiv from the north in Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev. At about this time the 228th was transferred to 34th Rifle Corps of 1st Guards Army,[26] just to the south. The defending German 6th Army and 1st Panzer Army resisted as best they could but on August 31, under immense pressure, were authorized to withdraw to the line of the Kalmius River. The retreat did not end there and through September and into October the 228th remained in 34th Corps of 1st Guards Army advancing toward Dnepropetrovsk.[27]Later in October, after the Dniepr had been crossed in several places, the division was shifted again, now to 68th Rifle Corps in 37th Army of 2nd Ukrainian Front, although in November it would come under direct Army command.[28] This Front was under command of Army Gen. I. S. Konev and on October 15 he launched an offensive with elements of four armies, including the 37th, from a bridgehead roughly halfway between Dnepropetrovsk and Kremenchuk in the direction of Kryvyi Rih. Piatykhatky was liberated on October 18 and by the 25th the advance had reached the outskirts of Kryvyi Rih. A counterattack by XXXX Panzer Corps from October 27–30 drove Konev's forces back up to 30 km and badly damaged nine rifle divisions.[29]","title":"Into Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikopol%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Offensive_Map_English.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"46th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"XXX Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXX_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bazavluk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazavluk"},{"link_name":"Kamianka River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamianka_(Bazavluk)"},{"link_name":"8th Guards Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"Apostolove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolove"},{"link_name":"Nikopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikopol,_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Nikopol-Krivoi Rog Offensive","text":"Nikopol-Krivoi Rog OffensiveDuring December the 228th became part of 57th Rifle Corps, still in 37th Army. In January 1944 the Army came under command of 3rd Ukrainian Front.[30] The Front's first effort to renew the drive on Kryvyi Rih began on January 10, led mainly by 46th Army, but made only modest gains at considerable cost and was halted on the 16th. The offensive was renewed on January 30 after a powerful artillery preparation against the positions of the German XXX Army Corps on the same sector of the line, but this was met with a counter-barrage that disrupted the attack. A new effort the next day, backed by even heavier artillery and air support, made progress but still did not penetrate the German line.[31]On February 1 the XXX Corps line was pierced in several places and by nightfall the Soviet forces had torn a 9 km-wide gap in the line west of the Bazavluk River. During the next two days German 6th Army tried to avoid encirclement by slogging through the mud to the Kamianka River line, which was already compromised by the Soviet advance. Forward detachments of 8th Guards Army reached Apostolove on the 4th and over the next few days 46th Army began to attempt a sweep westward to envelop Kryvyi Rih from the south. The dispersion of the Front's forces, combined with German reserves produced by the evacuation of the Nikopol bridgehead east of the Dniepr and indecision on the part of the German high command, produced \"a peculiar sort of semiparalysis\" on this part of the front during the second half of the month. Finally, on February 21 elements of the 46th and 37th Armies broke into the outer defenses of Kryvyi Rih. To avoid costly street fighting 6th Army was withdrawn west of the city, which was liberated the next day.[32]","title":"Into Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dniestr River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniester"},{"link_name":"Voznesensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voznesensk"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ivan Yesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Yesin"},{"link_name":"38th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Separate_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Brigade"},{"link_name":"88th Guards Rifle Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_Guards_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"35th Guards Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Guards_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"F. A. Ostashenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Ostashenko"},{"link_name":"58th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_Guards_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"92nd Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Training_Centre_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Tiraspol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiraspol"},{"link_name":"Parcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcani,_Transnistria"},{"link_name":"Slobozia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobozia,_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Chișinău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"82nd Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"6th Guards Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Guards_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"Blijnii Hutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blijnii_Hutor"},{"link_name":"188th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Rocket_Division"},{"link_name":"257th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/257th_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Varnița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varni%C8%9Ba,_Anenii_Noi"},{"link_name":"Tîrnauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AErnauca"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"15th Guards Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Guards_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive","text":"The Uman–Botoșani Offensive began on March 5 and as 37th Army advanced toward the Dniestr River the division was one of only two units granted a battle honor for the liberation of Voznesensk on March 24.[33] Three days later Colonel Kulikov left the division and was replaced by Col. Ivan Yesin. This officer had previously commanded the 38th and 88th Guards Rifle Divisions and had been serving as deputy commander of 35th Guards Rifle Division. He would be promoted to the rank of major general on November 2 and would lead the 228th for the duration of the war.As 37th Army closed on the Dniestr the 57th Rifle Corps was commanded by Maj. Gen. F. A. Ostashenko and consisted of the 58th and 92nd Guards and the 228th Rifle Divisions. Early on April 11 the bulk of 3rd Ukrainian Front's forces began pursuing disorganized German forces toward the river with 37th Army advancing toward Tiraspol. The Army's assignment was to force the Dniestr from north of Parcani to as far south as Slobozia, seize a bridgehead roughly 25 km wide and 12 km deep, and to prepare for a further pursuit in the direction of Chișinău. Much of this area consisted of a large, irregular bend of lowlands that were nearly indefensible, but retaining possession depended on capturing high ground to the west that dominated the lower terrain.[34]The Army advanced with 57th Corps on the right (north) wing, 82nd Rifle Corps on the left, and 6th Guards Rifle Corps in second echelon but mostly following the 82nd. The 57th proceeded through Blijnii Hutor toward Parcani with the mission of capturing Tiraspol with an assault from the north, then crossing the river at Parcani before taking the town of Bender (Tighina) on the west bank and its adjacent strip of high ground. General Ostashenko deployed the 228th in the center with 58th Guards to the north and 92nd Guards to the south; the 188th Rifle Division of 82nd Corps supported the flank of the 92nd. The 58th Guards and the 228th cleared Tiraspol overnight on April 11/12 before pushing on to the river south of Parcani. The 92nd Guards also reached the east bank north of the town but ran into effective resistance from the 257th Infantry Division which prevented any crossings. The 58th Guards managed to secure a small bridgehead near Varnița while the 228th was able to get over near Tîrnauca. Colonel Yesin was fortunate to escape the fate of his fellow division commanders, both of whom were wounded in the day's fighting and required evacuation. The 6th Guards Corps had more success in its crossing operations but German reinforcements were already reaching the high ground.[35]Late on April 12 the Front commander, Army Gen. Malinovsky, ordered the Army to \"capture the fortress of Bendery by day's end on 14 April\". 57th Corps was to capture Novye Lipkani (a suburb of Bender) to the south of the town and Varnița to the north as part of an encircling move but the artillery preparation, which began at 0700 hours on April 13, proved utterly ineffective and this effort ended in total failure. Fighting continued over the following days and by April 17 the Army's bridgehead south of Tiraspol was roughly 15 km wide and 15 km deep, but Bender was still in German hands, as was the high ground where they had managed to establish continuous defenses. Overnight on April 18/19 the 57th and 82nd Corps, reinforced by the 15th Guards Rifle Division, were to make a second effort to seize German positions near Bender, led by the 58th Guards and the 228th. In the event the offensive was postponed until April 20 and in heavy fighting over the next five days the Army made no progress whatsoever. Operations on this sector were effectively shut down until August.[36]","title":"Into Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"203rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/203rd_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"243rd Rifle Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/243rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"52nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"27th Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"27th Guards Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=27th_Guards_Rifle_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Podu Iloaiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podu_Iloaiei"},{"link_name":"Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"In June the 57th Corps was moved to the reserves of 2nd Ukrainian Front and remained there through July.[37] At the start of the Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive the Corps (now containing the 228th, 203rd and 243rd Rifle Divisions) was still in reserve on the right flank of the Front backing the 52nd and 27th Armies, which formed the Front's shock group. The Corps was to be ready to operate in the zone of either of these as needed. When the offensive began on August 20 the 57th Corps was initially involved in the artillery preparation only. During the first three days the shock group completed the breakthrough of the Axis front and the Front reserves (53rd Army, 57th and 27th Guards Rifle Corps) were ordered to move to the area south of the Podu Iloaiei–Iași road during the night of August 22/23. Over the remainder of the operation the Corps advanced southward to cut off and reduce the retreating German and Romanian forces.[38] By the beginning of September the Corps had been officially assigned to 53rd Army,[39] and the 228th would remain in this Army until after the German surrender.[40]","title":"Into the Balkans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7th Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"Polgár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polg%C3%A1r,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"27th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Tiszafüred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiszaf%C3%BCred"},{"link_name":"Tisza River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisza"},{"link_name":"Füzesabony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCzesabony"},{"link_name":"I. M. Managarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Managarov"},{"link_name":"Verpelét","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verpel%C3%A9t"},{"link_name":"Mátra Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1tra"},{"link_name":"Gyöngyös","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6ngy%C3%B6s"},{"link_name":"Eger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eger"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Hungarian Campaign","text":"Following its advance through Romania, on October 28 the left flank forces of 2nd Ukrainian Front, including 53rd Army, began an operation to defeat the German-Hungarian forces in and around Budapest. The main drive was carried out by 7th Guards and 46th Armies while the 53rd provided flank security. On October 29 the Army advanced up to 13 km and reached the outskirts of Polgár. By the morning of November 4 the 27th Army relieved the 53rd along the front from Polgár to Tiszafüred while it regrouped to force the Tisza River three days later. On November 11 the Army's right flank corps began fighting for the southern outskirts of Füzesabony; the town did not finally fall until the 15th after which the Army commander, Lt. Gen. I. M. Managarov, was ordered to develop the offensive in the direction of Verpelét. By November 20 the 53rd reached the southeastern slopes of the Mátra Mountains between Gyöngyös and Eger where the Axis forces were able to organize a powerful defense which brought the advance to a halt until November 26.[41]","title":"Into the Balkans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bratislavsko-brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A1_operace.gif"},{"link_name":"Lőrinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%91rinci"},{"link_name":"3rd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Army_(Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Pliyev's Cavalry-Mechanized Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pliyev%27s_Cavalry-Mechanized_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Šahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahy"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Kisterenye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisterenye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pásztó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1szt%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Veľký Krtíš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_Krt%C3%AD%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Nemce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemce"},{"link_name":"Želiezovce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeliezovce"},{"link_name":"Szécsény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Balassagyarmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balassagyarmat"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Lučenec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C4%8Denec"},{"link_name":"Banská Štiavnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_%C5%A0tiavnica"},{"link_name":"49th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=49th_Rifle_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Order of Suvorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Suvorov"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAffairs_Directorate_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_of_the_Soviet_Union1967b305-45"},{"link_name":"Soviet invasion of Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Central Group of Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Group_of_Forces"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"303rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/303rd_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"55th Guards Rifle Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Guards_Rifle_Division"}],"sub_title":"Advance into Slovakia and Postwar","text":"Bratislava-Brno OperationA new phase of the offensive began on December 5. 53rd Army occupied a line from Eger to Lőrinci facing units of the German 6th Army and the Hungarian 3rd Army. The assault began at 1015 hours following a brief but powerful artillery preparation and the Army was able to advance 2–4 km on the first day despite facing defenses in mountainous terrain and the fighting continued through the night. In the days following the Army was only able to advance with its left-flank units and by December 9 was stalled along a line from Eger to Gyöngyös. The next phase involved completing the encirclement of Budapest and began on December 10 but again the 53rd Army advanced very little until Pliyev's Cavalry-Mechanized Group rolled up the German/Hungarian defense from the Šahy area in the general direction of Szoldiny.[42]On December 14 Plyiev was ordered to attack in the direction of Kisterenye in conjunction with 53rd Army advancing toward Pásztó. This made only modest progress and on December 18 General Managarov was directed to relieve Plyiev's Group to enable it to regroup for a new assignment. The next day the Army was tasked with reaching a line from Veľký Krtíš to Nemce to Želiezovce. The left-flank forces of 2nd Ukrainian Front attacked at 1000 hours on December 20 but on the first day the 53rd Army made only local advances. By December 29 it had reached a front from Kutas to Szécsény to Balassagyarmat. The encirclement of Budapest had been completed on December 26, but under this command the division played little direct role in the siege of that city.[43]The 53rd pushed on toward Lučenec before going over to the defense in late February. Units of the Army liberated Banská Štiavnica on March 7. The Bratislava–Brno Offensive began on March 25 with 53rd Army roughly in the center of the Front; by this time the division had been reassigned to 49th Rifle Corps, still in 53rd Army, and it remained in this Corps for the duration.[44] The city of Brno was cleared on April 26 and following the German surrender, on May 28, the 228th would be awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, for its role in this victory.[45] By now 53rd Army was in the process of being sent to the far east in preparation for the Soviet invasion of Manchuria but the division was considered excess to these requirements[46] and was therefore briefly assigned to the Central Group of Forces. According to STAVKA Order No. 11096 of May 29, part 8, the division was listed to be disbanded in place.[47] In accordance to this directive the division was disbanded in July. General Yesin would go on to command the 303rd and 55th Guards Rifle Divisions before his retirement in January 1956.","title":"Into the Balkans"}]	[{"image_text":"Positions of Soviet forces northeast of Kozelets on September 12, 1941. The 228th is shown.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%AE%D0%97%D0%A4_12.09.1941.jpg/220px-%D0%AE%D0%97%D0%A4_12.09.1941.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nikopol-Krivoi Rog Offensive","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Nikopol%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Offensive_Map_English.jpg/140px-Nikopol%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Offensive_Map_English.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bratislava-Brno Operation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bratislavsko-brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A1_operace.gif/220px-Bratislavsko-brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A1_operace.gif"}]	null	[{"reference":"Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union (1967b). Сборник приказов РВСР, РВС СССР, НКО и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о награждении орденами СССР частей, соединениий и учреждений ВС СССР. Часть II. 1945 – 1966 гг [Collection of orders of the RVSR, RVS USSR and NKO on awarding orders to units, formations and establishments of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Part II. 1945–1966] (in Russian). Moscow.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rkkaawards219451966","url_text":"Сборник приказов РВСР, РВС СССР, НКО и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о награждении орденами СССР частей, соединениий и учреждений ВС СССР. Часть II. 1945 – 1966 гг"}]},{"reference":"Grylev, A. N. (1970). Перечень № 5. Стрелковых, горнострелковых, мотострелковых и моторизованных дивизии, входивших в состав Действующей армии в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг [List (Perechen) No. 5: Rifle, Mountain Rifle, Motor Rifle and Motorized divisions, part of the active army during the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soldat.ru/doc/perechen/","url_text":"Перечень № 5. Стрелковых, горнострелковых, мотострелковых и моторизованных дивизии, входивших в состав Действующей армии в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг"}]},{"reference":"Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union (1964). Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг [Commanders of Corps and Divisions in the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945] (in Russian). Moscow: Frunze Military Academy.","urls":[{"url":"http://militera.lib.ru/h/sb_komandovanie-korpus-diviziya-vov/index.html","url_text":"Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://generals.dk/general/Chibisov/Nikandr%20Evlampievich/Soviet%20Union.html","external_links_name":"Chibisov"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1941.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1941.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1941.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1941.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941"},{"Link":"https://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=11735","external_links_name":"https://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=11735"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1942.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1942.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1943.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1943"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1943.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1943"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1943.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1943"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1944.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944"},{"Link":"https://www.soldat.ru/spravka/freedom/1-ssr-1.html","external_links_name":"https://www.soldat.ru/spravka/freedom/1-ssr-1.html"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1944.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1944.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1945.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945"},{"Link":"http://militera.lib.ru/docs/da/berlin_45/16.html","external_links_name":"Stavka Order No. 11096"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rkkaawards219451966","external_links_name":"Сборник приказов РВСР, РВС СССР, НКО и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о награждении орденами СССР частей, соединениий и учреждений ВС СССР. Часть II. 1945 – 1966 гг"},{"Link":"http://www.soldat.ru/doc/perechen/","external_links_name":"Перечень № 5. Стрелковых, горнострелковых, мотострелковых и моторизованных дивизии, входивших в состав Действующей армии в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг"},{"Link":"http://militera.lib.ru/h/sb_komandovanie-korpus-diviziya-vov/index.html","external_links_name":"Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг"},{"Link":"https://www.generals.dk/general/Ilin/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich/Soviet_Union.html","external_links_name":"Aleksandr Mikhailovich Ilyin"},{"Link":"https://www.generals.dk/general/Chernov/Viktor_Georgievich/Soviet_Union.html","external_links_name":"Viktor Georgievich Chernov"},{"Link":"https://www.generals.dk/general/Dementev/Nikolai_Ivanovich/Soviet_Union.html","external_links_name":"Nikolai Ivanovich Dementev"},{"Link":"https://www.generals.dk/general/Esin/Ivan_Nikitovich/Soviet_Union.html","external_links_name":"Ivan Nikitovich Yesin"},{"Link":"https://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=11735","external_links_name":"HSU Viktor Georgievich Chernov"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhasan	Al-Muhasan	["1 References","2 Bibliography"]	Place in Deir ez-Zor, SyriaMuhasan مُوحَسَّنMuhasanCoordinates: 35°14′22″N 40°19′28″E / 35.23944°N 40.32444°E / 35.23944; 40.32444Country SyriaGovernorateDeir ez-ZorDistrictDeir ez-ZorSubdistrictal-MuhasanPopulation (2004 census) • Total9,501Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Muhasan (Arabic: مُوحَسَّن, romanized: al-Mūh̨assan, also spelled al-Mohassan or Almu Hasan) is a town in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the Euphrates River, south of Deir ez-Zor and 120 kilometers west of the border with Iraq. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Muhasan had a population of 9,501 in the 2004 census. Al-Muhasan is the administrative center of Nahiya Muhasan of the Deir ez-Zor District. In the early 1950s the Syrian Communist Party began gaining support in several Arab and Sunni Muslim towns in the country, including Muhasan which came to be locally known as "Little Moscow," in reference to capital of the former Soviet Union. In the summer of 1953 the peasant tribesmen of the al-Aqaydat tribe initiated resistance against the encroachments of a regionally powerful mercantile clan specializing in the grain trade, money lending and gas pumps and having one of their own as Minister of Agriculture. Under guidance from communist teachers in Deir ez-Zor and local communist activists from the town's primary school, the peasant musha ("collective farming") landholders formed a public company and purchased two gas pumps and two tractors with domestically raised funds, thereby ending their dependence on the wealthy clan. References ^ a b General Census of Population and Housing 2004. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Deir az-Zawr Governorate. (in Arabic) ^ Batatu, 1999, pp. 120-121. Bibliography Batatu, Hanna (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691002541. vte Deir ez-Zor GovernorateCapital: Deir ez-ZorDeir ez-Zor District Deir ez-Zor al-Abed Abu Khashab al-Ali Ayyash Barihah al-Bughayliyah al-Busayrah al-Dahlah al-Hajnah al-Hariji al-Harijiyah al-Harmushiyah Hatla Hawayij Bumasaa al-Jafrah Jarwan Jazrat al-Buhamid Jazrat Milaj al-Kasrah al-Kharitah Khasham al-Ji'ah Judaydat Bakkarah Judaydat Akaidat Maadan Atiq al-Maaishiyah Marat al-Masrab al-Muhasan Muhaymidah al-Murayiyah al-Muwaylih al-Qasbi Qitaat al-Bulil Ruwayshid al-Saawah al-Sabhah Safirah Fawqani Safirah Tahtani al-Shate' al-Shuhayl al-Shumaytiyah al-Suwar al-Tabni al-Tarif al-Tub Zaghir Jazirah Zaghir Shamiyah al-Zir Abu Kamal District Abu Kamal al-Abbas Abu Hamam al-Baghuz Fawqani al-Bahrah al-Bubadran Gharanij al-Ghbrah Hajin al-Hara Hasrat al-Jalaa al-Kishkiyah al-Marashidah Muaiyzila al-Qitaa al-Ramadi al-Salihiyah al-Sayyal al-Shaafah al-Sukkariya al-Susah al-Suwayiyah al-Tawtahiyah Mayadin District Mayadin al-Asharah Abu Hardub Dablan Diban al-Duwayr Baqras Fawqani Baqras Tahtani Darnaj Gharibah al-Hawayij Hawi Thiban al-Jurthah al-Sharqi al-Karamah al-Kishmah Mahkan al-Quriyah al-Raghib Saalo Sabikhan Suwaydan Jazirah al-Tayanah al-Taybah Tishrin al-Zabara	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Deir ez-Zor Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Euphrates River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates_River"},{"link_name":"Deir ez-Zor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhasan_nahiyah.svg"},{"link_name":"Nahiya Muhasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nahiya_Muhasan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deir ez-Zor District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_District"},{"link_name":"Syrian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"grain trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_trade"},{"link_name":"collective farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farming"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Muhasan (Arabic: مُوحَسَّن, romanized: al-Mūh̨assan, also spelled al-Mohassan or Almu Hasan) is a town in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the Euphrates River, south of Deir ez-Zor and 120 kilometers west of the border with Iraq. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Muhasan had a population of 9,501 in the 2004 census.[1]Al-Muhasan is the administrative center of Nahiya Muhasan of the Deir ez-Zor District.In the early 1950s the Syrian Communist Party began gaining support in several Arab and Sunni Muslim towns in the country, including Muhasan which came to be locally known as \"Little Moscow,\" in reference to capital of the former Soviet Union. In the summer of 1953 the peasant tribesmen of the al-Aqaydat tribe initiated resistance against the encroachments of a regionally powerful mercantile clan specializing in the grain trade, money lending and gas pumps and having one of their own as Minister of Agriculture. Under guidance from communist teachers in Deir ez-Zor and local communist activists from the town's primary school, the peasant musha (\"collective farming\") landholders formed a public company and purchased two gas pumps and two tractors with domestically raised funds, thereby ending their dependence on the wealthy clan.[2]","title":"Al-Muhasan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their 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ez-Zor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor"},{"link_name":"al-Abed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Abed,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abu 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Bakkarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaydat_Bakkarah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Judaydat Akaidat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaydat_Akaidat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maadan Atiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maadan_Atiq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Maaishiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Maaishiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marat,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Masrab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masrab"},{"link_name":"al-Muhasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Muhaymidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhaymidah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Murayiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Murayiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Muwaylih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Muwaylih,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Qasbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Qasbi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qitaat al-Bulil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qitaat_al-Bulil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruwayshid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruwayshid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Saawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Saawah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Sabhah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Sabhah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Safirah Fawqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safirah_Fawqani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Safirah Tahtani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safirah_Tahtani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Shate'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Shate%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Shuhayl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shuhayl"},{"link_name":"al-Shumaytiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Shumaytiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Suwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suwar"},{"link_name":"al-Tabni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabni"},{"link_name":"al-Tarif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Tarif&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Tub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Tub,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zaghir Jazirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaghir_Jazirah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zaghir Shamiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaghir_Shamiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Zir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Zir,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deir_ez-Zor_blank_districts.png"},{"link_name":"Abu Kamal District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Kamal_District"},{"link_name":"Abu Kamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Kamal"},{"link_name":"al-Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Abbas,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Abu Hamam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hamam"},{"link_name":"al-Baghuz Fawqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baghuz_Fawqani"},{"link_name":"al-Bahrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Bahrah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Bubadran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Bubadran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gharanij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharanij"},{"link_name":"al-Ghbrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghbrah"},{"link_name":"Hajin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajin"},{"link_name":"al-Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hasrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasrat,_Syria"},{"link_name":"al-Jalaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jalaa"},{"link_name":"al-Kishkiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kishkiyah"},{"link_name":"al-Marashidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Marashidah"},{"link_name":"Muaiyzila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muaiyzila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Qitaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qitaa"},{"link_name":"al-Ramadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ramadi,_Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate"},{"link_name":"al-Salihiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salihiyah,_Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate"},{"link_name":"al-Sayyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sayyal"},{"link_name":"al-Shaafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shaafah"},{"link_name":"al-Sukkariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Sukkariya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Susah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Susah"},{"link_name":"al-Suwayiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Suwayiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Tawtahiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Tawtahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mayadin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayadin_District"},{"link_name":"Mayadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayadin"},{"link_name":"al-Asharah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Asharah"},{"link_name":"Abu Hardub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hardub"},{"link_name":"Dablan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dablan"},{"link_name":"Diban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diban"},{"link_name":"al-Duwayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Duwayr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baqras Fawqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baqras_Fawqani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baqras Tahtani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baqras_Tahtani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Darnaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darnaj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gharibah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gharibah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Hawayij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hawayij&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hawi Thiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawi_Thiban&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Jurthah al-Sharqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Jurthah_al-Sharqi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Karamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Karamah,_Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Kishmah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kishmah,_Deir_ez-Zor"},{"link_name":"Mahkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkan,_Syria"},{"link_name":"al-Quriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Quriyah"},{"link_name":"al-Raghib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Raghib,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saalo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabikhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabikhan"},{"link_name":"Suwaydan Jazirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suwaydan_Jazirah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Tayanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Tayanah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Taybah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Taybah,_Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tishrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tishrin,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Zabara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Zabara&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Batatu, Hanna (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691002541.vte Deir ez-Zor GovernorateCapital: Deir ez-ZorDeir ez-Zor District\nDeir ez-Zor\nal-Abed\nAbu Khashab\nal-Ali\nAyyash\nBarihah\nal-Bughayliyah\nal-Busayrah\nal-Dahlah\nal-Hajnah\nal-Hariji\nal-Harijiyah\nal-Harmushiyah\nHatla\nHawayij Bumasaa\nal-Jafrah\nJarwan\nJazrat al-Buhamid\nJazrat Milaj\nal-Kasrah\nal-Kharitah\nKhasham\nal-Ji'ah\nJudaydat Bakkarah\nJudaydat Akaidat\nMaadan Atiq\nal-Maaishiyah\nMarat\nal-Masrab\nal-Muhasan\nMuhaymidah\nal-Murayiyah\nal-Muwaylih\nal-Qasbi\nQitaat al-Bulil\nRuwayshid\nal-Saawah\nal-Sabhah\nSafirah Fawqani\nSafirah Tahtani\nal-Shate'\nal-Shuhayl\nal-Shumaytiyah\nal-Suwar\nal-Tabni\nal-Tarif\nal-Tub\nZaghir Jazirah\nZaghir Shamiyah\nal-Zir\nAbu Kamal District\nAbu Kamal\nal-Abbas\nAbu Hamam\nal-Baghuz Fawqani\nal-Bahrah\nal-Bubadran\nGharanij\nal-Ghbrah\nHajin\nal-Hara\nHasrat\nal-Jalaa\nal-Kishkiyah\nal-Marashidah\nMuaiyzila\nal-Qitaa\nal-Ramadi\nal-Salihiyah\nal-Sayyal\nal-Shaafah\nal-Sukkariya\nal-Susah\nal-Suwayiyah\nal-Tawtahiyah\nMayadin District\nMayadin\nal-Asharah\nAbu Hardub\nDablan\nDiban\nal-Duwayr\nBaqras Fawqani\nBaqras Tahtani\nDarnaj\nGharibah\nal-Hawayij\nHawi Thiban\nal-Jurthah al-Sharqi\nal-Karamah\nal-Kishmah\nMahkan\nal-Quriyah\nal-Raghib\nSaalo\nSabikhan\nSuwaydan Jazirah\nal-Tayanah\nal-Taybah\nTishrin\nal-Zabara","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Al-Muhasan is the administrative center of Nahiya Muhasan of the Deir ez-Zor District.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Muhasan_nahiyah.svg/220px-Muhasan_nahiyah.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Batatu, Hanna (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691002541.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mbr-ZfU_uCoC&q=Bayt+Yashut","url_text":"Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691002541","url_text":"0691002541"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Muhasan&params=35_14_22_N_40_19_28_E_region:SY_type:city(9501)","external_links_name":"35°14′22″N 40°19′28″E / 35.23944°N 40.32444°E / 35.23944; 40.32444"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130112121021/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB09-4-2004.htm","external_links_name":"General Census of Population and Housing 2004"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mbr-ZfU_uCoC&q=Bayt+Yashut","external_links_name":"Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Special_(magazine)	UN Special	["1 History","2 Achievements","2.1 UN Green Day","2.2 Memorial to honour those who lost their lives for peace","2.3 Rice is life","3 Featured interviews","4 References"]	UN Special, the former magazine of international civil servants in Geneva, was founded in 1949 and circulated uninterruptedly until December 2019. As of 2020, the staff associations of the two organizations that co-owned the magazine went their separate ways, each with its own publication. The use of the United Nations name, logo and emblems are retained by UN Today exclusively, however the pool of writers of NewSpecial includes UN Staff members, diplomats, and others. History Cover of the first issue of the UN Special, 1949. The first issue of UN Special was published on 24 October 1949. It was handwritten and the cover was signed by the members of the Editorial Committee at that time. Among the articles, essays and UN announcements in this first issue under the Chief Editor R.J Spencer, are a welcoming address by Wladimir Moderow, the representative of the Secretary-General, the Director-General of the European Office of the United Nations (the nation of the United Nations Office at Geneva in 1949) and by Gunnar Myrdal, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, UNECE. Another contribution was dedicated to the celebration of the United Nations Day, announcing the public reading of the Preamble of the UN Charter. This first issue contained 22 black and white pages without defined columns and without photos. Over the years, UN Special became a professional 50 page-magazine with an average of 32 articles, mainly in English and French (the six official UN languages are English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese). Earlier, the content of the magazine tended to focus on UN staff issues, however, with its development and increase in outreach, the magazine covered a broad range of topics related to the work of international organizations and governance, such as peace-keeping, poverty reduction, human rights, climate change mitigation, environmental protection, natural disaster management, and the status of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The recent global discussions on greening the economy and enhancing sustainable development were reflected in the magazine due to the engagement within these topics of those contributing to the UN Special. Cultural and environmental World Heritage Sites (listed by UNESCO), also found coverage in the magazine. In October 2009, the exhibition "UN Special magazine: History over 60 years" was inaugurated in the Palais des Nations in Geneva. The exhibition traced the development of UN Special from the first magazine in 1949, and highlighted key moments in the history of the United Nations as experienced and told by staff. The exhibition was visited by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon. The Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva Sergei Ordzhonikidze in his opening remarks to mark the 60th anniversary of the UN Special magazine noted: "I believe that UN Special embodies both the United Nations’ unique ability to facilitate cooperation between people of all backgrounds and its capacity to adjust to ever-changing circumstances – without losing sight of the overall objectives". In summer of 2015, UN Special submitted the nomination for the United Nations Secretary-General Awards (UNSG Awards) that honour individual staff members or teams who promote innovation, efficiency, and excellence in the way the Organization delivers its programmes and services. On the eve of the 70th anniversary of the United Nations, UN Special was shortlisted in the category: Staff Volunteerism, for the collective work of the colleagues who promoted Organizational values through the commitment of personal time and/or expertise to a deserving cause outside their job description. Achievements UN Green Day Green Day on the Place des Nations, 5 June 2010. On 5 June 2010, the United Nations family invited the wider Geneva population to join in a big celebration of World Environment Day. A record number of 6,500 accepted the invitation to visit Ariana Park, which was also opened to mark the International Year of Biodiversity. Many activities were organized by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) on the Place des Nations, and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) opened its doors to the public for the first time. Based on an idea from UN Special magazine, and from its Editor-in-Chief, the event (also called UN Green Day) was made possible through the dedicated efforts over less than six months of an organizing committee, drawn from all UNOG Divisions and Services and working in collaboration with UNEP and WIPO colleagues. On the day, over 90 volunteers from different parts of the United Nations donated their time. The event was also made possible through the contributions and assistance from the Swiss Confederation, the Canton and City of Geneva, the Permanent Missions of Brazil, Denmark, Italy, Japan and Rwanda and a large number of other partners. In addition to the opening of the Ariana Park, a multitude of activities for all ages, focused on biodiversity to mark the International Year of Biodiversity 2010, were held in the park, on the Place des Nations and at the World Intellectual Property Organization. Memorial to honour those who lost their lives for peace Memorial in Ariana ParkSpecial attention and tribute is given to United Nations staff and international civil servants who lost their lives under the duties of the United Nations in different parts of the world. A special Memorial has been inaugurated at the initiative of UN Special with the support of the United Nations Secretary-General and under the auspices of the United Nations Office at Geneva Director-General to commemorate those who lost their lives for the high ideals of the United Nations.(see UN Special No.600). The Memorial to honour those who lost their lives for peace was inaugurated at the grounds of the Palais des Nations, in Ariana Park, in 2003. The Memorial in Ariana Park symbolizes all UN peacekeepers and a celebration of the International Day of the United Nations Peacekeepers takes place at the grounds of this Memorial to remember those who served in the UN peacekeeping operations and to honor the memory of those who died in the name of peace. Each year, at the end of May, UN staff and the Soldier for Peace International Association come to this Memorial to pay tribute to the women and men who serve, or have served, in United Nations peace missions across the globe, to salute their courage and commitment, their dedication and determination to serve fellow human beings in dangerous and difficult circumstances. Special ceremony is conducted near this Memorial in Ariana Park to honour more than 2,500 civilian and military personnel who have died in the line of duty since 1948. Near this Memorial UN colleagues vow to remember them, and pledge to carry on their efforts, to honour their memory and to ensure that their sacrifice will serve the cause of peace and stability in the world. Rice is life Rice is life was selected as the slogan for the International Year of Rice 2004. The slogan illustrated the significance of rice across the globe, and its importance to nutrition, livelihood, culture, and the natural environment. On the occasion of the International Year of Rice decreed by the United Nations General Assembly, the UN Special magazine, together with the United Nations family, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) prepared an international cookbook Rice Around the World. Rice nourishes more than 3 billion people throughout the world, and many cities and countries, from the richest to the poorest, have their own way of accommodating the various types of rice. The book was prepared by the international civil servants and people from throughout the world. The so called "Rice Team" from the UN Special Editorial Board collected and compiled 300 recipes from over 100 countries. The benefits were donated to the UNICEF to help fight hunger. Featured interviews Kofi Annan, former Secretary-General of the United Nations (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS600/UNS_600_T07.html) Navi Pillay, UN High Commissionner for Human Rights (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS679/t23.html) Sergei Ordzhonikidze, Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS683/t21.html) Jimmy Wales, The founder of Wikimedia Foundation (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS694/t21.html) Jacques Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS696/t21.html) Sashi Tharoor, former Deputy General-Secretary of the United Nations (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS667/t3A.html) Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS684/t21.html) Gordon Martin, OBE, Honorable member of the Swiss Press Club (Club suisse de la presse) (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS666/t21.html) Abdou Diouf, La Francophonie International Organisation Secretary-General (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS667/t21.html) Anders B. Johnsson, Secretary-General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS697/t21.html) References ^ "UNSpecial - 60". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2010. ^ "Director-General \| UN GENEVA". ^ "UN Today". ^ "UN Today". ^ "UN Today". ^ "UN Today". ^ "UN Today". ^ "UN Today". vteUnited Nations Secretary-General: António Guterres Deputy Secretary-General: Amina J. Mohammed General Assembly President: Dennis Francis UN SystemCharter Preamble Principal organs Secretariat Secretary-General (selections) Deputy Secretary-General Under-Secretary-General General Assembly President International Court of Justice Statute Security Council Elections Members President Economic and Social Council President Trusteeship Council Funds, programmes,and other bodies Culture of Peace ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDGC UNDP UNDPO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP-WCMC UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSDG UNSSC UNU UNU-OP UNU-CRIS UNV UN Women WFP Specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMF IMO IOM ITU UNESCO UNIDO UN Tourism UPU WFEO WHO WIPO WMO World Bank Group IBRD IDA IFC Secretariat officesand departments Headquarters Secretariat Building Conference Building General Assembly Building Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary-General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political and Peacebuilding Affairs Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peace Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location Sexual Violence in Conflict Membersand observers Full members Founding members Security Council Permanent members Permanent representatives to the UN list General Assembly Observers European Union HistoryPreceding years International Telegraph Union Universal Postal Union International Peace Conference Permanent Court of Arbitration Office international d'hygiène publique League of Nations archives charter organization members Preparatory years London Declaration (1941) Atlantic Charter (1941) Declaration by United Nations (1942) Moscow Conference (1943) Tehran Conference (1943) Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944) Yalta Conference (1945) Conference on International Organization (1945) Activities Peacekeeping missions timeline governed territories UNPOL Universal Declaration of Human Rights drafting Human Rights Day Enlargement Convention on the Rights of the Child committee Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples World Heritage Convention Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno-Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Yemen Elections Secretary-General 2021 2016 International Court of Justice 2023 2022 2021 2020 2017 2014 2011 General Assembly President (2016) Security Council (2016) Related Bretton Woods system CCISUA Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Drug control treaties Expulsion from the United Nations FICSA Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Criminal Court International Narcotics Control Board International Day of Peace International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years Interpreters UN laissez-passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Canada Ralph Bunche Park SDG Publishers Compact Sustainable Development Goals United Nations Postal Administration UN Block By Block Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules) Treaty Series Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities UN Day Millennium Declaration Millennium Summit Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection Security Council mural UN Federal Credit Union UN International School Hanoi UN Mandate UN Memorial Cemetery Korea UN Sacco University for Peace Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action Woodrow Wilson Memorial World Federation of United Nations Associations Other Outline United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights United Nations Medal United Nations Radio UN television film series (1964–1966) UN Special magazine Ex Tempore magazine United Nations in popular culture UNICEF club Model UN Withdrawal from the United Nations Women in peacekeeping World portal	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"UN Special"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoverN124Oct1949.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Nations Office at Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Myrdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal"},{"link_name":"Economic Commission for Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Commission_for_Europe"},{"link_name":"UNECE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNECE"},{"link_name":"United Nations Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Day"},{"link_name":"UN Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Charter"},{"link_name":"official UN languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_UN_languages"},{"link_name":"peace-keeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace-keeping"},{"link_name":"poverty reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reduction"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"climate change mitigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation"},{"link_name":"environmental protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"Millennium Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Palais des Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_des_Nations"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United Nations Office at Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Sergei Ordzhonikidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Ordzhonikidze"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Cover of the first issue of the UN Special, 1949.The first issue of UN Special was published on 24 October 1949. It was handwritten and the cover was signed by the members of the Editorial Committee at that time. Among the articles, essays and UN announcements in this first issue under the Chief Editor R.J Spencer, are a welcoming address by Wladimir Moderow, the representative of the Secretary-General, the Director-General of the European Office of the United Nations (the nation of the United Nations Office at Geneva in 1949) and by Gunnar Myrdal, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, UNECE. Another contribution was dedicated to the celebration of the United Nations Day, announcing the public reading of the Preamble of the UN Charter. This first issue contained 22 black and white pages without defined columns and without photos.Over the years, UN Special became a professional 50 page-magazine with an average of 32 articles, mainly in English and French (the six official UN languages are English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese). \nEarlier, the content of the magazine tended to focus on UN staff issues, however, with its development and increase in outreach, the magazine covered a broad range of topics related to the work of international organizations and governance, such as peace-keeping, poverty reduction, human rights, climate change mitigation, environmental protection, natural disaster management, and the status of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The recent global discussions on greening the economy and enhancing sustainable development were reflected in the magazine due to the engagement within these topics of those contributing to the UN Special. Cultural and environmental World Heritage Sites (listed by UNESCO), also found coverage in the magazine.In October 2009, the exhibition \"UN Special magazine: History over 60 years\" was inaugurated in the Palais des Nations in Geneva. The exhibition traced the development of UN Special from the first magazine in 1949, and highlighted key moments in the history of the United Nations as experienced and told by staff. The exhibition was visited by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon.[1] The Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva Sergei Ordzhonikidze in his opening remarks to mark the 60th anniversary of the UN Special magazine noted: \"I believe that UN Special embodies both the United Nations’ unique ability to facilitate cooperation between people of all backgrounds and its capacity to adjust to ever-changing circumstances – without losing sight of the overall objectives\".[2]In summer of 2015, UN Special submitted the nomination for the United Nations Secretary-General Awards (UNSG Awards) that honour individual staff members or teams who promote innovation, efficiency, and excellence in the way the Organization delivers its programmes and services. On the eve of the 70th anniversary of the United Nations, UN Special was shortlisted in the category: Staff Volunteerism, for the collective work of the colleagues who promoted Organizational values through the commitment of personal time and/or expertise to a deserving cause outside their job description.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_Day_on_the_Place_des_Nations.jpg"},{"link_name":"World Environment Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Environment_Day"},{"link_name":"International Year of Biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"United Nations Environmental Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environmental_Programme"},{"link_name":"World Intellectual Property Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Place des Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Place_des_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"UN Green Day","text":"Green Day on the Place des Nations, 5 June 2010.On 5 June 2010, the United Nations family invited the wider Geneva population to join in a big celebration of World Environment Day. A record number of 6,500 accepted the invitation to visit Ariana Park, which was also opened to mark the International Year of Biodiversity. Many activities were organized by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) on the Place des Nations, and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) opened its doors to the public for the first time. Based on an idea from UN Special magazine, and from its Editor-in-Chief,[3] the event (also called UN Green Day[4][5]) was made possible through the dedicated efforts over less than six months of an organizing committee, drawn from all UNOG Divisions and Services and working in collaboration with UNEP and WIPO colleagues. On the day, over 90 volunteers from different parts of the United Nations donated their time.The event was also made possible through the contributions and assistance from the Swiss Confederation, the Canton and City of Geneva, the Permanent Missions of Brazil, Denmark, Italy, Japan and Rwanda and a large number of other partners. In addition to the opening of the Ariana Park, a multitude of activities for all ages, focused on biodiversity to mark the International Year of Biodiversity 2010, were held in the park, on the Place des Nations and at the World Intellectual Property Organization.","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_in_Ariana_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Nations Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General"},{"link_name":"United Nations Office at Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"UN peacekeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_peacekeepers"},{"link_name":"International Day of the United Nations Peacekeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_the_United_Nations_Peacekeepers"},{"link_name":"peacekeeping operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations"}],"sub_title":"Memorial to honour those who lost their lives for peace","text":"Memorial in Ariana ParkSpecial attention and tribute is given to United Nations staff and international civil servants who lost their lives under the duties of the United Nations in different parts of the world. A special Memorial has been inaugurated at the initiative of UN Special with the support of the United Nations Secretary-General and under the auspices of the United Nations Office at Geneva Director-General to commemorate those who lost their lives for the high ideals of the United Nations.[6][7][8](see UN Special No.600). The Memorial to honour those who lost their lives for peace was inaugurated at the grounds of the Palais des Nations, in Ariana Park, in 2003.The Memorial in Ariana Park symbolizes all UN peacekeepers and a celebration of the International Day of the United Nations Peacekeepers takes place at the grounds of this Memorial to remember those who served in the UN peacekeeping operations and to honor the memory of those who died in the name of peace. Each year, at the end of May, UN staff and the Soldier for Peace International Association come to this Memorial to pay tribute to the women and men who serve, or have served, in United Nations peace missions across the globe, to salute their courage and commitment, their dedication and determination to serve fellow human beings in dangerous and difficult circumstances. \nSpecial ceremony is conducted near this Memorial in Ariana Park to honour more than 2,500 civilian and military personnel who have died in the line of duty since 1948. Near this Memorial UN colleagues vow to remember them, and pledge to carry on their efforts, to honour their memory and to ensure that their sacrifice will serve the cause of peace and stability in the world.","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Year of Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Rice"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"}],"sub_title":"Rice is life","text":"Rice is life was selected as the slogan for the International Year of Rice 2004. The slogan illustrated the significance of rice across the globe, and its importance to nutrition, livelihood, culture, and the natural environment. On the occasion of the International Year of Rice decreed by the United Nations General Assembly, the UN Special magazine, together with the United Nations family, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) prepared an international cookbook Rice Around the World. Rice nourishes more than 3 billion people throughout the world, and many cities and countries, from the richest to the poorest, have their own way of accommodating the various types of rice. The book was prepared by the international civil servants and people from throughout the world. The so called \"Rice Team\" from the UN Special Editorial Board collected and compiled 300 recipes from over 100 countries. The benefits were donated to the UNICEF to help fight hunger.","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS600/UNS_600_T07.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS600/UNS_600_T07.html"},{"link_name":"Navi Pillay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Pillay"},{"link_name":"UN High Commissionner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS679/t23.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS679/t23.html"},{"link_name":"Sergei Ordzhonikidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Ordzhonikidze"},{"link_name":"United Nations Office at Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS683/t21.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS683/t21.html"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales"},{"link_name":"Wikimedia Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS694/t21.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS694/t21.html"},{"link_name":"Jacques Rogge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rogge"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS696/t21.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS696/t21.html"},{"link_name":"Sashi Tharoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashi_Tharoor"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS667/t3A.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS667/t3A.html"},{"link_name":"Margaret Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Chan"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS684/t21.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS684/t21.html"},{"link_name":"Club suisse de la presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_suisse_de_la_presse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS666/t21.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS666/t21.html"},{"link_name":"Abdou Diouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdou_Diouf"},{"link_name":"La Francophonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Francophonie"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS667/t21.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS667/t21.html"},{"link_name":"Anders B. Johnsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_B._Johnsson"},{"link_name":"Inter-Parliamentary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union"},{"link_name":"http://www.unspecial.org/UNS697/t21.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unspecial.org/UNS697/t21.html"}],"text":"Kofi Annan, former Secretary-General of the United Nations (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS600/UNS_600_T07.html)\nNavi Pillay, UN High Commissionner for Human Rights (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS679/t23.html)\nSergei Ordzhonikidze, Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS683/t21.html)\nJimmy Wales, The founder of Wikimedia Foundation (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS694/t21.html)\nJacques Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS696/t21.html)\nSashi Tharoor, former Deputy General-Secretary of the United Nations (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS667/t3A.html)\nDr. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS684/t21.html)\nGordon Martin, OBE, Honorable member of the Swiss Press Club (Club suisse de la presse) (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS666/t21.html)\nAbdou Diouf, La Francophonie International Organisation Secretary-General (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS667/t21.html)\nAnders B. Johnsson, Secretary-General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (http://www.unspecial.org/UNS697/t21.html)","title":"Featured interviews"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover of the first issue of the UN Special, 1949.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CoverN124Oct1949.jpg/150px-CoverN124Oct1949.jpg"},{"image_text":"Green Day on the Place des Nations, 5 June 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Green_Day_on_the_Place_des_Nations.jpg/250px-Green_Day_on_the_Place_des_Nations.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial in Ariana Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Memorial_in_Ariana_Park.jpg/200px-Memorial_in_Ariana_Park.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"UNSpecial - 60\". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angu	Angu	["1 First contact with the Toulambi","2 References","3 External links"]	Tribal peoples from Papua New Guinea For other uses, see Angu (disambiguation). Kukukuku men, 1931 The Angu or Änga people, also called Kukukuku (pronounced "cookah-cookah"), are a small and previously violent and cannibal group speaking a number of related languages and living mainly in the high, mountainous region of south-western Morobe, a province of Papua New Guinea. Even though they are a short people, often less than five feet tall, they were feared for their violent raids on more peaceful villages living in lower valleys. Despite the high altitude and cold climate of their homeland, the Änga wore limited clothing, including grass skirts, with a piece similar to a sporran, and cloaks made from beaten bark, called mals. An account of some of the first contact between the Angu and westerners is described vividly by J. K. McCarthy in his book Patrol into Yesterday: My New Guinea Years. Four of the Änga languages are almost extinct, but the largest tribe, the Hamtai, are thriving, with a population of 45,000. Some Aseki district tribes have become a tourist attraction due to their mummies. There are three famous mummy sites around Aseki in the Hamtai territory. The Hamtai people now have a small income from charging scientists, tourists and photographers a fee before entrance to the mummy sites. First contact with the Toulambi A film by Jean-Pierre Dutilleux purports to show first contact between a group of Toulambi, reportedly a part of the Angu People, and White people in December 1993. It has been accused of being staged by anthropologist Pierre Lemonnier, who claims a first-hand relationship with the tribe. Lemonnier, however, was sued for defamation and lost the case. A first contact between the Toulambi tribe was also reported in The Sydney Morning Herald on 22 October 1993, not long before the meeting with Dutilleux: Government officials in Papua New Guinea say they have discovered another 'lost tribe' The latest group, dubbed the Toulambi tribe, apparently was discovered in a remote area of thick jungle in the Papua New Guinea Highlands... Two near-naked members of the tribe were 'scared to death' when taken by a hunting party to the nearest government station to taste store food and view white men and aeroplanes for the first time... But some people remain sceptical. They believe the group may belong to known isolated border tribes but have been left off the latest census. References ^ a b Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth Edition, M. Paul Lewis, editor; ISBN 978-1-55671-216-6 ^ a b Lightbody, Mark; Wheeler, Tony (1985). Papua New Guinea: a travel survival guide (3 ed.). Lonely Planet. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-908086-59-7. ^ Neubauer, Ian Lloyd. "The smoked corpses of Aseki". www.bbc.com. ^ Primitive Forest Tribe Meets Modern Man for the First Time (FULL), YouTube, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2020-01-18 ^ Dutilleux, Jean-Pierre (1998). Tribal Journeys (Television production). ^ Dutilleux, Jean-Pierre (2001). "Toulambis, les fantômes de la forêt". Vodeo.tv (Documentary). Alexandra Films. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2020-01-18. ^ "Coup de bambou sur les Papous. Dix anthropologues critiquent un reportage diffusé sur TF1". ^ a b Lemonnier, Pierre (2004). "The hunt for authenticity: Stone Age Stories Out of Context". The Journal of Pacific History. 39 (1): 79–98. doi:10.1080/00223340410001684868. ISSN 0022-3344. S2CID 163109460. the principal actor in this sketch played out in the name of authenticity told me that he had later cried in shame at his part in this charade. ... Sued for defamation, the author lost the legal proceedings brought against him ^ Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris, 1st chamber, 1st section, verdict of 12 May 1997 ^ Connell, John (28 July 2005). Papua New Guinea: The Struggle for Development. ISBN 9781134938322. External links A New Venture into the Unknown, booklet produced by the Melanesian Mission on their proposed mission to the Kukukuku people of New Guinea, 1935. "Kukukuku, the Angu people, Papua New Guinea" by Carolyn Leigh, Art-Pacific, August 19, 2002. Retrieved December 28, 2005 "The Smoked Corpses of Aseki" by Ian Lloyd Neubauer "BBC - Travel", December 3, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2016 vtePapuan peoplesIndonesia Abun Amung Asmat Bauzi Dani Ekari Fayu Kombai Koteka Korowai Lani Marind Mek Moni Sawi Tehit Tobati Wolani Yali Yaur Papua New Guinea Abelam Angu Baining Baruya Bilibil Chambri Dumo Etoro Fore Gadsup Gogodala Haroli Hewa Huli Iatmul Kaluli Kwoma Koteka Maisin Mian Mundugumor Ogea Orokaiva Sambia Swagap Tairora Tanga Telefol Tolai Trobriand Tsembaga Urapmin Wiru Wola Wopkaimin Zia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angu (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angu_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kukukuku_men_1931.jpg"},{"link_name":"cannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"related languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angan_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"Morobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morobe_Province"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-PNG3-2"},{"link_name":"sporran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-PNG3-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"Hamtai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamtai_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Angu (disambiguation).Kukukuku men, 1931The Angu or Änga people, also called Kukukuku (pronounced \"cookah-cookah\"), are a small and previously violent and cannibal group speaking a number of related languages[1] and living mainly in the high, mountainous region of south-western Morobe, a province of Papua New Guinea. Even though they are a short people, often less than five feet tall, they were feared for their violent raids on more peaceful villages living in lower valleys.[2]Despite the high altitude and cold climate of their homeland, the Änga wore limited clothing, including grass skirts, with a piece similar to a sporran, and cloaks made from beaten bark, called mals.[2]An account of some of the first contact between the Angu and westerners is described vividly by J. K. McCarthy in his book Patrol into Yesterday: My New Guinea Years.Four of the Änga languages are almost extinct, but the largest tribe, the Hamtai, are thriving, with a population of 45,000.[1]Some Aseki district tribes have become a tourist attraction due to their mummies. There are three famous mummy sites around Aseki in the Hamtai territory. The Hamtai people now have a small income from charging scientists, tourists and photographers a fee before entrance to the mummy sites.[3]","title":"Angu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Dutilleux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dutilleux"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A film by Jean-Pierre Dutilleux purports to show first contact between a group of Toulambi, reportedly a part of the Angu People, and White people in December 1993.[4][citation needed][5][6][7] It has been accused of being staged by anthropologist Pierre Lemonnier, who claims a first-hand relationship with the tribe.[8] Lemonnier, however, was sued for defamation and lost the case.[8][9]A first contact between the Toulambi tribe was also reported in The Sydney Morning Herald on 22 October 1993, not long before the meeting with Dutilleux:Government officials in Papua New Guinea say they have discovered another 'lost tribe' [...] The latest group, dubbed the Toulambi tribe, apparently was discovered in a remote area of thick jungle in the Papua New Guinea Highlands... Two near-naked members of the tribe were 'scared to death' when taken by a hunting party to the nearest government station to taste store food and view white men and aeroplanes for the first time... But some people remain sceptical. They believe the group may belong to known isolated border tribes but have been left off the latest census.[10]","title":"First contact with the Toulambi"}]	[{"image_text":"Kukukuku men, 1931","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kukukuku_men_1931.jpg/200px-Kukukuku_men_1931.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Lightbody, Mark; Wheeler, Tony (1985). Papua New Guinea: a travel survival guide (3 ed.). Lonely Planet. pp. 89–90. 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Tribal Journeys (Television production).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpdutilleux.org/en/filmography","url_text":"Tribal Journeys"}]},{"reference":"Dutilleux, Jean-Pierre (2001). \"Toulambis, les fantômes de la forêt\". Vodeo.tv (Documentary). Alexandra Films. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2020-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vodeo.tv/documentaire/toulambis-les-fantomes-de-la-foret","url_text":"\"Toulambis, les fantômes de la forêt\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923033914/http://www.vodeo.tv/documentaire/toulambis-les-fantomes-de-la-foret","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Coup de bambou sur les Papous. Dix anthropologues critiquent un reportage diffusé sur TF1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberation.fr/medias/1996/01/13/coup-de-bambou-sur-les-papous-dix-anthropologues-critiquent-un-reportage-diffuse-sur-tf1_160193","url_text":"\"Coup de bambou sur les Papous. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekokota	Tekokota	["1 History","2 Administration","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 17°19′S 142°37′W / 17.317°S 142.617°W / -17.317; -142.617Atoll in French Polynesia TekokotaNASA picture of Tekokota AtollTekokotaGeographyLocationPacific OceanCoordinates17°19′S 142°37′W / 17.317°S 142.617°W / -17.317; -142.617ArchipelagoTuamotusArea5.1 km2 (2.0 sq mi) (lagoon)0.9 km2 (0.3 sq mi) (above water)Length5 km (3.1 mi)Width3.5 km (2.17 mi)AdministrationFranceOverseas collectivityFrench PolynesiaAdministrative subdivisionTuamotusCommuneHikueruDemographicsPopulationUninhabited (2012) Tekokota is one of the Central Tuamotu atolls, located close to the geographic center of the archipelago. Tekokota Atoll is one of the smallest atolls of the Tuamotus. Its islands have a total land mass of only 0.9 square kilometres (0.3 square miles). Tekokota's shape is roughly oval and it is 5 kilometres (3 miles) in length and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) in width. The western side of Tekokota Atoll is submerged. The surface of its shallow central lagoon is 5.1 square kilometres (2.0 square miles). Tekokota Atoll is uninhabited. The closest land to Tekokota is Hikueru Atoll, located 22 km to the south. History Tekokota was first sighted by James Cook in 1773. He named Tekokota Atoll "Doubtful". Months later Spanish explorer José de Andía called this atoll, "La del Peligro" (The Dangerous One). A few days later, another Spanish navigator Domingo de Boenechea sighted Tekokota on ship Aguila. He named this atoll "Los Mártires". The island is described from the perspective of a castaway from Hikueru in Jack London's short story "The House of Mapuhi" in South Sea Tales (1911). Administration Tekokota Atoll belongs to the commune of Hikueru, which consists of the atolls of Hikueru, Marokau, Ravahere, Reitoru and Tekokota. See also Islands portal Desert island List of islands References ^ "Population". Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2014. ^ "Oceandots". Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved 2009-03-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ NZTEC - Boenechea and Gayangos External links NZTEC - Spanish voyages of the 18th century Atoll list (in French) Archived 2007-02-28 at the Wayback Machine vteTuamotu Archipelago and Gambier Islands of French PolynesiaTuamotusGambiersIslands/Atolls Ahe Ahunui Akamaru Akiaki Amanu Anaa* Angakauitai Anuanuraro Anuanurunga Apataki Aratika Arutua* Aukena Faaite Fakahina Fakarava* Fangatau* Fangataufa Hao* Haraiki Hereheretue Hikueru* Hiti Kamaka Katiu Kauehi Kaukura Kouaku Makapu Makaroa Makatea Makemo* Mangareva Manihi* Manuhangi Manui Maria Est Marokau Marutea Nord Marutea Sud Mataiva Matureivavao Morane Moruroa Motutunga Napuka* Nengonengo Niau Nihiru Nukutavake* Nukutepipi Papuri Paraoa Puaumu Pinaki Puka Puka* Pukarua Rangiroa* Raraka Raroia Ravahere Reao* Reitoru Rekareka Taenga Tahanea Taiaro Takapoto Takaroa* Takume Taravai Tatakoto* Tauere Tekokota Tematagi Temoe Tenararo Tenarunga Tepoto (North) Tepoto (South) Tikehau Tikei Toau Tokorua Totegegie Tuanake Tureia* Vahanga Vahitahi Vairaatea Vanavana * commune administration centre Island groups Acteon Disappointment Duke of Gloucester King George Two Groups Palliser Raeffsky Archipelagos of French Polynesia: Australs Gambiers Marquesas Societies Tuamotus This French Polynesia-related geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuamotu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuamotu"},{"link_name":"atolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll"},{"link_name":"oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Hikueru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikueru"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Atoll in French PolynesiaTekokota is one of the Central Tuamotu atolls, located close to the geographic center of the archipelago.Tekokota Atoll is one of the smallest atolls of the Tuamotus. Its islands have a total land mass of only 0.9 square kilometres (0.3 square miles).Tekokota's shape is roughly oval and it is 5 kilometres (3 miles) in length and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) in width.\nThe western side of Tekokota Atoll is submerged. The surface of its shallow central lagoon is 5.1 square kilometres (2.0 square miles).Tekokota Atoll is uninhabited. The closest land to Tekokota is Hikueru Atoll, located 22 km to the south.[2]","title":"Tekokota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"José de Andía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_And%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Domingo de Boenechea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_de_Boenechea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"South Sea Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Tales_(London_collection)"}],"text":"Tekokota was first sighted by James Cook in 1773. He named Tekokota Atoll \"Doubtful\".Months later Spanish explorer José de Andía called this atoll, \"La del Peligro\" (The Dangerous One).\nA few days later, another Spanish navigator Domingo de Boenechea sighted Tekokota on ship Aguila. He named this atoll \"Los Mártires\".[3]The island is described from the perspective of a castaway from Hikueru in Jack London's short story \"The House of Mapuhi\" in South Sea Tales (1911).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marokau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokau"},{"link_name":"Ravahere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravahere"},{"link_name":"Reitoru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitoru"}],"text":"Tekokota Atoll belongs to the commune of Hikueru, which consists of the atolls of Hikueru, Marokau, Ravahere, Reitoru and Tekokota.","title":"Administration"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg"},{"title":"Islands portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands"},{"title":"Desert island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_island"},{"title":"List of islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands"}]	[{"reference":"\"Population\". Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200329080620/http://www.ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2012/Donnees_detaillees.aspx","url_text":"\"Population\""},{"url":"http://www.ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2012/Donnees_detaillees.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oceandots\". Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved 2009-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/tekokota.php","url_text":"\"Oceandots\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tekokota&params=17_19_S_142_37_W_type:isle_region:FR-PF","external_links_name":"17°19′S 142°37′W / 17.317°S 142.617°W / -17.317; -142.617"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tekokota&params=17_19_S_142_37_W_type:isle_region:FR-PF","external_links_name":"17°19′S 142°37′W / 17.317°S 142.617°W / -17.317; -142.617"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200329080620/http://www.ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2012/Donnees_detaillees.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Population\""},{"Link":"http://www.ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2012/Donnees_detaillees.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/tekokota.php","external_links_name":"\"Oceandots\""},{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucExpl-t1-body-d17-d4.html","external_links_name":"NZTEC - Boenechea and Gayangos"},{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucExpl-t1-body-d17.html","external_links_name":"NZTEC - Spanish voyages of the 18th century"},{"Link":"http://www.pacific-image.pf/pages/boutic/dboutic_cdrom_sp132.html","external_links_name":"Atoll list (in French)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070228115907/http://www.pacific-image.pf/pages/boutic/dboutic_cdrom_sp132.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tekokota&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoy_Kamenny_Bridge	Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge	["1 Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (1692, demolished)","2 Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (1859, demolished)","3 Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (1938)","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 55°44′48″N 37°36′44″E / 55.74667°N 37.61222°E / 55.74667; 37.61222Existing bridge (July 2015) 55°44′48″N 37°36′44″E / 55.74667°N 37.61222°E / 55.74667; 37.61222 Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (Russian: Большой Каменный мост, Greater Stone Bridge) is a steel arch bridge spanning Moskva River at the western end of the Moscow Kremlin. Its predecessor was the first permanent stone bridge in Moscow, Russia. The existing bridge was completed in 1938 by engineer Nikolai Kalmykov. Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (1692, demolished) Vsehsvyatsky Bridge (All Saints Bridge, old name of Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge) and the Kremlin at the end of the 17th century. By Apollinary Vasnetsov, 1922 First Stone Bridge, as depicted by Fyodor Alekseev in the early 19th century. Note the space between the bridge and the corner Kremlin tower A "live" bridge of boats linked the Kremlin with Zamoskvorechye on a nearby site as early as the 15th century. In 1643, Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich engaged Anie and Jogann Cristler, architects from Strassburg to design a stone bridge. Anie Cristler and Tsar Mikhail died in 1645, construction halted. Sources about the completion of the first Stone Bridge are contradictory. The most widely accepted version attributes it to Patriarch Filaret, who picked up the job in 1682; year of completion is either 1687 or 1692. Another version connects the completion in 1687 with Vasily Golitsyn, notable for his sponsorship of architecture. Archive studies by Ivan Kondratyev indicate that original draft had 5 main spans of 40 arshin each. Later, numerous repairs (1707, 1731, 1771, 1788–1792, 1809–1812) changed it to seven spans over eight stone pillars. It is estimated that the river maximum width was 105 meters (50 sazhen), and overall length of the bridge was 70 sazhen, 11 sazhen wide. Its south end terminated with a barbican tower, commonly called Six Gates (two for through traffic, four looking sideways). This ornate tower is believed to be the first stone Triumph arch in Muscovy. The bridge deck originally included wooden storehouses, mills, taverns and tax collector's booths. All of these additions were destroyed in 1785 by the governor's decree. Still, it remained a busy public square and a place for religious ceremonies. Police reported frequent illegal street races in troikas, which assembled thousands of bystanders; more races followed when a new and wider bridge was completed. Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (1859, demolished) Second Stone Bridge, postcard Second Stone Bridge, view from Christ the Savior 2008 The Second Stone Bridge was built in 1859 by colonel Tannenberg on the same site, in line with today's Lenivka Street. The new bridge had three steel arched spans (36+40+36 meters) on stone pillars, similar to still existing Novospassky Bridge and Borodinsky Bridge. The main drawback, compared to these later bridges, was that the Stone Bridge left no free passage for the traffic on embankments. Riverside traffic had to cross bridge traffic in the same level. This design error became a problem even before automobiles and this is why the Second Stone bridge was demolished in 1930s, while Novospassky Bridge still stands. Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (1938) The first contest for the Third Stone Bridge was held in 1921; none of the entries were selected. The second contest was won jointly by engineer Nikolai Kalmykov and Schuko-Gelfreikh-Minkus team of architects. Kalmykov's design was completed in 1935-1938, on a site which is two blocks closer to Kremlin than the previous bridges. The single arched span is 105 meters wide and 8.4 meter high. A total of 6 parallel, boxed steel arches support the 40 meter wide roadway. The arch rests on submerged caisson foundations. Embankment traffic uses two 42.5 meter long side arches. Total length, including approach ramps, is 487 meters. There are 8 lanes for regular traffic and a divider lane. See also List of bridges in Moscow References ^ Manaev, G. (2019-12-18). "10 LOST architectural wonders of Moscow (PHOTOS)". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved 2020-01-29. ^ Russian: Энциклопедия "Москва", M, 1997 (Encyclopedia of Moscow, Moscow, 1997) ^ Russian: Иван Кондратьев. "Седая старина Москвы", М, 1997, first edition 1893, online at uutdoors.ru Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c Russian: Носарев В.А., Скрябина, Т.А., "Мосты Москвы", М, "Вече", 2004, стр.110-117 (Bridges of Moscow, 2004, p.110-117) ISBN 5-9533-0183-9 vteRoads in MoscowRing roads Kremlin Ring Boulevard Ring Garden Ring Third Ring Road Chord Ring Moscow Ring Road Central Ring Road Moscow Small Ring Road Chord roads North-Eastern Chord North-Western Chord South-Eastern Chord Southern Rocade Outbound arterial roads Entuziastov Highway Nosovikhinskoye Highway Ryazansky Avenue Volgogradsky Avenue Lyublinskaya Street Relief road for Lyublinskaya Street Kashirskoye Highway Lipetskaya Street Varshavskoye Highway Sevastopolsky Avenue Profsoyuznaya Street Leninsky Avenue Vernadskogo Avenue Michurinsky Avenue Generala Dorokhova Avenue Mozhayskoye Highway Northern relief road for Kutuzovsky Avenue Rublyovskoye Highway Marshala Zhukova Avenue Volokolamskoye Highway Leningradskoye Highway North-Eastern Chord Dmitrovskoye Highway Altufyevskoye Highway Yaroslavskoye Highway Shchyolkovskoye Highway Toll roads Bagration Avenue Cancelled roads Fourth Ring Road Road junctions Businovskaya Interchange Road tunnels Lefortovo Tunnel North-Western Tunnel Road bridges Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge Bolshoy Krasnokholmsky Bridge Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge Bolshoy Ustinsky Bridge Borodinsky Bridge Krasnoluzhsky Bridge Krymsky Bridge Maly Krasnokholmsky Bridge Novospassky Bridge Shlyuzovoy Bridge Zhivopisny Bridge Transport in Moscow	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_Kremlin_and_Bolshoy_Kamenny_Bridge_late_evening_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"55°44′48″N 37°36′44″E / 55.74667°N 37.61222°E / 55.74667; 37.61222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bolshoy_Kamenny_Bridge&params=55_44_48_N_37_36_44_E_"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"arch bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"Moskva River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva_River"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Existing bridge (July 2015)55°44′48″N 37°36′44″E / 55.74667°N 37.61222°E / 55.74667; 37.61222\nBolshoy Kamenny Bridge (Russian: Большой Каменный мост, Greater Stone Bridge) is a steel arch bridge spanning Moskva River at the western end of the Moscow Kremlin. Its predecessor was the first permanent stone bridge in Moscow, Russia.[1] The existing bridge was completed in 1938 by engineer Nikolai Kalmykov.[2]","title":"Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F._%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5_XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0._1922,_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5,_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apollinary Vasnetsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollinary_Vasnetsov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alekseev_Vid_na_Kreml_so_storony_Kamennogo_mosta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Alekseev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Alekseev"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Zamoskvorechye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamoskvorechye"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Feodorovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Feodorovich"},{"link_name":"Strassburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strassburg"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Filaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Filaret_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Vasily Golitsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Vasilievich_Galitzine"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kondratyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kondratyev"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"arshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement#Length"},{"link_name":"sazhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazhen"},{"link_name":"sazhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazhen"},{"link_name":"sazhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazhen"},{"link_name":"barbican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican"},{"link_name":"Triumph arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_arch"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"street races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_race"},{"link_name":"troikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troika_(driving)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p110-4"}],"text":"Vsehsvyatsky Bridge (All Saints Bridge, old name of Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge) and the Kremlin at the end of the 17th century. By Apollinary Vasnetsov, 1922First Stone Bridge, as depicted by Fyodor Alekseev in the early 19th century. Note the space between the bridge and the corner Kremlin tower[clarification needed]A \"live\" bridge of boats linked the Kremlin with Zamoskvorechye on a nearby site as early as the 15th century. In 1643, Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich engaged Anie and Jogann Cristler, architects from Strassburg to design a stone bridge. Anie Cristler and Tsar Mikhail died in 1645, construction halted.Sources about the completion of the first Stone Bridge are contradictory.The most widely accepted version attributes it to Patriarch Filaret, who picked up the job in 1682; year of completion is either 1687 or 1692.\nAnother version connects the completion in 1687 with Vasily Golitsyn, notable for his sponsorship of architecture.Archive studies by Ivan Kondratyev[3] indicate that original draft had 5 main spans of 40 arshin each. Later, numerous repairs (1707, 1731, 1771, 1788–1792, 1809–1812) changed it to seven spans over eight stone pillars.It is estimated that the river maximum width was 105 meters (50 sazhen), and overall length of the bridge was 70 sazhen, 11 sazhen wide. Its south end terminated with a barbican tower, commonly called Six Gates (two for through traffic, four looking sideways). This ornate tower is believed to be the first stone Triumph arch in Muscovy.[citation needed]The bridge deck originally included wooden storehouses, mills, taverns and tax collector's booths. All of these additions were destroyed in 1785 by the governor's decree. Still, it remained a busy public square and a place for religious ceremonies. Police reported frequent illegal street races in troikas, which assembled thousands of bystanders; more races followed when a new and wider bridge was completed.[4]","title":"Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (1692, demolished)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_the_saviour.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moskva_riverfront.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christ the Savior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_(Moscow)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamenni.jpg"},{"link_name":"Novospassky Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novospassky_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Borodinsky Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodinsky_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p110-4"}],"text":"Second Stone Bridge, postcardSecond Stone Bridge, view from Christ the Savior2008The Second Stone Bridge was built in 1859 by colonel Tannenberg on the same site, in line with today's Lenivka Street. The new bridge had three steel arched spans (36+40+36 meters) on stone pillars, similar to still existing Novospassky Bridge and Borodinsky Bridge. The main drawback, compared to these later bridges, was that the Stone Bridge left no free passage for the traffic on embankments. Riverside traffic had to cross bridge traffic in the same level. This design error became a problem even before automobiles and this is why the Second Stone bridge was demolished in 1930s, while Novospassky Bridge still stands.[4]","title":"Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (1859, demolished)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p110-4"}],"text":"The first contest for the Third Stone Bridge was held in 1921; none of the entries were selected. The second contest was won jointly by engineer Nikolai Kalmykov and Schuko-Gelfreikh-Minkus team of architects.Kalmykov's design was completed in 1935-1938, on a site which is two blocks closer to Kremlin than the previous bridges. The single arched span is 105 meters wide and 8.4 meter high. A total of 6 parallel, boxed steel arches support the 40 meter wide roadway. The arch rests on submerged caisson foundations. Embankment traffic uses two 42.5 meter long side arches. Total length, including approach ramps, is 487 meters. There are 8 lanes for regular traffic and a divider lane.[4]","title":"Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge (1938)"}]	[{"image_text":"Existing bridge (July 2015)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Moscow_Kremlin_and_Bolshoy_Kamenny_Bridge_late_evening_01.JPG/300px-Moscow_Kremlin_and_Bolshoy_Kamenny_Bridge_late_evening_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Vsehsvyatsky Bridge (All Saints Bridge, old name of Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge) and the Kremlin at the end of the 17th century. By Apollinary Vasnetsov, 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F._%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5_XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0._1922%2C_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"First Stone Bridge, as depicted by Fyodor Alekseev in the early 19th century. Note the space between the bridge and the corner Kremlin tower[clarification needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alekseev_Vid_na_Kreml_so_storony_Kamennogo_mosta.jpg/200px-Alekseev_Vid_na_Kreml_so_storony_Kamennogo_mosta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Second Stone Bridge, postcard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Christ_the_saviour.jpg/200px-Christ_the_saviour.jpg"},{"image_text":"Second Stone Bridge, view from Christ the Savior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Moskva_riverfront.jpg/200px-Moskva_riverfront.jpg"},{"image_text":"2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamenni.jpg/200px-Kamenni.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of bridges in Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Moscow"}]	[{"reference":"Manaev, G. (2019-12-18). \"10 LOST architectural wonders of Moscow (PHOTOS)\". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved 2020-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/history/331426-10-lost-buildings-of-moscow","url_text":"\"10 LOST architectural wonders of Moscow (PHOTOS)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bolshoy_Kamenny_Bridge&params=55_44_48_N_37_36_44_E_","external_links_name":"55°44′48″N 37°36′44″E / 55.74667°N 37.61222°E / 55.74667; 37.61222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bolshoy_Kamenny_Bridge&params=55_44_48_N_37_36_44_E_","external_links_name":"55°44′48″N 37°36′44″E / 55.74667°N 37.61222°E / 55.74667; 37.61222"},{"Link":"https://www.rbth.com/history/331426-10-lost-buildings-of-moscow","external_links_name":"\"10 LOST architectural wonders of Moscow (PHOTOS)\""},{"Link":"http://www.outdoors.ru/book/msk/msk_index.php","external_links_name":"uutdoors.ru"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211302/http://www.outdoors.ru/book/msk/msk_index.php","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujaddid	Mujaddid	["1 List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids","1.1 First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)","1.2 Second century (August 10, 815)","1.3 Third century (August 17, 912)","1.4 Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)","1.5 Fifth century (September 1, 1106)","1.6 Sixth century (September 9, 1203)","1.7 Seventh century (September 15, 1300)","1.8 Eighth century (September 23, 1397)","1.9 Ninth century (October 1, 1494)","1.10 Tenth century (October 19, 1591)","1.11 Eleventh century (October 26, 1688)","1.12 Twelfth century (November 4, 1785)","1.13 Thirteenth century (November 14, 1882)","1.14 Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)","2 Claimants in other traditions","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Term meaning one who brings renewal to Islam Not to be confused with Mujahid. Part of a series on IslamUsul al-Fiqh Fiqh Ijazah Ijma Ijtihad Ikhtilaf Istihlal Istihsan Istishab Madhhab Madrasah Manhaj Maslaha Qiyas Taqlid Taqwa Urf Ahkam Fard Mustahabb Halal Mubah Makruh Haram Baligh Batil Bid'ah Fahisha Fasiq Fitna Fasad Gheebah Gunah Haya Hirabah Islah Istighfar Istishhad Jihad Qasd Sunnah Tafsir Taghut Taqiyya Tawbah Tazkiah Thawab Wasat Legal vocations and titles Caliph Shaykh al-Islām Sayyid Sharif Ashraf Hadrat Ulama Faqeeh Allamah Mufti Grand Mufti Hujjat al-Islam Mujtahid Ayatollah Seghatoleslam Marja' Hafiz Hujja Hakim Imam Mullah Mahdi Mawlawi Khatib Khawaja Mawlānā Mawla Mufassir Murshid Pir Wali Akhund Muhaddith Mujaddid Qadi Sheikh Marabout Ulu'l-amr Ustad Mu'azzin Murid Mujahideen Ghazi Shahid Hajji Ansar Salaf Sahabah Tabi'un Tabi' al-Tabi'in Da'i al-Mutlaq al-Dawla vte A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (تجديد, tajdid) to the religion. According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revitalize Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century. The concept is based on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad), recorded by Abu Dawood, narrated by Abu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said: Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim , Hadith Number 4278 Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Scholars such as Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people. Mujaddids can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders. List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids Rulers and conquerors such as Saladin, Tamerlane, Shah Rukh, Mehmed II, Selim I, Suleiman I, Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan were often popularly heralded as mujaddids for their roles in Political Islam (Saladin, Ottoman's Selim I and Suleiman I held the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques).While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya have their own list of mujaddids. First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718) Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720) Second century (August 10, 815) Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i (767–820) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) Third century (August 17, 912) Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) Fourth Century (August 24, 1009) Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012) Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013) Fifth century (September 1, 1106) Ibn Hazm (994–1064) Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058–1111) Abdul Qadir Jilani (1078–1166) Sixth century (September 9, 1203) Salauddin Ayyubi (1137–1193) Ibn Qudamah (1147–1223) Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji (1148–1206) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210) Seventh century (September 15, 1300) Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (1228–1302) Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328) Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) Eighth century (September 23, 1397) Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (1324–1403) Tamerlane (Timur) (1336–1405) Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448) Ninth century (October 1, 1494) Shah Rukh (1377–1447) Mehmet II (1432–1481) Jalaludin Al-Suyuti (1445–1505) Tenth century (October 19, 1591) Selim I (1470–1520) Suleiman the Magnificent (1494–1566) Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624) Eleventh century (October 26, 1688) Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671) Mahiuddin Aurangzeb Alamgir (1618–1707) Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720) Twelfth century (November 4, 1785) Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762) Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790) Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823) Tipu Sultan (1750–1799) Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817) Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831) Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (1796–1861) Thirteenth century (November 14, 1882) Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920) Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1925) Amadou Bamba (1853–1927) Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979) Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943) Said Nursî (1878–1960) Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di (1889–1957) Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979) Murabit al-Hajj (1913 - 2018) Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (1944–2004) Claimants in other traditions Mulla Sadra Shirazi (1571–1640) Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908) References ^ Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad (16 August 2010). The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. Lulu.com. p. 7. ISBN 9781446164020. Retrieved 31 December 2014. ^ a b c Meri, Josef W., ed. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678. ISBN 9780415966900. ^ "Mujaddid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-03. ^ Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0878402243, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89 ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278 ^ Fath al-Baari (13/295) ^ Taareekh al-Islam (23/180) ^ Jackson, Roy (2010). Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 9781136950360. ^ B. N. Pande (1996). Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies. University of Michigan. ISBN 9788185220383. ^ a b c Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; ISBN 978-0970437013 ^ Akgunduz, Ahmed; Ozturk, Said (2011). Ottoman History - Misperceptions and Truths. IUR Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. Retrieved 28 December 2019. ^ a b Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8 ^ Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures. ABC-CLIO, LLC. 10 March 2015. ISBN 9781610692502. ^ Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. ISBN 9781610692496. ^ a b c "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam. ^ a b c d Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906. ^ a b c Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0521539064. ^ a b c Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7. ^ a b c Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. BRILL. p. 24. ISBN 90-04-10672-3. ^ Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf"," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98 ^ a b Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906 ^ Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1. p. 403. ^ a b c The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez ^ "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011. ^ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990 ^ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566 ^ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421 ^ Reese, Scott S. (2001). "The Best of Guides: Sufi Poetry and Alternate Discourses of Reform in Early Twentieth-Century Somalia". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 14 (1 Islamic Religious Poetry in Africa): 49–68. doi:10.1080/136968101750333969. JSTOR 3181395. S2CID 162001423. ^ Majmu al-Fatawa, Volume 10, Page 455 ^ "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani - SunnahOnline.com". sunnahonline.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12. ^ Sufi Movements in Eastern India – Page 194 ^ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228 ^ "al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149–1209)". Muslim Philosophy. ^ a b Muhsin J. al-Musawi (15 April 2015). Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters, The: Arabic Knowledge Construction. University of Notre Dame Press, Chapter 6 'Disputation in Rhetoric' citation #28. ISBN 978-0268020446. ISBN 978-0268020446 ^ Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 214. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8 ^ "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani". Hanafi.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2004-09-02. ^ a b Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486. ^ Akgunduz, Ahmed; Ozturk, Said (2011). Ottoman History – Misperceptions and Truths. IUR Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. Retrieved 28 December 2019. ^ Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 12: Sixth Series By Royal Historical Society ^ Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90-04-10672-3. ^ a b Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). "Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad". Iqra Islamic Publications. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. ^ "Gyarwee Sharif". al-mukhtar books. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. ^ Muslims and India's freedom movement, Shan Muhammad, Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India), Institute of Objective Studies and the University of Michigan, 2002; ISBN 9788185220581 ^ O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6. ^ Ahmad, M. (1975). Saiyid Ahmad barevali: His Life and Mission (No. 93). Lucknow: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications. Page 27. ^ Anil Sehgal (2001). Ali Sardar Jafri. Bharatiya Jnanpith. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-81-263-0671-8. ^ "Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle". 12 February 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2021. ^ Adrawi Asir. Hazrat Shaykh al-Hind: Hayāt awr kārnāme (in Urdu). Shaykhul Hind Academy. pp. 304–305. ^ M.Sıddık Gümüş (1 March 2014). Islam's Reformers. Hakikat Kitabevi. ASIN B000BZYZOQ. ^ Dr.Muhammad Masood Ahmad (1995). The Reformer Of The Muslim World. Al-Mukhtar Publications. ^ Senegal Society and Culture Report. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. 2010. (2014). The Mourides of Senegal. World Trade Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Mian, Ali Altaf (2015). "Surviving Modernity: Ashraf 'Ali Thanvi (1863–1943) and the Making of Muslim Orthodoxy in Colonial India". Duke University. ^ Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282. ^ Smith, Van Mitchell (September 1974). "History of West Africa, Vol. 2". History: Reviews of New Books. 2 (10): 251. doi:10.1080/03612759.1974.9946605. ISSN 0361-2759. ^ Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism. Oxford University Press. 4 January 1996. ISBN 9780195357110. ^ Rüdiger Seesemann (2010). "Sufism in West Africa". Religion Compass. 4 (10). Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 606–614. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00241.x. ^ "next mujaddid- Syekh Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki, Benteng Sunni Abad ke-21". Republika (Indonesian newspaper) (in Indonesian). 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2020-06-08. ^ Jalali. "Correct Understanding of the Mawlid – 1 \| TAQWA.sg \| Tariqatu-l Arusiyyatu-l Qadiriyyah Worldwide Association (Singapore) - Shari'a, Tariqa, Ma'rifa, and Haqiqa". Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2020-06-08. ^ The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam – Page 286 ^ The Fundamental Principles of Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy by Reza Akbarian ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thomson Gale (2004) ^ Adil Hussain Khan, From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42. ^ Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 965-264-014-X. ^ Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the Ahmadiyya sect. The Sunni-Shia mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the Ahmadiyya sect as it believes in non-law bearing prophethood after Muhammad. ^ "Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved 2018-09-03. Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a "nonlegislating" prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad's "legislative" prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam. Further reading Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15. Friedmann, Yohanan. Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity. Oxford India Paperbacks External links Islami Mehfil, Concept Of Revivalist (Mujaddid) In Islam Shah Waliyu Llah about the Mujaddids (in French) Al Hafiz Adh Dhahabi about the Mujaddids (in French) Brief Introduction to the Concept of Mujaddidiyyat in Islam (in Urdu)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mujahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahid"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"tajdid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajdid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faruqi-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MICE-2"},{"link_name":"century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century"},{"link_name":"Islamic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar"},{"link_name":"revitalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_revival"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Islamic prophet Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89-4"},{"link_name":"Abu Dawood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dawood"},{"link_name":"Abu Hurairah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hurairah"},{"link_name":"Sunan Abu Dawood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ikhtilaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhtilaf"},{"link_name":"Al-Dhahabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhahabi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MICE-2"}],"text":"Term meaning one who brings renewal to IslamNot to be confused with Mujahid.A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد), is an Islamic term for one who brings \"renewal\" (تجديد, tajdid) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revitalize Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.[3]The concept is based on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),[4] recorded by Abu Dawood, narrated by Abu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said:Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim [Battles], Hadith Number 4278[5]Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Scholars such as Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.[6][7]Mujaddids can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.[2]","title":"Mujaddid"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cristofano_dell%27altissimo,_saladino,_ante_1568_-_Serie_Gioviana.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timur_reconstruction03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shahruch_reconstruction.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gentile_Bellini_003.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yavuz_Selim.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suleiman_the_Magnificent_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TipuSultan1790.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"Tamerlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerlane"},{"link_name":"Shah Rukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Suleiman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Political Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Islam"},{"link_name":"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pande-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hassan_Ahmed_Ibrahim_p._172-12"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"Ahmadiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghulam-13"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jesudas_M._Athyal_2015_p_1-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MICE-2"}],"text":"Rulers and conquerors such as Saladin, Tamerlane, Shah Rukh, Mehmed II, Selim I, Suleiman I, Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan were often popularly heralded as mujaddids for their roles in Political Islam (Saladin, Ottoman's Selim I and Suleiman I held the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques).[8][9][10][11][12]While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya[13][page needed][14] have their own list of mujaddids.[2]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livingislam-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri_2005_p_678-16"}],"sub_title":"First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)","text":"Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720)[15][16]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris_ash-Shafi%60i"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri_2005_p_678-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waines-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Izalat_al-Khafa-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paradise_Lost-19"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Hanbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Second century (August 10, 815)","text":"Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i (767–820)[16][17][18][19]\nAhmad ibn Hanbal (780–855)[20]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Izalat_al-Khafa-18"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waines-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri_p_678-21"}],"sub_title":"Third century (August 17, 912)","text":"Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870)[18]\nAbu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936)[17][21]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hakim al-Nishaburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_al-Nishaburi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Izalat_al-Khafa-18"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqillani"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri_2005_p_678-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ihya_Ulum_Ad_Din,_Dar_Al_Minhaj-22"}],"sub_title":"Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)","text":"Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012)[18]\nAbu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013)[16][22]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Hazm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hazm"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"},{"link_name":"Abu Hamid al-Ghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri_2005_p_678-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waines-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paradise_Lost-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepenmagazine-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Abdul Qadir Jilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Jilani"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Fifth century (September 1, 1106)","text":"Ibn Hazm (994–1064)[23]\nAbu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058–1111)[16][17][19][24][25][26][27]\nAbdul Qadir Jilani (1078–1166) [28][29]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salauddin Ayyubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"},{"link_name":"Ibn Qudamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qudamah"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Din al-Razi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muslimphilosophy-33"}],"sub_title":"Sixth century (September 9, 1203)","text":"Salauddin Ayyubi (1137–1193)[10]\nIbn Qudamah (1147–1223)[30]\nMuhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji (1148–1206)[31][32]\nFakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210)[33]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Daqiq al-'Id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muhsin_J._al-Musawi-34"},{"link_name":"Ibn Taymiyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"},{"link_name":"Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"}],"sub_title":"Seventh century (September 15, 1300)","text":"Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (1228–1302) [34]\nIbn Taymiyyah (1263–1328)[23]\nIbn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350)[23]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Bulqini"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muhsin_J._al-Musawi-34"},{"link_name":"Tamerlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerlane"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-islamic.pwp-36"}],"sub_title":"Eighth century (September 23, 1397)","text":"Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (1324–1403) [34]\nTamerlane (Timur) (1336–1405)[35]\nIbn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448)[36]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shah Rukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hassan_Ahmed_Ibrahim_p._172-12"},{"link_name":"Mehmet II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"},{"link_name":"Jalaludin Al-Suyuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suyuti"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livingislam-15"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Origins_of_Islamic_Reformism_in_Southeast_Asia-37"}],"sub_title":"Ninth century (October 1, 1494)","text":"Shah Rukh (1377–1447)[12]\nMehmet II (1432–1481)[10]\nJalaludin Al-Suyuti (1445–1505)[15][37]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Sirhindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri_p_678-21"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Islam-40"}],"sub_title":"Tenth century (October 19, 1591)","text":"Selim I (1470–1520)[38]\nSuleiman the Magnificent (1494–1566)[39]\nAhmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)[21][40]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khayr al-Din al-Ramli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayr_al-Din_al-Ramli"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livingislam-15"},{"link_name":"Mahiuddin Aurangzeb Alamgir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academia.edu-41"},{"link_name":"Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iqra-42"}],"sub_title":"Eleventh century (October 26, 1688)","text":"Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)[15]\nMahiuddin Aurangzeb Alamgir (1618–1707)[41]\nAbdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)[42]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shah Waliullah Dehlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academia.edu-41"},{"link_name":"Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Origins_of_Islamic_Reformism_in_Southeast_Asia-37"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-almukhtarbooks-43"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Usman Dan Fodio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_And_Islamic_Revival-45"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmad Barelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sehgal2001-47"}],"sub_title":"Twelfth century (November 4, 1785)","text":"Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)[41]\nMurtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790)[37]\nShah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)[43]\nTipu Sultan (1750–1799)[44]\nUsman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)[45]\nSyed Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831)[46]\nFazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (1796–1861)[47]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad Abduh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paradise_Lost-19"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Hasan Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Hasan_Deobandi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Raza Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Raza_Khan"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Amadou Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Bamba"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Thirteenth century (November 14, 1882)","text":"Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[19]\nMahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920)[48][49]\nAhmad Raza Khan (1856–1925) [50][51]\nAmadou Bamba (1853–1927) [52]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashraf Ali Thanwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Said Nursî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muslims:_Their_Religious_Beliefs_and_Practices-54"},{"link_name":"Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Rahman_al-Sa%27di"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Abul A'la Maududi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maududi-56"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Murabit al-Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murabit_al-Hajj"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sufism_in_West_Africa-57"},{"link_name":"Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_%27Alawi_al-Maliki"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)","text":"Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943)[53]\nSaid Nursî (1878–1960)[54]\nAbdul-Rahman al-Sa'di (1889–1957)[55]\nAbul A'la Maududi (1903–1979)[56][page needed]\nMurabit al-Hajj (1913 - 2018) [57]\nMuhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (1944–2004) [58][59]","title":"List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mulla Sadra Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Mirza Ghulam Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Mulla Sadra Shirazi (1571–1640)[60][61]\nSyed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898)[62]\nMirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908)[63][64][65][66]","title":"Claimants in other traditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alvi, Sajida S. \"The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview\" (\"Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış\"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.\nFriedmann, Yohanan. Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity. Oxford India Paperbacks","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad (16 August 2010). The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. Lulu.com. p. 7. ISBN 9781446164020. Retrieved 31 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j7UeAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446164020","url_text":"9781446164020"}]},{"reference":"Meri, Josef W., ed. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678. ISBN 9780415966900.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC","url_text":"Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415966900","url_text":"9780415966900"}]},{"reference":"\"Mujaddid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online\". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904055850/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1590","url_text":"\"Mujaddid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online\""},{"url":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1590","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Roy (2010). Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 9781136950360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136950360","url_text":"9781136950360"}]},{"reference":"B. N. Pande (1996). Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies. University of Michigan. ISBN 9788185220383.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan","url_text":"University of Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185220383","url_text":"9788185220383"}]},{"reference":"Akgunduz, Ahmed; Ozturk, Said (2011). Ottoman History - Misperceptions and Truths. IUR Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. Retrieved 28 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WKfIAgAAQBAJ&q=ottoman+mujaddid&pg=PA14","url_text":"Ottoman History - Misperceptions and Truths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-90-26108-9","url_text":"978-90-90-26108-9"}]},{"reference":"Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures. ABC-CLIO, LLC. 10 March 2015. ISBN 9781610692502.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-RfYBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO, LLC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692502","url_text":"9781610692502"}]},{"reference":"\"Mujaddid Ulema\". Living Islam.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e96.html","url_text":"\"Mujaddid Ulema\""}]},{"reference":"Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0521539064.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521539064","url_text":"0521539064"}]},{"reference":"Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izalatul_Khafa%27an_Khilafatul_Khulafa","url_text":"Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa"}]},{"reference":"Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. BRILL. p. 24. ISBN 90-04-10672-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=his4f16lUDcC&pg=PA24","url_text":"Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10672-3","url_text":"90-04-10672-3"}]},{"reference":"Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1. p. 403.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth century Hujjat al-Islam\". The Pen. February 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepenmagazine.net/imam-ghazali-the-sun-of-the-fifth-century-hujjat-al-islam/","url_text":"\"Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth century Hujjat al-Islam\""}]},{"reference":"Reese, Scott S. (2001). \"The Best of Guides: Sufi Poetry and Alternate Discourses of Reform in Early Twentieth-Century Somalia\". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 14 (1 Islamic Religious Poetry in Africa): 49–68. doi:10.1080/136968101750333969. JSTOR 3181395. S2CID 162001423.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181395","url_text":"\"The Best of Guides: Sufi Poetry and Alternate Discourses of Reform in Early Twentieth-Century Somalia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F136968101750333969","url_text":"10.1080/136968101750333969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181395","url_text":"3181395"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162001423","url_text":"162001423"}]},{"reference":"\"Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani - SunnahOnline.com\". sunnahonline.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://sunnahonline.com/library/biographies/370-ibn-hajar-al-asqalani","url_text":"\"Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani - SunnahOnline.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149–1209)\". Muslim Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H044.htm","url_text":"\"al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149–1209)\""}]},{"reference":"Muhsin J. al-Musawi (15 April 2015). Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters, The: Arabic Knowledge Construction. University of Notre Dame Press, Chapter 6 'Disputation in Rhetoric' citation #28. ISBN 978-0268020446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268020446","url_text":"978-0268020446"}]},{"reference":"\"Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani\". Hanafi.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2004-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040902170858/http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Biographies/ibn_hajar.htm","url_text":"\"Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani\""},{"url":"http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Biographies/ibn_hajar.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824828486","url_text":"9780824828486"}]},{"reference":"Akgunduz, Ahmed; Ozturk, Said (2011). Ottoman History – Misperceptions and Truths. IUR Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. Retrieved 28 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WKfIAgAAQBAJ&q=ottoman+mujaddid&pg=PA14","url_text":"Ottoman History – Misperceptions and Truths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-90-26108-9","url_text":"978-90-90-26108-9"}]},{"reference":"Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90-04-10672-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Islam","url_text":"The New Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltaMira_Press","url_text":"AltaMira Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10672-3","url_text":"90-04-10672-3"}]},{"reference":"Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). \"Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions\": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/592790","url_text":"\"Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad\". Iqra Islamic Publications. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065014/http://www.iqra.net/articles/al-haddad.html","url_text":"\"A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad\""},{"url":"http://www.iqra.net/articles/al-haddad.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gyarwee Sharif\". al-mukhtar books. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426051106/http://www.almukhtarbooks.com/?p=63","url_text":"\"Gyarwee Sharif\""},{"url":"http://www.almukhtarbooks.com/?p=63","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uga.edu/islam/hunwick.html","url_text":"African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources"}]},{"reference":"Anil Sehgal (2001). Ali Sardar Jafri. Bharatiya Jnanpith. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-81-263-0671-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kl08TgBBxHIC&pg=PA213","url_text":"Ali Sardar Jafri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-263-0671-8","url_text":"978-81-263-0671-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle\". 12 February 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/13779-shaikhul-hind-mahmood-hasan-symbol-of-freedom-struggle/","url_text":"\"Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle\""}]},{"reference":"Adrawi Asir. Hazrat Shaykh al-Hind: Hayāt awr kārnāme [Shaykh al-Hind: Life and works] (in Urdu). Shaykhul Hind Academy. pp. 304–305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asir_Adrawi","url_text":"Adrawi Asir"}]},{"reference":"M.Sıddık Gümüş (1 March 2014). Islam's Reformers. Hakikat Kitabevi. ASIN B000BZYZOQ.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islams-reformers","url_text":"Islam's Reformers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000BZYZOQ","url_text":"B000BZYZOQ"}]},{"reference":"Dr.Muhammad Masood Ahmad (1995). The Reformer Of The Muslim World. Al-Mukhtar Publications.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheReformerOfTheMuslimWorldByDrMuhammadMasoodAhmad","url_text":"The Reformer Of The Muslim World"}]},{"reference":"Senegal Society and Culture Report. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. 2010. (2014). The Mourides of Senegal. World Trade Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=ex-patt","url_text":"The Mourides of Senegal"}]},{"reference":"Mian, Ali Altaf (2015). \"Surviving Modernity: Ashraf 'Ali Thanvi (1863–1943) and the Making of Muslim Orthodoxy in Colonial India\". Duke University.","urls":[{"url":"https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/9815","url_text":"\"Surviving Modernity: Ashraf 'Ali Thanvi (1863–1943) and the Making of Muslim Orthodoxy in Colonial India\""}]},{"reference":"Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Van Mitchell (September 1974). \"History of West Africa, Vol. 2\". History: Reviews of New Books. 2 (10): 251. doi:10.1080/03612759.1974.9946605. ISSN 0361-2759.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1974.9946605","url_text":"\"History of West Africa, Vol. 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03612759.1974.9946605","url_text":"10.1080/03612759.1974.9946605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-2759","url_text":"0361-2759"}]},{"reference":"Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism. Oxford University Press. 4 January 1996. ISBN 9780195357110.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC","url_text":"Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195357110","url_text":"9780195357110"}]},{"reference":"Rüdiger Seesemann (2010). \"Sufism in West Africa\". Religion Compass. 4 (10). Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 606–614. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00241.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00241.x","url_text":"\"Sufism in West Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2010.00241.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00241.x"}]},{"reference":"\"next mujaddid- Syekh Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki, Benteng Sunni Abad ke-21\". Republika (Indonesian newspaper) (in Indonesian). 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2020-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/news-update/15/03/02/nkkosb53-next-mujaddid-syekh-muhammad-alawi-almaliki-benteng-sunni-abad-ke21","url_text":"\"next mujaddid- Syekh Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki, Benteng Sunni Abad ke-21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_(Indonesian_newspaper)","url_text":"Republika (Indonesian newspaper)"}]},{"reference":"Jalali. \"Correct Understanding of the Mawlid – 1 \| TAQWA.sg \| Tariqatu-l Arusiyyatu-l Qadiriyyah Worldwide Association (Singapore) - Shari'a, Tariqa, Ma'rifa, and Haqiqa\". Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2020-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151001110919/http://taqwa.sg/v/articles/correct-understanding-of-the-mawlid-1/","url_text":"\"Correct Understanding of the Mawlid – 1 \| TAQWA.sg \| Tariqatu-l Arusiyyatu-l Qadiriyyah Worldwide Association (Singapore) - Shari'a, Tariqa, Ma'rifa, and Haqiqa\""},{"url":"http://taqwa.sg/v/articles/correct-understanding-of-the-mawlid-1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 965-264-014-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-264-014-X","url_text":"965-264-014-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online\". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved 2018-09-03. Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a \"nonlegislating\" prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad's \"legislative\" prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100723084336/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e85","url_text":"\"Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online\""},{"url":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e85","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j7UeAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC","external_links_name":"Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904055850/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1590","external_links_name":"\"Mujaddid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1590","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/037-sat.php#037.4278","external_links_name":"37:4278"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WKfIAgAAQBAJ&q=ottoman+mujaddid&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"Ottoman History - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_science	Thermodynamics	["1 Introduction","2 History","3 Etymology","4 Branches of thermodynamics","4.1 Classical thermodynamics","4.2 Statistical mechanics","4.3 Chemical thermodynamics","4.4 Equilibrium thermodynamics","4.5 Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","5 Laws of thermodynamics","5.1 Zeroth law","5.2 First law","5.3 Second law","5.4 Third law","6 System models","7 States and processes","8 Instrumentation","9 Conjugate variables","10 Potentials","11 Axiomatic thermodynamics","12 Applied fields","13 See also","13.1 Lists and timelines","14 Notes","15 References","16 Further reading","17 External links"]	Physics of heat, work, and temperature ThermodynamicsThe classical Carnot heat engine Branches Classical Statistical Chemical Quantum thermodynamics Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium Laws Zeroth First Second Third Systems Closed system Open system Isolated system State Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Phase (matter) Equilibrium Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency System propertiesNote: Conjugate variables in italics Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties Process functions Work Heat Functions of state Temperature / Entropy (introduction) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties Material properties Property databases Specific heat capacity c = {\displaystyle c=} T {\displaystyle T} ∂ S {\displaystyle \partial S} N {\displaystyle N} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T} Compressibility β = − {\displaystyle \beta =-} 1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V} V {\displaystyle V} ∂ p {\displaystyle \partial p} Thermal expansion α = {\displaystyle \alpha =} 1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V} V {\displaystyle V} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T} Equations Carnot's theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law Maxwell relations Onsager reciprocal relations Bridgman's equations Table of thermodynamic equations Potentials Free energy Free entropy Internal energy U ( S , V ) {\displaystyle U(S,V)} Enthalpy H ( S , p ) = U + p V {\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV} Helmholtz free energy A ( T , V ) = U − T S {\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS} Gibbs free energy G ( T , p ) = H − T S {\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS} HistoryCulture History General Entropy Gas laws "Perpetual motion" machines Philosophy Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power Key publications An Experimental EnquiryConcerning ... Heat On the Equilibrium ofHeterogeneous Substances Reflections on theMotive Power of Fire Timelines Thermodynamics Heat engines ArtEducation Maxwell's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal Scientists Bernoulli Boltzmann Bridgman Carathéodory Carnot Clapeyron Clausius de Donder Duhem Gibbs von Helmholtz Joule Kelvin Lewis Massieu Maxwell von Mayer Nernst Onsager Planck Rankine Smeaton Stahl Tait Thompson van der Waals Waterston Other Nucleation Self-assembly Self-organization Order and disorder Categoryvte Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities, but may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering, but also in other complex fields such as meteorology. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854 which stated, "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency." German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave to the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat. The initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines was quickly extended to the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions. Chemical thermodynamics studies the nature of the role of entropy in the process of chemical reactions and has provided the bulk of expansion and knowledge of the field. Other formulations of thermodynamics emerged. Statistical thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, concerns itself with statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior. In 1909, Constantin Carathéodory presented a purely mathematical approach in an axiomatic formulation, a description often referred to as geometrical thermodynamics. Introduction A description of any thermodynamic system employs the four laws of thermodynamics that form an axiomatic basis. The first law specifies that energy can be transferred between physical systems as heat, as work, and with transfer of matter. The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system. In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of the thermodynamic system and its surroundings. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, and those properties are in turn related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes. With these tools, thermodynamics can be used to describe how systems respond to changes in their environment. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and even black holes. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of physics and for chemistry, chemical engineering, corrosion engineering, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, cell biology, biomedical engineering, materials science, and economics, to name a few. This article is focused mainly on classical thermodynamics which primarily studies systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is often treated as an extension of the classical treatment, but statistical mechanics has brought many advances to that field. History The thermodynamicists of the original eight founding schools of thermodynamics. The schools with the most-lasting influence on the modern versions of thermodynamics are the Berlin school, particularly Rudolf Clausius's 1865 textbook The Mechanical Theory of Heat, the Vienna school, with the statistical mechanics of Ludwig Boltzmann, and the Gibbsian school at Yale University of Willard Gibbs' 1876 and his book On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances which launched chemical thermodynamics.The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who, in 1650, built and designed the world's first vacuum pump and demonstrated a vacuum using his Magdeburg hemispheres. Guericke was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove Aristotle's long-held supposition that 'nature abhors a vacuum'. Shortly after Guericke, the Anglo-Irish physicist and chemist Robert Boyle had learned of Guericke's designs and, in 1656, in coordination with English scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump. Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between pressure, temperature, and volume. In time, Boyle's Law was formulated, which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Then, in 1679, based on these concepts, an associate of Boyle's named Denis Papin built a steam digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated. Later designs implemented a steam release valve that kept the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and a cylinder engine. He did not, however, follow through with his design. Nevertheless, in 1697, based on Papin's designs, engineer Thomas Savery built the first engine, followed by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. Although these early engines were crude and inefficient, they attracted the attention of the leading scientists of the time. The fundamental concepts of heat capacity and latent heat, which were necessary for the development of thermodynamics, were developed by Professor Joseph Black at the University of Glasgow, where James Watt was employed as an instrument maker. Black and Watt performed experiments together, but it was Watt who conceived the idea of the external condenser which resulted in a large increase in steam engine efficiency. Drawing on all the previous work led Sadi Carnot, the "father of thermodynamics", to publish Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire (1824), a discourse on heat, power, energy and engine efficiency. The book outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot cycle, and motive power. It marked the start of thermodynamics as a modern science. The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, originally trained as a physicist and a civil and mechanical engineering professor at the University of Glasgow. The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). The foundations of statistical thermodynamics were set out by physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf Clausius and J. Willard Gibbs. Clausius, who first stated the basic ideas of the second law in his paper "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, and is called "one of the founding fathers of thermodynamics", introduced the concept of entropy in 1865. During the years 1873–76 the American mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs published a series of three papers, the most famous being On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, in which he showed how thermodynamic processes, including chemical reactions, could be graphically analyzed, by studying the energy, entropy, volume, temperature and pressure of the thermodynamic system in such a manner, one can determine if a process would occur spontaneously. Also Pierre Duhem in the 19th century wrote about chemical thermodynamics. During the early 20th century, chemists such as Gilbert N. Lewis, Merle Randall, and E. A. Guggenheim applied the mathematical methods of Gibbs to the analysis of chemical processes. Etymology Thermodynamics has an intricate etymology. By a surface-level analysis, the word consists of two parts that can be traced back to Ancient Greek. Firstly, thermo- ("of heat"; used in words such as thermometer) can be traced back to the root θέρμη therme, meaning "heat". Secondly, the word dynamics ("science of force ") can be traced back to the root δύναμις dynamis, meaning "power". In 1849, the adjective thermo-dynamic is used by William Thomson. In 1854, the noun thermo-dynamics is used by Thomson and William Rankine to represent the science of generalized heat engines. Pierre Perrot claims that the term thermodynamics was coined by James Joule in 1858 to designate the science of relations between heat and power, however, Joule never used that term, but used instead the term perfect thermo-dynamic engine in reference to Thomson's 1849 phraseology. Branches of thermodynamics The study of thermodynamical systems has developed into several related branches, each using a different fundamental model as a theoretical or experimental basis, or applying the principles to varying types of systems. Classical thermodynamics Classical thermodynamics is the description of the states of thermodynamic systems at near-equilibrium, that uses macroscopic, measurable properties. It is used to model exchanges of energy, work and heat based on the laws of thermodynamics. The qualifier classical reflects the fact that it represents the first level of understanding of the subject as it developed in the 19th century and describes the changes of a system in terms of macroscopic empirical (large scale, and measurable) parameters. A microscopic interpretation of these concepts was later provided by the development of statistical mechanics. Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics, also known as statistical thermodynamics, emerged with the development of atomic and molecular theories in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and supplemented classical thermodynamics with an interpretation of the microscopic interactions between individual particles or quantum-mechanical states. This field relates the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic, bulk properties of materials that can be observed on the human scale, thereby explaining classical thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics, classical mechanics, and quantum theory at the microscopic level. Chemical thermodynamics Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of energy with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. The primary objective of chemical thermodynamics is determining the spontaneity of a given transformation. Equilibrium thermodynamics Equilibrium thermodynamics is the study of transfers of matter and energy in systems or bodies that, by agencies in their surroundings, can be driven from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another. The term 'thermodynamic equilibrium' indicates a state of balance, in which all macroscopic flows are zero; in the case of the simplest systems or bodies, their intensive properties are homogeneous, and their pressures are perpendicular to their boundaries. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials, or driving forces, between macroscopically distinct parts of the system. A central aim in equilibrium thermodynamics is: given a system in a well-defined initial equilibrium state, and given its surroundings, and given its constitutive walls, to calculate what will be the final equilibrium state of the system after a specified thermodynamic operation has changed its walls or surroundings. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Most systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium because they are not in stationary states, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems. The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. Many natural systems still today remain beyond the scope of currently known macroscopic thermodynamic methods. Laws of thermodynamics Main article: Laws of thermodynamics Annotated color version of the original 1824 Carnot heat engine showing the hot body (boiler), working body (system, steam), and cold body (water), the letters labeled according to the stopping points in Carnot cycle Thermodynamics is principally based on a set of four laws which are universally valid when applied to systems that fall within the constraints implied by each. In the various theoretical descriptions of thermodynamics these laws may be expressed in seemingly differing forms, but the most prominent formulations are the following. Zeroth law The zeroth law of thermodynamics states: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the set of thermodynamic systems under consideration. Systems are said to be in equilibrium if the small, random exchanges between them (e.g. Brownian motion) do not lead to a net change in energy. This law is tacitly assumed in every measurement of temperature. Thus, if one seeks to decide whether two bodies are at the same temperature, it is not necessary to bring them into contact and measure any changes of their observable properties in time. The law provides an empirical definition of temperature, and justification for the construction of practical thermometers. The zeroth law was not initially recognized as a separate law of thermodynamics, as its basis in thermodynamical equilibrium was implied in the other laws. The first, second, and third laws had been explicitly stated already, and found common acceptance in the physics community before the importance of the zeroth law for the definition of temperature was realized. As it was impractical to renumber the other laws, it was named the zeroth law. First law Opening a bottle of sparkling wine (high-speed photography). The sudden drop of pressure causes a huge drop of temperature. The moisture in the air freezes, creating a smoke of tiny ice crystals. The first law of thermodynamics states: In a process without transfer of matter, the change in internal energy, Δ U {\displaystyle \Delta U} , of a thermodynamic system is equal to the energy gained as heat, Q {\displaystyle Q} , less the thermodynamic work, W {\displaystyle W} , done by the system on its surroundings. Δ U = Q − W {\displaystyle \Delta U=Q-W} . where Δ U {\displaystyle \Delta U} denotes the change in the internal energy of a closed system (for which heat or work through the system boundary are possible, but matter transfer is not possible), Q {\displaystyle Q} denotes the quantity of energy supplied to the system as heat, and W {\displaystyle W} denotes the amount of thermodynamic work done by the system on its surroundings. An equivalent statement is that perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible; work W {\displaystyle W} done by a system on its surrounding requires that the system's internal energy U {\displaystyle U} decrease or be consumed, so that the amount of internal energy lost by that work must be resupplied as heat Q {\displaystyle Q} by an external energy source or as work by an external machine acting on the system (so that U {\displaystyle U} is recovered) to make the system work continuously. For processes that include transfer of matter, a further statement is needed: With due account of the respective fiducial reference states of the systems, when two systems, which may be of different chemical compositions, initially separated only by an impermeable wall, and otherwise isolated, are combined into a new system by the thermodynamic operation of removal of the wall, then U 0 = U 1 + U 2 {\displaystyle U_{0}=U_{1}+U_{2}} , where U0 denotes the internal energy of the combined system, and U1 and U2 denote the internal energies of the respective separated systems. Adapted for thermodynamics, this law is an expression of the principle of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed. Internal energy is a principal property of the thermodynamic state, while heat and work are modes of energy transfer by which a process may change this state. A change of internal energy of a system may be achieved by any combination of heat added or removed and work performed on or by the system. As a function of state, the internal energy does not depend on the manner, or on the path through intermediate steps, by which the system arrived at its state. Second law A traditional version of the second law of thermodynamics states: Heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body. The second law refers to a system of matter and radiation, initially with inhomogeneities in temperature, pressure, chemical potential, and other intensive properties, that are due to internal 'constraints', or impermeable rigid walls, within it, or to externally imposed forces. The law observes that, when the system is isolated from the outside world and from those forces, there is a definite thermodynamic quantity, its entropy, that increases as the constraints are removed, eventually reaching a maximum value at thermodynamic equilibrium, when the inhomogeneities practically vanish. For systems that are initially far from thermodynamic equilibrium, though several have been proposed, there is known no general physical principle that determines the rates of approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, and thermodynamics does not deal with such rates. The many versions of the second law all express the general irreversibility of the transitions involved in systems approaching thermodynamic equilibrium. In macroscopic thermodynamics, the second law is a basic observation applicable to any actual thermodynamic process; in statistical thermodynamics, the second law is postulated to be a consequence of molecular chaos. Third law The third law of thermodynamics states: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value. This law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding entropy and the impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature. This law provides an absolute reference point for the determination of entropy. The entropy determined relative to this point is the absolute entropy. Alternate definitions include "the entropy of all systems and of all states of a system is smallest at absolute zero," or equivalently "it is impossible to reach the absolute zero of temperature by any finite number of processes". Absolute zero, at which all activity would stop if it were possible to achieve, is −273.15 °C (degrees Celsius), or −459.67 °F (degrees Fahrenheit), or 0 K (kelvin), or 0° R (degrees Rankine). System models A diagram of a generic thermodynamic system An important concept in thermodynamics is the thermodynamic system, which is a precisely defined region of the universe under study. Everything in the universe except the system is called the surroundings. A system is separated from the remainder of the universe by a boundary which may be a physical or notional, but serve to confine the system to a finite volume. Segments of the boundary are often described as walls; they have respective defined 'permeabilities'. Transfers of energy as work, or as heat, or of matter, between the system and the surroundings, take place through the walls, according to their respective permeabilities. Matter or energy that pass across the boundary so as to effect a change in the internal energy of the system need to be accounted for in the energy balance equation. The volume contained by the walls can be the region surrounding a single atom resonating energy, such as Max Planck defined in 1900; it can be a body of steam or air in a steam engine, such as Sadi Carnot defined in 1824. The system could also be just one nuclide (i.e. a system of quarks) as hypothesized in quantum thermodynamics. When a looser viewpoint is adopted, and the requirement of thermodynamic equilibrium is dropped, the system can be the body of a tropical cyclone, such as Kerry Emanuel theorized in 1986 in the field of atmospheric thermodynamics, or the event horizon of a black hole. Boundaries are of four types: fixed, movable, real, and imaginary. For example, in an engine, a fixed boundary means the piston is locked at its position, within which a constant volume process might occur. If the piston is allowed to move that boundary is movable while the cylinder and cylinder head boundaries are fixed. For closed systems, boundaries are real while for open systems boundaries are often imaginary. In the case of a jet engine, a fixed imaginary boundary might be assumed at the intake of the engine, fixed boundaries along the surface of the case and a second fixed imaginary boundary across the exhaust nozzle. Generally, thermodynamics distinguishes three classes of systems, defined in terms of what is allowed to cross their boundaries: Interactions of thermodynamic systems Type of system Mass flow Work Heat Open Y Y Y Closed N Y Y Thermally isolated N Y N Mechanically isolated N N Y Isolated N N N As time passes in an isolated system, internal differences of pressures, densities, and temperatures tend to even out. A system in which all equalizing processes have gone to completion is said to be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Once in thermodynamic equilibrium, a system's properties are, by definition, unchanging in time. Systems in equilibrium are much simpler and easier to understand than are systems which are not in equilibrium. Often, when analysing a dynamic thermodynamic process, the simplifying assumption is made that each intermediate state in the process is at equilibrium, producing thermodynamic processes which develop so slowly as to allow each intermediate step to be an equilibrium state and are said to be reversible processes. States and processes When a system is at equilibrium under a given set of conditions, it is said to be in a definite thermodynamic state. The state of the system can be described by a number of state quantities that do not depend on the process by which the system arrived at its state. They are called intensive variables or extensive variables according to how they change when the size of the system changes. The properties of the system can be described by an equation of state which specifies the relationship between these variables. State may be thought of as the instantaneous quantitative description of a system with a set number of variables held constant. A thermodynamic process may be defined as the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system proceeding from an initial state to a final state. It can be described by process quantities. Typically, each thermodynamic process is distinguished from other processes in energetic character according to what parameters, such as temperature, pressure, or volume, etc., are held fixed; Furthermore, it is useful to group these processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a conjugate pair. Several commonly studied thermodynamic processes are: Adiabatic process: occurs without loss or gain of energy by heat Isenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy Isentropic process: a reversible adiabatic process, occurs at a constant entropy Isobaric process: occurs at constant pressure Isochoric process: occurs at constant volume (also called isometric/isovolumetric) Isothermal process: occurs at a constant temperature Steady state process: occurs without a change in the internal energy Instrumentation There are two types of thermodynamic instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A thermodynamic meter is any device which measures any parameter of a thermodynamic system. In some cases, the thermodynamic parameter is actually defined in terms of an idealized measuring instrument. For example, the zeroth law states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This principle, as noted by James Maxwell in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized thermometer is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure. From the ideal gas law pV=nRT, the volume of such a sample can be used as an indicator of temperature; in this manner it defines temperature. Although pressure is defined mechanically, a pressure-measuring device, called a barometer may also be constructed from a sample of an ideal gas held at a constant temperature. A calorimeter is a device which is used to measure and define the internal energy of a system. A thermodynamic reservoir is a system which is so large that its state parameters are not appreciably altered when it is brought into contact with the system of interest. When the reservoir is brought into contact with the system, the system is brought into equilibrium with the reservoir. For example, a pressure reservoir is a system at a particular pressure, which imposes that pressure upon the system to which it is mechanically connected. The Earth's atmosphere is often used as a pressure reservoir. The ocean can act as temperature reservoir when used to cool power plants. Conjugate variables Main article: Conjugate variables The central concept of thermodynamics is that of energy, the ability to do work. By the First Law, the total energy of a system and its surroundings is conserved. Energy may be transferred into a system by heating, compression, or addition of matter, and extracted from a system by cooling, expansion, or extraction of matter. In mechanics, for example, energy transfer equals the product of the force applied to a body and the resulting displacement. Conjugate variables are pairs of thermodynamic concepts, with the first being akin to a "force" applied to some thermodynamic system, the second being akin to the resulting "displacement", and the product of the two equaling the amount of energy transferred. The common conjugate variables are: Pressure-volume (the mechanical parameters); Temperature-entropy (thermal parameters); Chemical potential-particle number (material parameters). Potentials Thermodynamic potentials are different quantitative measures of the stored energy in a system. Potentials are used to measure the energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. For example, the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively. The five most well known potentials are: Name Symbol Formula Natural variables Internal energy U {\displaystyle U} ∫ ( T d S − p d V + ∑ i μ i d N i ) {\displaystyle \int \left(T\,\mathrm {d} S-p\,\mathrm {d} V+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\mathrm {d} N_{i}\right)} S , V , { N i } {\displaystyle S,V,\{N_{i}\}} Helmholtz free energy F {\displaystyle F} U − T S {\displaystyle U-TS} T , V , { N i } {\displaystyle T,V,\{N_{i}\}} Enthalpy H {\displaystyle H} U + p V {\displaystyle U+pV} S , p , { N i } {\displaystyle S,p,\{N_{i}\}} Gibbs free energy G {\displaystyle G} U + p V − T S {\displaystyle U+pV-TS} T , p , { N i } {\displaystyle T,p,\{N_{i}\}} Landau potential, or grand potential Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } , Φ G {\displaystyle \Phi _{\text{G}}} U − T S − {\displaystyle U-TS-} ∑ i {\displaystyle \sum _{i}\,} μ i N i {\displaystyle \mu _{i}N_{i}} T , V , { μ i } {\displaystyle T,V,\{\mu _{i}\}} where T {\displaystyle T} is the temperature, S {\displaystyle S} the entropy, p {\displaystyle p} the pressure, V {\displaystyle V} the volume, μ {\displaystyle \mu } the chemical potential, N {\displaystyle N} the number of particles in the system, and i {\displaystyle i} is the count of particles types in the system. Thermodynamic potentials can be derived from the energy balance equation applied to a thermodynamic system. Other thermodynamic potentials can also be obtained through Legendre transformation. Axiomatic thermodynamics Axiomatic thermodynamics is a mathematical discipline that aims to describe thermodynamics in terms of rigorous axioms, for example by finding a mathematically rigorous way to express the familiar laws of thermodynamics. The first attempt at an axiomatic theory of thermodynamics was Constantin Carathéodory's 1909 work Investigations on the Foundations of Thermodynamics, which made use of Pfaffian systems and the concept of adiabatic accessibility, a notion that was introduced by Carathéodory himself. In this formulation, thermodynamic concepts such as heat, entropy, and temperature are derived from quantities that are more directly measurable. Theories that came after, differed in the sense that they made assumptions regarding thermodynamic processes with arbitrary initial and final states, as opposed to considering only neighboring states. Applied fields Atmospheric thermodynamics Biological thermodynamics Black hole thermodynamics Chemical thermodynamics Classical thermodynamics Equilibrium thermodynamics Industrial ecology (re: Exergy) Maximum entropy thermodynamics Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Psychrometrics Quantum thermodynamics Statistical thermodynamics, i.e. Statistical mechanics Thermoeconomics Polymer chemistry See also Physics portal Thermodynamic process path Lists and timelines List of important publications in thermodynamics List of textbooks on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics List of thermal conductivities List of thermodynamic properties Table of thermodynamic equations Timeline of thermodynamics Thermodynamic equations Notes ^ The sign convention (Q is heat supplied to the system as, W is work done by the system) is that of Rudolf Clausius. The opposite sign convention is customary in chemical thermodynamics. References ^ Clausius, Rudolf (1850). On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be deduced from it for the Theory of Heat. Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, LXXIX (Dover Reprint). ISBN 978-0-486-59065-3. ^ William Thomson, LL.D. D.C.L., F.R.S. (1882). Mathematical and Physical Papers. Vol. 1. London, Cambridge: C.J. Clay, M.A. & Son, Cambridge University Press. p. 232. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Clausius, R. (1867). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies. London: John van Voorst. Retrieved 19 June 2012. editions:PwR_Sbkwa8IC. Contains English translations of many of his other works. ^ Clausius, RJE (1870). "On a Mechanical Theorem Applicable to Heat". Philosophical Magazine. 4th Series. 40: 122–127. ^ Van Ness, H.C. (1983) . Understanding Thermodynamics. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 9780486632773. OCLC 8846081. ^ Dugdale, J.S. (1998). Entropy and its Physical Meaning. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-7484-0569-5. OCLC 36457809. ^ Smith, J.M.; Van Ness, H.C.; Abbott, M.M. (2005). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. Vol. 27 (7th ed.). p. 584. Bibcode:1950JChEd..27..584S. doi:10.1021/ed027p584.3. ISBN 978-0-07-310445-4. OCLC 56491111. {{cite book}}: \|journal= ignored (help) ^ Haynie, Donald T. (2001). Biological Thermodynamics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79549-4. OCLC 43993556. ^ Schools of thermodynamics Archived 7 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine – EoHT.info. ^ Partington, J.R. (1989). A Short History of Chemistry. Dover. OCLC 19353301. ^ The Newcomen engine was improved from 1711 until Watt's work, making the efficiency comparison subject to qualification, but the increase from the 1865 version was on the order of 100%. ^ a b Perrot, Pierre (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856552-9. OCLC 123283342. ^ Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. (2005). Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-310768-4. ^ Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971), From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann, ISBN 978-0-435-54150-7 ^ Gibbs, Willard, J. (1874–1878). Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. III. New Haven. pp. 108–248, 343–524.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Gibbs, Willard (1993). The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs, Volume One: Thermodynamics. Ox Bow Press. ISBN 978-0-918024-77-0. OCLC 27974820. ^ Duhem, P.M.M. (1886). Le Potential Thermodynamique et ses Applications, Hermann, Paris. ^ Lewis, Gilbert N.; Randall, Merle (1923). Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. ^ Guggenheim, E.A. (1933). Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of J.W. Gibbs, Methuen, London. ^ Guggenheim, E.A. (1949/1967). Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, 1st edition 1949, 5th edition 1967, North-Holland, Amsterdam. ^ a b c "Thermodynamics (etymology)". EoHT.info. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. ^ Thompson, Silvanus (1910). The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. Vol. 1. MacMillan and Co., Limited. p. 241. the fundamental subject of Natural Philosophy is Dynamics, or the science of force .... Every phenomenon in nature is a manifestation of force. ^ Donald T. Haynie (2008). Biological Thermodynamics (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ^ a b Kelvin, William T. (1849) "An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat – with Numerical Results Deduced from Regnault's Experiments on Steam." Transactions of the Edinburg Royal Society, XVI. January 2.Scanned Copy Archived 24 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Smith, Crosbie W. (1977). "William Thomson and the Creation of Thermodynamics: 1840-1855". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 16 (3): 231–288. doi:10.1007/BF00328156. ISSN 0003-9519. JSTOR 41133471. S2CID 36609995. ^ Klotz, Irving (2008). Chemical Thermodynamics: Basic Theory and Methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-471-78015-1. ^ Pokrovskii, Vladimir (2020). Thermodynamics of Complex Systems: Principles and applications. IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK. Bibcode:2020tcsp.book.....P. ^ Moran, Michael J. and Howard N. Shapiro, 2008. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. 6th ed. Wiley and Sons: 16. ^ "Sparkling Wine, Champagne & Co - Part 2". Sparkling Wine, Champagne & Co. Chemistry Europe (chemistryviews.org). 17 December 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ Klaus Roth: Sekt, Champagner & Co. So prickelnd kann Chemie sein in Chemie unserer Zeit 8. Dezember 2009: Vol. 43, Issue 6, S. 418-432 doi:10.1002/ciuz.200900520 ^ Klaus Roth: Chemische Köstlichkeiten, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010, ISBN 978-3527327522, S. 47 ^ Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics, AIP Press, Woodbury NY, ISBN 0883187973, p. 79. ^ Callen, H.B. (1960/1985).Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NY, ISBN 9780471862567, pp. 11–13. ^ Carathéodory, C. (1909). "Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik". Mathematische Annalen (in German). 67 (3): 355–386. doi:10.1007/BF01450409. ISSN 0025-5831. S2CID 118230148. ^ Frankel, Theodore (2004). The Geometry of Physics: An Introduction (second ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521539272. ^ Rastall, Peter (1 October 1970). "Classical Thermodynamics Simplified". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 11 (10): 2955–2965. Bibcode:1970JMP....11.2955R. doi:10.1063/1.1665080. ISSN 0022-2488. Further reading Goldstein, Martin & Inge F. (1993). The Refrigerator and the Universe. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-75325-9. OCLC 32826343. A nontechnical introduction, good on historical and interpretive matters. Kazakov, Andrei; Muzny, Chris D.; Chirico, Robert D.; Diky, Vladimir V.; Frenkel, Michael (2008). "Web Thermo Tables – an On-Line Version of the TRC Thermodynamic Tables". Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 113 (4): 209–220. doi:10.6028/jres.113.016. ISSN 1044-677X. PMC 4651616. PMID 27096122. Gibbs J.W. (1928). The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs Thermodynamics. New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Vol. 1, pp. 55–349. Guggenheim E.A. (1933). Modern thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs. London: Methuen & co. ltd. Denbigh K. (1981). The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium: With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. London: Cambridge University Press. Stull, D.R., Westrum Jr., E.F. and Sinke, G.C. (1969). The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds. London: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Bazarov I.P. (2010). Thermodynamics: Textbook. St. Petersburg: Lan publishing house. p. 384. ISBN 978-5-8114-1003-3. 5th ed. (in Russian) Bawendi Moungi G., Alberty Robert A. and Silbey Robert J. (2004). Physical Chemistry. J. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. Alberty Robert A. (2003). Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions. Wiley-Interscience. Alberty Robert A. (2006). Biochemical Thermodynamics: Applications of Mathematica. Vol. 48. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–458. ISBN 978-0-471-75798-6. PMID 16878778. {{cite book}}: \|journal= ignored (help) Dill Ken A., Bromberg Sarina (2011). Molecular Driving Forces: Statistical Thermodynamics in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Nanoscience. Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4430-8. M. Scott Shell (2015). Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics: An Integrated Approach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107656789. Douglas E. Barrick (2018). Biomolecular Thermodynamics: From Theory to Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-0019-5. The following titles are more technical: Bejan, Adrian (2016). Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4 ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-05209-8. Cengel, Yunus A., & Boles, Michael A. (2002). Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-238332-4. OCLC 45791449.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Dunning-Davies, Jeremy (1997). Concise Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications. Horwood Publishing. ISBN 978-1-8985-6315-0. OCLC 36025958. Kroemer, Herbert & Kittel, Charles (1980). Thermal Physics. W.H. Freeman Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2. OCLC 32932988. External links Media related to Thermodynamics at Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Engineering Thermodynamics Wikiquote has quotations related to Thermodynamics. Callendar, Hugh Longbourne (1911). "Thermodynamics" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 808–814. Thermodynamics Data & Property Calculation Websites Thermodynamics Educational Websites Biochemistry Thermodynamics Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics Engineering Thermodynamics – A Graphical Approach Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics by Richard Fitzpatrick vteMajor branches of physicsDivisions Pure Applied Engineering Approaches Experimental Theoretical Computational Classical Classical mechanics Newtonian Analytical Celestial Continuum Acoustics Classical electromagnetism Classical optics Ray Wave Thermodynamics Statistical Non-equilibrium Modern Relativistic mechanics Special General Nuclear physics Quantum mechanics Particle physics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atomic Molecular Modern optics Condensed matter physics Interdisciplinary Astrophysics Atmospheric physics Biophysics Chemical physics Geophysics Materials science Mathematical physics Medical physics Ocean physics Quantum information science Related History of physics Nobel Prize in Physics Philosophy 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exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing Mold growth, assessment, and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing, adjusting, balancing Industry organizations AHRI AMCA ASHRAE ASTM International BRE BSRIA CIBSE Institute of Refrigeration IIR LEED SMACNA UMC Health and safety Indoor air quality (IAQ) Passive smoking Sick building syndrome (SBS) Volatile organic compound (VOC) See also ASHRAE Handbook Building science Fireproofing Glossary of HVAC terms Warm Spaces World Refrigeration Day Template:Home automation Template:Solar energy Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"laws of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"physical quantities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantity"},{"link_name":"microscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic"},{"link_name":"statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"physical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiency"},{"link_name":"steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"Sadi Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kelvin1854-2"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Clausius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius"},{"link_name":"Carnot cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_cycle"},{"link_name":"theory of heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_heat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theory_of_Heat-3"},{"link_name":"second law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"virial theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mechanical heat engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_heat_engine"},{"link_name":"Chemical thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"chemical reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"Statistical thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"statistical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"Constantin Carathéodory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory"},{"link_name":"axiomatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic"}],"text":"Physics of heat, work, and temperatureThermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities, but may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering, but also in other complex fields such as meteorology.Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars.[1] Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854[2] which stated, \"Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency.\" German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave to the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, \"On the Moving Force of Heat\",[3] published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat.[4]The initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines was quickly extended to the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions. Chemical thermodynamics studies the nature of the role of entropy in the process of chemical reactions and has provided the bulk of expansion and knowledge of the field. Other formulations of thermodynamics emerged. Statistical thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, concerns itself with statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior. In 1909, Constantin Carathéodory presented a purely mathematical approach in an axiomatic formulation, a description often referred to as geometrical thermodynamics.","title":"Thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laws of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"The first law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The second law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"surroundings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surroundings_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"equations of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_state"},{"link_name":"internal energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_potential"},{"link_name":"equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"spontaneous processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_process"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine"},{"link_name":"phase transitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition"},{"link_name":"chemical reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"transport phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_phenomena"},{"link_name":"black holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"corrosion engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_engineering"},{"link_name":"aerospace engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"cell biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"},{"link_name":"biomedical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering"},{"link_name":"materials science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics"}],"text":"A description of any thermodynamic system employs the four laws of thermodynamics that form an axiomatic basis. The first law specifies that energy can be transferred between physical systems as heat, as work, and with transfer of matter.[5] The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.[6]In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of the thermodynamic system and its surroundings. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, and those properties are in turn related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes.With these tools, thermodynamics can be used to describe how systems respond to changes in their environment. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and even black holes. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of physics and for chemistry, chemical engineering, corrosion engineering, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, cell biology, biomedical engineering, materials science, and economics, to name a few.[7][8]This article is focused mainly on classical thermodynamics which primarily studies systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is often treated as an extension of the classical treatment, but statistical mechanics has brought many advances to that field.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eight_founding_schools.png"},{"link_name":"thermodynamicists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicist"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Clausius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius"},{"link_name":"statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Boltzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann"},{"link_name":"Willard Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Equilibrium_of_Heterogeneous_Substances"},{"link_name":"chemical thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"history of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Otto von Guericke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke"},{"link_name":"vacuum pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pump"},{"link_name":"vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg hemispheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_hemispheres"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Robert Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Robert Hooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"Boyle's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"inversely proportional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_proportion"},{"link_name":"Denis Papin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Papin"},{"link_name":"steam digester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_digester"},{"link_name":"piston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston"},{"link_name":"Thomas Savery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Savery"},{"link_name":"Thomas Newcomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen"},{"link_name":"heat capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity"},{"link_name":"latent heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat"},{"link_name":"Joseph Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Black"},{"link_name":"James Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt"},{"link_name":"external condenser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_steam_engine#Separate_condenser"},{"link_name":"steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sadi Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot"},{"link_name":"Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Motive_Power_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Carnot engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_engine"},{"link_name":"Carnot cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_cycle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perrot-12"},{"link_name":"William Rankine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Clausius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius"},{"link_name":"William Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin"},{"link_name":"James Clerk Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Boltzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann"},{"link_name":"Max Planck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Clausius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius"},{"link_name":"J. Willard Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theory_of_Heat-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"Josiah Willard Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Equilibrium_of_Heterogeneous_Substances"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibbs_1876-15"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_processes"},{"link_name":"chemical reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pierre Duhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Duhem"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duhem_1886-17"},{"link_name":"Gilbert N. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Merle Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Randall"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_Randall_1923-18"},{"link_name":"E. A. Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Guggenheim"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guggenheim_1933-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guggenheim_1949/1967-20"}],"text":"The thermodynamicists of the original eight founding schools of thermodynamics. The schools with the most-lasting influence on the modern versions of thermodynamics are the Berlin school, particularly Rudolf Clausius's 1865 textbook The Mechanical Theory of Heat, the Vienna school, with the statistical mechanics of Ludwig Boltzmann, and the Gibbsian school at Yale University of Willard Gibbs' 1876 and his book On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances which launched chemical thermodynamics.[9]The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who, in 1650, built and designed the world's first vacuum pump and demonstrated a vacuum using his Magdeburg hemispheres. Guericke was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove Aristotle's long-held supposition that 'nature abhors a vacuum'. Shortly after Guericke, the Anglo-Irish physicist and chemist Robert Boyle had learned of Guericke's designs and, in 1656, in coordination with English scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump.[10] Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between pressure, temperature, and volume. In time, Boyle's Law was formulated, which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Then, in 1679, based on these concepts, an associate of Boyle's named Denis Papin built a steam digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated.Later designs implemented a steam release valve that kept the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and a cylinder engine. He did not, however, follow through with his design. Nevertheless, in 1697, based on Papin's designs, engineer Thomas Savery built the first engine, followed by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. Although these early engines were crude and inefficient, they attracted the attention of the leading scientists of the time.The fundamental concepts of heat capacity and latent heat, which were necessary for the development of thermodynamics, were developed by Professor Joseph Black at the University of Glasgow, where James Watt was employed as an instrument maker. Black and Watt performed experiments together, but it was Watt who conceived the idea of the external condenser which resulted in a large increase in steam engine efficiency.[11] Drawing on all the previous work led Sadi Carnot, the \"father of thermodynamics\", to publish Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire (1824), a discourse on heat, power, energy and engine efficiency. The book outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot cycle, and motive power. It marked the start of thermodynamics as a modern science.[12]The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, originally trained as a physicist and a civil and mechanical engineering professor at the University of Glasgow.[13] The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin).\nThe foundations of statistical thermodynamics were set out by physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf Clausius and J. Willard Gibbs.Clausius, who first stated the basic ideas of the second law in his paper \"On the Moving Force of Heat\",[3] published in 1850, and is called \"one of the founding fathers of thermodynamics\",[14] introduced the concept of entropy in 1865.During the years 1873–76 the American mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs published a series of three papers, the most famous being On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances,[15] in which he showed how thermodynamic processes, including chemical reactions, could be graphically analyzed, by studying the energy, entropy, volume, temperature and pressure of the thermodynamic system in such a manner, one can determine if a process would occur spontaneously.[16] Also Pierre Duhem in the 19th century wrote about chemical thermodynamics.[17] During the early 20th century, chemists such as Gilbert N. Lewis, Merle Randall,[18] and E. A. Guggenheim[19][20] applied the mathematical methods of Gibbs to the analysis of chemical processes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eoht-21"},{"link_name":"thermo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thermo-#English"},{"link_name":"thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer"},{"link_name":"θέρμη","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B7"},{"link_name":"dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dynamics#English"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"δύναμις","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%82"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kelvin1849-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith77-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith77-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eoht-21"},{"link_name":"James Joule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joule"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perrot-12"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kelvin1849-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eoht-21"}],"text":"Thermodynamics has an intricate etymology.[21]By a surface-level analysis, the word consists of two parts that can be traced back to Ancient Greek. Firstly, thermo- (\"of heat\"; used in words such as thermometer) can be traced back to the root θέρμη therme, meaning \"heat\". Secondly, the word dynamics (\"science of force [or power]\")[22] can be traced back to the root δύναμις dynamis, meaning \"power\".[23]In 1849, the adjective thermo-dynamic is used by William Thomson.[24][25]In 1854, the noun thermo-dynamics is used by Thomson and William Rankine to represent the science of generalized heat engines.[25][21]Pierre Perrot claims that the term thermodynamics was coined by James Joule in 1858 to designate the science of relations between heat and power,[12] however, Joule never used that term, but used instead the term perfect thermo-dynamic engine in reference to Thomson's 1849[24] phraseology.[21]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The study of thermodynamical systems has developed into several related branches, each using a different fundamental model as a theoretical or experimental basis, or applying the principles to varying types of systems.","title":"Branches of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laws of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics"}],"sub_title":"Classical thermodynamics","text":"Classical thermodynamics is the description of the states of thermodynamic systems at near-equilibrium, that uses macroscopic, measurable properties. It is used to model exchanges of energy, work and heat based on the laws of thermodynamics. The qualifier classical reflects the fact that it represents the first level of understanding of the subject as it developed in the 19th century and describes the changes of a system in terms of macroscopic empirical (large scale, and measurable) parameters. A microscopic interpretation of these concepts was later provided by the development of statistical mechanics.","title":"Branches of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"quantum theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"}],"sub_title":"Statistical mechanics","text":"Statistical mechanics, also known as statistical thermodynamics, emerged with the development of atomic and molecular theories in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and supplemented classical thermodynamics with an interpretation of the microscopic interactions between individual particles or quantum-mechanical states. This field relates the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic, bulk properties of materials that can be observed on the human scale, thereby explaining classical thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics, classical mechanics, and quantum theory at the microscopic level.","title":"Branches of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemical thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"chemical reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactions"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_state"},{"link_name":"laws of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Chemical thermodynamics","text":"Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of energy with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. The primary objective of chemical thermodynamics is determining the spontaneity of a given transformation.[26]","title":"Branches of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equilibrium thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_thermodynamics"}],"sub_title":"Equilibrium thermodynamics","text":"Equilibrium thermodynamics is the study of transfers of matter and energy in systems or bodies that, by agencies in their surroundings, can be driven from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another. The term 'thermodynamic equilibrium' indicates a state of balance, in which all macroscopic flows are zero; in the case of the simplest systems or bodies, their intensive properties are homogeneous, and their pressures are perpendicular to their boundaries. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials, or driving forces, between macroscopically distinct parts of the system. A central aim in equilibrium thermodynamics is: given a system in a well-defined initial equilibrium state, and given its surroundings, and given its constitutive walls, to calculate what will be the final equilibrium state of the system after a specified thermodynamic operation has changed its walls or surroundings.","title":"Branches of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","text":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Most systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium because they are not in stationary states, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems. The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics.[27] Many natural systems still today remain beyond the scope of currently known macroscopic thermodynamic methods.","title":"Branches of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnot_engine_(hot_body_-_working_body_-_cold_body).jpg"},{"link_name":"Carnot heat engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_heat_engine"},{"link_name":"Carnot cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_cycle"}],"text":"Annotated color version of the original 1824 Carnot heat engine showing the hot body (boiler), working body (system, steam), and cold body (water), the letters labeled according to the stopping points in Carnot cycleThermodynamics is principally based on a set of four laws which are universally valid when applied to systems that fall within the constraints implied by each. In the various theoretical descriptions of thermodynamics these laws may be expressed in seemingly differing forms, but the most prominent formulations are the following.","title":"Laws of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zeroth law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"equivalence relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system"},{"link_name":"Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Zeroth law","text":"The zeroth law of thermodynamics states: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the set of thermodynamic systems under consideration. Systems are said to be in equilibrium if the small, random exchanges between them (e.g. Brownian motion) do not lead to a net change in energy. This law is tacitly assumed in every measurement of temperature. Thus, if one seeks to decide whether two bodies are at the same temperature, it is not necessary to bring them into contact and measure any changes of their observable properties in time.[28] The law provides an empirical definition of temperature, and justification for the construction of practical thermometers.The zeroth law was not initially recognized as a separate law of thermodynamics, as its basis in thermodynamical equilibrium was implied in the other laws. The first, second, and third laws had been explicitly stated already, and found common acceptance in the physics community before the importance of the zeroth law for the definition of temperature was realized. As it was impractical to renumber the other laws, it was named the zeroth law.","title":"Laws of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg"},{"link_name":"sparkling wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkling_wine"},{"link_name":"high-speed photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"first law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"internal energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"closed system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system#Closed_system"},{"link_name":"perpetual motion machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motion_machines"},{"link_name":"conservation of energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_state"},{"link_name":"function of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_function"}],"sub_title":"First law","text":"Opening a bottle of sparkling wine (high-speed photography). The sudden drop of pressure causes a huge drop of temperature. The moisture in the air freezes, creating a smoke of tiny ice crystals.[29][30][31]The first law of thermodynamics states: In a process without transfer of matter, the change in internal energy, \n \n \n \n Δ\n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta U}\n \n, of a thermodynamic system is equal to the energy gained as heat, \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n, less the thermodynamic work, \n \n \n \n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W}\n \n, done by the system on its surroundings.[32][nb 1]Δ\n U\n =\n Q\n −\n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta U=Q-W}\n \n.where \n \n \n \n Δ\n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta U}\n \n denotes the change in the internal energy of a closed system (for which heat or work through the system boundary are possible, but matter transfer is not possible), \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n denotes the quantity of energy supplied to the system as heat, and \n \n \n \n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W}\n \n denotes the amount of thermodynamic work done by the system on its surroundings. An equivalent statement is that perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible; work \n \n \n \n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W}\n \n done by a system on its surrounding requires that the system's internal energy \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n decrease or be consumed, so that the amount of internal energy lost by that work must be resupplied as heat \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n by an external energy source or as work by an external machine acting on the system (so that \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n is recovered) to make the system work continuously.For processes that include transfer of matter, a further statement is needed: With due account of the respective fiducial reference states of the systems, when two systems, which may be of different chemical compositions, initially separated only by an impermeable wall, and otherwise isolated, are combined into a new system by the thermodynamic operation of removal of the wall, thenU\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n \n U\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n U\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U_{0}=U_{1}+U_{2}}\n \n,where U0 denotes the internal energy of the combined system, and U1 and U2 denote the internal energies of the respective separated systems.Adapted for thermodynamics, this law is an expression of the principle of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed.[33]Internal energy is a principal property of the thermodynamic state, while heat and work are modes of energy transfer by which a process may change this state. A change of internal energy of a system may be achieved by any combination of heat added or removed and work performed on or by the system. As a function of state, the internal energy does not depend on the manner, or on the path through intermediate steps, by which the system arrived at its state.","title":"Laws of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"intensive properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"irreversibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreversibility"}],"sub_title":"Second law","text":"A traditional version of the second law of thermodynamics states: Heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body.The second law refers to a system of matter and radiation, initially with inhomogeneities in temperature, pressure, chemical potential, and other intensive properties, that are due to internal 'constraints', or impermeable rigid walls, within it, or to externally imposed forces. The law observes that, when the system is isolated from the outside world and from those forces, there is a definite thermodynamic quantity, its entropy, that increases as the constraints are removed, eventually reaching a maximum value at thermodynamic equilibrium, when the inhomogeneities practically vanish. For systems that are initially far from thermodynamic equilibrium, though several have been proposed, there is known no general physical principle that determines the rates of approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, and thermodynamics does not deal with such rates. The many versions of the second law all express the general irreversibility of the transitions involved in systems approaching thermodynamic equilibrium.In macroscopic thermodynamics, the second law is a basic observation applicable to any actual thermodynamic process; in statistical thermodynamics, the second law is postulated to be a consequence of molecular chaos.","title":"Laws of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"absolute zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero"},{"link_name":"Rankine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale"}],"sub_title":"Third law","text":"The third law of thermodynamics states: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.This law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding entropy and the impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature. This law provides an absolute reference point for the determination of entropy. The entropy determined relative to this point is the absolute entropy. Alternate definitions include \"the entropy of all systems and of all states of a system is smallest at absolute zero,\" or equivalently \"it is impossible to reach the absolute zero of temperature by any finite number of processes\".Absolute zero, at which all activity would stop if it were possible to achieve, is −273.15 °C (degrees Celsius), or −459.67 °F (degrees Fahrenheit), or 0 K (kelvin), or 0° R (degrees Rankine).","title":"Laws of thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:System_boundary.svg"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system"},{"link_name":"surroundings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(systems)"},{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(thermodynamic)"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter"},{"link_name":"steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"nuclide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"quantum thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Kerry Emanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Emanuel"},{"link_name":"atmospheric thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"event horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_horizon"},{"link_name":"black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(thermodynamic)"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"reversible processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)"}],"text":"A diagram of a generic thermodynamic systemAn important concept in thermodynamics is the thermodynamic system, which is a precisely defined region of the universe under study. Everything in the universe except the system is called the surroundings. A system is separated from the remainder of the universe by a boundary which may be a physical or notional, but serve to confine the system to a finite volume. Segments of the boundary are often described as walls; they have respective defined 'permeabilities'. Transfers of energy as work, or as heat, or of matter, between the system and the surroundings, take place through the walls, according to their respective permeabilities.Matter or energy that pass across the boundary so as to effect a change in the internal energy of the system need to be accounted for in the energy balance equation. The volume contained by the walls can be the region surrounding a single atom resonating energy, such as Max Planck defined in 1900; it can be a body of steam or air in a steam engine, such as Sadi Carnot defined in 1824. The system could also be just one nuclide (i.e. a system of quarks) as hypothesized in quantum thermodynamics. When a looser viewpoint is adopted, and the requirement of thermodynamic equilibrium is dropped, the system can be the body of a tropical cyclone, such as Kerry Emanuel theorized in 1986 in the field of atmospheric thermodynamics, or the event horizon of a black hole.Boundaries are of four types: fixed, movable, real, and imaginary. For example, in an engine, a fixed boundary means the piston is locked at its position, within which a constant volume process might occur. If the piston is allowed to move that boundary is movable while the cylinder and cylinder head boundaries are fixed. For closed systems, boundaries are real while for open systems boundaries are often imaginary. In the case of a jet engine, a fixed imaginary boundary might be assumed at the intake of the engine, fixed boundaries along the surface of the case and a second fixed imaginary boundary across the exhaust nozzle.Generally, thermodynamics distinguishes three classes of systems, defined in terms of what is allowed to cross their boundaries:As time passes in an isolated system, internal differences of pressures, densities, and temperatures tend to even out. A system in which all equalizing processes have gone to completion is said to be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.Once in thermodynamic equilibrium, a system's properties are, by definition, unchanging in time. Systems in equilibrium are much simpler and easier to understand than are systems which are not in equilibrium. Often, when analysing a dynamic thermodynamic process, the simplifying assumption is made that each intermediate state in the process is at equilibrium, producing thermodynamic processes which develop so slowly as to allow each intermediate step to be an equilibrium state and are said to be reversible processes.","title":"System models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thermodynamic state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_state"},{"link_name":"state quantities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_function"},{"link_name":"intensive variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_variable"},{"link_name":"extensive variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensive_variable"},{"link_name":"equation of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_state"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_process"},{"link_name":"process quantities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_function"},{"link_name":"conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"Adiabatic process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_process"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"Isenthalpic process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isenthalpic_process"},{"link_name":"enthalpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy"},{"link_name":"Isentropic process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic_process"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"Isobaric process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric_process"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"Isochoric process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochoric_process"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"Isothermal process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_process"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"Steady state process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state"},{"link_name":"internal energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy"}],"text":"When a system is at equilibrium under a given set of conditions, it is said to be in a definite thermodynamic state. The state of the system can be described by a number of state quantities that do not depend on the process by which the system arrived at its state. They are called intensive variables or extensive variables according to how they change when the size of the system changes. The properties of the system can be described by an equation of state which specifies the relationship between these variables. State may be thought of as the instantaneous quantitative description of a system with a set number of variables held constant.A thermodynamic process may be defined as the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system proceeding from an initial state to a final state. It can be described by process quantities. Typically, each thermodynamic process is distinguished from other processes in energetic character according to what parameters, such as temperature, pressure, or volume, etc., are held fixed; Furthermore, it is useful to group these processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a conjugate pair.Several commonly studied thermodynamic processes are:Adiabatic process: occurs without loss or gain of energy by heat\nIsenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy\nIsentropic process: a reversible adiabatic process, occurs at a constant entropy\nIsobaric process: occurs at constant pressure\nIsochoric process: occurs at constant volume (also called isometric/isovolumetric)\nIsothermal process: occurs at a constant temperature\nSteady state process: occurs without a change in the internal energy","title":"States and processes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thermodynamic instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_instruments"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system"},{"link_name":"zeroth law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"James Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer"},{"link_name":"ideal gas law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law"},{"link_name":"barometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometer"},{"link_name":"calorimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter"}],"text":"There are two types of thermodynamic instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A thermodynamic meter is any device which measures any parameter of a thermodynamic system. In some cases, the thermodynamic parameter is actually defined in terms of an idealized measuring instrument. For example, the zeroth law states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This principle, as noted by James Maxwell in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized thermometer is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure. From the ideal gas law pV=nRT, the volume of such a sample can be used as an indicator of temperature; in this manner it defines temperature. Although pressure is defined mechanically, a pressure-measuring device, called a barometer may also be constructed from a sample of an ideal gas held at a constant temperature. A calorimeter is a device which is used to measure and define the internal energy of a system.A thermodynamic reservoir is a system which is so large that its state parameters are not appreciably altered when it is brought into contact with the system of interest. When the reservoir is brought into contact with the system, the system is brought into equilibrium with the reservoir. For example, a pressure reservoir is a system at a particular pressure, which imposes that pressure upon the system to which it is mechanically connected. The Earth's atmosphere is often used as a pressure reservoir. The ocean can act as temperature reservoir when used to cool power plants.","title":"Instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"First Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Conjugate variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system"},{"link_name":"Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"Chemical potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential"},{"link_name":"particle number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_number"}],"text":"The central concept of thermodynamics is that of energy, the ability to do work. By the First Law, the total energy of a system and its surroundings is conserved. Energy may be transferred into a system by heating, compression, or addition of matter, and extracted from a system by cooling, expansion, or extraction of matter. In mechanics, for example, energy transfer equals the product of the force applied to a body and the resulting displacement.Conjugate variables are pairs of thermodynamic concepts, with the first being akin to a \"force\" applied to some thermodynamic system, the second being akin to the resulting \"displacement\", and the product of the two equaling the amount of energy transferred. The common conjugate variables are:Pressure-volume (the mechanical parameters);\nTemperature-entropy (thermal parameters);\nChemical potential-particle number (material parameters).","title":"Conjugate variables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thermodynamic potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_potential"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"chemical potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential"},{"link_name":"Legendre transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre_transformation"}],"text":"Thermodynamic potentials are different quantitative measures of the stored energy in a system. Potentials are used to measure the energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. For example, the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively.The five most well known potentials are:where \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n is the temperature, \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n the entropy, \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n the pressure, \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n the volume, \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n the chemical potential, \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n the number of particles in the system, and \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n is the count of particles types in the system.Thermodynamic potentials can be derived from the energy balance equation applied to a thermodynamic system. Other thermodynamic potentials can also be obtained through Legendre transformation.","title":"Potentials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematical discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_discipline"},{"link_name":"axioms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom"},{"link_name":"laws of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Constantin Carathéodory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory"},{"link_name":"Pfaffian systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrability_conditions_for_differential_systems"},{"link_name":"adiabatic accessibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_accessibility"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frankel-36"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_process"}],"text":"Axiomatic thermodynamics is a mathematical discipline that aims to describe thermodynamics in terms of rigorous axioms, for example by finding a mathematically rigorous way to express the familiar laws of thermodynamics.The first attempt at an axiomatic theory of thermodynamics was Constantin Carathéodory's 1909 work Investigations on the Foundations of Thermodynamics, which made use of Pfaffian systems and the concept of adiabatic accessibility, a notion that was introduced by Carathéodory himself.[34][35] In this formulation, thermodynamic concepts such as heat, entropy, and temperature are derived from quantities that are more directly measurable.[36] Theories that came after, differed in the sense that they made assumptions regarding thermodynamic processes with arbitrary initial and final states, as opposed to considering only neighboring states.","title":"Axiomatic thermodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atmospheric thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Biological thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Black hole thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Chemical thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Classical thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Equilibrium thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"Industrial ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ecology"},{"link_name":"Exergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergy"},{"link_name":"Maximum entropy thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics"},{"link_name":"Psychrometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrometrics"},{"link_name":"Quantum thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Statistical thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Thermoeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoeconomics"},{"link_name":"Polymer chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_chemistry"}],"text":"Atmospheric thermodynamics\nBiological thermodynamics\nBlack hole thermodynamics\nChemical thermodynamics\nClassical thermodynamics\nEquilibrium thermodynamics\nIndustrial ecology (re: Exergy)\nMaximum entropy thermodynamics\nNon-equilibrium thermodynamics\nPhilosophy of thermal and statistical physics\nPsychrometrics\nQuantum thermodynamics\nStatistical thermodynamics, i.e. Statistical mechanics\nThermoeconomics\nPolymer chemistry","title":"Applied fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Clausius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius"}],"text":"^ The sign convention (Q is heat supplied to the system as, W is work done by the system) is that of Rudolf Clausius. The opposite sign convention is customary in chemical thermodynamics.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Refrigerator and the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/refrigeratoruniv0000gold"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-75325-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-75325-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"32826343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32826343"},{"link_name":"\"Web Thermo Tables – an On-Line Version of the TRC Thermodynamic Tables\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4651616"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.6028/jres.113.016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.6028%2Fjres.113.016"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1044-677X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1044-677X"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4651616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4651616"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27096122","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27096122"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-8114-1003-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8114-1003-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-75798-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-75798-6"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16878778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16878778"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8153-4430-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4430-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1107656789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107656789"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4398-0019-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0019-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-119-05209-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-05209-8"},{"link_name":"Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/thermodynamicsen00ceng_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-07-238332-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-238332-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45791449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/45791449"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8985-6315-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8985-6315-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"36025958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36025958"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7167-1088-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1088-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"32932988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32932988"}],"text":"Goldstein, Martin & Inge F. (1993). The Refrigerator and the Universe. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-75325-9. OCLC 32826343. A nontechnical introduction, good on historical and interpretive matters.\nKazakov, Andrei; Muzny, Chris D.; Chirico, Robert D.; Diky, Vladimir V.; Frenkel, Michael (2008). \"Web Thermo Tables – an On-Line Version of the TRC Thermodynamic Tables\". Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 113 (4): 209–220. doi:10.6028/jres.113.016. ISSN 1044-677X. PMC 4651616. PMID 27096122.\nGibbs J.W. (1928). The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs Thermodynamics. New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Vol. 1, pp. 55–349.\nGuggenheim E.A. (1933). Modern thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs. London: Methuen & co. ltd.\nDenbigh K. (1981). The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium: With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. London: Cambridge University Press.\nStull, D.R., Westrum Jr., E.F. and Sinke, G.C. (1969). The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds. London: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nBazarov I.P. (2010). Thermodynamics: Textbook. St. Petersburg: Lan publishing house. p. 384. ISBN 978-5-8114-1003-3. 5th ed. (in Russian)\nBawendi Moungi G., Alberty Robert A. and Silbey Robert J. (2004). Physical Chemistry. J. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.\nAlberty Robert A. (2003). Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions. Wiley-Interscience.\nAlberty Robert A. (2006). Biochemical Thermodynamics: Applications of Mathematica. Vol. 48. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–458. ISBN 978-0-471-75798-6. PMID 16878778. {{cite book}}: \|journal= ignored (help)\nDill Ken A., Bromberg Sarina (2011). Molecular Driving Forces: Statistical Thermodynamics in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Nanoscience. Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4430-8.\nM. Scott Shell (2015). Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics: An Integrated Approach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107656789.\nDouglas E. Barrick (2018). Biomolecular Thermodynamics: From Theory to Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-0019-5.The following titles are more technical:Bejan, Adrian (2016). Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4 ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-05209-8.\nCengel, Yunus A., & Boles, Michael A. (2002). Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-238332-4. OCLC 45791449.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nDunning-Davies, Jeremy (1997). Concise Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications. Horwood Publishing. ISBN 978-1-8985-6315-0. OCLC 36025958.\nKroemer, Herbert & Kittel, Charles (1980). Thermal Physics. W.H. Freeman Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2. OCLC 32932988.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The thermodynamicists of the original eight founding schools of thermodynamics. The schools with the most-lasting influence on the modern versions of thermodynamics are the Berlin school, particularly Rudolf Clausius's 1865 textbook The Mechanical Theory of Heat, the Vienna school, with the statistical mechanics of Ludwig Boltzmann, and the Gibbsian school at Yale University of Willard Gibbs' 1876 and his book On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances which launched chemical thermodynamics.[9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eight_founding_schools.png/400px-Eight_founding_schools.png"},{"image_text":"Annotated color version of the original 1824 Carnot heat engine showing the hot body (boiler), working body (system, steam), and cold body (water), the letters labeled according to the stopping points in Carnot cycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Carnot_engine_%28hot_body_-_working_body_-_cold_body%29.jpg/300px-Carnot_engine_%28hot_body_-_working_body_-_cold_body%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Opening a bottle of sparkling wine (high-speed photography). The sudden drop of pressure causes a huge drop of temperature. The moisture in the air freezes, creating a smoke of tiny ice crystals.[29][30][31]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg/170px-Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg"},{"image_text":"A diagram of a generic thermodynamic system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/System_boundary.svg/200px-System_boundary.svg.png"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg"},{"title":"Physics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics"},{"title":"Thermodynamic process path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_process_path"}]	[{"reference":"Clausius, Rudolf (1850). On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be deduced from it for the Theory of Heat. Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, LXXIX (Dover Reprint). ISBN 978-0-486-59065-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-59065-3","url_text":"978-0-486-59065-3"}]},{"reference":"William Thomson, LL.D. D.C.L., F.R.S. (1882). Mathematical and Physical Papers. Vol. 1. London, Cambridge: C.J. Clay, M.A. & Son, Cambridge University Press. p. 232. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nWMSAAAAIAAJ&q=On+an+Absolute+Thermometric+Scale+Founded+on+Carnot%E2%80%99s+Theory&pg=PA100","url_text":"Mathematical and Physical Papers"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210418220146/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWMSAAAAIAAJ&q=On+an+Absolute+Thermometric+Scale+Founded+on+Carnot%E2%80%99s+Theory&pg=PA100","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clausius, R. (1867). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies. London: John van Voorst. Retrieved 19 June 2012. editions:PwR_Sbkwa8IC.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mechanicaltheor04claugoog","url_text":"The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies"}]},{"reference":"Clausius, RJE (1870). \"On a Mechanical Theorem Applicable to Heat\". Philosophical Magazine. 4th Series. 40: 122–127.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Van Ness, H.C. (1983) [1969]. Understanding Thermodynamics. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 9780486632773. OCLC 8846081.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/understandingthe00vann","url_text":"Understanding Thermodynamics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486632773","url_text":"9780486632773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8846081","url_text":"8846081"}]},{"reference":"Dugdale, J.S. (1998). Entropy and its Physical Meaning. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-7484-0569-5. OCLC 36457809.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0569-5","url_text":"978-0-7484-0569-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36457809","url_text":"36457809"}]},{"reference":"Smith, J.M.; Van Ness, H.C.; Abbott, M.M. (2005). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. Vol. 27 (7th ed.). p. 584. Bibcode:1950JChEd..27..584S. doi:10.1021/ed027p584.3. ISBN 978-0-07-310445-4. OCLC 56491111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950JChEd..27..584S","url_text":"1950JChEd..27..584S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed027p584.3","url_text":"10.1021/ed027p584.3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-310445-4","url_text":"978-0-07-310445-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56491111","url_text":"56491111"}]},{"reference":"Haynie, Donald T. (2001). Biological Thermodynamics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79549-4. OCLC 43993556.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79549-4","url_text":"978-0-521-79549-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43993556","url_text":"43993556"}]},{"reference":"Partington, J.R. (1989). A Short History of Chemistry. Dover. OCLC 19353301.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Partington","url_text":"Partington, J.R."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofch0000part_q6h4","url_text":"A Short History of Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19353301","url_text":"19353301"}]},{"reference":"Perrot, Pierre (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856552-9. OCLC 123283342.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856552-9","url_text":"978-0-19-856552-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123283342","url_text":"123283342"}]},{"reference":"Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. (2005). Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-310768-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-310768-4","url_text":"978-0-07-310768-4"}]},{"reference":"Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971), From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann, ISBN 978-0-435-54150-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-54150-7","url_text":"978-0-435-54150-7"}]},{"reference":"Gibbs, Willard, J. (1874–1878). Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. III. New Haven. pp. 108–248, 343–524.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/transactions03conn","url_text":"Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/transactions03conn/page/108","url_text":"108"}]},{"reference":"Gibbs, Willard (1993). The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs, Volume One: Thermodynamics. Ox Bow Press. ISBN 978-0-918024-77-0. OCLC 27974820.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918024-77-0","url_text":"978-0-918024-77-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27974820","url_text":"27974820"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Gilbert N.; Randall, Merle (1923). Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thermodynamicsfr00gnle","url_text":"Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances"}]},{"reference":"\"Thermodynamics (etymology)\". EoHT.info. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eoht.info/page/Thermodynamics+(etymology)","url_text":"\"Thermodynamics (etymology)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231029004136/https://www.eoht.info/page/Thermodynamics%20(etymology)","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Silvanus (1910). The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. Vol. 1. MacMillan and Co., Limited. p. 241. the fundamental subject of Natural Philosophy is Dynamics, or the science of force .... Every phenomenon in nature is a manifestation of force.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b31360403_0001","url_text":"The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b31360403_0001/page/241","url_text":"241"}]},{"reference":"Donald T. Haynie (2008). Biological Thermodynamics (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biologicalthermo0000hayn","url_text":"Biological Thermodynamics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biologicalthermo0000hayn/page/26","url_text":"26"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Crosbie W. (1977). \"William Thomson and the Creation of Thermodynamics: 1840-1855\". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 16 (3): 231–288. doi:10.1007/BF00328156. ISSN 0003-9519. JSTOR 41133471. S2CID 36609995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133471","url_text":"\"William Thomson and the Creation of Thermodynamics: 1840-1855\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00328156","url_text":"10.1007/BF00328156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-9519","url_text":"0003-9519"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133471","url_text":"41133471"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36609995","url_text":"36609995"}]},{"reference":"Klotz, Irving (2008). Chemical Thermodynamics: Basic Theory and Methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 4. 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(1909). \"Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik\". Mathematische Annalen (in German). 67 (3): 355–386. doi:10.1007/BF01450409. ISSN 0025-5831. S2CID 118230148.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01450409","url_text":"\"Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematische_Annalen","url_text":"Mathematische Annalen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01450409","url_text":"10.1007/BF01450409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5831","url_text":"0025-5831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118230148","url_text":"118230148"}]},{"reference":"Frankel, Theodore (2004). The Geometry of Physics: An Introduction (second ed.). Cambridge University Press. 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ISSN 0022-2488.","urls":[{"url":"https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1665080","url_text":"\"Classical Thermodynamics Simplified\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Mathematical_Physics","url_text":"Journal of Mathematical Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970JMP....11.2955R","url_text":"1970JMP....11.2955R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1665080","url_text":"10.1063/1.1665080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2488","url_text":"0022-2488"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Martin & Inge F. (1993). The Refrigerator and the Universe. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-75325-9. 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PMID 27096122.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4651616","url_text":"\"Web Thermo Tables – an On-Line Version of the TRC Thermodynamic Tables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.6028%2Fjres.113.016","url_text":"10.6028/jres.113.016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1044-677X","url_text":"1044-677X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4651616","url_text":"4651616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27096122","url_text":"27096122"}]},{"reference":"Gibbs J.W. (1928). The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs Thermodynamics. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Guggenheim E.A. (1933). Modern thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs. London: Methuen & co. ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Denbigh K. (1981). The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium: With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. London: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stull, D.R., Westrum Jr., E.F. and Sinke, G.C. (1969). The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds. London: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bazarov I.P. (2010). Thermodynamics: Textbook. St. Petersburg: Lan publishing house. p. 384. ISBN 978-5-8114-1003-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8114-1003-3","url_text":"978-5-8114-1003-3"}]},{"reference":"Bawendi Moungi G., Alberty Robert A. and Silbey Robert J. (2004). Physical Chemistry. J. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alberty Robert A. (2003). Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_languages	Baliem Valley languages	["1 Languages","2 Phonemes","3 Pronouns","4 Vocabulary comparison","5 Evolution","6 References"]	Family of Trans–New Guinea languages of Papua, Indonesia For the Dani language of Brazil, see Deni language. DaniBaliem ValleyEthnicityDani, Lani, Yali, etcGeographicdistributionBaliem Valley in Highland PapuaLinguistic classificationTrans–New GuineaWest Papuan Highlands (Irian Highlands)DaniSubdivisions Wano Dani proper Ngalik Glottologdani1287 The Dani or Baliem Valley languages are a family of clearly related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken by the Dani and related peoples in the Baliem Valley in the Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003) considers their Trans–New Guinea language group status to be established. They may be most closely related to the languages of Paniai Lakes, but this is not yet clear. Capell (1962) posited that their closest relatives were the Kwerba languages, which Ross (2005) rejects. Languages Larson (1977) divided the family into three branches based on lexicostatistics, and Nggem was later added as a fourth. The Ngalik languages are very poorly attested. Dani family Wano Nggem Central Dani: Grand Valley Dani (upper, lower, and mid dialects) Hupla Western Dani–Walak Ngalik: Nduga Silimo Yali (dialect cluster) Phonemes Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows. This is identical to the reconstruction of Bromley (1966-1967) apart from adding the rare consonants pw, mbw, and the possible additional vowel ɐ. Consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Nasal m n Stop Voiceless p pʷ t k kʷ Pre-nasalized mb mbʷ nd ŋg ŋgʷ Implosive ɓ ɗ Approximant w l j Vowels Front Central Back Close i u Near-close ɪ ʊ Mid e o Open a And the diphthongs ei, ou, ai, au. Pronouns Ross (1995) reconstructs the independent pronouns and possessive/object prefixes of Central Dani as: singular plural 1 an, n ni-t, nin- 2 ka-t, k ki-t, kin- 3 a-t, ∅/w- i-t, in- Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from Bromley (1967) and Voorhoeve (1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: gloss Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Hitigima dialect) Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect) Dani, Lower Grand Valley Dani, Mid Grand Valley Dani, Upper Grand Valley Dani, Western Walak Silimo (South Ngalik dialect) Silimo Yali, Angguruk Yali, Pass Valley head mʊkkʊl-oak mʊkkʊl-oak nukul-oaq nʊgʊl-oak nanupah aneb; anobak nalupak naŋgul nagʊl nʊgʊl hou hair nesi nesi nesi nesi neeti eeɾuwak; neti niti nenasu nasu notuk hoŋ ear nesakko nesakko nasuk natuk aɾuk natuk nesago nɪsago eye neil-ekken neil-ekken neil-eken nel-egen neneken enegen; negen nil nələŋgen nɪlegen nɪl həŋ nose nappisan namisaŋ nakouwak-oak nakapak ogobak nokopak nebijaŋ nabijaŋ tooth naik naik naik naik nɪk neik naik neniak nɪak; neak najek si tongue nameli namili na∂i namɪlɪ amela natði nemake nabilikagen leg nesoq iyok; owak yan saŋ louse napɪ napɪ navi napɪ napɪ abee napɪ nekepɪ; pɪ pɪ am dog jekke jekke yake jege gewo gewo; nggewo gewo yeŋge mene mene kam pig wam wam wam wam wa:n wam wam wam wam wam meya bird sʊe sʊe sue tʊe tewe tewe; towe tewe tuwe sʊe suwe winaŋ egg sʊe-kken sʊe-kken sue-ken tʊe-gen tewe-gen eko tewe-gen eŋgen sʊe-egen suwe-gen winaŋ won blood mep mep mep mep mep amiya; muya mep mep gete; mep iniŋ bone noak noak noaq noak nowakano owak nowak nʊak noak yok skin noat nakap naxap noatðo nakatlo agabelo nakatðo nakap nakap pok breast neilak neilak niðak nelak elak neðak nakamʊ nak tree o e e o ejo eyo o bene e e man ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap nimnya woman he; hɪmɪ he; hʊmɪ he kwe kwe kwamɪ keap sky mbogut sun mo mo mo mʊlɪgɪ mo oonegen; yawo mo; o-il mo mo hin moon tuki tuki tʊt tʊt tut tʊt duki bikkalem water i i i i ji mio; nio; niyo i; ies ik ik tin fire hettouk ettu etu hɪdʊ ɪdʊ endo; kani idu enduk odʊk idok uk stone helep helep helep helegit jʊkum yugum; yukum git kəlip kelep kelep kirik road, path ke; kwe kwe holak-aðem tuwan tuwan epela pʊgalem name ettake ettake eraxe edaka edaka endage; etaxe edaka onuk unuk nimnya eat namen namen!; ne-; nengge nənəm- emen namɪn (ɪs ?) (kwaniŋ) etiŋ one makke-at; pakke-at oppakke-at opake-at bagɪ-at abɪ ambe; ambit omagi-at ambui mesik mɪsɪk sendeik two pete; pɪte p:ie pere bete bete bere; mbeɾe bete pere biten biten phenep Evolution Dani reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Grand Valley Dani language: ap 'man' < ambi meli 'tongue' < me(l,n)e n-esi 'hair' < iti (n- is 1sg possessor) me(m) 'come' < me- ket 'new' < kVndak Western Dani language: ap 'man' < ambi (n)iti < iti meli 'tongue' < me(l,n)e get 'new' < kVndak okut 'leg' < k(a,o)ndok kat(lo) 'skin' < (ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu idu 'tree' < inda Ngalik language: idu(k)etu 'tree' < inda (nak) amu 'breast' < amu tokon 'full' < tVkV kopu 'smoke' < *kambu References ^ Capell, Arthur (1962). Linguistic Survey of the South-Western Pacific. South Pacific Commission Technical Paper. Vol. 136 (New and revised ed.). Noumea: South Pacific Commission. ^ Larson, Gordon F. (1977). "Reclassification of Some Irian Jaya Highlands Language Families: A Lexicostatical Cross-Family Subclassification with Historical Implications". Irian. VI (2): 3–40. ^ Usher, Timothy. "Balim Valley". New Guinea World. Archived from the original on 2020-10-16. ^ a b Bromley, Myron H. (June 1967). "The Linguistic Relationships of Grand Valley Dani: A Lexico-statistical Classification". Oceania. 37 (4): 286–305. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x. JSTOR 40329608. ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. (2015). Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-B31. ISBN 978-0-85883-128-5. ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05. ^ Clouse, Duane A. (1997). "Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya". In Karl Franklin (ed.). Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2 (PDF). Vol. A-85. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 133–236. ISBN 0858834421. ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7. Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782. vteWest Trans–New Guinea languagesDani Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali Paniai Lakes Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani West Bomberai Baham Iha Karas Timor–Alor–PantarEast Timor Fataluku Makalero Makasae Oirata Rusenu Alor–Pantar Abui Adang Blagar Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Retta Sawila Wersing Kaera Nedebang Teiwa Western Pantar Others Bunak vteTrans–New Guinea languagesWest Trans–New Guinea languagesDani Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali Paniai Lakes Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani West Bomberai Baham Iha Karas Timor–Alor–PantarEast Timor Fataluku Makalero Makasae Oirata Rusenu Alor–Pantar Abui Adang Blagar Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Retta Sawila Wersing Kaera Nedebang Teiwa Western Pantar Others Bunak Central and South New Guinea languagesAsmat–KamoroAsmat Asmat Citak Sabakor Buruwai Kamberau Others Kamoro Sempan Greater AwyuAwyu–Dumut Aghu Mandobo Kombai–Wanggom Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Wambon Becking–Dawi Komyandaret Korowai Tsaukambo Ok–OksapminWestern Burumakok Kopkaka Lowland Iwur Muyu Ninggerum Yonggom Mountain Bimin Faiwol Mian Setaman Suganga Tifal Telefol Urapmin Others Nakai Ngalum Oksapmin Tangko Bayono–Awbono Bayono Awbono Densar Kovojab Komolom Koneraw Mombum Somahai Momina Momuna Kutubuan languagesEast Kutubuan Foe Fiwaga West Kutubuan Fasu Some Namumi Chimbu–Wahgi languagesJimi Kandawo Maring Narak Wahgi Nii Wahgi Chimbu Chuave Dom Golin Kuman Nomane Salt-Yui Sinasina Hagen Kaguel Melpa Tembagla Kainantu–Goroka languagesGorokaGahuku Alekano Dano Tokano Kamono–Yagaria Abaga Inoke-Yate Kamono Kanite Ke’yagana Yagaria Others Benabena Fore Gende Gimi Isabi Siane Yaweyuha KainantuTairora Binumarien Kambaira Tairoa Waffa Gauwa Agarabi Awa Awiyaana Gadsup Kosena Ontenu Oweina Usarufa Other Kenati Madang languagesCroisilles(Adelbert Range)Dimir-Malas Dimir Malas Kaukombar Mala Maiani Maia Kowan Korak Waskia Kumil Bepour Mauwake Moere Numugen Bilakura Parawen Ukuriguma Usan Yaben Yarawata Omosan Kobol Pal Tiboran Kowaki Mawak Pamosu other Brem Musar Wanambre Kalam Kalam Kobon Tai MabusoKokan Girawa Kein Gum Amele Bau Gumalu Isebe Panim Sihan Hanseman Bagupi Baimak Gal Garus Kare Matepi Mawan Mosimo Murupi Nake Nobonob Rempi Rapting Samosa Saruga Silopi Utu Wagi Wamas Yoidik other Munit Mindjim Anjam Bongu Male Sam Rai Coast (South Madang)Awung Jilim Rerau Yangulam Brahman Biyom Tauya Evapia Kesawai Sinsauru Sausi Peka Danaru Sop Sumau Urigina Nuru Duduela Kwato Ogea Uya Kabenau Arawum Dumpu Kolom Lemio Siroi other Pulabu Southern AdelbertTomul (Josephstaal) Anam Anamgura Moresada Osum Wadaginam Sogeram (Wanang) Apali Atemble Faita Magɨyi Musak Nend Mum Paynamar Sileibi Yaganon Dumun Ganglau Saep Yabong (unclear) Amaimon Bargam Gants Wasembo Yamben Finisterre–Huon languagesFinisterreErap Finongan Gusan Mamaa Munkip Nakama Nek Nimi Nuk Numanggang Sauk Uri Gusap–Mot Iyo Madi Neko Nekgini Ngaing Rawa Ufim Uruwa Sakam Som Nukna Yau Weliki Wantoat Awara Wantoat Tuma-Irumu Warup Asaro'o Bulgebi Degenan Forak Guya Gwahatike Muratayak Yupna Bonkiman Domung Ma Nankina Yopno Yout Wam HuonEastern Dedua Kâte Kovai Kube Mape Migabac Momare Sene Tobo Western Burum Borong Kinalakna Komba Kumokio Mese Nabak Nomu Ono Selepet Sialum Timbe Southeast Papuan languagesKoiarian Grass Koiari Mountain Koiari Koitabu Barai Namiae Ese Ömie Kwalean Humene Uare Mulaha Manubaran Doromu Maria Yareban Moikodi Aneme Wake Bariji Nawaru Yareba Mailuan Bauwaki Domu Binahari Morawa Mailu Laua Dagan Daga Mapena Maiwa Dima Ginuman Kanasi Onjob Umanakaina Turaka Anim languagesTirio (Lower Fly) Baramu Bitur Makayam Were Boazi (Lake Murray) Boazi Zimakani Marind–Yaqai Bipim Marind Yaqay Inland Gulf Ipiko Foia Foia Hoia Hoia Mubami Other familiesAngan Akoye Angaataha Ankave Hamtai Kamasa Kawacha Menya Safeyoka Simbari Susuami Tainae Yagwoia Yipma Awin–Pa Awin Pa Binanderean Baruga Binandere Ewage Korafe Orokaiva Suena Yekora Zia Bosavi Aimele Beami Edolo Kaluli Kasua Onobasulu Sonia Duna–Pogaya Duna Pogaya East Strickland Fembe Gobasi Konai Kubo Odoodee Samo Engan Angal Bisorio Enga Huli Ipili Kewa Kyaka Lembena Samberigi Gogodala–Suki Suki Gogodala Ari Waruna Goilalan Fuyug Tauade Biangai Kunimaipa Weri Kayagaric Atohwaim (Kaugat) Yogo (Tamagario) Kayagar (Kaygir) Tamagario Kiwaian Bami Kerewo Kiwai Morigi Waboda Kolopom Kimaama (Kimaghama) Riantana Ndom Turama–Kikorian Ikobi Omati Rumu isolates Moraori Wiru vtePapuan language families (Palmer 2018 classification)Trans-New Guinea subgroupsCentral Papua, Indonesia Ok-Oksapmin Dani Asmat-Kamoro Mek Paniai Lakes West Bomberai Somahai Southeast Papua, Indonesia Anim Greater Awyu Kayagaric Kolopom Marori Southwest Papua New Guinea Gogodala-Suki Turama-Kikori Kiwaian Awin-Pa Central Papua New Guinea Madang Finisterre-Huon Kainantu-Goroka Chimbu-Wahgi Enga-Kewa-Huli Bosavi East Strickland Kutubu Duna-Bogaya Wiru Papuan Peninsula Angan Greater Binanderean Dagan Mailuan Koiarian Goilalan Yareban Kwalean Manubaran Eastern Nusantara families and isolates Timor-Alor-Pantar North Halmahera Tambora† Bird's Head Peninsula families and isolates South Bird's Head Nuclear South Bird's Head Inanwatan–Duriankere Konda–Yahadian East Bird's Head Nuclear East Bird's Head Hatam–Mansim West Bird's Head Abun Mpur Maybrat Mor Tanah Merah Northern Western New Guinea families and isolates Tor-Kwerba Lakes Plain Border Sko East Cenderawasih Bay Pauwasi East West Nimboran Sentani Mairasi Kaure Lepki-Murkim Senagi (Angor-Dera) Tofanma-Namla Yapen Abinomn Burmeso Elseng Kapauri Kembra Keuw Kimki Massep Mawes Molof Usku Yetfa Central Western New Guinea families and isolates Bayono-Awbono Dem Uhunduni Sepik-Ramu basin families and isolates Torricelli Sepik Lower Sepik-Ramu Lower Sepik Ramu Kwomtari Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi) Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi) Yuat Left May Amto-Musan Busa Tayap Yadë Torricelli subgroups Marienberg Arapesh Urim Maimai Wapei Palei One (West Wapei) Monumbo? Sepik subgroups Middle Sepik Ndu Nukuma Yellow River Yerakai Upper Sepik Wogamus Iwam Abau Sepik Hill Tama Ram Amal Ramu subgroups Lower Ramu Ottilien Misegian Middle Ramu Grass? Tamolan Ataitan (Tanggu) Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea families and isolates Yam Pahoturi River Eleman Oriomo Teberan Doso-Turumsa Komolom Yelmek-Maklew Dibiyaso Kaki Ae Kamula Karami Pawaia Porome Purari Tabo Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands families and isolates Baining North Bougainville South Bougainville Central Solomons Butam-Taulil Anêm Ata Kol Kuot Makolkol Sulka Rossel Island isolate Yélî Dnye Proposed groupings West Papuan Northwest Papuan South Pauwasi East Papuan Southeast Papuan Papuan Gulf Binanderean–Goilalan Arai–Samaia Asmat–Mombum Trans-Fly–Bulaka River Trans-Fly Dani–Kwerba East Bird's Head – Sentani Kwomtari–Fas Left May – Kwomtari Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran West Trans–New Guinea West Papuan Highlands Central and South New Guinea Central West New Guinea East New Guinea Highlands Yele – West New Britain Sepik–Ramu Indo-Pacific Proto-language Proto-Trans–New Guinea Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deni language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deni_language"},{"link_name":"Trans–New Guinea languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages"},{"link_name":"Dani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_people"},{"link_name":"Baliem Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliem_Valley"},{"link_name":"Highland Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Papua"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Paniai Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kwerba languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwerba_languages"}],"text":"For the Dani language of Brazil, see Deni language.The Dani or Baliem Valley languages are a family of clearly related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken by the Dani and related peoples in the Baliem Valley in the Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003)[citation needed] considers their Trans–New Guinea language group status to be established. They may be most closely related to the languages of Paniai Lakes, but this is not yet clear. Capell (1962)[1] posited that their closest relatives were the Kwerba languages, which Ross (2005) rejects.","title":"Baliem Valley languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wano_language"},{"link_name":"Nggem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nggem_language"},{"link_name":"Grand Valley Dani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language"},{"link_name":"Hupla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupla_language"},{"link_name":"Western Dani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Dani_language"},{"link_name":"Walak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walak_language"},{"link_name":"Nduga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduga_language"},{"link_name":"Silimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silimo_language"},{"link_name":"Yali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yali_language"}],"text":"Larson (1977)[2] divided the family into three branches based on lexicostatistics, and Nggem was later added as a fourth. The Ngalik languages are very poorly attested.Dani family\nWano\nNggem\nCentral Dani:\nGrand Valley Dani (upper, lower, and mid dialects)\nHupla\nWestern Dani–Walak\nNgalik:\nNduga\nSilimo\nYali (dialect cluster)","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngw-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bromley-1967-4"}],"text":"Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows.[3] This is identical to the reconstruction of Bromley (1966-1967)[4] apart from adding the rare consonants pw, mbw, and the possible additional vowel ɐ.And the diphthongs ei, ou, ai, au.","title":"Phonemes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ross (1995)[citation needed] reconstructs the independent pronouns and possessive/object prefixes of Central Dani as:singular\nplural\n\n\n1\n\nan, n[a]\nni-t, nin[a]-\n\n\n2\n\nka-t, k[a]\nki-t, kin[a]-\n\n\n3\n\na-t, ∅/w-\ni-t, in[a]-","title":"Pronouns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bromley-1967-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The following basic vocabulary words are from Bromley (1967)[4] and Voorhoeve (1975),[5] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[6]","title":"Vocabulary comparison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proto-Trans-New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Trans-New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawley-TNG-8"},{"link_name":"Grand Valley Dani language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language"},{"link_name":"Western Dani language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Dani_language"},{"link_name":"Ngalik language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngalik_language"}],"text":"Dani reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[8]Grand Valley Dani language:ap 'man' < ambi\nmeli 'tongue' < me(l,n)e\nn-esi 'hair' < iti[C] (n- is 1sg possessor)\nme(m) 'come' < me-\nket 'new' < kVndakWestern Dani language:ap 'man' < ambi\n(n)iti < iti[C]\nmeli 'tongue' < me(l,n)e\nget 'new' < kVndak\nokut 'leg' < k(a,o)ndok[V]\nkat(lo) 'skin' < (ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu\nidu 'tree' < indaNgalik language:idu(k)etu 'tree' < inda\n(nak) amu 'breast' < amu\ntokon 'full' < tVkV[ti]\nkopu 'smoke' < *kambu","title":"Evolution"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Capell, Arthur (1962). Linguistic Survey of the South-Western Pacific. South Pacific Commission Technical Paper. Vol. 136 (New and revised ed.). Noumea: South Pacific Commission.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Larson, Gordon F. (1977). \"Reclassification of Some Irian Jaya Highlands Language Families: A Lexicostatical Cross-Family Subclassification with Historical Implications\". Irian. VI (2): 3–40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Usher, Timothy. \"Balim Valley\". New Guinea World. Archived from the original on 2020-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201016052905/https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/west-papuan-highlands/balim-valley","url_text":"\"Balim Valley\""},{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/west-papuan-highlands/balim-valley","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bromley, Myron H. (June 1967). \"The Linguistic Relationships of Grand Valley Dani: A Lexico-statistical Classification\". Oceania. 37 (4): 286–305. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x. JSTOR 40329608.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40329608","url_text":"40329608"}]},{"reference":"Voorhoeve, C.L. (2015). Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-B31. ISBN 978-0-85883-128-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-B31","url_text":"10.15144/PL-B31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-128-5","url_text":"978-0-85883-128-5"}]},{"reference":"Greenhill, Simon (2016). \"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea\". Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://transnewguinea.org/language/?subset=D","url_text":"\"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea\""}]},{"reference":"Clouse, Duane A. (1997). \"Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya\". In Karl Franklin (ed.). Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2 (PDF). Vol. A-85. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 133–236. ISBN 0858834421.","urls":[{"url":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145737/1/PL-A85.pdf","url_text":"Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858834421","url_text":"0858834421"}]},{"reference":"Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). \"The Trans New Guinea family\". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7","url_text":"978-3-11-028642-7"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Malcolm (2005). \"Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages\". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)","url_text":"Ross, Malcolm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pawley","url_text":"Andrew Pawley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858835622","url_text":"0858835622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782","url_text":"67292782"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dani1287","external_links_name":"dani1287"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201016052905/https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/west-papuan-highlands/balim-valley","external_links_name":"\"Balim Valley\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/west-papuan-highlands/balim-valley","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40329608","external_links_name":"40329608"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-B31","external_links_name":"10.15144/PL-B31"},{"Link":"http://transnewguinea.org/language/?subset=D","external_links_name":"\"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea\""},{"Link":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145737/1/PL-A85.pdf","external_links_name":"Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782","external_links_name":"67292782"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543247305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035717","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Chappatte	Patrick Chappatte	["1 Biography","2 Career","2.1 Editorial cartoons","2.2 Comics journalism","2.3 Animated documentary","3 Awards","4 Bibliography (English)","5 References","6 External links"]	Lebanese-Swiss cartoonist Patrick ChappatteBorn (1967-02-22) February 22, 1967 (age 57)Karachi, PakistanNationalityLebanese-Swiss Area(s)CartoonistPseudonym(s)ChappatteAwardsThomas Nast Award (2011, 2015)Spouse(s)Anne-Frédérique Widmannchappatte.com Patrick Chappatte (known simply as Chappatte) (b. February 22, 1967, in Karachi, Pakistan) is a Lebanese-Swiss cartoonist known for his work for Le Temps, NZZ am Sonntag , the German news magazine Der Spiegel, The New York Times International Edition and the French satirical newspaper Le Canard enchaîné. He also worked as an illustrator for the New York Times and as cartoonist for Newsweek. Many of his cartoons reflect events in Swiss and international news, such as the September 11 attacks, the rise of the Swiss People's Party, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Biography Born to a Lebanese mother and a Swiss father in Karachi, Pakistan, Chappatte was raised in Singapore and Switzerland. Chappatte lives between Los Angeles and Geneva. Career Editorial cartoons Patrick Chappatte drew a twice-weekly cartoon in the Opinion section of The New York Times International Edition, formerly known as the International Herald Tribune, which published his work from 2001 to 2019 (when the paper stopped publishing editorial cartoons altogether). Over the years, he has collaborated with editorial cartoonists in conflict-ridden countries with the goal of promoting dialogue through cartooning. These projects focused on Serbia, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Kenya and Guatemala. He described the work in a TED talk in 2010. His work is syndicated by Cagle Cartoons. Comics journalism Since 1995, Chappatte has worked in graphic journalism, or comics journalism, a genre of reporting using the techniques of graphic novels. His most recent stories covered the war in Gaza (2009), the slums of Nairobi (2010) and gang violence in Central America (2012). These reports were published in several newspapers, including the New York Times; one was turned into a short animated documentary in 2011. (see below) In May 2016, Chappatte (with his wife, journalist Anne-Frédérique Widmann) published "Inside Death Row," a five-part series published by The New York Times about the death penalty in the United States. Animated documentary Chappatte went to southern Lebanon in 2009, where people still live with the threat of actual time bombs, in the form of cluster munition bomblets. While there, Chappatte created a report in comic-book format: Death in the Field, which was published in Le Temps. The report was released in 2011 as an animated documentary. It was aired on Swiss and French TV, toured documentary festivals, and won an award in Australia. Chappatte said the process of creating the documentary was both a personal and professional endeavor. "I have a Swiss father and a Lebanese mother, so I wanted to better understand the problems that the people of Lebanon are still facing, long after the fighting stopped," he said. "I also wanted to use my craft as a cartoonist, my experience as a journalist and my sense of satire to create a new kind of prism through which to view forgotten conflicts and a new technique for revealing the humanity behind the story." Awards In 2012, Chappatte became the first non-American to win the Overseas Press Club of America’s Thomas Nast Award for best cartoons on international affairs. He would be awarded this prize twice more: in 2016 and 2019. In February 2013, he received the 2012 Audience Award from the Swiss satirical journal Nebelspalter. In 2017, the Swiss association Films Plans-Fixes produced a documentary tracing his career. In 2020, the Swiss Fondation pour Genève awarded him its annual prize "for his exceptional contribution to the influence of Geneva and for his commitment to freedom of the press and expression". Bibliography (English) Stress Test, 2011-2012: Cartoons from the International Herald Tribune (Globe Cartoon, 2012) ISBN 978-2970047551 Signs of Recovery, 2009-2010: Cartoons from the International Herald Tribune (Globe Cartoon, 2010) ISBN 978-2970047544 Partly Cloudy, 2007-2008: Cartoons from the International Herald Tribune (Globe Cartoon, 2008) ISBN 978-2970047520 Globalized, 2005-2007: Cartoons from the International Herald (Globe Cartoon, 2007) ISBN 978-2970047513 Another World, 2000-2004: Cartoons from the International Herald Tribune (Globe Cartoon, 2004) ISBN 978-2970047506 References ^ a b Cavna, Michael. "Comics: The New York Times cuts all political cartoons, and cartoonists are not happy," Washington Post (June 11, 2019). ^ Simon, Scott. "Political Cartoonist On Implications Of 'NYT' Ending Cartoons," NPR (June 15, 2019). ^ Ajroudi, Asma. "Cartoonist Patrick Chappatte weighs in on free speech debate," Al Aribaya (09 February 2015). ^ "The Power of Cartoons," TED (July 2010). ^ "Death in the field, the film," BDreportage.com. Archived at the WayBack Machine. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2020. ^ "Living with the constant threat of death in Lebanon," International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (Apr 17, 2011). ^ Thomas Nast Award Goes To Swiss Cartoonist Patrick Chappatte, The Comics Reporter (April 27, 2012). ^ Patrick Chappatte remporte pour la seconde fois le Thomas Nast Award), Le Temps (April 28, 2016). ^ Le Thomas Nast Award va pour la troisième fois à Patrick Chappatte, Le Temps (March 21, 2019). ^ Karikaturist Chappatte erhält «Nebelspalter»-Publikumspreis 2012, nebelspalter.ch (February 2013). ^ Patrick Chappatte, Association Plans Fixes (2017). ^ Prix 2020 remis à Patrick Chappatte, Dessinateur de presse, fondationpourgeneve.ch (October 28, 2020). External links Official website Comics journalism by Chappatte Chappatte, Patrick; Widmann, Anne-Frédérique (May 2016). "Inside Death Row". The New York Times. Chappatte section of the New York Times website Patrick Chappatte at TED — TED Talk: Patrick Chappatte: The power of cartoons (TEDGlobal 2010) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"cartoonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist"},{"link_name":"Le Temps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Temps"},{"link_name":"NZZ am Sonntag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZZ_am_Sonntag"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"The New York Times International Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_International_Edition"},{"link_name":"Le Canard enchaîné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Swiss People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"}],"text":"Patrick Chappatte (known simply as Chappatte) (b. February 22, 1967, in Karachi, Pakistan) is a Lebanese-Swiss cartoonist known for his work for Le Temps, NZZ am Sonntag , the German news magazine Der Spiegel, The New York Times International Edition and the French satirical newspaper Le Canard enchaîné. He also worked as an illustrator for the New York Times and as cartoonist for Newsweek. Many of his cartoons reflect events in Swiss and international news, such as the September 11 attacks, the rise of the Swiss People's Party, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.","title":"Patrick Chappatte"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"}],"text":"Born to a Lebanese mother and a Swiss father in Karachi, Pakistan, Chappatte was raised in Singapore and Switzerland.Chappatte lives between Los Angeles and Geneva.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cavna-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"TED talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_talk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cagle Cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagle_Cartoons"}],"sub_title":"Editorial cartoons","text":"Patrick Chappatte drew a twice-weekly cartoon in the Opinion section of The New York Times International Edition, formerly known as the International Herald Tribune, which published his work from 2001 to 2019 (when the paper stopped publishing editorial cartoons altogether).[1][2]Over the years, he has collaborated with editorial cartoonists in conflict-ridden countries with the goal of promoting dialogue through cartooning. These projects focused on Serbia, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Kenya and Guatemala.[3] He described the work in a TED talk in 2010.[4] His work is syndicated by Cagle Cartoons.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comics journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_journalism"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Anne-Frédérique Widmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Widmann"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cavna-1"}],"sub_title":"Comics journalism","text":"Since 1995, Chappatte has worked in graphic journalism, or comics journalism, a genre of reporting using the techniques of graphic novels. His most recent stories covered the war in Gaza (2009), the slums of Nairobi (2010) and gang violence in Central America (2012). These reports were published in several newspapers, including the New York Times; one was turned into a short animated documentary[5] in 2011. (see below)In May 2016, Chappatte (with his wife, journalist Anne-Frédérique Widmann) published \"Inside Death Row,\" a five-part series published by The New York Times about the death penalty in the United States.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cluster munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_munition"},{"link_name":"Le Temps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Temps"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Animated documentary","text":"Chappatte went to southern Lebanon in 2009, where people still live with the threat of actual time bombs, in the form of cluster munition bomblets. While there, Chappatte created a report in comic-book format: Death in the Field, which was published in Le Temps. The report was released in 2011 as an animated documentary.[6] It was aired on Swiss and French TV, toured documentary festivals, and won an award in Australia. Chappatte said the process of creating the documentary was both a personal and professional endeavor. \"I have a Swiss father and a Lebanese mother, so I wanted to better understand the problems that the people of Lebanon are still facing, long after the fighting stopped,\" he said. \"I also wanted to use my craft as a cartoonist, my experience as a journalist and my sense of satire to create a new kind of prism through which to view forgotten conflicts and a new technique for revealing the humanity behind the story.\"","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Overseas Press Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Press_Club"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nast Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nebelspalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebelspalter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 2012, Chappatte became the first non-American to win the Overseas Press Club of America’s Thomas Nast Award for best cartoons on international affairs.[7] He would be awarded this prize twice more: in 2016[8] and 2019.[9]In February 2013, he received the 2012 Audience Award from the Swiss satirical journal Nebelspalter.[10]In 2017, the Swiss association Films Plans-Fixes produced a documentary tracing his career.[11]In 2020, the Swiss Fondation pour Genève awarded him its annual prize \"for his exceptional contribution to the influence of Geneva and for his commitment to freedom of the press and expression\".[12]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2970047551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2970047551"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2970047544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2970047544"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2970047520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2970047520"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2970047513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2970047513"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2970047506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2970047506"}],"text":"Stress Test, 2011-2012: Cartoons from the International Herald Tribune (Globe Cartoon, 2012) ISBN 978-2970047551\nSigns of Recovery, 2009-2010: Cartoons from the International Herald Tribune (Globe Cartoon, 2010) ISBN 978-2970047544\nPartly Cloudy, 2007-2008: Cartoons from the International Herald Tribune (Globe Cartoon, 2008) ISBN 978-2970047520\nGlobalized, 2005-2007: Cartoons from the International Herald (Globe Cartoon, 2007) ISBN 978-2970047513\nAnother World, 2000-2004: Cartoons from the International Herald Tribune (Globe Cartoon, 2004) ISBN 978-2970047506","title":"Bibliography (English)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Chappatte, Patrick; Widmann, Anne-Frédérique (May 2016). \"Inside Death Row\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/","url_text":"\"Inside Death Row\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://chappatte.com/","external_links_name":"chappatte.com"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/06/11/new-york-times-cuts-all-political-cartoons-cartoonists-are-not-happy/","external_links_name":"\"Comics: The New York Times cuts all political cartoons, and cartoonists are not happy,\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2019/06/15/732992604/political-cartoonist-on-implications-of-nyt-ending-cartoons","external_links_name":"\"Political Cartoonist On Implications Of 'NYT' Ending Cartoons,\""},{"Link":"https://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/print/2015/02/09/Cartoonist-Patrick-Chappatte-weighs-is-on-free-speech-debate","external_links_name":"\"Cartoonist Patrick Chappatte weighs in on free speech debate,\""},{"Link":"https://www.ted.com/talks/patrick_chappatte_the_power_of_cartoons","external_links_name":"\"The Power of Cartoons,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304174710/http://www.bdreportage.com/en/death-in-the-field-the-film/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KFfP4wiluA","external_links_name":"\"Living with the constant threat of death in Lebanon,\""},{"Link":"https://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/thomas_nast_award_goes_to_swiss_cartoonist_patrick_chappatte/","external_links_name":"Thomas Nast Award Goes To Swiss Cartoonist Patrick Chappatte"},{"Link":"https://www.letemps.ch/culture/patrick-chappatte-remporte-seconde-thomas-nast-award","external_links_name":"Patrick Chappatte remporte pour la seconde fois le Thomas Nast Award"},{"Link":"https://www.letemps.ch/monde/thomas-nast-award-va-troisieme-patrick-chappatte","external_links_name":"Le Thomas Nast Award va pour la troisième fois à Patrick Chappatte"},{"Link":"http://www.nebelspalter.ch/Karikatur+des+Jahres+2012/574471/detail.htm","external_links_name":"Karikaturist Chappatte erhält «Nebelspalter»-Publikumspreis 2012"},{"Link":"https://www.plansfixes.ch/films/patrick-chappatte/","external_links_name":"Patrick Chappatte"},{"Link":"https://www.fondationpourgeneve.ch/fr/prix-fondation/patrick-chappatte/","external_links_name":"Prix 2020 remis à Patrick Chappatte, Dessinateur de presse"},{"Link":"http://chappatte.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.graphicjournalism.com/","external_links_name":"Comics journalism by Chappatte"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/","external_links_name":"\"Inside Death Row\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/by/patrick-chappatte","external_links_name":"Chappatte section"},{"Link":"https://www.ted.com/speakers/patrick_chappatte","external_links_name":"Patrick Chappatte"},{"Link":"http://www.ted.com/talks/patrick_chappatte_the_power_of_cartoons","external_links_name":"TED Talk: Patrick Chappatte: The power of cartoons (TEDGlobal 2010)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119851006","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/56653274","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw8TvvtbVtQTFqFtkg9Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12181888z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12181888z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/121578267","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006041012","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p323561128","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810686108105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121578267.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/030396271","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheduba	Cheduba Island	["1 Geography","1.1 Nearby islands","1.2 Other islands in the vicinity","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Island in Rakhine, MyanmarCheduba (Manaung) မာန်အောင်ကျွန်းIslandCheduba (Manaung)Coordinates: 18°48′N 93°38′E / 18.800°N 93.633°E / 18.800; 93.633CountryMyanmarStateRakhineArea • Total523 km2 (202 sq mi)Elevation205 m (673 ft)Population (1983) • Total63,761Time zoneUTC+6:30 (Myanmar Standard Time) Cheduba Island (Burmese: မာန်အောင်ကျွန်း; also known as Manaung Island) is an island in the Bay of Bengal close to Ramree Island and belongs to Myanmar, formerly Burma. It has a maximum length of 33 km (21 mi), with an area of approximately 523 km2 (202 sq mi) Cheduba had a population of 63,761 as of 1983, composed chiefly of Burmese and Arakanese peoples. The main economic activities on the island are farming and cattle raising. Geography Cheduba Island lies about 10 km (6 mi) from the southwestern coast of Ramree Island. It is located between 18° 40′ and 18° 56′ N. lat., and between 93° 31′ and 93° 50′ E. long. The terrain of the island is quite flat with scattered moderate elevations. The highest point 205 metres (673 ft) is on a ridge in the southwestern part of the island. There are 5 villages connected by a road that circles the island: Owa, Thitpon, Manaung, Budaunggwe, Sachet and Meinmangwe. There is an airfield west of Manaung, the main village of Cheduba, located on the northeast coast. Manaung is linked to the village of Kyaukpyu on nearby Ramree Island by steamer. Most of the vegetation is tropical rainforest. There are mud cones that emit steam and sulfurous fumes on the island, which indicate some volcanic activity. There are also seepages of oil and gas. Nearby islands Taik Kyun is a 1.4 km (0.9 mi) wide roughly round islet located 6 km (4 mi) off the eastern coast, about 5.8 km (3.6 mi) north of Ye Kyun. Ye Kyun is a 6.8 km (4.2 mi) long and 2.4 km (1.5 mi) wide island located off the southeastern end of Cheduba Island, separated from it by a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) wide strait with numerous detached reefs. Highest point 32 metres (105 ft). Taung Kyun is a 0.4 km (0.2 mi) long low islet located 1.8 km (1.1 mi) off the southern end of Ye Kyun. Highest point 4.9 metres (16 ft). Other islands in the vicinity Unguan is a 1 km (0.6 mi) long and 0.4 km (0.2 mi) wide islet located 33 km (21 mi) to the southeast of Cheduba's southern end. Nantha Kyun is a roughly 2 km (1.2 mi) wide round island located 36 km (22 mi) off the mainland coast, about 45 km (28 mi) SSE of Unguan. Highest point 112 metres (367 ft). History Cheduba Island was a stop on the coastal trade route from Bengal by which Indian civilization migrated to Myanmar. Historical records show that an earthquake of a magnitude of 8.5 to 9.0 hit off the western coast of Myanmar in April 1762, and reports speculated that a tsunami could kill more than one million people in Myanmar and Bangladesh. In 1881, a 7.9 magnitude earthquake in the Bay of Bengal caused "broad massive flames of fire" to be emitted on the island. In the 1780s, after the Burmese conquest of the area, Cheduba became a province of Arakan. Cheduba was captured in 1824 by the British, whose possession of it was confirmed in 1826 by the Treaty of Yandabo concluded with the Burmese. The island, along with many other islands in the area, was evacuated and occupied by the Japanese during World War II. An earthquake in 1858 caused an island nearby to disappear. See also List of islands of Burma References ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cheduba" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ^ "Cheduba - MSN Encarta". encarta.msn.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2008. ^ a b "Cheduba Island -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia". britannica.com. Retrieved 22 June 2008. ^ a b Prostar Sailing Directions 2005 India & Bay of Bengal. Enroute. National Geospatial-intelligence Agency. 1 February 2007. p. 169. ^ Anitei, Stefan. "A New Tsunami Could Kill Over 1 Million People!". Softpedia. Retrieved 15 May 2008. ^ Subramanian, V. "Editorial: 1881 - Car Nicobar Island, India, Mw 7.9 Epicentre: Bay of Bengal, West of Car Nicobar Island, India Origin Time: 01:49 Date: 31st December 1881, Magnitude: Mw 7.9 ± 0.1" (PDF). Retrieved 15 May 2008. ^ Chant, Christopher (1986). The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II. Routledge. ISBN 0-7102-0718-2. ^ Thomas Oldham (1883). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Vol. XIX. Biodiversity Heritage Library. pp. 199–202. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cheduba Island. www.manaung.com Myanmar Articles from The New York Times vteIslands of Myanmar (Burma) Apaw-ye Kyun Be-in Kyun Bilu Island Calventuras Islands Cheduba Coco Islands Da-that Island Diamond Island Double Island Gaungze Kyun Gaw Yin Gyi Island Gwa Kyun Kaingthaung Island Kalegauk Island Kokunye Kyun Kyungyi Island Hainggyi Island Maday Island Magyi Island Moscos Islands Myingun Island Myingyi Kyun Nantha Kyun Ongyun Pazin Kyun Polaunggyi Kyun Pontamau Preparis Ramree Island Thin-bon Kyun Unguan Wa Kyun Zalat Taung Mergui Archipelago Auriol Island Bentinck Kyun Christie Island Daung Kyun Kabosa Island Kadan Kyun Kanmaw Kyun Lamin Island Lanbi Kyun Letsok-aw Kyun Mali Kyun Money Island Sabi Island Saganthit Kyun Tenasserim Island Thahtay Kyun Than Kyun Thayawthadangyi Zadetkyi Islands portal Geography of Myanmar Andaman Sea Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Ramree Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramree_Island"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamar"},{"link_name":"Arakanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_people"},{"link_name":"farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming"},{"link_name":"cattle raising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_raising"}],"text":"Island in Rakhine, MyanmarCheduba Island (Burmese: မာန်အောင်ကျွန်း; also known as Manaung Island) is an island in the Bay of Bengal close to Ramree Island and belongs to Myanmar, formerly Burma. It has a maximum length of 33 km (21 mi), with an area of approximately 523 km2 (202 sq mi)Cheduba had a population of 63,761 as of 1983, composed chiefly of Burmese and Arakanese peoples. The main economic activities on the island are farming and cattle raising.","title":"Cheduba Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramree Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramree_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain"},{"link_name":"Ramree Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramree_Island"},{"link_name":"steamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone"},{"link_name":"steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam"},{"link_name":"sulfurous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"volcanic activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_activity"},{"link_name":"seepages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics#Permeability_and_seepage"},{"link_name":"oil and gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_gas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-3"}],"text":"Cheduba Island lies about 10 km (6 mi) from the southwestern coast of Ramree Island. It is located between 18° 40′ and 18° 56′ N. lat., and between 93° 31′ and 93° 50′ E. long.[1] The terrain of the island is quite flat with scattered moderate elevations. The highest point 205 metres (673 ft) is on a ridge in the southwestern part of the island.There are 5 villages connected by a road that circles the island: Owa, Thitpon, Manaung, Budaunggwe, Sachet and Meinmangwe. There is an airfield west of Manaung, the main village of Cheduba, located on the northeast coast. Manaung is linked to the village of Kyaukpyu on nearby Ramree Island by steamer.Most of the vegetation is tropical rainforest.[2] There are mud cones that emit steam and sulfurous fumes on the island, which indicate some volcanic activity. There are also seepages of oil and gas.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ye Kyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Kyun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_2007_p._169-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_2007_p._169-4"}],"sub_title":"Nearby islands","text":"Taik Kyun is a 1.4 km (0.9 mi) wide roughly round islet located 6 km (4 mi) off the eastern coast, about 5.8 km (3.6 mi) north of Ye Kyun.\nYe Kyun is a 6.8 km (4.2 mi) long and 2.4 km (1.5 mi) wide island located off the southeastern end of Cheduba Island, separated from it by a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) wide strait with numerous detached reefs. Highest point 32 metres (105 ft).[4]\nTaung Kyun is a 0.4 km (0.2 mi) long low islet located 1.8 km (1.1 mi) off the southern end of Ye Kyun. Highest point 4.9 metres (16 ft).[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unguan"},{"link_name":"Nantha Kyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantha_Kyun"}],"sub_title":"Other islands in the vicinity","text":"Unguan is a 1 km (0.6 mi) long and 0.4 km (0.2 mi) wide islet located 33 km (21 mi) to the southeast of Cheduba's southern end.\nNantha Kyun is a roughly 2 km (1.2 mi) wide round island located 36 km (22 mi) off the mainland coast, about 45 km (28 mi) SSE of Unguan. Highest point 112 metres (367 ft).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-3"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1762_Arakan_earthquake"},{"link_name":"tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"7.9 magnitude earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881_Nicobar_Islands_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Arakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan_Province"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Yandabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Yandabo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"earthquake in 1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1858_Prome_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldham-8"}],"text":"Cheduba Island was a stop on the coastal trade route from Bengal by which Indian civilization migrated to Myanmar.[3]Historical records show that an earthquake of a magnitude of 8.5 to 9.0 hit off the western coast of Myanmar in April 1762, and reports speculated that a tsunami could kill more than one million people in Myanmar and Bangladesh.[5] In 1881, a 7.9 magnitude earthquake in the Bay of Bengal caused \"broad massive flames of fire\" to be emitted on the island.[6] In the 1780s, after the Burmese conquest of the area, Cheduba became a province of Arakan. Cheduba was captured in 1824 by the British, whose possession of it was confirmed in 1826 by the Treaty of Yandabo concluded with the Burmese.[1] The island, along with many other islands in the area, was evacuated and occupied by the Japanese during World War II.[7] An earthquake in 1858 caused an island nearby to disappear.[8]","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of islands of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Burma"}]	[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Cheduba\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cheduba","url_text":"\"Cheduba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Cheduba - MSN Encarta\". encarta.msn.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry_3_(manga)	Devil May Cry 3 (manga)	["1 Plot","1.1 Code 1: Dante","1.2 Code 2: Vergil","1.3 Code 3: Lady","2 Main characters","2.1 Dante","2.2 Vergil","3 Supporting characters","3.1 Enzo","3.2 Arkham","3.3 Mary (Lady)","3.4 Alice","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Devil May Cry 3" manga – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For the video game of the same name, see Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening. Devil May Cry 3 MangaDevil May Cry 3Written bySuguro ChayamachiEnglish publisherAUS: Madman EntertainmentNA: TokyopopDemographicSeinenOriginal runOctober 11, 2005 – August 8, 2006Volumes2 Devil May Cry 3 (デビルメイクライ３) is a manga series based on the best selling video game Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening was released in Japan and later an English translation was released in 2005. The manga is divided into three parts, Code 1: Dante, Code 2: Vergil, and the (never) to-be released Code 3: Lady. The plot of the manga centers on the events that happened one year before Devil May Cry 3, it explains how the conflict between Dante and his brother Vergil started and how the game's characters were introduced to each other. Code 1: Dante explores the storyline from Dante's point of view, it introduces the main characters. It explains how Vergil and Arkham meet and how they formed an alliance. Dante is first introduced as a mercenary willing to take any job that offers a good reward, eventually revealing that the reason behind this is a desire to avenge the death of his mother by slaying those that killed her. Code 2: Vergil introduces the Temen-ni-gru a structure that holds the door to the demonic realm and it follows Vergil and Arkham on their quest to unseal the door to it. It illustrates the moment when Dante's demonic powers began awakening. Plot Code 1: Dante The story begins as Enzo enters Dante's still unnamed office, and offers Dante a job of rescuing a girl by the name of "Alice" for a $4,000,000 reward, an uninterested Dante tells Enzo to leave the shop. Dante then proceeds to look for Enzo to accept this job, only to find him in the process of being attacked by a group of sand creatures while in a brothel, and is subsequently rescued by Dante. The scene jumps to a library and the reader is introduced to two new characters, Vergil and Arkham. Arkham approaches Vergil while he is scanning a bookcase for a book. While Arkham tries to gain Vergil's attention by interpreting the legend of Sparda, Vergil effortlessly proceeds to slay a library attendant, revealing her to be a demon. The scene fades as Arkham incites Vergil to tell him the truth behind the legend. Dante is next seen standing outside a seemingly deserted mansion. After threatening and driving away Enzo, Dante enters the mansion through the second floor window, in that room he finds Alice sitting in a chair. Alice is afterwards revealed to be a demon as she proceeds to attack him. After asserting that the now dead demon is not Alice, Dante is next seen as he finds a photo of a young Mary. Meanwhile, Vergil walks aimlessly through the rain effortlessly slaying a gang of humans after their leader chastises him and attempted to take hold of his sword. He finds a drunken Enzo sitting outside of a building, who mistakes him for Dante, Vergil figures out his brother is present in that town and proceeds to look for him. Caught in the midst of Dante's fire, a possessed doll whom Alice refers to as Rabi leads Dante to the true Alice, who refuses to leave without Rabi. As a bell tolls three o'clock, Rabi announces that it is teatime. Dante then encounters a demon resembling the Mad Hatter, who states he has Alice and is not willing to give her back, seated at a floating table with Rabi and a platter upon which is a lid, opened to reveal the head of another demon Alice and after a discussion between said demon and Dante it is exterminated. The Hatter-like demon and Rabi now alert Dante of Vergil's return, only to be found an illusion when Dante shoots at them. He then proceeds to slay a cat-like demon (a possible avatar for the Cheshire Cat). Rabi, shielding Dante from the needle-like remains of the cat demon, then reveals that it was he who gave Dante the job and admits that it was a cover to see Sparda's heir in action. Alice's demonic form is subsequently revealed after turning into a beautiful woman, though Dante reverses this. Dante leaves the mansion after being informed that his payment has been wired to his liaison and refusing to sell his amulet, passing Vergil in a hall, though unnoticed by Dante until he disappears Vergil slays Rabi after he explains the significance of Dante's cooperation and is seen leaving the mansion at the end of the book, meeting a sobbing Alice in the process. After angrily confronting Enzo in functioning Love Planet (unlike the ruins seen in the game), Dante is next seen dreaming of the attack that killed his mother and separated him from his brother, who was also presumed dead. Soon after awakening a determined Dante is seen leaving the establishment with Rebellion, a sword given to him by his late father, in hand. Code 2: Vergil This chapter begins with Vergil and Arkham arriving at the entrance to one of the seals of the Temen-ni-gru. Arkham explained the nature of the structure to Vergil and proceeded to suggest an alliance. Arkham proceeds to explain that the demons sealed by Sparda were bound by large rune-covered spikes; to release them, it was required that Vergil give them one thing; their names. Before Arkham had time to finish his explanation, the sealed demon takes hold of Vergil's consciousness. Vergil finds himself in a graveyard as a child surrounded by countless demonic skeletons. After losing hold of Yamato and being perilously injured, he uses his demonic strength to break free and destroy the army of skeletons. As Vergil realizes their message he regains control of his body and removes the statues head, before letting it choose its own name. The demon chooses the name Goumon (meaning pride), and the seal is broken, freeing the demon. The action then jumps to Dante, out on the streets as he is being attacked by a group of demons. He quickly dispatches them and proceeds to visit a bar, where the bartender proceeds to make him a pizza and inform him of various murders that seemed to be committed by the same person, and asks that Dante investigate it; when Dante states his disinterest, the bartender takes his pizza back. Enzo shows up immediately afterward and begs Dante to help him with the client Dante canceled on, professing that he will be killed if Dante refuses. When Dante says he'll help, he leaves. Mary, who was in the bar with a drunken and unconscious friend, asks for and is granted permission to let her friend stay. Meanwhile, a frustrated Vergil tries to decipher a book containing ancient accounts of the legend of Sparda. He is summoned by Arkham to the basement of the mansion, where Arkham reveals that he was able to locate one of the seals necessary to open the gate to the demon world. However, they are unsure of just how many more seals there are, as the texts only mention four despite the first seal having mentioned seven. Vergil decides to destroy the ones they do know of, while Arkham researches the rest. In the meantime, Mary, on her way home, encounters Alice wandering around the city. Alice guides her to Dante's establishment. When Dante arrives Alice attacks him and steals the amulet that was a gift from Dante's mother. He follows her to a church where he encounters the Mad Hatter demon that he encountered in the mansion. Suddenly the floor crumbles under his feet and he falls to the church's basement. Here, Dante encounters one of sealed demon statues Vergil seeks. The demon tries to convince him to release the seal Sparda placed on it by giving it a name, seriously injuring Dante in the process. He managed to escape its grasp after his demonic powers began to awaken. Once Dante defeats the demon in question, the Mad Hatter toys with Dante, and tries to convince Dante give the sealed demon a name. Dante, however, sees through the Mad Hatter's attempts to do so, inquiring as to just what will happen if he does; the Mad Hatter refuses to answer. However, before this can go any further, Vergil arrives and almost instantly releases the third of the four seals; Vergil broke the second seal, on Greed, before arriving at the church. Per usual, Vergil allows the demon to choose a name for itself, and it chooses Sloth. After conversing with Dante, exchanging several threats of mortal injury with him in the process, Vergil reveals his plan of raising the Temen-ni-gru, thus opening the gate of the demon world. When Dante declares his intent on stopping Vergil, Vergil then proceeds to taunt Dante by showing him the half of the amulet that Alice stole earlier, prompting him to attack. However, after a quick battle, in which Vergil trounces Dante, Vergil throws his brother's half back to him; Vergil then taunts Dante again, stating that he could retrieve the amulet from him whenever he wanted. This chapter concludes with Arkham preparing to start the ritual to raise the Temen-ni gru. Code 3: Lady There was supposed to had been a third volume titled "Code: 3" that was hinted at the end of volume 2, but for unknown reasons it was never released. Main characters Dante Main article: Dante Dante is a fictional character that is the main protagonist of the video game franchise Devil May Cry. He is the son of the Legendary Dark Knight Sparda and a mortal woman called Eva. Half human and half demon, Dante possesses amazing powers and superhuman abilities. Vergil Main article: Vergil Vergil is the twin brother of the heroic Dante and one of the two sons of the Legendary Dark Knight Sparda. Vergil is, like Dante, a hybrid. His lineage is divided between being half demon and half human, which gives him superhuman abilities. Unlike his brother, he is more serious about his training. His personality is also the opposite of Dante's, having a cold and stoic demeanor as opposed to Dante's wild and thrill-seeking nature. Throughout Devil May Cry: Dante's Awakening, Vergil is portrayed as stoic, uncaring, power hungry and ruthless. Supporting characters Enzo Main article: Enzo Ferino Enzo is the 'agent' of Dante, finding him work to keep him on his toes, and is the rightful landlord of the yet unnamed 'Devil May Cry' agency. In "Code 2: Vergil", Enzo states that "I've looked after that kid since he came to this town" which suggests that Dante did not always live in the city where the Devil May Cry agency is located. Enzo is also quoted as a reference in the Devil May Cry game manual. Arkham Arkham is a mysterious and psychotically enthusiastic man with supernatural abilities who is one of the main antagonists in the manga and in Devil May Cry 3. Arkham appears to be educated in the subject of demonology as well as the legend of Sparda. He is bald and has a scar or other disfigurement covering the left side of his face, which is seen to pulsate in one cutscene. Mary (Lady) Main article: Lady Arkham's daughter. While still a normal human, she is also an exceptionally skilled firearms expert and extremely acrobatic in close quarters combat. Alice Alice is the apparent 'Damsel in Distress' of this manga. Although a child, her vanity and impatience lead her to demonic means to accelerate her growth. Her possessed doll 'Rabi' leads her to a being who resembles the Mad Hatter, and she is used as bait to lure Dante out, with a reward offered for her safe return (the reward is actually put up and paid by Rabi). As a child, she resembles the heroine of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. See also References ^ Chayamachi, Suguro (11 October 2005). Amazon.com Listing for Devil May Cry 3 Code 1: Dante. ISBN 1598160311. ^ Chayamachi, Suguro (8 August 2006). Amazon.com Listing for Devil May Cry 3 Code 2: Vergil. ISBN 1598165585. ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 1: Dante". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 29. Dante: Find someone, let's see...4 million dollar reward...That's Alright. ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 1:Dante". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 33. Arkham: The legendary dark knight Sparda.... after awakening to his empathetic nature, even though he harbors no ill will towards his own kind, gains control of the other demons and even defeats his own god, the demon lord ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 1: Dante". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 46. Dante: Figures. Enzo: What's that? Dante: It's always a creepy old castle. Don't bad guys ever yearn for a bungalow? ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 1:Dante". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 47. Dante: You are kind of big for a twelve year old, aren't you? ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 1: Dante". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. pp. 60–61. Gang member: This sword'll do. We won't kill ya. . . maybe we just cut you up a bit. . . ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 1:Dante". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. pp. 62–63. Enzo: Dante. . .? Dante. . .is . . . that. . . Vergil: He's here. Dante is here. In this town. ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 1:Dante". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 106. Rabi:I'm the one who gave yo the job. Dante: Wanna run that by me again? Rabi:It's true. I wanted to see the heir of the legendary Sparda in action. ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 1:Dante". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 15. Arkham: I concur, let us respect the restrained relationship between you and I. For the sake of an alliance, between man and demon... ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 2: Vergil". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. Vergil: Clean Slate, demon. You want a name? Give yourself whatever name you'd like. Demon:I understand. Our name shall be Gouman ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 2: Vergil". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 46. Bartender: You heard what they are saying? There's a guy around these parts that sliced people just like tomatoes. ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 2: Vergil". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 65. Arkham: In my description there are four seals-perhaps there is something I overlooked? But it has caused me to think that they and the four seals have other meaning. Vergil: Where are the seals. Arkham: I found them but I don't know about the remaining three. ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 2: Vergil". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. pp. 116–117. Demon: Sparda... gives us our names! ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 2: Vergil". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 129. Dante: The hell? This... I'm changing. ^ Suguro Chayamachi. "Code 2: Vergil". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. pp. 146–147. Vergil: I will raise a tower...the tower of fear sealed in ancient times...the link Sparda sealed lies there. With my hands, I shall open the link to the demon world External links Devil May Cry 3 (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteDevil May CryGames Devil May Cry 2 3: Dante's Awakening 4 Special Edition DmC 5 Media Music Novels Manga Anime episodes TV series Characters Dante Trish Vergil Lady Nero People Hideki Kamiya Hideaki Itsuno Hiroyuki Kobayashi Bingo Morihashi Related Viewtiful Joe Viewtiful Joe: Red Hot Rumble Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale Project X Zone Project X Zone 2 Puzzle Fighter Resident Evil 4 Shin Megami Tensei: Liberation Dx2 Teppen Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry_3:_Dante%27s_Awakening"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry_3:_Dante%27s_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmazonDMC31-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmazonDMC32-2"}],"text":"For the video game of the same name, see Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening.Devil May Cry 3 (デビルメイクライ３) is a manga series based on the best selling video game Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening was released in Japan and later an English translation was released in 2005. The manga is divided into three parts, Code 1: Dante, Code 2: Vergil, and the (never) to-be released Code 3: Lady.[1][2] The plot of the manga centers on the events that happened one year before Devil May Cry 3, it explains how the conflict between Dante and his brother Vergil started and how the game's characters were introduced to each other. Code 1: Dante explores the storyline from Dante's point of view, it introduces the main characters. It explains how Vergil and Arkham meet and how they formed an alliance. Dante is first introduced as a mercenary willing to take any job that offers a good reward, eventually revealing that the reason behind this is a desire to avenge the death of his mother by slaying those that killed her. Code 2: Vergil introduces the Temen-ni-gru a structure that holds the door to the demonic realm and it follows Vergil and Arkham on their quest to unseal the door to it. It illustrates the moment when Dante's demonic powers began awakening.","title":"Devil May Cry 3 (manga)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Devil_May_Cry#Enzo_Ferino"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"brothel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel"},{"link_name":"Vergil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergil_(Devil_May_Cry)"},{"link_name":"Arkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Devil_May_Cry#Arkham"},{"link_name":"Sparda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Devil_May_Cry#Sparda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Devil_May_Cry#Lady"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mad Hatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Hatter"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Cat"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"liaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liaison"},{"link_name":"sobbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobbing"},{"link_name":"late","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceased"}],"sub_title":"Code 1: Dante","text":"The story begins as Enzo enters Dante's still unnamed office, and offers Dante a job of rescuing a girl by the name of \"Alice\" for a $4,000,000 reward, an uninterested Dante tells Enzo to leave the shop.[3]\nDante then proceeds to look for Enzo to accept this job, only to find him in the process of being attacked by a group of sand creatures while in a brothel, and is subsequently rescued by Dante. The scene jumps to a library and the reader is introduced to two new characters, Vergil and Arkham. Arkham approaches Vergil while he is scanning a bookcase for a book. While Arkham tries to gain Vergil's attention by interpreting the legend of Sparda,[4] Vergil effortlessly proceeds to slay a library attendant, revealing her to be a demon. The scene fades as Arkham incites Vergil to tell him the truth behind the legend. Dante is next seen standing outside a seemingly deserted mansion.[5] After threatening and driving away Enzo, Dante enters the mansion through the second floor window, in that room he finds Alice sitting in a chair. Alice is afterwards revealed to be a demon as she proceeds to attack him.[6] After asserting that the now dead demon is not Alice, Dante is next seen as he finds a photo of a young Mary. Meanwhile, Vergil walks aimlessly through the rain effortlessly slaying a gang of humans after their leader chastises him and attempted to take hold of his sword.[7] He finds a drunken Enzo sitting outside of a building, who mistakes him for Dante, Vergil figures out his brother is present in that town and proceeds to look for him.[8] Caught in the midst of Dante's fire, a possessed doll whom Alice refers to as Rabi leads Dante to the true Alice, who refuses to leave without Rabi. As a bell tolls three o'clock, Rabi announces that it is teatime. Dante then encounters a demon resembling the Mad Hatter, who states he has Alice and is not willing to give her back, seated at a floating table with Rabi and a platter upon which is a lid, opened to reveal the head of another demon Alice and after a discussion between said demon and Dante it is exterminated. The Hatter-like demon and Rabi now alert Dante of Vergil's return, only to be found an illusion when Dante shoots at them. He then proceeds to slay a cat-like demon (a possible avatar for the Cheshire Cat). Rabi, shielding Dante from the needle-like remains of the cat demon, then reveals that it was he who gave Dante the job and admits that it was a cover to see Sparda's heir in action.[9] Alice's demonic form is subsequently revealed after turning into a beautiful woman, though Dante reverses this. Dante leaves the mansion after being informed that his payment has been wired to his liaison and refusing to sell his amulet, passing Vergil in a hall, though unnoticed by Dante until he disappears Vergil slays Rabi after he explains the significance of Dante's cooperation and is seen leaving the mansion at the end of the book, meeting a sobbing Alice in the process. After angrily confronting Enzo in functioning Love Planet (unlike the ruins seen in the game), Dante is next seen dreaming of the attack that killed his mother and separated him from his brother, who was also presumed dead. Soon after awakening a determined Dante is seen leaving the establishment with Rebellion, a sword given to him by his late father, in hand.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"graveyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyard"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Code 2: Vergil","text":"This chapter begins with Vergil and Arkham arriving at the entrance to one of the seals of the Temen-ni-gru. Arkham explained the nature of the structure to Vergil and proceeded to suggest an alliance.[10] Arkham proceeds to explain that the demons sealed by Sparda were bound by large rune-covered spikes; to release them, it was required that Vergil give them one thing; their names. Before Arkham had time to finish his explanation, the sealed demon takes hold of Vergil's consciousness. Vergil finds himself in a graveyard as a child surrounded by countless demonic skeletons. After losing hold of Yamato and being perilously injured, he uses his demonic strength to break free and destroy the army of skeletons. As Vergil realizes their message he regains control of his body and removes the statues head, before letting it choose its own name. The demon chooses the name Goumon (meaning pride), and the seal is broken, freeing the demon.[11]The action then jumps to Dante, out on the streets as he is being attacked by a group of demons. He quickly dispatches them and proceeds to visit a bar, where the bartender proceeds to make him a pizza and inform him of various murders that seemed to be committed by the same person, and asks that Dante investigate it; when Dante states his disinterest, the bartender takes his pizza back.[12] Enzo shows up immediately afterward and begs Dante to help him with the client Dante canceled on, professing that he will be killed if Dante refuses. When Dante says he'll help, he leaves. Mary, who was in the bar with a drunken and unconscious friend, asks for and is granted permission to let her friend stay. Meanwhile, a frustrated Vergil tries to decipher a book containing ancient accounts of the legend of Sparda. He is summoned by Arkham to the basement of the mansion, where Arkham reveals that he was able to locate one of the seals necessary to open the gate to the demon world.[13] However, they are unsure of just how many more seals there are, as the texts only mention four despite the first seal having mentioned seven. Vergil decides to destroy the ones they do know of, while Arkham researches the rest. In the meantime, Mary, on her way home, encounters Alice wandering around the city. Alice guides her to Dante's establishment. When Dante arrives Alice attacks him and steals the amulet that was a gift from Dante's mother. He follows her to a church where he encounters the Mad Hatter demon that he encountered in the mansion. Suddenly the floor crumbles under his feet and he falls to the church's basement. Here, Dante encounters one of sealed demon statues Vergil seeks. The demon tries to convince him to release the seal Sparda placed on it by giving it a name, seriously injuring Dante in the process.[14] He managed to escape its grasp after his demonic powers began to awaken.[15]Once Dante defeats the demon in question, the Mad Hatter toys with Dante, and tries to convince Dante give the sealed demon a name. Dante, however, sees through the Mad Hatter's attempts to do so, inquiring as to just what will happen if he does; the Mad Hatter refuses to answer. However, before this can go any further, Vergil arrives and almost instantly releases the third of the four seals; Vergil broke the second seal, on Greed, before arriving at the church. Per usual, Vergil allows the demon to choose a name for itself, and it chooses Sloth. After conversing with Dante, exchanging several threats of mortal injury with him in the process, Vergil reveals his plan of raising the Temen-ni-gru, thus opening the gate of the demon world.[16] When Dante declares his intent on stopping Vergil, Vergil then proceeds to taunt Dante by showing him the half of the amulet that Alice stole earlier, prompting him to attack. However, after a quick battle, in which Vergil trounces Dante, Vergil throws his brother's half back to him; Vergil then taunts Dante again, stating that he could retrieve the amulet from him whenever he wanted. This chapter concludes with Arkham preparing to start the ritual to raise the Temen-ni gru.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Code 3: Lady","text":"There was supposed to had been a third volume titled \"Code: 3\" that was hinted at the end of volume 2, but for unknown reasons it was never released.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sparda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Devil_May_Cry#Sparda"}],"sub_title":"Dante","text":"Dante is a fictional character that is the main protagonist of the video game franchise Devil May Cry. He is the son of the Legendary Dark Knight Sparda and a mortal woman called Eva. Half human and half demon, Dante possesses amazing powers and superhuman abilities.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vergil","text":"Vergil is the twin brother of the heroic Dante and one of the two sons of the Legendary Dark Knight Sparda. Vergil is, like Dante, a hybrid. His lineage is divided between being half demon and half human, which gives him superhuman abilities. Unlike his brother, he is more serious about his training. His personality is also the opposite of Dante's, having a cold and stoic demeanor as opposed to Dante's wild and thrill-seeking nature.Throughout Devil May Cry: Dante's Awakening, Vergil is portrayed as stoic, uncaring, power hungry and ruthless.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_agent"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry"}],"sub_title":"Enzo","text":"Enzo is the 'agent' of Dante, finding him work to keep him on his toes, and is the rightful landlord of the yet unnamed 'Devil May Cry' agency.In \"Code 2: Vergil\", Enzo states that \"I've looked after that kid since he came to this town\" which suggests that Dante did not always live in the city where the Devil May Cry agency is located.\nEnzo is also quoted as a reference in the Devil May Cry game manual.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arkham","text":"Arkham is a mysterious and psychotically enthusiastic man with supernatural abilities who is one of the main antagonists in the manga and in Devil May Cry 3.Arkham appears to be educated in the subject of demonology as well as the legend of Sparda. He is bald and has a scar or other disfigurement covering the left side of his face, which is seen to pulsate in one cutscene.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mary (Lady)","text":"Arkham's daughter. While still a normal human, she is also an exceptionally skilled firearms expert and extremely acrobatic in close quarters combat.","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damsel in Distress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsel_in_distress"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"possessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possession"},{"link_name":"Mad Hatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Hatter"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"}],"sub_title":"Alice","text":"Alice is the apparent 'Damsel in Distress' of this manga. Although a child, her vanity and impatience lead her to demonic means to accelerate her growth. Her possessed doll 'Rabi' leads her to a being who resembles the Mad Hatter, and she is used as bait to lure Dante out, with a reward offered for her safe return (the reward is actually put up and paid by Rabi). As a child, she resembles the heroine of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.","title":"Supporting characters"}]	[]	[]	[{"reference":"Chayamachi, Suguro (11 October 2005). Amazon.com Listing for Devil May Cry 3 Code 1: Dante. ISBN 1598160311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598160311","url_text":"1598160311"}]},{"reference":"Chayamachi, Suguro (8 August 2006). Amazon.com Listing for Devil May Cry 3 Code 2: Vergil. ISBN 1598165585.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598165585","url_text":"1598165585"}]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 1: Dante\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 29. Dante: Find someone, let's see...4 million dollar reward...That's Alright.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 1:Dante\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 33. Arkham: The legendary dark knight Sparda.... after awakening to his empathetic nature, even though he harbors no ill will towards his own kind, gains control of the other demons and even defeats his own god, the demon lord","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 1: Dante\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 46. Dante: Figures. Enzo: What's that? Dante: It's always a creepy old castle. Don't bad guys ever yearn for a bungalow?","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle","url_text":"castle"}]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 1:Dante\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 47. Dante: You are kind of big for a twelve year old, aren't you?","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 1: Dante\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. pp. 60–61. Gang member: This sword'll do. We won't kill ya. . . maybe we just cut you up a bit. . .","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 1:Dante\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. pp. 62–63. Enzo: Dante. . .? Dante. . .is . . . that. . . Vergil: He's here. Dante is here. In this town.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 1:Dante\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 106. Rabi:I'm the one who gave yo the job. Dante: Wanna run that by me again? Rabi:It's true. I wanted to see the heir of the legendary Sparda in action.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 1:Dante\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 15. Arkham: I concur, let us respect the restrained relationship between you and I. For the sake of an alliance, between man and demon...","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 2: Vergil\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. Vergil: Clean Slate, demon. You want a name? Give yourself whatever name you'd like. Demon:I understand. Our name shall be Gouman","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 2: Vergil\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 46. Bartender: You heard what they are saying? There's a guy around these parts that sliced people just like tomatoes.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 2: Vergil\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 65. Arkham: In my description there are four seals-perhaps there is something I overlooked? But it has caused me to think that they and the four seals have other meaning. Vergil: Where are the seals. Arkham: I found them but I don't know about the remaining three.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 2: Vergil\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. pp. 116–117. Demon: Sparda... gives us our names!","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 2: Vergil\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. p. 129. Dante: The hell? This... I'm changing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suguro Chayamachi. \"Code 2: Vergil\". Devil May Cry 3. United States: Tokyopop. pp. 146–147. Vergil: I will raise a tower...the tower of fear sealed in ancient times...the link Sparda sealed lies there. With my hands, I shall open the link to the demon world","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Devil+May+Cry+3%22+manga","external_links_name":"\"Devil May Cry 3\" manga"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Devil+May+Cry+3%22+manga+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Devil+May+Cry+3%22+manga&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Devil+May+Cry+3%22+manga+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Devil+May+Cry+3%22+manga","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Devil+May+Cry+3%22+manga&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=5225","external_links_name":"Devil May Cry 3"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Council_for_Civil_Society_and_Human_Rights	Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights	["1 Chairmen","2 Criticism","3 References","4 External links"]	Consultative body to the president of Russia Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human RightsСовет при Президенте Российской Федерации по развитию гражданского общества и правам человекаAgency overviewFormed6 November 2004 (2004-11-06)Preceding agencyPresidential Commission on Human RightsHeadquarters4 Staraya Square, MoscowAgency executiveValery Fadeyev, ChairmanWebsitepresident-sovet.ru The Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights is a consultative body to the President of the Russian Federation, tasked with assisting him in guaranteeing and protecting human rights and freedoms in Russia. Since October 21, 2019, the chairman of the Council has been Valery Fadeyev. The Council was created in 2004 by reorganizing the Commission on human rights, which existed since November 1993. The Council currently consists of 47 people, including political scientist Sergey Karaganov, filmmaker Alexander Sokurov, journalist Kirill Vyshinsky and entrepreneur Igor Ashmanov. In previous years, the Council has included retired judge of the Constitutional Court of Russia Tamara Morshchakova, political scientist Ekaterina Schulmann, lawyer Pavel Chikov, journalist Nikolai Svanidze and economist Yevgeny Yasin. Chairmen Ella Pamfilova (1 November 2004 – 30 July 2010) Mikhail Fedotov (12 October 2010 – 22 October 2019) Valery Fadeyev (from 22 October 2019) Criticism On October 5, 2009, the Council issued a statement condemning the actions of the Nashi activists against journalist Alexander Podrabinek. The original version of the statement, posted on the Council's website, did not condemn Podrabinek's frank statements towards WWII veterans. However, the statement was later edited (according to some sources, after a call from a high-ranking official to Ella Pamfilova) and included remarks that the Council did not agree with Podrabinek's position. Valery Fadeyev, future chairman of the council, described its behavior within Podrabinek controversy as strange and unnatural. A body that should contribute to the prevention of conflicts, to act as an independent arbiter in disputes, suddenly endorses one of the parties. And this only fuels the conflict. The story with a statement made on behalf of the Council without the consent of its individual members also looks absurd." Journalist Maksim Shevchenko, who was a member of the Council in 2012–18, described its activities as follows: All the activities of the council turned into the creation of the useless OTR and the memorial to the victims of political repressions. But I don’t remember any specific actions to protect human rights. References ^ "Presidential Councils • President of Russia". Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 2017-08-03. ^ Pertsev, Andrey (2019-10-23). "Might Before Rights: Russia Shakes Up Its Human Rights Council". Carnegie Moscow Center. Retrieved 2021-08-21. ^ Polovinko, Vyacheslav; Kozlova, Daria (2019-10-22). "Совет и тьма" . Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-08-21. ^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 16.11.2020 № 711 «О внесении изменений в состав Совета при Президенте Российской Федерации по развитию гражданского общества и правам человека, утвержденный Указом Президента Российской Федерации от 3 декабря 2018 г. № 691»" (in Russian). publication.pravo.gov.ru. Retrieved 2020-11-19. ^ "Президент РФ принял отставку Памфиловой" . Interfax (in Russian). 2010-07-30. ^ "Памфиловой найден преемник" . Interfax (in Russian). 2010-10-12. ^ "Совет, возглавляемый Памфиловой, ведет себя странно" (in Russian). 2009-10-09. ^ Kolobrodov, Alexey (2019-10-31). "Помогал детям, и дело с концом" . Culture Gazette (in Russian). External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel This article about government in Russia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"human rights and freedoms in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Valery Fadeyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Fadeyev"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sergey Karaganov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Karaganov"},{"link_name":"Alexander Sokurov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Sokurov"},{"link_name":"Kirill Vyshinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirill_Vyshinsky"},{"link_name":"Igor Ashmanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Ashmanov"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Tamara Morshchakova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Morshchakova"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Schulmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_Schulmann"},{"link_name":"Pavel Chikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Chikov"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Svanidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Svanidze"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Yasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Yasin"}],"text":"The Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights is a consultative body to the President of the Russian Federation, tasked with assisting him in guaranteeing and protecting human rights and freedoms in Russia.[1] Since October 21, 2019, the chairman of the Council has been Valery Fadeyev.[2][3]The Council was created in 2004 by reorganizing the Commission on human rights, which existed since November 1993.The Council currently consists of 47 people, including political scientist Sergey Karaganov, filmmaker Alexander Sokurov, journalist Kirill Vyshinsky and entrepreneur Igor Ashmanov.[4]In previous years, the Council has included retired judge of the Constitutional Court of Russia Tamara Morshchakova, political scientist Ekaterina Schulmann, lawyer Pavel Chikov, journalist Nikolai Svanidze and economist Yevgeny Yasin.","title":"Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ella Pamfilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Pamfilova"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Fedotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Fedotov"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Valery Fadeyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Fadeyev"}],"text":"Ella Pamfilova (1 November 2004 – 30 July 2010)[5]\nMikhail Fedotov (12 October 2010[6] – 22 October 2019)\nValery Fadeyev (from 22 October 2019)","title":"Chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashi_(youth_movement)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Podrabinek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Podrabinek"},{"link_name":"Ella Pamfilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Pamfilova"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Maksim Shevchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim_Shevchenko_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"OTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Television_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"memorial to the victims of political repressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Grief"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On October 5, 2009, the Council issued a statement condemning the actions of the Nashi activists against journalist Alexander Podrabinek. The original version of the statement, posted on the Council's website, did not condemn Podrabinek's frank statements towards WWII veterans. However, the statement was later edited (according to some sources, after a call from a high-ranking official to Ella Pamfilova) and included remarks that the Council did not agree with Podrabinek's position. Valery Fadeyev, future chairman of the council, described its behavior within Podrabinek controversy as strange and unnatural.A body that should contribute to the prevention of conflicts, to act as an independent arbiter in disputes, suddenly endorses one of the parties. And this only fuels the conflict. The story with a statement made on behalf of the Council without the consent of its individual members also looks absurd.\"[7]Journalist Maksim Shevchenko, who was a member of the Council in 2012–18, described its activities as follows:All the activities of the council turned into the creation of the useless OTR and the memorial to the victims of political repressions. But I don’t remember any specific actions to protect human rights.[8]","title":"Criticism"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Presidential Councils • President of Russia\". Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 2017-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.kremlin.ru/structure/councils#institution-18","url_text":"\"Presidential Councils • President of Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin.ru","url_text":"Kremlin.ru"}]},{"reference":"Pertsev, Andrey (2019-10-23). \"Might Before Rights: Russia Shakes Up Its Human Rights Council\". Carnegie Moscow Center. Retrieved 2021-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://carnegie.ru/commentary/80161","url_text":"\"Might Before Rights: Russia Shakes Up Its Human Rights Council\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Moscow_Center","url_text":"Carnegie Moscow Center"}]},{"reference":"Polovinko, Vyacheslav; Kozlova, Daria (2019-10-22). \"Совет и тьма\" [Council and darkness]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/10/22/82448-sovet-i-tma","url_text":"\"Совет и тьма\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta","url_text":"Novaya Gazeta"}]},{"reference":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 16.11.2020 № 711 «О внесении изменений в состав Совета при Президенте Российской Федерации по развитию гражданского общества и правам человека, утвержденный Указом Президента Российской Федерации от 3 декабря 2018 г. № 691»\" [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 16 November 2020 No. 711 \"On Amendments to the Composition of the Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights, approved by Decree No. 691 of 3 December 2018\"] (in Russian). publication.pravo.gov.ru. Retrieved 2020-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202011160054?index=1&rangeSize=1","url_text":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 16.11.2020 № 711 «О внесении изменений в состав Совета при Президенте Российской Федерации по развитию гражданского общества и правам человека, утвержденный Указом Президента Российской Федерации от 3 декабря 2018 г. № 691»\""}]},{"reference":"\"Президент РФ принял отставку Памфиловой\" [The President of the RF accepted the resignation of Pamfilova]. Interfax (in Russian). 2010-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interfax.ru/russia/147402","url_text":"\"Президент РФ принял отставку Памфиловой\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax","url_text":"Interfax"}]},{"reference":"\"Памфиловой найден преемник\" [Successor had been chosen for Pamfilova]. Interfax (in Russian). 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interfax.ru/russia/159639","url_text":"\"Памфиловой найден преемник\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax","url_text":"Interfax"}]},{"reference":"\"Совет, возглавляемый Памфиловой, ведет себя странно\" [Pamfilova-led Council is behaving strangely] (in Russian). 2009-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsinfo.ru/articles/2009-10-09/723341/","url_text":"\"Совет, возглавляемый Памфиловой, ведет себя странно\""}]},{"reference":"Kolobrodov, Alexey (2019-10-31). \"Помогал детям, и дело с концом\" [He helped the children, and that's the end of it]. Culture Gazette (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://portal-kultura.ru/articles/opinions/294950-pomogal-detyam-i-delo-s-kontsom/","url_text":"\"Помогал детям, и дело с концом\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.president-sovet.ru/","external_links_name":"president-sovet.ru"},{"Link":"http://en.kremlin.ru/structure/councils#institution-18","external_links_name":"\"Presidential Councils • President of Russia\""},{"Link":"https://carnegie.ru/commentary/80161","external_links_name":"\"Might Before Rights: Russia Shakes Up Its Human Rights Council\""},{"Link":"https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/10/22/82448-sovet-i-tma","external_links_name":"\"Совет и тьма\""},{"Link":"http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202011160054?index=1&rangeSize=1","external_links_name":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 16.11.2020 № 711 «О внесении изменений в состав Совета при Президенте Российской Федерации по развитию гражданского общества и правам человека, утвержденный Указом Президента Российской Федерации от 3 декабря 2018 г. № 691»\""},{"Link":"https://www.interfax.ru/russia/147402","external_links_name":"\"Президент РФ принял отставку Памфиловой\""},{"Link":"https://www.interfax.ru/russia/159639","external_links_name":"\"Памфиловой найден преемник\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsinfo.ru/articles/2009-10-09/723341/","external_links_name":"\"Совет, возглавляемый Памфиловой, ведет себя странно\""},{"Link":"https://portal-kultura.ru/articles/opinions/294950-pomogal-detyam-i-delo-s-kontsom/","external_links_name":"\"Помогал детям, и дело с концом\""},{"Link":"http://www.president-sovet.ru/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315603379","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007396893105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Council_for_Civil_Society_and_Human_Rights&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_to_Broadway_with_Kurt_Weill	Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill	["1 Song List","2 Productions","3 References"]	The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MusicalBerlin to Broadway with Kurt WeillA Musical VoyageOriginal Cast AlbumMusicKurt WeillLyricsVariousBookGene LernerBasisLife and music of Kurt WeillProductions1972 Off-Broadway2000 Off-Broadway revival Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill is a musical revue with a book by Gene Lerner, music by Kurt Weill, and lyrics by various songwriting partners Weill worked with over his career. The plot follows Weill's life as he begins his career in Germany writing the music for controversial musicals, through his journey fleeing Nazi persecution, immigrating to the United States, and becoming successful on Broadway. Songs featured include those Weill collaborated on with Maxwell Anderson, Marc Blitzstein, Bertolt Brecht, Jacques Deval, Michael Feingold, Ira Gershwin, Paul Green, Langston Hughes, Alan Jay Lerner, Ogden Nash, George Tabori and Arnold Weinstein. Song List The Threepenny Opera (medley) How to Survive Barbara Song Jealousy Duet Useless Song (reprise) Mack the Knife (Moritat) How to Survive (reprise) Happy End (medley) March Ahead to the Fight Don't Be Afraid Bilbao Song Surabaya Johnny Childhood's Bright Endeavor Mandalay Song Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (medley) Alabama Song Deep in Alaska Oh, Heavenly Salvation As You Make Your Bed Pirate Jenny (from The Threepenny Opera) I Wait For a Ship (from Marie Galante ) Sailor Tango (Happy End) Johnny Johnson (medley) Songs of War and Peace A Hymn to Peace Listen to My Song (Johnny's Song) Knickerbocker Holiday (medley) How Can You Tell an American September Song Lady in the Dark (medley) Girl of the Moment Saga of Jenny My Ship One Touch of Venus (medley) Speak Low That's Him Progress (from Love Life) Street Scene (medley) Ain't It Awful the Heat? Lonely House Lost in the Stars (medley) Trouble Man Train to Johannesburg Cry, the Beloved Country Lost in the Stars Love Song (from Love Life) Moritat (Reprise) Productions The revue premiered off-Broadway on October 1, 1972, at the Theater de Lys, starring Margery Cohen, Ken Kercheval, Judy Lander, Jerry Lanning, and Hal Watters. Eileen Barett and Hal Robinson were the understudies. It was directed by Donald Saddler, conducted by Newton Wayland, with William Glenn operating the follow spots and ran for 152 performances before closing on February 11, 1973. When the show premiered, Christopher Street was renamed "Kurt Weill-Strauss" for an hour to honor Weill's legacy and lasting impact on off-Broadway theatre. The first off-Broadway revival opened August 19, 2000 at the Triad Theatre and closed on December 3, 2000, after 121 performances. Hal Simmons directed, with Eric Stern as musical director, and the cast included Lorinda Lisitza, Bjorn Olsson, Veronica Mittenzwei and Michael Winther. References ^ Dale, Michael (April 2017). "BWW Review: York's Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill Tells How a Refugee Made Good in America" ^ "Guide to Musical Theatre: Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill" ^ Hischak, Thomas S. (2011). Off-Broadway Musicals since 1919: From Greenwich Village Follies to The Toxic Avenger Scarecrow Press, pp. 140 ^ Lortel Archives: Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill ^ Kowalke, Kim H. (1990). "The Threepenny Opera in America" in Kurt Weill: The Threepenny Opera, Hinton, S. (ed.). Cambridge University Press, pp. 118 ^ Dietz, Dan. (2012). Off Broadway Musicals, 1910–2007: Casts, Credits, Songs, Critical Reception and Performance Data of More Than 1,800 Shows McFarland ^ Lortel Archives: Berlin to Broadway ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (September 2000). "A Weill Musical Cavalcade Ranges Across Continents" The New York Times ^ McBride, Murdoch (July 2000). "OB Revival of Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill Begins Aug. 11" ^ "Berlin to Broadway With Kurt Weill Review" Variety, August 2000 ^ Goede, Eric (February 2001). "Berlin to Broadway With Kurt Weill Review" Backstage.com	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"revue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue"},{"link_name":"Kurt Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weill"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Marc Blitzstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Jacques Deval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Deval"},{"link_name":"Michael Feingold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Feingold"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Paul Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Green_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Langston Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Alan Jay Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner"},{"link_name":"Ogden Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Nash"},{"link_name":"George Tabori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tabori"},{"link_name":"Arnold Weinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Weinstein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"MusicalBerlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill is a musical revue with a book by Gene Lerner, music by Kurt Weill, and lyrics by various songwriting partners Weill worked with over his career. The plot follows Weill's life as he begins his career in Germany writing the music for controversial musicals, through his journey fleeing Nazi persecution, immigrating to the United States, and becoming successful on Broadway.[1] Songs featured include those Weill collaborated on with Maxwell Anderson, Marc Blitzstein, Bertolt Brecht, Jacques Deval, Michael Feingold, Ira Gershwin, Paul Green, Langston Hughes, Alan Jay Lerner, Ogden Nash, George Tabori and Arnold Weinstein.[2]","title":"Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Threepenny Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera"},{"link_name":"Mack the Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_the_Knife"},{"link_name":"Happy End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_End_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Surabaya Johnny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_Johnny"},{"link_name":"Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_City_of_Mahagonny"},{"link_name":"Alabama Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Song"},{"link_name":"Pirate Jenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Jenny"},{"link_name":"I Wait For a Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%27attends_un_navire"},{"link_name":"Marie Galante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Galante_(musical)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Galante_(pi%C3%A8ce_de_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Johnson_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Knickerbocker Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Holiday"},{"link_name":"September Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Song"},{"link_name":"Lady in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"One Touch of Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Touch_of_Venus"},{"link_name":"Speak Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Low"},{"link_name":"Love Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Life_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Street Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Scene_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Lost in the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_the_Stars"},{"link_name":"Love Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Life_(musical)"}],"text":"The Threepenny Opera (medley)How to Survive\nBarbara Song\nJealousy Duet\nUseless Song (reprise)\nMack the Knife (Moritat)\nHow to Survive (reprise)Happy End (medley)March Ahead to the Fight\nDon't Be Afraid\nBilbao Song\nSurabaya Johnny\nChildhood's Bright Endeavor\nMandalay SongRise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (medley)Alabama Song\nDeep in Alaska\nOh, Heavenly Salvation\nAs You Make Your BedPirate Jenny (from The Threepenny Opera)I Wait For a Ship (from Marie Galante [fr])Sailor Tango (Happy End)Johnny Johnson (medley)Songs of War and Peace\nA Hymn to Peace\nListen to My Song (Johnny's Song)Knickerbocker Holiday (medley)How Can You Tell an American\nSeptember SongLady in the Dark (medley)Girl of the Moment\nSaga of Jenny\nMy ShipOne Touch of Venus (medley)Speak Low\nThat's HimProgress (from Love Life)Street Scene (medley)Ain't It Awful the Heat?\nLonely HouseLost in the Stars (medley)Trouble Man\nTrain to Johannesburg\nCry, the Beloved Country\nLost in the StarsLove Song (from Love Life)Moritat (Reprise)","title":"Song List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"Theater de Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_de_Lys"},{"link_name":"Ken Kercheval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kercheval"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Donald Saddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Saddler"},{"link_name":"Newton Wayland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Wayland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Christopher Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Street"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"Triad Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The revue premiered off-Broadway on October 1, 1972, at the Theater de Lys, starring Margery Cohen, Ken Kercheval, Judy Lander, Jerry Lanning, and Hal Watters. Eileen Barett and Hal Robinson were the understudies.[3] It was directed by Donald Saddler, conducted by Newton Wayland, with William Glenn operating the follow spots and ran for 152 performances before closing on February 11, 1973.[4] When the show premiered, Christopher Street was renamed \"Kurt Weill-Strauss\" for an hour to honor Weill's legacy and lasting impact on off-Broadway theatre.[5]The first off-Broadway revival opened August 19, 2000 at the Triad Theatre and closed on December 3, 2000, after 121 performances.[6][7] Hal Simmons directed, with Eric Stern as musical director, and the cast included Lorinda Lisitza, Bjorn Olsson, Veronica Mittenzwei and Michael Winther.[8][9][10][11]","title":"Productions"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Berlin+to+Broadway+with+Kurt+Weill%22","external_links_name":"\"Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Berlin+to+Broadway+with+Kurt+Weill%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Berlin+to+Broadway+with+Kurt+Weill%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Berlin+to+Broadway+with+Kurt+Weill%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Berlin+to+Broadway+with+Kurt+Weill%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Berlin+to+Broadway+with+Kurt+Weill%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/BWW-Review-Yorks-BERLIN-TO-BROADWAY-WITH-KURT-WEILL-Tells-How-A-Refugee-Made-Good-In-America-20170214","external_links_name":"BWW Review: York's Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill Tells How a Refugee Made Good in America"},{"Link":"http://www.guidetomusicaltheatre.com/shows_b/berlin_weill.htm","external_links_name":"Guide to Musical Theatre: Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w2sZLVpH_jwC&pg=PA140","external_links_name":"Off-Broadway Musicals since 1919: From Greenwich Village Follies to The Toxic Avenger"},{"Link":"http://www.lortel.org/Archives/Production/575","external_links_name":"Lortel Archives: Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pJU4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"Kurt Weill: The Threepenny Opera"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fgOqZWHCLbUC&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"Off Broadway Musicals, 1910–2007: Casts, Credits, Songs, Critical Reception and Performance Data of More Than 1,800 Shows"},{"Link":"http://www.lortel.org/Archives/Production/99","external_links_name":"Lortel Archives: Berlin to Broadway"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/01/movies/theater-review-a-weill-musical-cavalcade-ranges-across-continents.html","external_links_name":"A Weill Musical Cavalcade Ranges Across Continents"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/ob-revival-of-berlin-to-broadway-with-kurt-weill-begins-aug-11-com-90380","external_links_name":"OB Revival of Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill Begins Aug. 11"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2000/legit/reviews/berlin-to-broadway-with-kurt-weill-1200463595/","external_links_name":"\"Berlin to Broadway With Kurt Weill Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.backstage.com/review/berlin-to-broadway-with-kurt-weill/","external_links_name":"\"Berlin to Broadway With Kurt Weill Review\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Georgia_(country)	List of tallest buildings in Georgia (country)	["1 Tallest buildings","2 Tallest buildings under construction","3 References"]	This is a list of the tallest buildings in the country of Georgia. Most of Georgia's tallest buildings are in the seaside city of Batumi, including the Alliance Privilege (235 meters), the tallest completed building in Georgia. The Axis Towers (147 meters) is the tallest building in Tbilisi, the capital. Batumi Tallest buildings A view of the Batumi Vake District, Tbilisi Rank Name Location Height m (ft) Floors Year (end) Ref. 1 Alliance Privilege Batumi 235 (771) 54 2023 2 Batumi Tower Batumi 200 (660) 35 2012 3 Porta Batumi Tower Batumi 164 (538) 43 2016 4 Orbi City Batumi 160 (520) 45 2021 5 Axis Towers Tbilisi 149 (489) 37 2020 6 Alliance Highline Tbilisi 147 (482) 41 2023 7 Alliance Highline Tbilisi 130 (430) 32 2023 8 Biltmore Hotel Tbilisi 138 (453) 35 2016 9 Alliance Highline Tbilisi 100 (330) 25 2023 10 Sheraton Batumi Hotel Batumi 118 (387) 22 2010 11 Orbi Beach tower Batumi 117 (384) 39 2020 12 King David Residences Tbilisi 120 (390) 32 2016 13 Orbi Sea Towers Batumi 109 (358) 25 2015 14 Tbilisi Gardens towers Tbilisi 109 (358) 30 2015 Tallest buildings under construction Rank Name Location Height m (ft) Floors Year (end) Status/Notes Ref. 1 Tbilisi Central Park Tower Tbilisi 260 (850) 79 2027 Under construction, reduced to 42-storeys 2 Alliance Centropolis Batumi 245 (804) 51 2025 Under construction 3 VR Vake Skyview tower Tbilisi 180 (590) 55 2027 Under construction References ^ "Alliance Privilege - Unique multifunctional-investment project by the sea in Batumi". ^ "Controversial Batumi Tower sells for $25m, transforms into hotel". Agenda.ge. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ a b c d "Batumi - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat – CTBUH. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ "ORBI CITY Complex EN". ^ https://www.alumil.com/greece/en/corporate/news/2021/02/27/the-spectacular-orbi-twin-towers-project-in-batumi-chooses-alumil ^ "Axis Towers \| აქსის თაუერსი". ^ a b c De Lange, Justine (1 February 2023). "The country with the most tall buildings in the world ranked: Top 50 list". Briefly. Retrieved 26 December 2023. ^ "Millennium Hotel - the Skyscraper Center". ^ "Metro Sky Tower Hotel". Metro Sky Tower Hotel. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ "CUBE". METROPOL. 24 October 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ "Cube Tower". cubetower.ge. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2023-10-12. ^ "Alliance Centropolis - World Trade Center Batumi By Alliance Group". Alliance Centropolis. ^ "Alliance Highline - Project Description". vteTallest buildings and structures History Skyscraper Storey BuildingsBy region Africa Asia Indian subcontinent Southeast Europe Scandinavia Baltic states Balkans Oceania The Americas North America Central America South America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China (Hong Kong, Macau) Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Myanmar Netherlands Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Panama Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia (Kosovo) Singapore Slovenia Slovakia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe Lists 100+ floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most skyscrapers Countries with most skyscrapers Churches Designed by women Eastern Orthodox Mosques Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Skyscrapers by floor area Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Early skyscrapers Supertall Megatall Structures(of any type)By region Africa Asia West Asia Europe former Soviet Union The Americas South America By country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Myanmar Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia (Kosovo) Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Flagpoles Ferris wheels Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Relatedtopics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Fires Groundscraper Height restriction laws List of visionary tall buildings and structures Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Batumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batumi"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batumi,_summer_2018_05.jpg"}],"text":"This is a list of the tallest buildings in the country of Georgia. Most of Georgia's tallest buildings are in the seaside city of Batumi, including the Alliance Privilege (235 meters), the tallest completed building in Georgia. The Axis Towers (147 meters) is the tallest building in Tbilisi, the capital.Batumi","title":"List of tallest buildings in Georgia (country)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tels_au_centre-ville.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vake_District,_Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vake,_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"}],"text":"A view of the BatumiVake District, Tbilisi","title":"Tallest buildings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tallest buildings under construction"}]	[{"image_text":"Batumi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Batumi%2C_summer_2018_05.jpg/300px-Batumi%2C_summer_2018_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view of the Batumi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/H%C3%B4tels_au_centre-ville.jpg/300px-H%C3%B4tels_au_centre-ville.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vake District, Tbilisi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vake_District%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/300px-Vake_District%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Alliance Privilege - Unique multifunctional-investment project by the sea in Batumi\".","urls":[{"url":"https://alliance.ge/en/projects/alliance-privilege","url_text":"\"Alliance Privilege - Unique multifunctional-investment project by the sea in Batumi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Controversial Batumi Tower sells for $25m, transforms into hotel\". Agenda.ge. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://agenda.ge/en/news/2015/535","url_text":"\"Controversial Batumi Tower sells for $25m, transforms into hotel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Batumi - The Skyscraper Center\". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat – CTBUH. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/batumi","url_text":"\"Batumi - The Skyscraper Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"ORBI CITY Complex EN\".","urls":[{"url":"https://orbigroup.ge/orbi-city-en","url_text":"\"ORBI CITY Complex EN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Axis Towers \| აქსის თაუერსი\".","urls":[{"url":"https://axistowers.ge/en/","url_text":"\"Axis Towers \| აქსის თაუერსი\""}]},{"reference":"De Lange, Justine (1 February 2023). \"The country with the most tall buildings in the world ranked: Top 50 list\". Briefly. Retrieved 26 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://briefly.co.za/facts-lifehacks/top/151443-the-country-tall-buildings-world-ranked-top-50-list/","url_text":"\"The country with the most tall buildings in the world ranked: Top 50 list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Millennium Hotel - the Skyscraper Center\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/millennium-hotel/17123","url_text":"\"Millennium Hotel - the Skyscraper Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metro Sky Tower Hotel\". Metro Sky Tower Hotel. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metroskytower.com/en","url_text":"\"Metro Sky Tower Hotel\""}]},{"reference":"\"CUBE\". METROPOL. 24 October 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metropol.ge/en/batumi-cube","url_text":"\"CUBE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cube Tower\". cubetower.ge. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2023-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220111013517/https://cubetower.ge/","url_text":"\"Cube Tower\""},{"url":"https://cubetower.ge/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alliance Centropolis - World Trade Center Batumi By Alliance Group\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cgane_Masujir%C5%8D	Ōgane Masujirō	["1 References","2 Bibliography"]	Ōgane Masujirō (Japanese: 大金益次郎) (October 28, 1894 – March 11, 1979) was a Japanese Home Ministry government official. He was born in Tochigi Prefecture. He graduated from the University of Tokyo. He was Grand Chamberlain of Japan (1947–1948). References ^ 『官報』第1499号・付録「辞令二」1931年12月28日。 Bibliography 戦前期官僚制研究会編 / 秦郁彦著『戦前期日本官僚制の制度・組織・人事』、東京大学出版会、1981年 Preceded byHisanori Fujita Grand Chamberlain of Japan 1947–1948 Succeeded byMitani Takanobu Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Tochigi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"University of Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Chamberlain of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ōgane Masujirō (Japanese: 大金益次郎) (October 28, 1894 – March 11, 1979) was a Japanese Home Ministry government official. He was born in Tochigi Prefecture. He graduated from the University of Tokyo. He was Grand Chamberlain of Japan (1947–1948).[1]","title":"Ōgane Masujirō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"秦郁彦","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E9%83%81%E5%BD%A6"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11439778#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000377927579"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/255392205"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00057623"}],"text":"戦前期官僚制研究会編 / 秦郁彦著『戦前期日本官僚制の制度・組織・人事』、東京大学出版会、1981年Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nJapan","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ogane_Masujiro.jpg/200px-Ogane_Masujiro.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000377927579","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/255392205","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00057623","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymnias	Bulgaz Bay	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 36°33′11″N 30°18′01″E / 36.553099°N 30.3003095°E / 36.553099; 30.3003095Bay on the southwest coast of Turkey in Asia Bulgaz Bay (Turkish: Bulgaz Koyu), formerly Bozburun Bay, anciently Thymnias, is a bay on the southwest coast of Turkey in Asia, an indentation of the Bozburun Peninsula. At the head of the bay is the town of Bozburun. The bay was noted by several ancient geographers, the name evidently coming from the ancient town of Tymnos which was sited near modern Bozburun town. References ^ "Bulgaz Koyu". GEOnet Names Server. Retrieved May 8, 2019. ^ Pomponius Mela. De situ orbis. Vol. 1.16. ^ Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 5.29. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Thymnias". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. 36°33′11″N 30°18′01″E / 36.553099°N 30.3003095°E / 36.553099; 30.3003095 This Turkey location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Turkey in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Bozburun Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozburun_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Bozburun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozburun"},{"link_name":"Tymnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bay on the southwest coast of Turkey in AsiaBulgaz Bay (Turkish: Bulgaz Koyu), formerly Bozburun Bay,[1] anciently Thymnias, is a bay on the southwest coast of Turkey in Asia, an indentation of the Bozburun Peninsula. At the head of the bay is the town of Bozburun. The bay was noted by several ancient geographers, the name evidently coming from the ancient town of Tymnos which was sited near modern Bozburun town.[2][3]","title":"Bulgaz Bay"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bulgaz Koyu\". GEOnet Names Server. Retrieved May 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=%27-740004%27&Diacritics=DC","url_text":"\"Bulgaz Koyu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEOnet_Names_Server","url_text":"GEOnet Names Server"}]},{"reference":"Pomponius Mela. De situ orbis. Vol. 1.16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponius_Mela","url_text":"Pomponius Mela"}]},{"reference":"Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 5.29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder","url_text":"Pliny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)","url_text":"Naturalis Historia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bulgaz_Bay&params=36.553099_N_30.3003095_E_","external_links_name":"36°33′11″N 30°18′01″E / 36.553099°N 30.3003095°E / 36.553099; 30.3003095"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=%27-740004%27&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"\"Bulgaz Koyu\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bulgaz_Bay&params=36.553099_N_30.3003095_E_","external_links_name":"36°33′11″N 30°18′01″E / 36.553099°N 30.3003095°E / 36.553099; 30.3003095"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgaz_Bay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Enfant_et_les_sortil%C3%A8ges	L'enfant et les sortilèges	["1 Composition history","2 Performance history","3 Roles","4 Synopsis","5 Numbers","6 Instrumentation","7 Music","8 Recordings","9 References","10 External links"]	Opera by Maurice Ravel L'enfant et les sortilègesOpera by Maurice RavelMarie-Thérèse Gauley in the title role, in 1926LibrettistColetteLanguageFrenchPremiere21 March 1925 (1925-03-21)Monte Carlo Opera L'enfant et les sortilèges: Fantaisie lyrique en deux parties (The Child and the Spells: A Lyric Fantasy in Two Parts) is an opera in one act, with music by Maurice Ravel to a libretto by Colette. It is Ravel's second opera, his first being L'heure espagnole. Written from 1917 to 1925, L'enfant et les sortilèges was first performed in Monte Carlo in 1925 conducted by Victor de Sabata. After being offered the opportunity to write a musical work, Colette wrote the text in eight days. Several composers had proposed to Colette that she write to music, but she was only excited by the prospect of Ravel. Composition history During World War I, the Opéra de Paris director Jacques Rouché asked Colette, whom he met at one of Marguerite de Saint-Marceaux's salons, to provide the text for a fairy ballet. Colette originally wrote the story under the title Divertissements pour ma fille. After Colette chose Ravel to set the text to music, a copy was sent to him in 1916 while he was still serving in the war; however, the mailed script was lost. In 1917, Ravel finally received a copy and agreed to compose the score, humorously replying to Colette, "I would like to compose this, but I have no daughter." It was eventually agreed that the composition would be more of an operetta, but retain the ballet dance elements. Colette accordingly revised the text and developed a libretto. Ravel stopped composition of the work in the spring of 1920, suffering from physical exhaustion and poor health. In the next few years he was compelled to complete the work by Raoul Gunsbourg, director of the Monte Carlo Opera, who had insisted Ravel write a sequel to L'Heure espagnole. By this time Ravel had become newly inspired by the stage presentations of American musicals and revues by composers such as George Gershwin. Ravel's work on the composition began to incorporate the musical style of these productions. By early 1925 he had finally completed it. Colette, who had believed that the work would never be completed, expressed her extreme pleasure, believing that her modest writing had been raised beyond its initial scope. Now officially under the title of L'enfant et les sortilèges, the first performance took place on 21 March 1925 in Monte Carlo, conducted by Victor de Sabata, with ballet sequences choreographed by George Balanchine. Ravel said of the premiere production: Our work requires an extraordinary production: the roles are numerous, and the phantasmagoria is constant. Following the principles of American operetta, dancing is continually and intimately intermingled with the action. Now the Monte Carlo Opera possesses a wonderful troupe of Russian dancers, marvelously directed by a prodigious ballet master, M. Balanchine. ... And let's not forget an essential element, the orchestra. Performance history Marie-Thérèse Gauley sang the part of the child at both the premiere in Monte-Carlo and the first performance at the Opéra-Comique on 1 February 1926. The original cast also included Henri Fabert as Vieillard Arithmétique, Warnerey as the clock and cat, while at the Opéra-Comique, conducted by Albert Wolff and with choreography by Louise Virard, the cast included Germaine Féraldy, Mathilde Calvet, Madeleine Sibille, Roger Bourdin, René Hérent and Louis Guenot. The opera was then seen in Prague (17 February 1927), Leipzig (6 May 1927) and Vienna (14 March 1929). The US premiere was given on 19 September 1930 by the San Francisco Opera. The Canadian premiere of the work was a film version made by CBC Television in 1950 with conductor Wilfrid Pelletier. It was not until 3 December 1958 that the opera was given its UK premiere, in the Town Hall in Oxford. An innovative production was filmed during the time of the Covid 19 epidemic, by Vopera20.com, founded to address the issues raised by the pandemic for the artistic community. The production has received extensive praise for its artistry and creativity. Following a period of free availability on Youtube.com (through Dec. 16, 2020), the opera video was moved to https://www.marquee.tv/ for distribution. Roles The score specifies that fire / the princess / nightingale must be sung by the same singer, and the little old man and frog by the same singer. It is also specified that the following groups or pairs of roles can be sung by the same singer: mother / china cup / dragonfly; the bergère / owl; the female cat / the squirrel; the male cat / grandfather clock; the armchair / tree. Role Voice type Premiere cast, 21 March 1925(Conductor: Victor de Sabata) L'enfant, the child mezzo-soprano Marie-Thérèse Gauley Part one Maman, the mother represented by a huge skirt contralto Orsoni Le fauteuil bass Julien Lafont La bergère Louis XV soprano Narsay L'horloge comtoise, a clock broken by the child baritone Edmond Warnéry La théière, Wedgwood teapot tenor Gaston Dubois La tasse chinoise, a broken china cup mezzo-contralto Lucy Le feu, the fire in the fireplace coloratura soprano Mathilde La princesse, the princess torn out of a storybook coloratura soprano Bilhon Une pastourelle soprano Chorina Un pâtre contralto Le petit vieillard, the little old man (representing the torn arithmetic book) tenor Henri Fabert Le chat baritone Chorina La chatte mezzo-soprano Albertine Dubois-Lauger Part two La chouette soprano L'arbre, a tree bass Vladimir Baidaroff La libellule, a dragonfly mezzo-soprano Viardot Le rossignol, a nightingale coloratura soprano Foliguet La chauve-souris, widower bat soprano Lacroix L'écureuil, a squirrel mezzo-soprano Lecourt La rainette, the tree frog tenor Sollières Chorus: Le banc, le canapé, le pouf, la chaise de paille (children's chorus); Pâtres and pastoures (shepherds and shepherdesses - torn figures from the decorative wallpaper), Les chiffres (spiteful little numbers that assist the old man in tormenting the child (children's chorus)); trees, animals. Synopsis The two scenes in the Paris première (1926) Place: An old-fashioned Normandy country home Part 1 This is the story of a rude child who is reprimanded by the objects in his room, which he has been destroying. After being scolded by his mother in the beginning of the opera, the child throws a tantrum, destroying the room around him and harming the animals nearby. He is then surprised to find that the unhappy objects in his room come to life. The furniture and decorations begin to talk; even his homework takes shape as it becomes an old man and a chorus of numbers. They all sing out the pain and misery that the child inflicts on them and their wishes to punish him for his misdeeds. Part 2 The bedroom becomes a garden filled with singing animals and plants which have been tortured by the child. The child attempts to make friends with the animals and plants, but they shun him because of the injuries he did to them earlier, before they could talk. They leave him aside, and in his loneliness, he eventually cries out "Maman". At this, the animals turn on him and attack him in an act of vengeance, but they wind up jostling among each other as the child is tossed aside. At the culmination, a squirrel is hurt, which causes the other animals to stop fighting. The child bandages the squirrel's wound and collapses exhausted. Seeing this act of kindness, the animals have a change of heart toward the child, and decide to try to help him home. They mimic the cry of "Maman", carry the child back to his house, and sing in praise of the child. The opera ends with the child singing "Maman", as he greets his mother, in the very last bar of the score. Numbers "J'ai pas envie de faire ma page!" (I don't want to finish my homework!) - The Child "Bébé a été sage?" (Has my baby been good?) - Mother "Ça m'est égal!" (I don't care!) - The Child "Votre serviteur humble, Bergère" (Your humble servant, Bergère) - Bergère and Fauteuil "Ding, ding, ding, ding" - The Clock "How's your mug?" - The Teapot "Keng-ça-fou, mah-jong" - The Chinese Cup "Oh! Ma belle tasse chinoise!" (Ah! My beautiful Chinese Cup!) - The Child "Arrière ! Je réchauffe les bons" (Stand back! I warm the righteous) - The Fire "Adieu, Pastourelles!" (Farewell shepherdesses!) - Shepherds and Shepherdesses "Ah! C'est elle! C'est elle!" (Ah! It's her! It's her!) - The Child and the Princess "Toi, le coeur de la rose" (You, the heart of the rose) - The Child "Deux robinets coulent dans un réservoir!" (Two water faucets run into a reservoir!) - The Little Old Man and Numbers "Oh! Ma tête!" (Oh! My head!) - The Child "Duo miaulé" (Meowed duet) - The Cats "Musique d'insectes, de rainettes, etc." (Music of insects and frogs) - Chorus of the Animals "Ah! Quelle joie de te retrouver, Jardin!" (Ah! What joy to have found you again, Garden!) - The Child "Nos Blessures!" (Our wounds!) - The Trees "Où es tu, je te cherche..." (Where are you? I'm looking for you...) The Dragonfly "Ronde des chauves-souris": 'Rends-la moi... Tsk, Tsk..." (Give her back! My companion the Bat!) The Bat "Danse des rainettes" (Dance of the Frogs) "Sauve-toi, sotte! Et la cage? La cage?" (Save yourself, dummy! And the Cage? The Cage?) - The Squirrel "Ah ! C'est l'enfant au couteau!" (Ah! It is the child with the knife!) - Ensemble "Il a pansé la plaie..." (He has bandaged the wound) - Ensemble "Il est bon, l'enfant, il est sage" (He is good, the child, he is good) - Ensemble Instrumentation Woodwind: 2 flutes, piccolo (alternating third flute), slide whistle (flûte à coulisse), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, 1 E-flat clarinet, 1 bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon Brass: 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba Percussion: timpani, xylophone, bass drum, triangle, whip, cymbals, tam-tam, rachet, cheese grater (scraped with a triangle beater), wood block, wind machine, crotales, snare drum Keyboards: celesta, piano (or luthéal), Strings: harp, strings Music The opera calls for a large orchestra, a mixed chorus of adults, a chorus of children and eight soloists, most of whom individually play a number of characters. The scale of the cast and fantastic setting make the opera difficult to stage, which helps to explain why the work is not performed often. Ravel uses various subtle leitmotifs throughout the work, and there is considerable virtuosity in the instrumental writing. Yet the orchestra plays a mostly secondary role to the sung melodies: Ravel explained that he was following the style of Gershwin and American operettas of the time. Ravel contrasted the work to his previous opera, L'heure espagnole: More than ever, I am for melody. Yes, melody, bel canto, vocalises, vocal virtuosity – this is for me a point of departure. If, in L'heure espagnole the theatrical action itself demanded that the music be only the commentary on each word and gesture, here, on the contrary, this lyric fantasy calls for melody, nothing but melody.... The score of L'enfant et les sortilèges is a very smooth blending of all styles from all epochs, from Bach up to ... Ravel. The opera was initially well received in Monte Carlo, but in a Paris production the following year it was less successful. André Messager criticized the purposely imitative nature of the music, but Francis Poulenc and Les six were impressed. His cat duet Duo miaulé is often seen as a parody of Wagner, which was quite controversial, although Arthur Honegger praised this piece in particular. Recordings Year Cast Conductor,Opera House and Orchestra Label 1947 Nadine Sautereau, Denise Scharley,Solange Michel, Odette Turba-Rabier,Martha Angelici, Claudine Verneuil,Joseph Peyron, André Vessières,Yvon le Marc'Hadour Ernest Bour,French National Radio Orchestra and Radio France Chorus Audio CD: Testament,Cat: SBT1044 1954 Flore Wend, Marie-Luise de Montmollin,Geneviève Touraine, Adrienne Migliette,Suzanne Danco, Juliette Bise,Gisèle Bobillier, Hugues Cuénod,Pierre Mollet,Lucien Lovano Ernest Ansermet,Orchestre de la Suisse Romande and Motet Choir of Geneva Audio CD: Decca,Cat: 433400 1960 Françoise Ogéas, Jeannine Collard,Jane Berbié, Sylvaine Gilma,Colette Herzog, Heinz Rehfuss,Camille Maurane, Michel Sénéchal Lorin Maazel,French National Radio Orchestra Audio CD: DG,Cat: 423718, 449769, 474890 1981 Susan Davenny Wyner, Jocelyne Taillon,Arleen Auger, Jane Berbié,Linda Finnie, Linda Richardson,Philip Langridge, Philippe Huttenlocher,Jules Bastin André Previn,London Symphony Orchestra and Ambrosian Singers Audio CD: EMI,Cat: EMX2241 1992 Colette Alliot-Lugaz, Claudine Carlson,Catherine Dubosc,Marie-Françoise Lefort,Georges Gautier, Didier Henry,Lionel Sarrazin Charles Dutoit,Montreal Symphony Orchestra Audio CD: Decca,Cat: 440333 1992 Martine Mahé, Arlette Chedel,Elisabeth Vidal, Michèle Lagrange, Léonardo Pezzino, Vincent le Texier, Marc Barrard Alain Lombard,Bordeaux-Aquitaine National Orchestra and Bordeaux Theatre Chorus Audio CD: Auvidis,Cat: V4670 1997 Pamela Helen Stephen, Anne-Marie Owens,Elizabeth Futral, Juanita Lascarro,Mary Plazas, Rinat Shaham,Mark Tucker, David Wilson-Johnson,Robert Lloyd André Previn,London Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony Chorus and New London Children's Choir Audio CD: DG,457589 2008 Annick Massis, François le Roux, Jean-Paul Fouchécourt, José Van Dam, Magdalena Kožená, Mojca Erdmann, Nathalie Stutzmann, Sophie Koch Simon Rattle,Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra EMI Music 2009 Julie Boulianne, Geneviève Desprésis, Kirsten Gunlogson, Philippe Castagner, Ian Greenlaw, Kevin Short, Agathe Martel, Cassandre Prévost, Julie Cox Alastair Willis,Nashville Symphony Orchestra, Nashville Symphony Chorus, Chicago Symphony Chorus, and Chattanooga Boys Choir Audio CD: Naxos, 8.660215 2015 Isabel Leonard, Paul Gay, Yvonne Naef,Anna Christy, Marie Lenormand, Elliot Madore, Jean-Paul Fouchécourt, Kanae Fujitani Seiji Ozawa,Saito Kinen Orchestra, SKF Matsumoto Choir, and SKF Children's Chorus Audio CD: Decca, 0289 478 6760 9 2015 Hélène Hébrard, Delphine Galou, Julie Pasturaud, Marc Barrard, Ingrid Perruche, Nicolas Courjal, Jean-Paul Fouchécourt, Annick Massis Leonard Slatkin,Orchestre National de Lyon, Chœur Britten, Jeune Chœur symphonique, and Maîtrise de l’Opéra National de Lyon Audio CD: Naxos, 8.660336 2017 Camille Poul, Marie Karall, Julie Pasturaud, Marc Barrard, Maïlys de Villoutreys, Paul Gay, François Piolino, Annick Massis Stéphane Denève,Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra, South West German Radio Vocal Ensemble, and Cantus Juvenum Karlsruhe Audio CD: SWR Classic, SWR19033CD 2017 Chloé Briot, Sabine Devieilhe, François Piolino, Jodie Devos, Julie Pasturaud, Jean-François Lapointe, Nathalie Stutzmann, Nicolas Courjal Mikko Franck,Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France, Chœur de Radio France, and Maîtrise De Radio France Audio CD: Erato, 019029589692 References Notes ^ Orenstein (2003): pp. 436-7 ^ Orenstein (2003): p. 437 ^ " L'Enfant et les sortilèges et L'Heure espagnole", L'Avant-Scène Opera, January 1990. ^ Wolff S. Un demi-siècle d'Opéra-Comique (1900-1950). André Bonne, Paris, 1953. ^ a b Holden, p. 734 ^ Opening Night production personnel on San Francisco Opera archive ^ "Wilfrid Pelletier". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived 2010-02-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Vopera20 \| Press & Contacts". Vopera20. ^ "L'Enfant et les sortilèges by Ravel opera review \| The TLS". ^ "L'Enfant et les Sortilèges review – Vopera's brilliant updating of Ravel finds wit and relevance". the Guardian. Nov 17, 2020. ^ Naylor, Gary. "BWW Review: L'ENFANT ET LES SORTILÈGES, VOPERA". BroadwayWorld.com. ^ "L'Enfant et les Sortilège is one of lockdown's most ambitious arts projects yet". inews.co.uk. Nov 19, 2020. ^ Full score of L'enfant et les sortilèges. Durand et Cie, Paris, 1925. ^ "L’Enfant et les sortilèges et L’Heure espagnole", L’Avant-Scène Opera, January 1990. ^ Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "L'enfant et les sortilèges, 21 March 1925". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian). ^ In fact designated as 'trial' after the singer Antoine Trial. ^ Orenstein, p. 436 ^ "RAVEL, M: Enfant et les sortileges (L') / Sheherazade (Boulianne, Nashville Symphony, Willis) - 8.660215". www.naxos.com. ^ "RAVEL, M.: Enfant et les sortilèges (L') / Ma mère l'oye (Hébrard, Galou, Pasturaud, Fouchécourt, Lyon National Orchestra, Slatkin) - 8.660336". www.naxos.com. ^ "RAVEL, M.: Orchestral Works, Vol. 5 - Enfant et les sortilèges (L') / Ma mère l'oye (Stuttgart Radio Symphony, Denève) - SWR19033CD". www.naxos.com. ^ "Debussy, Ravel, Maîtrise De Radio France, Chœur de Radio France, Orchestre Philharmonique De Radio France, Mikko Franck – Debussy: L'Enfant Prodigue, Ravel: L'Enfant Et Les Sortilèges (2017, CD)" – via www.discogs.com. Sources Holden, Amanda (Ed.) The New Penguin Opera Guide. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4 Orenstein, Arbie (Ed.) A Ravel Reader: Correspondence, Articles, Interviews. Mineola: Dover Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-486-43078-2 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to L'enfant et les sortilèges. L'enfant et les sortilèges: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project L'Enfant et les sortilèges at Maurice Ravel Frontispice. Archived 31 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine L'Enfant et les sortilèges - Details by McLellan, Joe; LA Philharmonic. Archived 30 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine vteBallets by George Balanchine A la Françaix A Midsummer Night's Dream Agon Allegro Brillante Apollo Le baiser de la fée Le Bal Ballade Ballo della Regina Bayou Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme Bourrée fantasque Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet Bugaku Chaconne Le chant du rossignol Circus Polka Clarinade Concertino Concerto Barocco Coppélia Cortège Hongrois Divertimento Brillante Divertimento from "Le Baiser De La Fée" Divertimento No. 15 Don Quixote Donizetti Variations Duo Concertant Élégie L'enfant et les sortilèges Episodes Etude for Piano The Firebird The Four Temperaments Garland Dance Gounod Symphony Haieff Divertimento Harlequinade Hungarian Gypsy Airs Ivesiana Jeu de cartes Jewels Kammermusik No. 2 Liebeslieder Walzer Meditation Metamorphoses Metastaseis and Pithoprakta Monumentum pro Gesualdo Movements for Piano and Orchestra Mozartiana Noah and the Flood The Nutcracker Orpheus Pas de Dix Pas de Trois (Glinka) Pas de Trois (Minkus) Pavane Prodigal Son Pulcinella Ragtime I Ragtime II Raymonda Variations Requiem Canticles Robert Schumann's Davidsbündlertänze Scherzo à la Russe Scotch Symphony Serenade The Seven Deadly Sins Slaughter on Tenth Avenue La Sonnambula Sonatine La source Square Dance Stars and Stripes The Steadfast Tin Soldier Stravinsky Violin Concerto Swan Lake Sylvia Pas de Deux Symphonie Concertante Symphony in C Symphony in Three Movements Tango Tarantella Theme and Variations Le Tombeau de Couperin Tschaikovsky Pas de Deux Tschaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 2 Tschaikovsky Suite No. 3 Tzigane Union Jack La Valse Valse-Fantaisie Variations Variations for Orchestra Variations Pour une Porte et un Soupir Vienna Waltzes Walpurgisnacht Ballet Western Symphony Who Cares? Zenobia List of ballets by George Balanchine vteColetteNovels Claudine at School The Vagabond Mitsou Chéri Green Wheat The Last of Chéri Break of Day The Pure and the Impure La Chatte Duo Julie de Carneilhan Gigi Libretto L'enfant et les sortilèges Short story collection The Tendrils of the Vine Related Claudine series Colette (2018 film) Henry Gauthier-Villars (first husband) Henry de Jouvenel (second husband) Colette de Jouvenel (daughter) vteMaurice Ravel List of compositions Stage Daphnis et Chloé (ballet) L'enfant et les sortilèges (opera) L'éventail de Jeanne (ballet) L'heure espagnole (opera) Ma mère l'Oye (ballet) Orchestral Alborada del gracioso Boléro Le Tombeau de Couperin La valse Ma mère l'Oye Menuet antique Miroirs Pavane pour une infante défunte Pictures at an Exhibition Rapsodie espagnole Shéhérazade Valses nobles et sentimentales Concertante Piano Concerto in D for the Left Hand Piano Concerto in G Tzigane Chamber Introduction and Allegro for Harp, Flute, Clarinet, and String Quartet Piano Trio in A minor Sonata for Violin and Cello Violin Sonata No. 1 Violin Sonata No. 2 String Quartet in F Tzigane Solo piano Gaspard de la nuit Jeux d'eau Le Tombeau de Couperin Menuet antique Menuet sur le nom d'Haydn Miroirs Pavane pour une infante défunte Sonatine Valses nobles et sentimentales Vocal Chansons madécasses Two Hebrew Songs Don Quichotte à Dulcinée Histoires naturelles Trois poèmes de Mallarmé Trois Chansons Related Pierre-Joseph Ravel (father) Close and open harmony Impressionism in music Ravel Peak The Bolero Les Apaches Category Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other MusicBrainz work IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Maurice Ravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ravel"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Colette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette"},{"link_name":"L'heure espagnole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27heure_espagnole"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Victor de Sabata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata"}],"text":"L'enfant et les sortilèges: Fantaisie lyrique en deux parties (The Child and the Spells: A Lyric Fantasy in Two Parts) is an opera in one act, with music by Maurice Ravel to a libretto by Colette. It is Ravel's second opera, his first being L'heure espagnole. Written from 1917 to 1925, L'enfant et les sortilèges was first performed in Monte Carlo in 1925 conducted by Victor de Sabata.After being offered the opportunity to write a musical work, Colette wrote the text in eight days. Several composers had proposed to Colette that she write to music, but she was only excited by the prospect of Ravel.","title":"L'enfant et les sortilèges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Rouché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rouch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Marguerite de Saint-Marceaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_de_Saint-Marceaux"},{"link_name":"operetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta"},{"link_name":"Raoul Gunsbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Gunsbourg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"revues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Victor de Sabata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata"},{"link_name":"George Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balanchine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"During World War I, the Opéra de Paris director Jacques Rouché asked Colette, whom he met at one of Marguerite de Saint-Marceaux's salons, to provide the text for a fairy ballet. Colette originally wrote the story under the title Divertissements pour ma fille. After Colette chose Ravel to set the text to music, a copy was sent to him in 1916 while he was still serving in the war; however, the mailed script was lost. In 1917, Ravel finally received a copy and agreed to compose the score, humorously replying to Colette, \"I would like to compose this, but I have no daughter.\" It was eventually agreed that the composition would be more of an operetta, but retain the ballet dance elements. Colette accordingly revised the text and developed a libretto.Ravel stopped composition of the work in the spring of 1920, suffering from physical exhaustion and poor health. In the next few years he was compelled to complete the work by Raoul Gunsbourg, director of the Monte Carlo Opera, who had insisted Ravel write a sequel to L'Heure espagnole.[1] By this time Ravel had become newly inspired by the stage presentations of American musicals and revues by composers such as George Gershwin. Ravel's work on the composition began to incorporate the musical style of these productions.By early 1925 he had finally completed it. Colette, who had believed that the work would never be completed, expressed her extreme pleasure, believing that her modest writing had been raised beyond its initial scope. Now officially under the title of L'enfant et les sortilèges, the first performance took place on 21 March 1925 in Monte Carlo, conducted by Victor de Sabata, with ballet sequences choreographed by George Balanchine. Ravel said of the premiere production:Our work requires an extraordinary production: the roles are numerous, and the phantasmagoria is constant. Following the principles of American operetta, dancing is continually and intimately intermingled with the action. Now the Monte Carlo Opera possesses a wonderful troupe of Russian dancers, marvelously directed by a prodigious ballet master, M. Balanchine. ... And let's not forget an essential element, the orchestra.[2]","title":"Composition history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opéra-Comique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Albert Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wolff_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Sibille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Sibille"},{"link_name":"Roger Bourdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bourdin"},{"link_name":"René Hérent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_H%C3%A9rent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holden-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Pelletier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Pelletier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holden-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"https://www.marquee.tv/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marquee.tv/"}],"text":"Marie-Thérèse Gauley sang the part of the child at both the premiere in Monte-Carlo and the first performance at the Opéra-Comique on 1 February 1926. The original cast also included Henri Fabert as Vieillard Arithmétique, Warnerey as the clock and cat,[3] while at the Opéra-Comique, conducted by Albert Wolff and with choreography by Louise Virard, the cast included Germaine Féraldy, Mathilde Calvet, Madeleine Sibille, Roger Bourdin, René Hérent and Louis Guenot.[4]The opera was then seen in Prague (17 February 1927), Leipzig (6 May 1927) and Vienna (14 March 1929). The US premiere was given on 19 September 1930 by the San Francisco Opera.[5][6] The Canadian premiere of the work was a film version made by CBC Television in 1950 with conductor Wilfrid Pelletier.[7] It was not until 3 December 1958 that the opera was given its UK premiere, in the Town Hall in Oxford.[5]An innovative production was filmed during the time of the Covid 19 epidemic, by Vopera20.com, founded to address the issues raised by the pandemic for the artistic community.[8] The production has received extensive praise for its artistry and creativity.[9][10][11][12] Following a period of free availability on Youtube.com (through Dec. 16, 2020), the opera video was moved to https://www.marquee.tv/ for distribution.","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bergère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re"}],"text":"The score specifies that fire / the princess / nightingale must be sung by the same singer, and the little old man and frog by the same singer. It is also specified that the following groups or pairs of roles can be sung by the same singer: mother / china cup / dragonfly; the bergère / owl; the female cat / the squirrel; the male cat / grandfather clock; the armchair / tree.","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colette_and_Maurice_Ravel%27s_L%27enfant_et_les_sortil%C3%A8ges,_1st_scene.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colette_and_Maurice_Ravel%27s_L%27enfant_et_les_sortil%C3%A8ges,_2nd_scene.jpg"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"}],"text":"The two scenes in the Paris première (1926)Place: An old-fashioned Normandy country homePart 1This is the story of a rude child who is reprimanded by the objects in his room, which he has been destroying. After being scolded by his mother in the beginning of the opera, the child throws a tantrum, destroying the room around him and harming the animals nearby. He is then surprised to find that the unhappy objects in his room come to life. The furniture and decorations begin to talk; even his homework takes shape as it becomes an old man and a chorus of numbers. They all sing out the pain and misery that the child inflicts on them and their wishes to punish him for his misdeeds.Part 2The bedroom becomes a garden filled with singing animals and plants which have been tortured by the child. The child attempts to make friends with the animals and plants, but they shun him because of the injuries he did to them earlier, before they could talk. They leave him aside, and in his loneliness, he eventually cries out \"Maman\". At this, the animals turn on him and attack him in an act of vengeance, but they wind up jostling among each other as the child is tossed aside. At the culmination, a squirrel is hurt, which causes the other animals to stop fighting. The child bandages the squirrel's wound and collapses exhausted. Seeing this act of kindness, the animals have a change of heart toward the child, and decide to try to help him home. They mimic the cry of \"Maman\", carry the child back to his house, and sing in praise of the child. The opera ends with the child singing \"Maman\", as he greets his mother, in the very last bar of the score.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"J'ai pas envie de faire ma page!\" (I don't want to finish my homework!) - The Child\n\"Bébé a été sage?\" (Has my baby been good?) - Mother\n\"Ça m'est égal!\" (I don't care!) - The Child\n\"Votre serviteur humble, Bergère\" (Your humble servant, Bergère) - Bergère and Fauteuil\n\"Ding, ding, ding, ding\" - The Clock\n\"How's your mug?\" - The Teapot\n\"Keng-ça-fou, mah-jong\" - The Chinese Cup\n\"Oh! Ma belle tasse chinoise!\" (Ah! My beautiful Chinese Cup!) - The Child\n\"Arrière ! Je réchauffe les bons\" (Stand back! I warm the righteous) - The Fire\n\"Adieu, Pastourelles!\" (Farewell shepherdesses!) - Shepherds and Shepherdesses\n\"Ah! C'est elle! C'est elle!\" (Ah! It's her! It's her!) - The Child and the Princess\n\"Toi, le coeur de la rose\" (You, the heart of the rose) - The Child\n\"Deux robinets coulent dans un réservoir!\" (Two water faucets run into a reservoir!) - The Little Old Man and Numbers\n\"Oh! Ma tête!\" (Oh! My head!) - The Child\n\n\n\"Duo miaulé\" (Meowed duet) - The Cats\n\"Musique d'insectes, de rainettes, etc.\" (Music of insects and frogs) - Chorus of the Animals\n\"Ah! Quelle joie de te retrouver, Jardin!\" (Ah! What joy to have found you again, Garden!) - The Child\n\"Nos Blessures!\" (Our wounds!) - The Trees\n\"Où es tu, je te cherche...\" (Where are you? I'm looking for you...) The Dragonfly\n\"Ronde des chauves-souris\": 'Rends-la moi... Tsk, Tsk...\" (Give her back! My companion the Bat!) The Bat\n\"Danse des rainettes\" (Dance of the Frogs)\n\"Sauve-toi, sotte! Et la cage? La cage?\" (Save yourself, dummy! And the Cage? The Cage?) - The Squirrel\n\"Ah ! C'est l'enfant au couteau!\" (Ah! It is the child with the knife!) - Ensemble\n\"Il a pansé la plaie...\" (He has bandaged the wound) - Ensemble\n\"Il est bon, l'enfant, il est sage\" (He is good, the child, he is good) - Ensemble","title":"Numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind"},{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"piccolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo"},{"link_name":"slide whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_whistle"},{"link_name":"oboes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"English horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_horn"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"E-flat clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-flat_clarinet"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"bassoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"contrabassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabassoon"},{"link_name":"Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trombones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"Percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"xylophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbals"},{"link_name":"tam-tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam-tam"},{"link_name":"rachet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"wood block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"wind machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_machine"},{"link_name":"crotales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotales"},{"link_name":"snare drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snare_drum"},{"link_name":"Keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"celesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celesta"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"luthéal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luth%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"},{"link_name":"harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_orchestra"}],"text":"Woodwind: 2 flutes, piccolo (alternating third flute), slide whistle (flûte à coulisse), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, 1 E-flat clarinet, 1 bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon\nBrass: 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba\nPercussion: timpani, xylophone, bass drum, triangle, whip, cymbals, tam-tam, rachet, cheese grater (scraped with a triangle beater), wood block, wind machine, crotales, snare drum\nKeyboards: celesta, piano (or luthéal),\nStrings: harp, strings","title":"Instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"leitmotifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotif"},{"link_name":"Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"operettas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta"},{"link_name":"L'heure espagnole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27heure_espagnole"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Francis Poulenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Poulenc"},{"link_name":"Les six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_six"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arthur Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honegger"}],"text":"The opera calls for a large orchestra, a mixed chorus of adults, a chorus of children and eight soloists, most of whom individually play a number of characters. The scale of the cast and fantastic setting make the opera difficult to stage, which helps to explain why the work is not performed often. Ravel uses various subtle leitmotifs throughout the work, and there is considerable virtuosity in the instrumental writing. Yet the orchestra plays a mostly secondary role to the sung melodies: Ravel explained that he was following the style of Gershwin and American operettas of the time. Ravel contrasted the work to his previous opera, L'heure espagnole:More than ever, I am for melody. Yes, melody, bel canto, vocalises, vocal virtuosity – this is for me a point of departure. If, in L'heure espagnole the theatrical action itself demanded that the music be only the commentary on each word and gesture, here, on the contrary, this lyric fantasy calls for melody, nothing but melody.... The score of L'enfant et les sortilèges is a very smooth blending of all styles from all epochs, from Bach up to ... Ravel.[17]The opera was initially well received in Monte Carlo, but in a Paris production the following year it was less successful. André Messager criticized the purposely imitative nature of the music, but Francis Poulenc and Les six were impressed. His cat duet Duo miaulé is often seen as a parody of Wagner, which was quite controversial,[citation needed] although Arthur Honegger praised this piece in particular.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recordings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Vopera20 \| Press & Contacts\". Vopera20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vopera20.com/press","url_text":"\"Vopera20 \| Press & Contacts\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'Enfant et les sortilèges by Ravel opera review \| The TLS\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/lenfent-et-les-sortileges-ravel-review-anna-picard/","url_text":"\"L'Enfant et les sortilèges by Ravel opera review \| The TLS\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'Enfant et les Sortilèges review – Vopera's brilliant updating of Ravel finds wit and relevance\". the Guardian. Nov 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/nov/17/lenfant-et-les-sortileges-review-vopera-updating-ravel-video","url_text":"\"L'Enfant et les Sortilèges review – Vopera's brilliant updating of Ravel finds wit and relevance\""}]},{"reference":"Naylor, Gary. \"BWW Review: L'ENFANT ET LES SORTILÈGES, VOPERA\". BroadwayWorld.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/BWW-Review-LENFANT-ET-LES-SORTILGES-VOPERA-20201116","url_text":"\"BWW Review: L'ENFANT ET LES SORTILÈGES, VOPERA\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'Enfant et les Sortilège is one of lockdown's most ambitious arts projects yet\". inews.co.uk. Nov 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/lenfant-et-les-sortilege-review-lockdown-most-ambitious-arts-projects-765227","url_text":"\"L'Enfant et les Sortilège is one of lockdown's most ambitious arts projects yet\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAVEL, M: Enfant et les sortileges (L') [Opera] / Sheherazade (Boulianne, Nashville Symphony, Willis) - 8.660215\". www.naxos.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.660215","url_text":"\"RAVEL, M: Enfant et les sortileges (L') [Opera] / Sheherazade (Boulianne, Nashville Symphony, Willis) - 8.660215\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAVEL, M.: Enfant et les sortilèges (L') / Ma mère l'oye (Hébrard, Galou, Pasturaud, Fouchécourt, Lyon National Orchestra, Slatkin) - 8.660336\". www.naxos.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.660336","url_text":"\"RAVEL, M.: Enfant et les sortilèges (L') / Ma mère l'oye (Hébrard, Galou, Pasturaud, Fouchécourt, Lyon National Orchestra, Slatkin) - 8.660336\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAVEL, M.: Orchestral Works, Vol. 5 - Enfant et les sortilèges (L') / Ma mère l'oye (Stuttgart Radio Symphony, Denève) - SWR19033CD\". www.naxos.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=SWR19033CD","url_text":"\"RAVEL, M.: Orchestral Works, Vol. 5 - Enfant et les sortilèges (L') / Ma mère l'oye (Stuttgart Radio Symphony, Denève) - SWR19033CD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Debussy, Ravel, Maîtrise De Radio France, Chœur de Radio France, Orchestre Philharmonique De Radio France, Mikko Franck – Debussy: L'Enfant Prodigue, Ravel: L'Enfant Et Les Sortilèges (2017, CD)\" – via www.discogs.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Debussy-Ravel-Ma%C3%AEtrise-De-Radio-France-Ch%C5%93ur-de-Radio-France-Orchestre-Philharmonique-De-Radio-Fra/release/10440431","url_text":"\"Debussy, Ravel, Maîtrise De Radio France, Chœur de Radio France, Orchestre Philharmonique De Radio France, Mikko Franck – Debussy: L'Enfant Prodigue, Ravel: L'Enfant Et Les Sortilèges (2017, CD)\""}]},{"reference":"L'enfant et les sortilèges: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project","urls":[{"url":"https://imslp.org/wiki/L%27enfant_et_les_sortil%C3%A8ges_(Ravel,_Maurice)","url_text":"L'enfant et les sortilèges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project","url_text":"International Music Score Library Project"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.marquee.tv/","external_links_name":"https://www.marquee.tv/"},{"Link":"http://archive.sfopera.com/reports/rptOpera-id246.pdf","external_links_name":"Opening Night production personnel on San Francisco Opera archive"},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wilfrid-pelletier-emc","external_links_name":"\"Wilfrid Pelletier\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100213083612/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002865","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vopera20.com/press","external_links_name":"\"Vopera20 \| Press & Contacts\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/lenfent-et-les-sortileges-ravel-review-anna-picard/","external_links_name":"\"L'Enfant et les sortilèges by Ravel opera review \| The TLS\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/nov/17/lenfant-et-les-sortileges-review-vopera-updating-ravel-video","external_links_name":"\"L'Enfant et les Sortilèges review – Vopera's brilliant updating of Ravel finds wit and relevance\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/BWW-Review-LENFANT-ET-LES-SORTILGES-VOPERA-20201116","external_links_name":"\"BWW Review: L'ENFANT ET LES SORTILÈGES, VOPERA\""},{"Link":"https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/lenfant-et-les-sortilege-review-lockdown-most-ambitious-arts-projects-765227","external_links_name":"\"L'Enfant et les Sortilège is one of lockdown's most ambitious arts projects yet\""},{"Link":"https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Giorno=21&Mese=03&Anno=1925&Testo=L%27enfant_et_les_sortil%C3%A8ges&Parola=Stringa","external_links_name":"\"L'enfant et les sortilèges, 21 March 1925\""},{"Link":"https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.660215","external_links_name":"\"RAVEL, M: Enfant et les sortileges (L') [Opera] / Sheherazade (Boulianne, Nashville Symphony, Willis) - 8.660215\""},{"Link":"https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.660336","external_links_name":"\"RAVEL, M.: Enfant et les sortilèges (L') / Ma mère l'oye (Hébrard, Galou, Pasturaud, Fouchécourt, Lyon National Orchestra, Slatkin) - 8.660336\""},{"Link":"https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=SWR19033CD","external_links_name":"\"RAVEL, M.: Orchestral Works, Vol. 5 - Enfant et les sortilèges (L') / Ma mère l'oye (Stuttgart Radio Symphony, Denève) - SWR19033CD\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Debussy-Ravel-Ma%C3%AEtrise-De-Radio-France-Ch%C5%93ur-de-Radio-France-Orchestre-Philharmonique-De-Radio-Fra/release/10440431","external_links_name":"\"Debussy, Ravel, Maîtrise De Radio France, Chœur de Radio France, Orchestre Philharmonique De Radio France, Mikko Franck – Debussy: L'Enfant Prodigue, Ravel: L'Enfant Et Les Sortilèges (2017, CD)\""},{"Link":"http://www.maurice-ravel.net/enfant.htm","external_links_name":"L'Enfant et les sortilèges"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331191421/http://maurice-ravel.net/enfant.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/music/lenfant-et-les-sortileges-maurice-ravel","external_links_name":"L'Enfant et les sortilèges - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Amplification_Company	Valve Amplification Company	["1 Company history","2 Notable products","3 External links"]	For the anti-cheat software, see Valve Anti-Cheat. Valve Amplification Company (VAC) is a U.S. supplier of high end audio electronics, principally utilizing vacuum tube technology. It was founded in 1990 by Kevin Hayes (b. 1959) and Channing W. Hayes (1923–2009). A Florida corporation, as of 2011 it is located in Sarasota, Florida, U.S. It is well known for having produced the Marantz Classic series of amplifiers for Marantz Japan from 1996 to 1998 (Marantz Model 7 / 7C, Model 8B, Model 9), as well as the VAC-designed Model 66 integrated amplifier. In addition, it redeveloped and produced the first 200 recreations of the LA-2A leveling amplifier for Universal Audio in 1998. Company history VAC was founded in 1990 by Kevin Hayes and his father, Channing W. Hayes in Sarasota, Florida. The first products were the PA45 and PA90 power amplifiers, designed jointly. Beginning with their second product, the CPA1 / CLA1 preamplifier, designs are largely the work of Kevin Hayes, who functions as chief engineer. VAC continued to operate in Florida until the beginning of the Marantz Classic project, the production phase of which commenced in Durham, NC in January 1996. VAC returned its administrative and sales operations to Sarasota, FL in September 2001. On June 10, 2014, Kevin Hayes was issued U.S. Patent 8,749,310 for "amplifier bias control". This patent covers the only known technique for observing the true underlying quiescent current (idle current) of an output tube (or transistor) under dynamic signal conditions, and then holding it to the stable target value with a precision of 99% or better. It is the only 'auto bias' system in which the volume and character of the music being played does not alter the idle point of the tube. It is incorporated in VAC power amplifiers as the iQ Intelligent Continuous Automatic Bias System. In addition, the iQ system defends against short circuit tubes, prevents gas current run away tubes, indicates weakening tubes, and minimizes noise and distortion. Current iQ models are the VAC Statement 450 iQ and Signature 200 iQ. VAC is privately held. Notable products PA45 & PA90 power amplifier, 1990–1997 Renaissance Series (R30/30, R30/70, R70/70, R140), 1993–2009 Phi Beta 110i integrated amplifier, 2004–2008 Signature Preamplifier, 1999–present Avatar Series integrated amplifier, 1998–2008 Phi 200 power amplifier, 2007–present Phi 300 Series power amplifier, 2006–present Statement 450 power amplifier, 2010–present External links Official VAC company website Review of VAC Phi 200 Power Amplifier in UltraAudio Review of VAC Phi 200 Amplifier (Italian) Review of VAC Phi 200 Power Amplifier in DaGoGo Review of VAC Renaissance Mk III Preamplifier in UltraAudio Review of VAC Signature Mk II Preamplifier in DaGoGo Review of VAC Signature Mk II Preamplifier in InnerEar magazine (Canada) Review of early VAC Signature Mk II Preamplifier in Stereophile magazine Comparison of VAC tube electronics with Krell and Lexicon solid state electronics from Sound & Vision magazine Brief review of the VAC Marantz Classic project Article referencing VAC and Kevin Hayes from Scientific American U.S. Patent 8,749,310, iQ Intelligent Continuous Automatic Bias System	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valve Anti-Cheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Anti-Cheat"},{"link_name":"vacuum tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"Sarasota, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida"},{"link_name":"amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"integrated amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_amplifier"},{"link_name":"leveling amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveler"},{"link_name":"Universal Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Audio_(company)"}],"text":"For the anti-cheat software, see Valve Anti-Cheat.Valve Amplification Company (VAC) is a U.S. supplier of high end audio electronics, principally utilizing vacuum tube technology. It was founded in 1990 by Kevin Hayes (b. 1959) and Channing W. Hayes (1923–2009). A Florida corporation, as of 2011 it is located in Sarasota, Florida, U.S.It is well known for having produced the Marantz Classic series of amplifiers for Marantz Japan from 1996 to 1998 (Marantz Model 7 / 7C, Model 8B, Model 9), as well as the VAC-designed Model 66 integrated amplifier. In addition, it redeveloped and produced the first 200 recreations of the LA-2A leveling amplifier for Universal Audio in 1998.","title":"Valve Amplification Company"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"VAC was founded in 1990 by Kevin Hayes and his father, Channing W. Hayes in Sarasota, Florida. The first products were the PA45 and PA90 power amplifiers, designed jointly. Beginning with their second product, the CPA1 / CLA1 preamplifier, designs are largely the work of Kevin Hayes, who functions as chief engineer.VAC continued to operate in Florida until the beginning of the Marantz Classic project, the production phase of which commenced in Durham, NC in January 1996. VAC returned its administrative and sales operations to Sarasota, FL in September 2001.On June 10, 2014, Kevin Hayes was issued U.S. Patent 8,749,310 for \"amplifier bias control\". This patent covers the only known technique for observing the true underlying quiescent current (idle current) of an output tube (or transistor) under dynamic signal conditions, and then holding it to the stable target value with a precision of 99% or better. It is the only 'auto bias' system in which the volume and character of the music being played does not alter the idle point of the tube. It is incorporated in VAC power amplifiers as the iQ Intelligent Continuous Automatic Bias System. In addition, the iQ system defends against short circuit tubes, prevents gas current run away tubes, indicates weakening tubes, and minimizes noise and distortion. Current iQ models are the VAC Statement 450 iQ and Signature 200 iQ.VAC is privately held.","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"PA45 & PA90 power amplifier, 1990–1997\nRenaissance Series (R30/30, R30/70, R70/70, R140), 1993–2009\nPhi Beta 110i integrated amplifier, 2004–2008\nSignature Preamplifier, 1999–present\nAvatar Series integrated amplifier, 1998–2008\nPhi 200 power amplifier, 2007–present\nPhi 300 Series power amplifier, 2006–present\nStatement 450 power amplifier, 2010–present","title":"Notable products"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.vac-amps.com/","external_links_name":"Official VAC company website"},{"Link":"http://www.ultraaudio.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120","external_links_name":"Review of VAC Phi 200 Power Amplifier in UltraAudio"},{"Link":"http://www.vac-amps.com/Review_Phi200_AR%20Gen%202010.pdf","external_links_name":"Review of VAC Phi 200 Amplifier (Italian)"},{"Link":"http://www.dagogo.com/View-Article.asp?hArticle=840","external_links_name":"Review of VAC Phi 200 Power Amplifier in DaGoGo"},{"Link":"http://www.ultraaudio.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63","external_links_name":"Review of VAC Renaissance Mk III Preamplifier in UltraAudio"},{"Link":"http://www.dagogo.com/View-Article.asp?hArticle=711","external_links_name":"Review of VAC Signature Mk II Preamplifier in DaGoGo"},{"Link":"http://www.innerearmag.com/reviews/preamps/VAC_Signature_Preamplifier_MkII.shtml","external_links_name":"Review of VAC Signature Mk II Preamplifier in InnerEar magazine (Canada)"},{"Link":"http://www.stereophile.com/tubepreamps/697/","external_links_name":"Review of early VAC Signature Mk II Preamplifier in Stereophile magazine"},{"Link":"http://www.vac-amps.com/Sound&Vision.pdf","external_links_name":"Comparison of VAC tube electronics with Krell and Lexicon solid state electronics from Sound & Vision magazine"},{"Link":"http://www.vac-amps.com/Marantz_Classics.htm","external_links_name":"Brief review of the VAC Marantz Classic project"},{"Link":"http://www.vac-amps.com/sciam.html","external_links_name":"Article referencing VAC and Kevin Hayes from Scientific American"},{"Link":"http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=8,749,310.PN.&OS=PN/8,749,310&RS=PN/8,749,310","external_links_name":"U.S. Patent 8,749,310, iQ Intelligent Continuous Automatic Bias System"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelina_Zuni_Lucero	Evelina Zuni Lucero	["1 Personal life","2 Publication history","3 Awards","4 Works","5 References"]	Puebloan writer Evelina Zuni LuceroBorn (1953-10-10) October 10, 1953 (age 70)Occupation Novelist journalist creative writing professor LanguageEnglishNationalityUS, Isleta PuebloCitizenshipUSAlma materStanford UniversityLiterary movementNative American fictionNotable works‘’Night Sky, Morning Star’’Notable awardsFirst Book Award (Native Writers’ Circle of the Americas) Evelina Zuni Lucero (born October 10, 1953) is a Native American (Isleta Pueblo/Ohkay Owingeh) novelist, poet and journalist. Her novel Night Sky, Morning Star won the 1999 First Book Award from the Native Writers' Circle of the Americas. Personal life Lucero grew up in Isleta Pueblo until the age of eight, after which her family relocated to Colorado and Nevada. She joined the Stanford University program of Native American Studies in its inaugural year, and then became a journalist working with Native groups. During this time, she met and interviewed Pueblo poet Simon Ortiz, who she describes as a formative influence on her writing: “here before me was an Indian author, a Pueblo no less, who wrote of people and places with which I was familiar, who showed in his poems and stories that our lives were as important and worthy as any. Like coyote, he had been all over the country, working all kinds of jobs, meeting all kinds of people, and then writing about those experiences.” Lucero lives at Isleta Pueblo and teaches at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico. She has also acted as a community organizer at Isleta for Headstart and other educational/artistic programs. Lucero currently serves as Chair of Creative Writing at the Institute of American Indian Arts. Publication history Lucero is known for her novel Night Sky, Morning Star (1999). The book tells the stories of Pueblo artist Cecelia Bluespruce and her extended family, especially her estranged son Jude. Lucero interleaves these chapters with others told by Julian Morningstar James, Jude's father and the Morning Star of the title, who has been unjustly imprisoned for crimes supposedly committed when he was an activist for the American Indian Movement. James’ story has parallels with that of real-life political prisoner Leonard Peltier, and Lucero has stated that “When I gave it thought, a Native prisoner was a fitting characterization of the Indian experience in the Americas." Reviewer Annette van Dyke states that the resemblance between Cecelia and Julian's story and that of the traditional Tiwa story of the deer man - “someone who lures women away from family, friends and proper behavior and then betrays them” – is a central question of the novel, one that is eventually resolved. Van Dyke argues that Lucero is perhaps overly concerned with escaping the shadow of Leslie Marmon Silko and that her novel lacks some of the humor of other recent Native American fiction, but concludes that the novel gives readers “a good glimpse into contemporary Tiwa-speaking Pueblo life.” Stuart Christie argues that, as in Jeannette Armstrong’s novel Slash, Lucero illustrates the power of love as "an important anchor linking imprisoned Native North American men and women to their traditions and people outside the prison walls". Lucero has also published short stories and has worked as a journalist since the 1970s. Awards First Book Award from the Native Writers’ Circle of the Americas (1999). Civitella Ranieri Fellow (Civitella Ranieri International Artist Center, 1999). Works Books Night Sky, Morning Star. First Book Award Series. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0816520558. Simon J. Ortiz: A Poetic Legacy of Indigenous Continuance. (Co-edited with Susan Berry Brill de Ramirez). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0826339881.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Essays Lucero, Evelina Zuni (2000). "On the Tip of My Tongue: An Autobiographical Essay". In Krupat, Arnold; Swann, Brian (eds.). Here First: Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers. Modern Library Paperbacks. New York: Random House. pp. 247–261. ISBN 978-0375751387. References ^ "Lucero, Evelina Zuni, 1953-". Library of Congress Authorities. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ^ a b c d Hanksville: Native American Authors Online. Accessed 12 March 2015. ^ Evelina Zuni Lucero, “The Stories He Lives By,” in Studies in American Indian Literatures , series 2, 16:4 (Winter, 2004), p. 51 ^ Lucero’s page at IAIA. ^ See, e.g. this description by the SAR Institute ^ Annette van Dyke, “Review of Night Sky, Morning Star”, in Studies in American Indian Literatures, 2nd series, 13:4 (Winter, 2001), pp. 103-105. ^ Christie, Stuart (2009). Plural Sovereignties and Contemporary Indigenous Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 98. ISBN 978-0230613423.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Isleta Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleta_Pueblo"},{"link_name":"Ohkay Owingeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohkay_Owingeh"},{"link_name":"Native Writers' Circle of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Writers%27_Circle_of_the_Americas"}],"text":"Evelina Zuni Lucero (born October 10, 1953[1]) is a Native American (Isleta Pueblo/Ohkay Owingeh) novelist, poet and journalist. Her novel Night Sky, Morning Star won the 1999 First Book Award from the Native Writers' Circle of the Americas.","title":"Evelina Zuni Lucero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Native American Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Studies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanksville-2"},{"link_name":"Simon Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo"},{"link_name":"coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Institute of American Indian Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_American_Indian_Arts"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanksville-2"},{"link_name":"Headstart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Start_Program"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanksville-2"},{"link_name":"Institute of American Indian Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_American_Indian_Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lucero grew up in Isleta Pueblo until the age of eight, after which her family relocated to Colorado and Nevada. She joined the Stanford University program of Native American Studies in its inaugural year, and then became a journalist working with Native groups.[2] During this time, she met and interviewed Pueblo poet Simon Ortiz, who she describes as a formative influence on her writing: “here before me was an Indian author, a Pueblo no less, who wrote of people and places with which I was familiar, who showed in his poems and stories that our lives were as important and worthy as any. Like coyote, he had been all over the country, working all kinds of jobs, meeting all kinds of people, and then writing about those experiences.”[3] Lucero lives at Isleta Pueblo and teaches at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[2] She has also acted as a community organizer at Isleta for Headstart and other educational/artistic programs.[2]Lucero currently serves as Chair of Creative Writing at the Institute of American Indian Arts.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Indian Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Movement"},{"link_name":"political prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner"},{"link_name":"Leonard Peltier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Peltier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanksville-2"},{"link_name":"Tiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwa_Puebloans"},{"link_name":"deer man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Woman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Leslie Marmon Silko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko"},{"link_name":"Native American fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_literature"},{"link_name":"Jeannette Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"}],"text":"Lucero is known for her novel Night Sky, Morning Star (1999).[5] The book tells the stories of Pueblo artist Cecelia Bluespruce and her extended family, especially her estranged son Jude. Lucero interleaves these chapters with others told by Julian Morningstar James, Jude's father and the Morning Star of the title, who has been unjustly imprisoned for crimes supposedly committed when he was an activist for the American Indian Movement. James’ story has parallels with that of real-life political prisoner Leonard Peltier, and Lucero has stated that “When I gave it thought, a Native prisoner was a fitting characterization of the Indian experience in the Americas.\"[2] Reviewer Annette van Dyke states that the resemblance between Cecelia and Julian's story and that of the traditional Tiwa story of the deer man - “someone who lures women away from family, friends and proper behavior and then betrays them” – is a central question of the novel, one that is eventually resolved.[6] Van Dyke argues that Lucero is perhaps overly concerned with escaping the shadow of Leslie Marmon Silko and that her novel lacks some of the humor of other recent Native American fiction, but concludes that the novel gives readers “a good glimpse into contemporary Tiwa-speaking Pueblo life.” Stuart Christie argues that, as in Jeannette Armstrong’s novel Slash, Lucero illustrates the power of love as \"an important […] anchor linking imprisoned Native North American men and women to their traditions and people outside the prison walls\".[7]Lucero has also published short stories and has worked as a journalist since the 1970s.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"First Book Award from the Native Writers’ Circle of the Americas (1999).\nCivitella Ranieri Fellow (Civitella Ranieri International Artist Center, 1999).","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night Sky, Morning Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nightskymornings00luce"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0816520558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816520558"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0826339881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826339881"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0375751387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375751387"}],"text":"BooksNight Sky, Morning Star. First Book Award Series. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0816520558.\nSimon J. Ortiz: A Poetic Legacy of Indigenous Continuance. (Co-edited with Susan Berry Brill de Ramirez). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0826339881.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)EssaysLucero, Evelina Zuni (2000). \"On the Tip of My Tongue: An Autobiographical Essay\". In Krupat, Arnold; Swann, Brian (eds.). Here First: Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers. Modern Library Paperbacks. New York: Random House. pp. 247–261. ISBN 978-0375751387.","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Night Sky, Morning Star. First Book Award Series. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0816520558.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nightskymornings00luce","url_text":"Night Sky, Morning Star"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816520558","url_text":"978-0816520558"}]},{"reference":"Simon J. Ortiz: A Poetic Legacy of Indigenous Continuance. (Co-edited with Susan Berry Brill de Ramirez). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0826339881.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826339881","url_text":"978-0826339881"}]},{"reference":"Lucero, Evelina Zuni (2000). \"On the Tip of My Tongue: An Autobiographical Essay\". In Krupat, Arnold; Swann, Brian (eds.). Here First: Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers. Modern Library Paperbacks. New York: Random House. pp. 247–261. ISBN 978-0375751387.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375751387","url_text":"978-0375751387"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucero, Evelina Zuni, 1953-\". Library of Congress Authorities. Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/n00023031","url_text":"\"Lucero, Evelina Zuni, 1953-\""}]},{"reference":"Christie, Stuart (2009). Plural Sovereignties and Contemporary Indigenous Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 98. ISBN 978-0230613423.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pluralsovereignt00chri","url_text":"Plural Sovereignties and Contemporary Indigenous Literature"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pluralsovereignt00chri/page/n112","url_text":"98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230613423","url_text":"978-0230613423"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nightskymornings00luce","external_links_name":"Night Sky, Morning Star"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/n00023031","external_links_name":"\"Lucero, Evelina Zuni, 1953-\""},{"Link":"http://www.hanksville.org/storytellers/Lucero/","external_links_name":"Hanksville: Native American Authors Online"},{"Link":"http://www.iaia.edu/academics/degree-programs/creative-writing/faculty/evelina-zuni-lucero/","external_links_name":"Lucero’s page"},{"Link":"https://sarweb.org/?artist_talk_casandra_lopez","external_links_name":"this description"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pluralsovereignt00chri","external_links_name":"Plural Sovereignties and Contemporary Indigenous Literature"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pluralsovereignt00chri/page/n112","external_links_name":"98"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_acacia%E2%80%93argania_dry_woodlands	Mediterranean Acacia–Argania dry woodlands	["1 Geography","2 Flora","3 Fauna","4 Protected areas","5 External links","6 References"]	Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thicketsArgan tree, which is dominant in these woodlandslocation of the ecoregionEcologyRealmPalearcticBiomeMediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrubBordersMediterranean woodlands and forestsNorth Saharan steppe and woodlandsAtlantic coastal desertGeographyArea99,619 km2 (38,463 sq mi)CountriesMoroccoWestern SaharaSpainAutonomous community of SpainCanary IslandsConservationConservation statusCritical/endangeredProtected17,725 km2 (18%) The Mediterranean Acacia–Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets is a Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregion in North Africa centered mainly on Morocco but also including northwestern Western Sahara and the eastern Canary Islands. Geography This ecoregion occupies 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi) in Morocco, northwestern Western Sahara, and the eastern Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and associated islets). On the African mainland, it encompasses the Atlantic coastal plain, the lowlands of Al Haouz Province, the valleys of the Sous River and Draa River, and the westernmost part of the High Atlas and Anti-Atlas Mountains. It has either a Mediterranean climate or a semi-arid climate or even an arid climate given that mean annual rainfall is below 500 millimetres (20 in) and falls as low as 50 millimetres (2.0 in) in the driest areas of the ecoregion. The winters are mild and frost-free and the summers relatively cool because of the moderating influence of the ocean. Temperatures average 18 to 20 °C (64 to 68 °F). The Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets ecoregion is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean woodlands and forests, on the east by the North Saharan steppe and woodlands, on the south by the Atlantic coastal desert, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Flora The chief plant communities in the ecoregion are dominated by Argania spinosa accompanied by Acacias, and the predominant lower vegetation is succulent shrubland dominated by Euphorbias. Some of the associated plant species are Periploca laevigata, Senecio anthephorbium, Launaea arborescens, Warionia saharae, Acacia gummifera, Rhus trpartitum, Withania frutescens, Euphorbia officinarum, Cytisus albidus, Ephedra altissima and Tetraclinis articulata. There are a number of plants endemic to the Canary Islands portion of the ecoregion. Fauna Mammals found on the mainland portion of the ecoregion include the honey badger, European wildcat, Egyptian mongoose, Barbary ground squirrel, North African elephant shrew, Hoogstraal's gerbil, Barbary striped grass mouse and wild boar. Other, rarer mammals include caracal, African wildcat, dorcas gazelle, Cuvier's gazelle and Barbary sheep. The Canarian shrew (Crocidura canariensis) is endemic to Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, and neighboring islets. Protected areas A 2017 assessment found that 17,725 km2, or 18%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas in Morocco include Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve (23690 km2, Souss-Massa National Park), Khenifiss National Park (1668.16 km2), Oued Chbeyka Hunting Reserve (1329.78 km2), and Rouisset Tayssa Boulafraij Ouinskour et Oued Daraa Hunting Reserve (3177.54 km2). Protected areas in the eastern Canary Islands include Timanfaya National Park (51.81 km2), Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park (460.16 km2), and Los Volcanes Natural Park (99.95 km2) on Lanzarote, and Jandia Natural Park (149.83 km2) and Corralejo Natural Park (26.89 km2) on Fuerteventura. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets. "Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. References ^ a b c d e f "Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets, in Northern Africa". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ a b Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"Argania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argania"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub"}],"text":"The Mediterranean Acacia–Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets is a Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregion in North Africa centered mainly on Morocco but also including northwestern Western Sahara and the eastern Canary Islands.","title":"Mediterranean Acacia–Argania dry woodlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"Lanzarote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzarote"},{"link_name":"Fuerteventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerteventura"},{"link_name":"Al Haouz Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Haouz_Province"},{"link_name":"Sous River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous_River"},{"link_name":"Draa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draa_River"},{"link_name":"Anti-Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Atlas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-1"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-1"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean woodlands and forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_woodlands_and_forests"},{"link_name":"North Saharan steppe and woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands"},{"link_name":"Atlantic coastal desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_desert"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-1"}],"text":"This ecoregion occupies 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi) in Morocco, northwestern Western Sahara, and the eastern Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and associated islets). On the African mainland, it encompasses the Atlantic coastal plain, the lowlands of Al Haouz Province, the valleys of the Sous River and Draa River, and the westernmost part of the High Atlas and Anti-Atlas Mountains.[1]It has either a Mediterranean climate or a semi-arid climate or even an arid climate given that mean annual rainfall is below 500 millimetres (20 in) and falls as low as 50 millimetres (2.0 in) in the driest areas of the ecoregion. The winters are mild and frost-free and the summers relatively cool because of the moderating influence of the ocean. Temperatures average 18 to 20 °C (64 to 68 °F).[1]The Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets ecoregion is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean woodlands and forests, on the east by the North Saharan steppe and woodlands, on the south by the Atlantic coastal desert, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argania spinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argania_spinosa"},{"link_name":"Acacias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"succulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_plant"},{"link_name":"shrubland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubland"},{"link_name":"Euphorbias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia"},{"link_name":"Periploca laevigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periploca_laevigata"},{"link_name":"Senecio anthephorbium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senecio_anthephorbium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Launaea arborescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launaea_arborescens"},{"link_name":"Warionia saharae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warionia_saharae"},{"link_name":"Acacia gummifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acacia_gummifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhus trpartitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhus_trpartitum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Withania frutescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withania_frutescens"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia officinarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_officinarum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cytisus albidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cytisus_albidus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ephedra altissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra_altissima"},{"link_name":"Tetraclinis articulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraclinis_articulata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-1"}],"text":"The chief plant communities in the ecoregion are dominated by Argania spinosa accompanied by Acacias, and the predominant lower vegetation is succulent shrubland dominated by Euphorbias. Some of the associated plant species are Periploca laevigata, Senecio anthephorbium, Launaea arborescens, Warionia saharae, Acacia gummifera, Rhus trpartitum, Withania frutescens, Euphorbia officinarum, Cytisus albidus, Ephedra altissima and Tetraclinis articulata.[1]There are a number of plants endemic to the Canary Islands portion of the ecoregion.","title":"Flora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honey badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_badger"},{"link_name":"European wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_wildcat"},{"link_name":"Egyptian mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose"},{"link_name":"Barbary ground squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_ground_squirrel"},{"link_name":"North African elephant shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_elephant_shrew"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraal's gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogstraal%27s_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Barbary striped grass mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_striped_grass_mouse"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"caracal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal"},{"link_name":"African wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wildcat"},{"link_name":"dorcas gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle"},{"link_name":"Cuvier's gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle"},{"link_name":"Barbary sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_sheep"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-1"},{"link_name":"Canarian shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_shrew"}],"text":"Mammals found on the mainland portion of the ecoregion include the honey badger, European wildcat, Egyptian mongoose, Barbary ground squirrel, North African elephant shrew, Hoogstraal's gerbil, Barbary striped grass mouse and wild boar. Other, rarer mammals include caracal, African wildcat, dorcas gazelle, Cuvier's gazelle and Barbary sheep.[1] The Canarian shrew (Crocidura canariensis) is endemic to Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, and neighboring islets.","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dinerstein-2"},{"link_name":"Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arganeraie_Biosphere_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Souss-Massa National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souss-Massa_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Khenifiss National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khenifiss_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Timanfaya National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timanfaya_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinijo_Archipelago"}],"text":"A 2017 assessment found that 17,725 km2, or 18%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.[2]\nProtected areas in Morocco include Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve (23690 km2, Souss-Massa National Park), Khenifiss National Park (1668.16 km2), Oued Chbeyka Hunting Reserve (1329.78 km2), and Rouisset Tayssa Boulafraij Ouinskour et Oued Daraa Hunting Reserve (3177.54 km2).Protected areas in the eastern Canary Islands include Timanfaya National Park (51.81 km2), Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park (460.16 km2), and Los Volcanes Natural Park (99.95 km2) on Lanzarote, and Jandia Natural Park (149.83 km2) and Corralejo Natural Park (26.89 km2) on Fuerteventura.","title":"Protected areas"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets\". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/PA1212","url_text":"\"Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets, in Northern Africa\". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1212","url_text":"\"Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets, in Northern Africa\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/PA1212","external_links_name":"\"Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1212","external_links_name":"\"Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets, in Northern Africa\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Kentucky_Infantry_Regiment	24th Kentucky Infantry Regiment	["1 Service","2 Detailed service","3 Casualties","4 Commanders","5 See also","6 References"]	24th Kentucky Infantry RegimentActiveDecember 31, 1861, to January 31, 1865CountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnionBranchInfantryEngagementsBattle of ShilohSiege of CorinthBattle of PerryvilleKnoxville CampaignAtlanta CampaignBattle of ResacaBattle of Kennesaw MountainSiege of AtlantaBattle of JonesboroMilitary unit First Lieutenant John Alexander Joyce of Co. I, 24th Kentucky Infantry Regiment. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress The 24th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Service The 24th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Lexington, Kentucky and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on December 31, 1861. The regiment was attached to 21st Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to January 1862. 21st Brigade, 6th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 21st Brigade, 6th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. Louisa, Kentucky, Military District of Kentucky, to January 1865. The 24th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service at Lexington, Kentucky January 31, 1865. Detailed service Moved to Louisville, Ky., January 1, 1862; thence to Bardstown, Spring Garden (on Salt River), Lebanon and Munfordville, Ky. March to Nashville, Tenn., February 17–25. March to Savannah, Tenn., March 21-April 6. Battle of Shiloh April 7. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 31-June 12. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Nashville, Tenn.; thence to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg, August 21-September 20. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1–22. Battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8. March to Nashville, Tenn., October 22-November 7. Ordered to Frankfort, Ky., November 24 and duty there until January 1863. Moved to Louisville, Ky.: thence to Nashville, Tenn. Owing to smallpox breaking out on boat, the regiment was quarantined above Nashville until February; then moved to Winchester, Ky., and duty there until March. At Mt. Vernon and Wild Cat engaged in outpost duty until June. Moved to Lancaster, thence to Camp Nelson, Ky. Burnside's March over Cumberland Mountains and campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. Carter's Depot September 20–21. Jonesboro September 21. Watauga September 25. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Armstrong's Hill November 25. Longstreet's assault on Fort Saunders November 29. Blain's Cross Roads December 17. Operations about Dandridge January 16–17. 1864. Strawberry Plains January 22. Operations in eastern Tennessee until April. Moved to Cleveland, Tenn., and Red Clay, Ga. Atlanta Campaign May to September. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge and Dalton May 8–13. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Cartersville May 20. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Near Marietta June 1–9. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 20. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Olley's Creek June 26–27. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2–5. Chattahoochie River July 6–17. Isham's Ford, Chattahoochie River, July 8. Decatur July 19. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5–7. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25–30. Near Rough and Ready August 31. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2–6. At Decatur until October. Ordered to Lexington, Ky., and duty there until January 1865. Casualties The regiment lost a total of 207 men during service; 2 officers and 28 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 174 enlisted men died of disease. Commanders Colonel Lewis Braxton Grigsby Colonel John S. Hurt See also American Civil War portalUnited States portal List of Kentucky Civil War Units Kentucky in the Civil War References Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908. Attribution This article contains text from a text now in the public domain: Dyer, Frederick H. (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co. vteKentucky in the American Civil WarOrigins Slavery in Kentucky Combatants Union Confederacy Campaigns Confederate Heartland Offensive Morgan's Raid Battles Barbourville Camp Wildcat Ivy Mountain Rowlett's Station Sacramento Middle Creek Lucas Bend Mill Springs Richmond Munfordville Augusta Perryville New Haven Somerset Tebbs' Bend Lebanon Cumberland Gap Paducah Salyersville Mount Sterling Cynthiana Involvement(by city or town) Lexington Louisville Union fortifications Aftermath Monuments and memorials List of monuments Camp Nelson Cemeteries Cave Hill Pewee Valley Related topics General Order 11 See also: Timeline of Kentucky in the American Civil War Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_war_veteran_John_Alexander_Joyce)_-_Hewke,_425_7th_Street,_N.W.,_Washington,_D.C_LCCN2017659695.jpg"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Military unitFirst Lieutenant John Alexander Joyce of Co. I, 24th Kentucky Infantry Regiment. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of CongressThe 24th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.","title":"24th Kentucky Infantry Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Army of the Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio"},{"link_name":"II Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"XIV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"Army of the Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Army of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Department of the Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Ohio"},{"link_name":"XXIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIII_Corps_(Union_Army)"}],"text":"The 24th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Lexington, Kentucky and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on December 31, 1861.The regiment was attached to 21st Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to January 1862. 21st Brigade, 6th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 21st Brigade, 6th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. Louisa, Kentucky, Military District of Kentucky, to January 1865.The 24th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service at Lexington, Kentucky January 31, 1865.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Moved to Louisville, Ky., January 1, 1862; thence to Bardstown, Spring Garden (on Salt River), Lebanon and Munfordville, Ky. March to Nashville, Tenn., February 17–25. March to Savannah, Tenn., March 21-April 6. Battle of Shiloh April 7. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 31-June 12. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Nashville, Tenn.; thence to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg, August 21-September 20. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1–22. Battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8. March to Nashville, Tenn., October 22-November 7. Ordered to Frankfort, Ky., November 24 and duty there until January 1863. Moved to Louisville, Ky.: thence to Nashville, Tenn. Owing to smallpox breaking out on boat, the regiment was quarantined above Nashville until February; then moved to Winchester, Ky., and duty there until March. At Mt. Vernon and Wild Cat engaged in outpost duty until June. Moved to Lancaster, thence to Camp Nelson, Ky. Burnside's March over Cumberland Mountains and campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. Carter's Depot September 20–21. Jonesboro September 21. Watauga September 25. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Armstrong's Hill November 25. Longstreet's assault on Fort Saunders November 29. Blain's Cross Roads December 17. Operations about Dandridge January 16–17. 1864. Strawberry Plains January 22. Operations in eastern Tennessee until April. Moved to Cleveland, Tenn., and Red Clay, Ga. Atlanta Campaign May to September. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge and Dalton May 8–13. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Cartersville May 20. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Near Marietta June 1–9. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 20. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Olley's Creek June 26–27. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2–5. Chattahoochie River July 6–17. Isham's Ford, Chattahoochie River, July 8. Decatur July 19. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5–7. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25–30. Near Rough and Ready August 31. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2–6. At Decatur until October. Ordered to Lexington, Ky., and duty there until January 1865.","title":"Detailed service"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The regiment lost a total of 207 men during service; 2 officers and 28 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 174 enlisted men died of disease.","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colonel Lewis Braxton Grigsby\nColonel John S. Hurt","title":"Commanders"}]	[{"image_text":"First Lieutenant John Alexander Joyce of Co. I, 24th Kentucky Infantry Regiment. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Civil_war_veteran_John_Alexander_Joyce%29_-_Hewke%2C_425_7th_Street%2C_N.W.%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2017659695.jpg/220px-Civil_war_veteran_John_Alexander_Joyce%29_-_Hewke%2C_425_7th_Street%2C_N.W.%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2017659695.jpg"}]	[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"List of Kentucky Civil War Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kentucky_Union_Civil_War_units"},{"title":"Kentucky in the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_Civil_War"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_(film)	Guns (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1990 film by Andy Sidaris This article is about the 1990 film. For other film, see Gun (disambiguation). GunsPromotional film posterDirected byAndy SidarisWritten byAndy SidarisProduced byArlene SidarisStarringErik EstradaDona SpeirDevin DeVasquezDanny TrejoCynthia BrimhallCinematographyHoward WexlerEdited byMichael HaightMusic byRichard LyonsDistributed byMalibu Bay FilmsRelease date November 9, 1990 (1990-11-09) Running time96 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Guns is a 1990 action film about a group of female agents who are sent to take out a South American gun runner. The film was written and directed by Andy Sidaris, and stars Erik Estrada, Dona Speir, Devin DeVasquez, Cynthia Brimhall, and Danny Trejo. It's the fifth installment in the Triple B series. Plot An international crime lord stages a brutal murder to lure federal agents away from Hawaii in an attempt to smuggle assault weapons from China to South America, via Hawaii. Cast Erik Estrada as Juan Degas / Jack of Diamonds Dona Speir as Donna Hamilton Roberta Vasquez as Nicole Justin Bruce Penhall as Bruce Christian Cynthia Brimhall as Edy Stark William Bumiller as Lucas Devin DeVasquez as Cash Michael J. Shane as Shane Abilene (as Michael Shane) Phyllis Davis as Kathryn Hamilton Chuck McCann as Abe Chu Chu Malave as Cubby Richard Cansino as Tito George Cheung as Sifu (as George Kee Cheung) Danny Trejo as Tong Lisa London as Rocky Kym Malin as Kym Liv Lindeland as Ace Rodrigo Obregón as Large Marge (as Rodrigo Obregon) John Brown as Brown Donna Spangler as Hugs Higgins Allegra Curtis as Robyn Peter Koury as Yow Now Brown Cow, the Yakuza Leader Rustam Branaman as Rustam Jeff Silverman as Ramon Christian Drew Sidaris as The California Kid (as Drew Sidaris) James Lew as Ninja #1 Eric Chen as Ninja #2 Eric Immerman as TibTib, The Nunchuk Boy Cynthia Bardi as Joan Leslie Caron as Waitress Kelley Menighan Hensley as Tong's Blonde (as Kelly Menighan) Paul Matthews as Robyn's Husband Bryan Connor as Felicia “The Hogmeister” Tavares (as Bryan M. Connor, Esq) Todd Dos Reis as Chollie Diane K. Shah as Bartender Ans Scott as Van Driver Thad Camara as Valet David Hadder as Referee (as Dave Hadder) David Grossman as Kathryn's Bodyguard Reception The film gained retrospective cult following. See also Girls with guns References ^ Nanarland. "Guns - la chronique de Nanarland". www.nanarland.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-09-30. External links Guns at IMDb Guns on NanarLand vteThe Triple B series Malibu Express (1985) Hard Ticket to Hawaii (1987) Picasso Trigger (1988) Savage Beach (1989) Guns (1990) Do or Die (1991) Hard Hunted (1992) Fit to Kill (1993) Enemy Gold (1993) The Dallas Connection (1994) Day of the Warrior (1996) L.E.T.H.A.L. Ladies: Return to Savage Beach (1998) vteFilms directed by Andy Sidaris The Racing Scene (1969) Stacey (1973) Seven (1979) Malibu Express (1985) Hard Ticket to Hawaii (1987) Picasso Trigger (1988) Savage Beach (1989) Guns (1990) Do or Die (1991) Hard Hunted (1992) Fit to Kill (1993) Day of the Warrior (1996) L.E.T.H.A.L. Ladies: Return to Savage Beach (1998) This article about an action film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a crime drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gun (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"South American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"gun runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_trafficking"},{"link_name":"Andy Sidaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sidaris"},{"link_name":"Erik Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Estrada"},{"link_name":"Dona Speir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dona_Speir"},{"link_name":"Devin DeVasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_DeVasquez"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Brimhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Brimhall"},{"link_name":"Danny Trejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Trejo"}],"text":"This article is about the 1990 film. For other film, see Gun (disambiguation).Guns is a 1990 action film about a group of female agents who are sent to take out a South American gun runner. The film was written and directed by Andy Sidaris, and stars Erik Estrada, Dona Speir, Devin DeVasquez, Cynthia Brimhall, and Danny Trejo. It's the fifth installment in the Triple B series.","title":"Guns (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An international crime lord stages a brutal murder to lure federal agents away from Hawaii in an attempt to smuggle assault weapons from China to South America, via Hawaii.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erik Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Estrada"},{"link_name":"Bruce Penhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Penhall"},{"link_name":"Devin DeVasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_DeVasquez"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Davis"},{"link_name":"Chuck McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_McCann"},{"link_name":"Richard Cansino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cansino"},{"link_name":"George Cheung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cheung"},{"link_name":"Danny Trejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Trejo"},{"link_name":"Liv Lindeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_Lindeland"}],"text":"Erik Estrada as Juan Degas / Jack of Diamonds\nDona Speir as Donna Hamilton\nRoberta Vasquez as Nicole Justin\nBruce Penhall as Bruce Christian\nCynthia Brimhall as Edy Stark\nWilliam Bumiller as Lucas\nDevin DeVasquez as Cash\nMichael J. Shane as Shane Abilene (as Michael Shane)\nPhyllis Davis as Kathryn Hamilton\nChuck McCann as Abe\nChu Chu Malave as Cubby\nRichard Cansino as Tito\nGeorge Cheung as Sifu (as George Kee Cheung)\nDanny Trejo as Tong\nLisa London as Rocky\nKym Malin as Kym\nLiv Lindeland as Ace\nRodrigo Obregón as Large Marge (as Rodrigo Obregon)\nJohn Brown as Brown\nDonna Spangler as Hugs Higgins\nAllegra Curtis as Robyn\nPeter Koury as Yow Now Brown Cow, the Yakuza Leader\nRustam Branaman as Rustam\nJeff Silverman as Ramon\nChristian Drew Sidaris as The California Kid (as Drew Sidaris)\nJames Lew as Ninja #1\nEric Chen as Ninja #2\nEric Immerman as TibTib, The Nunchuk Boy\nCynthia Bardi as Joan\nLeslie Caron as Waitress\nKelley Menighan Hensley as Tong's Blonde (as Kelly Menighan)\nPaul Matthews as Robyn's Husband\nBryan Connor as Felicia “The Hogmeister” Tavares (as Bryan M. Connor, Esq)\nTodd Dos Reis as Chollie\nDiane K. Shah as Bartender\nAns Scott as Van Driver\nThad Camara as Valet\nDavid Hadder as Referee (as Dave Hadder)\nDavid Grossman as Kathryn's Bodyguard","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The film gained retrospective cult following.[1]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	[{"title":"Girls with guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_with_guns"}]	[{"reference":"Nanarland. \"Guns - la chronique de Nanarland\". www.nanarland.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nanarland.com/chroniques/nanars-d-action/pur-et-dur/guns.html","url_text":"\"Guns - la chronique de Nanarland\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nanarland.com/chroniques/nanars-d-action/pur-et-dur/guns.html","external_links_name":"\"Guns - la chronique de Nanarland\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099720/","external_links_name":"Guns"},{"Link":"http://www.nanarland.com/Chroniques/Main.php?id_film=guns","external_links_name":"Guns on NanarLand"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guns_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guns_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Ayash	Yahya Ayyash	["1 Early life","2 Work for Hamas","3 Assassination","3.1 Aftermath","4 Legacy","5 References","6 Bibliography"]	Palestinian militant and bombmaker (1966–1996) Yahya AyyashBorn6 March 1966Rafat, Jordanian West BankDied5 January 1996(1996-01-05) (aged 29)Beit Lahia, Gaza StripCause of deathAssassinationOther namesThe EngineerAlma materBirzeit UniversityMovement Hamas Al-Qassam Brigades Yahya Abd-al-Latif Ayyash (Arabic: يحيى عياش; 6 March 1966 – 5 January 1996) was the chief bombmaker of Hamas and the leader of the West Bank battalion of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. In that capacity, he earned the nickname "the Engineer" (Arabic: المهندس, transliterated al-Muhandis). Ayyash is credited with advancing the technique of suicide bombing in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The bombings he orchestrated killed approximately 90 Israelis, many of them civilians. He was assassinated by Shin Bet on 5 January 1996. Ayyash is celebrated by local Palestinian communities who have named streets and other locales in his honor. His name was also given to the rocket Ayyash-250 produced by Hamas. Early life Ayyash was born in Rafat on 6 March 1966, the eldest of three brothers. As a child, he received an award from the Islamic Trust for his talent in memorizing the Quran. As a boy, Ayyash's hobby was repairing radios and television sets. After graduating from high school in 1985, he entered Birzeit University in 1987. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1991. Described as "well educated, ambitious, and soft-spoken," Ayyash hailed from a relatively affluent family. He was married with one child. He planned to study for a master's degree in Jordan, but soon after being denied a student visa, he joined Hamas. Work for Hamas Ayyash built the bombs used in a number of Hamas suicide attacks: the Mehola Junction bombing, the Afula Bus massacre, the Hadera central station massacre, the Tel Aviv bus 5 massacre, the Egged bus 36 bombing, the Ramat Gan bus 20 bombing, and the Jerusalem bus 26 bombing. As part of a strategic alliance between Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Ayyash built the bombs used by Islamic Jihad at the Beit Lid massacre. Unable to obtain TNT and other high explosives in the Palestinian territories, Ayyash used readily available household products such as a combination of acetone and detergent. When combined, these substances form acetone peroxide, an explosive known as "Mother of Satan" for its instability. Ayyash came to the attention of Israeli security forces after a failed bombing attempt in Ramat Ef'al. Following a high-speed chase, three would-be Hamas suicide bombers were arrested by police. When police inspected their car, they found it rigged with a bomb—five 12-kilogram (26 lb) gasoline tanks filled to capacity, connected to an acetone peroxide-based detonator. After evacuating the area, sappers used a robot armed with a shotgun to shoot the detonator in the hopes of defusing it but it blew up, causing a massive explosion. Police investigators said that if this had happened in a crowded area, hundreds would have been killed. Under interrogation, the three bombers revealed Ayyash's identity. Assassination After the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, the Palestinian Authority began to cooperate more closely with the Shin Bet. The Shin Bet learned that Ayyash often spent the night in the Gaza City home of Osama Hamad, a childhood friend whose uncle, Kamil Hamad, was known to the authorities. In October 1995, Kamil Hamad met with Shin Bet operatives, demanding money and Israeli identity cards for himself and his wives. After they threatened to inform on him, he agreed to cooperate. Shin Bet agents gave him a cell phone and told him it was bugged so they could listen in on his conversations. They did not tell him that it also contained 15 grams of RDX explosive. Hamad gave the phone to his nephew Osama, knowing that Ayyash regularly used Osama's phones. At 08:00 on 5 January 1996, Ayyash's father called him and Ayyash answered. Overhead, an Israeli plane picked up their conversation and relayed it to an Israeli command post. When it was confirmed that it was Ayyash on the phone, Shin Bet remotely detonated it, killing him instantly. He was in Beit Lahia at the time. Israel has a policy that it never confirms or denies its participation in targeted killings. Per this policy, Israel did not confirm or deny its role in killing Ayyash, which led to rumors and speculation about the extent of Israeli involvement. In 2012, former Shin Bet director Carmi Gillon confirmed the story in the documentary The Gatekeepers. Kamil Hamad disappeared and it is rumored that he received US$1 million, a fake passport and a visa to the US. Aftermath Following Ayyash's death, four suicide bombings killed seventy-eight Israelis in February and March 1996. The first of these took place shortly after the end of the 40-day mourning period for Ayyash and the cell that claimed responsibility called itself "Disciples of the martyr Yahya 'Ayyash", stating it was a revenge attack for his assassination. Israeli security services who later interrogated one of the organizers of the attacks said they were carried out by a sub-group of the Qassam Brigades, and that, "the attacks were most probably a direct reaction to the assassination of 'Ayyash no far-reaching political goal." Legacy The Militant, an international communist newsweekly, reported that "100,000 Palestinians... attended the funeral". Yasser Arafat, president of the Palestinian National Authority (PA), offered his condolences to Hamas leaders. In a speech soon after the death, Arafat praised Ayyash as a martyr and blamed Israel for his assassination. In April 2010, Israel's Channel 10 reported that the Palestinian Authority named a street in Ramallah after Ayyash. The future presidential compound of the PA is being built on the street. Only a few weeks earlier, a square in Ramallah was named after the Palestinian militant Dalal Mughrabi who directed the 1978 Coastal Road massacre. PA sources said the PA did not intend to name the street after Ayyash. The Ramallah Municipality stated that the street name had been chosen at the end of the 1990s shortly after Ayyash's death. In response, Israel, the United States and Canada condemned the Palestinian Authority. The Israeli Prime Minister's Office called it an "outrageous glorification of terrorism by the Palestinian Authority" while a U.S. State Department spokesperson stated "we also strongly condemn the glorification of terrorists. Honoring terrorists who have murdered innocent civilians either by official statements or by the dedication of public places hurts peace efforts and must end." The PA had previously named streets in Jenin and Beit Lahia as well as square in Jericho in honor of Ayyash. References ^ Katz, 256 ^ Former Shin Bet director Carmi Gillon confirmed the story in the documentary The Gatekeepers. ^ a b c Katz 2002, pg. 260. ^ a b c "The Palestinian Authority still allows and even encourages shaheeds to be turned into role models". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 12 April 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2010. ^ J.J. Goldberg, 'The Problem With Netanyahu's Response to Jewish Terror,' The Forward 4 August 2015. ^ "Hamas makes unverified claim it's using new rocket that can hit all of Israel". The Times of Israel. ^ Katz 2002, p. 70. ^ Van Tuyll, Frederik (2009). "The emergence of the Islamic trust". Trusts and Trustees. 12 (9): 7–9. doi:10.1093/tandt/ttl009. The Islamic trust, governed by both the laws of the jurisdiction under which it is written and by Shari'ah law, has become a popular financial and devolution planning vehicle for assets held by Muslims. ^ Katz 2002, pp. 9, 70–71. ^ Rosaler 2003, pg. 36. ^ a b c Rubin 1999, pg. 135. ^ Katz 2002, pg. 77, (Bet El), pp. 106–109 (Afula and Hadera), pg. 147 (#5 bus), pg. 167 (Biet Lid), pg. 191 (#20 bus), pg. 197 (#26 bus). ^ a b c Eichler, Gabriel (21 November 2012). "Inside Israel's Hunt for Arch Terrorists: How Shin Bet Always Gets Its Man". Algemeiner Journal. Retrieved 6 August 2022. ^ Katz 2002, pp. 5–9. ^ Katz 2002, pg. 248. ^ Katz 2002, pg. 249. ^ Katz 2002, pp. 251–252. ^ Katz 2002, pg. 257. ^ a b "Palestinian Believed to Be Bombing Mastermind Is Killed", nytimes.com. January 6, 1996. ^ "How the phone bomb was set up". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2015. ^ Gunning 2008, pg. 210. ^ "Gaza: 100,000 Palestinians Protest Assassination", The Militant. 22 January 1996. ^ Greenberg, Joel (8 January 1996). "Arafat Accuses Israel of Killing a Palestinian Bomb-Maker". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2023. ^ Herb Keinon (8 April 2008). "Israel slams naming of Ramallah street after arch-terrorist". The Jerusalem Post. ^ a b "Israel condemns the naming of a street in Ramallah after terrorist Yehiye Ayash". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 7 April 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2010. ^ a b "Daily Press Briefing". U.S. Department of State. 7 April 2010. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010. ^ "Canada condemns decision to name PA building after terrorist". YnetNews. AFP. 9 April 2008. ^ "Abbas' PA Again Honors Terrorist Who Murdered Israelis". Zionist Organization of America. 14 July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2010. Bibliography Gunning, Jeroen (2008). Hamas in politics: democracy, religion, violence. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70044-3. Katz, Samuel (2002). The Hunt for the Engineer. Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-749-1. Maxine Rosaler (2003). Hamas: Palestinian Terrorists. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3820-9. Rubin, Barry (1999). The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From Revolution to State-Building. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00071-4. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"suicide bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz,_260-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itic-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Yahya Abd-al-Latif Ayyash (Arabic: يحيى عياش; 6 March 1966 – 5 January 1996) was the chief bombmaker of Hamas and the leader of the West Bank battalion of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. In that capacity, he earned the nickname \"the Engineer\" (Arabic: المهندس, transliterated al-Muhandis). Ayyash is credited with advancing the technique of suicide bombing in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The bombings he orchestrated killed approximately 90 Israelis, many of them civilians.[1] He was assassinated by Shin Bet on 5 January 1996.[2]Ayyash is celebrated by local Palestinian communities who have named streets and other locales in his honor.[3][4][5] His name was also given to the rocket Ayyash-250 produced by Hamas.[6]","title":"Yahya Ayyash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafat,_Salfit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"memorizing the Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"radios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Birzeit University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birzeit_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosalerp36-10"}],"text":"Ayyash was born in Rafat on 6 March 1966,[7] the eldest of three brothers. As a child, he received an award from the Islamic Trust for his talent in memorizing the Quran.[8]As a boy, Ayyash's hobby was repairing radios and television sets. After graduating from high school in 1985, he entered Birzeit University in 1987. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1991.[9]Described as \"well educated, ambitious, and soft-spoken,\" Ayyash hailed from a relatively affluent family. He was married with one child. He planned to study for a master's degree in Jordan, but soon after being denied a student visa, he joined Hamas.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamas suicide attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks"},{"link_name":"Mehola Junction bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehola_Junction_bombing"},{"link_name":"Afula Bus massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afula_Bus_massacre"},{"link_name":"Hadera central station massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadera_central_station_massacre"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv bus 5 massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_bus_5_massacre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin135-11"},{"link_name":"Egged bus 36 bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egged_bus_36_bombing"},{"link_name":"Ramat Gan bus 20 bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramat_Gan_bus_20_bombing"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem bus 26 bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_bus_26_bombing"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Islamic Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Beit Lid massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Lid_massacre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluene"},{"link_name":"acetone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone"},{"link_name":"acetone peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone_peroxide"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-algemeiner-13"},{"link_name":"Ramat Ef'al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramat_Ef%27al"},{"link_name":"high-speed chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_chase"},{"link_name":"sappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-algemeiner-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Ayyash built the bombs used in a number of Hamas suicide attacks: the Mehola Junction bombing, the Afula Bus massacre, the Hadera central station massacre, the Tel Aviv bus 5 massacre,[11] the Egged bus 36 bombing, the Ramat Gan bus 20 bombing, and the Jerusalem bus 26 bombing. As part of a strategic alliance between Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Ayyash built the bombs used by Islamic Jihad at the Beit Lid massacre.[12]Unable to obtain TNT and other high explosives in the Palestinian territories, Ayyash used readily available household products such as a combination of acetone and detergent. When combined, these substances form acetone peroxide, an explosive known as \"Mother of Satan\" for its instability.[13]Ayyash came to the attention of Israeli security forces after a failed bombing attempt in Ramat Ef'al. Following a high-speed chase, three would-be Hamas suicide bombers were arrested by police. When police inspected their car, they found it rigged with a bomb—five 12-kilogram (26 lb) gasoline tanks filled to capacity, connected to an acetone peroxide-based detonator. After evacuating the area, sappers used a robot armed with a shotgun to shoot the detonator in the hopes of defusing it but it blew up, causing a massive explosion. Police investigators said that if this had happened in a crowded area, hundreds would have been killed.[13] Under interrogation, the three bombers revealed Ayyash's identity.[14]","title":"Work for Hamas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yitzhak Rabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-algemeiner-13"},{"link_name":"Gaza City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"bugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_listening_device"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"RDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz,_260-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz,_260-3"},{"link_name":"Beit Lahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Lahia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-19"},{"link_name":"its participation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_killings_by_Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-19"},{"link_name":"Carmi Gillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmi_Gillon"},{"link_name":"The Gatekeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gatekeepers_(film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"After the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, the Palestinian Authority began to cooperate more closely with the Shin Bet.[15][13] The Shin Bet learned that Ayyash often spent the night in the Gaza City home of Osama Hamad, a childhood friend whose uncle, Kamil Hamad, was known to the authorities.[16]In October 1995, Kamil Hamad met with Shin Bet operatives, demanding money and Israeli identity cards for himself and his wives. After they threatened to inform on him, he agreed to cooperate. Shin Bet agents gave him a cell phone and told him it was bugged so they could listen in on his conversations.[17] They did not tell him that it also contained 15 grams of RDX explosive.[3] Hamad gave the phone to his nephew Osama, knowing that Ayyash regularly used Osama's phones.[18]At 08:00 on 5 January 1996, Ayyash's father called him and Ayyash answered. Overhead, an Israeli plane picked up their conversation and relayed it to an Israeli command post. When it was confirmed that it was Ayyash on the phone, Shin Bet remotely detonated it, killing him instantly.[3] He was in Beit Lahia at the time.[19]Israel has a policy that it never confirms or denies its participation in targeted killings. Per this policy, Israel did not confirm or deny its role in killing Ayyash, which led to rumors and speculation about the extent of Israeli involvement.[19]In 2012, former Shin Bet director Carmi Gillon confirmed the story in the documentary The Gatekeepers. Kamil Hamad disappeared and it is rumored that he received US$1 million, a fake passport and a visa to the US.[20]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin135-11"},{"link_name":"first of these","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_Road_bus_bombings"},{"link_name":"Qassam Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qassam_Brigades"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunningp210-21"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Following Ayyash's death, four suicide bombings killed seventy-eight Israelis in February and March 1996.[11] The first of these took place shortly after the end of the 40-day mourning period for Ayyash and the cell that claimed responsibility called itself \"Disciples of the martyr Yahya 'Ayyash\", stating it was a revenge attack for his assassination. Israeli security services who later interrogated one of the organizers of the attacks said they were carried out by a sub-group of the Qassam Brigades, and that, \"the attacks were most probably a direct reaction to the assassination of 'Ayyash [with] no far-reaching political goal.\"[21]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Militant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Militant"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin135-11"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Channel 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_10_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Dalal Mughrabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalal_Mughrabi"},{"link_name":"Coastal Road massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itic-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-26"},{"link_name":"Jenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itic-4"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The Militant, an international communist newsweekly, reported that \"100,000 Palestinians... attended the funeral\".[22] Yasser Arafat, president of the Palestinian National Authority (PA), offered his condolences to Hamas leaders. In a speech soon after the death, Arafat praised Ayyash as a martyr and blamed Israel for his assassination.[11][23]In April 2010, Israel's Channel 10 reported that the Palestinian Authority named a street in Ramallah after Ayyash. The future presidential compound of the PA is being built on the street. Only a few weeks earlier, a square in Ramallah was named after the Palestinian militant Dalal Mughrabi who directed the 1978 Coastal Road massacre.[24] PA sources said the PA did not intend to name the street after Ayyash. The Ramallah Municipality stated that the street name had been chosen at the end of the 1990s shortly after Ayyash's death.[4]In response, Israel, the United States and Canada condemned the Palestinian Authority.[25][26][27] The Israeli Prime Minister's Office called it an \"outrageous glorification of terrorism by the Palestinian Authority\"[25] while a U.S. State Department spokesperson stated \"we also strongly condemn the glorification of terrorists. Honoring terrorists who have murdered innocent civilians either by official statements or by the dedication of public places hurts peace efforts and must end.\"[26]The PA had previously named streets in Jenin[4] and Beit Lahia as well as square in Jericho in honor of Ayyash.[28]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-70044-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70044-3"},{"link_name":"Katz, Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Katz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lyons Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58574-749-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-749-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8239-3820-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3820-9"},{"link_name":"The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From Revolution to State-Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/transformationof00rubi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-00071-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00071-4"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019221#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/435891/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/19014947"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcKPkvRKtTCfxCmrhTmBP"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007430669205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n99050906"}],"text":"Gunning, Jeroen (2008). Hamas in politics: democracy, religion, violence. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70044-3.\nKatz, Samuel (2002). The Hunt for the Engineer. Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-749-1.\nMaxine Rosaler (2003). Hamas: Palestinian Terrorists. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3820-9.\nRubin, Barry (1999). The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From Revolution to State-Building. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00071-4.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Palestinian Authority still allows and even encourages shaheeds to be turned into role models\". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 12 April 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511073735/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/pa_e005.htm","url_text":"\"The Palestinian Authority still allows and even encourages shaheeds to be turned into role models\""},{"url":"http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/pa_e005.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hamas makes unverified claim it's using new rocket that can hit all of Israel\". The Times of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-makes-unverified-claim-its-using-new-rocket-that-can-hit-all-of-israel","url_text":"\"Hamas makes unverified claim it's using new rocket that can hit all of Israel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel","url_text":"The Times of Israel"}]},{"reference":"Van Tuyll, Frederik (2009). \"The emergence of the Islamic trust\". Trusts and Trustees. 12 (9): 7–9. doi:10.1093/tandt/ttl009. The Islamic trust, governed by both the laws of the jurisdiction under which it is written and by Shari'ah law, has become a popular financial and devolution planning vehicle for assets held by Muslims.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftandt%2Fttl009","url_text":"10.1093/tandt/ttl009"}]},{"reference":"Eichler, Gabriel (21 November 2012). \"Inside Israel's Hunt for Arch Terrorists: How Shin Bet Always Gets Its Man\". Algemeiner Journal. Retrieved 6 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.algemeiner.com/2012/11/21/inside-israels-hunt-for-arch-terrorists-how-shin-bet-always-gets-its-man/","url_text":"\"Inside Israel's Hunt for Arch Terrorists: How Shin Bet Always Gets Its Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeiner_Journal","url_text":"Algemeiner Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"How the phone bomb was set up\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140421081912/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/how-the-phone-bomb-was-set-up-1323096.html","url_text":"\"How the phone bomb was set up\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/how-the-phone-bomb-was-set-up-1323096.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Joel (8 January 1996). \"Arafat Accuses Israel of Killing a Palestinian Bomb-Maker\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/08/world/arafat-accuses-israel-of-killing-a-palestinian-bomb-maker.html","url_text":"\"Arafat Accuses Israel of Killing a Palestinian Bomb-Maker\""}]},{"reference":"Herb Keinon (8 April 2008). \"Israel slams naming of Ramallah street after arch-terrorist\". The Jerusalem Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=172631","url_text":"\"Israel slams naming of Ramallah street after arch-terrorist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel condemns the naming of a street in Ramallah after terrorist Yehiye Ayash\". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 7 April 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012084319/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian_incitement/Israel_condemns_naming_street_after_terrorist_7_Apr_2010","url_text":"\"Israel condemns the naming of a street in Ramallah after terrorist Yehiye Ayash\""},{"url":"http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian_incitement/Israel_condemns_naming_street_after_terrorist_7_Apr_2010","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Daily Press Briefing\". U.S. Department of State. 7 April 2010. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100412120457/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2010/4/139894.htm","url_text":"\"Daily Press Briefing\""},{"url":"https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2010/4/139894.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada condemns decision to name PA building after terrorist\". YnetNews. AFP. 9 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3873490,00.html","url_text":"\"Canada condemns decision to name PA building after terrorist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abbas' PA Again Honors Terrorist Who Murdered Israelis\". Zionist Organization of America. 14 July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605110242/http://www.zoa.org/sitedocuments/pressrelease_view.asp?pressreleaseID=718","url_text":"\"Abbas' PA Again Honors Terrorist Who Murdered Israelis\""},{"url":"http://www.zoa.org/sitedocuments/pressrelease_view.asp?pressreleaseID=718","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gunning, Jeroen (2008). Hamas in politics: democracy, religion, violence. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70044-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70044-3","url_text":"978-0-231-70044-3"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Samuel (2002). The Hunt for the Engineer. Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-749-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Katz&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Katz, Samuel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_Press","url_text":"Lyons Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-749-1","url_text":"1-58574-749-1"}]},{"reference":"Maxine Rosaler (2003). Hamas: Palestinian Terrorists. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3820-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3820-9","url_text":"978-0-8239-3820-9"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Barry (1999). The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From Revolution to State-Building. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00071-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/transformationof00rubi","url_text":"The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From Revolution to State-Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00071-4","url_text":"0-674-00071-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511073735/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/pa_e005.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Palestinian Authority still allows and even encourages shaheeds to be turned into role models\""},{"Link":"http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/pa_e005.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://forward.com/opinion/318420/the-problem-with-netanyahus-response-to-jewish-terror/","external_links_name":"'The Problem With Netanyahu's Response to Jewish Terror,'"},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-makes-unverified-claim-its-using-new-rocket-that-can-hit-all-of-israel","external_links_name":"\"Hamas makes unverified claim it's using new rocket that can hit all of Israel\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftandt%2Fttl009","external_links_name":"10.1093/tandt/ttl009"},{"Link":"https://www.algemeiner.com/2012/11/21/inside-israels-hunt-for-arch-terrorists-how-shin-bet-always-gets-its-man/","external_links_name":"\"Inside Israel's Hunt for Arch Terrorists: How Shin Bet Always Gets Its Man\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/06/world/palestinian-believed-to-be-bombing-mastermind-is-killed.html","external_links_name":"\"Palestinian Believed to Be Bombing Mastermind Is Killed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140421081912/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/how-the-phone-bomb-was-set-up-1323096.html","external_links_name":"\"How the phone bomb was set up\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/how-the-phone-bomb-was-set-up-1323096.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9-WfAK7HXCYC&dq=ayyash&pg=PA210","external_links_name":"pg. 210"},{"Link":"http://www.themilitant.com/1996/603/603_19.html","external_links_name":"\"Gaza: 100,000 Palestinians Protest Assassination\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/08/world/arafat-accuses-israel-of-killing-a-palestinian-bomb-maker.html","external_links_name":"\"Arafat Accuses Israel of Killing a Palestinian Bomb-Maker\""},{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=172631","external_links_name":"\"Israel slams naming of Ramallah street after arch-terrorist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012084319/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian_incitement/Israel_condemns_naming_street_after_terrorist_7_Apr_2010","external_links_name":"\"Israel condemns the naming of a street in Ramallah after terrorist Yehiye Ayash\""},{"Link":"http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian_incitement/Israel_condemns_naming_street_after_terrorist_7_Apr_2010","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100412120457/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2010/4/139894.htm","external_links_name":"\"Daily Press Briefing\""},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2010/4/139894.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3873490,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Canada condemns decision to name PA building after terrorist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605110242/http://www.zoa.org/sitedocuments/pressrelease_view.asp?pressreleaseID=718","external_links_name":"\"Abbas' PA Again Honors Terrorist Who Murdered Israelis\""},{"Link":"http://www.zoa.org/sitedocuments/pressrelease_view.asp?pressreleaseID=718","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/transformationof00rubi","external_links_name":"The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From Revolution to State-Building"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/435891/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/19014947","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcKPkvRKtTCfxCmrhTmBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007430669205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99050906","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_Engineering	Mining engineering	["1 History of mining engineering","2 Education","3 Salary and statistics","4 Pre-mining","4.1 Mineral discovery","4.2 Mineral determination","4.3 Feasibility study","5 Mining operation","5.1 Surface mining","5.2 Mining process","6 Mining health and safety","6.1 United States","7 Environmental concerns","8 See also","9 Footnotes","10 Further reading","11 External links"]	Engineering discipline Not to be confused with mining geology. Surface gold mine with haul truck in foreground, in Kalgoorlie, Australia Mining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure. History of mining engineering From prehistoric times to the present, mining has played a significant role in the existence of the human race. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone and ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface. These were used to manufacture early tools and weapons. For example, high-quality flint found in northern France and southern England were used to set fire and break rock. Flint mines have been found in chalk areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts and galleries. The oldest known mine on the archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Eswatini. At this site, which radiocarbon dating indicates to be about 43,000 years old, paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite, which contained iron and was ground to produce the red pigment ochre. The ancient Romans were innovators of mining engineering. They developed large-scale mining methods, such as the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by aqueducts for hydraulic mining. The exposed rock was then attacked by fire-setting, where fires were used to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The thermal shock cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed. In some mines, the Romans utilized water-powered machinery such as reverse overshot water-wheels. These were used extensively in the copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, lifting water about 80 feet (24 m). Black powder was first used in mining in Banská Štiavnica, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia) in 1627. This allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins, which was much faster than fire-setting. The Industrial Revolution saw further advances in mining technologies, including improved explosives and steam-powered pumps, lifts, and drills. Education This section contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Colorado School of Mines Becoming an accredited mining engineer requires a university or college degree. Training includes a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in mining engineering. Depending on the country and jurisdiction, to be licensed as a mining engineer may require a Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Science (M.Sc or M.S.) or Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) degree. Some mining engineers who have come from other disciplines, primarily from engineering fields (e.g.: mechanical, civil, electrical, geomatics or environmental engineering) or from science fields (e.g.: geology, geophysics, physics, geomatics, earth science, or mathematics), typically completing a graduate degree such as M.Eng, M.S., M.Sc. or M.A.Sc. in mining engineering after graduating from a different quantitative undergraduate program. The fundamental subjects of mining engineering study usually include: mathematics; calculus, algebra, numerical analysis, statistics geoscience; geochemistry, geophysics, mineralogy, geomatics mechanics; rock mechanics, soil Mechanics, geomechanics thermodynamics; heat transfer, mass transfer hydrogeology fluid mechanics; fluid statics, fluid dynamics Geostatistics; spatial analysis control engineering; control theory, instrumentation surface mining; open-pit mining underground mining (soft rock) underground mining (hard rock) computing; DATAMINE, MATLAB, Maptek (Vulcan), Golden Software (Surfer), MicroStation, Carlson drilling and blasting solid mechanics; fracture mechanics In the United States, about 14 universities offer a B.S. degree in mining and mineral engineering. The top rated universities include West Virginia University, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Virginia Tech, the University of Kentucky, the University of Arizona, Montana Tech, and Colorado School of Mines. Most of these universities offer M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. In Canada, there are 19 undergraduate degree programs in mining engineering or equivalent. McGill University Faculty of Engineering offers both undergraduate (B.Sc., B.Eng.) and graduate (M.Sc., Ph.D.) degrees in Mining Engineering. and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver offers a Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in Mining Engineering and also graduate degrees (M.A.Sc. or M.Eng and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering. In Europe, most programs are integrated (B.S. plus M.S. into one) after the Bologna Process and take five years to complete. In Portugal, the University of Porto offers an M.Eng. in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering and in Spain the Technical University of Madrid offers degrees in Mining Engineering with tracks in Mining Technology, Mining Operations, Fuels and Explosives, Metallurgy. In the United Kingdom, The Camborne School of Mines offers a wide choice of BEng and MEng degrees in Mining engineering and other Mining related disciplines. This is done through the University of Exeter. In Romania, the University of Petroșani (formerly known as the Petroşani Institute of Mines, or rarely as the Petroşani Institute of Coal) is the only university that offers a degree in Mining Engineering, Mining Surveying or Underground Mining Constructions, albeit, after the closure of Jiu Valley coal mines, those degrees had fallen out of interest for most high-school graduates. In South Africa, leading institutions include the University of Pretoria, offering a 4-year Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng in Mining Engineering) as well as post-graduate studies in various specialty fields such as rock engineering and numerical modelling, explosives engineering, ventilation engineering, underground mining methods and mine design; and the University of the Witwatersrand offering a 4-year Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc.(Eng.)) in Mining Engineering as well as graduate programs (M.Sc.(Eng.) and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering. Some mining engineers go on to pursue Doctorate degree programs such as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D., DPhil), Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng., Eng.D.). These programs involve a significant original research component and are usually seen as entry points into academia. In the Russian Federation, 85 universities across all federal districts are training specialists for the mineral resource sector. 36 universities are training specialists for extracting and processing solid minerals (mining). 49 are training specialists for extracting, primary processing, and transporting liquid and gaseous minerals (oil and gas). 37 are training specialists for geological exploration (applied geology, geological exploration). Among the universities that train specialists for the mineral resource sector, 7 are federal universities, and 13 are national research universities of Russia. Personnel training for the mineral resource sector in Russian universities is currently carried out in the following main specializations of training (specialist's degree): "Applied Geology" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); "Geological Exploration" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); "Mining" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Physical Processes in Mining or Oil and Gas Production" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Oil and Gas Engineering and Technologies" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training). Universities develop and implement the main professional educational programs of higher education in the directions and specializations of training by forming their profile (name of the program). For example, within the framework of the specialization "Mining", universities often adhere to the classical names of the programs "Open-pit mining", "Underground mining of mineral deposits", "Surveying", "Mineral enrichment", "Mining machines", "Technological safety and mine rescue", "Mine and underground construction", "Blasting work", "Electrification of the mining industry", etc. In the last ten years, under the influence of various factors, new names of programs have begun to appear, such as: "Mining and geological information systems", "Mining ecology", etc. Thus, universities, using their freedom to form new training programs for specialists, can look to the future and try to foresee new professions of mining engineers. After the specialist's degree, you can immediately enrol in postgraduate school (analogue of Doctorate degree programs, four years of training). Salary and statistics Mining salaries are usually determined by the level of skill required, where the position is, and what kind of organization the engineer works for. Mining engineers in India earn relatively high salaries in comparison to many other professions, with an average salary of $15,250 . However, in comparison to mining engineer salaries in other regions, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, Indian salaries are low. In the United States, there are an estimated 6,150 employed mining engineers, with a mean yearly wage of US$103,710. Pre-mining The Prospector by N. C. Wyeth, 1906 As there is considerable capital expenditure required for mining operations, an array of pre-mining activities are normally carried out to assess whether a mining operation would be worthwhile. Mineral exploration is the process of locating minerals and assessing their concentrations (grade) and quantities (tonnage), to determine if they are commercially viable ores for mining. Mineral exploration is much more intensive, organized, involved, and professional than mineral prospecting – though it frequently utilizes services exploration, enlisting geologists and surveyors in the necessary pre-feasibility study of the possible mining operation. Mineral exploration and estimation of the reserve can determine the profitability conditions and advocate the form and type of mining required. Mineral discovery Mineral discovery can be made from research of mineral maps, academic geological reports, or government geological reports. Other sources of information include property assays and local word of mouth. Mineral research usually includes sampling and analysing sediments, soil, and drill cores. Soil sampling and analysis is one of the most popular mineral exploration tools. Other common tools include satellite and aerial surveys or airborne geophysics, including magneto-metric and gamma-spectrometric maps. Unless the mineral exploration is done on public property, the owners of the property may play a significant role in the exploration process and might be the original discoverers of the mineral deposit. Mineral determination After a prospective mineral is located, the mining geologist and engineer determine the ore properties. This may involve chemical analysis of the ore to determine the sample's composition. Once the mineral properties are identified, the next step is determining the quantity of the ore. This involves determining the extent of the deposit and the purity of the ore. The geologist drills additional core samples to find the limits of the deposit or seam and estimates the quantity of valuable material present. Feasibility study Main article: Mining feasibility study Once the mineral identification and reserve amount are reasonably determined, the next step is to determine the feasibility of recovering the mineral deposit. A preliminary survey shortly after the discovery of the deposit examines the market conditions, such as the supply and demand of the mineral, the amount of ore needed to be moved to recover a certain quantity of that mineral, and analysis of the cost associated with the operation. This pre-feasibility study determines whether the mining project is likely to be profitable; if so, a more in-depth analysis of the deposit is undertaken. After the full extent of the ore body is known and has been examined by engineers, the feasibility study examines the cost of initial capital investment, methods of extraction, the cost of operation, an estimated length of time to pay back the investment, the gross revenue and net profit margin, any possible resale price of the land, the total life of the reserve, the full value of the account, investment in future projects, and the property owner or owners' contract. In addition, environmental impact, reclamation, possible legal ramifications, and all government permitting are considered. These steps of analysis determine whether the mining company and its investors should proceed with the extraction of the minerals or whether the project should be abandoned. The mining company may decide to sell the rights to the reserve to a third party rather than develop it themselves. Alternatively, the decision to proceed with extraction may be postponed indefinitely until market conditions become favourable. Mining operation Mining engineers working in an established mine may work as an engineer for operations improvement, further mineral exploration, and operation capitalization by determining where in the mine to add equipment and personnel. The engineer may also work in supervision and management or as an equipment and mineral salesperson. In addition to engineering and operations, the mining engineer may work as an environmental, health, and safety manager or design engineer. The act of mining requires different methods of extraction depending on the mineralogy, geology, and location of the resources. Characteristics such as mineral hardness, the mineral stratification, and access to that mineral will determine the method of extraction. Generally, mining is either done from the surface or underground. Mining can also occur with surface and covert operations on the same reserve. Mining activity varies as to what method is employed to remove the mineral. Surface mining Surface mining comprises 90% of the world's mineral tonnage output. Also called open pit mining, surface mining removes minerals in formations near the surface. Ore retrieval is done by material removal from the land in its natural state. Surface mining often alters the land's characteristics, shape, topography, and geological makeup. Surface mining involves quarrying and excavating minerals through cutting, cleaving, and breaking machinery. Explosives are usually used to facilitate breakage. Hard rocks such as limestone, sand, gravel, and slate are generally quarried into benches. Using mechanical shovels, track dozers, and front-end loaders, strip mining is done on softer minerals such as clays and phosphate removed. Smoother coal seams can also be extracted this way. With placer mining, dredge mining can also remove minerals from the bottoms of lakes, rivers, streams, and even the ocean. In addition, in-situ mining can be done from the surface using dissolving agents on the ore body and retrieving the ore via pumping. The pumped material is then set to leach for further processing. Hydraulic mining is utilized as water jets to wash away either overburden or the ore itself. Mining process Blasting Explosives are used to break up a rock formation and aid in the collection of ore in a process called blasting. Blasting generally the heat and immense pressure of the detonated explosives to shatter and fracture a rock mass. The type of explosives used in mining is high explosives, which vary in composition and performance properties. The mining engineer is responsible for selecting and properly placing these explosives to maximize efficiency and safety. Blasting occurs in many phases of the mining process, such as the development of infrastructure and the production of the ore. An alternative to high explosives are Cardox blasting cartridges, invented in 1931, and extensively used from 1932 in coal mines. The cartridge contains an 'energizer' which heats liquid carbon dioxide until it ruptures a bursting disk; then, a physical explosion of the supercritical fluid. Leaching Leaching is the loss or extraction of certain materials from a carrier into a liquid (usually, but not always, a solvent). Mostly used in rare-earth metal extraction. Flotation Flotation (also spelled floatation) involves phenomena related to the relative buoyancy of minerals. It is the most widely used metal separating method. Electrostatic separation Separating minerals by electro-characteristic differences. Gravity separation Gravity separation is an industrial method of separating two components, either a suspension or dry granular mixture, where separating the components with gravity is sufficiently practical. Magnetic separation Magnetic separation is a process in which magnetically susceptible material is extracted from a mixture using a magnetic force. Hydraulic separation Hydraulic separation is a process that uses the density difference to separate minerals. Before hydraulic separation, minerals were crushed into uniform sizes; minerals with uniform sizes and densities will have different settling velocities in water, which can be used to separate target minerals. Mining health and safety The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Legal attention to health and safety in mining began in the late 19th century. In the 20th century, it progressed to a comprehensive and stringent codification of enforcement and mandatory health and safety regulation. In whatever role, a mining engineer must follow all mine safety laws. United States The United States Congress, through the passage of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, known as the Miner's Act, created the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) under the US Department of Labour. The act provides miners with rights against retaliation for reporting violations, consolidated regulation of coal mines with metallic and non-metallic mines, and created the independent Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission to review violations reported to MSHA. The act codified in Code of Federal Regulations § 30 (CFR § 30) covers all miners at an active mine. When a mining engineer works at an active mine, they are subject to the same rights, violations, mandatory health and safety regulations, and compulsory training as any other worker at the mine. The mining engineer can be legally identified as a "miner". The act establishes the rights of miners. The miner may report at any time a hazardous condition and request an inspection. The miners may elect a miners' representative to participate during an inspection, pre-inspection meeting, and post-inspection conference. The miners and miners' representatives shall be paid for their time during all inspections and investigations. Environmental concerns This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Waste and uneconomic material generated from the mineral extraction process are the primary source of pollution in the vicinity of mines. Mining activities, by their nature, cause a disturbance of the natural environment in and around which the minerals are located. Mining engineers should therefore be concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral commodities but also with the mitigation of damage to the environment both during and after mining as a result of the change in the mining area. See also Engineering portal School of mines Underground construction Automated mining Geological engineering Mining machinery engineering Footnotes ^ Hartman, Howard L. SME Mining Engineering Handbook, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Inc, 1992, p. 3. ^ "Archaeology - Malolotja Nature Reserve – Ancient Mining". Culture – Archaeology. Eswatini National Trust Commission – Conserving Eswatini's Natural and Cultural Heritage. 2020. Retrieved 2022-09-17. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved Aug. 27, 2007, . ^ The Romans in Britain: mining Archived 2010-07-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ Heiss, Andreas G.; Oeggl, Klaus (2008). "Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 17 (2): 211–221. Bibcode:2008VegHA..17..211H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.156.1683. doi:10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8. S2CID 15636432. ^ A complete list can be accessed from smenet.org. ^ Undergraduate Mining courses in Canada. IDP Canada. https://www.idp.com/canada/search/mining/undergraduate Retrieved June 30, 2021. / ^ "Graduate Program". McGill University. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ McGill University. Sunset of a Transformational Career. Chapter 16 in: White F. Miner with a Heart of Gold: a biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook) ^ "Mining Engineering at UBC". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Graduate". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Master in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering". University of Porto. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "Mining Engineering". Technical University of Madrid. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "BEng Mining". University of Exeter. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ "University of Petrosani, Romania". Universitatea din Petrosani. Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ "Mining Engineering \| University of Pretoria". www.up.ac.za. Retrieved 2019-06-12. ^ "WITS Mining - Undergraduate Programme". University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ "WITS Mining - Postgraduate Programme". University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ a b Petrov, V. L. (2022-11-05). "Analytical review of the training system for mining engineers in Russia". Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia). 7 (3): 240–259. doi:10.17073/2500-0632-2022-3-240-259. ISSN 2500-0632. S2CID 253379285. ^ "Geologist and Mining Engineer salaries in India". 2013-07-22. Archived from the original on 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2015-07-22. ^ "Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2017 – 17-2151 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers". Occupational Employment. Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ Martins-Ferreira, M. A. C., Campos, J. E. G., & Pires, A. C. B. (2017). "Near-mine exploration via soil geochemistry multivariate analysis at the Almas gold province, Central Brazil: A study case." Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 173, 52–63. ^ Mann, A. W., Birrell, R. D., Fedikow, M. A. F., & De Souza, H. A. F. (2005). "Vertical ionic migration: mechanisms, soil anomalies, and sampling depth for mineral exploration". Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 5(3), 201–210. ^ Pires, A. C. B., Carmelo, A. C., & Martins-Ferreira, M. A. C. (2019). "Statistical enhancement of airborne gamma-ray uranium anomalies: Minimizing the lithological background contribution in mineral exploration". Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 198, 100–113. ^ Peters, William C, SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, 1992, "Geologic Prospecting and Exploration," pp. 221–225, ISBN 0-87335-100-2 ^ Gumble, Gordon E, et al. SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, C1992, "Sample Preparation and Assaying," pp. 327–332, ISBN 0-87335-100-2 ^ Gentry Donald W., SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Volume 1, 1992, "Mine Evaluation and Investment Analysis", pp. 387–389, ISBN 0-87335-100-2 ^ O'Hara, T. Alan and Stanley C. Suboleski, SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, 1992, "Costs and Cost Estimation", pp. 405–408, ISBN 0-87335-100-2 ^ Ernest Bohnet, SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Volume 2, 1992, "Surface Mining: Comparison of Methods," pp. 1529–1538, ISBN 0-87335-100-2 ^ GB 386688, David Hodge & Cardox (Great Britain) Limited, "Improvements in and relating to means for effecting discharge of explosive charges such as those of blasting cartridges", published 1933-01-13 ^ "History of Mine Safety and Health Legislation". www.msha.gov. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2018. ^ 20 CFR § 46.2(g)(1)(i)(ii) ^ The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, § 103(f) and (g)(1) This article incorporates text by Petrov, V. L. available under the CC BY 4.0 license. Further reading Eric C. Nystrom, Seeing Underground: Maps, Models, and Mining Engineering in America. Reno, NV: University of Reno Press, 2014. Franklin White. Miner with a Heart of Gold: a biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook) External links SME (Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration), publishes the monthly magazine Mining Engineering U.S. Department of Labor: Mining and geological engineers British Geological Survey Mineral Processing Turkısh Mining Engineers Mineral Exploration Properties of Turkey DATAMINE (Datamine is a provider of the technology and the services required to plan and manage mining operations seamlessly.) Mining Software Mineral Exploration Mapping Mining Science and Technologies in Russia vteEngineering History Outline List of engineering branches SpecialtiesandInterdisciplinarityCivil Architectural Coastal Construction Earthquake Environmental Ecological Sanitary Geological Geotechnical Hydraulic Mining Offshore River Structural Transportation Mechanical Acoustical Aerospace Automotive Energy HVAC Manufacturing Marine Naval architecture Railway Sports Tribology Electrical Broadcast Computer outline Control Electromechanics Electronics Avionics Microwaves Optical Photonics Power Radio frequency Telecommunications Chemical Biochemical Biological Biomaterial Bioresource Genetic Synthetic biology Tissue Electrochemical Food Molecular Paper Petroleum Process Reaction Other Agricultural Audio Biomedical Bioinformatics Clinical Health technology Pharmaceutical Prosthesis Rehabilitation Building services MEP Geoengineering Corrosion Design Engineering management Engineering mathematics 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Volcanic pipe Warren Exemplars Balve Cave Castellana Caves Hang Sơn Đoòng Jewel Cave National Monument Kazumura Cave Lechuguilla Cave Mammoth Cave National Park Reed Flute Cave Subterranean rivers of London Veryovkina Cave Wind Cave National Park Man-made featuresTypes Air raid shelter Basement Burial vault Borehole Bunker Blast shelter Catacombs Casemate Crypt Mausoleum Dungeon Dugout (shelter) Dry well Earth shelter Erdstall Fallout shelter Fogou Foxhole Hypogeum Manhole Mine Missile launch facility Passage grave Quarry Rock-cut tomb Root cellar Tunnel Utility vault Underground city Underground base Underground hangar Well Wine cave Subway system Secret passage Semi-basement Sewerage Septic tank Stepwell Storm cellar Smuggling tunnel Spider hole Ventilation shaft Exemplars 816 Nuclear Military Plant Caves of Maastricht The Caves of Ægissíða Almadén Mercury Mines Coober Pedy Cheyenne Mountain Complex Chicago Tunnel Company Houston tunnel system Kosvinsky Kamen Kőbánya cellar system Kome Caves Underground City (Beijing) Underground City, Montreal Underground Great Wall of China Maginot Line Mines of Paris Mustang Caves Mount Yamantau Mogao Caves Naples underground geothermal zone North American Aerospace Defense Command Raven Rock Mountain Complex Shanghai tunnels Subterranean London Subterranean Toledo Turda Salt Mines Yaodong Fictional featuresTypes Hollow Earth Subterranean fiction Exemplars Allegory of the cave Batcave Greek Underworld Journey to the Center of the Earth Moria (Middle-earth) Nome Kingdom Pellucidar Subterranea (comics) Tunnels in popular culture Underdark Underland (Narnia) Wonderland (fictional country) Organisations American Society of Reclamation Sciences Bergamt Cave Research Foundation History of hard rock miners' organizations National Mine Map Repository National Mining Association National Speleological Society Grotto Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Institution of Mining Engineers International Union of Speleology Research Centre for Deep Drilling Society of Economic Geologists Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Related topics Cave conservation Cave dweller Cave diving Cave gate Cave rescue Cave painting Caving Civil defense Tunnel warfare Tunnel network Trench warfare Underground construction Tunnel construction Underground living Mine rescue Mine exploration Mining engineering Mole people in fiction Speleology Subterranean warfare Authority control databases International FAST National Germany United States Japan Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mining geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_geology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalgoorlie_open_cast_mine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mining"},{"link_name":"haul truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul_truck"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"mineral processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_processing"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"geotechnical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering"},{"link_name":"surveying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"feasibility study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasibility_study"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_(economics)"},{"link_name":"mine closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_closure"},{"link_name":"not verified in body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Not to be confused with mining geology.Surface gold mine with haul truck in foreground, in Kalgoorlie, AustraliaMining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure.[not verified in body]","title":"Mining engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)"},{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"Earth's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool"},{"link_name":"weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"hematite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"pigment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"ochre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ancient Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"aqueducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)"},{"link_name":"hydraulic mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_mining"},{"link_name":"fire-setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-setting"},{"link_name":"thermal shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_shock"},{"link_name":"reverse overshot water-wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_overshot_water-wheel"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"Rio Tinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Black powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_powder"},{"link_name":"Banská Štiavnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_%C5%A0tiavnica"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"steam-powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"}],"text":"From prehistoric times to the present, mining has played a significant role in the existence of the human race. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone and ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface. These were used to manufacture early tools and weapons. For example, high-quality flint found in northern France and southern England were used to set fire and break rock.[1] Flint mines have been found in chalk areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts and galleries. The oldest known mine on the archaeological record is the \"Lion Cave\" in Eswatini. At this site, which radiocarbon dating indicates to be about 43,000 years old, paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite, which contained iron and was ground to produce the red pigment ochre.[2][3]The ancient Romans were innovators of mining engineering. They developed large-scale mining methods, such as the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by aqueducts for hydraulic mining. The exposed rock was then attacked by fire-setting, where fires were used to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The thermal shock cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed. In some mines, the Romans utilized water-powered machinery such as reverse overshot water-wheels. These were used extensively in the copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, lifting water about 80 feet (24 m).[4]Black powder was first used in mining in Banská Štiavnica, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia) in 1627.[5] This allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins, which was much faster than fire-setting. The Industrial Revolution saw further advances in mining technologies, including improved explosives and steam-powered pumps, lifts, and drills.","title":"History of mining engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Co_mines.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Applied Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Applied_Science"},{"link_name":"Master of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Master of Applied Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Applied_Science"},{"link_name":"graduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_diploma"},{"link_name":"quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research"},{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"},{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"numerical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"geoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience"},{"link_name":"geochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"geophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics"},{"link_name":"mineralogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy"},{"link_name":"geomatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics"},{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"rock mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_mechanics"},{"link_name":"soil Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"geomechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomechanics"},{"link_name":"thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"heat transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"mass transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transfer"},{"link_name":"hydrogeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology"},{"link_name":"fluid mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics"},{"link_name":"fluid statics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_statics"},{"link_name":"fluid dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"Geostatistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatistics"},{"link_name":"spatial analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_analysis"},{"link_name":"control engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering"},{"link_name":"control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory"},{"link_name":"instrumentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation"},{"link_name":"surface mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mining"},{"link_name":"open-pit mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining"},{"link_name":"underground mining (soft rock)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)"},{"link_name":"underground mining (hard rock)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)"},{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"DATAMINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamine"},{"link_name":"MATLAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB"},{"link_name":"Maptek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maptek"},{"link_name":"Golden Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Software"},{"link_name":"MicroStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroStation"},{"link_name":"drilling and blasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_and_blasting"},{"link_name":"solid mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_mechanics"},{"link_name":"fracture mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_mechanics"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"West Virginia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_University"},{"link_name":"South Dakota School of Mines and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_School_of_Mines_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Montana Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Tech"},{"link_name":"Colorado School of Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_School_of_Mines"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"McGill University Faculty of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Faculty_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgill-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Applied Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Applied_Science"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ubc-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-11"},{"link_name":"promotion?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Bologna Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"University of Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Porto"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feup-12"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madrid-13"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Camborne School of Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camborne_School_of_Mines"},{"link_name":"University of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"University of Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Petro%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"Jiu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu_Valley"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"University of Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.up.ac.za/mining-engineering"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science in Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wits-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uwits-18"},{"link_name":"Doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"academia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"Doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"}],"text":"Colorado School of MinesBecoming an accredited mining engineer requires a university or college degree. Training includes a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in mining engineering. Depending on the country and jurisdiction, to be licensed as a mining engineer may require a Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Science (M.Sc or M.S.) or Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) degree.Some mining engineers who have come from other disciplines, primarily from engineering fields (e.g.: mechanical, civil, electrical, geomatics or environmental engineering) or from science fields (e.g.: geology, geophysics, physics, geomatics, earth science, or mathematics), typically completing a graduate degree such as M.Eng, M.S., M.Sc. or M.A.Sc. in mining engineering after graduating from a different quantitative undergraduate program.The fundamental subjects of mining engineering study usually include:mathematics; calculus, algebra, numerical analysis, statistics\ngeoscience; geochemistry, geophysics, mineralogy, geomatics\nmechanics; rock mechanics, soil Mechanics, geomechanics\nthermodynamics; heat transfer, mass transfer\nhydrogeology\nfluid mechanics; fluid statics, fluid dynamics\nGeostatistics; spatial analysis\ncontrol engineering; control theory, instrumentation\nsurface mining; open-pit mining\nunderground mining (soft rock)\nunderground mining (hard rock)\ncomputing; DATAMINE, MATLAB, Maptek (Vulcan), Golden Software (Surfer), MicroStation, Carlson\ndrilling and blasting\nsolid mechanics; fracture mechanicsIn the United States, about 14 universities offer a B.S. degree in mining and mineral engineering. The top rated universities[according to whom?] include West Virginia University, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Virginia Tech, the University of Kentucky, the University of Arizona, Montana Tech, and Colorado School of Mines.[6] Most of these universities offer M.S. and Ph.D. degrees.In Canada, there are 19 undergraduate degree programs in mining engineering or equivalent.[7] McGill University Faculty of Engineering offers both undergraduate (B.Sc., B.Eng.) and graduate (M.Sc., Ph.D.) degrees in Mining Engineering.[8][9] and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver offers a Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in Mining Engineering[10] and also graduate degrees (M.A.Sc. or M.Eng and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering.[11][promotion?]In Europe, most programs are integrated (B.S. plus M.S. into one) after the Bologna Process and take five years to complete. In Portugal, the University of Porto offers an M.Eng. in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering[12] and in Spain the Technical University of Madrid offers degrees in Mining Engineering with tracks in Mining Technology, Mining Operations, Fuels and Explosives, Metallurgy.[13] In the United Kingdom, The Camborne School of Mines offers a wide choice of BEng and MEng degrees in Mining engineering and other Mining related disciplines. This is done through the University of Exeter.[14] In Romania, the University of Petroșani (formerly known as the Petroşani Institute of Mines, or rarely as the Petroşani Institute of Coal) is the only university that offers a degree in Mining Engineering, Mining Surveying or Underground Mining Constructions, albeit, after the closure of Jiu Valley coal mines, those degrees had fallen out of interest for most high-school graduates.[15]In South Africa, leading institutions include the University of Pretoria, offering a 4-year Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng in Mining Engineering) as well as post-graduate studies in various specialty fields such as rock engineering and numerical modelling, explosives engineering, ventilation engineering, underground mining methods and mine design;[16] and the University of the Witwatersrand offering a 4-year Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc.(Eng.)) in Mining Engineering[17] as well as graduate programs (M.Sc.(Eng.) and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering.[18]Some mining engineers go on to pursue Doctorate degree programs such as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D., DPhil), Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng., Eng.D.). These programs involve a significant original research component and are usually seen as entry points into academia.In the Russian Federation, 85 universities across all federal districts are training specialists for the mineral resource sector. 36 universities are training specialists for extracting and processing solid minerals (mining). 49 are training specialists for extracting, primary processing, and transporting liquid and gaseous minerals (oil and gas). 37 are training specialists for geological exploration (applied geology, geological exploration). Among the universities that train specialists for the mineral resource sector, 7 are federal universities, and 13 are national research universities of Russia.[19] Personnel training for the mineral resource sector in Russian universities is currently carried out in the following main specializations of training (specialist's degree): \"Applied Geology\" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); \"Geological Exploration\" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); \"Mining\" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); \"Physical Processes in Mining or Oil and Gas Production\" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); \"Oil and Gas Engineering and Technologies\" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training). Universities develop and implement the main professional educational programs of higher education in the directions and specializations of training by forming their profile (name of the program). For example, within the framework of the specialization \"Mining\", universities often adhere to the classical names of the programs \"Open-pit mining\", \"Underground mining of mineral deposits\", \"Surveying\", \"Mineral enrichment\", \"Mining machines\", \"Technological safety and mine rescue\", \"Mine and underground construction\", \"Blasting work\", \"Electrification of the mining industry\", etc. In the last ten years, under the influence of various factors, new names of programs have begun to appear, such as: \"Mining and geological information systems\", \"Mining ecology\", etc. Thus, universities, using their freedom to form new training programs for specialists, can look to the future and try to foresee new professions of mining engineers. After the specialist's degree, you can immediately enrol in postgraduate school (analogue of Doctorate degree programs, four years of training).[19]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"relevant?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Mining salaries are usually determined by the level of skill required, where the position is, and what kind of organization the engineer works for.[citation needed]Mining engineers in India earn relatively high salaries in comparison to many other professions,[20] with an average salary of $15,250 [relevant?]. However, in comparison to mining engineer salaries in other regions, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, Indian salaries are low. In the United States, there are an estimated 6,150 employed mining engineers, with a mean yearly wage of US$103,710.[21]","title":"Salary and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Prospector_NC_Wyeth.jpg"},{"link_name":"N. C. Wyeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._C._Wyeth"},{"link_name":"ores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"prospecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospecting"},{"link_name":"geologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologists"},{"link_name":"surveyors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"estimation of the reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_resource_estimation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Prospector by N. C. Wyeth, 1906As there is considerable capital expenditure required for mining operations, an array of pre-mining activities are normally carried out to assess whether a mining operation would be worthwhile.Mineral exploration is the process of locating minerals and assessing their concentrations (grade) and quantities (tonnage), to determine if they are commercially viable ores for mining. Mineral exploration is much more intensive, organized, involved, and professional than mineral prospecting – though it frequently utilizes services exploration, enlisting geologists and surveyors in the necessary pre-feasibility study of the possible mining operation. Mineral exploration and estimation of the reserve can determine the profitability conditions and advocate the form and type of mining required.[citation needed]","title":"Pre-mining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"assays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Mineral discovery","text":"Mineral discovery can be made from research of mineral maps, academic geological reports, or government geological reports. Other sources of information include property assays and local word of mouth. Mineral research usually includes sampling and analysing sediments, soil, and drill cores. Soil sampling and analysis is one of the most popular mineral exploration tools.[22][23] Other common tools include satellite and aerial surveys or airborne geophysics, including magneto-metric and gamma-spectrometric maps.[24] Unless the mineral exploration is done on public property, the owners of the property may play a significant role in the exploration process and might be the original discoverers of the mineral deposit.[25]","title":"Pre-mining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Mineral determination","text":"After a prospective mineral is located, the mining geologist and engineer determine the ore properties. This may involve chemical analysis of the ore to determine the sample's composition. Once the mineral properties are identified, the next step is determining the quantity of the ore. This involves determining the extent of the deposit and the purity of the ore.[26] The geologist drills additional core samples to find the limits of the deposit or seam and estimates the quantity of valuable material present.","title":"Pre-mining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feasibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasibility_study"},{"link_name":"profit margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_margin"},{"link_name":"reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_reclamation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Feasibility study","text":"Once the mineral identification and reserve amount are reasonably determined, the next step is to determine the feasibility of recovering the mineral deposit. A preliminary survey shortly after the discovery of the deposit examines the market conditions, such as the supply and demand of the mineral, the amount of ore needed to be moved to recover a certain quantity of that mineral, and analysis of the cost associated with the operation. This pre-feasibility study determines whether the mining project is likely to be profitable; if so, a more in-depth analysis of the deposit is undertaken. After the full extent of the ore body is known and has been examined by engineers, the feasibility study examines the cost of initial capital investment, methods of extraction, the cost of operation, an estimated length of time to pay back the investment, the gross revenue and net profit margin, any possible resale price of the land, the total life of the reserve, the full value of the account, investment in future projects, and the property owner or owners' contract. In addition, environmental impact, reclamation, possible legal ramifications, and all government permitting are considered.[27][28] These steps of analysis determine whether the mining company and its investors should proceed with the extraction of the minerals or whether the project should be abandoned. The mining company may decide to sell the rights to the reserve to a third party rather than develop it themselves. Alternatively, the decision to proceed with extraction may be postponed indefinitely until market conditions become favourable.","title":"Pre-mining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mineral exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_exploration"},{"link_name":"mineralogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"mineral hardness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_hardness"},{"link_name":"stratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum"}],"text":"Mining engineers working in an established mine may work as an engineer for operations improvement, further mineral exploration, and operation capitalization by determining where in the mine to add equipment and personnel. The engineer may also work in supervision and management or as an equipment and mineral salesperson. In addition to engineering and operations, the mining engineer may work as an environmental, health, and safety manager or design engineer.The act of mining requires different methods of extraction depending on the mineralogy, geology, and location of the resources. Characteristics such as mineral hardness, the mineral stratification, and access to that mineral will determine the method of extraction.Generally, mining is either done from the surface or underground. Mining can also occur with surface and covert operations on the same reserve. Mining activity varies as to what method is employed to remove the mineral.","title":"Mining operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surface mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mining"},{"link_name":"open pit mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining"},{"link_name":"topography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography"},{"link_name":"Explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosives"},{"link_name":"placer mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placer_mining"},{"link_name":"in-situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-situ"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Surface mining","text":"Surface mining comprises 90% of the world's mineral tonnage output. Also called open pit mining, surface mining removes minerals in formations near the surface. Ore retrieval is done by material removal from the land in its natural state. Surface mining often alters the land's characteristics, shape, topography, and geological makeup.Surface mining involves quarrying and excavating minerals through cutting, cleaving, and breaking machinery. Explosives are usually used to facilitate breakage. Hard rocks such as limestone, sand, gravel, and slate are generally quarried into benches.Using mechanical shovels, track dozers, and front-end loaders, strip mining is done on softer minerals such as clays and phosphate removed. Smoother coal seams can also be extracted this way.With placer mining, dredge mining can also remove minerals from the bottoms of lakes, rivers, streams, and even the ocean. In addition, in-situ mining can be done from the surface using dissolving agents on the ore body and retrieving the ore via pumping. The pumped material is then set to leach for further processing. Hydraulic mining is utilized as water jets to wash away either overburden or the ore itself.[29]","title":"Mining operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive"},{"link_name":"ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"blasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_blasting"},{"link_name":"generally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Practice_(UK)"},{"link_name":"high explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material#High_explosives"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"supercritical fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluid"},{"link_name":"Leaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)"},{"link_name":"Flotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froth_flotation#Mining"},{"link_name":"Separating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_separator"},{"link_name":"Gravity separation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_separation"},{"link_name":"Magnetic separation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_separation"}],"sub_title":"Mining process","text":"Blasting\nExplosives are used to break up a rock formation and aid in the collection of ore in a process called blasting. Blasting generally the heat and immense pressure of the detonated explosives to shatter and fracture a rock mass. The type of explosives used in mining is high explosives, which vary in composition and performance properties. The mining engineer is responsible for selecting and properly placing these explosives to maximize efficiency and safety. Blasting occurs in many phases of the mining process, such as the development of infrastructure and the production of the ore. An alternative to high explosives are Cardox blasting cartridges, invented in 1931,[30] and extensively used from 1932 in coal mines. The cartridge contains an 'energizer' which heats liquid carbon dioxide until it ruptures a bursting disk; then, a physical explosion of the supercritical fluid.\nLeaching\nLeaching is the loss or extraction of certain materials from a carrier into a liquid (usually, but not always, a solvent). Mostly used in rare-earth metal extraction.\nFlotation\nFlotation (also spelled floatation) involves phenomena related to the relative buoyancy of minerals. It is the most widely used metal separating method.\nElectrostatic separation\nSeparating minerals by electro-characteristic differences.\nGravity separation\nGravity separation is an industrial method of separating two components, either a suspension or dry granular mixture, where separating the components with gravity is sufficiently practical.\nMagnetic separation\nMagnetic separation is a process in which magnetically susceptible material is extracted from a mixture using a magnetic force.\nHydraulic separation\nHydraulic separation is a process that uses the density difference to separate minerals. Before hydraulic separation, minerals were crushed into uniform sizes; minerals with uniform sizes and densities will have different settling velocities in water, which can be used to separate target minerals.","title":"Mining operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Legal attention to health and safety in mining began in the late 19th century. In the 20th century, it progressed to a comprehensive and stringent codification of enforcement and mandatory health and safety regulation. In whatever role, a mining engineer must follow all mine safety laws.","title":"Mining health and safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Act_of_1977"},{"link_name":"Mine Safety and Health Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration"},{"link_name":"US Department of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Mine_Safety_and_Health_Review_Commission"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"The United States Congress, through the passage of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, known as the Miner's Act, created the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) under the US Department of Labour. The act provides miners with rights against retaliation for reporting violations, consolidated regulation of coal mines with metallic and non-metallic mines, and created the independent Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission to review violations reported to MSHA.[31]The act codified in Code of Federal Regulations § 30 (CFR § 30) covers all miners at an active mine. When a mining engineer works at an active mine, they are subject to the same rights, violations, mandatory health and safety regulations, and compulsory training as any other worker at the mine. The mining engineer can be legally identified as a \"miner\".[32]The act establishes the rights of miners. The miner may report at any time a hazardous condition and request an inspection. The miners may elect a miners' representative to participate during an inspection, pre-inspection meeting, and post-inspection conference. The miners and miners' representatives shall be paid for their time during all inspections and investigations.[33]","title":"Mining health and safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mineral extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_extraction"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_pollution"},{"link_name":"natural environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals"},{"link_name":"commodities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodities"}],"text":"Waste and uneconomic material generated from the mineral extraction process are the primary source of pollution in the vicinity of mines. Mining activities, by their nature, cause a disturbance of the natural environment in and around which the minerals are located. Mining engineers should therefore be concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral commodities but also with the mitigation of damage to the environment both during and after mining as a result of the change in the mining area.","title":"Environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Archaeology - Malolotja Nature Reserve – Ancient Mining\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eswatininaturereserves.com/cultural/malolotja_archaeology.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Romans in Britain: mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/raw_mining.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100720073131/http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/raw_mining.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2008VegHA..17..211H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008VegHA..17..211H"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.156.1683","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.156.1683"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00334-007-0096-8"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15636432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15636432"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"smenet.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.smenet.org/Student-Resources/Accredited-Schools-Programs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"https://www.idp.com/canada/search/mining/undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idp.com/canada/search/mining/undergraduate"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mcgill_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Graduate Program\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mcgill.ca/mining/graduate-students/prospective/degree-programs/"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ubc_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mining Engineering at UBC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//you.ubc.ca/ubc_programs/mining-engineering/"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bc_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Graduate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mining.ubc.ca/graduate/"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-feup_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Master in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sigarra.up.pt/feup/en/cur_geral.cur_view?pv_ano_lectivo=2017&pv_origem=CUR&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=M&pv_curso_id=739/"},{"link_name":"University of Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Porto"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-madrid_13-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mining Engineering\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.upm.es/internacional/Students/StudiesDegrees/University%20Masters/Master%20programs?id=6.7&fmt=detail/"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"BEng Mining\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.exeter.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/mining/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"University of Petrosani, Romania\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.upet.ro/eng/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Mining Engineering \| University of Pretoria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.up.ac.za/mining-engineering"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wits_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"WITS Mining - Undergraduate Programme\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wits.ac.za/miningeng/undergraduates/"},{"link_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uwits_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"WITS Mining - Postgraduate Programme\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wits.ac.za/miningeng/postgraduates/"},{"link_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_19-1"},{"link_name":"\"Analytical review of the training system for mining engineers in Russia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/378"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.17073/2500-0632-2022-3-240-259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.17073%2F2500-0632-2022-3-240-259"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2500-0632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2500-0632"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"253379285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253379285"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Geologist and Mining Engineer salaries in India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150723000338/http://careerminer.infomine.com/geologist-and-mining-engineer-salaries-in-india/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//careerminer.infomine.com/geologist-and-mining-engineer-salaries-in-india/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2017 – 17-2151 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes172151.htm"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87335-100-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87335-100-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87335-100-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87335-100-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87335-100-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87335-100-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87335-100-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87335-100-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87335-100-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87335-100-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"GB 386688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/original-document?channel=espacenet_channel-b8a1b102-850c-4699-886e-b598d0a27b60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"History of Mine Safety and Health Legislation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130218074218/http://www.msha.gov/mshainfo/mshainf2.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.msha.gov/MSHAINFO/MSHAINF2.HTM"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/378"},{"link_name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}],"text":"^ Hartman, Howard L. SME Mining Engineering Handbook, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Inc, 1992, p. 3.[ISBN missing]\n\n^ \"Archaeology - Malolotja Nature Reserve – Ancient Mining\". Culture – Archaeology. Eswatini National Trust Commission – Conserving Eswatini's Natural and Cultural Heritage. 2020. Retrieved 2022-09-17.\n\n^ Peace Parks Foundation, \"Major Features: Cultural Importance.\" Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved Aug. 27, 2007, [1].\n\n^ The Romans in Britain: mining Archived 2010-07-20 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Heiss, Andreas G.; Oeggl, Klaus (2008). \"Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria)\". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 17 (2): 211–221. Bibcode:2008VegHA..17..211H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.156.1683. doi:10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8. S2CID 15636432.\n\n^ A complete list can be accessed from smenet.org.\n\n^ Undergraduate Mining courses in Canada. IDP Canada. https://www.idp.com/canada/search/mining/undergraduate Retrieved June 30, 2021. /\n\n^ \"Graduate Program\". McGill University. Retrieved 13 May 2018.\n\n^ McGill University. Sunset of a Transformational Career. Chapter 16 in: White F. Miner with a Heart of Gold: a biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook)\n\n^ \"Mining Engineering at UBC\". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 13 May 2018.\n\n^ \"Graduate\". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 13 May 2018.\n\n^ \"Master in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering\". University of Porto. Retrieved 13 May 2018.\n\n^ \"Mining Engineering\". Technical University of Madrid. Retrieved 13 May 2018.\n\n^ \"BEng Mining\". University of Exeter. Retrieved 24 May 2020.\n\n^ \"University of Petrosani, Romania\". Universitatea din Petrosani. Retrieved 2022-08-25.\n\n^ \"Mining Engineering \| University of Pretoria\". www.up.ac.za. Retrieved 2019-06-12.\n\n^ \"WITS Mining - Undergraduate Programme\". University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 13 May 2018.\n\n^ \"WITS Mining - Postgraduate Programme\". University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 13 May 2018.\n\n^ a b Petrov, V. L. (2022-11-05). \"Analytical review of the training system for mining engineers in Russia\". Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia). 7 (3): 240–259. doi:10.17073/2500-0632-2022-3-240-259. ISSN 2500-0632. S2CID 253379285.\n\n^ \"Geologist and Mining Engineer salaries in India\". 2013-07-22. Archived from the original on 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2015-07-22.\n\n^ \"Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2017 – 17-2151 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers\". Occupational Employment. Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.\n\n^ Martins-Ferreira, M. A. C., Campos, J. E. G., & Pires, A. C. B. (2017). \"Near-mine exploration via soil geochemistry multivariate analysis at the Almas gold province, Central Brazil: A study case.\" Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 173, 52–63.\n\n^ Mann, A. W., Birrell, R. D., Fedikow, M. A. F., & De Souza, H. A. F. (2005). \"Vertical ionic migration: mechanisms, soil anomalies, and sampling depth for mineral exploration\". Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 5(3), 201–210.\n\n^ Pires, A. C. B., Carmelo, A. C., & Martins-Ferreira, M. A. C. (2019). \"Statistical enhancement of airborne gamma-ray uranium anomalies: Minimizing the lithological background contribution in mineral exploration\". Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 198, 100–113.\n\n^ Peters, William C, SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, 1992, \"Geologic Prospecting and Exploration,\" pp. 221–225, ISBN 0-87335-100-2\n\n^ Gumble, Gordon E, et al. SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, C1992, \"Sample Preparation and Assaying,\" pp. 327–332, ISBN 0-87335-100-2\n\n^ Gentry Donald W., SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Volume 1, 1992, \"Mine Evaluation and Investment Analysis\", pp. 387–389, ISBN 0-87335-100-2\n\n^ O'Hara, T. Alan and Stanley C. Suboleski, SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, 1992, \"Costs and Cost Estimation\", pp. 405–408, ISBN 0-87335-100-2\n\n^ Ernest Bohnet, SME: Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Volume 2, 1992, \"Surface Mining: Comparison of Methods,\" pp. 1529–1538, ISBN 0-87335-100-2\n\n^ GB 386688, David Hodge & Cardox (Great Britain) Limited, \"Improvements in and relating to means for effecting discharge of explosive charges such as those of blasting cartridges\", published 1933-01-13 \n\n^ \"History of Mine Safety and Health Legislation\". www.msha.gov. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2018.\n\n^ 20 CFR § 46.2(g)(1)(i)(ii)\n\n^ The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, § 103(f) and (g)(1)This article incorporates text by Petrov, V. L. available under the CC BY 4.0 license.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Eric C. Nystrom, Seeing Underground: Maps, Models, and Mining Engineering in America. Reno, NV: University of Reno Press, 2014. [ISBN missing]\nFranklin White. Miner with a Heart of Gold: a biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Surface gold mine with haul truck in foreground, in Kalgoorlie, Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kalgoorlie_open_cast_mine.jpg/250px-Kalgoorlie_open_cast_mine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Colorado School of Mines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Co_mines.jpg/220px-Co_mines.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Prospector by N. C. Wyeth, 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Prospector_NC_Wyeth.jpg/170px-The_Prospector_NC_Wyeth.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg"},{"title":"Engineering portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Engineering"},{"title":"School of mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_mines"},{"title":"Underground construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_construction"},{"title":"Automated mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_mining"},{"title":"Geological engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_engineering"},{"title":"Mining machinery engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_machinery_engineering"}]	[{"reference":"\"Archaeology - Malolotja Nature Reserve – Ancient Mining\". Culture – Archaeology. Eswatini National Trust Commission – Conserving Eswatini's Natural and Cultural Heritage. 2020. Retrieved 2022-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://eswatininaturereserves.com/cultural/malolotja_archaeology.asp","url_text":"\"Archaeology - Malolotja Nature Reserve – Ancient Mining\""}]},{"reference":"Heiss, Andreas G.; Oeggl, Klaus (2008). \"Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria)\". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 17 (2): 211–221. Bibcode:2008VegHA..17..211H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.156.1683. doi:10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8. S2CID 15636432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008VegHA..17..211H","url_text":"2008VegHA..17..211H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.156.1683","url_text":"10.1.1.156.1683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00334-007-0096-8","url_text":"10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15636432","url_text":"15636432"}]},{"reference":"\"Graduate Program\". McGill University. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcgill.ca/mining/graduate-students/prospective/degree-programs/","url_text":"\"Graduate Program\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University","url_text":"McGill University"}]},{"reference":"\"Mining Engineering at UBC\". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://you.ubc.ca/ubc_programs/mining-engineering/","url_text":"\"Mining Engineering at UBC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia","url_text":"University of British Columbia"}]},{"reference":"\"Graduate\". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mining.ubc.ca/graduate/","url_text":"\"Graduate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia","url_text":"University of British Columbia"}]},{"reference":"\"Master in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering\". University of Porto. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sigarra.up.pt/feup/en/cur_geral.cur_view?pv_ano_lectivo=2017&pv_origem=CUR&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=M&pv_curso_id=739/","url_text":"\"Master in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Porto","url_text":"University of Porto"}]},{"reference":"\"Mining Engineering\". Technical University of Madrid. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upm.es/internacional/Students/StudiesDegrees/University%20Masters/Master%20programs?id=6.7&fmt=detail/","url_text":"\"Mining Engineering\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid","url_text":"Technical University of Madrid"}]},{"reference":"\"BEng Mining\". University of Exeter. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exeter.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/mining/","url_text":"\"BEng Mining\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of Petrosani, Romania\". Universitatea din Petrosani. Retrieved 2022-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upet.ro/eng/","url_text":"\"University of Petrosani, Romania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mining Engineering \| University of Pretoria\". www.up.ac.za. Retrieved 2019-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.up.ac.za/mining-engineering","url_text":"\"Mining Engineering \| University of Pretoria\""}]},{"reference":"\"WITS Mining - Undergraduate Programme\". University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wits.ac.za/miningeng/undergraduates/","url_text":"\"WITS Mining - Undergraduate Programme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand","url_text":"University of the Witwatersrand"}]},{"reference":"\"WITS Mining - Postgraduate Programme\". University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wits.ac.za/miningeng/postgraduates/","url_text":"\"WITS Mining - Postgraduate Programme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand","url_text":"University of the Witwatersrand"}]},{"reference":"Petrov, V. L. (2022-11-05). \"Analytical review of the training system for mining engineers in Russia\". Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia). 7 (3): 240–259. doi:10.17073/2500-0632-2022-3-240-259. ISSN 2500-0632. S2CID 253379285.","urls":[{"url":"https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/378","url_text":"\"Analytical review of the training system for mining engineers in Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17073%2F2500-0632-2022-3-240-259","url_text":"10.17073/2500-0632-2022-3-240-259"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2500-0632","url_text":"2500-0632"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253379285","url_text":"253379285"}]},{"reference":"\"Geologist and Mining Engineer salaries in India\". 2013-07-22. Archived from the original on 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2015-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150723000338/http://careerminer.infomine.com/geologist-and-mining-engineer-salaries-in-india/","url_text":"\"Geologist and Mining Engineer salaries in India\""},{"url":"http://careerminer.infomine.com/geologist-and-mining-engineer-salaries-in-india/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2017 – 17-2151 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers\". Occupational Employment. Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes172151.htm","url_text":"\"Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2017 – 17-2151 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics","url_text":"Bureau of Labor Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Mine Safety and Health Legislation\". www.msha.gov. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130218074218/http://www.msha.gov/mshainfo/mshainf2.htm","url_text":"\"History of Mine Safety and Health Legislation\""},{"url":"https://www.msha.gov/MSHAINFO/MSHAINF2.HTM","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_engineering&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.up.ac.za/mining-engineering","external_links_name":"University of Pretoria"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_engineering&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"http://eswatininaturereserves.com/cultural/malolotja_archaeology.asp","external_links_name":"\"Archaeology - Malolotja Nature Reserve – Ancient Mining\""},{"Link":"http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/raw_mining.htm","external_links_name":"The Romans in Britain: mining"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100720073131/http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/raw_mining.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008VegHA..17..211H","external_links_name":"2008VegHA..17..211H"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.156.1683","external_links_name":"10.1.1.156.1683"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00334-007-0096-8","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15636432","external_links_name":"15636432"},{"Link":"https://www.smenet.org/Student-Resources/Accredited-Schools-Programs","external_links_name":"smenet.org"},{"Link":"https://www.idp.com/canada/search/mining/undergraduate","external_links_name":"https://www.idp.com/canada/search/mining/undergraduate"},{"Link":"https://www.mcgill.ca/mining/graduate-students/prospective/degree-programs/","external_links_name":"\"Graduate Program\""},{"Link":"http://you.ubc.ca/ubc_programs/mining-engineering/","external_links_name":"\"Mining Engineering at UBC\""},{"Link":"http://mining.ubc.ca/graduate/","external_links_name":"\"Graduate\""},{"Link":"https://sigarra.up.pt/feup/en/cur_geral.cur_view?pv_ano_lectivo=2017&pv_origem=CUR&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=M&pv_curso_id=739/","external_links_name":"\"Master in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering\""},{"Link":"http://www.upm.es/internacional/Students/StudiesDegrees/University%20Masters/Master%20programs?id=6.7&fmt=detail/","external_links_name":"\"Mining Engineering\""},{"Link":"http://www.exeter.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/mining/","external_links_name":"\"BEng Mining\""},{"Link":"https://www.upet.ro/eng/","external_links_name":"\"University of Petrosani, Romania\""},{"Link":"https://www.up.ac.za/mining-engineering","external_links_name":"\"Mining Engineering \| University of Pretoria\""},{"Link":"https://www.wits.ac.za/miningeng/undergraduates/","external_links_name":"\"WITS Mining - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Hampton_Boulevard	U.S. Route 29 in South Carolina	["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Highway in South Carolina This article is about the section of U.S. Route 29 in South Carolina. For the entire route, see U.S. Route 29. U.S. Highway 29US 29 in South Carolina highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by SCDOTLength110.202 mi (177.353 km)Existed1927–presentMajor junctionsSouth end US 29 / SR 8 at the Georgia line near Hartwell, GAMajor intersections US 76 / US 178 in Anderson I-85 (numerous times) I-185 / US 25 near Greenville US 123 in Greenville US 276 in Greenville I-26 in Spartanburg US 221 / SC 56 in Spartanburg US 176 / SC 9 in Spartanburg North end US 29 at the North Carolina line near Grover, NC LocationCountryUnited StatesStateSouth CarolinaCountiesAnderson, Greenville, Spartanburg, Cherokee Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided South Carolina State Highway System Interstate US State Scenic ← SC 28→ SC 30 U.S. Highway 29 (US 29) is a 110.202-mile (177.353 km) north–south United States Numbered Highway that travels from the Savannah River to Blacksburg, entirely in Upstate South Carolina. Route description US 29 enters South Carolina crossing the Savannah River, downstream from Hartwell Dam, and proceeds to travel along the forested eastern edge of Lake Hartwell for 3.2 miles (5.1 km), where it meets up with Old US 29. From there, it goes on a northeasterly direction toward Anderson. Three miles (4.8 km) outside Anderson, US 29 Business (US 29 Bus.) takes a left turn and more direct route into the downtown area; while mainline US 29 continues east, with most signage signed "Truck" instead of the more usual "Bypass" (state maps confirm it is the mainline route). At South Carolina Highway 81 (SC 81), US 29 takes a left turn and follows briefly before taking a right turn at Shockley Ferry Road. Crossing SC 28 Bus., the road widens to an undivided four-lane highway, continuing until reaching River Street (US 76/US 178); where US 29 makes another right turn and then soon left again. US 29 meets back with US 29 Bus. at Williamston Road. Continuing northeast for another eight miles (13 km), US 29 makes a junction with US 29 Connector that leads to SC 20 in Williamston; the highway briefly divides at junction. With another 6.5 miles (10.5 km), US 29 merges with northbound Interstate 85 (I-85; exit 34, northbound exit and southbound entrance only). After traveling in concurrency with I-85, US 29 switches onto I-185 at exit 42 (exit 14B on I-185). After 2.5 miles (4.0 km), I-185 ends at Henrydale Avenue; US 29 continues along Mills Avenue, followed by Church Street (staying straight), through Downtown Greenville. At North Street and Academy Street (US 123), travelers can connect to I-385; between the two streets is the Bon Secours Wellness Arena. Church Street eventually ends onto Wade Hampton Boulevard, which is a divided six-lane highway from Greenville to Greer. Once after passing through Greer, the highway shrinks to a divided four-lane highway, continuing through Lyman and Wellford. After passing I-85 (exit 66) and I-26 (exit 21), US 29 enters Spartanburg and through one of the busiest commercial areas in the city, centered at WestGate Mall (the highway is widen to six lanes throughout the commercial area). As US 29 enters the city center area, it takes a left onto Saint John Street, then proceeds to parallel Main Street before rejoining 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later. At Pine Street (US 176/SC 9), travelers can connect to I-585. US 29 continues in a northeasterly direction into Cowpens, where the highway reduces down to two lanes through town. After passing through Cowpens, the road widens again to an undivided four-lane highway for 2.7 miles (4.3 km) before entering into Gaffney. Continuing as a two-lane road through both Gaffney and Blacksburg, it crosses one last time with I-85 (exit 106), before entering North Carolina. History From its inception until 1959, US 29 was the main thoroughfare in Upstate South Carolina and connecting regionally with Atlanta and Charlotte. Though still important in the upstate, it now takes a traveler on a more indirect route compared to I-85. First sign of US 29, after the North Carolina state line, near Blacksburg Established in 1927 as an original U.S. Highway, it generally traversed the same today as it then when created; from Georgia to North Carolina, via Anderson, Greenville, Greer, Spartanburg, Gaffney, and Blacksburg. The entire route was in concurrency with SC 8. In 1928, SC 8 was rerouted completely off US 29. In 1935, US 29 was rerouted onto new alignment between Anderson and Greenville. The old routing using Greenville Road onto Old Anderson Road, then east on Pendleton Road and finally Main Street was renumbered as SC 81. The new routing turns at Williamson Road, to Williamston, Pelzer, and Piedmont, before entering Greenville on Grove Road, Allen Street, Pendleton Street, and finally Main Street. The new alignment replaced SC 248 and part of SC 20. In 1938, US 29 was rerouted from Greenville northward and from using Main Street, to Buncombe Road, to Rutherford Avenue, and to Camp Road into Greer. The new routing follows Main Street to Stone Avenue and finally to Wade Hampton Boulevard. Between 1943 and 1946, US 29 was moved onto new road bypassing Greer and Duncan. In 1947, US 29 was given a southeastern bypass of Anderson, creating a business loop through downtown. In 1948, US 29 was rerouted onto Grove and Augusta roads, leaving Allen and Green streets, in Greenville. By 1955, US 29 was rerouted onto a new super-two highway north of Spartanburg, Cowpens, Gaffney, and Blacksburg; the old route became US 29 Alternate (US 29 Alt.). In 1957 or 1958, US 29 was rerouted onto a new super-two highway, bypassing Williamston, Pelzer, and Piedmont; the old alignment later became connector route for US 29/SC 20. It then went onto new road connecting with US 25 and SC 291. In concurrency with SC 291, it reaches Wade Hampton Boulevard; leaving behind a business loop through downtown Greenville. In 1959, I-85 was assigned from Spartanburg to North Carolina, in concurrency with US 29, once the highway was expanded into four lanes. In 1962, US 29 was removed from I-85 from Spartanburg to North Carolina and was moved back on its original routing, replacing US 29 Alt. In the Greenville area, US 29 was rerouted back through Greenville along I-185, which connected directly via Church Street, to Wade Hampton Boulevard. US 29 Bus. in Greenville was decommissioned as a result. The old alignment to SC 291 became part of I-85. Finally, at the South Carolina–Georgia state line, US 29 was rerouted south from SC 412 to avoid the new Lake Hartwell. Most of old US 29 is underwater, with parts of it above surface used for marina purposes. In 1974, US 29 was rerouted onto Saint Johns Avenue from Main Street, in Spartanburg. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes Anderson0.00.0 US 29 south / SR 8 south – HartwellContinuation from Georgia over the Savannah River near Hartwell Dam Holland Store2.84.5 SC 412 east (Rainey Road) – Starr, Iva 4.16.6 SC 187To Sadlers Creek State Park 12.820.6 US 29 Bus. north (Sayre Street) – AndersonSouthern terminus of US 29 Bus. 14.022.5 SC 81 south (Murray Avenue) – StarrSouthern end of SC 81 concurrency 14.122.7 SC 28 (Pearman Dairy Road) 14.222.9 SC 81 north (Murray Avenue) – AndersonNorthern end of SC 81 concurrency 14.623.5 SC 81 Bus. (Main Street) Anderson16.226.1 US 76 west (East River Street) / US 178 west – Athens, AtlantaSouthern end of US 76/US 178 concurrency 16.827.0 US 76 east (East River Street) / US 178 east – BeltonNorthern end of US 76/US 178 concurrency 17.828.6 US 29 Bus. south (Williamston Road) – AndersonTo Anderson University 25.641.2 US 29 Conn. north (Anderson Highway) to SC 20 – Williamston, PelzerSouthern terminus of US 29 Conn. 30.649.2 SC 8 (Easley Highway) – West Pelzer, Pelzer, Williamston 32.952.934 I-85 south – AtlantaSouthern end of I-85 concurrency; southbound left exit and northbound entrance 34.255.035 SC 86 – Piedmont, Easley Easley37.961.039River Road – Easley 39.263.140 SC 153 – Easley Greenville40.865.7 I-85 north / I-185 south (Southern Connector) – Spartanburg, ColumbiaNorthern end of I-85 concurrency; southern end of I-185 concurrency; I-85 exit 42; I-185 exit 14B 41.967.415 US 25 (White Horse Road) – Travelers RestNorthbound exit and southbound entrance Greenville42.067.616 US 25 / SC 20 (Piedmont Highway) – PiedmontSouthbound exit and northbound entrance 43.670.2Henrydale AvenueNorthern end of I-185 concurrency; northern terminus of I-185 44.571.6 SC 20 (Augusta Street) – Asheville, Greenwood 45.473.1Downtown Greenville (Camperdown Way)Interchange 45.673.4East McBee Avenue – Downtown GreenvilleNorthbound exit only 46.074.0East North Street (I-385 Bus. south)East North Street is eastbound only; northern terminus of southbound lanes of I-385 Bus. 46.174.2Beattie Place (I-385 Bus. south)Beattie Place is westbound only; northern terminus of northbound lanes of I-385 Bus. 46.374.5 US 123 (Academy Street) – Asheville, Greenwood 46.675.0Column Street (US 29 Spur north)Southern terminus of US 29 Spur and Column Street 47.075.6Wade Hampton Boulevard south (US 29 Conn. south) – Greenville ZooNorthern terminus of US 29 Conn.; US 29 turns right off of North Church Street and onto Wade Hampton Boulevard. 48.778.4 SC 291 (Pleasantburg Drive) Wade Hampton48.978.7 Pine Knoll Drive (US 29 Conn. south) to SC 291 south – Greenville Convention Center, Greenville Technical College, University CenterNorthern terminus of US 29 Conn. Greer56.190.3 SC 14 Truck south / SC 101 north / SC 290 west (Buncombe Street)Southern end of SC 14 Truck and SC 101/SC 290 concurrencies 56.490.8 SC 101 south / SC 290 east (Poinsett Street) / SC 290 Truck beginsNorthern end of SC 101/SC 290 concurrency; southern end of SC 290 Truck concurrency; northern terminus of SC 290 Truck 58.293.7 SC 14 (Main Street) / SC 14 Truck – LandrumNorthern end of SC 14 Truck concurrency; northern terminus of SC 14 Truck Spartanburg58.894.6 SC 357 (Arlington Road) 60.797.7 SC 80 west / SC 290 Truck south (J. Verne Smith Parkway)Northern end of SC 290 Truck concurrency; eastern terminus of SC 80 Lyman63.7102.5 SC 129 east / SC 292 east (Charlotte Highway) to SC 358Southern end of SC 292 concurrency 63.8102.7 SC 292 west (Groce Road)Northern end of SC 292 concurrency Wellford64.5103.8Astor Street (SC 292 Conn. west)Eastern terminus of SC 292 Conn. 66.8107.5 I-85 – Greenville, CharlotteI-85 exit 66 Spartanburg71.6115.2 I-26 – Columbia, AshevilleI-26 exits 21A-B 71.9115.7 SC 295 (Blackstock Road) 74.8120.4 SC 296 west (John B. White Sr. Boulevard)Eastern terminus of SC 296 75.6121.7 US 221 / SC 56 (Church Street) – Inman, Chesnee, Roebuck 76.3122.8 US 176 / SC 9 (Pine Street) – Inman, Pacolet Cowpens84.7136.3 SC 110 north (Battleground Road) – Chesnee CherokeeGaffney94.6152.2 SC 105 (Hyatt Street / Corry Street)To Limestone College 95.9154.3 SC 11 / SC 18 (Frederick Street) – Union 96.1154.7 SC 150 (Limestone Street) to SC 18 – Pacolet, Shelby, Gastonia, Charlotte 100.2161.3 SC 329 (Victory Trail Road) Blacksburg105.3169.5 SC 5 (York Road) – Shelby, York 109.8176.7 I-85 – Charlotte, SpartanburgI-85 exit 106 110.2177.3 US 29 north – GroverContinuation into North Carolina 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access See also U.S. roads portal Special routes of U.S. Route 29 References ^ a b "Highway Logmile Report". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ a b "Highway Logmile Report". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ a b "Highway Logmile Report". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ a b "Highway Logmile Report". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ Anderson City (PDF) (Map). South Carolina Department of Transportation. December 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ a b c d Google (February 8, 2013). "Overview map of US 29 in South Carolina" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 8, 2013. ^ General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1953. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ General Highway Map, Spartanburg County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1957. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ General Highway Map, Spartanburg County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1968. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1957. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1965. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ General Highway Map, Anderson County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1957. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ General Highway Map, Anderson County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1968. Retrieved February 9, 2013. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 29 in South CarolinaKML is not from Wikidata Media related to U.S. Route 29 in South Carolina at Wikimedia Commons US 29 at Virginia Highways' South Carolina Highways Annex U.S. Route 29 Previous state:Georgia South Carolina Next state:North Carolina	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29"},{"link_name":"United States Numbered Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway"},{"link_name":"Savannah River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_River"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Upstate South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina"}],"text":"This article is about the section of U.S. Route 29 in South Carolina. For the entire route, see U.S. Route 29.U.S. Highway 29 (US 29) is a 110.202-mile (177.353 km) north–south United States Numbered Highway that travels from the Savannah River to Blacksburg, entirely in Upstate South Carolina.","title":"U.S. Route 29 in South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savannah River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_River"},{"link_name":"Hartwell Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartwell_Dam"},{"link_name":"Lake Hartwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Hartwell"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 29 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_Business_(Anderson,_South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Highway 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_81"},{"link_name":"SC 28 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_28_Business_(Anderson)"},{"link_name":"US 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_76_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_178"},{"link_name":"US 29 Connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_Connector_(Williamston,_South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"SC 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"Williamston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Interstate 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-6"},{"link_name":"I-185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_185_(South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Downtown Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_123"},{"link_name":"I-385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_385"},{"link_name":"Bon Secours Wellness Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Secours_Wellness_Arena"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greer,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-6"},{"link_name":"Lyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Wellford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellford,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_26_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"WestGate Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WestGate_Mall_(South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"US 176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_176"},{"link_name":"SC 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_9"},{"link_name":"I-585","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_585"},{"link_name":"Cowpens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpens,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-6"},{"link_name":"Gaffney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffney,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-6"}],"text":"US 29 enters South Carolina crossing the Savannah River, downstream from Hartwell Dam, and proceeds to travel along the forested eastern edge of Lake Hartwell for 3.2 miles (5.1 km), where it meets up with Old US 29. From there, it goes on a northeasterly direction toward Anderson. Three miles (4.8 km) outside Anderson, US 29 Business (US 29 Bus.) takes a left turn and more direct route into the downtown area; while mainline US 29 continues east, with most signage signed \"Truck\" instead of the more usual \"Bypass\" (state maps confirm it is the mainline route).[5] At South Carolina Highway 81 (SC 81), US 29 takes a left turn and follows briefly before taking a right turn at Shockley Ferry Road. Crossing SC 28 Bus., the road widens to an undivided four-lane highway, continuing until reaching River Street (US 76/US 178); where US 29 makes another right turn and then soon left again. US 29 meets back with US 29 Bus. at Williamston Road. Continuing northeast for another eight miles (13 km), US 29 makes a junction with US 29 Connector that leads to SC 20 in Williamston; the highway briefly divides at junction. With another 6.5 miles (10.5 km), US 29 merges with northbound Interstate 85 (I-85; exit 34, northbound exit and southbound entrance only).[6]After traveling in concurrency with I-85, US 29 switches onto I-185 at exit 42 (exit 14B on I-185). After 2.5 miles (4.0 km), I-185 ends at Henrydale Avenue; US 29 continues along Mills Avenue, followed by Church Street (staying straight), through Downtown Greenville. At North Street and Academy Street (US 123), travelers can connect to I-385; between the two streets is the Bon Secours Wellness Arena. Church Street eventually ends onto Wade Hampton Boulevard, which is a divided six-lane highway from Greenville to Greer.[6]Once after passing through Greer, the highway shrinks to a divided four-lane highway, continuing through Lyman and Wellford. After passing I-85 (exit 66) and I-26 (exit 21), US 29 enters Spartanburg and through one of the busiest commercial areas in the city, centered at WestGate Mall (the highway is widen to six lanes throughout the commercial area). As US 29 enters the city center area, it takes a left onto Saint John Street, then proceeds to parallel Main Street before rejoining 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later. At Pine Street (US 176/SC 9), travelers can connect to I-585. US 29 continues in a northeasterly direction into Cowpens, where the highway reduces down to two lanes through town.[6]After passing through Cowpens, the road widens again to an undivided four-lane highway for 2.7 miles (4.3 km) before entering into Gaffney. Continuing as a two-lane road through both Gaffney and Blacksburg, it crosses one last time with I-85 (exit 106), before entering North Carolina.[6]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upstate South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_South_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US29-Blacksburg.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greer,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Gaffney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffney,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Blacksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"SC 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_8"},{"link_name":"SC 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_81"},{"link_name":"Williamston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Pelzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelzer,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"SC 248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_248"},{"link_name":"SC 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"super-two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-two"},{"link_name":"Cowpens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpens,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 29 Alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_Alternate_(Spartanburg%E2%80%93Blacksburg,_South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"SC 291","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_291"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"I-185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_185_(South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"US 29 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_Business_(Greenville,_South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"SC 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_412"},{"link_name":"Lake Hartwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Hartwell"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"From its inception until 1959, US 29 was the main thoroughfare in Upstate South Carolina and connecting regionally with Atlanta and Charlotte. Though still important in the upstate, it now takes a traveler on a more indirect route compared to I-85.First sign of US 29, after the North Carolina state line, near BlacksburgEstablished in 1927 as an original U.S. Highway, it generally traversed the same today as it then when created; from Georgia to North Carolina, via Anderson, Greenville, Greer, Spartanburg, Gaffney, and Blacksburg. The entire route was in concurrency with SC 8.In 1928, SC 8 was rerouted completely off US 29. In 1935, US 29 was rerouted onto new alignment between Anderson and Greenville. The old routing using Greenville Road onto Old Anderson Road, then east on Pendleton Road and finally Main Street was renumbered as SC 81. The new routing turns at Williamson Road, to Williamston, Pelzer, and Piedmont, before entering Greenville on Grove Road, Allen Street, Pendleton Street, and finally Main Street. The new alignment replaced SC 248 and part of SC 20.In 1938, US 29 was rerouted from Greenville northward and from using Main Street, to Buncombe Road, to Rutherford Avenue, and to Camp Road into Greer. The new routing follows Main Street to Stone Avenue and finally to Wade Hampton Boulevard.Between 1943 and 1946, US 29 was moved onto new road bypassing Greer and Duncan. In 1947, US 29 was given a southeastern bypass of Anderson, creating a business loop through downtown. In 1948, US 29 was rerouted onto Grove and Augusta roads, leaving Allen and Green streets, in Greenville.[7]By 1955, US 29 was rerouted onto a new super-two highway north of Spartanburg, Cowpens, Gaffney, and Blacksburg; the old route became US 29 Alternate (US 29 Alt.).[8] In 1957 or 1958, US 29 was rerouted onto a new super-two highway, bypassing Williamston, Pelzer, and Piedmont; the old alignment later became connector route for US 29/SC 20. It then went onto new road connecting with US 25 and SC 291. In concurrency with SC 291, it reaches Wade Hampton Boulevard; leaving behind a business loop through downtown Greenville. In 1959, I-85 was assigned from Spartanburg to North Carolina, in concurrency with US 29, once the highway was expanded into four lanes.In 1962, US 29 was removed from I-85 from Spartanburg to North Carolina and was moved back on its original routing, replacing US 29 Alt.[9] In the Greenville area, US 29 was rerouted back through Greenville along I-185, which connected directly via Church Street, to Wade Hampton Boulevard. US 29 Bus. in Greenville was decommissioned as a result. The old alignment to SC 291 became part of I-85.[10][11] Finally, at the South Carolina–Georgia state line, US 29 was rerouted south from SC 412 to avoid the new Lake Hartwell. Most of old US 29 is underwater, with parts of it above surface used for marina purposes.[12][13]In 1974, US 29 was rerouted onto Saint Johns Avenue from Main Street, in Spartanburg.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"First sign of US 29, after the North Carolina state line, near Blacksburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US29-Blacksburg.jpg/220px-US29-Blacksburg.jpg"}]	[{"title":"U.S. roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._roads"},{"title":"Special routes of U.S. Route 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_routes_of_U.S._Route_29"}]	[{"reference":"\"Highway Logmile Report\". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ris.scdot.org/LogMileReport.aspx?county=4&type=2&number=29&auxiliary=0&map=y","url_text":"\"Highway Logmile Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Carolina Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Highway Logmile Report\". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ris.scdot.org/LogMileReport.aspx?county=23&type=2&number=29&auxiliary=0&map=y","url_text":"\"Highway Logmile Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highway Logmile Report\". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ris.scdot.org/LogMileReport.aspx?county=42&type=2&number=29&auxiliary=0&map=y","url_text":"\"Highway Logmile Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highway Logmile Report\". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ris.scdot.org/LogMileReport.aspx?county=11&type=2&number=29&auxiliary=0&map=y","url_text":"\"Highway Logmile Report\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson City (PDF) (Map). South Carolina Department of Transportation. December 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dbw.scdot.org/GISMapping/pdfs/City/Anderson_City.pdf","url_text":"Anderson City"}]},{"reference":"Google (February 8, 2013). \"Overview map of US 29 in South Carolina\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=GA-8+E%2FUS-29+N&daddr=34.5503579,-82.5668759+to:34.9469236,-82.2444864+to:34.938551,-81.966865+to:35.0170645,-81.7680505+to:35.1081918,-81.5368597+to:US-29+N%2FE+Cherokee+St&hl=en&ll=34.758538,-82.148895&spn=0.944328,1.783905&sll=34.920845,-82.235069&sspn=0.11781,0.222988&geocode=FT4zDAIdglUQ-w%3BFVUyDwIdJSEU-ym3w11OVGtYiDHCNxzZXyryQA%3BFWs_FQIdegwZ-ym7JGzzwipYiDFpGTselLl5WQ%3BFbceFQId70gd-yn5ME7X8Z1XiDFNT3udZI0JTg%3BFWhRFgIdjlEg-ykJITrtUQlXiDFymYORjQjcvQ%3BFV-1FwIdpdgj-ymldywLOB1XiDE-wZxQ97Gj1A%3BFfieGAIdYCkl-w&mra=dpe&mrsp=2&sz=13&via=1,2,3,4,5&t=p&z=10","url_text":"\"Overview map of US 29 in South Carolina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1953. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/168/rec/1","url_text":"General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Carolina Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"General Highway Map, Spartanburg County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1957. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/136/rec/2","url_text":"General Highway Map, Spartanburg County, South Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Carolina Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"General Highway Map, Spartanburg County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1968. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/667/rec/6","url_text":"General Highway Map, Spartanburg County, South Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Carolina Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1957. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/304/rec/4","url_text":"General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Carolina Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1965. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/192/rec/5","url_text":"General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Carolina Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"General Highway Map, Anderson County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1957. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/search/collection/scrm/searchterm/Anderson%20County/field/title/mode/all/conn/and/order/date/ad/asc/cosuppress/1","url_text":"General Highway Map, Anderson County, South Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Carolina Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"General Highway Map, Anderson County, South Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by SCDOT. South Carolina Department of Transportation. 1968. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/9/rec/15","url_text":"General Highway Map, Anderson County, South Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Carolina Department of Transportation"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ris.scdot.org/LogMileReport.aspx?county=4&type=2&number=29&auxiliary=0&map=y","external_links_name":"\"Highway Logmile Report\""},{"Link":"https://ris.scdot.org/LogMileReport.aspx?county=23&type=2&number=29&auxiliary=0&map=y","external_links_name":"\"Highway Logmile Report\""},{"Link":"https://ris.scdot.org/LogMileReport.aspx?county=42&type=2&number=29&auxiliary=0&map=y","external_links_name":"\"Highway Logmile Report\""},{"Link":"https://ris.scdot.org/LogMileReport.aspx?county=11&type=2&number=29&auxiliary=0&map=y","external_links_name":"\"Highway Logmile Report\""},{"Link":"http://dbw.scdot.org/GISMapping/pdfs/City/Anderson_City.pdf","external_links_name":"Anderson City"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=GA-8+E%2FUS-29+N&daddr=34.5503579,-82.5668759+to:34.9469236,-82.2444864+to:34.938551,-81.966865+to:35.0170645,-81.7680505+to:35.1081918,-81.5368597+to:US-29+N%2FE+Cherokee+St&hl=en&ll=34.758538,-82.148895&spn=0.944328,1.783905&sll=34.920845,-82.235069&sspn=0.11781,0.222988&geocode=FT4zDAIdglUQ-w%3BFVUyDwIdJSEU-ym3w11OVGtYiDHCNxzZXyryQA%3BFWs_FQIdegwZ-ym7JGzzwipYiDFpGTselLl5WQ%3BFbceFQId70gd-yn5ME7X8Z1XiDFNT3udZI0JTg%3BFWhRFgIdjlEg-ykJITrtUQlXiDFymYORjQjcvQ%3BFV-1FwIdpdgj-ymldywLOB1XiDE-wZxQ97Gj1A%3BFfieGAIdYCkl-w&mra=dpe&mrsp=2&sz=13&via=1,2,3,4,5&t=p&z=10","external_links_name":"\"Overview map of US 29 in South Carolina\""},{"Link":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/168/rec/1","external_links_name":"General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina"},{"Link":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/136/rec/2","external_links_name":"General Highway Map, Spartanburg County, South Carolina"},{"Link":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/667/rec/6","external_links_name":"General Highway Map, Spartanburg County, South Carolina"},{"Link":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/304/rec/4","external_links_name":"General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina"},{"Link":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/192/rec/5","external_links_name":"General Highway Map, Greenville County, South Carolina"},{"Link":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/search/collection/scrm/searchterm/Anderson%20County/field/title/mode/all/conn/and/order/date/ad/asc/cosuppress/1","external_links_name":"General Highway Map, Anderson County, South Carolina"},{"Link":"http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/scrm/id/9/rec/15","external_links_name":"General Highway Map, Anderson County, South Carolina"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_29_in_South_Carolina&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_29_in_South_Carolina&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://vahighways.com/scannex/route-log/us029.htm","external_links_name":"US 29 at Virginia Highways' South Carolina Highways Annex"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PP_v._HSE	PP v. HSE	["1 Timeline","2 Ruling","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Sources","4.2 Citations","5 External links"]	PP v. HSECourtHigh Court of IrelandFull case nameP.P v. Health Service Executive DecidedDecember 26, 2014 (2014-12-26)TranscripttranscriptCourt membershipJudges sittingKearns P., Baker J., Costello J.KeywordsAbortion P.P v. Health Service Executive was a 2014 case in the Irish High Court to rule on whether a pregnant woman (anonymised as "N.P.") who was brain dead ought to be kept on life support until the foetus was viable and could be delivered. The woman's next of kin wished her life support to be switched off but medical staff were unsure whether this would violate the foetus' right to life, which was guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. The case was brought against the Health Service Executive (HSE) by N.P.'s father "P.P." Timeline On 27 November 2014, a woman, twelve to fourteen weeks pregnant, was admitted to hospital with headaches and nausea. Two days later, she suffered a fall and was later found to be unresponsive. On 3 December, she was declared clinically brain dead. The cause was a large cerebellar cystic lesion causing acute hydrocephalus and compression of brain stem. She was placed on life support against her family's wishes. Her parents and partner supported turning off the life support machines. Her two young children did not recognise her when they visited her, and were upset at her appearance. On 15 December 2014, her father applied to the High Court for life support to be turned off. Nicholas Kearns, the President of the High Court, fast-tracked P.P.'s application for his daughter to be made his ward, which took effect on 23 December. On 22 December Kearns decided that the case was important enough for three judges to hear it: himself, Marie Baker, and Caroline Costello. The case was heard on 24 December. Four senior counsel were heard: Mary O'Toole for the plaintiff, Gerry Durcan for the respondent, Cormac Corrigan representing the interests of the woman, and Conor Dignam representing the interests of the unborn child. Seven doctors gave evidence. On 26 December 2014, the court ruled that the life support machine could be turned off. None of the counsel appealed the verdict. The woman was taken off life support on 27 December, and buried on 29 December 2014. In September 2015, an inquest jury returned an open verdict into the cause of her death. In November 2016, the family commenced legal action against the HSE, claiming medical negligence. Ruling In ruling for life support to be switched off, the court held that the woman's right to dignity and her family's wishes could take precedence because the chances of the foetus being born alive were infinitesimal. The court rejected an argument that the Eighth Amendment applied only to Irish abortion law and thus ought not to be invoked in a non-abortion case. The ruling also stated "when the mother who dies is bearing an unborn child at the time of her death, the rights of that child, who is living, and whose interests are not necessarily inimical to those just expressed, must prevail over the feelings of grief and respect for a mother who is no longer living." This left open the possibility of an opposite verdict in a hypothetical similar case further into a pregnancy. Women's Link Worldwide gave the High Court judgment the "Bronze Gavel" for promoting gender equality at its 2015 "Gender Justice Uncovered" awards. See also Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Abortion in the Republic of Ireland A, B and C v Ireland Death of Savita Halappanavar Ms Y Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 References Sources P.P. v Health Service Executive IEHC 622 (26 December 2014) Herron, Michaela; Power, Kevin (January–February 2015). "A matter of life and death" (PDF). Law Society Gazette. Ireland: 24–27. Retrieved 14 June 2017. Citations ^ Dalby, Douglas (27 December 2014). "Irish Court Lets Woman Be Taken Off Life Support". The New York Times. p. A9. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ Carolan, Mary (26 December 2014). "Court clears way for clinically dead pregnant woman to be taken off life support". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ McDonald, Henry (26 December 2014). "Brain-dead pregnant woman's life support can be switched off, Irish court rules". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ "Mum-to-be's life support can be shut down, says Dublin court". BBC. 26 December 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2015. ^ McGarry, Patsy (30 December 2014). "Funeral of pregnant woman who was taken off life support". The Irish Times. p. 4. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ McGarry, Patsy (29 December 2014). "Young pregnant woman taken off life support on Saturday is buried". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ Carolan, Mary (22 September 2015). "Open verdict on pregnant woman taken off life support". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ Tighe, Mark (27 November 2016). "Family of pregnant woman on life support sue HSE". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 28 November 2016.(subscription required) ^ O'Mahony, Conor (26 December 2014). "High Court Ruling Inevitable in light of Medical Evidence, but Questions Remain for Future Cases". Constitution Project. University College Cork. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ Carolan, Mary (11 April 2016). "Judgment on brain-dead pregnant woman wins award". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ "Brain Stem Death". Gender Justice Uncovered Awards. Women's Link Worldwide. Retrieved 13 June 2017. External links Judgments: P.P -v- Health Service Executive from the Courts Service of Ireland website vteAbortion in the Republic of IrelandLegislation Offences Against the Person Act 1861 Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 Constitutional amendments Eighth Amendment (1983) Thirteenth Amendment (Travel) (1992) Fourteenth Amendment (Information) (1992) Thirty-sixth Amendment (Repeal of Eighth Amendment) (2018) Failed amendments Twelfth Amendment (Remove risk of suicide) (1992) Twenty-fifth Amendment (Remove risk of suicide etc.) (2002) Case law X Case (1992) Services outside the State for Termination of Pregnancies Act 1995 C Case (1997) D v Ireland (2006) A, B and C v Ireland (2010) PP v. HSE (2014) Mellet v Ireland (2016) AdvocacyPro-abortion rights Abortion Rights Campaign Amnesty International Ireland Colm O'Gorman Irish Family Planning Association Ivana Bacik Janet O'Sullivan Kate O'Connell Mary Robinson Migrants and Ethnic-minorities for Reproductive Justice Peter Boylan Ruth Coppinger Termination for Medical Reasons Together for Yes Anti-abortion rights Breda O'Brien Cora Sherlock David Quinn Every Life Counts Family & Life Iona Institute Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference Joe McCarroll John Bruton John McGuirk Justin Barrett Maria Steen Niamh Uí Bhriain Patricia Casey Pro Life Campaign Pro-Life Amendment Campaign Youth Defence Individuals Mamie Cadden Sheila Hodgers Miss D Savita Halappanavar Ms Y vteAbortion in EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria vteAbortionMain topics Definitions History Methods Abortion debate Philosophical aspects Abortion law Movements Abortion-rights movements Anti-abortion movements Issues Abortion and mental health Beginning of human personhood Beginning of pregnancy controversy Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis Anti-abortion violence Abortion under communism Birth control Crisis pregnancy center Ethical aspects of abortion Eugenics Fetal rights Forced abortion Genetics and abortion Late-term abortion Legalized abortion and crime effect Libertarian perspectives on abortion Limit of viability Malthusianism Men's rights Minors and abortion Misinformation related to abortion Natalism One-child policy Paternal rights and abortion Post-abortion care Prenatal development Reproductive rights Self-induced abortion Sex-selective abortion Sidewalk counseling Societal attitudes towards abortion Socialism Termination for medical reasons Toxic abortion Unsafe abortion Women's rights By countryAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Egypt Ghana Kenya Namibia Nigeria South Africa Uganda Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia India Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Laos Lebanon Malaysia Nepal Northern Cyprus Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Bahamas Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Law Case law Constitutional law History of abortion law Laws by country Buffer zones Conscientious objection Fetal protection Six-week bans Informed consent Late-term restrictions Parental involvement Spousal consent Methods Vacuum aspiration Dilation and evacuation Dilation and curettage Intact D&X Hysterotomy Instillation Menstrual extraction Medical abortion Abortifacient drugs Methotrexate Mifepristone Misoprostol Oxytocin Self-induced abortion Unsafe abortion Religion Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Hinduism Islam Judaism Scientology Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"pregnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnant"},{"link_name":"brain dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_dead"},{"link_name":"life support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_support"},{"link_name":"foetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foetus"},{"link_name":"viable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_viability"},{"link_name":"delivered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth"},{"link_name":"next of kin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_of_kin"},{"link_name":"foetus' right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_rights"},{"link_name":"Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Health Service Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Service_Executive"}],"text":"P.P v. Health Service Executive was a 2014 case in the Irish High Court to rule on whether a pregnant woman (anonymised as \"N.P.\") who was brain dead ought to be kept on life support until the foetus was viable and could be delivered. The woman's next of kin wished her life support to be switched off but medical staff were unsure whether this would violate the foetus' right to life, which was guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. The case was brought against the Health Service Executive (HSE) by N.P.'s father \"P.P.\"","title":"PP v. HSE"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt271214-1"},{"link_name":"cerebellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar"},{"link_name":"cystic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyst"},{"link_name":"acute hydrocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_hydrocephalus"},{"link_name":"brain stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Kearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Kearns"},{"link_name":"President of the High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_High_Court"},{"link_name":"ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(law)"},{"link_name":"Marie Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Baker"},{"link_name":"Caroline Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Costello"},{"link_name":"senior counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_counsel"},{"link_name":"Conor Dignam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Dignam"},{"link_name":"the court ruled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ruling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-it261214-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"inquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquest"},{"link_name":"open verdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_verdict"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 27 November 2014, a woman, twelve to fourteen weeks pregnant, was admitted to hospital with headaches and nausea. Two days later, she suffered a fall and was later found to be unresponsive. On 3 December, she was declared clinically brain dead.[1] The cause was a large cerebellar cystic lesion causing acute hydrocephalus and compression of brain stem. She was placed on life support against her family's wishes. Her parents and partner supported turning off the life support machines. Her two young children did not recognise her when they visited her, and were upset at her appearance.On 15 December 2014, her father applied to the High Court for life support to be turned off. Nicholas Kearns, the President of the High Court, fast-tracked P.P.'s application for his daughter to be made his ward, which took effect on 23 December. On 22 December Kearns decided that the case was important enough for three judges to hear it: himself, Marie Baker, and Caroline Costello.The case was heard on 24 December. Four senior counsel were heard: Mary O'Toole for the plaintiff, Gerry Durcan for the respondent, Cormac Corrigan representing the interests of the woman, and Conor Dignam representing the interests of the unborn child. Seven doctors gave evidence.On 26 December 2014, the court ruled that the life support machine could be turned off.[2][3][4] None of the counsel appealed the verdict.The woman was taken off life support on 27 December, and buried on 29 December 2014.[5][6] In September 2015, an inquest jury returned an open verdict into the cause of her death.[7]In November 2016, the family commenced legal action against the HSE, claiming medical negligence.[8]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dignity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity"},{"link_name":"Irish abortion law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitutionproject-9"},{"link_name":"gender equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In ruling for life support to be switched off, the court held that the woman's right to dignity and her family's wishes could take precedence because the chances of the foetus being born alive were infinitesimal. The court rejected an argument that the Eighth Amendment applied only to Irish abortion law and thus ought not to be invoked in a non-abortion case. The ruling also stated \"when the mother who dies is bearing an unborn child at the time of her death, the rights of that child, who is living, and whose interests are not necessarily inimical to those just expressed, must prevail over the feelings of grief and respect for a mother who is no longer living.\" This left open the possibility of an opposite verdict in a hypothetical similar case further into a pregnancy.[9]Women's Link Worldwide gave the High Court judgment the \"Bronze Gavel\" for promoting gender equality at its 2015 \"Gender Justice Uncovered\" awards.[10][11]","title":"Ruling"}]	[]	[{"title":"Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Abortion in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"A, B and C v Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A,_B_and_C_v_Ireland"},{"title":"Death of Savita Halappanavar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Savita_Halappanavar"},{"title":"Ms Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms_Y"},{"title":"Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_of_Life_During_Pregnancy_Act_2013"}]	[{"reference":"Herron, Michaela; Power, Kevin (January–February 2015). \"A matter of life and death\" (PDF). Law Society Gazette. Ireland: 24–27. Retrieved 14 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lawsociety.ie/globalassets/documents/gazette/gazette-2015/jan-feb-gazette-2015-v3.pdf#page=24","url_text":"\"A matter of life and death\""}]},{"reference":"Dalby, Douglas (27 December 2014). \"Irish Court Lets Woman Be Taken Off Life Support\". The New York Times. p. A9. Retrieved 18 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/27/world/europe/ireland-court-rules-brain-dead-pregnant-woman-may-be-taken-off-life-support.html","url_text":"\"Irish Court Lets Woman Be Taken Off Life Support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Carolan, Mary (26 December 2014). \"Court clears way for clinically dead pregnant woman to be taken off life support\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/high-court/court-clears-way-for-clinically-dead-pregnant-woman-to-be-taken-off-life-support-1.2048616","url_text":"\"Court clears way for clinically dead pregnant woman to be taken off life support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Henry (26 December 2014). \"Brain-dead pregnant woman's life support can be switched off, Irish court rules\". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/26/ireland-court-rules-brain-dead-pregnant-womans-life-support-switched-off","url_text":"\"Brain-dead pregnant woman's life support can be switched off, Irish court rules\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Mum-to-be's life support can be shut down, says Dublin court\". BBC. 26 December 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30599063","url_text":"\"Mum-to-be's life support can be shut down, says Dublin court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"McGarry, Patsy (30 December 2014). \"Funeral of pregnant woman who was taken off life support\". The Irish Times. p. 4. Retrieved 18 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/2014/1230/Pg004.html#Ar00405","url_text":"\"Funeral of pregnant woman who was taken off life support\""}]},{"reference":"McGarry, Patsy (29 December 2014). \"Young pregnant woman taken off life support on Saturday is buried\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/young-pregnant-woman-taken-off-life-support-on-saturday-is-buried-1.2050519","url_text":"\"Young pregnant woman taken off life support on Saturday is buried\""}]},{"reference":"Carolan, Mary (22 September 2015). \"Open verdict on pregnant woman taken off life support\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/coroner-s-court/open-verdict-on-pregnant-woman-taken-off-life-support-1.2361393","url_text":"\"Open verdict on pregnant woman taken off life support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Tighe, Mark (27 November 2016). \"Family of pregnant woman on life support sue HSE\". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 28 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/ireland/family-of-pregnant-woman-on-life-support-sue-hse-c6zrdjt68","url_text":"\"Family of pregnant woman on life support sue HSE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times","url_text":"The Sunday Times"}]},{"reference":"O'Mahony, Conor (26 December 2014). \"High Court Ruling Inevitable in light of Medical Evidence, but Questions Remain for Future Cases\". Constitution Project. University College Cork. Retrieved 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://constitutionproject.ie/?p=374","url_text":"\"High Court Ruling Inevitable in light of Medical Evidence, but Questions Remain for Future Cases\""}]},{"reference":"Carolan, Mary (11 April 2016). \"Judgment on brain-dead pregnant woman wins award\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/judgment-on-brain-dead-pregnant-woman-wins-award-1.2606884","url_text":"\"Judgment on brain-dead pregnant woman wins award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Brain Stem Death\". Gender Justice Uncovered Awards. Women's Link Worldwide. Retrieved 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.womenslinkworldwide.org/en/awards/cases/brain-stem-death","url_text":"\"Brain Stem Death\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/09859e7a3f34669680256ef3004a27de/fb8a5c76857e08ce80257dcb003fd4e6?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"transcript"},{"Link":"https://www.bailii.org/ie/cases/IEHC/2014/H622.html","external_links_name":"[2014] IEHC 622"},{"Link":"https://www.lawsociety.ie/globalassets/documents/gazette/gazette-2015/jan-feb-gazette-2015-v3.pdf#page=24","external_links_name":"\"A matter of life and death\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/27/world/europe/ireland-court-rules-brain-dead-pregnant-woman-may-be-taken-off-life-support.html","external_links_name":"\"Irish Court Lets Woman Be Taken Off Life Support\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/high-court/court-clears-way-for-clinically-dead-pregnant-woman-to-be-taken-off-life-support-1.2048616","external_links_name":"\"Court clears way for clinically dead pregnant woman to be taken off life support\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/26/ireland-court-rules-brain-dead-pregnant-womans-life-support-switched-off","external_links_name":"\"Brain-dead pregnant woman's life support can be switched off, Irish court rules\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30599063","external_links_name":"\"Mum-to-be's life support can be shut down, says Dublin court\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/2014/1230/Pg004.html#Ar00405","external_links_name":"\"Funeral of pregnant woman who was taken off life support\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/young-pregnant-woman-taken-off-life-support-on-saturday-is-buried-1.2050519","external_links_name":"\"Young pregnant woman taken off life support on Saturday is buried\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/coroner-s-court/open-verdict-on-pregnant-woman-taken-off-life-support-1.2361393","external_links_name":"\"Open verdict on pregnant woman taken off life support\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/ireland/family-of-pregnant-woman-on-life-support-sue-hse-c6zrdjt68","external_links_name":"\"Family of pregnant woman on life support sue HSE\""},{"Link":"http://constitutionproject.ie/?p=374","external_links_name":"\"High Court Ruling Inevitable in light of Medical Evidence, but Questions Remain for Future Cases\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/judgment-on-brain-dead-pregnant-woman-wins-award-1.2606884","external_links_name":"\"Judgment on brain-dead pregnant woman wins award\""},{"Link":"http://www.womenslinkworldwide.org/en/awards/cases/brain-stem-death","external_links_name":"\"Brain Stem Death\""},{"Link":"http://www.courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/09859e7a3f34669680256ef3004a27de/fb8a5c76857e08ce80257dcb003fd4e6?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"Judgments: P.P -v- Health Service Executive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_F._Eastman	Mary F. Eastman	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Death","4 References","4.1 Bibliography","5 External links"]	American educator, lecturer, writer, suffragist Mary Frances EastmanBornOctober 20, 1833Lowell, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedNovember 1, 1908(1908-11-01) (aged 75)Tewksbury, MassachusettsOccupationeducatorlecturerwritersuffragistAlma materLowell High School Mary F. Eastman (October 20, 1833 - November 1, 1908) was an American educator, lecturer, writer, and suffragist of the long nineteenth century. A native of Lowell, Massachusetts, she resided in Tewksbury for many years. She taught in the high and normal school for girls in Boston, and was among the first to be thought competent to teach and control the students of a winter school in Lowell. Her later teaching was in Boston's Charlestown and also Somerville, Massachusetts. At the request of Horace Mann, she went to Ohio to aid in the work of education which he had undertaken at Antioch College. Eastman thought that suffrage was the highway to all other reforms. She is remembered for her expertise in the lecture-field of women's rights. Early life and education Mary Frances Eastman was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. She was the third child of Gardner Kimball Eastman and Mary Flanders Eastman. Two brothers died in childhood. Mary and her younger sister, Helen Eastman (d. 1902), were lifelong companions. The Eastman and Flanders families, from which Eastman descended, were both of English origin. Their early representatives in the U.S. were among the pioneers who settled at Salisbury, Massachusetts, about 1640. Her father, Gardner Kimball Eastman, was born in Boscawen, New Hampshire. The Genealogy of the Eastman Family in America, by Guy S. Rix, record that Gardner Kimball Eastman was called "Bonus". The mother, Mary Flanders, was born in Warner, New Hampshire, the daughter of Philip Flanders. Her parents were Universalists, but were not church members. Eastman was a good student. Her education in early childhood was received mainly in the public schools of Lowell, and at the same time, by instruction in private classes in drawing, painting, horseback riding, dancing, and later, in the Lewis gymnastics. The public course ended with Lowell High School and a seminary for young woman. On the advice of a favorite teacher, she then entered a State Normal School at West Newton, Massachusetts (now Framingham State University), which went on to inspire Eastman to become a teacher. Career Directly after graduating from high school, she was invited to take charge of the high school at Brookfield, Massachusetts. When Antioch College in Ohio opened, under the leadership of Horace Mann, he urged Eastman and a classmate at the normal school to enter as pupils. Notwithstanding their high esteem for Mann, Eastman's parents felt that Ohio was too far away. After she had become a teacher, Mann invited Eastman to come as instructor in the preparatory classes of the college, with mature pupils, most of whom were older than Eastman. She remained here till near the end of Mann's life. In pursuance of Mann's recommendation before his death, she was solicited by Minister Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, then representing the Argentine Republic in the U.S., to take charge of introducing into the South American Republic a system of schools substantially as it had been developed in New England. Eastman, after due consideration of her youth and inexperience, declined the important work. Returning to New England, she took charge of the Female Department of the Lowell High School, her alma mater, which had nearly 200 pupils. After four years service, she resigned to take charge of a seminary for young ladies at Meadville, Pennsylvania, endowed by the benefactions of the Huidekoper family. During her seven-year stay here, she lived in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Huidekoper. Eastman prepared the biography of Dr. Dio Lewis and contributed the section on "History of the Education of Women in the Eastern States", to a volume on Woman's Work in America. In Tewksbury, she served on the school committee and aided in establishing the public library and the Village Improvement Association. She entered the lecture-field in support of educational, political, and other reforms, with lectures on travel and on literary topics, meeting with a cordial reception from the public. One evening at a reception at the Unitarian Divinity School a group fell into a conversation which led to some consideration of woman suffrage. After the party was over, the students met, and voted to invite Eastman to give her views on the subject more fully in their chapel, and appointed a committee to extend the invitation. An audience gathered, and this was her first public address. On returning to Massachusetts, she was invited by Lucy Stone to deliver the address in New England. This inaugurated a work of many years throughout the country and its adjacent provinces that was lectured upon from the platform and occasionally from the pulpit. This work proved of the deepest interest to Eastman, who worked in this cause with Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Mary Livermore, and their contemporary peers. From the platform, she spoke along the lines of reform in way of "Equal Suffrage," "Progress in the Aims and Methods of Education," "Rights and Wrongs of the Indians," "Duties of Government," "Literature," "Travel," and other miscellaneous topics. Her arguments were always logical and given with candor. She received encouragement from her audiences, the press, and from the leaders of thought throughout the U.S. Death Mary F. Eastman died at her home in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, November 1, 1908, where she lived a number of years. References ^ a b c d e f g h Howe & Graves 1904, p. 484-. ^ a b c d e Hurd 1890, p. 316-. ^ Stanton, Anthony & Gage 1882, p. 829. ^ Old Residents' Historical Association of Lowell (Mass.) 1888, p. 28. ^ "MISS MARY F. EASTMAN DEAD". The Boston Globe. 3 November 1908. p. 3. Retrieved 28 August 2022 – via Newspapers.com. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Bibliography This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Howe, Julia Ward; Graves, Mary Hannah (1904). Representative Women of New England (Public domain ed.). New England Historical Publishing Company. p. 484. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Hurd, Duane Hamilton (1890). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Vol. 3 (Public domain ed.). J. W. Lewis & Company. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn (1882). History of Woman Suffrage: 1861-1876 (Public domain ed.). Fowler & Wells. p. 829. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Old Residents' Historical Association of Lowell (Mass.) (1888). Contributions of the Old Residents' Historical Association, Lowell, Mass: Organized December 21, 1868. Vol. 2 (Public domain ed.). The Association. External links Works by or about Mary F. Eastman at Internet Archive Biography portal Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suffragist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"long nineteenth century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century"},{"link_name":"Lowell, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Tewksbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewksbury,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Charlestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Somerville, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweGraves1904484--1"},{"link_name":"Horace Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Antioch College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurd1890316--2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStantonAnthonyGage1882829-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOld_Residents'_Historical_Association_of_Lowell_(Mass.)188828-4"}],"text":"Mary F. Eastman (October 20, 1833 - November 1, 1908) was an American educator, lecturer, writer, and suffragist of the long nineteenth century. A native of Lowell, Massachusetts, she resided in Tewksbury for many years. She taught in the high and normal school for girls in Boston, and was among the first to be thought competent to teach and control the students of a winter school in Lowell. Her later teaching was in Boston's Charlestown and also Somerville, Massachusetts.[1] At the request of Horace Mann, she went to Ohio to aid in the work of education which he had undertaken at Antioch College.[2] Eastman thought that suffrage was the highway to all other reforms.[3] She is remembered for her expertise in the lecture-field of women's rights.[4]","title":"Mary F. Eastman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweGraves1904484--1"},{"link_name":"Salisbury, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boscawen, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscawen,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Warner, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Universalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalists"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweGraves1904484--1"},{"link_name":"Lowell High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_High_School_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"West Newton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Newton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Framingham State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framingham_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweGraves1904484--1"}],"text":"Mary Frances Eastman was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. She was the third child of Gardner Kimball Eastman and Mary Flanders Eastman. Two brothers died in childhood. Mary and her younger sister, Helen Eastman (d. 1902), were lifelong companions.[1]The Eastman and Flanders families, from which Eastman descended, were both of English origin. Their early representatives in the U.S. were among the pioneers who settled at Salisbury, Massachusetts, about 1640. Her father, Gardner Kimball Eastman, was born in Boscawen, New Hampshire. The Genealogy of the Eastman Family in America, by Guy S. Rix, record that Gardner Kimball Eastman was called \"Bonus\". The mother, Mary Flanders, was born in Warner, New Hampshire, the daughter of Philip Flanders. Her parents were Universalists, but were not church members.[1]Eastman was a good student. Her education in early childhood was received mainly in the public schools of Lowell, and at the same time, by instruction in private classes in drawing, painting, horseback riding, dancing, and later, in the Lewis gymnastics. The public course ended with Lowell High School and a seminary for young woman. On the advice of a favorite teacher, she then entered a State Normal School at West Newton, Massachusetts (now Framingham State University), which went on to inspire Eastman to become a teacher.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweGraves1904484--1"},{"link_name":"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento"},{"link_name":"Argentine Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Republic"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Meadville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweGraves1904484--1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurd1890316--2"},{"link_name":"Dio Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurd1890316--2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurd1890316--2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurd1890316--2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweGraves1904484--1"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Lucy Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Stone"},{"link_name":"Susan B. Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cady Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton"},{"link_name":"Mary Livermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Livermore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweGraves1904484--1"}],"text":"Directly after graduating from high school, she was invited to take charge of the high school at Brookfield, Massachusetts. When Antioch College in Ohio opened, under the leadership of Horace Mann, he urged Eastman and a classmate at the normal school to enter as pupils. Notwithstanding their high esteem for Mann, Eastman's parents felt that Ohio was too far away. After she had become a teacher, Mann invited Eastman to come as instructor in the preparatory classes of the college, with mature pupils, most of whom were older than Eastman. She remained here till near the end of Mann's life.[1]In pursuance of Mann's recommendation before his death, she was solicited by Minister Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, then representing the Argentine Republic in the U.S., to take charge of introducing into the South American Republic a system of schools substantially as it had been developed in New England. Eastman, after due consideration of her youth and inexperience, declined the important work. Returning to New England, she took charge of the Female Department of the Lowell High School, her alma mater, which had nearly 200 pupils. After four years service, she resigned to take charge of a seminary for young ladies at Meadville, Pennsylvania, endowed by the benefactions of the Huidekoper family. During her seven-year stay here, she lived in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Huidekoper.[1][2]Eastman prepared the biography of Dr. Dio Lewis and contributed the section on \"History of the Education of Women in the Eastern States\", to a volume on Woman's Work in America.[2]In Tewksbury, she served on the school committee and aided in establishing the public library and the Village Improvement Association.[2]She entered the lecture-field in support of educational, political, and other reforms, with lectures on travel and on literary topics, meeting with a cordial reception from the public.[2] One evening at a reception at the Unitarian Divinity School a group fell into a conversation which led to some consideration of woman suffrage. After the party was over, the students met, and voted to invite Eastman to give her views on the subject more fully in their chapel, and appointed a committee to extend the invitation. An audience gathered, and this was her first public address.[1]On returning to Massachusetts, she was invited by Lucy Stone to deliver the address in New England. This inaugurated a work of many years throughout the country and its adjacent provinces that was lectured upon from the platform and occasionally from the pulpit. This work proved of the deepest interest to Eastman, who worked in this cause with Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Mary Livermore, and their contemporary peers. From the platform, she spoke along the lines of reform in way of \"Equal Suffrage,\" \"Progress in the Aims and Methods of Education,\" \"Rights and Wrongs of the Indians,\" \"Duties of Government,\" \"Literature,\" \"Travel,\" and other miscellaneous topics. Her arguments were always logical and given with candor. She received encouragement from her audiences, the press, and from the leaders of thought throughout the U.S.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BG-3nov1908-5"}],"text":"Mary F. Eastman died at her home in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, November 1, 1908, where she lived a number of years.[5]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"MISS MARY F. EASTMAN DEAD\". The Boston Globe. 3 November 1908. p. 3. Retrieved 28 August 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108476489/obit-mary-f-eastman-died-nov-1/","url_text":"\"MISS MARY F. EASTMAN DEAD\""}]},{"reference":"Howe, Julia Ward; Graves, Mary Hannah (1904). Representative Women of New England (Public domain ed.). New England Historical Publishing Company. p. 484.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/representativew00elligoog","url_text":"Representative Women of New England"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/representativew00elligoog/page/n633","url_text":"484"}]},{"reference":"Hurd, Duane Hamilton (1890). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Vol. 3 (Public domain ed.). J. W. Lewis & Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mZU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA316","url_text":"History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men"}]},{"reference":"Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn (1882). History of Woman Suffrage: 1861-1876 (Public domain ed.). Fowler & Wells. p. 829.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NbZVAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"History of Woman Suffrage: 1861-1876"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NbZVAAAAYAAJ/page/n889","url_text":"829"}]},{"reference":"Old Residents' Historical Association of Lowell (Mass.) (1888). Contributions of the Old Residents' Historical Association, Lowell, Mass: Organized December 21, 1868. Vol. 2 (Public domain ed.). The Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OSkWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA28","url_text":"Contributions of the Old Residents' Historical Association, Lowell, Mass: Organized December 21, 1868"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108476489/obit-mary-f-eastman-died-nov-1/","external_links_name":"\"MISS MARY F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_is_the_Life_(TV_series)	This Is the Life (TV series)	["1 Format","1.1 1952–1956: The Fisher Family","1.2 1956–1988: This Is the Life","2 Legacy","3 Notable guest stars","4 Awards","5 Bibliography","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Not to be confused with This Is Your Life. TV series or program This Is the LifeAlso known asThe Fisher FamilyGenreDramaProductionProduction companyLutheran Church–Missouri SynodOriginal releaseNetworkDuMont Television NetworkReleaseSeptember 1952 (1952-09) –1988 (1988) This Is the Life is an American Christian television dramatic series. This anthology series aired in syndication from 1952 to 1988. The series was originally produced by the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod, and distributed by the Lutheran Laymen's League. Format This Is the Life used two formats for its 36-year run. However, the main core of the series remained the same: presenting everyday and contemporary problems, and resolving them using a Christian solution. Even during the 1950s, topics often were controversial: censorship, morality, bigotry and racism, infidelity, juvenile delinquency, war (including the Vietnam War), and drug abuse. Some stories were light comedy, although most were serious. 1952–1956: The Fisher Family The series began under the title The Fisher Family, and premiered on the DuMont Television Network in September 1952, and aired on both DuMont and ABC until the fall of 1953. The show entered syndication shortly after its network run ended. The show's stories revolved around the Fishers, a typical family from Middleburg in an unnamed state of the Midwestern United States. The family included Carl, the father, who was a pharmacist; Anna, the mother (though they were referred to only as Mr. and Mrs. Fisher); their children Emily (18), Pete (16), and Freddie (10); and Grandpa Fisher (presumably Mr. Fisher's widower father), who lived with them. A recurring character was Pastor Martin, who presided over the Lutheran church where the Fishers were members. Each episode presented a difficult life issue for one or more of the Fishers (or sometimes, the people they encountered); the issue's resolution was found through their Christian faith. Pastor Martin would facilitate this resolving process when the family (or other central character for that particular episode) was unable to do so among themselves. Christian faith as the basis of a strong, functional family was the theme tying the episodes together. The show came to an end in the spring of 1956 and evolved into the spinoff series titled This Is the Life. 1956–1988: This Is the Life Replacing The Fisher Family in the fall of 1956, This Is the Life spun off from the former by means of Pastor Martin, who now became the only regular character on the show. The Fishers no longer appeared, but rather a variety of parishioners and other residents of or visitors to Middleburg. The series thus became, in terms of principal characters, an anthology; Christian practice and faith as the means of resolving each episodes principal(s) remained the underlying theme of the series, but by expanding the focus to different characters, a range of problems apart from just those facing a single, Christian nuclear family could be explored, e.g.: A businessman must help his drug-addicted sister, but only after he faces his own drug habit. A young girl runs away after learning her family is moving to another town because her father accepted a job transfer. A college student struggles with grief after losing his girlfriend in a car accident. An ex-con trying to reintegrate into the work force sees a question on his job application he has difficulty being honest about. The characters were not necessarily Lutheran, devout Christians, or even Christians at all. They would ultimately be able to face their difficulties, however, by either turning or returning to Christianity, here in the form of Pastor Martin. Generally, the episode was introduced by Pastor Martin, telling the story of a past event to illustrate a point of doctrine. Generally, he thereafter did not appear in the episode until the crisis came to a head, usually as a consultant turned to by each episode's characters when they had exhausted their own and other "secular" resources. When Nelson Leigh, who had played that role from The Fisher Family days, retired, other Lutheran ministers replaced him and the minister's role as "host" of the program was dropped. The show continued until 1988, though generally broadcast in its last years mostly on local or cable Christian networks, and videotaped rather than filmed. The move away from a single, central character, even if only briefly seen, along with the rise in televangelism bringing competing shows to the air, and individual religious networks where the lectures of individual personalities were promoted instead of the broad lessons via a teleplay for all of the past, may have contributed to the series' loss of audience. At some point in its later years, some of the episodes were repackaged and reissued with a different title, Patterns For Living. At times, the editing for doing so was somewhat sloppy, such that the This Is the Life title was still evident. The series appears to be "lost" now, or at least suppressed by the current rights' holder(s); beyond runs on some public access stations which continue to run tapes of the series received in the past, no re-syndication of any of its seasons or episodes in the past two decades is known, and it has never been available on home video. Legacy The success of This Is the Life resulted in several other Christian denominations producing their own religious anthology series. The most successful of these entries was Insight, which was produced by the Roman Catholic-affiliated Paulist Productions, premiering in syndication in 1960 and running for nearly 25 years. Among less-successful anthologies were: This Is the Answer (1958–1961), underwritten by the Southern Baptist Convention. The Pastor (1955), the Methodists' entry into the market. Notable guest stars Actors appearing in the series included: Julie Adams Judith Barsi Danielle Brisebois Paul Carr Kim Darby Joan Darling Henry Darrow Burr DeBenning Dean Devlin Angie Dickinson Conchata Ferrell Jonathan Frakes Peggy Ann Garner Kathy Garver Bonita Granville Clu Gulager Dean Jagger Nelson Leigh Kay Lenz Dave Madden Ed Nelson Jack Nicholson Leonard Nimoy Lisa Pelikan Nehemiah Persoff Brock Peters Mala Powers Annette O'Toole William Schallert David Ogden Stiers Lyle Talbot Glynn Turman Adam West Ian Wolfe Lynn Whitfield Alan Young Awards 1972: Nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Religious Programming - Programs. 1980: Won two Daytime Emmy Awards and was nominated for a third. 1983, 1984, 1985: Won the New York International Film and TV Festival Gold Medal Award for episodes, Bon Voyage and Shalom, Reprise for the Lord, and The Face of Gabriel Ortiz, all directed by Sharron Miller. Bibliography David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004) ISBN 1-59213-245-6 Alex McNeil, Total Television, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980) ISBN 0-14-024916-8 Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964) ISBN 0-345-31864-1 Hal Erickson, Syndicated Television: The First Forty Years, 1947-1987 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. Inc., 1989) ISBN 0-89950-410-8 See also List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts References ^ "The Fisher Family - IMDb". IMDb. ^ "The Fisher Family - IMDb". IMDb. ^ "Bon Voyage and Shalom". IMDb. ^ "Reprise for the Lord". IMDb. ^ "The Face of Gabriel Ortiz". IMDb. ^ "Sharron Miller". IMDb. External links This Is the Life at IMDb This Is The Life / The Fisher Family / Patterns For Living DuMont historical website September 9, 1952 episode on YouTube Episodes of the series at Main Street Living!	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Is Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"anthology series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_series"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_syndication"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Laymen's League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Laymen%27s_League"}],"text":"Not to be confused with This Is Your Life.TV series or programThis Is the Life is an American Christian television dramatic series. This anthology series aired in syndication from 1952 to 1988. The series was originally produced by the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod, and distributed by the Lutheran Laymen's League.","title":"This Is the Life (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"morality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"link_name":"bigotry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigotry"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"infidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidelity"},{"link_name":"juvenile delinquency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"drug abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_abuse"}],"text":"This Is the Life used two formats for its 36-year run. However, the main core of the series remained the same: presenting everyday and contemporary problems, and resolving them using a Christian solution. Even during the 1950s, topics often were controversial: censorship, morality, bigotry and racism, infidelity, juvenile delinquency, war (including the Vietnam War), and drug abuse. Some stories were light comedy, although most were serious.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DuMont Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_in_television"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndication_(television)"},{"link_name":"Midwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"pharmacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist"}],"sub_title":"1952–1956: The Fisher Family","text":"The series began under the title The Fisher Family, and premiered on the DuMont Television Network in September 1952, and aired on both DuMont and ABC until the fall of 1953. The show entered syndication shortly after its network run ended.The show's stories revolved around the Fishers, a typical family from Middleburg in an unnamed state of the Midwestern United States. The family included Carl, the father, who was a pharmacist; Anna, the mother (though they were referred to only as Mr. and Mrs. Fisher); their children Emily (18), Pete (16), and Freddie (10); and Grandpa Fisher (presumably Mr. Fisher's widower father), who lived with them. A recurring character was Pastor Martin, who presided over the Lutheran church where the Fishers were members.Each episode presented a difficult life issue for one or more of the Fishers (or sometimes, the people they encountered); the issue's resolution was found through their Christian faith. Pastor Martin would facilitate this resolving process when the family (or other central character for that particular episode) was unable to do so among themselves. Christian faith as the basis of a strong, functional family was the theme tying the episodes together.The show came to an end in the spring of 1956 and evolved into the spinoff series titled This Is the Life.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family"},{"link_name":"Nelson Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Leigh"},{"link_name":"televangelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televangelism"},{"link_name":"public access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-access_television"}],"sub_title":"1956–1988: This Is the Life","text":"Replacing The Fisher Family in the fall of 1956, This Is the Life spun off from the former by means of Pastor Martin, who now became the only regular character on the show. The Fishers no longer appeared, but rather a variety of parishioners and other residents of or visitors to Middleburg. The series thus became, in terms of principal characters, an anthology; Christian practice and faith as the means of resolving each episodes principal(s) remained the underlying theme of the series, but by expanding the focus to different characters, a range of problems apart from just those facing a single, Christian nuclear family could be explored, e.g.:A businessman must help his drug-addicted sister, but only after he faces his own drug habit.\nA young girl runs away after learning her family is moving to another town because her father accepted a job transfer.\nA college student struggles with grief after losing his girlfriend in a car accident.\nAn ex-con trying to reintegrate into the work force sees a question on his job application he has difficulty being honest about.The characters were not necessarily Lutheran, devout Christians, or even Christians at all. They would ultimately be able to face their difficulties, however, by either turning or returning to Christianity, here in the form of Pastor Martin. Generally, the episode was introduced by Pastor Martin, telling the story of a past event to illustrate a point of doctrine. Generally, he thereafter did not appear in the episode until the crisis came to a head, usually as a consultant turned to by each episode's characters when they had exhausted their own and other \"secular\" resources.When Nelson Leigh, who had played that role from The Fisher Family days, retired, other Lutheran ministers replaced him and the minister's role as \"host\" of the program was dropped. The show continued until 1988, though generally broadcast in its last years mostly on local or cable Christian networks, and videotaped rather than filmed. The move away from a single, central character, even if only briefly seen, along with the rise in televangelism bringing competing shows to the air, and individual religious networks where the lectures of individual personalities were promoted instead of the broad lessons via a teleplay for all of the past, may have contributed to the series' loss of audience.At some point in its later years, some of the episodes were repackaged and reissued with a different title, Patterns For Living. At times, the editing for doing so was somewhat sloppy, such that the This Is the Life title was still evident.The series appears to be \"lost\" now, or at least suppressed by the current rights' holder(s); beyond runs on some public access stations which continue to run tapes of the series received in the past, no re-syndication of any of its seasons or episodes in the past two decades is known, and it has never been available on home video.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Insight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Paulist Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulist_Productions"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"Methodists'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"}],"text":"The success of This Is the Life resulted in several other Christian denominations producing their own religious anthology series. The most successful of these entries was Insight, which was produced by the Roman Catholic-affiliated Paulist Productions, premiering in syndication in 1960 and running for nearly 25 years.Among less-successful anthologies were:This Is the Answer (1958–1961), underwritten by the Southern Baptist Convention.\nThe Pastor (1955), the Methodists' entry into the market.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julie Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Adams"},{"link_name":"Judith Barsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Barsi"},{"link_name":"Danielle Brisebois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Brisebois"},{"link_name":"Paul Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carr_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kim Darby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Darby"},{"link_name":"Joan Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Darling"},{"link_name":"Henry Darrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Darrow"},{"link_name":"Burr DeBenning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_DeBenning"},{"link_name":"Dean Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Devlin"},{"link_name":"Angie Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Conchata Ferrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchata_Ferrell"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Frakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Frakes"},{"link_name":"Peggy Ann Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner"},{"link_name":"Kathy Garver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Garver"},{"link_name":"Bonita Granville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita_Granville"},{"link_name":"Clu Gulager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clu_Gulager"},{"link_name":"Dean Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Nelson Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Kay Lenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Lenz"},{"link_name":"Dave Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Madden"},{"link_name":"Ed Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Leonard Nimoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy"},{"link_name":"Lisa Pelikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Pelikan"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah Persoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_Persoff"},{"link_name":"Brock Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_Peters"},{"link_name":"Mala Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Powers"},{"link_name":"Annette O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"William Schallert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schallert"},{"link_name":"David Ogden Stiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ogden_Stiers"},{"link_name":"Lyle Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Glynn Turman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_Turman"},{"link_name":"Adam West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_West"},{"link_name":"Ian Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"Lynn Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Alan Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Young"}],"text":"Actors appearing in the series included:Julie Adams\nJudith Barsi\nDanielle Brisebois\nPaul Carr\nKim Darby\nJoan Darling\nHenry Darrow\nBurr DeBenning\nDean Devlin\nAngie Dickinson\nConchata Ferrell\nJonathan Frakes\nPeggy Ann Garner\nKathy Garver\nBonita Granville\nClu Gulager\nDean Jagger\nNelson Leigh\nKay Lenz\nDave Madden\nEd Nelson\nJack Nicholson\nLeonard Nimoy\nLisa Pelikan\nNehemiah Persoff\nBrock Peters\nMala Powers\nAnnette O'Toole\nWilliam Schallert\nDavid Ogden Stiers\nLyle Talbot\nGlynn Turman\nAdam West\nIan Wolfe\nLynn Whitfield\nAlan Young","title":"Notable guest stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New York International Film and TV Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_International_Film_and_TV_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sharron Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharron_Miller"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"1972: Nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Religious Programming - Programs.[1]1980: Won two Daytime Emmy Awards and was nominated for a third.[2]1983, 1984, 1985: Won the New York International Film and TV Festival Gold Medal Award for episodes, Bon Voyage and Shalom,[3] Reprise for the Lord,[4] and The Face of Gabriel Ortiz,[5] all directed by Sharron Miller.[6]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temple University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59213-245-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-245-6"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-024916-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024916-8"},{"link_name":"Ballantine Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-31864-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-31864-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89950-410-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-410-8"}],"text":"David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004) ISBN 1-59213-245-6\nAlex McNeil, Total Television, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980) ISBN 0-14-024916-8\nTim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964) ISBN 0-345-31864-1\nHal Erickson, Syndicated Television: The First Forty Years, 1947-1987 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. Inc., 1989) ISBN 0-89950-410-8","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_the_DuMont_Television_Network"},{"title":"List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surviving_DuMont_Television_Network_broadcasts"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Fisher Family - IMDb\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0136671/awards?ref_=tt_awd","url_text":"\"The Fisher Family - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fisher Family - IMDb\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0136671/awards?ref_=tt_awd","url_text":"\"The Fisher Family - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Bon Voyage and Shalom\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0840719/?ref_=ttep_ep1","url_text":"\"Bon Voyage and Shalom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Reprise for the Lord\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0840723/?ref_=ttep_ep5","url_text":"\"Reprise for the Lord\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"The Face of Gabriel Ortiz\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0840724/?ref_=ttep_ep2","url_text":"\"The Face of Gabriel Ortiz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Sharron Miller\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliban_(Marvel_Comics)	Caliban (Marvel Comics)	["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","2.1 X-Factor","2.2 Horseman of Apocalypse","2.3 X-Force","2.4 Return to Apocalypse","2.5 Post M-Day","2.6 Seeking The X-Men","2.7 Messiah Complex and Death","2.8 Necrosha","2.9 Dawn of X","3 Powers and abilities","4 Reception","5 Other versions","5.1 Age of Apocalypse","5.2 House of M","5.3 Ultimate Marvel","5.4 X-Factor Forever","6 In other media","6.1 Television","6.2 Film","6.3 Video games","6.4 Merchandise","7 References","8 External links"]	Marvel Comics fictional character Comics character CalibanCaliban in The Uncanny X-Men #488(Sept. 2007); art by Salvador LarrocaPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceThe Uncanny X-Men #148 (Aug. 1981)Created byChris ClaremontDave CockrumIn-story informationSpeciesHuman MutantTeam affiliationsX-ForceX-MenThe 198Horsemen of ApocalypseX-FactorMorlocksNotable aliasesPestilence; Hellhound; Hound; DeathAbilitiesPre-alteration: Sensing and tracking other mutants Terror empowerment Sensing and manipulating fears Apocalypse enhancements: Body augmentation Formerly: Shadow power Claws and fangs Invulnerability Psychoactive virus generation Caliban is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #148 (Aug. 1981), by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum. A mutant with the ability to sense other mutants, he was originally a member of the Morlocks. He was also a member of the X-Factor, X-Men, X-Force and The 198. He was chosen twice by Apocalypse as one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse, first as Death and the second time as Pestilence, and Apocalypse also enhanced his superpowers through genetic manipulation. The character was portrayed in film by Tómas Lemarquis in X-Men: Apocalypse (2016) and his alternate older version by Stephen Merchant in Logan (2017). Publication history This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2010) Caliban's first appearance was in The Uncanny X-Men #148 (Aug. 1981), written by Chris Claremont and illustrated by Dave Cockrum. Fictional character biography Caliban, in his original form, with Kitty Pryde. From Uncanny X-Men #169 (May 1983); art by Paul Smith and Bob Wiacek. He is born an albino mutant with a pale complexion and large yellow eyes. At some point in his life, he is banished from his home by his father, who called him Caliban, after a character from the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare. Growing up, a still young Caliban, who speaks in the third person, is discovered by the mutant Callisto and taken under her wing. Learning of his mutant tracking ability, Callisto uses Caliban to locate other disenfranchised mutants and organizes them into the Morlocks, a band of homeless, rejected mutants. The founding Morlocks consist of Caliban, Callisto, Masque, Plague, and Sunder. The Morlocks live in the sewers and abandoned subway tunnels running underneath New York City, and, like Caliban, most of them had grotesque appearances. Caliban senses the presence of nearby mutants and enters a New York City nightclub seeking their friendship. He finds Storm, Dazzler, Kitty Pryde, and the original Spider-Woman in the club, and has a misunderstood confrontation with them. Though the battle ends peacefully, Caliban returns to his home underground. Shortly thereafter, Morlock leader Callisto desires a consort and has the Morlocks abduct Warren Worthington, the Angel and a member of the X-Men, to be her husband. The X-Men arrive in the sewers to rescue their ally, and Kitty is infected with a virus by Plague. Caliban takes her to his quarters to care for her. Kitty pleads with Caliban to allow her to assist her teammates. Caliban agrees, but only if she will return after the fight and stay with him. Though Kitty promised to stay with him forever, she left and returned home. Weeks later, Callisto, vengeful after losing a one-on-one battle with X-Men leader Storm, orders the Morlocks to kidnap Kitty to force her to marry Caliban, knowing Storm would return. Caliban, however, realized Kitty did not truly love him and released her from her promise. Kitty then became Caliban's friend. Caliban was later temporarily magically merged with Professor X by Kulan Gath during a confrontation with the sorcerer. X-Factor During the Morlock massacre, X-Factor rescued Caliban from the Marauders, and Caliban swore vengeance upon the Marauders. With nowhere else to stay, he took up residence at X-Factor headquarters with several other surviving Morlocks. Soon, he forced Masque to undo damage to the Beast's face, and then returned to the Alley. However, shortly thereafter, Rictor went missing and Caliban volunteered to help X-Factor find him, officially joining the group at that point. Alongside X-Factor, he next battled the Horsemen of Apocalypse. Caliban voiced his wish for increased power, so Iceman began teaching Caliban unarmed combat. He next fought the Right's soldiers and was nearly killed by them; then he aided X-Factor in rescuing the Right's mutant captives. Horseman of Apocalypse Not long after that, X-Factor's immortal enemy Apocalypse kidnaps the entire team after changing Angel into Death. Caliban, intrigued by Apocalypse's transformation of the fallen Angel, betrays X-Factor and asks Apocalypse to do the same to him. Agreeing, Apocalypse promises to give Caliban enough power to gain revenge against the Marauders who killed his Morlock family. Caliban agrees to become Apocalypse's servant and locator of mutants. Apocalypse renames him Hellhound. Caliban senses the telepathic cry of Val-Or. Through genetic manipulation, Caliban becomes the second Horseman of Apocalypse known as Death. When Apocalypse had re-located to the moon in a confrontation with the original X-Factor and the Inhumans, Caliban returns to the Morlock tunnels. There, he locates Sabretooth, a ferocious mutant and member of the Marauders, who is stalking the sewers to find and kill more Morlocks. In combat, Caliban breaks Sabretooth's back and leaves him for dead, not realizing that he has a healing factor. Caliban then attacks and defeats Archangel. He later finds and defeats Sabretooth again. As Death, Caliban performs various tasks for his new master, serving as his warrior servant. During the X-Cutioner's Song, Caliban attacks former X-Factor members (and current X-Men) Jean Grey and Cyclops, under Apocalypse's (actually Mister Sinister posing as Apocalypse) orders. Alongside War and Famine, Caliban kidnaps Cyclops and Jean Grey so Apocalypse can give the pair to the mad telepath Stryfe, who believes the couple to be his parents. Famine, War, and Death then battle the X-Men and are defeated by them. X-Force Eventually, the loner Caliban defeats Apocalypse's control at the cost of his mental faculties. At one point, when Sabretooth is a reluctant X-Men member, the mutant detector kidnaps X-Man Jubilee in exchange for the savage mutant, but he flees when Sabretooth mauls his face. Though mentally unwell, he retains enormous physical power and is befriended by the mutant Cable. Oddly, Caliban's color shifts from white and monstrous to a semi-friendly Ogre-like form that is purple in coloration. Cable invites Caliban to join his team X-Force. Caliban has many adventures with the team, such as confronting Mojo and his forces, and when Apocalypse's enemy Mister Sinister infiltrates the X-Mansion, Apocalypse's mental leash causes him to savagely maul Sinister. He also has several confrontations with Sabretooth during this time. Return to Apocalypse After some time, Apocalypse returns and takes Caliban away from X-Force. This time, Apocalypse makes him his new Horseman Pestilence (coincidentally, the former Pestilence was Caliban's Morlock ally Plague). This time, Apocalypse augments Caliban's physical power even more and gives him the ability to spread telepathic disease as well. This time, Apocalypse's horsemen include Ahab, Deathbird, and Wolverine. After Apocalypse is merged with Cyclops, Caliban tracks down the merged being, and is freed from his service shortly before Cable destroys Apocalypse's spirit. Released from his servitude to Apocalypse, Caliban once more reverts to his childlike state although he retains the monstrous physique he attained through Apocalypse's machinations. Subsequently, Caliban is captured by an anti-mutant medical research facility called the Watchtower. The Watchtower wishes to use Caliban for their own purposes but he is freed by X-Force. Caliban has devolved into a feral mental state where he only grunts and snarls but he manages to help X-Force against a menace called the Skornn. Post M-Day After M-Day, Caliban turned up at the Xavier institute as a member of the 198. He is seen carrying the 198 banner, created by Erg, during the confrontation with ONE* over the "tracking chips" and again during Mr. M's exodus from the institute. He later helps the 198 escape with Domino and Shatterstar to one of Nick Fury's secret bases in the Nevada desert. Caliban was able to sense the stockpile of weapons in the base, but they were activated and locked down by Johnny Dee, a mutant who had puppet-like control over a fraction of the team. The original X-Men team went to collect the 198 but Bishop's pro-registration team stopped them. After a short battle, the two sides teamed up and, thanks to a joint effort by Cyclops and Bishop, were able to free the 198. Seeking The X-Men Caliban later aids the Uncanny X-Men team after he is seriously injured by Masque, and crawls his way back to the Xavier Institute. Caliban enters the Morlock Tunnels with Warpath, Storm, and Hepzibah and find what Masque was talking about. Messiah Complex and Death Caliban becomes part of a strike-force, who are in search of the first newborn mutant since Decimation, along with Wolverine, Wolfsbane, X-23, Warpath, and Hepzibah (all of whom, except Hepzibah, form the new incarnation of X-Force). During a battle with Lady Deathstrike and the Reavers, Caliban sacrifices himself to save Warpath by jumping into the path of a line of bullets meant for him. His death distracts Warpath making Wolverine the only X-Force member to chase down Cable. Necrosha During the Necrosha storyline, Caliban is revived through the Technarch transmode virus by Eli Bard and presented to Selene for the purpose of finding other dead mutants and resurrecting them by the same means, so Bard can sacrifice them and their powers to her. Caliban is later seen next to the grave of long time deceased New Mutants member Cypher and began reviving him. Through him Selene resurrected many deceased mutants, and as she faced X-Force, she digested their powerful life-force energies that would help extend her life. Dawn of X Caliban was one amongst the mutants who were killed by assailants who invaded Krakoa, the homeland of Homo Superior. He and the other mutants were revived by The Five. Powers and abilities Caliban is a mutant with the ability to psionically sense other mutants out to several miles away and track their movements. He also has the uncontrolled ability to psionically sense, absorb, and turn the psionic energy of fear radiated by humans against them, inducing more intense fear within their minds. He could also utilize fear from others to boost his strength to a level sufficient to easily overpower the original Spider Woman (Jessica Drew). He is a formidable hand-to-hand combatant, having been trained by Iceman and later Apocalypse. As Death, he attained superhuman strength, speed, agility, reflexes, coordination, balance, endurance, claws and fangs as well as imperviousness to physical injury through Apocalypse's genetic manipulation. He also has great skill at climbing and possesses superhuman leaping ability. He was also mentally conditioned to attack Apocalypse's former ally Mister Sinister on sight. His fear siphoning abilities had also been augmented and he can now control them as well as cast his power over a much wider net; not only gaining in strength from siphoning the anxiety of others but could harness strengthen and redistribute it in much stronger quantities by force of will. This facet of his bolstered power was dubbed the Shadow of Fear by Caliban himself. As Pestilence, Apocalypse gave him the ability to generate a mental plague, a virus that attacks from within on the highest planes of the psyche and breaks down the mental functions of the target. Being reverted to his original form by Masque, Caliban still appears to retain some superhuman strength affected by his adrenaline, as he was shown lifting rubble off of Skids that proved difficult for even Warpath to hoist. After being reanimated through the Technarch transmode virus, his ability changed to psionically sense not living mutants but dead mutants. Once resurrected after the rise of the new mutant homeland, he resumed his muscular physical appearance he had when he was a Horseman of Apocalypse and before Masque warped his excess flesh away. Reception In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Caliban 89th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list. Other versions Age of Apocalypse In the Age of Apocalypse reality, Caliban was a henchman of the bounty hunter Domino, using his powers to track down Nate Grey. In this incarnation he is an egotistical coward who is nonetheless well-learned in literature and a skilled swordsman. He is killed by Toad, a member of the Outcasts. House of M In the House of M reality, Caliban is seen as a member of the Genoshan Black Ops version of the Marauders. Ultimate Marvel In the Ultimate Marvel reality, Caliban appears in the pages of Ultimate X-Men #82 as a member of the Ultimate Morlocks. His look is somewhat different, as he is now portrayed with a darker grey color instead of chalk white. He is also a stronger physical combatant and has the ability to change into a hulking monster. X-Factor Forever In X-Factor Forever, Caliban appeared as a henchman and Horseman of Apocalypse. In other media Television Caliban makes cameo appearances in X-Men: The Animated Series as an associate of the Morlocks. In his most notable appearance in the episode "The Fifth Horseman", Fabian Cortez turns him into one of Apocalypse's Hounds until Jubilee frees Caliban. Caliban appears in X-Men: Evolution, voiced by Michael Dobson. This version is a member of the Morlocks. Film Caliban appears in X-Men: Apocalypse, portrayed by Tómas Lemarquis. This version is an underground broker. Caliban appears in Logan, portrayed by Stephen Merchant. Years prior, he worked with the Transigen Project to locate mutants until he realized the error of his ways and went into hiding with other mutants. He was later recruited by Logan to help care for Charles Xavier. After being kidnapped by the Reavers, their leader Donald Pierce tortures Caliban into helping Transigen find Logan, Xavier, and Laura. Caliban complies, but gives the Reavers minimal information to impede their progress until Dr. Zander Rice manipulates him into helping them properly by promising him that the trio will not be harmed. Upon seeing Transigen's clone operative X-24 kill Xavier, Caliban rebels against his captors and sacrifices himself to give Logan and Laura time to escape. Rice later recovers Caliban's body and orders his scientists to extract his tissue in the hopes of using his powers in future experiments. Video games Caliban appears in X-Men: Destiny, voiced by Bob Glouberman. Merchandise Caliban in his Horsemen of Apocalypse form received an action figure in Toy Biz's X-Force toy line. A Build-A-Figure of Caliban was released in Hasbro's Marvel Legends line. References ^ a b The Uncanny X-Men #148 ^ The Uncanny X-Men #169-170 ^ The Uncanny X-Men #179 ^ The Uncanny X-Men #190-191 ^ X-Factor #11 ^ X-Factor #12 ^ X-Factor #15 ^ X-Factor #17 ^ X-Factor #19 ^ X-Factor #21 ^ X-Factor #22 ^ X-Factor #23 ^ X-Factor #24 ^ X-Factor #25 ^ X-Factor Annual #3 ^ X-Factor #50 ^ X-Factor #51 ^ X-Factor #53 ^ The New Mutants #90-91 ^ The Uncanny X-Men #294 ^ X-Factor #84 ^ X-Force #16 ^ The Uncanny X-Men Annual #18 ^ The Uncanny X-Men #487 ^ The Uncanny X-Men #488 ^ New X-Men vol. 2 #45 ^ X-Force #11 ^ Necrosha X one-shot ^ a b X-Force vol. 6 #1 ^ X-Factor #52-53 ^ X-Force #57 (Aug. 1996) ^ X-Factor vol. 1 #50 ^ X-Factor #51-53 ^ June 09, Darren Franich Updated; EDT, 2022 at 12:31 PM. "Let's rank every X-Man ever". EW.com. Retrieved 2023-01-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ X-Man #3 ^ Ultimate X-Men #82 ^ X-Factor Forever #3 (2010) ^ "X-Men: Apocalypse will feature Marvel mutant Caliban". BBC. May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015. ^ Jamie, Lovett (May 26, 2015). "New X-Men: Apocalypse Official Set Photo Confirms Caliban". Comicbook.com. Retrieved May 28, 2015. ^ "Inside 'Logan': Wolverine 3 Plot Details Revealed (Exclusive)". The Wrap. October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016. External links Caliban at Marvel.com Uncannyxmen.net spotlight on Caliban Uncannyxmen.net feature on the 4 Horsemen of Apocalypse vteX-Men charactersMutantFounding members Angel Beast Cyclops Iceman Jean Grey Professor X Othermembers Anole Armor Aurora Banshee Bishop Blindfold Blink Boom-Boom Box Cable Caliban Cannonball Chamber Changeling Cipher Cloak and Dagger Colossus Cypher Darwin Dazzler Deadpool Doctor Nemesis Domino Dust Elixir Emma Frost Fantomex Firestar Forge Frenzy Gambit Gentle Graymalkin Havok Hellion Hepzibah Hope Husk Ink Jubilee Karma Krakoa Lady Mastermind Lifeguard Lockheed Longshot M Maggott Magik Magma Magneto Marrow Mercury Meggan Mimic Moonstar Morph Ms. Marvel (Kamala Khan) Mystique Namor Nightcrawler Northstar Omega Sentinel Pixie Polaris Psylocke Betsy Braddock Kwannon Prodigy Kitty Pryde Rockslide Rogue Sage Slipstream Spyke Stacy X Storm Rachel Summers Squidboy Sunfire Sunspot Surge Synch Tildie Soames Thunderbird (John Proudstar) Thunderbird (Neal Shaara) Trance Warlock Warpath Washout Wolfsbane Wolverine (Logan) X-23/Wolverine (Laura Kinney) X-Man Xavier Institute students and staff Kuan-Yi Xorn and Shen Xorn/Zorn Secondary teams Alpha Squadron Excalibur Fallen Angels Generation X Marauders Morlocks New Mutants X-Corporation X-Corps X-Factor X-Force X-Statix X-Terminators X.S.E. X-Treme Sanctions Executive Xavier's Security Enforcers Supporting characters Callisto Ka-Zar Senator Robert Kelly Layla Miller Legion Lilandra Neramani Quicksilver Shi'ar Scarlet Witch Starjammers Ch'od Corsair Korvus Raza Longknife Hepzibah Valerie Cooper Superhero allies Avengers Black Widow Hawkeye Hulk Iron Man Captain America Thor Ms. Marvel/Captain Marvel Carol Danvers Fantastic Four S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury Spider-Man S.W.O.R.D. Antagonists Adversary Apocalypse Arcade Avalanche Azazel Bastion Belasco Black Tom Cassidy Blob Abraham Cornelius Fabian Cortez Graydon Creed Cyber Dark Beast Deathbird Demon Bear Doctor Doom Donald Pierce Exodus Trevor Fitzroy Emma Frost Galactus Henry Peter Gyrich Harpoon High Evolutionary Cameron Hodge Holocaust Juggernaut Kang the Conqueror Kid Omega Senator Robert Kelly Krakoa Lady Deathstrike Steven Lang Leper Queen Living Monolith Magneto Master Mold Mastermind Moira MacTaggert Mesmero Mikhail Rasputin Mister Sinister Mojo Mystique N'astirh Nimrod Cassandra Nova Omega Red Omega Sentinel Onslaught Norman Osborn Phantazia Predator X Proteus Madelyne Pryor Pyro Ronan Sabretooth Saturnyne Sauron Selene Shadow King Sebastian Shaw Shinobi Shaw Siena Blaze Silver Samurai Kenuichio Harada Spiral Stryfe Jason Stryker William Stryker Thanos Toad Bolivar Trask Viper Vulcan Antagonistic teams A.I.M. Alliance of Evil Ani-Men Black Order Brood Brotherhood of Mutants Clan Akkaba Externals Factor Three Fenris Freedom Force H.A.M.M.E.R. Dark X-Men Hellfire Club Hellions Horsemen of Apocalypse Hounds Humanity's Last Stand Hydra Marauders Nasty Boys Neo Phalanx Purifiers Reavers Savage Land Mutates Sentinels Shadow-X Sidri U-Men Upstarts Weapon X Alternative versions Jimmy Hudson Magician Ultimate Wolverine In other media Apocalypse Betsy Braddock Cyclops Gambit Jean Grey film series Magneto film series Peter Maximoff Morph Mystique Professor X film series Rogue Spyke Storm Wade Wilson Wolverine film series	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"The Uncanny X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uncanny_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"Dave Cockrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cockrum"},{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Morlocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlocks_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Factor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"X-Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Force"},{"link_name":"The 198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_198"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Horsemen of Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsemen_of_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Tómas Lemarquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3mas_Lemarquis"},{"link_name":"X-Men: Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Stephen Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Merchant"},{"link_name":"Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(film)"}],"text":"Comics characterCaliban is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #148 (Aug. 1981), by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum. A mutant with the ability to sense other mutants, he was originally a member of the Morlocks. He was also a member of the X-Factor, X-Men, X-Force and The 198. He was chosen twice by Apocalypse as one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse, first as Death and the second time as Pestilence, and Apocalypse also enhanced his superpowers through genetic manipulation.The character was portrayed in film by Tómas Lemarquis in X-Men: Apocalypse (2016) and his alternate older version by Stephen Merchant in Logan (2017).","title":"Caliban (Marvel Comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Uncanny X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uncanny_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"Dave Cockrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cockrum"}],"text":"Caliban's first appearance was in The Uncanny X-Men #148 (Aug. 1981), written by Chris Claremont and illustrated by Dave Cockrum.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calibankittypryde.PNG"},{"link_name":"Kitty Pryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Pryde"},{"link_name":"Caliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliban_(character)"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"third person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/third_person"},{"link_name":"Callisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Morlocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlocks_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Masque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masque_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Sunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunder_(comics)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Dazzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzler_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Kitty Pryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Pryde"},{"link_name":"Spider-Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Woman_(Jessica_Drew)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-1"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Worthington_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Professor X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_X"},{"link_name":"Kulan Gath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulan_Gath"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Caliban, in his original form, with Kitty Pryde. From Uncanny X-Men #169 (May 1983); art by Paul Smith and Bob Wiacek.He is born an albino mutant with a pale complexion and large yellow eyes. At some point in his life, he is banished from his home by his father, who called him Caliban, after a character from the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare.Growing up, a still young Caliban, who speaks in the third person, is discovered by the mutant Callisto and taken under her wing. Learning of his mutant tracking ability, Callisto uses Caliban to locate other disenfranchised mutants and organizes them into the Morlocks, a band of homeless, rejected mutants. The founding Morlocks consist of Caliban, Callisto, Masque, Plague, and Sunder. The Morlocks live in the sewers and abandoned subway tunnels running underneath New York City, and, like Caliban, most of them had grotesque appearances.Caliban senses the presence of nearby mutants and enters a New York City nightclub seeking their friendship. He finds Storm, Dazzler, Kitty Pryde, and the original Spider-Woman in the club, and has a misunderstood confrontation with them. Though the battle ends peacefully, Caliban returns to his home underground.[1]Shortly thereafter, Morlock leader Callisto desires a consort and has the Morlocks abduct Warren Worthington, the Angel and a member of the X-Men, to be her husband. The X-Men arrive in the sewers to rescue their ally, and Kitty is infected with a virus by Plague. Caliban takes her to his quarters to care for her. Kitty pleads with Caliban to allow her to assist her teammates. Caliban agrees, but only if she will return after the fight and stay with him. Though Kitty promised to stay with him forever, she left and returned home.[2] Weeks later, Callisto, vengeful after losing a one-on-one battle with X-Men leader Storm, orders the Morlocks to kidnap Kitty to force her to marry Caliban, knowing Storm would return. Caliban, however, realized Kitty did not truly love him and released her from her promise. Kitty then became Caliban's friend.[3]Caliban was later temporarily magically merged with Professor X by Kulan Gath during a confrontation with the sorcerer.[4]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morlock massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_Massacre"},{"link_name":"X-Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Factor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marauders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marauders_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rictor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rictor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Horsemen of Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsemen_of_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Iceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"X-Factor","text":"During the Morlock massacre, X-Factor rescued Caliban from the Marauders, and Caliban swore vengeance upon the Marauders.[5] With nowhere else to stay, he took up residence at X-Factor headquarters with several other surviving Morlocks.[6] Soon, he forced Masque to undo damage to the Beast's face, and then returned to the Alley.[7] However, shortly thereafter, Rictor went missing and Caliban volunteered to help X-Factor find him, officially joining the group at that point.[8] Alongside X-Factor, he next battled the Horsemen of Apocalypse.[9] Caliban voiced his wish for increased power, so Iceman began teaching Caliban unarmed combat.[10] He next fought the Right's soldiers and was nearly killed by them;[11] then he aided X-Factor in rescuing the Right's mutant captives.[12]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sabretooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabretooth_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"X-Cutioner's Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Cutioner%27s_Song"},{"link_name":"Jean Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Grey"},{"link_name":"Cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclops_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Mister Sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Sinister"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_(Marvel_Comics)#War_(Abraham_Kieros)"},{"link_name":"Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Stryfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryfe"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Horseman of Apocalypse","text":"Not long after that, X-Factor's immortal enemy Apocalypse kidnaps the entire team after changing Angel into Death. Caliban, intrigued by Apocalypse's transformation of the fallen Angel, betrays X-Factor and asks Apocalypse to do the same to him. Agreeing, Apocalypse promises to give Caliban enough power to gain revenge against the Marauders who killed his Morlock family.[13] Caliban agrees to become Apocalypse's servant and locator of mutants. Apocalypse renames him Hellhound.[14] Caliban senses the telepathic cry of Val-Or.[15] Through genetic manipulation, Caliban becomes the second Horseman of Apocalypse known as Death.[16]When Apocalypse had re-located to the moon in a confrontation with the original X-Factor and the Inhumans, Caliban returns to the Morlock tunnels. There, he locates Sabretooth, a ferocious mutant and member of the Marauders, who is stalking the sewers to find and kill more Morlocks. In combat, Caliban breaks Sabretooth's back and leaves him for dead, not realizing that he has a healing factor.[17] Caliban then attacks and defeats Archangel.[18] He later finds and defeats Sabretooth again.[19]As Death, Caliban performs various tasks for his new master, serving as his warrior servant. During the X-Cutioner's Song, Caliban attacks former X-Factor members (and current X-Men) Jean Grey and Cyclops, under Apocalypse's (actually Mister Sinister posing as Apocalypse) orders.[20] Alongside War and Famine, Caliban kidnaps Cyclops and Jean Grey so Apocalypse can give the pair to the mad telepath Stryfe, who believes the couple to be his parents.[21] Famine, War, and Death then battle the X-Men and are defeated by them.[22]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilation_Lee"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Ogre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogre"},{"link_name":"X-Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Force"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Mister Sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Sinister"}],"sub_title":"X-Force","text":"Eventually, the loner Caliban defeats Apocalypse's control at the cost of his mental faculties. At one point, when Sabretooth is a reluctant X-Men member, the mutant detector kidnaps X-Man Jubilee in exchange for the savage mutant, but he flees when Sabretooth mauls his face.[23]Though mentally unwell, he retains enormous physical power and is befriended by the mutant Cable. Oddly, Caliban's color shifts from white and monstrous to a semi-friendly Ogre-like form that is purple in coloration. Cable invites Caliban to join his team X-Force. Caliban has many adventures with the team, such as confronting Mojo and his forces, and when Apocalypse's enemy Mister Sinister infiltrates the X-Mansion, Apocalypse's mental leash causes him to savagely maul Sinister. He also has several confrontations with Sabretooth during this time.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deathbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathbird"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Skornn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skornn"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Return to Apocalypse","text":"After some time, Apocalypse returns and takes Caliban away from X-Force. This time, Apocalypse makes him his new Horseman Pestilence (coincidentally, the former Pestilence was Caliban's Morlock ally Plague). This time, Apocalypse augments Caliban's physical power even more and gives him the ability to spread telepathic disease as well. This time, Apocalypse's horsemen include Ahab, Deathbird, and Wolverine. After Apocalypse is merged with Cyclops, Caliban tracks down the merged being, and is freed from his service shortly before Cable destroys Apocalypse's spirit.[volume & issue needed]Released from his servitude to Apocalypse, Caliban once more reverts to his childlike state although he retains the monstrous physique he attained through Apocalypse's machinations. Subsequently, Caliban is captured by an anti-mutant medical research facility called the Watchtower. The Watchtower wishes to use Caliban for their own purposes but he is freed by X-Force. Caliban has devolved into a feral mental state where he only grunts and snarls but he manages to help X-Force against a menace called the Skornn.[volume & issue needed]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimation_(comics)"},{"link_name":"the 198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_198"},{"link_name":"Erg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erg_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Mr. M's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_M_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Shatterstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatterstar"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dee_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Post M-Day","text":"After M-Day, Caliban turned up at the Xavier institute as a member of the 198. He is seen carrying the 198 banner, created by Erg, during the confrontation with ONE* over the \"tracking chips\" and again during Mr. M's exodus from the institute. He later helps the 198 escape with Domino and Shatterstar to one of Nick Fury's secret bases in the Nevada desert. Caliban was able to sense the stockpile of weapons in the base, but they were activated and locked down by Johnny Dee, a mutant who had puppet-like control over a fraction of the team. The original X-Men team went to collect the 198 but Bishop's pro-registration team stopped them. After a short battle, the two sides teamed up and, thanks to a joint effort by Cyclops and Bishop, were able to free the 198.[volume & issue needed]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masque_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hepzibah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepzibah_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Seeking The X-Men","text":"Caliban later aids the Uncanny X-Men team after he is seriously injured by Masque,[24] and crawls his way back to the Xavier Institute. Caliban enters the Morlock Tunnels with Warpath, Storm, and Hepzibah and find what Masque was talking about.[25]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimation_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Wolfsbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsbane_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-23"},{"link_name":"Warpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Proudstar"},{"link_name":"Hepzibah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepzibah_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lady Deathstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Deathstrike"},{"link_name":"Reavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reavers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Messiah Complex and Death","text":"Caliban becomes part of a strike-force, who are in search of the first newborn mutant since Decimation, along with Wolverine, Wolfsbane, X-23, Warpath, and Hepzibah (all of whom, except Hepzibah, form the new incarnation of X-Force). During a battle with Lady Deathstrike and the Reavers, Caliban sacrifices himself to save Warpath by jumping into the path of a line of bullets meant for him. His death distracts Warpath making Wolverine the only X-Force member to chase down Cable.[26]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Necrosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosha"},{"link_name":"Technarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technarchy"},{"link_name":"transmode virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-organic_virus"},{"link_name":"Eli Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Bard"},{"link_name":"Selene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selene_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Cypher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypher_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Necrosha","text":"During the Necrosha storyline, Caliban is revived through the Technarch transmode virus by Eli Bard and presented to Selene for the purpose of finding other dead mutants and resurrecting them by the same means, so Bard can sacrifice them and their powers to her.[27] Caliban is later seen next to the grave of long time deceased New Mutants member Cypher and began reviving him.[28] Through him Selene resurrected many deceased mutants,[volume & issue needed] and as she faced X-Force, she digested their powerful life-force energies that would help extend her life.[volume & issue needed]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krakoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakoa"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-X-Force_vol._6_#1-29"}],"sub_title":"Dawn of X","text":"Caliban was one amongst the mutants who were killed by assailants who invaded Krakoa, the homeland of Homo Superior. He and the other mutants were revived by The Five.[29]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Spider Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_Woman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-1"},{"link_name":"Iceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_(comics)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mister Sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Sinister"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Skids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skids_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Warpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Proudstar"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-X-Force_vol._6_#1-29"}],"text":"Caliban is a mutant with the ability to psionically sense other mutants out to several miles away and track their movements. He also has the uncontrolled ability to psionically sense, absorb, and turn the psionic energy of fear radiated by humans against them, inducing more intense fear within their minds. He could also utilize fear from others to boost his strength to a level sufficient to easily overpower the original Spider Woman (Jessica Drew).[1]He is a formidable hand-to-hand combatant, having been trained by Iceman and later Apocalypse.[volume & issue needed]As Death, he attained superhuman strength, speed, agility, reflexes, coordination, balance, endurance, claws and fangs as well as imperviousness to physical injury through Apocalypse's genetic manipulation.[30] He also has great skill at climbing and possesses superhuman leaping ability. He was also mentally conditioned to attack Apocalypse's former ally Mister Sinister on sight.[31] His fear siphoning abilities had also been augmented and he can now control them as well as cast his power over a much wider net; not only gaining in strength from siphoning the anxiety of others but could harness strengthen and redistribute it in much stronger quantities by force of will.[32] This facet of his bolstered power was dubbed the Shadow of Fear by Caliban himself.[33]As Pestilence, Apocalypse gave him the ability to generate a mental plague, a virus that attacks from within on the highest planes of the psyche and breaks down the mental functions of the target.[volume & issue needed]Being reverted to his original form by Masque, Caliban still appears to retain some superhuman strength affected by his adrenaline, as he was shown lifting rubble off of Skids that proved difficult for even Warpath to hoist.[volume & issue needed]After being reanimated through the Technarch transmode virus, his ability changed to psionically sense not living mutants but dead mutants.[volume & issue needed]Once resurrected after the rise of the new mutant homeland, he resumed his muscular physical appearance he had when he was a Horseman of Apocalypse and before Masque warped his excess flesh away.[29]","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Caliban 89th in their \"Let's rank every X-Man ever\" list.[34]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Age of Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_(comics)#Age_of_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Nate Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Grey#Age_of_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Age of Apocalypse","text":"In the Age of Apocalypse reality, Caliban was a henchman of the bounty hunter Domino, using his powers to track down Nate Grey. In this incarnation he is an egotistical coward who is nonetheless well-learned in literature and a skilled swordsman. He is killed by Toad, a member of the Outcasts.[35]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_M"},{"link_name":"Marauders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marauders_(comics)#House_of_M"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"House of M","text":"In the House of M reality, Caliban is seen as a member of the Genoshan Black Ops version of the Marauders.[volume & issue needed]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Ultimate X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Morlocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlocks_(comics)#Ultimate_Universe"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Marvel","text":"In the Ultimate Marvel reality, Caliban appears in the pages of Ultimate X-Men #82 as a member of the Ultimate Morlocks. His look is somewhat different, as he is now portrayed with a darker grey color instead of chalk white. He is also a stronger physical combatant and has the ability to change into a hulking monster.[36]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"X-Factor Forever","text":"In X-Factor Forever, Caliban appeared as a henchman and Horseman of Apocalypse.[37]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-Men: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series"},{"link_name":"Morlocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlocks_(comics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fabian Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Cortez"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_(character)"},{"link_name":"Hounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounds_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Men: Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Evolution"},{"link_name":"Michael Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dobson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Caliban makes cameo appearances in X-Men: The Animated Series as an associate of the Morlocks.[citation needed] In his most notable appearance in the episode \"The Fifth Horseman\", Fabian Cortez turns him into one of Apocalypse's Hounds until Jubilee frees Caliban.\nCaliban appears in X-Men: Evolution, voiced by Michael Dobson. This version is a member of the Morlocks.[citation needed]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-Men: Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Tómas Lemarquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3mas_Lemarquis"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Merchant"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(film_character)"},{"link_name":"Charles Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Xavier_(film_character)"},{"link_name":"Reavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reavers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Donald Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-23"},{"link_name":"Zander Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zander_Rice"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Caliban appears in X-Men: Apocalypse, portrayed by Tómas Lemarquis. This version is an underground broker.[38][39]\nCaliban appears in Logan, portrayed by Stephen Merchant.[40] Years prior, he worked with the Transigen Project to locate mutants until he realized the error of his ways and went into hiding with other mutants. He was later recruited by Logan to help care for Charles Xavier. After being kidnapped by the Reavers, their leader Donald Pierce tortures Caliban into helping Transigen find Logan, Xavier, and Laura. Caliban complies, but gives the Reavers minimal information to impede their progress until Dr. Zander Rice manipulates him into helping them properly by promising him that the trio will not be harmed. Upon seeing Transigen's clone operative X-24 kill Xavier, Caliban rebels against his captors and sacrifices himself to give Logan and Laura time to escape. Rice later recovers Caliban's body and orders his scientists to extract his tissue in the hopes of using his powers in future experiments.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-Men: Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Bob Glouberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Glouberman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Caliban appears in X-Men: Destiny, voiced by Bob Glouberman.[citation needed]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toy Biz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Biz"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"Marvel Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Legends"}],"sub_title":"Merchandise","text":"Caliban in his Horsemen of Apocalypse form received an action figure in Toy Biz's X-Force toy line.\nA Build-A-Figure of Caliban was released in Hasbro's Marvel Legends line.","title":"In other media"}]	[{"image_text":"Caliban, in his original form, with Kitty Pryde. From Uncanny X-Men #169 (May 1983); art by Paul Smith and Bob Wiacek.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Calibankittypryde.PNG/220px-Calibankittypryde.PNG"}]	null	[{"reference":"June 09, Darren Franich Updated; EDT, 2022 at 12:31 PM. \"Let's rank every X-Man ever\". EW.com. Retrieved 2023-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2014/05/21/x-men-best-worst/","url_text":"\"Let's rank every X-Man ever\""}]},{"reference":"\"X-Men: Apocalypse will feature Marvel mutant Caliban\". BBC. May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32894977/x-men-apocalypse-will-feature-marvel-mutant-caliban","url_text":"\"X-Men: Apocalypse will feature Marvel mutant Caliban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Jamie, Lovett (May 26, 2015). \"New X-Men: Apocalypse Official Set Photo Confirms Caliban\". Comicbook.com. Retrieved May 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://comicbook.com/2015/05/26/new-x-men-apocalypse-official-set-photo-confirms-caliban/","url_text":"\"New X-Men: Apocalypse Official Set Photo Confirms Caliban\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside 'Logan': Wolverine 3 Plot Details Revealed (Exclusive)\". The Wrap. October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewrap.com/logan-wolverine-3-plot-details-revealed-exclusive/","url_text":"\"Inside 'Logan': Wolverine 3 Plot Details Revealed (Exclusive)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caliban_(Marvel_Comics)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2014/05/21/x-men-best-worst/","external_links_name":"\"Let's rank every X-Man ever\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32894977/x-men-apocalypse-will-feature-marvel-mutant-caliban","external_links_name":"\"X-Men: Apocalypse will feature Marvel mutant Caliban\""},{"Link":"http://comicbook.com/2015/05/26/new-x-men-apocalypse-official-set-photo-confirms-caliban/","external_links_name":"\"New X-Men: Apocalypse Official Set Photo Confirms Caliban\""},{"Link":"http://www.thewrap.com/logan-wolverine-3-plot-details-revealed-exclusive/","external_links_name":"\"Inside 'Logan': Wolverine 3 Plot Details Revealed (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"http://marvel.com/universe/Caliban","external_links_name":"Caliban"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100409083500/http://www.uncannyxmen.net/db/spotlight/showquestion.asp?faq=10&fldAuto=147","external_links_name":"Uncannyxmen.net spotlight on Caliban"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015085827/http://uncannyxmen.net/db/pov/showquestion.asp?faq=5&fldAuto=43","external_links_name":"Uncannyxmen.net feature on the 4 Horsemen of Apocalypse"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pasqual_Battlefield_State_Historic_Park	San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°05′10″N 116°59′24″W / 33.086111°N 116.99°W / 33.086111; -116.99California State Historic Park San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic ParkNearest cityEscondido, CaliforniaCoordinates33°05′10″N 116°59′24″W / 33.086111°N 116.99°W / 33.086111; -116.99Governing bodyState of California California Historical LandmarkReference no.533 A plaque commemorates the Battle of San Pasqual San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park honors the soldiers who fought in the 1846 Battle of San Pasqual, the bloodiest battle in California during the Mexican–American War. The battle was fought between United States troops under the command of General Stephen Kearny, and the Californio forces under the command of General Andres Pico on December 6, 1846. The Native Sons of the Golden West were instrumental in raising money, preserving and ultimately creating the park which was then given to the State of California. It is now a California State Park as well as a California Historical Landmark. The 50-acre (200,000 m2) park is next to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, at San Pasqual Valley Road, south of Escondido, California on Highway 78 in San Diego County. The park is open only on weekends, and features a visitor center with displays about the cultural history of the San Pasqual Valley, exhibits, and a movie about the battle. Living history presentations are held at the park, with volunteers from the San Pasqual Battlefield Volunteer Association. References ^ "San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved 2012-10-13. ^ a b "San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park". Retrieved 31 May 2009. ^ http://www.chris.ca.gov/?page_id=940 ^ http://www.ci.escondido.ca.us/glance/uniquely/battlefield/index.html City of Escondido External links San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park – official site San Pasqual Battlefield Volunteer Association vteProtected areas of CaliforniaNational Park SystemParks Channel Islands Death Valley Joshua Tree Kings Canyon Lassen Volcanic Pinnacles Redwood Sequoia Yosemite PreservesMojaveMonuments Cabrillo Castle Mountains César E. Chávez Devils Postpile Lava Beds Muir Woods Tule Lake Seashores Point Reyes Historical Parks Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front San Francisco Maritime Historic Sites Eugene O'Neill Fort Point John Muir Manzanar Memorials Port Chicago Naval Magazine Recreation Areas Golden Gate Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity California State ParksParks Ahjumawi Lava Springs Andrew Molera Angel Island Año Nuevo Anza-Borrego Desert Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland Bidwell–Sacramento River Big Basin Redwoods Border Field Bothe-Napa Valley Burton Creek Butano Calaveras Big Trees Castle Crags Castle Rock Caswell Memorial China Camp Chino Hills Clear Lake Coast Dairies Crystal Cove Cuyamaca Rancho D. L. Bliss Del Norte Coast Redwoods Donner Memorial Dos Rios Ranch Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point Emerald Bay The Forest of Nisene Marks Fort Ord Dunes Fremont Peak Garrapata Gaviota Great Valley Grasslands Grizzly Creek Redwoods Grover Hot Springs Hearst San Simeon Hendy Woods Henry Cowell Redwoods Henry W. Coe Humboldt Lagoons Humboldt Redwoods Jedediah Smith Redwoods Julia Pfeiffer Burns Leo Carrillo Limekiln MacKerricher Malibu Creek Manchester McArthur–Burney Falls Memorial McLaughlin Eastshore Mendocino Headlands Mendocino Woodlands Montaña de Oro Morro Bay Mount Diablo Mount San Jacinto Mount Tamalpais Navarro River Redwoods Pacheco Palomar Mountain Pfeiffer Big Sur Placerita Canyon Plumas-Eureka Point Mugu Portola Redwoods Prairie Creek Redwoods Red Rock Canyon Richardson Grove Rio de Los Angeles Robert Louis Stevenson Russian Gulch Saddleback Butte Salt Point Samuel P. Taylor San Bruno Mountain Sinkyone Wilderness South Yuba River Sue-meg Sugarloaf Ridge Sutter Buttes Tolowa Dunes Tomales Bay Topanga Trione-Annadel Van Damme Washoe Meadows Wilder Ranch Natural Reserves Antelope Valley California Poppy Armstrong Redwoods Azalea Caspar Headlands John B. 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Ide Adobe Woodland Opera House Beaches Asilomar Bean Hollow Bolsa Chica Cardiff Carlsbad Carmel River Carpinteria Caspar Headlands Cayucos Corona del Mar Crown Memorial Dockweiler Doheny El Capitán Emma Wood Gray Whale Cove Greenwood Half Moon Bay Huntington Leucadia Lighthouse Field Little River Malibu Lagoon Mandalay Manresa Marina McGrath Montara Monterey Moonlight Morro Strand Moss Landing Natural Bridges New Brighton Pacifica Pelican Pescadero Pismo Point Dume Point Sal Pomponio Refugio Robert H. Meyer Memorial Salinas River San Buenaventura San Clemente San Elijo San Gregorio San Onofre Santa Monica Schooner Gulch Seacliff Silver Strand Sonoma Coast South Carlsbad Sunset Thornton Torrey Pines Trinidad Twin Lakes Westport-Union Landing Will Rogers William Randolph Hearst Memorial Zmudowski Recreation Areas Admiral William Standley Auburn Austin Creek Benbow Benicia Bethany Reservoir Brannan Island Candlestick Point Castaic Lake Colusa-Sacramento River Folsom Lake Franks Tract George J. Hatfield Harry A. Merlo Kenneth Hahn Kings Beach Lake Del Valle Lake Oroville Lake Perris Lake Valley Martial Cottle McConnell Millerton Lake Picacho Providence Mountains Salton Sea San Luis Reservoir Silverwood Lake Standish-Hickey Tahoe Turlock Lake Woodson Bridge VehicularRecreation Areas Carnegie Clay Pit Heber Dunes Hollister Hills Hungry Valley Oceano Dunes Ocotillo Wells Prairie City Other Burleigh H. Murray Ranch California State Capitol Museum California State Mining and Mineral Museum California State Railroad Museum Castro Adobe Delta Meadows Estero Bay Hatton Canyon Indio Hills Palms Point Cabrillo Light Ishxenta State Park Point Montara Light Reynolds Wayside Campground San Timoteo Canyon Stone Lake Verdugo Mountains Ward Creek Wildwood Canyon National Forests and GrasslandsNational Forestsand Grasslands Angeles Butte Valley NG Cleveland Eldorado Humboldt–Toiyabe Inyo Klamath Lake Tahoe Basin Lassen Los Padres Mendocino Modoc Plumas Rogue River–Siskiyou San Bernardino Sequoia Shasta–Trinity Sierra Six Rivers Stanislaus Tahoe National WildernessPreservation System Agua Tibia Ansel Adams Bucks Lake Caribou Carson–Iceberg Castle Crags Cucamonga Desolation Dick Smith Dinkey Lakes Emigrant Golden Trout Hoover Inyo Mountains Ishi Jennie Lakes John Muir Kaiser Marble Mountain Mokelumne Mount Shasta Wilderness North Fork Pine Creek San Gabriel San Jacinto San Rafael Sanhedrin Sespe Siskiyou Snow Mountain South Fork Eel River South Sierra South Warner Thousand Lakes Trinity Alps Ventana Yolla Bolly–Middle Eel Yuki National Monumentsand Recreation Areas Giant Sequoia National Monument San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Sand to Snow National Monument Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Smith River National Recreation Area Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area State Forests Boggs Mountain Demonstration Ellen Pickett Jackson Demonstration Las Posadas LaTour Demonstration Mount Zion Demonstration Mountain Home Demonstration Soquel Demonstration National Wildlife Refuges Antioch Dunes Bitter Creek Blue Ridge Butte Sink Castle Rock Clear Lake Coachella Valley Colusa Delevan Don Edwards San Francisco Bay Ellicott Slough Farallon Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Hopper Mountain Humboldt Bay Imperial Kern Lower Klamath Marin Islands Merced Modoc Pixley Sacramento Sacramento River Salinas River San Diego Bay San Diego San Joaquin River San Luis San Pablo Bay Seal Beach Sonny Bono Salton Sea Stone Lakes Sutter Tijuana Slough Tule Lake State Wildlife AreasWildlifeAreas Antelope Valley Ash Creek Bass Hill Battle Creek Big Lagoon Big Sandy Biscar Butte Valley Buttermilk Country Cache Creek Camp Cady Cantara/Ney Springs Cedar Roughs Cinder Flats Collins Eddy Colusa Bypass Coon Hollow Cottonwood Creek Crescent City Marsh Crocker Meadows Daugherty Hill Decker Island Doyle Dutch Flat Eastlker River Eel River Elk Creek Wetlands Elk River Fay Slough Feather River Fitzhugh Creek Fremont Weir Grass Lake Gray Lodge Green Creek Grizzly Island Hallelujah Junction Heenan Lake Hill Slough Hollenbeck Canyon Honey Lake Hope Valley Horseshoe Ranch Imperial Indian Valley Kelso Peak and Old Dad Mountains Kinsman Flat Knoxville Laguna Lake Berryessa Lake Earl Lake Sonoma Little Panoche Reservoir Los Banos Lower Sherman Island Mad River Slough Marble Mountains Mendota Merrill's Landing Miner Slough Monache Meadows Morro Bay Moss Landing Mouth of Cottonwood Creek Napa-Sonoma Marshes North Grasslands O'Neill Forebay Oroville Petaluma Marsh Pickel Meadow Pine Creek Point Edith Putah Creek Rector Reservoir Red Lake Rhode Island Sacramento River San Felipe Valley San Jacinto San Luis Obispo San Luis Reservoir San Pablo Bay Santa Rosa Shasta Valley Silver Creek Slinkard/Little Antelope Smithneck Creek South Fork Spenceville Surprise Valley Sutter Bypass Tehama Truckee River Upper Butte Basin Volta Warner Valley Waukell Creek West Hilmar Westlker River White Slough Willow Creek Yolo Bypass EcologicalReserves Albany Mudflats Alkali Sink Allensworth Atascadero Creek Marsh Bair Island Baldwin Lake Batiquitos Lagoon Blue Sky Boden Canyon Boggs Lake Bolsa Chica Bonny Doon Buena Vista Lagoon Butler Slough Butte Creek Canyon Butte Creek House Buttonwillow By Day Creek Calhoun Cut Canebrake Carlsbad Highlands Carmel Bay Carrizo Canyon Carrizo Plains China Point Clover Creek Coachella Valley Coal Canyon Corte Madera Marsh Crestridge Dairy Mart Ponds Dales Lake Del Mar Landing Eden Landing Elkhorn Slough Estelle Mountain Fall River Mills Fish Slough Fremont Valley Goleta Slough Indian Joe Spring Kaweah Kerman King Clone Laguna Laurel Loch Lomond Vernal Pool Lokern Magnesia Spring Marin Islands Mattole River McGinty Mountain Morro Dunes Morro Rock Napa River North Table Mountain Oasis Spring Panoche Hills Peytonia Slough Phoenix Vernal Pools Pine Hill Piute Creek Pleasant Valley Rancho Jamul Redwood Shores River Springs Lakes Saline Valley San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon San Felipe Creek San Joaquin River Santa Rosa Plateau Springville Stone Corral Sycamore Canyon Sycuan Peak Thomes Creek Tomales Bay Upper Newport Bay Watsonville Slough West Mojave Desert Woodbridge Yaudanchi MarineProtectedAreas Abalone Cove and Point Vicente Anacapa Island SMCA Año Nuevo Arrow Point to Lion Head Point Batiquitos Lagoon Big Creek Bodega Head Bolsa Chica Cambria Campus Point Carmel Bay Cat Harbor Crystal Cove Dana Point Duxbury Reef Edward F. Ricketts Elkhorn Slough Estero Americano Estero de Limantour and Drakes Estero Estero de San Antonio Fagan Marsh Famosa Slough Farnsworth Onshore and Offshore Goleta Slough Greyhound Rock Lovers Cove and Casino Point MacKerricher Marin Islands Morro Bay Naples Pacific Grove Marine Gardens Painted Cave Piedras Blancas Point Arena Point Buchon Point Dume Point Reyes Point Sur Portuguese Ledge Pyramid Point Robert E. Badham Robert W. 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Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Point Reyes Field Station Quail Ridge Rancho Marino Sagehen Creek Field Station San Joaquin Marsh Santa Cruz Island Scripps Coastal Sedgwick Stebbins Cold Canyon Steele Burnand Anza-Borrego Desert Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Valentine Eastern Sierra White Mountain Younger Lagoon Private Conservation Land Trusts Agua Hedionda Lagoon Arastradero Preserve Arroyo Conejo Open Space Audubon Canyon Ranch Bear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve Blue Ridge Berryessa Natural Area Bluff Lake Big Sur Land Trust California Rangeland Trust Catalina Island Conservancy Claremont Canyon Conservancy Cosumnes River Preserve Fairfield Osborn Preserve Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County Pacific Forest Trust Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy Peninsula Open Space Trust Pepperwood Preserve Sanctuary Forest Santa Cruz Island Santa Lucia Preserve Sempervirens Fund Sierra Nevada Alliance Sogorea Te Land Trust The Nature Conservancy Trust for Public Land The Wildlands Conservancy Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks This San Diego County, California–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_San_Pasqual.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of San Pasqual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pasqual"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanP-2"},{"link_name":"Native Sons of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Sons_of_the_Golden_West"},{"link_name":"State of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"California State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"California Historical Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmark"},{"link_name":"San Diego Zoo Safari Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo_Safari_Park"},{"link_name":"Escondido, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanP-2"},{"link_name":"San Pasqual Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pasqual_Valley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"California State Historic ParkA plaque commemorates the Battle of San PasqualSan Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park honors the soldiers who fought in the 1846 Battle of San Pasqual, the bloodiest battle in California during the Mexican–American War.[2] The battle was fought between United States troops under the command of General Stephen Kearny, and the Californio forces under the command of General Andres Pico on December 6, 1846.The Native Sons of the Golden West were instrumental in raising money, preserving and ultimately creating the park which was then given to the State of California.[3] It is now a California State Park as well as a California Historical Landmark. The 50-acre (200,000 m2) park is next to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, at San Pasqual Valley Road, south of Escondido, California on Highway 78 in San Diego County.[2]The park is open only on weekends, and features a visitor center with displays about the cultural history of the San Pasqual Valley, exhibits, and a movie about the battle.[4] Living history presentations are held at the park, with volunteers from the San Pasqual Battlefield Volunteer Association.","title":"San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park"}]	[{"image_text":"A plaque commemorates the Battle of San Pasqual","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Battle_of_San_Pasqual.jpg/220px-Battle_of_San_Pasqual.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park\". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved 2012-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/533","url_text":"\"San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park\". Retrieved 31 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=655","url_text":"\"San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Pasqual_Battlefield_State_Historic_Park&params=33.086111_N_116.99_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°05′10″N 116°59′24″W / 33.086111°N 116.99°W / 33.086111; -116.99"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Pasqual_Battlefield_State_Historic_Park&params=33.086111_N_116.99_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°05′10″N 116°59′24″W / 33.086111°N 116.99°W / 33.086111; -116.99"},{"Link":"http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/533","external_links_name":"\"San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=655","external_links_name":"\"San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.chris.ca.gov/?page_id=940","external_links_name":"http://www.chris.ca.gov/?page_id=940"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.escondido.ca.us/glance/uniquely/battlefield/index.html","external_links_name":"http://www.ci.escondido.ca.us/glance/uniquely/battlefield/index.html"},{"Link":"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=655","external_links_name":"San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park"},{"Link":"http://www.spbva.org/","external_links_name":"San Pasqual Battlefield Volunteer Association"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Pasqual_Battlefield_State_Historic_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_Is_the_Name_of_the_Game	Fame Is the Name of the Game	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Advertising","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	American TV series or program Fame Is the Name of the GameGenreMystery fictionBased onOne Womanby Tiffany ThayerWritten byCarol SobieskiScreenplay byRanald MacDougallDirected byStuart RosenbergStarringTony FranciosaJack KlugmanSusan St. JamesRobert DuvallTheme music composerBenny CarterCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducerRanald MacDougallCinematographyJohn F. WarrenEditorEdward W. WilliamsRunning time100 minutesProduction companyUniversal TVOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseNovember 26, 1966 (1966-11-26)Related The Name of the Game Fame Is the Name of the Game is a 1966 American made-for-television drama film starring Tony Franciosa that aired on NBC and served as the pilot episode of the subsequent series The Name of the Game. It was directed by Stuart Rosenberg and was produced by Ranald MacDougall, who also wrote the teleplay, from the novel One Woman by Tiffany Thayer. The film stars Tony Franciosa as investigative journalist Jeff Dillon and also presents the screen debut of 20-year-old Susan Saint James as Peggy Chan, Dillon's new editorial assistant. (In the series, St. James's character is renamed Peggy Maxwell, and she is the research assistant to all three of the rotating lead characters.) In the film, Jeff Dillon writes for Fame magazine, a publication of Janus Enterprises, and Glenn Howard (George Macready) is just the managing editor. In the subsequent series, Dillon writes for People magazine, a division of Howard Publications, and Glenn Howard (Gene Barry) is head of the whole company. The telefilm also features Jill St. John, Jack Klugman, and Robert Duvall. Plot An investigative reporter looks into the murder of a call girl. His investigation unearths her diary, which has the names of many prominent people inscribed within its pages. He sets out to find her killer from among the names contained in the diary. Cast Tony Franciosa as Jeff Dillon Jill St. John as Leona Purdy Jack Klugman as Ben Welcome George Macready as Glenn Howard (replaced by Gene Barry in the subsequent series) Jack Weston as Griffin Susan Saint James as Peggy Chan (Peggy Maxwell in the series) Lee Bowman as Cruikshank Robert Duvall as Eddie Franchot Jay C. Flippen as Dizzy Shaner Nicholas Colasanto as Lieutenant Lewis Production The film was the first in a series of at least twelve movies made for television by Universal for NBC. The films were budgeted between $750,000 and $1,250,000 and would air on Tuesday and Saturday nights. Some would be pilots for series. Sun, Nov 20, 1966 ·Page 516 Advertising In the weeks before the telefilm's first broadcast, NBC ran an unprecedented blitz of TV ads which erroneously billed Fame is the Name of the Game as television's first "world premiere" of a "major motion picture". Reception The Los Angeles Times called it "a slickly produced and directed whudunnit so filled with gimmicks and gals that it really didn't matter who committed the murders or why." The film received strong ratings of 23 with a 40 share of the audience, leading to the spin-off series. See also Chicago Deadline (1949) The Doomsday Flight (1966) References ^ Marill, Alvin H. (1987). Movies Made for Television, The Telefeature and the Mini-Series 1964–1986. New York: Zoetrope. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-918-43280-3. ^ "New movies made just for TV". The Los Angeles Times. 20 November 1966. p. 516. ^ "Movies for TV answer a need". The Los Angeles Times. 28 November 1966. p. 90. ^ "NBC Movie 'Fame' Given High Rating". The Los Angeles Times. 29 November 1966. p. 75. External links Fame Is the Name of the Game at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"made-for-television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Tony Franciosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Franciosa"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"The Name of the Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Game_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Ranald MacDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranald_MacDougall"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Thayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Thayer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"investigative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalism"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"Susan Saint James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Saint_James"},{"link_name":"George Macready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macready"},{"link_name":"Gene Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Barry"},{"link_name":"Jill St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_St._John"},{"link_name":"Jack Klugman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Klugman"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"}],"text":"Fame Is the Name of the Game is a 1966 American made-for-television drama film starring Tony Franciosa that aired on NBC and served as the pilot episode of the subsequent series The Name of the Game. It was directed by Stuart Rosenberg and was produced by Ranald MacDougall, who also wrote the teleplay, from the novel One Woman by Tiffany Thayer.[1]The film stars Tony Franciosa as investigative journalist Jeff Dillon and also presents the screen debut of 20-year-old Susan Saint James as Peggy Chan, Dillon's new editorial assistant. (In the series, St. James's character is renamed Peggy Maxwell, and she is the research assistant to all three of the rotating lead characters.) In the film, Jeff Dillon writes for Fame magazine, a publication of Janus Enterprises, and Glenn Howard (George Macready) is just the managing editor. In the subsequent series, Dillon writes for People magazine, a division of Howard Publications, and Glenn Howard (Gene Barry) is head of the whole company.The telefilm also features Jill St. John, Jack Klugman, and Robert Duvall.","title":"Fame Is the Name of the Game"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An investigative reporter looks into the murder of a call girl. His investigation unearths her diary, which has the names of many prominent people inscribed within its pages. He sets out to find her killer from among the names contained in the diary.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Franciosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Franciosa"},{"link_name":"Jill St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_St._John"},{"link_name":"Jack Klugman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Klugman"},{"link_name":"George Macready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macready"},{"link_name":"Gene Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Barry"},{"link_name":"Jack Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weston"},{"link_name":"Susan Saint James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Saint_James"},{"link_name":"Lee Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Bowman"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"Jay C. Flippen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_C._Flippen"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Colasanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Colasanto"}],"text":"Tony Franciosa as Jeff Dillon\nJill St. John as Leona Purdy\nJack Klugman as Ben Welcome\nGeorge Macready as Glenn Howard (replaced by Gene Barry in the subsequent series)\nJack Weston as Griffin\nSusan Saint James as Peggy Chan (Peggy Maxwell in the series)\nLee Bowman as Cruikshank\nRobert Duvall as Eddie Franchot\nJay C. Flippen as Dizzy Shaner\nNicholas Colasanto as Lieutenant Lewis","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The film was the first in a series of at least twelve movies made for television by Universal for NBC. The films were budgeted between $750,000 and $1,250,000 and would air on Tuesday and Saturday nights. Some would be pilots for series. [2]Sun, Nov 20, 1966 ·Page 516","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Advertising","text":"In the weeks before the telefilm's first broadcast, NBC ran an unprecedented blitz of TV ads which erroneously billed Fame is the Name of the Game as television's first \"world premiere\" of a \"major motion picture\".","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"}],"text":"The Los Angeles Times called it \"a slickly produced and directed whudunnit so filled with gimmicks and gals that it really didn't matter who committed the murders or why.\"[3]The film received strong ratings of 23 with a 40 share of the audience,[4] leading to the spin-off series.","title":"Reception"}]	[]	[{"title":"Chicago Deadline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Deadline"},{"title":"The Doomsday Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doomsday_Flight"}]	[{"reference":"Marill, Alvin H. (1987). Movies Made for Television, The Telefeature and the Mini-Series 1964–1986. New York: Zoetrope. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-918-43280-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/moviesmadefortel0000mari","url_text":"Movies Made for Television, The Telefeature and the Mini-Series 1964–1986"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918-43280-3","url_text":"978-0-918-43280-3"}]},{"reference":"\"New movies made just for TV\". The Los Angeles Times. 20 November 1966. p. 516.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Movies for TV answer a need\". The Los Angeles Times. 28 November 1966. p. 90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NBC Movie 'Fame' Given High Rating\". The Los Angeles Times. 29 November 1966. p. 75.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/moviesmadefortel0000mari","external_links_name":"Movies Made for Television, The Telefeature and the Mini-Series 1964–1986"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060393/","external_links_name":"Fame Is the Name of the Game"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Hollander_Budy	Andrea Hollander Budy	["1 Awards","2 Published works","3 Reviews","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	American poet (born 1947) Andrea HollanderBorn (1947-04-28) April 28, 1947 (age 77)Berlin, GermanyOccupationAuthor, PoetWebsiteandreahollander.net Andrea Hollander (born April 28, 1947 in Berlin, Germany) is an American poet. Her most recent poetry collection is Blue Mistaken for Sky (Autumn House Press, 2018). Her work has appeared in New Ohio Review, Poetry, The Georgia Review, The Gettysburg Review, New Letters, FIELD, Five Points, Shenandoah, and Creative Nonfiction. She was raised in Colorado, Texas, New York, and New Jersey, and educated at Boston University and the University of Colorado. From 1991 till 2013, Hollander was writer-in-residence at Lyon College. She was married from 1976 to 2011. Hollander lives in Portland, Oregon, where she teaches writing workshops at The Attic Institute for Arts and Letters and at Mountain Writers Series. Awards 2014 Oregon Literary Fellowship 2008 Subiaco Award for Literary Merit for Excellence in the Writing and Teaching of Poetry. 2007 National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship 1993 Nicholas Roerich Poetry Prize, for House Without a Dreamer 1992 Porter Prize 1991 National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship D. H. Lawrence Fellowship Runes Poetry Award Arkansas Arts Council fellowships Published works Full-length poetry collections Blue Mistaken for Sky. Autumn House Press. 2018. ISBN 978-1-938769-33-7. Landscape with Female Figure: New & Selected Poems, 1982 - 2012. Autumn House Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-932870-85-5. Woman in the Painting. Autumn House Press. 2006. ISBN 978-1-932870-11-4. The Other Life. Story Line Press. 2001. ISBN 978-1-885266-98-9. House Without a Dreamer. Story Line Press. 1995. What the other eye sees. Wayland Press. 1991. Chapbook Anthologies edited Andrea Hollander Budy, ed. (2008). When She Named Fire: An Anthology of Contemporary Poetry by American Women. Autumn House Press. ISBN 978-1-932870-26-8. Anthology publications Sonny Brewer, ed. (2005). "The Explanation". Stories from the Blue Moon Café IV. MacAdam/Cage Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59692-142-9. Andrea Hollander Budy. Jeanne Marie Beaumont; Claudia Carlson, eds. (2003). The poets' Grimm: 20th century poems from Grimm fairy tales. Story Line Press. ISBN 978-1-58654-027-2. Sue Ellen Thompson, ed. (2005). The Autumn House Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry. Autumn House Press. ISBN 978-1-932870-06-0. Bill Henderson, ed. (2003). Pushcart prize XXVII: best of the small presses. Pushcart Press. ISBN 978-1-888889-35-2. Reviews Utterly of-the-moment and thoroughly inclusive, When She Named Fire, in step with this historical importance, will hold the attention of even the most well read of interested poetry connoisseurs: even those already well-acquainted with women writers in particular. See also Doren Robbins References ^ encyclopediaofarkansas.net ^ pw.org ^ arts.endow.gov Archived August 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ NEA 2007 Grant Awards: Literature Fellowships (Poetry) Archived February 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ National Endowment for the Arts > 40 Years of Supporting American Writers Archived August 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ "When She Named Fire edited by Andrea Hollander Budy", Cold Front, April 27, 2009. External links Andrea Hollander's website "Wound", Able Muse "Exchange Student"; "Beginning and Ending with Lines from Shakespeare"; "In the Sixth Year of My Father’s Illness", "Poem in October"; "The Other Life", Poetry Magazine corlandreview.com, "What I Need It For"; "What It Is"; August 1999 "Delta Flight 1152"; "Wound", The Drunken Boat "For Weeks After the Funeral", Poetry Foundation Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin,_Germany"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Autumn House Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_House_Press"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder"},{"link_name":"Lyon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Andrea Hollander (born April 28, 1947 in Berlin, Germany) is an American poet. Her most recent poetry collection is Blue Mistaken for Sky (Autumn House Press, 2018). Her work has appeared in New Ohio Review, Poetry, The Georgia Review, The Gettysburg Review, New Letters, FIELD, Five Points, Shenandoah, and Creative Nonfiction. She was raised in Colorado, Texas, New York, and New Jersey, and educated at Boston University and the University of Colorado. From 1991 till 2013, Hollander was writer-in-residence at Lyon College. She was married from 1976 to 2011.[1] Hollander lives in Portland, Oregon, where she teaches writing workshops at The Attic Institute for Arts and Letters and at Mountain Writers Series.[2]","title":"Andrea Hollander Budy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Porter Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"2014 Oregon Literary Fellowship\n2008 Subiaco Award for Literary Merit for Excellence in the Writing and Teaching of Poetry.\n2007 National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship[3][4]\n1993 Nicholas Roerich Poetry Prize, for House Without a Dreamer\n1992 Porter Prize\n1991 National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship[5]\nD. H. Lawrence Fellowship\nRunes Poetry Award\nArkansas Arts Council fellowships","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-932870-85-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932870-85-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-932870-11-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932870-11-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-885266-98-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885266-98-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-932870-26-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932870-26-8"},{"link_name":"Stories from the Blue Moon Café IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/storiesfrombluem0000brew"},{"link_name":"39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/storiesfrombluem0000brew/page/39"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59692-142-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59692-142-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58654-027-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58654-027-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-932870-06-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932870-06-0"},{"link_name":"Pushcart prize XXVII: best of the small presses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/pushcartprizexxv00bill_2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-888889-35-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888889-35-2"}],"text":"Full-length poetry collectionsBlue Mistaken for Sky. Autumn House Press. 2018. ISBN 978-1-938769-33-7.\nLandscape with Female Figure: New & Selected Poems, 1982 - 2012. Autumn House Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-932870-85-5.\nWoman in the Painting. Autumn House Press. 2006. ISBN 978-1-932870-11-4.\nThe Other Life. Story Line Press. 2001. ISBN 978-1-885266-98-9.\nHouse Without a Dreamer. Story Line Press. 1995.\nWhat the other eye sees. Wayland Press. 1991. ChapbookAnthologies editedAndrea Hollander Budy, ed. (2008). When She Named Fire: An Anthology of Contemporary Poetry by American Women. Autumn House Press. ISBN 978-1-932870-26-8.Anthology publicationsSonny Brewer, ed. (2005). \"The Explanation\". Stories from the Blue Moon Café IV. MacAdam/Cage Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-59692-142-9. Andrea Hollander Budy.\nJeanne Marie Beaumont; Claudia Carlson, eds. (2003). The poets' Grimm: 20th century poems from Grimm fairy tales. Story Line Press. ISBN 978-1-58654-027-2.\nSue Ellen Thompson, ed. (2005). The Autumn House Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry. Autumn House Press. ISBN 978-1-932870-06-0.\nBill Henderson, ed. (2003). Pushcart prize XXVII: best of the small presses. Pushcart Press. ISBN 978-1-888889-35-2.","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"connoisseurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connoisseur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Utterly of-the-moment and thoroughly inclusive, When She Named Fire, in step with this historical importance, will hold the attention of even the most well read of interested poetry connoisseurs: even those already well-acquainted with women writers in particular.[6]","title":"Reviews"}]	[]	[{"title":"Doren Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doren_Robbins"}]	[{"reference":"Landscape with Female Figure: New & Selected Poems, 1982 - 2012. Autumn House Press. 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Titus	Saint Titus	["1 Life","2 Veneration","3 See also","4 References"]	Greek saint SaintTitusBishop and Companion of PaulBorn1st century ADDied96 or 107 ADGortyn, Crete and Cyrenaica, Roman EmpireVenerated inEastern Orthodox ChurchOriental Orthodox churchesRoman Catholic ChurchLutheranismAnglican CommunionCanonizedPre-CongregationMajor shrineHeraklion, CreteFeastAugust 25 (Orthodoxy)January 26 (Catholicism)Thursday after fifth Sunday after feast of the Holy Cross (Armenian Apostolic Church)PatronageCrete Titus (/ˈtaɪtəs/ TY-təs; Greek: Τίτος; Títos) was an early Christian missionary and church leader, a companion and disciple of Paul the Apostle, mentioned in several of the Pauline epistles including the Epistle to Titus. He is believed to be a Gentile converted to Christianity by Paul and, according to tradition, he was consecrated as Bishop of the Island of Crete. Titus brought a fundraising letter from Paul to Corinth, to collect for the poor in Jerusalem. According to Jerome, Titus was the amanuensis of this epistle (2 Corinthians). Later, on Crete, Titus appointed presbyters (elders) in every city and remained there into his old age, dying in Gortyna. Life Titus was a Greek, who may have studied Greek philosophy and poetry in his early years. He seems to have been converted by Paul, whereupon he served as Paul's secretary and interpreter. In the year 48 or 49 CE, Titus accompanied Paul to the council held at Jerusalem, on the subject of the Mosaic rites. In the fall of 55 or 56 CE, Paul, as he himself departed from Asia, sent Titus from Ephesus to Corinth, with full commission to remedy the fallout precipitated by Timothy's delivery of 1 Corinthians and Paul's "Painful Visit", particularly a significant personal offense and challenge to Paul's authority by one unnamed individual. During this journey, Titus served as the courier for what is commonly known as the "Severe Letter", a Pauline missive that has been lost but is referred to in 2 Corinthians. After success on this mission, Titus journeyed north and met Paul in Macedonia. There the apostle, overjoyed by Titus' success, wrote 2 Corinthians. Titus then returned to Corinth with a larger entourage, carrying 2 Corinthians with him. Paul joined Titus in Corinth later. From Corinth, Paul then sent Titus to organize the collections of alms for the Christians at Jerusalem. Titus was therefore a troubleshooter, peacemaker, administrator, and missionary. Early church tradition holds that Paul, after his release from his first imprisonment in Rome, stopped at the island of Crete to preach. Due to the needs of other churches, requiring his presence elsewhere, he ordained his disciple Titus as bishop of that island, and left him to finish the work he had started. Chrysostom says that this is an indication of the esteem Paul held for Titus. Paul summoned Titus from Crete to join him at Nicopolis in Epirus. Later, Titus traveled to Dalmatia. The New Testament does not record his death. It has been argued that the name "Titus" in 2 Corinthians and Galatians is nothing more than an informal name used by Timothy, implied already by the fact that even though both are said to be long-term close companions of Paul, they never appear in common scenes. The theory proposes that a number of passages—1 Cor. 4:17, 16.10; 2 Cor. 2:13, 7:6, 13–14, 12:18; and Acts 19.22—all refer to the same journey of a single individual, Titus-Timothy. 2 Timothy seems to dispute this, by claiming that Titus has gone to Dalmatia. The fact that Paul made a point of circumcising Timothy but refused to circumcise Titus would indicate that they are different men, although certain manuscripts of Galatians have been taken (by Marius Victorinus, for example) to indicate that Paul did circumcise Titus. Veneration The feast day of Titus was not included in the Tridentine calendar. When added in 1854, it was assigned to 6 February. In 1969, the Catholic Church assigned the feast to 26 January so as to celebrate the two disciples of Paul, Titus and Timothy, the day after the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America celebrates these two, together with Silas, on the same date while he is honored on the calendars of the Church of England and Episcopal Church (with Timothy) on 26 January. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Titus on 25 August and on 4 January. His relics, now consisting of only his skull, are venerated in the Church of St. Titus, Heraklion, Crete, to which it was returned in 1966 after being removed to Venice during the Turkish occupation. Titus is the patron saint of the United States Army Chaplain Corps. The Corps has established the Order of Titus Award, described by the Department of Defense: Order of Titus award is the only award presented by the Chief of Chaplains to recognize outstanding performance of ministry by chaplains and chaplain assistants. The Order of Titus is awarded for meritorious contributions to the unique and highly visible Unit Ministry Team Observer Controller Program. The award recognizes the great importance of realistic, doctrinally guided combat ministry training in ensuring the delivery of prevailing religious support to the American Soldier. See also Christianity portalEpistle of Pseudo-Titus References ^ Domar: the calendrical and liturgical cycle of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, Armenian Orthodox Theological Research Institute, 2002, p. 528. ^ a b Smith, William. Smith's Bible Dictionary 11th printing, November 1975. New Jersey: Fleming H. Revel Company. pp. 701–02. ^ Jerome, Letter 120: "Therefore Titus served as an interpreter, as Saint Mark used to serve Saint Peter, with whom he wrote his Gospel..." ^ ""Timothy and Titus", Catholic News Agency, January 26, 2015". Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. ^ a b "Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Saints, Vol. I, (1866)". ^ 1 Corinthians 16:10–11 ^ 2 Corinthians 2:1 ^ 2 Corinthians 2:5–11 ^ 2 Corinthians 7:8 ^ 2 Corinthians 7:6–15 ^ Titus 1:5 ^ Titus 3:12 ^ "Pope Benedict XVI. "Timothy and Titus", L'Osservatore Romano, p. 11, December 27, 2006". ^ Fellows, Richard G. "Was Titus Timothy?" Journal for the Study of the New Testament 81 (2001):33–58. ^ 2 Timothy 4:10 ^ Acts 16:3 ^ Galatians 2:3 ^ Galatians 2:4 ^ Cooper, Stephen. Marius Victorinus' Commentary on Galatians. Oxford University Press, 2005. ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 86 ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 116 ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 2021-03-27. ^ "Titus and Timothy, Companions of Saint Paul". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2022-07-19. ^ "The Orthodox Messenger, v. 8(7/8), July/Aug 1997". ^ "Titus Award". Retrieved 18 June 2017. vteNew Testament peopleJesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life of Jesus in the New Testament GospelsIndividuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man (Bethsaida) Caiaphas Celidonius Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ("Dismas") Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ("Gestas") Jairus' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary, mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary, mother of James Mary, sister of Martha Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain's widow Nicodemus (Nicodemus ben Gurion) Salome Samaritan woman Satan Simeon Simon, brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Multiple People named James People named John People named Joseph (or Joses) People named Judas or Jude People named Mary People named Simon or Simeon Groups Angels Jesus's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God-fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Prophets Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Women at the crucifixion Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew Nathanael James, son of Alphaeus Less James, son of Zebedee John Evangelist Patmos "Disciple whom Jesus loved" Judas Iscariot Judas Thaddaeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias (Damascus) Ananias (Judaea) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Damaris Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James, brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen (John) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary, mother of (John) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans andHerod's familyGospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander of Ephesus Alexander the Coppersmith Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Artemas Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus Junia Linus Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Tryphena and Tryphosa Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon vteSaints of the Catholic ChurchDicastery for the Causes of SaintsStages of canonization: Servant of God → Venerable → Blessed → SaintVirgin Mary Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Titles of Mary Joseph (husband) Apostles Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Great John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Archangels Gabriel Michael in the Catholic Church Raphael Confessors Anatolius Anthony of Kiev Athanasius the Confessor Chariton the Confessor Dominic Edward the Confessor Francis of Assisi Francis Borgia Homobonus Lazarus Zographos Louis Bertrand Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Peter Claver Salonius Sergius of Radonezh Theophanes the Confessor Pio of Pietrelcina Disciples Apollos Mary of Bethany Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Doctors of the Church Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Irenaeus Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John ChurchFathers Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athanasius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathers Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus Martyrs Abda and Abdisho Boris and Gleb Charles de Foucauld Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Christina of Persia Devasahayam Pillai Dismas the Good Thief Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Gerard of Csanád Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs John Fisher Korean Martyrs Lorenzo Ruiz Martyrs of Lübeck Luigi Versiglia Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of Algeria Martyrs of Cajonos Martyrs of Drina Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of La Rioja Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Prague Martyrs of Sandomierz Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of Zenta Maximilian Kolbe Óscar Romero Pedro Calungsod Perpetua and Felicity Peter Chanel Pietro Parenzo Philomena Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Titus Brandsma 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Three Martyrs of Chimbote Ulma Family Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Victor and Corona Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia Missionaries Augustine of Canterbury Boniface Damien of Molokai Evermode of Ratzeburg Francis Xavier François de Laval Gregory the Illuminator Junípero Serra Nino of Georgia Patrick of Ireland Remigius Patriarchs Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph (father of Jesus) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs Popes Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus Prophets Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah Virgins Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Angela of the Cross Æthelthryth Bernadette Soubirous Catherine of Bologna Brigid of Kildare Catherine Labouré Catherine of Siena Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Faustina Kowalska Faustina and Liberata of Como Genevieve Hiltrude of Liessies Joan of Arc Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti María de las Maravillas de Jesús Narcisa de Jesús Patricia of Naples Rosalia Rose of Lima Teresa of the Andes Teresa of Calcutta Trasilla and Emiliana Ubaldesca Taccini See also Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Virtuous pagan Catholic Church portal Saints portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈtaɪtəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"TY-təs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Paul the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Pauline epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles"},{"link_name":"Epistle to Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith,_William_1975._Pp._701-2"},{"link_name":"Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"amanuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanuensis"},{"link_name":"2 Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"presbyters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyter"},{"link_name":"Gortyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gortyna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith,_William_1975._Pp._701-2"}],"text":"Titus (/ˈtaɪtəs/ TY-təs; Greek: Τίτος; Títos) was an early Christian missionary and church leader, a companion and disciple of Paul the Apostle, mentioned in several of the Pauline epistles including the Epistle to Titus. He is believed to be a Gentile converted to Christianity by Paul and, according to tradition, he was consecrated as Bishop of the Island of Crete.[2]Titus brought a fundraising letter from Paul to Corinth, to collect for the poor in Jerusalem. According to Jerome, Titus was the amanuensis of this epistle (2 Corinthians).[3] Later, on Crete, Titus appointed presbyters (elders) in every city and remained there into his old age, dying in Gortyna.[2]","title":"Saint Titus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cna-4"},{"link_name":"Mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butler-5"},{"link_name":"Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Corinth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_literary_work"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butler-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Salona"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-losservatore-13"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2 Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Timothy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Marius Victorinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Victorinus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Titus was a Greek, who may have studied Greek philosophy and poetry in his early years.[4] He seems to have been converted by Paul, whereupon he served as Paul's secretary and interpreter. In the year 48 or 49 CE, Titus accompanied Paul to the council held at Jerusalem, on the subject of the Mosaic rites.[5]In the fall of 55 or 56 CE, Paul, as he himself departed from Asia, sent Titus from Ephesus to Corinth, with full commission to remedy the fallout precipitated by Timothy's delivery of 1 Corinthians[6] and Paul's \"Painful Visit\",[7] particularly a significant personal offense and challenge to Paul's authority by one unnamed individual.[8] During this journey, Titus served as the courier for what is commonly known as the \"Severe Letter\", a Pauline missive that has been lost but is referred to in 2 Corinthians.[9]After success on this mission, Titus journeyed north and met Paul in Macedonia. There the apostle, overjoyed by Titus' success,[10] wrote 2 Corinthians. Titus then returned to Corinth with a larger entourage, carrying 2 Corinthians with him. Paul joined Titus in Corinth later. From Corinth, Paul then sent Titus to organize the collections of alms for the Christians at Jerusalem. Titus was therefore a troubleshooter, peacemaker, administrator, and missionary.Early church tradition holds that Paul, after his release from his first imprisonment in Rome, stopped at the island of Crete to preach. Due to the needs of other churches, requiring his presence elsewhere, he ordained his disciple Titus as bishop of that island,[11] and left him to finish the work he had started. Chrysostom says that this is an indication of the esteem Paul held for Titus.[5]Paul summoned Titus from Crete to join him at Nicopolis in Epirus.[12] Later, Titus traveled to Dalmatia.[13] The New Testament does not record his death.It has been argued that the name \"Titus\" in 2 Corinthians and Galatians is nothing more than an informal name used by Timothy, implied already by the fact that even though both are said to be long-term close companions of Paul, they never appear in common scenes.[14] The theory proposes that a number of passages—1 Cor. 4:17, 16.10; 2 Cor. 2:13, 7:6, 13–14, 12:18; and Acts 19.22—all refer to the same journey of a single individual, Titus-Timothy. 2 Timothy seems to dispute this, by claiming that Titus has gone to Dalmatia.[15] The fact that Paul made a point of circumcising Timothy[16] but refused to circumcise Titus[17] would indicate that they are different men, although certain manuscripts of Galatians[18] have been taken (by Marius Victorinus,[19] for example) to indicate that Paul did circumcise Titus.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tridentine calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_calendar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"26 January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_26"},{"link_name":"Conversion of St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_St._Paul"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Silas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas"},{"link_name":"same date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_26"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)"},{"link_name":"Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Timothy"},{"link_name":"26 January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"4 January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy_disciples"},{"link_name":"Heraklion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Orthodox_Messenger,_v._8(7/8),_July/Aug_1997-24"},{"link_name":"United States Army Chaplain Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Chaplain_Corps"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The feast day of Titus was not included in the Tridentine calendar. When added in 1854, it was assigned to 6 February.[20] In 1969, the Catholic Church assigned the feast to 26 January so as to celebrate the two disciples of Paul, Titus and Timothy, the day after the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul.[21] The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America celebrates these two, together with Silas, on the same date while he is honored on the calendars of the Church of England and Episcopal Church (with Timothy) on 26 January.[22][23]The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Titus on 25 August and on 4 January. His relics, now consisting of only his skull, are venerated in the Church of St. Titus, Heraklion, Crete, to which it was returned in 1966[24] after being removed to Venice during the Turkish occupation.Titus is the patron saint of the United States Army Chaplain Corps. The Corps has established the Order of Titus Award, described by the Department of Defense:Order of Titus award is the only award presented by the Chief of Chaplains to recognize outstanding performance of ministry by chaplains and chaplain assistants. The Order of Titus is awarded for meritorious contributions to the unique and highly visible Unit Ministry Team Observer Controller Program. The award recognizes the great importance of realistic, doctrinally guided combat ministry training in ensuring the delivery of prevailing religious support to the American Soldier.[25]","title":"Veneration"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Epistle of Pseudo-Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_Pseudo-Titus"}]	[{"reference":"\"\"Timothy and Titus\", Catholic News Agency, January 26, 2015\". Archived from the original on 28 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170428173145/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com:80/saint.php?n=128","url_text":"\"\"Timothy and Titus\", Catholic News Agency, January 26, 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=128","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Saints, Vol. I, (1866)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bartleby.com/210/1/041.html","url_text":"\"Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Saints, Vol. I, (1866)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pope Benedict XVI. \"Timothy and Titus\", L'Osservatore Romano, p. 11, December 27, 2006\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/b16ChrstChrch26.HTM","url_text":"\"Pope Benedict XVI. \"Timothy and Titus\", L'Osservatore Romano, p. 11, December 27, 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Calendar\". The Church of England. Retrieved 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar","url_text":"\"The Calendar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Titus and Timothy, Companions of Saint Paul\". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2022-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/titus-and-timothy/","url_text":"\"Titus and Timothy, Companions of Saint Paul\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Orthodox Messenger, v. 8(7/8), July/Aug 1997\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orthodoxchristian.info/pages/titus.htm","url_text":"\"The Orthodox Messenger, v. 8(7/8), July/Aug 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Titus Award\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/article/50256","url_text":"\"Titus Award\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170428173145/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com:80/saint.php?n=128","external_links_name":"\"\"Timothy and Titus\", Catholic News Agency, January 26, 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=128","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bartleby.com/210/1/041.html","external_links_name":"\"Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Saints, Vol. I, (1866)\""},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2016:10%E2%80%9311","external_links_name":"1 Corinthians 16:10–11"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%202:1","external_links_name":"2 Corinthians 2:1"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%202:5%E2%80%9311","external_links_name":"2 Corinthians 2:5–11"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%207:8","external_links_name":"2 Corinthians 7:8"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%207:6%E2%80%9315","external_links_name":"2 Corinthians 7:6–15"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Titus%201:5","external_links_name":"Titus 1:5"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Titus%203:12","external_links_name":"Titus 3:12"},{"Link":"http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/b16ChrstChrch26.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Pope Benedict XVI. \"Timothy and Titus\", L'Osservatore Romano, p. 11, December 27, 2006\""},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Timothy%204:10","external_links_name":"2 Timothy 4:10"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2016:3","external_links_name":"Acts 16:3"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:3&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Galatians 2:3"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:4&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Galatians 2:4"},{"Link":"https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar","external_links_name":"\"The Calendar\""},{"Link":"https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/titus-and-timothy/","external_links_name":"\"Titus and Timothy, Companions of Saint Paul\""},{"Link":"http://www.orthodoxchristian.info/pages/titus.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Orthodox Messenger, v. 8(7/8), July/Aug 1997\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mil/article/50256","external_links_name":"\"Titus Award\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/55594351","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/102408653","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102408653.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaj%C3%B6kull	Torfajökull	["1 Geography","2 Volcano","2.1 Geology","2.2 Seismic Activity","2.3 Eruptions","3 Glaciers","3.1 Naming","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 63°55′00″N 19°10′00″W / 63.91667°N 19.16667°W / 63.91667; -19.16667Volcano in Iceland TorfajökullTorfajökullHighest pointElevation1,281 m (4,203 ft)Coordinates63°55′00″N 19°10′00″W / 63.91667°N 19.16667°W / 63.91667; -19.16667DimensionsArea450 km2 (170 sq mi)GeographyTorfajökullIceland GeologyAge of rockPleistoceneMountain typeStratovolcanoLast eruptionMarch 1477Geological features near the Torfajökull volcanic system (red outlines) - In particular note that the Bárðarbunga volcanic system is also emphasised as the last two Torfajökull rhyolites (871 and 1477 CE) were erupted simultaneous with Veidivötn (Bárðarbunga) basalts (Light violet shading). Other shading shows: calderas, central volcanoes and fissure swarms, subglacial terrain above 1,100 m (3,600 ft), and seismically active areas. Clicking on the image enlarges to full window and enables mouse-over with more detail. Torfajökull (Icelandic for "Torfi's glacier"; Icelandic pronunciation: ⓘ) is a rhyolitic stratovolcano, with a large caldera (central volcano) capped by a glacier of the same name and associated with a complex of subglacial volcanoes. Torfajökull last erupted in 1477 and consists of the largest area of silicic extrusive rocks in Iceland. This is now known to be due to a VEI 5 eruption 55,000 years ago. Geography The volcano is located north of Mýrdalsjökull and south of Þórisvatn Lake, Iceland. To its south-west is the volcano and glacier of Tindfjallajökull and almost directly to its west is the volcano of Hekla. Adjacent to the southern edge of its glacier of Torfajökull it has a peak of 1,199 m (3,934 ft) but the south-eastern caldera margin also extends to the glacier of Kaldaklofsjökull which is on the western slopes of a peak called Háskerðingur that is 1,281 m (4,203 ft) high. Laufafell dome at 1,164 m (3,819 ft) is at the north-western edge of the Torfajökull volcanic system and almost halfway between Hekla and the glacier of Torfajökull. Volcano The volcano's eruption around 870, a combined bimodal eruption (rhyolite-basalt) with additional input from a Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system dyke,: 388 has left a thin layer of easily recognized mixed tephra all over Iceland, the Settlement Layer or Landnámslag.: 129 This layer makes it possible to determine the exact dates of many archeological finds by tephrochronology, and such have been dated in the The Settlement Exhibition, Reykjavík City Museum to before 871 ± 2 CE. There was another bimodal eruption in March 1477. Geology Amongst Icelandic volcanoes Torfajökull has a unique position at the intersection of the rift zone that is the extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the South Iceland seismic zone transform zone that connects to the Reykjanes Peninsula/ridge.: 2920 The central volcano, is a rhyolitic plateau 600 m (2,000 ft) above the surrounding tholeiitic basalts with initial formation at least 384,000 years ago. As well as containing the largest geothermal system in Iceland at 150 km2 (58 sq mi), it has a 18 km × 12 km (11.2 mi × 7.5 mi) caldera, with 450 km2 (170 sq mi) of rhyolitic exposed extrusives, which is the largest extent of such rocks in Iceland. The largest volume of rhyolite, being 25 km3 (6.0 cu mi) was erupted as the Þórsmörk ignimbrite and widespread North Atlantic and Greenland II-RHY-1 tephra layer about 55,000 years ago. Within the area of the rhyolitic caldera there are younger extrusives that involve basaltic magma mixing events by lateral propagation, from the fissure swarm of Bárðarbunga's Veidivötn volcanic system.: 2921 The postglacial rhyolites were produced by partial melts of previously intruded mafic basalts that started forming between 17,000 and 62,000 years ago.: 395–6 It is known from elsewhere in Iceland that the melting of previous hydrated basaltic crust can be rapid over periods perhaps of 8000 years.: 388 That the last three (not just two) of these,: 389 erupted simultaneous with the Veidivötn tholeiitic basalts along single, continuous fissures, indicates that the magma plumbing systems of the Torfajökull and southern Bárðarbunga volcanic systems are presently tectonically linked.: 388 Older rhyolites from west Torfajökull, arose from melts sourced from the transitional alkali basalts that are abundant in the South Iceland seismic zone and did not involve basalt sourcing and presumed intrusions from the Bárðarbunga volcanic system.: 388 Seismic Activity In the area of highest temperature geothermal activity of more than 340 °C (644 °F), there is an area of low-frequency earthquakes.: 2921 An area of high-frequency earthquakes (4–10 Hz with magnitude less than 3) is in the western caldera, beneath the most recent eruptive sites, is believed to be related to brittle failure of the volcanic edifice.: 2921 The western caldera is deflating vertically by about 12 mm (0.47 in)/year and there is evidence for a spherical 4 km (2.5 mi) diameter magma chamber at 8 km (5.0 mi) depth.: 2921 Seismic studies have also detected structures between 1.5–6 km (0.93–3.73 mi) depth consistent with cold dikes along the north–east caldera border, and beyond the caldera, to its south–west and east, there are anomalies consistent with the presence of warm magma bodies.: 2938 Eruptions The last four eruptions have been separated by about 940 years. The largest eruption known at about 55,400 years ago had a VEI of 5 or magnitude of 5.9. The 1477 eruption involved the Laugahraun basaltic flow within the northern caldera and the Námshraun, Stútshraun (Norðurnámshraun), Frostastaðahraun, and Ljótipollur basalt flows to the north of Torfajökull's caldera boundary by up to about 5 km (3.1 mi).: 388 The eruptive fissure is at least 40 km (25 mi) long extending to the north. The 871 eruption is associated with the Bláhylur basalt explosion crater, which is located 2 km (1.2 mi) to the west of the later Ljótipollur flow and its fissure. On the other side of the caldera the 871 intrusion erupted at the west edge of the caldera rim the Hrafntinnuhraun flow.: 388 This eruption has a VEI of 3, with the Hrafntinnuhraun lava having a volume of 0.18 km3 (0.043 cu mi) and tephra to a volume of 0.4 km3 (0.096 cu mi) being erupted. The younger part of the Dómadalshraun (Dómadalur) lava flows erupted about 150 CE west of the 1477 Namshraun flow,: 388 and has an area of 6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) and volume about 0.1 km3 (0.024 cu mi). To the north the { The older Dómadalshraun to its south of about 3100 BP is about 4 km (2.5 mi) west of the 1477 Námshraun flow.: 388 The Markarfljöt domes formed about 3500 BP and are in the western central volcano area.: 388 Just to the west of Laugahraun, and just outside the caldera margin is the Haölduhraun lava flow of about 6500 BP.: 388 The Laufafell basalt lavas in the in the western central volcano area erupted about 6800 BP and are close to the Laufafell domes.: 388 The oldest Dómadalshraun lava flow is dated to about 7000 BP and is about 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the Haölduhraun flow.: 388 Just to the east of the Hrafntinnuhraun flow from the 871 eruption is the Sléttahraun lava flow that erupted about 8000 BP and east of that the Hrafntinnusker flow of about 7500 BP,: 388 which had an area of 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi) and volume up to 0.4 km3 (0.096 cu mi). The Þórsmörk (Thorsmork) ignimbrite and widespread North Atlantic and Greenland II-RHY-1 tephra layer of 55,380 ± 2367 yr b2k Other ages determined 40Ar/39Ar dating are 51.3 ± 4.2 ka and 55.6 ± 4.8 ka. This, the largest known eruption had previously assigned to Tindfjöll (Tindfjallajökull) to the south in the 1980s as the Þórsmörk ignimbrite is to the east of Tindfjallajökull but the composition of other Tindfjallajökull eruptives later studied is different. The Þórsmörk ignimbrite had covered some of the sides of Tindfjallajökull but had a composition characteristic of Tindfjöll. The Rauðfossafjöll tuya at the western aspects of the Torfajökull volcano is dated at 67,000 ± 9,000 years ago. Glaciers TorfajökullTypeGlacierLocationIcelandCoordinates63°53′39″N 19°07′37″W / 63.89417°N 19.12694°W / 63.89417; -19.12694Area8.1 km2 (3.1 sq mi).StatusRetreatingMap of Torfajökull and to its west Kaldaklofsjökull glaciers. (light grey shading with white outline). Clicking on the map to enlarge it enables mouse over that allows identification of other glacial catchments. The two glaciers, Torfajökull and Kaldaklofsjökull, that cover the south–eastern portions of the central volcano are regressing. In 1945 Torfajökull was 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) in area, in 1999 11 km2 (4.2 sq mi), and by 2019 it was down to 8.1 km2 (3.1 sq mi). It has lost 64 % of its maximum mapped area. Kaldaklofsjökull, to the west of Torfajökull has regressed even more being by 2019, 79 % of its past maximum area at only 1.6 km2 (0.62 sq mi). Naming According to legend, the glacier is named for Torfi Jónsson í Klofa, an Icelandic historical figure. When the plague arrived in Iceland in 1493, Torfi fled with his family and his belongings into the highlands and settled in a valley surrounded by the glacier. According to another legend, the glacier is named for Torfi, a farm worker at a nearby farm. Torfi eloped with the farmer's daughter and fled to the glacier. See also Volcanism of Iceland List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland List of volcanoes in Iceland Notes ^ a b This article when reviewed as a stub gave an unreferenced height of 1,259 m (4,131 ft) which does not agree with any identified original source but is close to the current height of Kaldaklofsfjöll. So to provide best article historic consistency the height of Háskerðingur as determined by modern survey methods at 1,281 m (4,203 ft) was chosen. Traditional survey height of Háskerðingur was 1,278 m (4,193 ft). The peak near the southern edge of the Torfajökull glacier was 1,190 m (3,900 ft) by traditional survey, but is 1,199 m (3,934 ft) on modern survey and one to the north-east of the glacier had been by traditional survey assigned a height of 1,175 m (3,855 ft) but on modern survey is 1,192 m (3,911 ft). The heights quoted in the volcano literature of 1,190 m (3,900 ft) and 1,280 m (4,200 ft) which are usually trusted sources, may thus be explained. ^ All the previous timings based on lava samples were off by 22,000 years, and events assigned to about 70,000 years ago before 2019 are still in the recent literature. This is because feldspar crystals yield older ages of 77 ± 6 ka than other techniques of which the currently most accurate time is 55.4 ± 2.5 ka. References ^ a b c "National Land Survey of Iceland-Mapviewer (Kortasja-Landmælingar Íslands)". Retrieved 26 May 2024. ^ a b Sæmundsson, Kristján; Larsen, Gudrún (2019). "Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull". Retrieved 26 May 2024.: Detailed Description:1. Geological setting and tectonic context ^ Sæmundsson, Kristján; Larsen, Gudrún (2019). "Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull". Retrieved 26 May 2024.: Central Volcano ^ a b "Torfajökull". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zellmer, G.F.; Rubin, K.H.; Grönvold, K.; Jurado-Chichay, Z. (2008). "On the recent bimodal magmatic processes and their rates in the Torfajökull–Veidivötn area, Iceland". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 269 (3–4): 387–397. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.026. ^ Boygle, J. (1999). "Variability of tephra in lake and catchment sediments, Svínavatn, Iceland". Global and Planetary Change. 21 (1): 129-149. Bibcode:1999GPC....21..129B. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00011-9. ^ a b c d e f Martins, J.E.; Ruigrok, E.; Draganov, D.; Hooper, A.; Hanssen, R.F.; White, R.S.; Soosalu, H. (2019). "Imaging Torfajökull's magmatic plumbing system with seismic interferometry and phase velocity surface wave tomography". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 124 (3): 2920–2940. ^ a b c d e Sæmundsson, Kristján; Larsen, Gudrún (2019). "Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull". Retrieved 26 May 2024.: Detailed Description:4. Eruption history and pattern ^ a b c d e Moles, J.D.; McGarvie, D.; Stevenson, J.A.; Sherlock, S.C.; Abbott, P.M.; Jenner, F.E.; Halton, A.M. (2019). "Widespread tephra dispersal and ignimbrite emplacement from a subglacial volcano (Torfajökull, Iceland)". Geology. 47 (6): 577–580. doi:10.1130/G46004.1. ^ "Thórsmörk Ignimbrite(correlated to Ash Zone 2)". VOGRIPA. Retrieved 27 May 2024. This source has not been updated by post 2019 knowledge. ^ a b Guillou, H.; Scao, V.; Nomade, S.; Van Vliet-Lanoë, B.; Liorzou, C.; Guðmundsson, Á. (2019). "40Ar/39Ar dating of the Thorsmork ignimbrite and Icelandic sub-glacial rhyolites". Quaternary Science Reviews. 209: 52–62. Bibcode:2019QSRv..209...52G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.014.: Conclusions ^ a b c d Hannesdóttir, H.; Sigurðsson, O.; Þrastarson, R.H.; Guðmundsson, S.; Belart, J.M.; Pálsson, F.; Magnusson, E.; Víkingsson, S.; Kaldal, I.; Jóhannesson, T. (2020). "A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019". Jökull. 12: 1–34. doi:10.33799/jokull2020.70.001.: Table 2. ^ Miodońska, Alicja. Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery: Masters Thesis (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Lund University. pp. 1–110.: 20 ^ "Sagnir af Torfa í Klofa". Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. ^ "Torfajökull". Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. External links Torfajökull in the Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes "Torfajökull". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. vteGlaciers of Iceland Drangajökull Eiríksjökull Eyjafjallajökull Geitlandsjökull Hofsjökull Langjökull Mýrdalsjökull Snæfellsjökull Þrándarjökull Þórisjökull Tindfjallajökull Torfajökull Tungnafellsjökull Vatnajökull Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic Global Volcanism Program	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_language"},{"link_name":"glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"[ˈtʰɔrvaˌjœːkʏtl̥]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Torfaj%C3%B6kull_pronunciation.ogg/Torfaj%C3%B6kull_pronunciation.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torfaj%C3%B6kull_pronunciation.ogg"},{"link_name":"rhyolitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolitic"},{"link_name":"stratovolcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"},{"link_name":"caldera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera"},{"link_name":"central volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_volcano"},{"link_name":"subglacial volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcano"},{"link_name":"silicic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic"},{"link_name":"VEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index"}],"text":"Volcano in IcelandTorfajökull (Icelandic for \"Torfi's glacier\"; Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈtʰɔrvaˌjœːkʏtl̥] ⓘ) is a rhyolitic stratovolcano, with a large caldera (central volcano) capped by a glacier of the same name and associated with a complex of subglacial volcanoes. Torfajökull last erupted in 1477 and consists of the largest area of silicic extrusive rocks in Iceland. This is now known to be due to a VEI 5 eruption 55,000 years ago.","title":"Torfajökull"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mýrdalsjökull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDrdalsj%C3%B6kull"},{"link_name":"Þórisvatn Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3risvatn"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Tindfjallajökull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindfjallaj%C3%B6kull"},{"link_name":"Hekla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kortasja-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"}],"text":"The volcano is located north of Mýrdalsjökull and south of Þórisvatn Lake, Iceland. To its south-west is the volcano and glacier of Tindfjallajökull and almost directly to its west is the volcano of Hekla. Adjacent to the southern edge of its glacier of Torfajökull it has a peak of 1,199 m (3,934 ft) but the south-eastern caldera margin also extends to the glacier of Kaldaklofsjökull which is on the western slopes of a peak called Háskerðingur that is 1,281 m (4,203 ft) high.[1][a] Laufafell dome at 1,164 m (3,819 ft) is at the north-western edge of the Torfajökull volcanic system and almost halfway between Hekla and the glacier of Torfajökull.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bimodal eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimodal_volcanism"},{"link_name":"rhyolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite"},{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1r%C3%B0arbunga-Vei%C3%B0iv%C3%B6tn_volcanic_system"},{"link_name":"dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"Landnámslag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landn%C3%A1mslag&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"archeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"tephrochronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrochronology"},{"link_name":"The Settlement Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlement_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"}],"text":"The volcano's eruption around 870, a combined bimodal eruption (rhyolite-basalt) with additional input from a Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system dyke,[5]: 388 has left a thin layer of easily recognized mixed tephra all over Iceland, the Settlement Layer or Landnámslag.[6]: 129 This layer makes it possible to determine the exact dates of many archeological finds by tephrochronology, and such have been dated in the The Settlement Exhibition, Reykjavík City Museum to before 871 ± 2 CE. There was another bimodal eruption in March 1477.","title":"Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rift zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_volcanic_zone_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"South Iceland seismic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Iceland_seismic_zone"},{"link_name":"Reykjanes Peninsula/ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Reykjanes_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martins2019-8"},{"link_name":"rhyolitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite"},{"link_name":"tholeiitic basalts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholeiitic_basalt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIVe-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIV-3"},{"link_name":"ignimbrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignimbrite"},{"link_name":"tephra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moles2019-10"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bárðarbunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1r%C3%B0arbunga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martins2019-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"}],"sub_title":"Geology","text":"Amongst Icelandic volcanoes Torfajökull has a unique position at the intersection of the rift zone that is the extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the South Iceland seismic zone transform zone that connects to the Reykjanes Peninsula/ridge.[7]: 2920 The central volcano, is a rhyolitic plateau 600 m (2,000 ft) above the surrounding tholeiitic basalts with initial formation at least 384,000 years ago.[8] As well as containing the largest geothermal system in Iceland at 150 km2 (58 sq mi), it has a 18 km × 12 km (11.2 mi × 7.5 mi) caldera, with 450 km2 (170 sq mi) of rhyolitic exposed extrusives, which is the largest extent of such rocks in Iceland.[2] The largest volume of rhyolite, being 25 km3 (6.0 cu mi) was erupted as the Þórsmörk ignimbrite and widespread North Atlantic and Greenland II-RHY-1 tephra layer about 55,000 years ago.[9][b]Within the area of the rhyolitic caldera there are younger extrusives that involve basaltic magma mixing events by lateral propagation, from the fissure swarm of Bárðarbunga's Veidivötn volcanic system.[7]: 2921 The postglacial rhyolites were produced by partial melts of previously intruded mafic basalts that started forming between 17,000 and 62,000 years ago.[5]: 395–6 It is known from elsewhere in Iceland that the melting of previous hydrated basaltic crust can be rapid over periods perhaps of 8000 years.[5]: 388 That the last three (not just two) of these,[5]: 389 erupted simultaneous with the Veidivötn tholeiitic basalts along single, continuous fissures, indicates that the magma plumbing systems of the Torfajökull and southern Bárðarbunga volcanic systems are presently tectonically linked.[5]: 388 Older rhyolites from west Torfajökull, arose from melts sourced from the transitional alkali basalts that are abundant in the South Iceland seismic zone and did not involve basalt sourcing and presumed intrusions from the Bárðarbunga volcanic system.[5]: 388","title":"Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martins2019-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martins2019-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martins2019-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martins2019-8"}],"sub_title":"Seismic Activity","text":"In the area of highest temperature geothermal activity of more than 340 °C (644 °F), there is an area of low-frequency earthquakes.[7]: 2921 An area of high-frequency earthquakes (4–10 Hz with magnitude less than 3) is in the western caldera, beneath the most recent eruptive sites, is believed to be related to brittle failure of\nthe volcanic edifice.[7]: 2921 The western caldera is deflating vertically by about 12 mm (0.47 in)/year and there is evidence for a spherical 4 km (2.5 mi) diameter magma chamber at 8 km (5.0 mi) depth.[7]: 2921 Seismic studies have also detected structures between 1.5–6 km (0.93–3.73 mi) depth consistent with cold dikes along the north–east caldera border, and beyond the caldera, to its south–west and east, there are anomalies consistent with the presence of warm magma bodies.[7]: 2938","title":"Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIVe-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gvp-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIVe-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIVe-9"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellmer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIVe-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moles2019-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moles2019-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guillou2019-13"},{"link_name":"Tindfjallajökull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindfjallaj%C3%B6kull"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moles2019-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guillou2019-13"}],"sub_title":"Eruptions","text":"The last four eruptions have been separated by about 940 years.[8] The largest eruption known at about 55,400 years ago had a VEI of 5 or magnitude of 5.9.[10]The 1477 eruption involved the Laugahraun basaltic flow within the northern caldera and the Námshraun, Stútshraun (Norðurnámshraun), Frostastaðahraun, and Ljótipollur basalt flows to the north of Torfajökull's caldera boundary by up to about 5 km (3.1 mi).[5]: 388 The eruptive fissure is at least 40 km (25 mi) long extending to the north.The 871 eruption is associated with the Bláhylur basalt explosion crater, which is located 2 km (1.2 mi) to the west of the later Ljótipollur flow and its fissure. On the other side of the caldera the 871 intrusion erupted at the west edge of the caldera rim the Hrafntinnuhraun flow.[5]: 388 This eruption has a VEI of 3,[4] with the Hrafntinnuhraun lava having a volume of 0.18 km3 (0.043 cu mi) and tephra to a volume of 0.4 km3 (0.096 cu mi) being erupted.[8]The younger part of the Dómadalshraun (Dómadalur) lava flows erupted about 150 CE west of the 1477 Namshraun flow,[5]: 388 and has an area of 6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) and volume about 0.1 km3 (0.024 cu mi). To the north the {[cvt\|60\|km2}} Tjörvi lava was erupted simultaneously but from the Bárðarbunga Veidivötn fissure swam.[8]The older Dómadalshraun to its south of about 3100 BP is about 4 km (2.5 mi) west of the 1477 Námshraun flow.[5]: 388The Markarfljöt domes formed about 3500 BP and are in the western central volcano area.[5]: 388Just to the west of Laugahraun, and just outside the caldera margin is the Haölduhraun lava flow of about 6500 BP.[5]: 388The Laufafell basalt lavas in the in the western central volcano area erupted about 6800 BP and are close to the Laufafell domes.[5]: 388The oldest Dómadalshraun lava flow is dated to about 7000 BP and is about 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the Haölduhraun flow.[5]: 388Just to the east of the Hrafntinnuhraun flow from the 871 eruption is the Sléttahraun lava flow that erupted about 8000 BP and east of that the Hrafntinnusker flow of about 7500 BP,[5]: 388 which had an area of 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi) and volume up to 0.4 km3 (0.096 cu mi).[8]The Þórsmörk (Thorsmork) ignimbrite and widespread North Atlantic and Greenland II-RHY-1 tephra layer of 55,380 ± 2367 yr b2k[9] Other ages determined 40Ar/39Ar dating are 51.3 ± 4.2 ka and 55.6 ± 4.8 ka.[9][11] This, the largest known eruption had previously assigned to Tindfjöll (Tindfjallajökull) to the south in the 1980s as the Þórsmörk ignimbrite is to the east of Tindfjallajökull but the composition of other Tindfjallajökull eruptives later studied is different. The Þórsmörk ignimbrite had covered some of the sides of Tindfjallajökull but had a composition characteristic of Tindfjöll.[9]The Rauðfossafjöll tuya at the western aspects of the Torfajökull volcano is dated at 67,000 ± 9,000 years ago.[11]","title":"Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannesd%C3%B3ttir2020-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miodo%C5%84ska2019-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannesd%C3%B3ttir2020-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannesd%C3%B3ttir2020-14"}],"text":"The two glaciers, Torfajökull and Kaldaklofsjökull, that cover the south–eastern portions of the central volcano are regressing. In 1945 Torfajökull was 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) in area, in 1999 11 km2 (4.2 sq mi), and by 2019 it was down to 8.1 km2 (3.1 sq mi).[12][13] It has lost 64 % of its maximum mapped area.[12] Kaldaklofsjökull, to the west of Torfajökull has regressed even more being by 2019, 79 % of its past maximum area at only 1.6 km2 (0.62 sq mi).[12]","title":"Glaciers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torfi Jónsson í Klofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfi_J%C3%B3nsson_%C3%AD_Klofa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Naming","text":"According to legend, the glacier is named for Torfi Jónsson í Klofa, an Icelandic historical figure. When the plague arrived in Iceland in 1493, Torfi fled with his family and his belongings into the highlands and settled in a valley surrounded by the glacier.[14]According to another legend, the glacier is named for Torfi, a farm worker at a nearby farm. Torfi eloped with the farmer's daughter and fled to the glacier.[15]","title":"Glaciers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ht_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ht_2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kortasja-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gvp-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moles2019-10"}],"text":"^ a b This article when reviewed as a stub gave an unreferenced height of 1,259 m (4,131 ft) which does not agree with any identified original source but is close to the current height of Kaldaklofsfjöll. So to provide best article historic consistency the height of Háskerðingur as determined by modern survey methods at 1,281 m (4,203 ft) was chosen. Traditional survey height of Háskerðingur was 1,278 m (4,193 ft). The peak near the southern edge of the Torfajökull glacier was 1,190 m (3,900 ft) by traditional survey, but is 1,199 m (3,934 ft) on modern survey and one to the north-east of the glacier had been by traditional survey assigned a height of 1,175 m (3,855 ft) but on modern survey is 1,192 m (3,911 ft).[1] The heights quoted in the volcano literature of 1,190 m (3,900 ft)[3] and 1,280 m (4,200 ft)[4] which are usually trusted sources, may thus be explained.\n\n^ All the previous timings based on lava samples were off by 22,000 years, and events assigned to about 70,000 years ago before 2019 are still in the recent literature. This is because feldspar crystals yield older ages of 77 ± 6 ka than other techniques of which the currently most accurate time is 55.4 ± 2.5 ka.[9]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Volcanism of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_Iceland"},{"title":"List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_in_Iceland"},{"title":"List of volcanoes in Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Iceland"}]	[{"reference":"\"National Land Survey of Iceland-Mapviewer (Kortasja-Landmælingar Íslands)\". Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://kortasja.lmi.is/mapview/","url_text":"\"National Land Survey of Iceland-Mapviewer (Kortasja-Landmælingar Íslands)\""}]},{"reference":"Sæmundsson, Kristján; Larsen, Gudrún (2019). \"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull\". Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://icelandicvolcanos.is/?volcano=TOR","url_text":"\"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull\""}]},{"reference":"Sæmundsson, Kristján; Larsen, Gudrún (2019). \"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull\". Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://icelandicvolcanos.is/?volcano=TOR","url_text":"\"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torfajökull\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=372050","url_text":"\"Torfajökull\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program","url_text":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]},{"reference":"Zellmer, G.F.; Rubin, K.H.; Grönvold, K.; Jurado-Chichay, Z. (2008). \"On the recent bimodal magmatic processes and their rates in the Torfajökull–Veidivötn area, Iceland\". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 269 (3–4): 387–397. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.026.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236589685_On_the_recent_bimodal_magmatic_processes_and_their_rates_in_the_Torfajokull-Veidivotn_area_Iceland","url_text":"\"On the recent bimodal magmatic processes and their rates in the Torfajökull–Veidivötn area, Iceland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2008.02.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.026"}]},{"reference":"Boygle, J. (1999). \"Variability of tephra in lake and catchment sediments, Svínavatn, Iceland\". Global and Planetary Change. 21 (1): 129-149. Bibcode:1999GPC....21..129B. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00011-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GPC....21..129B","url_text":"1999GPC....21..129B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-8181%2899%2900011-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00011-9"}]},{"reference":"Martins, J.E.; Ruigrok, E.; Draganov, D.; Hooper, A.; Hanssen, R.F.; White, R.S.; Soosalu, H. (2019). \"Imaging Torfajökull's magmatic plumbing system with seismic interferometry and phase velocity surface wave tomography\". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 124 (3): 2920–2940.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sæmundsson, Kristján; Larsen, Gudrún (2019). \"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull\". Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://icelandicvolcanos.is/?volcano=TOR","url_text":"\"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull\""}]},{"reference":"Moles, J.D.; McGarvie, D.; Stevenson, J.A.; Sherlock, S.C.; Abbott, P.M.; Jenner, F.E.; Halton, A.M. (2019). \"Widespread tephra dispersal and ignimbrite emplacement from a subglacial volcano (Torfajökull, Iceland)\". Geology. 47 (6): 577–580. doi:10.1130/G46004.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG46004.1","url_text":"\"Widespread tephra dispersal and ignimbrite emplacement from a subglacial volcano (Torfajökull, Iceland)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG46004.1","url_text":"10.1130/G46004.1"}]},{"reference":"\"Thórsmörk Ignimbrite(correlated to Ash Zone 2)\". VOGRIPA. Retrieved 27 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/vogripa/searchVOGRIPA.cfc?method=detail&id=2330","url_text":"\"Thórsmörk Ignimbrite(correlated to Ash Zone 2)\""}]},{"reference":"Guillou, H.; Scao, V.; Nomade, S.; Van Vliet-Lanoë, B.; Liorzou, C.; Guðmundsson, Á. (2019). \"40Ar/39Ar dating of the Thorsmork ignimbrite and Icelandic sub-glacial rhyolites\". Quaternary Science Reviews. 209: 52–62. Bibcode:2019QSRv..209...52G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019QSRv..209...52G","url_text":"2019QSRv..209...52G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.02.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.014"}]},{"reference":"Hannesdóttir, H.; Sigurðsson, O.; Þrastarson, R.H.; Guðmundsson, S.; Belart, J.M.; Pálsson, F.; Magnusson, E.; Víkingsson, S.; Kaldal, I.; Jóhannesson, T. (2020). \"A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019\". Jökull. 12: 1–34. doi:10.33799/jokull2020.70.001.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.33799%2Fjokull2020.70.001","url_text":"\"A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.33799%2Fjokull2020.70.001","url_text":"10.33799/jokull2020.70.001"}]},{"reference":"Miodońska, Alicja. Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery: Masters Thesis (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Lund University. pp. 1–110.","urls":[{"url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8966699&fileOId=8966779","url_text":"Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery: Masters Thesis"}]},{"reference":"\"Sagnir af Torfa í Klofa\". Archived from the original on 23 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snerpa.is/net/thjod/torfi.htm","url_text":"\"Sagnir af Torfa í Klofa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230123111758/https://www.snerpa.is/net/thjod/torfi.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Torfajökull\". Archived from the original on 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715154623/http://sagnagrunnur.raqoon.com/index.php?target=myth&id=584","url_text":"\"Torfajökull\""},{"url":"http://sagnagrunnur.raqoon.com/index.php?target=myth&id=584","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Torfajökull\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=372050","url_text":"\"Torfajökull\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program","url_text":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Torfaj%C3%B6kull&params=63_55_00_N_19_10_00_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"63°55′00″N 19°10′00″W / 63.91667°N 19.16667°W / 63.91667; -19.16667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Torfaj%C3%B6kull&params=63_55_00_N_19_10_00_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"63°55′00″N 19°10′00″W / 63.91667°N 19.16667°W / 63.91667; -19.16667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Torfaj%C3%B6kull&params=63_53_39_N_19_07_37_W_type:glacier","external_links_name":"63°53′39″N 19°07′37″W / 63.89417°N 19.12694°W / 63.89417; -19.12694"},{"Link":"https://kortasja.lmi.is/mapview/","external_links_name":"\"National Land Survey of Iceland-Mapviewer (Kortasja-Landmælingar Íslands)\""},{"Link":"https://icelandicvolcanos.is/?volcano=TOR","external_links_name":"\"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull\""},{"Link":"https://icelandicvolcanos.is/?volcano=TOR","external_links_name":"\"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull\""},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=372050","external_links_name":"\"Torfajökull\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236589685_On_the_recent_bimodal_magmatic_processes_and_their_rates_in_the_Torfajokull-Veidivotn_area_Iceland","external_links_name":"\"On the recent bimodal magmatic processes and their rates in the Torfajökull–Veidivötn area, Iceland\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2008.02.026","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.026"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GPC....21..129B","external_links_name":"1999GPC....21..129B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-8181%2899%2900011-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00011-9"},{"Link":"https://icelandicvolcanos.is/?volcano=TOR","external_links_name":"\"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Torfajökull\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG46004.1","external_links_name":"\"Widespread tephra dispersal and ignimbrite emplacement from a subglacial volcano (Torfajökull, Iceland)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG46004.1","external_links_name":"10.1130/G46004.1"},{"Link":"https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/vogripa/searchVOGRIPA.cfc?method=detail&id=2330","external_links_name":"\"Thórsmörk Ignimbrite(correlated to Ash Zone 2)\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019QSRv..209...52G","external_links_name":"2019QSRv..209...52G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.02.014","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.014"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.33799%2Fjokull2020.70.001","external_links_name":"\"A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.33799%2Fjokull2020.70.001","external_links_name":"10.33799/jokull2020.70.001"},{"Link":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8966699&fileOId=8966779","external_links_name":"Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery: Masters Thesis"},{"Link":"http://www.snerpa.is/net/thjod/torfi.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sagnir af Torfa í Klofa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230123111758/https://www.snerpa.is/net/thjod/torfi.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715154623/http://sagnagrunnur.raqoon.com/index.php?target=myth&id=584","external_links_name":"\"Torfajökull\""},{"Link":"http://sagnagrunnur.raqoon.com/index.php?target=myth&id=584","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://icelandicvolcanoes.is/?volcano=TOR","external_links_name":"Torfajökull"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=372050","external_links_name":"\"Torfajökull\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3828152140032811100001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=372050","external_links_name":"Global Volcanism Program"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals	Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals	["1 Jurisdiction","2 Current Composition of the Court","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	United States Article I court This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals(A.F.C.C.A.)LocationJoint Base Andrews(Prince George's County, Maryland)Appeals toCourt of Appeals for the Armed ForcesEstablished1968AuthorityArticle I tribunalCreated byUniform Code of Military Justiceafcca.law.af.mil The Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals (AFCCA) is an independent appellate judicial body authorized by Congress and established by the Judge Advocate General of the Air Force pursuant to the exclusive authority under 10 U.S.C. § 866(a). The Court hears and decides appeals of United States Air Force court-martial convictions and appeals pendente lite. Its appellate judges are assigned to the Court by The Judge Advocate General. The Judge Advocate General instructs court-martial convening authorities to take action in accordance with the Court's decisions. The Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals is located at Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George's County, Maryland. Jurisdiction The court conducts mandatory review of all courts-martial of Air Force members referred to the court (unless waived by the appellant) pursuant to Articles 62, 66, 69, and 73 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and, when necessary in furtherance of its jurisdiction, reviews all petitions for extraordinary relief properly filed before it. This includes: all trials by court-martial in which the sentence includes confinement for one year or longer, a bad-conduct or dishonorable discharge, dismissal of a commissioned officer or cadet, or death; all cases reviewed by the Judge Advocate General of the Air Force and forwarded for review under UCMJ Article 69(d); certain government appeals of orders or rulings of military trial judges that terminate proceedings, exclude evidence, or which concern the disclosure of classified information; and petitions for new trial referred by The Judge Advocate General; and petitions for extraordinary relief, including writs of mandamus, writs of prohibition, writs of habeas corpus, and writs of error coram nobis. The next level of appeal from the AFCCA is the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces. Current Composition of the Court The judges may be commissioned officers or civilians. As of 2019, the Court is constituted as follows: Chief Judge Karen E. Mayberry Senior Judge John C. Johnson Senior Judge Julie J.R. Huygen Judge Richard A. Mink Judge Naomi P. Dennis Judge Tom E. Posch Judge Michael A. Lewis Judge James E. Key III Reserve Judge Joseph S. Kiefer Reserve Judge Lucy H. Carrillo Reserve Judge Michael D. Schag See also Army Court of Criminal Appeals Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals References This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force External links Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals official homepage History of the Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals vteUnited States Military Judicial Authority Military justice Law of the United States Authority United States Constitution, Article I Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) Standards Manual for Courts-Martial Convening authority Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG)Army Judge Advocate General's Corps, Army (Army JAG) Marine Corps Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Navy (Navy JAG) Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps, Air Force Coast Guard Coast Guard Legal Division Non-judicial punishment UCMJ Article 15 Military tribunals in the United States Court systemsTrial Courts-martial Guantanamo military commissions Appeal Army Court of Criminal Appeals Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Military Commission Review Discretionaryreview Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces Supreme Court This United States Air Force article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appellate judicial body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_court"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Judge Advocate General of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps,_U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"10 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/866"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"convictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conviction"},{"link_name":"appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"pendente lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendente_lite"},{"link_name":"convening authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convening_authority_(court-martial)"},{"link_name":"Andrews Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Prince George's County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland"}],"text":"The Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals (AFCCA) is an independent appellate judicial body authorized by Congress and established by the Judge Advocate General of the Air Force pursuant to the exclusive authority under 10 U.S.C. § 866(a). The Court hears and decides appeals of United States Air Force court-martial convictions and appeals pendente lite. Its appellate judges are assigned to the Court by The Judge Advocate General. The Judge Advocate General instructs court-martial convening authorities to take action in accordance with the Court's decisions.The Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals is located at Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George's County, Maryland.","title":"Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uniform Code of Military Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice"},{"link_name":"evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)"},{"link_name":"classified information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information"},{"link_name":"Judge Advocate General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps"},{"link_name":"writs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ"},{"link_name":"mandamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandamus"},{"link_name":"prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_(writ)"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"coram nobis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coram_nobis"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Armed_Forces"}],"text":"The court conducts mandatory review of all courts-martial of Air Force members referred to the court (unless waived by the appellant) pursuant to Articles 62, 66, 69, and 73 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and, when necessary in furtherance of its jurisdiction, reviews all petitions for extraordinary relief properly filed before it.This includes:all trials by court-martial in which the sentence includes confinement for one year or longer, a bad-conduct or dishonorable discharge, dismissal of a commissioned officer or cadet, or death;\nall cases reviewed by the Judge Advocate General of the Air Force and forwarded for review under UCMJ Article 69(d);\ncertain government appeals of orders or rulings of military trial judges that terminate proceedings, exclude evidence, or which concern the disclosure of classified information; and\npetitions for new trial referred by The Judge Advocate General; and\npetitions for extraordinary relief, including writs of mandamus, writs of prohibition, writs of habeas corpus, and writs of error coram nobis.The next level of appeal from the AFCCA is the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The judges may be commissioned officers or civilians. As of 2019, the Court is constituted as follows:Chief Judge Karen E. Mayberry\nSenior Judge John C. Johnson\nSenior Judge Julie J.R. Huygen\nJudge Richard A. Mink\nJudge Naomi P. Dennis\nJudge Tom E. Posch\nJudge Michael A. Lewis\nJudge James E. Key III\nReserve Judge Joseph S. Kiefer\nReserve Judge Lucy H. Carrillo\nReserve Judge Michael D. Schag","title":"Current Composition of the Court"}]	[]	[{"title":"Army Court of Criminal Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals"},{"title":"Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy-Marine_Corps_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals"},{"title":"Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://afcca.law.af.mil/","external_links_name":"afcca.law.af.mil"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/866","external_links_name":"§ 866"},{"Link":"https://www.af.mil/Disclaimer.aspx","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://www.af.mil/","external_links_name":"United States Air Force"},{"Link":"http://afcca.law.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals official homepage"},{"Link":"http://afcca.law.af.mil/content/afcca_data/cp/history.pdf","external_links_name":"History of the Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Romero	Pascual Romero	["1 Career","1.1 Skepticism","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]	American musician (born 1980) Pascual RomeroBackground informationBorn (1980-01-06) January 6, 1980 (age 44)Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.OriginSanta Fe, New Mexico, U.S.GenresHeavy metal, grindcore, metalcore, progressive metalOccupation(s)Musician, film producer, actor, podcasterInstrumentsVocals, bass, guitarYears active1993–presentMusical artist Pascual H. Romero (born January 6, 1980) is an American musician, podcaster, television and film producer from Santa Fe, New Mexico. Previously based out of Los Angeles, California, he is the former vocalist of the death metal band Pathology and former bassist of In This Moment. Romero is co-host of the Squaring the Strange podcast, along with paranormal investigator Ben Radford and caricature artist Celestia Ward. Career Romero is the former bassist of the bands Tinhorn, Level-Zero, Public Recipe (with Tal B. of i5),and Warped Tour band Nothing Less. He is mentioned multiple times in the liner notes of the In This Moment albums Beautiful Tragedy and The Dream. as well as the Daysend album The Warning. Other projects include Divine Heresy, Throne of Ashes, Groamville, Buffalo Down, Black Veil Brides, My Empty Day, Kriya, Madcats, Dysphotic, Strangled By Strangulation, and he is a steadfast guest vocalist for industrial metal band Fear Factory. He was the promoter of The Hell in July tour in 2013 for the bands Six Feet Under and Decrepit Birth. Romero was the vocalist in the band Pathology from Summer 2009 until January 2010. As of 2018 he is in the doom metal band Devil's Throne which features his wife Ashley Romero on vocals. In film and TV production, Romero is a producer and writer for Rad Girls, on which he also appears as himself. He has an extensive list of projects he has worked on; What About Brian, Pushing Daisies, Heroes, and the film 3:10 To Yuma are among his most notable credits. He was also credited as a producer for the Style Network. As of 2018, he is working with media companies Kronos Creative and Beautiful Idea. Skepticism Pascual Romero and Ben Radford in studio recording an episode of the Squaring The Strange podcast In April 2017, Romero and Ben Radford launched the Squaring the Strange podcast with evidence-based analysis and commentary on a variety of topics ranging from the paranormal to the political. Frequent contributor and content producer Celestia Ward was later added as a cohost. The podcast tackles a wide variety of subjects including psychology, myths, hoaxes, folklore, and science. Pascual has handled much of the audio editing work and provided original music for the show. As of 2019 Pascual is on semi-hiatus from the show due to professional and family obligations. Personal life Romero was born in Madison, Wisconsin but grew up in Santa Fe. His mother is anthropologist Camille Belden. His grandfather was Eugene F. Romero, a Santa Fe City Councilman 1968–1972 who died March 31, 2010, one day after his wife Celia Quintana Romero, to whom he had been married for 67 years. His father, Hilario Romero is a civil rights activist, retired professor, state historian and musician; both Pascual and his father performed and recorded with New Mexican folk group Los Folkloricos de Nuevo Mexico. References ^ a b Gerbic, Susan (May 21, 2018). "GSoW in the Land of Enchantment". csicop.org. Center for Inquiry. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ Quintana, Chris (July 16, 2013). "Unruly crowd kills metal concert at south-side venue". The New Mexican. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018 – via newspapers.com. ^ O'Donnell, Shauna (June 11, 2010). "Pathology Interview". The Gauntlet. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ De Vore, Alex (June 2, 2015). "Metal Time". Santa Fe Reporter. Retrieved April 19, 2018. ^ "Squaring the Strange". squaringthestrange.libsyn.com. Squaring the Strange. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017. ^ Radford, Benjamin (April 27, 2017). "My New Podcast: Squaring the Strange!". Benjamin Radford. Retrieved April 23, 2018. ^ Palmer, Rob (January 14, 2019). "Squaring the Skeptic with Celestia Ward (Part 1)". Skeptical Inquirer. Center for Inquiry. Retrieved April 25, 2019. ^ "Obituary". The New Mexican. April 4, 2010. p. C-2 – via newspapers.com. ^ The Beer Baron, Mr. X and. "Pascual Romero IMDb Mini Biography". IMDb. Amazon.com. Retrieved April 26, 2018. ^ Stelnicki, Tripp (May 28, 2017). "'You become part of the history'". The New Mexican. p. C-7 – via newspapers.com. ^ De Vore, Alex (April 12, 2016). "Giants of Folklorico". Santa Fe Reporter. Retrieved April 19, 2018. External links Pascual Romero at IMDb YouTube Pascual Romero YouTube Channel Squaring the Strange podcast vteIn This Moment Maria Brink Chris Howorth Travis Johnson Randy Weitzel Kent Diimmel Blake Bunzel Josh Newell Jesse Landry Kyle Konkiel Jeff Fabb Tom Hane Studio albums Beautiful Tragedy The Dream A Star-Crossed Wasteland Blood Black Widow Ritual Mother Godmode Live albums Blood at the Orpheum Compilation albums Rise of the Blood Legion: Greatest Hits (Chapter 1) Singles "Call Me" "The Gun Show" "The Promise" "Blood" "Adrenalize" "Whore" "Sick Like Me" "Big Bad Wolf" "Sex Metal Barbie" "Oh Lord" "In the Air Tonight" "Army of Me" Related articles Discography	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"},{"link_name":"Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology_(band)"},{"link_name":"In This Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_This_Moment"},{"link_name":"Ben Radford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Radford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerbic2018-1"}],"text":"American musician (born 1980)Musical artistPascual H. Romero (born January 6, 1980) is an American musician, podcaster, television and film producer from Santa Fe, New Mexico. Previously based out of Los Angeles, California, he is the former vocalist of the death metal band Pathology and former bassist of In This Moment. Romero is co-host of the Squaring the Strange podcast, along with paranormal investigator Ben Radford and caricature artist Celestia Ward.[1]","title":"Pascual Romero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warped Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_Tour"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"The Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_(In_This_Moment_album)"},{"link_name":"Daysend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daysend"},{"link_name":"The Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warning_(Daysend_album)"},{"link_name":"Divine Heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Heresy"},{"link_name":"Black Veil Brides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Veil_Brides"},{"link_name":"industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"Fear Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quintana-2"},{"link_name":"Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODonnell_2010-3"},{"link_name":"doom metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_metal"},{"link_name":"What About Brian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_About_Brian"},{"link_name":"Pushing Daisies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushing_Daisies"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"3:10 To Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3:10_to_Yuma_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Style Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_Network"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Romero is the former bassist of the bands Tinhorn, Level-Zero, Public Recipe (with Tal B. of i5),and Warped Tour band Nothing Less. He is mentioned multiple times in the liner notes of the In This Moment albums Beautiful Tragedy and The Dream. as well as the Daysend album The Warning. Other projects include Divine Heresy, Throne of Ashes, Groamville, Buffalo Down, Black Veil Brides, My Empty Day, Kriya, Madcats, Dysphotic, Strangled By Strangulation, and he is a steadfast guest vocalist for industrial metal band Fear Factory. He was the promoter of The Hell in July tour in 2013 for the bands Six Feet Under and Decrepit Birth.[2] Romero was the vocalist in the band Pathology from Summer 2009 until January 2010.[3] As of 2018 he is in the doom metal band Devil's Throne which features his wife Ashley Romero on vocals.In film and TV production, Romero is a producer and writer for Rad Girls, on which he also appears as himself. He has an extensive list of projects he has worked on; What About Brian, Pushing Daisies, Heroes, and the film 3:10 To Yuma are among his most notable credits. He was also credited as a producer for the Style Network. As of 2018, he is working with media companies Kronos Creative[4] and Beautiful Idea.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romero_and_Radford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ben Radford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Radford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SqTheStrange-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerbic2018-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SquareSkepticCelestia1-7"}],"sub_title":"Skepticism","text":"Pascual Romero and Ben Radford in studio recording an episode of the Squaring The Strange podcastIn April 2017, Romero and Ben Radford launched the Squaring the Strange podcast with evidence-based analysis and commentary on a variety of topics ranging from the paranormal to the political.[5] Frequent contributor and content producer Celestia Ward was later added as a cohost.[1] The podcast tackles a wide variety of subjects including psychology, myths, hoaxes, folklore, and science.[6] Pascual has handled much of the audio editing work and provided original music for the show. As of 2019 Pascual is on semi-hiatus from the show due to professional and family obligations.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Romero was born in Madison, Wisconsin but grew up in Santa Fe. His mother is anthropologist Camille Belden. His grandfather was Eugene F. Romero, a Santa Fe City Councilman 1968–1972 who died March 31, 2010, one day after his wife Celia Quintana Romero, to whom he had been married for 67 years.[8] His father, Hilario Romero is a civil rights activist, retired professor,[9] state historian[10] and musician; both Pascual and his father performed and recorded with New Mexican folk group Los Folkloricos de Nuevo Mexico.[11]","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Pascual Romero and Ben Radford in studio recording an episode of the Squaring The Strange podcast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Romero_and_Radford.jpg/220px-Romero_and_Radford.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Gerbic, Susan (May 21, 2018). \"GSoW in the Land of Enchantment\". csicop.org. Center for Inquiry. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. 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Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/squaring_the_skeptic_with_celestia_ward_part_1/?/specialarticles/show/squaring_the_skeptic_with_celestia_ward_part_1","url_text":"\"Squaring the Skeptic with Celestia Ward (Part 1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". The New Mexican. April 4, 2010. p. C-2 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=19578222","url_text":"\"Obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"The Beer Baron, Mr. X and. \"Pascual Romero IMDb Mini Biography\". IMDb. Amazon.com. Retrieved April 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2468194/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm","url_text":"\"Pascual Romero IMDb Mini Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Stelnicki, Tripp (May 28, 2017). \"'You become part of the history'\". The New Mexican. p. C-7 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=19578190&fcfToken=79737034664c62432f6834547a476a6f3976594d65726b6730453736646b72434a3861373266726f47502b45366c545745475134514845337a53636d5736584936385359396334575474413d","url_text":"\"'You become part of the history'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"De Vore, Alex (April 12, 2016). \"Giants of Folklorico\". Santa Fe Reporter. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_%C5%A0ego	Michele Šego	["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]	Croatian footballer Michele ŠegoPersonal informationDate of birth (2000-08-05) 5 August 2000 (age 23)Place of birth Split, CroatiaHeight 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team VaraždinNumber 11Youth career2007–2010 Omladinac Vranjic2010–2015 Adriatic Split2015–2016 Hajduk SplitSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2016–2019 Hajduk Split B 52 (14)2016–2022 Hajduk Split 10 (1)2020 → Slaven Belupo (loan) 8 (0)2020 → Bravo (loan) 13 (1)2021 → Dugopolje (loan) 16 (8)2021–2022 → Varaždin (loan) 25 (7)2022– Varaždin 26 (3)International career‡2015 Croatia U15 4 (1)2015–2016 Croatia U16 11 (4)2016–2017 Croatia U17 17 (4)2017–2018 Croatia U18 4 (0)2017–2019 Croatia U19 12 (1)2018–2023 Croatia U20 8 (1)2022– Croatia U21 4 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 25 May 2023‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 7 June 2023 Michele Šego (Croatian pronunciation: ; born 5 August 2000) is a Croatian footballer who plays as a forward for Varaždin in the Croatian First Football League. Career Šego started playing football in the local minnows' NK Omladinac Vranjic' football school. After spending five years in the youth ranks of Adriatic Split, he was hailed as the biggest talent in the club, netting over 50 goals every season. He eventually joined the Croatian national U15 team, before moving on to the Hajduk Split academy at the age of 16. After a quality display in the first half of the season with Hajduk's reserve team, he got called up for their senior team's League match against Cibalia that took place on 11 February 2018. He scored his first goal for Hajduk's official senior squad match against Istra 1961 on May 9, 2018, netting a volley for a 1-5 victory. In January 2020, Šego was loaned for until the summer of 2020 to NK Slaven Belupo. Returning at the end of the season, he was loaned out again in August 2020, this time to NK Bravo in the Slovenian PrvaLiga for the 2020-21 season. References ^ Michele Šego at the NK Slaven Belupo official site ^ Michele Šego na sezonu i pol postao “farmaceut” at Nogometplus.net ^ at Dalmatinski portal ^ Michele Šego na sezonu i pol postao “farmaceut” at Nogometplus.net ^ BAJIĆ NA POSUDBU U SLOVAČKU SENICU, ŠEGO U SLOVENSKI BRAVO, hajduk.hr, 6 August 2020 External links Michele Šego at Soccerway.com Michele Šego at WorldFootball.net Michele Šego at FBref.com Michele Šego at the Croatian Football Federation This biographical article related to a football forward from Croatia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mikêːle ʃêːɡo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Varaždin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Vara%C5%BEdin_(2012)"},{"link_name":"Croatian First Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_First_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Michele Šego (Croatian pronunciation: [mikêːle ʃêːɡo]; born 5 August 2000) is a Croatian footballer who plays as a forward for Varaždin in the Croatian First Football League.[2]","title":"Michele Šego"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NK Omladinac Vranjic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Omladinac_Vranjic"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Adriatic_Split"},{"link_name":"Hajduk Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Hajduk_Split"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Croatian_First_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Cibalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Cibalia"},{"link_name":"Istra 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Istra_1961"},{"link_name":"NK Slaven Belupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Slaven_Belupo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"NK Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Slovenian PrvaLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_PrvaLiga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Šego started playing football in the local minnows' NK Omladinac Vranjic' football school. After spending five years in the youth ranks of Adriatic Split, he was hailed as the biggest talent in the club, netting over 50 goals every season. He eventually joined the Croatian national U15 team, before moving on to the Hajduk Split academy at the age of 16.[3]After a quality display in the first half of the season with Hajduk's reserve team, he got called up for their senior team's League match against Cibalia that took place on 11 February 2018. He scored his first goal for Hajduk's official senior squad match against Istra 1961 on May 9, 2018, netting a volley for a 1-5 victory.In January 2020, Šego was loaned for until the summer of 2020 to NK Slaven Belupo.[4] Returning at the end of the season, he was loaned out again in August 2020, this time to NK Bravo in the Slovenian PrvaLiga for the 2020-21 season.[5]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://nk-slaven-belupo.hr/ekipa/michele-sego/","external_links_name":"Michele Šego"},{"Link":"https://www.nogometplus.net/michele-sego-sezonu-i-pol-postao-farmaceut/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://dalmatinskiportal.hr/sport/michele-sego-potpisao-za-hajduk/6034","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.nogometplus.net/michele-sego-sezonu-i-pol-postao-farmaceut/","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://hajduk.hr/vijest/bajic-na-posudbu-u-slovacku-senicu-sego-u-slovenski-bravo/12921","external_links_name":"BAJIĆ NA POSUDBU U SLOVAČKU SENICU, ŠEGO U SLOVENSKI BRAVO"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/482601/","external_links_name":"Michele Šego"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55238219#P2369"},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/michele-sego/","external_links_name":"Michele Šego"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55238219#P2020"},{"Link":"https://fbref.com/en/players/620dec02/","external_links_name":"Michele Šego"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55238219#P5750"},{"Link":"https://hns.team/en/players/149253/-/","external_links_name":"Michele Šego"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55238219#P3577"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michele_%C5%A0ego&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_antigen_system	Diego antigen system	["1 Types","1.1 List of Diego antigens","2 History","3 Distribution of the Diegoa antigen","4 References"]	Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant human blood group systems. Further information: Blood compatibility testing Human blood group system The Diego antigen (or blood group) system is composed of 21 blood factors or antigens carried on the Band 3 glycoprotein, also known as Anion Exchanger 1 (AE1). The antigens are inherited through various alleles of the gene SLC4A1 (Solute carrier family 4), located on human chromosome 17. The AE1 glycoprotein is expressed only in red blood cells and, in a shortened form, in some cells in the kidney. The Diegoa antigen is fairly common in Indigenous peoples of the Americas (in both North and South America) and East Asians, but very rare or absent in most other populations, supporting the theory that the two groups share common ancestry. Types The Diego system is named after a pair of types, Diegoa (Dia) and Diegob (Dib), which differ by one amino acid in the AE1 glycoprotein, corresponding to one difference in the nucleotide sequence of the SLC4A1 gene. Dib is common or ubiquitous in all populations which have been screened for it, while Dia has been found only in Indigenous peoples of the Americas (in both North and South America) and East Asians, and in people with some ancestors from those groups. People heterozygous for the two alleles produce both antigens. No individual has been tested who does not produce one, or both, of the two antigens. Anti-Dia (the antibody to Dia) can cause severe hemolytic disease of the newborn and severe transfusion reaction. Anti-Dib usually causes milder reactions. The Wright blood system is another pair of types, Wrighta (Wra) and Wrightb (Wrb), also differing by one amino acid on the AE1 glycoprotein and one nucleotide on the SLC4A1 gene. Wra always expresses antigens, but the antibody reaction of Wrb depends on a variation in the structure of glycophorin A, which binds with Wrb. Anti-Wra can also cause severe hemolytic disease of the newborn and severe transfusion reaction. Anti-Wrb is very rare, and little data is available on its severity. Seventeen other rare blood types (as of 2002) are included in the Diego antigen system, as they are produced by mutations on the SLC4A1 gene. These include the Waldner (Wda), Redelberger (Rba), Warrior (WARR), ELO, Wulfsberg (Wu), Bishop (Bpa), Moen (Moa), Hughes (Hua), van Vugt (Vga), Swann (Swa), Bowyer (BOW), NFLD, Nunhart (Jna), KREP, Traversu (Tra), Froese (Fra) and SW1 types. List of Diego antigens List of Diego antigens ISBT Symbol Historical name Substitution DI1 Dia Diego a Leu 854 DI2 Dib Diego b Pro 854 DI3 Wra Wright a Lys 658 DI4 Wrb Wright b Glu 658 DI5 Wda Waldner Val 557 Met DI6 Rba Radelberger Pro 548 Met DI7 WARR Warrior Thr 552 Ile DI8 ELO Arg 432 Trp DI9 Wu Wulfsberg Gly 565 Ala DI10 Bpa Bishop Asn 569 Lys DI11 Moa Moen Arg 656 Cys DI12 Hga Hughes Tyr 555 His DI13 Uga van Vugt Arg 646 Gln DI14 Swa Swann Pro 561 Ser DI15 BOW Bowyer Pro 561 Ser DI16 NFLD Glu 429 Asp Pro 561 Ala DI17 Jna Nunhart Pro 566 Ser DI18 KREP Pro 566 Ala DI19 Tra Traversu Lys 551 Asn DI20 Fra Froese Glu 480 Lys DI21 SW1 Arg 646 Trp DI22 DISK Gly 565 Ala History The first Diego antigen, Dia, was discovered in 1953, when a child in Venezuela died of hemolytic disease three days after birth. Rh and ABO blood type mismatches were soon ruled out, and investigators began searching for a rare blood factor. Red blood cells from the father reacted strongly to blood serum from the mother. Rare blood types known at the time were eliminated, and the new type was classified as a "private" or "family" blood type. The investigators, with the agreement of the father, named the new type after his surname, "Diego". In 1955 investigators found that the Diego family included ancestry from Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and that the Diego factor (Dia) was not restricted to the Diego family, but occurred in several populations in Venezuela and elsewhere in South America. Investigators suspected that the Diego factor might be a Mongoloid trait, and tested groups of Native Americans in the United States and people of Chinese and Japanese ancestry, and found Dia in those groups. Anti-Dib was found in 1967, establishing the Diego group as a two-antigen system. In 1993 the Diego pair of antigens was found to result from a single point mutation (nucleotide 2561) on what is now called the SLC4A1 gene on chromosome 17. The Wrighta antigen (Wra), a very low frequency blood type, was also discovered in 1953. The Wrightb antigen (Wrb), a very high frequency blood type, was discovered about a decade later, but the two types were not recognized as a pair for another 20 years. The Wright group was eventually identified as a single point mutation on the SLC4A1 gene. The Wright group was subsumed into the Diego group in 1995, since its location on the SLC4A1 gene had been determined after the Diego group had been located there. Starting in 1995, various rare antigen types, some of which had been known for 30 years, were found to also be caused by mutations on the SLC4A1 gene, and were therefore added to the Diego system. Distribution of the Diegoa antigen The Dib antigen has been found in all populations tested. The Dia antigen, however, has been found only in populations of indigenous peoples of the Americas and East Asians, and people with some ancestry in those populations. Some groups in South America have a relatively high frequency of Dia+. A sample of the Kaingang people of Brazil was 49% Dia+. Samples of other groups in Brazil and Venezuela were 14% to 36% Dia+. While the Dia antigen is found at moderate to high frequencies in most populations of indigenous peoples in South America, it is absent in the Waica people, and occurs at very low frequencies in the Warao and Yaruro people of interior northern South America. Layrisse and Wilbert, who characterize these people as "Marginal Indians", proposed that they are remnants of a first migration into South America of people who had not acquired the allele for the Dia antigen, with other indigenous peoples of South America resulting from a later migration. Samples of groups in Guatemala and Mexico have 20% to 22% Dia+. Samples from Native American groups in the United States and First Nations groups in Canada have 4% to 11% Dia+. Although the incidence of Diegoa+ is relatively high in Siberian Eskimos and Aleut people (the incidence of Diegoa+ in Aleuts is comparable to South American levels), it occurs at a much lower frequency (less than 0.5%) among Alaskan Eskimos and has not been found in the Inuit of Canada. The Dia antigen is widespread in East Asian populations. Samples of East Asian populations show 4% Dia+ for the Ainu of Hokkaido, 2% to 10% Dia+ for Japanese, 6% to 15% Dia+ for Koreans, 7% to 13% Dia+ for Mongolians, 10% Dia+ for northern Chinese and 3% to 5% Dia+ for southern Chinese. The Dia antigen is also found in northern India and in Malaysia, where there are populations of East Asian ancestry. North Indians (of unspecified ethnicity) are reported to be 4% Dia+. On the other hand, a sample of Indian students attending the University of Michigan, the majority of which were Gujarati, found none to be Dia+. A survey of residents of the Klang Valley in Malaysia found the incidence of Dia+ in ethnic Chinese to be 4%, in ethnic Malays to be a little over 1%, and in ethnic Indians (descended from southern Indians) to be a little under 1%. (A smaller sample of Malays in Penang, Malaysia, were 4% Dia+.) The Dia antigen is very rare in African and European populations. One West African subject had an ambiguous possible reaction to Dia. About 0.5% of Europeans of Polish ancestry have been found to be Dia+. This incidence has been attributed to gene mixture from Tatars who invaded Poland five to seven centuries ago. Diego Antigen has been found in 0.89% of Germans from Berlin. The Dia antigen is very rare or absent in Aboriginal Australians, Papuans, natives of New Britain, and Polynesians. The distribution of the Dia antigen has been cited as proof that the Americas were populated by migrations from Siberia. Differences in the frequency of the antigen in populations of indigenous people in the Americas correlate with major language families, modified by environmental conditions. Another study suggests that the distribution of the Dia antigen in central and eastern Asia has been shaped by the expansion of Mongolian and related populations that resulted in the creation of the Mongol Empire in the 13th- and 14th-centuries. References ^ a b c d e Junqueira PC, Castilho L (March 2002). "The history of the Diego blood group" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia. 24 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1590/s1516-84842002000100004. Retrieved 10 September 2013. ^ a b c d e f Poole J (2020). "The Diego blood group system-an update". Immunohematology. 15 (4): 135–43. doi:10.21307/immunohematology-2019-635. PMID 15373634. ^ Huang CH, Reid ME, Xie SS, Blumenfeld OO (May 1996). "Human red blood cell Wright antigens: a genetic and evolutionary perspective on glycophorin A-band 3 interaction". Blood. 87 (9): 3942–7. doi:10.1182/blood.V87.9.3942.bloodjournal8793942. PMID 8611724. ^ a b Schenkel-Brunner H (2000). "Diego System". Human Blood Groups. Wien: Springer-Verlag. pp. 527–528. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6294-1_20. ISBN 978-3-7091-7244-5. ^ Dean L. Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2005. Chapter 11, The Diego blood group. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2273/ ^ Layrisse M, Wilbert J (October 1961). "Absence of the Diego antigen, a genetic characteristic of early immigrants to South America". Science. 134 (3485): 1077–8. Bibcode:1961Sci...134.1077L. doi:10.1126/science.134.3485.1077. PMID 14463057. S2CID 37557452. ^ a b c Gershowitz H (September 1959). "The Diego factor among Asiatic Indians. Apaches and West African Negroes: blood types of Asiatic Indians and Apaches". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 17 (3): 195–200. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330170305. hdl:2027.42/37466. PMID 13827615. ^ Mourant AE (1977). "The genetic markers of the blood". In Harrison GA (ed.). Population Structure and Human Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-521-21399-8. Retrieved 16 September 2013. ^ Zlojutro M (2008). Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome Variation of Eastern Aleut Populations. University of Kansas. p. 59. ISBN 9781109061741. Retrieved 16 September 2013. ^ Chown B, Lewis M, Kaita H (January 1958). "The Diego blood group system". Nature. 181 (4604): 268. Bibcode:1958Natur.181..268C. doi:10.1038/181268a0. PMID 13504148. S2CID 5591960. ^ a b c Eriksson AW, Lehmann W, Simpson NE (1980). "Genetic Studies on circumpolar populations". In Milan FA (ed.). The Human Biology of Circumpolar Populations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 94, 114. ISBN 978-0-521-22213-6. Retrieved 14 September 2013. ^ a b c Wei CT, Al-Hassan FM, Naim N, Knight A, Joshi SR (January 2013). "Prevalence of Diego blood group antigen and the antibody in three ethnic population groups in Klang valley of Malaysia". Asian Journal of Transfusion Science. 7 (1): 26–8. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.106725. PMC 3613656. PMID 23559760. ^ Heuft HG, Zeiler T, Zingsem J, Eckstein R (April 1993). "Sporadic occurrence of Diego A antigens and antibodies in Berlin". Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin. 20 (1–2): 23–5. doi:10.1159/000222801. PMID 8504238. ^ Bégat C, Bailly P, Chiaroni J, Mazières S (2015-07-06). "Revisiting the Diego Blood Group System in Amerindians: Evidence for Gene-Culture Comigration". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0132211. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1032211B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132211. PMC 4493026. PMID 26148209. ^ Petit F, Minnai F, Chiaroni J, Underhill PA, Bailly P, Mazières S, Costedoat C (January 2019). "The radial expansion of the Diego blood group system polymorphisms in Asia: mark of co-migration with the Mongol conquests". European Journal of Human Genetics. 27 (1): 125–132. doi:10.1038/s41431-018-0245-9. PMC 6303257. PMID 30143806. vteBlood transfusion and transfusion medicineBlood products Whole blood Platelets Platelet transfusion Red blood cells Plasma Fresh frozen plasma PF24 Cryoprecipitate Cryosupernatant White blood cells Granulocyte transfusion Blood substitutes General concepts Blood bank Blood donation Blood management International Society of Blood Transfusion ISBT 128 Methods Apheresis (plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis) Exchange transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage Tests Blood compatibility testing Cross-matching Coombs test Kleihauer–Betke test Antibody elution Monocyte monolayer assay Transfusion reactionsand adverse effects Transfusion hemosiderosis Transfusion related acute lung injury Transfusion associated circulatory overload Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction Hemolytic reaction acute delayed Serum sickness Transfusion transmitted infection Blood group systems Blood types ABO Secretor status Augustine CD59 Chido-Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH KANNO Kell (Xk) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK P1PK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna Sid T-Tn Vel Xg Yt Other	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigens"},{"link_name":"Band 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_3"},{"link_name":"glycoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein"},{"link_name":"alleles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleles"},{"link_name":"SLC4A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC4A1"},{"link_name":"Solute carrier family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute_carrier_family"},{"link_name":"human chromosome 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human)"},{"link_name":"red blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cells"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"Indigenous peoples of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"East Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"}],"text":"Human blood group systemThe Diego antigen (or blood group) system is composed of 21 blood factors or antigens carried on the Band 3 glycoprotein, also known as Anion Exchanger 1 (AE1). The antigens are inherited through various alleles of the gene SLC4A1 (Solute carrier family 4), located on human chromosome 17. The AE1 glycoprotein is expressed only in red blood cells and, in a shortened form, in some cells in the kidney. The Diegoa antigen is fairly common in Indigenous peoples of the Americas (in both North and South America) and East Asians, but very rare or absent in most other populations, supporting the theory that the two groups share common ancestry.","title":"Diego antigen system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"nucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide"},{"link_name":"heterozygous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygous"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-junqueira-1"},{"link_name":"antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"hemolytic disease of the newborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn"},{"link_name":"transfusion reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_reaction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poole-2"},{"link_name":"glycophorin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycophorin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hemolytic disease of the newborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn"},{"link_name":"transfusion reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_reaction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poole-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schenkel-4"}],"text":"The Diego system is named after a pair of types, Diegoa (Dia) and Diegob (Dib), which differ by one amino acid in the AE1 glycoprotein, corresponding to one difference in the nucleotide sequence of the SLC4A1 gene. Dib is common or ubiquitous in all populations which have been screened for it, while Dia has been found only in Indigenous peoples of the Americas (in both North and South America) and East Asians, and in people with some ancestors from those groups. People heterozygous for the two alleles produce both antigens. No individual has been tested who does not produce one, or both, of the two antigens.[1] Anti-Dia (the antibody to Dia) can cause severe hemolytic disease of the newborn and severe transfusion reaction. Anti-Dib usually causes milder reactions.[2]The Wright blood system is another pair of types, Wrighta (Wra) and Wrightb (Wrb), also differing by one amino acid on the AE1 glycoprotein and one nucleotide on the SLC4A1 gene. Wra always expresses antigens, but the antibody reaction of Wrb depends on a variation in the structure of glycophorin A, which binds with Wrb.[3] Anti-Wra can also cause severe hemolytic disease of the newborn and severe transfusion reaction. Anti-Wrb is very rare, and little data is available on its severity.[2]Seventeen other rare blood types (as of 2002) are included in the Diego antigen system, as they are produced by mutations on the SLC4A1 gene. These include the Waldner (Wda), Redelberger (Rba), Warrior (WARR), ELO, Wulfsberg (Wu), Bishop (Bpa), Moen (Moa), Hughes (Hua), van Vugt (Vga), Swann (Swa), Bowyer (BOW), NFLD, Nunhart (Jna), KREP, Traversu (Tra), Froese (Fra) and SW1 types.[4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of Diego antigens","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Rh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system"},{"link_name":"ABO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system"},{"link_name":"blood serum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_serum"},{"link_name":"Mongoloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoloid"},{"link_name":"Native Americans in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-junqueira-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poole-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poole-2"}],"text":"The first Diego antigen, Dia, was discovered in 1953, when a child in Venezuela died of hemolytic disease three days after birth. Rh and ABO blood type mismatches were soon ruled out, and investigators began searching for a rare blood factor. Red blood cells from the father reacted strongly to blood serum from the mother. Rare blood types known at the time were eliminated, and the new type was classified as a \"private\" or \"family\" blood type. The investigators, with the agreement of the father, named the new type after his surname, \"Diego\". In 1955 investigators found that the Diego family included ancestry from Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and that the Diego factor (Dia) was not restricted to the Diego family, but occurred in several populations in Venezuela and elsewhere in South America. Investigators suspected that the Diego factor might be a Mongoloid trait, and tested groups of Native Americans in the United States and people of Chinese and Japanese ancestry, and found Dia in those groups. Anti-Dib was found in 1967, establishing the Diego group as a two-antigen system. In 1993 the Diego pair of antigens was found to result from a single point mutation (nucleotide 2561) on what is now called the SLC4A1 gene on chromosome 17.[1]The Wrighta antigen (Wra), a very low frequency blood type, was also discovered in 1953. The Wrightb antigen (Wrb), a very high frequency blood type, was discovered about a decade later, but the two types were not recognized as a pair for another 20 years. The Wright group was eventually identified as a single point mutation on the SLC4A1 gene. The Wright group was subsumed into the Diego group in 1995, since its location on the SLC4A1 gene had been determined after the Diego group had been located there.[2]Starting in 1995, various rare antigen types, some of which had been known for 30 years, were found to also be caused by mutations on the SLC4A1 gene, and were therefore added to the Diego system.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indigenous peoples of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Kaingang people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaingang_people"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poole-2"},{"link_name":"Waica people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waica_language"},{"link_name":"Warao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_people"},{"link_name":"Yaruro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaruro_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-layrisse-6"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-junqueira-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gershowitz-7"},{"link_name":"Siberian Eskimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_people"},{"link_name":"Aleut people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut_people"},{"link_name":"Alaskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Eskimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chown-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eriksson-11"},{"link_name":"Ainu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_people"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eriksson-11"},{"link_name":"Koreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_people"},{"link_name":"Mongolians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-junqueira-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wei-12"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gershowitz-7"},{"link_name":"Klang Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley"},{"link_name":"ethnic Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Malays"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wei-12"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wei-12"},{"link_name":"West African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gershowitz-7"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poole-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Papuans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_people"},{"link_name":"New Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain"},{"link_name":"Polynesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesians"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eriksson-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Dib antigen has been found in all populations tested. The Dia antigen, however, has been found only in populations of indigenous peoples of the Americas and East Asians, and people with some ancestry in those populations. Some groups in South America have a relatively high frequency of Dia+. A sample of the Kaingang people of Brazil was 49% Dia+. Samples of other groups in Brazil and Venezuela were 14% to 36% Dia+.[2]While the Dia antigen is found at moderate to high frequencies in most populations of indigenous peoples in South America, it is absent in the Waica people, and occurs at very low frequencies in the Warao and Yaruro people of interior northern South America. Layrisse and Wilbert, who characterize these people as \"Marginal Indians\", proposed that they are remnants of a first migration into South America of people who had not acquired the allele for the Dia antigen, with other indigenous peoples of South America resulting from a later migration.[6]Samples of groups in Guatemala and Mexico have 20% to 22% Dia+. Samples from Native American groups in the United States and First Nations groups in Canada have 4% to 11% Dia+.[1][7] Although the incidence of Diegoa+ is relatively high in Siberian Eskimos and Aleut people (the incidence of Diegoa+ in Aleuts is comparable to South American levels), it occurs at a much lower frequency (less than 0.5%) among Alaskan Eskimos and has not been found in the Inuit of Canada.[8][9][10][11]The Dia antigen is widespread in East Asian populations. Samples of East Asian populations show 4% Dia+ for the Ainu of Hokkaido,[11] 2% to 10% Dia+ for Japanese, 6% to 15% Dia+ for Koreans, 7% to 13% Dia+ for Mongolians, 10% Dia+ for northern Chinese and 3% to 5% Dia+ for southern Chinese.[1][12]The Dia antigen is also found in northern India and in Malaysia, where there are populations of East Asian ancestry. North Indians (of unspecified ethnicity) are reported to be 4% Dia+. On the other hand, a sample of Indian students attending the University of Michigan, the majority of which were Gujarati, found none to be Dia+.[7] A survey of residents of the Klang Valley in Malaysia found the incidence of Dia+ in ethnic Chinese to be 4%, in ethnic Malays to be a little over 1%, and in ethnic Indians (descended from southern Indians) to be a little under 1%. (A smaller sample of Malays in Penang, Malaysia, were 4% Dia+.)[12]The Dia antigen is very rare in African and European populations.[12] One West African subject had an ambiguous possible reaction to Dia.[7] About 0.5% of Europeans of Polish ancestry have been found to be Dia+. This incidence has been attributed to gene mixture from Tatars who invaded Poland five to seven centuries ago.[2] Diego Antigen has been found in 0.89% of Germans from Berlin.[13] The Dia antigen is very rare or absent in Aboriginal Australians, Papuans, natives of New Britain, and Polynesians.[11]The distribution of the Dia antigen has been cited as proof that the Americas were populated by migrations from Siberia. Differences in the frequency of the antigen in populations of indigenous people in the Americas correlate with major language families, modified by environmental conditions.[14] Another study suggests that the distribution of the Dia antigen in central and eastern Asia has been shaped by the expansion of Mongolian and related populations that resulted in the creation of the Mongol Empire in the 13th- and 14th-centuries.[15]","title":"Distribution of the Diegoa antigen"}]	[{"image_text":"Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant human blood group systems. Further information: Blood compatibility testing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Serology_interpretation_of_antibody_panel_for_blood_group_antigens.jpg/350px-Serology_interpretation_of_antibody_panel_for_blood_group_antigens.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Junqueira PC, Castilho L (March 2002). \"The history of the Diego blood group\" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia. 24 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1590/s1516-84842002000100004. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbhh/v24n1/a04v24n1.pdf","url_text":"\"The history of the Diego blood group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs1516-84842002000100004","url_text":"10.1590/s1516-84842002000100004"}]},{"reference":"Poole J (2020). \"The Diego blood group system-an update\". Immunohematology. 15 (4): 135–43. doi:10.21307/immunohematology-2019-635. PMID 15373634.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21307%2Fimmunohematology-2019-635","url_text":"\"The Diego blood group system-an update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21307%2Fimmunohematology-2019-635","url_text":"10.21307/immunohematology-2019-635"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15373634","url_text":"15373634"}]},{"reference":"Huang CH, Reid ME, Xie SS, Blumenfeld OO (May 1996). \"Human red blood cell Wright antigens: a genetic and evolutionary perspective on glycophorin A-band 3 interaction\". Blood. 87 (9): 3942–7. doi:10.1182/blood.V87.9.3942.bloodjournal8793942. PMID 8611724.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V87.9.3942.bloodjournal8793942","url_text":"\"Human red blood cell Wright antigens: a genetic and evolutionary perspective on glycophorin A-band 3 interaction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V87.9.3942.bloodjournal8793942","url_text":"10.1182/blood.V87.9.3942.bloodjournal8793942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8611724","url_text":"8611724"}]},{"reference":"Schenkel-Brunner H (2000). \"Diego System\". Human Blood Groups. Wien: Springer-Verlag. pp. 527–528. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6294-1_20. ISBN 978-3-7091-7244-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-7091-6294-1_20","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6294-1_20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-7244-5","url_text":"978-3-7091-7244-5"}]},{"reference":"Layrisse M, Wilbert J (October 1961). \"Absence of the Diego antigen, a genetic characteristic of early immigrants to South America\". Science. 134 (3485): 1077–8. Bibcode:1961Sci...134.1077L. doi:10.1126/science.134.3485.1077. PMID 14463057. S2CID 37557452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961Sci...134.1077L","url_text":"1961Sci...134.1077L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.134.3485.1077","url_text":"10.1126/science.134.3485.1077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14463057","url_text":"14463057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37557452","url_text":"37557452"}]},{"reference":"Gershowitz H (September 1959). \"The Diego factor among Asiatic Indians. Apaches and West African Negroes: blood types of Asiatic Indians and Apaches\". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 17 (3): 195–200. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330170305. hdl:2027.42/37466. PMID 13827615.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330170305","url_text":"10.1002/ajpa.1330170305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F37466","url_text":"2027.42/37466"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13827615","url_text":"13827615"}]},{"reference":"Mourant AE (1977). \"The genetic markers of the blood\". In Harrison GA (ed.). Population Structure and Human Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-521-21399-8. Retrieved 16 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ivM8AAAAIAAJ&q=diego+siberian+eskimo&pg=PA28","url_text":"\"The genetic markers of the blood\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/populationstruct0000unse/page/28","url_text":"Population Structure and Human Variation"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/populationstruct0000unse/page/28","url_text":"28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21399-8","url_text":"978-0-521-21399-8"}]},{"reference":"Zlojutro M (2008). Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome Variation of Eastern Aleut Populations. University of Kansas. p. 59. ISBN 9781109061741. Retrieved 16 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xJhgQibuMrEC&q=diego&pg=PA59","url_text":"Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome Variation of Eastern Aleut Populations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781109061741","url_text":"9781109061741"}]},{"reference":"Chown B, Lewis M, Kaita H (January 1958). \"The Diego blood group system\". Nature. 181 (4604): 268. Bibcode:1958Natur.181..268C. doi:10.1038/181268a0. PMID 13504148. S2CID 5591960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis M"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F181268a0","url_text":"\"The Diego blood group system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.181..268C","url_text":"1958Natur.181..268C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F181268a0","url_text":"10.1038/181268a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13504148","url_text":"13504148"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5591960","url_text":"5591960"}]},{"reference":"Eriksson AW, Lehmann W, Simpson NE (1980). \"Genetic Studies on circumpolar populations\". In Milan FA (ed.). The Human Biology of Circumpolar Populations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 94, 114. ISBN 978-0-521-22213-6. Retrieved 14 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Q9AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Human+Biology+of+Circumpolar+Populations","url_text":"\"Genetic Studies on circumpolar populations\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyofci0058unse/page/94","url_text":"The Human Biology of Circumpolar Populations"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyofci0058unse/page/94","url_text":"94, 114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22213-6","url_text":"978-0-521-22213-6"}]},{"reference":"Wei CT, Al-Hassan FM, Naim N, Knight A, Joshi SR (January 2013). \"Prevalence of Diego blood group antigen and the antibody in three ethnic population groups in Klang valley of Malaysia\". Asian Journal of Transfusion Science. 7 (1): 26–8. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.106725. PMC 3613656. PMID 23559760.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613656","url_text":"\"Prevalence of Diego blood group antigen and the antibody in three ethnic population groups in Klang valley of Malaysia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6247.106725","url_text":"10.4103/0973-6247.106725"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613656","url_text":"3613656"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23559760","url_text":"23559760"}]},{"reference":"Heuft HG, Zeiler T, Zingsem J, Eckstein R (April 1993). \"Sporadic occurrence of Diego A antigens and antibodies in Berlin\". Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin. 20 (1–2): 23–5. doi:10.1159/000222801. PMID 8504238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000222801","url_text":"10.1159/000222801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8504238","url_text":"8504238"}]},{"reference":"Bégat C, Bailly P, Chiaroni J, Mazières S (2015-07-06). \"Revisiting the Diego Blood Group System in Amerindians: Evidence for Gene-Culture Comigration\". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0132211. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1032211B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132211. PMC 4493026. PMID 26148209.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4493026","url_text":"\"Revisiting the Diego Blood Group System in Amerindians: Evidence for Gene-Culture Comigration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1032211B","url_text":"2015PLoSO..1032211B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0132211","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0132211"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4493026","url_text":"4493026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26148209","url_text":"26148209"}]},{"reference":"Petit F, Minnai F, Chiaroni J, Underhill PA, Bailly P, Mazières S, Costedoat C (January 2019). \"The radial expansion of the Diego blood group system polymorphisms in Asia: mark of co-migration with the Mongol conquests\". European Journal of Human Genetics. 27 (1): 125–132. doi:10.1038/s41431-018-0245-9. PMC 6303257. PMID 30143806.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6303257","url_text":"\"The radial expansion of the Diego blood group system polymorphisms in Asia: mark of co-migration with the Mongol conquests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41431-018-0245-9","url_text":"10.1038/s41431-018-0245-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6303257","url_text":"6303257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30143806","url_text":"30143806"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbhh/v24n1/a04v24n1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The history of the Diego blood 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyn_Geleynse	Wyn Geleynse	["1 Career","2 Work","3 Exhibitions","4 Commissions","5 Selected public collections","6 Awards","7 References"]	Canadian artist (born 1947) Wyn GeleynseBorn1947 (1947)Rotterdam, The NetherlandsNationalityDutch-born CanadianEducationH.B. Beal Secondary School, London, Ontario (1963-1966)Known formultimedia installation artist Wyn Geleynse (born 1947) is a pioneer film and video projection artist whose career spans a period of over 40 years. Career Wyn Geleynse was born in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and he and his parents emigrated from Rotterdam to London, Ontario, in 1953. The so-called "London Regional School" in art had an impact on Geleynse’s development as an artist, especially Greg Curnoe and Murray Favro and influenced him in making art from his everyday surroundings. He studied at H.B. Beal Secondary School, London, Ontario in the arts program (1963-1966). He at first made drawings, then became a printmaker - he studied lithography in 1972 – then a painter. In 1979, he became involved with film and video. During his long career, he has been a lecturer at the University of Western Ontario's Visual Art Department and a visiting artist at many schools, museums and galleries in Europe and Canada. Work In 1979, Geleynse combined an interest in model-making with photography. Since 1981, the artist has integrated film into this process, creating installation-based works in which short films loops are projected against or as part of a host of fabricated items and with people, often himself, in the films, accompanied by his ironic comments. To these works, he applies custom film loopers, viewfinders and other objects to transform the viewer’s reception of the image. He often uses biographical footage, and his work speaks about matters such as self-identity, male sexuality, powerlessness and haplessness. For haplessness, he uses himself in his films. As he said:"I think I can be hapless better than most people". He also constructs models of trucks and imaginary buildings such as Warehouse (1993-2015) or Shelter (2020) and combines them with film loops and audio recordings as well as projecting images on buildings. Exhibitions Since 1969, when he began to show his work in solo shows, he has exhibited extensively in Canada and Europe. In 1976 and 1981, he had solo shows at the Forest City Gallery, London, then in 1986, in New York at the Artist's Space and in Mercer Union in Toronto and in 1989, at the Art Gallery of Windsor and Art Gallery of Hamilton. In the early 1990s, he had solo shows mainly in the United States, then in the mid-1990s and till 2008, abroad in Holland and France. In 1997 he had a solo exhibition titled Wyn Geleynse: projections at the Centre d'Art Contemporain de Basse-Normandie in Hérouville Saint-Clair. In 2003, he had a solo exhibition at the Centre culturel canadien in Paris. In 2005, his show A Man Trying to Explain Pictures, was organized by Museum London, London, Ontario. In 2020, he built a large model titled Shelter for a show at TrepanierBaer Gallery in Calgary, Alberta, Canada which represents him. He also has been represented in a large number of group shows in Canada, the U.S. and Europe over many decades. In 2022, his work was included in Everywhere We Are, a show co-organized by Contemporary Calgary and Nickle Galleries featuring works by Vikky Alexander, Chris Cran, Geoffrey Farmer, Liz Magor, and Ron Moppett and other artists who helped shape contemporary art in Canada. Commissions Since 1987, he has projected film on buildings in Canada and Europe and participated in shows on projections, solo or group. In 2009 he was commissioned to create a film projection on the building that would house the new Art Gallery of Peel in Brampton titled Wyn Geleynse: The Peel Projection. Selected public collections His work is in such public collections as Art Windsor-Essex; the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal; Museum London; the National Gallery of Canada; the Remai Modern and elsewhere. Awards In 2018, Geleynse received a Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts. References ^ a b c d "Portrait of Wyn Geleynse". www.youtube.com. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ a b c d A Dictionary of Canadian Artists, volumes 1-8 by Colin S. MacDonald, and volume 9 (online only), by Anne Newlands and Judith Parker National Gallery of Canada / Musée des beaux-arts du Canada ^ Cherniak, Vincent. "Me Me Me Wyn Geleynse". centred.ca. centred.ca, June 23, 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ Shaughnessy, Jonathan. "Wyn Geleynse". Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon, Vol.51, 2006 Pg. 192. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ a b "I Remember the Flood". www.youtube.com. Contemporary Calgary. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ Cherniak, Vincent. "Article". centred.ca. Centred. Retrieved 20 October 2023. ^ a b "Wyn Geleynse". www.facebook.com. TrepanierBaer Gallery. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ "Wyn Geleynse". www.mercerunion.org. Mercer Union, 1986. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ "Wyn Geleynse: projections, Hérouville Saint-Clair : Centre d'Art Contemporain de Basse-Normandie, c1997". library.gallery.ca. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ "Wyn Geleynse : trop haut, trop bas, de loin, Centre culturel canadien, Paris, 2003". library.gallery.ca. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ "Wyn Geleynse receives Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts". museumlondon.ca. Museum London, Ontario. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "Everywhere We Are". www.gallerieswest.ca. Galleries West Magazine. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ "Artist Eyes Up Peel Heritage Complex". www.bramptonguardian.com. Brampton Guardian, November 12, 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ "Collection". www.agw.ca. Art Windsor-Essex. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ "Collection". macm.org. MACM. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ "Collection". collection.museumlondon.ca. Museum London, Ontario. Retrieved 23 August 2022.; ^ "Collection". www.gallery.ca. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 23 August 2022. ^ "Collection". collections.remaimodern.org. Remai Modern, Saskatoon. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "Wyn Geleynse". en.ggarts.ca. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 23 August 2022. Authority control databases: Artists National Gallery of Canada	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wyn Geleynse (born 1947) is a pioneer film and video projection artist whose career spans a period of over 40 years.","title":"Wyn Geleynse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Curnoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Curnoe"},{"link_name":"Murray Favro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Favro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg-1"},{"link_name":"H.B. Beal Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.B._Beal_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"University of Western Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macDonald-2"}],"text":"Wyn Geleynse was born in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and he and his parents emigrated from Rotterdam to London, Ontario, in 1953. The so-called \"London Regional School\" in art had an impact on Geleynse’s development as an artist, especially Greg Curnoe and Murray Favro and influenced him in making art from his everyday surroundings.[1] He studied at H.B. Beal Secondary School, London, Ontario in the arts program (1963-1966). He at first made drawings, then became a printmaker - he studied lithography in 1972 – then a painter. In 1979, he became involved with film and video. During his long career, he has been a lecturer at the University of Western Ontario's Visual Art Department and a visiting artist at many schools, museums and galleries in Europe and Canada.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I_Remember-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I_Remember-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TB-7"}],"text":"In 1979, Geleynse combined an interest in model-making with photography. Since 1981, the artist has integrated film into this process, creating installation-based works in which short films loops are projected against or as part of a host of fabricated items and with people, often himself, in the films, accompanied by his ironic comments.[3] To these works, he applies custom film loopers, viewfinders and other objects to transform the viewer’s reception of the image.[4] He often uses biographical footage, and his work speaks about matters such as self-identity, male sexuality, powerlessness[5] and haplessness.[6][1] For haplessness, he uses himself in his films. As he said:\"I think I can be hapless better than most people\".[1]He also constructs models of trucks and imaginary buildings such as Warehouse (1993-2015) or Shelter (2020) and combines them with film loops and audio recordings[1][5][7] as well as projecting images on buildings.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macDonald-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macDonald-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Museum London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_London"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TB-7"},{"link_name":"Vikky Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikky_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Chris Cran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cran"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Liz Magor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Magor"},{"link_name":"Ron Moppett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Moppett"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Since 1969, when he began to show his work in solo shows, he has exhibited extensively in Canada and Europe.[2] In 1976 and 1981, he had solo shows at the Forest City Gallery, London, then in 1986, in New York at the Artist's Space and in Mercer Union in Toronto[8] and in 1989, at the Art Gallery of Windsor and Art Gallery of Hamilton. In the early 1990s, he had solo shows mainly in the United States, then in the mid-1990s and till 2008, abroad in Holland and France.[2] In 1997 he had a solo exhibition titled Wyn Geleynse: projections at the Centre d'Art Contemporain de Basse-Normandie in Hérouville Saint-Clair.[9] In 2003, he had a solo exhibition at the Centre culturel canadien in Paris.[10] In 2005, his show A Man Trying to Explain Pictures, was organized by Museum London, London, Ontario.[11] In 2020, he built a large model titled Shelter for a show at TrepanierBaer Gallery in Calgary, Alberta, Canada which represents him.[7] He also has been represented in a large number of group shows in Canada, the U.S. and Europe over many decades. In 2022, his work was included in Everywhere We Are, a show co-organized by Contemporary Calgary and Nickle Galleries featuring works by Vikky Alexander, Chris Cran, Geoffrey Farmer, Liz Magor, and Ron Moppett and other artists who helped shape contemporary art in Canada.[12]","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macDonald-2"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Peel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Since 1987, he has projected film on buildings in Canada and Europe and participated in shows on projections, solo or group.[2] In 2009 he was commissioned to create a film projection on the building that would house the new Art Gallery of Peel in Brampton titled Wyn Geleynse: The Peel Projection.[13]","title":"Commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art Windsor-Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_contemporain_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Museum London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_London"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Remai Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remai_Modern"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"His work is in such public collections as Art Windsor-Essex;[14] the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal;[15] Museum London;[16] the National Gallery of Canada;[17] the Remai Modern[18] and elsewhere.","title":"Selected public collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Award_in_Visual_and_Media_Arts"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 2018, Geleynse received a Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts.[19]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Portrait of Wyn Geleynse\". www.youtube.com. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wesz5z9ij0o","url_text":"\"Portrait of Wyn Geleynse\""}]},{"reference":"Cherniak, Vincent. \"Me Me Me Wyn Geleynse\". centred.ca. centred.ca, June 23, 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://centred.ca/me-me-me-wyn-geleynse","url_text":"\"Me Me Me Wyn Geleynse\""}]},{"reference":"Shaughnessy, Jonathan. \"Wyn Geleynse\". Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon, Vol.51, 2006 Pg. 192. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.gallery.ca/search~S1?/tAllgemeines+K{232}unstlerlexikon/tallgemeines+kunstlerlexikon/1%2C4%2C5%2CB/frameset&FF=tallgemeines+kunstlerlexikon+bio+bibliographischer+index+nach+berufen+the+artists+of+the+world+bio+bibliographical+index+by+pr&1%2C1%2C","url_text":"\"Wyn Geleynse\""}]},{"reference":"\"I Remember the Flood\". www.youtube.com. Contemporary Calgary. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFk3lv1mMGg","url_text":"\"I Remember the Flood\""}]},{"reference":"Cherniak, Vincent. \"Article\". centred.ca. Centred. Retrieved 20 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://centred.ca/me-me-me-wyn-geleynse","url_text":"\"Article\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyn Geleynse\". www.facebook.com. TrepanierBaer Gallery. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=315571006146854","url_text":"\"Wyn Geleynse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyn Geleynse\". www.mercerunion.org. Mercer Union, 1986. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercerunion.org/exhibitions/wyn-geleynse/","url_text":"\"Wyn Geleynse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyn Geleynse: projections, Hérouville Saint-Clair : Centre d'Art Contemporain de Basse-Normandie, c1997\". library.gallery.ca. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.gallery.ca/search~S1?/twyn+geylense/twyn+geylense/-3%2C0%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=twyn+geleynse+projections&1%2C1%2C/indexsort=-","url_text":"\"Wyn Geleynse: projections, Hérouville Saint-Clair : Centre d'Art Contemporain de Basse-Normandie, c1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyn Geleynse : trop haut, trop bas, de loin, Centre culturel canadien, Paris, 2003\". library.gallery.ca. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.gallery.ca/search~S1?/twyn+geylense/twyn+geylense/-3%2C0%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=twyn+geleynse+trop+haut+trop+bas+de+loin&1%2C1%2C/indexsort=-","url_text":"\"Wyn Geleynse : trop haut, trop bas, de loin, Centre culturel canadien, Paris, 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyn Geleynse receives Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts\". museumlondon.ca. Museum London, Ontario. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://museumlondon.ca/news/2018/wyn-geleynse-wins-governor-generals-award-in-visual-and-media-arts","url_text":"\"Wyn Geleynse receives Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everywhere We Are\". www.gallerieswest.ca. Galleries West Magazine. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gallerieswest.ca/events/everywhere-we-are","url_text":"\"Everywhere We Are\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Eyes Up Peel Heritage Complex\". www.bramptonguardian.com. Brampton Guardian, November 12, 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bramptonguardian.com/whatson-story/3079207-artist-eyes-up-peel-heritage-complex","url_text":"\"Artist Eyes Up Peel Heritage Complex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection\". www.agw.ca. Art Windsor-Essex. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agw.ca/searchresults","url_text":"\"Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection\". macm.org. MACM. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://macm.org/en/collections/artiste/wyn-geleynse","url_text":"\"Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection\". collection.museumlondon.ca. Museum London, Ontario. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://collection.museumlondon.ca/search/wyn%2520geleynse","url_text":"\"Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection\". www.gallery.ca. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/wyn-geleynse","url_text":"\"Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection\". collections.remaimodern.org. Remai Modern, Saskatoon. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.remaimodern.org/search/wyn%20geleynse","url_text":"\"Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyn Geleynse\". en.ggarts.ca. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.ggarts.ca/the-awards/winner-archives","url_text":"\"Wyn Geleynse\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wesz5z9ij0o","external_links_name":"\"Portrait of Wyn Geleynse\""},{"Link":"https://centred.ca/me-me-me-wyn-geleynse","external_links_name":"\"Me Me Me Wyn Geleynse\""},{"Link":"http://library.gallery.ca/search~S1?/tAllgemeines+K{232}unstlerlexikon/tallgemeines+kunstlerlexikon/1%2C4%2C5%2CB/frameset&FF=tallgemeines+kunstlerlexikon+bio+bibliographischer+index+nach+berufen+the+artists+of+the+world+bio+bibliographical+index+by+pr&1%2C1%2C","external_links_name":"\"Wyn Geleynse\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFk3lv1mMGg","external_links_name":"\"I Remember the Flood\""},{"Link":"https://centred.ca/me-me-me-wyn-geleynse","external_links_name":"\"Article\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=315571006146854","external_links_name":"\"Wyn Geleynse\""},{"Link":"https://www.mercerunion.org/exhibitions/wyn-geleynse/","external_links_name":"\"Wyn Geleynse\""},{"Link":"http://library.gallery.ca/search~S1?/twyn+geylense/twyn+geylense/-3%2C0%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=twyn+geleynse+projections&1%2C1%2C/indexsort=-","external_links_name":"\"Wyn Geleynse: projections, Hérouville Saint-Clair : Centre d'Art Contemporain de Basse-Normandie, c1997\""},{"Link":"http://library.gallery.ca/search~S1?/twyn+geylense/twyn+geylense/-3%2C0%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=twyn+geleynse+trop+haut+trop+bas+de+loin&1%2C1%2C/indexsort=-","external_links_name":"\"Wyn Geleynse : trop haut, trop bas, de loin, Centre culturel canadien, Paris, 2003\""},{"Link":"http://museumlondon.ca/news/2018/wyn-geleynse-wins-governor-generals-award-in-visual-and-media-arts","external_links_name":"\"Wyn Geleynse receives Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts\""},{"Link":"https://www.gallerieswest.ca/events/everywhere-we-are","external_links_name":"\"Everywhere We Are\""},{"Link":"https://www.bramptonguardian.com/whatson-story/3079207-artist-eyes-up-peel-heritage-complex","external_links_name":"\"Artist Eyes Up Peel Heritage Complex\""},{"Link":"https://www.agw.ca/searchresults","external_links_name":"\"Collection\""},{"Link":"https://macm.org/en/collections/artiste/wyn-geleynse","external_links_name":"\"Collection\""},{"Link":"http://collection.museumlondon.ca/search/wyn%2520geleynse","external_links_name":"\"Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/wyn-geleynse","external_links_name":"\"Collection\""},{"Link":"https://collections.remaimodern.org/search/wyn%20geleynse","external_links_name":"\"Collection\""},{"Link":"https://en.ggarts.ca/the-awards/winner-archives","external_links_name":"\"Wyn Geleynse\""},{"Link":"https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/wyn-geleynse","external_links_name":"National Gallery of Canada"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylea_colchica	Staphylea colchica	["1 References","2 External links"]	Species of shrub Staphylea colchica Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Crossosomatales Family: Staphyleaceae Genus: Staphylea Species: S. colchica Binomial name Staphylea colchicaSteven Staphylea colchica, the Caucasian bladdernut, Colchis bladdernut, or Georgian: ჯონჯოლი, jonjoli or djondjoli, is an ornamental shrub in the Staphyleaceae family. It is native to western Georgia. Its binomial name is derived from the western Georgian kingdom of Colchis. This small tree (6–10 feet) is a rapidly growing deciduous species. It grows best in well-drained and partly shaded locations. Although it produces fragrant flowers and fruit, it spreads often by suckers. Its buds, preserved in brine and seasoned with raw onion and vegetable oil, are a common dish in Georgia. Flowers Fruits References ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17. Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. External links "Staphylea colchica". NC State University. Archived from the original on 2013-04-04. Taxon identifiersStaphylea colchica Wikidata: Q2671147 Wikispecies: Staphylea colchica CoL: 6ZGBD EPPO: STFCO GBIF: 3686281 GRIN: 311630 IPNI: 785251-1 MoBotPF: 287256 NBN: NBNSYS0200003239 NCBI: 380185 Observation.org: 122612 Open Tree of Life: 417073 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:785251-1 RHS: 17752 Tropicos: 30200038 WFO: wfo-0000493093	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSBI07-1"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"ornamental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"Staphyleaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphyleaceae"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Colchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchis"},{"link_name":"dish in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylea_colchica_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylea_colchica_MHNT.BOT.2006.70.4.jpg"}],"text":"Staphylea colchica, the Caucasian bladdernut,[1] Colchis bladdernut, or Georgian: ჯონჯოლი, jonjoli or djondjoli, is an ornamental shrub in the Staphyleaceae family. It is native to western Georgia. Its binomial name is derived from the western Georgian kingdom of Colchis.This small tree (6–10 feet) is a rapidly growing deciduous species. It grows best in well-drained and partly shaded locations. Although it produces fragrant flowers and fruit, it spreads often by suckers.Its buds, preserved in brine and seasoned with raw onion and vegetable oil, are a common dish in Georgia.Flowers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFruits","title":"Staphylea colchica"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. 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Archived from the original on 2013-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130404223434/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/staphylea_colchica.html","url_text":"\"Staphylea colchica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NC_State_University","url_text":"NC State University"},{"url":"http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/staphylea_colchica.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","external_links_name":"BSBI List 2007"},{"Link":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892","external_links_name":"Gardening for the Million"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130404223434/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/staphylea_colchica.html","external_links_name":"\"Staphylea colchica\""},{"Link":"http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/staphylea_colchica.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6ZGBD","external_links_name":"6ZGBD"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/STFCO","external_links_name":"STFCO"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3686281","external_links_name":"3686281"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=311630","external_links_name":"311630"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/785251-1","external_links_name":"785251-1"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287256","external_links_name":"287256"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0200003239","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0200003239"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=380185","external_links_name":"380185"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/122612/","external_links_name":"122612"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=417073","external_links_name":"417073"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A785251-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:785251-1"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/17752/wd/Details","external_links_name":"17752"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/30200038","external_links_name":"30200038"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000493093","external_links_name":"wfo-0000493093"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematikum	Mathematikum	["1 Concept","2 Exhibits","3 Awards","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°34′52″N 8°39′57″E / 50.58111°N 8.66583°E / 50.58111; 8.66583This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mathematikum" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Museum of mathematics in GießenMathematikumThe building as seen from the western entrance.Established19 November 2002LocationGießenTypeMuseum of mathematicsVisitors150,000 annuallyDirectorAlbrecht BeutelspacherPublic transit accessBus lines: 2;5;520 at Liebigstrasse bus stop, Giessen main train station nearbyWebsitewww.mathematikum.de The Mathematikum is a science museum, located in Gießen, Germany, which offers a huge variety of mathematical hands-on exhibits. It was founded by Albrecht Beutelspacher, a German mathematician. The Mathematikum opened its doors to visitors on 19 November 2002. It was inaugurated by the German president Johannes Rau. Since then, the museum has attracted more than 1,500,000 visitors. Annually the museum is visited by more than 150,000 people. The museum is opened every day of the week, including Sunday and Monday. Concept The purpose of the Mathematikum is to let people of any age, gender and any qualification learn mathematics by personal experience, rather than teaching it using formulae or equations and hardly ever numbers and symbols. The visitors can therefore learn, by participating in more than 150 interactive exhibits in the museum and by gathering, a different mathematical experience from each of the exhibits. Exhibits Mathematical experiments include mirrors, a Leonardo bridge, soap films, and puzzles. Once every month on a Tuesday, a mathematician is invited. The mathematician is interviewed by professor Beutelspacher on Beutelspachers Sofa (Beutelspacher's Couch). At the end of the interview the audience can talk to the guest and ask them questions. Awards 2004: IQ Award External links http://www.mathematikum.de 50°34′52″N 8°39′57″E / 50.58111°N 8.66583°E / 50.58111; 8.66583 Authority control databases National Germany People ISIL This article about a museum in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Hesse building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum"},{"link_name":"Gießen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Beutelspacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Beutelspacher"},{"link_name":"Johannes Rau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Rau"}],"text":"Museum of mathematics in GießenThe Mathematikum is a science museum, located in Gießen, Germany, which offers a huge variety of mathematical hands-on exhibits. It was founded by Albrecht Beutelspacher, a German mathematician.The Mathematikum opened its doors to visitors on 19 November 2002. It was inaugurated by the German president Johannes Rau. Since then, the museum has attracted more than 1,500,000 visitors. Annually the museum is visited by more than 150,000 people. The museum is opened every day of the week, including Sunday and Monday.","title":"Mathematikum"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The purpose of the Mathematikum is to let people of any age, gender and any qualification learn mathematics by personal experience, rather than teaching it using formulae or equations and hardly ever numbers and symbols.\nThe visitors can therefore learn, by participating in more than 150 interactive exhibits in the museum and by gathering, a different mathematical experience from each of the exhibits.","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soap films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_film"}],"text":"Mathematical experiments include mirrors, a Leonardo bridge, soap films, and puzzles. \nOnce every month on a Tuesday, a mathematician is invited. The mathematician is interviewed by professor Beutelspacher on Beutelspachers Sofa (Beutelspacher's Couch). At the end of the interview the audience can talk to the guest and ask them questions.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IQ Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_Award"}],"text":"2004: IQ Award","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mathematikum&params=50_34_52_N_8_39_57_E_region:DE-HE_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"50°34′52″N 8°39′57″E / 50.58111°N 8.66583°E / 50.58111; 8.66583"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mathematikum%22","external_links_name":"\"Mathematikum\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mathematikum%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mathematikum%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mathematikum%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mathematikum%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mathematikum%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.mathematikum.de/","external_links_name":"www.mathematikum.de"},{"Link":"http://www.mathematikum.de/","external_links_name":"http://www.mathematikum.de"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mathematikum&params=50_34_52_N_8_39_57_E_region:DE-HE_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"50°34′52″N 8°39′57″E / 50.58111°N 8.66583°E / 50.58111; 8.66583"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10202429-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://w3id.org/isil/DE-MUS-737811","external_links_name":"ISIL"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathematikum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathematikum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII_(album)	The Six Wives of Henry VIII (album)	["1 Background and writing","2 Recording and production","3 Music","3.1 Side one","3.2 Side two","3.3 Additional material","4 Release and commercial performance","5 Reception","6 Live performance","7 Track listing","8 Personnel","8.1 Lead musician","8.2 Additional musicians","8.3 Production and design","9 Charts","10 Certifications","11 References"]	1973 studio album by Rick WakemanThe Six Wives of Henry VIIIStudio album by Rick WakemanReleased23 January 1973RecordedFebruary–October 1972StudioMorgan and Trident, LondonGenre Progressive rock instrumental rock baroque pop Length36:36LabelA&MProducerRick WakemanRick Wakeman chronology Piano Vibrations(1971) The Six Wives of Henry VIII(1973) Journey to the Centre of the Earth(1974) Singles from The Six Wives of Henry VIII "Catherine Parr"/"Anne Boleyn"Released: 23 March 1973 The Six Wives of Henry VIII is the second studio album by English keyboardist Rick Wakeman, released in January 1973 on A&M Records. It is an instrumental progressive rock album with its concept based on his interpretations of the musical characteristics of the wives of Henry VIII. After signing with A&M as a solo artist, Wakeman decided on the album's concept during a tour of the United States with the progressive rock band Yes. As he read a book about the subject on his travels, melodies he had written the previous year came to him and were noted down. The album was recorded throughout 1972 with musicians from Yes and The Strawbs, the group Wakeman was in prior to Yes, playing on the album. The Six Wives of Henry VIII received mostly positive reviews from critics. It reached number 7 on the UK Albums Chart and number 30 on the Billboard 200 in the United States. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1975 for over 500,000 copies sold in the United States. In 2009, Wakeman performed the album in its entirety for the first time at Hampton Court Palace as part of the 500th anniversary celebration of Henry's accession to the throne, released as The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace. The tracks were rearranged with sections, including a track dedicated to Henry himself, that were left off the original album due to the limited time available on a single record. The Six Wives of Henry VIII was reissued in 2015 with a quadraphonic sound mix and bonus tracks. Background and writing In August 1971, Rick Wakeman joined the progressive rock band Yes as a replacement for their original keyboardist Tony Kaye. His previous group, the Strawbs, were signed to A&M Records and their deal granted each member the option to release an album as a solo artist. While touring the US with Yes to promote Fragile (1971), manager Brian Lane informed Wakeman that A&M co-founder and executive Jerry Moss wished to meet him. During their meeting at A&M Studios in Los Angeles, Wakeman accepted Moss's offer to make a solo album and received an advance of $12,500 (around £4,000) to make it. A&M offered Wakeman a present for signing on with them; he remembered a 1957 Cadillac limousine in the parking lot and had A&M ship one that was previously owned by actor Clark Gable to England. Wakeman lost the car in the late 1970s as part of his divorce settlement with his first wife. Wakeman had difficulties from the start as he was not a competent singer or lyricist, had no band of his own, or any musical ideas. He was disappointed with his playing early into the Fragile Tour, so he used the opportunity as a way of cheering himself up musically. He saw little point in writing songs that had meaningless words, but was interested to explore musical experimentation and strong melody. Starting in November 1971, he assembled some rough ideas onto tape, forming several tracks of 2 to 4 minutes in length, but he recalled that upon playback, "there was really nothing there." When the Yes tour resumed, Wakeman bought four books at an airport bookstall in Richmond, Virginia, including one about Henry VIII and his six wives titled The Private Life of Henry VIII (1964) by Nancy Brysson Morrison. As he read about Anne Boleyn being imprisoned at the Tower of London on the subsequent flight to Chicago, a theme he had put down ran through his mind, which he wrote down on some hand drawn ledger lines and played at a following soundcheck. Said Wakeman: "Suddenly I found it in writing music about these six ladies ... I would concentrate on one of the wives and then music just came into my head and I would write it down. Sometimes I was flying, other times I was on stage, or just in front of the piano at home ... The six wives theme gave me the thread, the link, I needed to give me a reason for putting these pieces of music together." Wakeman went on to purchase more books on the subject. He did not want to merely depict the historical events, and wrote the music as if he was producing a surrealist painting, "sketches of how I felt about them at the time". He also did not want the album to be purely orchestral but have an orchestral "flavour", and wanted to play contemporary electronic keyboards to demonstrate how much they had improved since they had been introduced. He explained the album's concept further in the liner notes: "The album is based around my interpretations of the musical characteristics of the wives of Henry VIII. Although the style may not always be in keeping with their individual history, it is my personal conception of their characters in relation to keyboard instruments." Recording and production Recording took place between February and October 1972 at Morgan and Trident Studios in London during gaps in recording and touring with Yes. Wakeman found himself becoming unsatisfied in what he had put down at previous sessions and re-recorded sections often, an approach which he later said helped keep the material fresh. The album was recorded onto 16-track, and features Ken Scott as recording engineer on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Catherine Parr" and Paul Tregurtha for the other tracks. Wakeman was partially influenced musically by Paintings (1972), the first studio album by American keyboardist Michael Quatro. Wakeman informed Quatro that he was his favorite keyboardist during this time, and used some of his Moog synthesiser lines on the album. The album features several guest musicians on drums, percussion, guitar, and bass, including members of Strawbs and Yes and people Wakeman knew during his time as a session musician. Wakeman wanted to avoid using the same musicians for the whole album, and used his demos and a guide in selecting which musician he thought would best suit each track to vary the sound. Although Wakeman had some precise arrangements for the musicians to play, he left some sections free for the players to devise their own parts. The tracks were not arranged chronologically, but one to make the album sound "musically interesting" and to have the personalities of the wives in "some kind of meaningful order." When the album was finished, its production costs had increased to around £25,000. Wakeman described working on it as "difficult and cumbersome", but felt the project became a rewarding one. He was excited to present the album to A&M management at their London office, and played it to the head of the UK division, Tony Burdfield and Terry O'Neill of the promotions department, and an American lawyer who represented the US division. Wakeman "sensed that something was not right in the room. There was pretty much silence as it finished", and recalled the lawyer saying that it was a good work-in-progress and was looking forward to hearing vocals on it. After Wakeman explained that it was an instrumental album, the lawyer left the room. The head of A&M felt the album would be too difficult to sell, and another member of staff estimated that 50,000 copies had to be sold in order to make a profit. After a subsequent meeting with two A&R men, who expressed their fondness for its "off the wall" quality, the label gave the green-light and agreed to an initial pressing of 12,500 copies. Wakeman looked back at this moment and "was absolutely deflated", and has said that no one from A&M apologised for their incorrect assumptions. After presenting the album to A&M, management cut back the budget for the production of its cover. Wakeman had difficulty in obtaining portraits of the wives but managed to find some for the sleeve. The front photograph was taken at the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Baker Street, where a figure of Richard Nixon can be seen in the background as the curtain was not fully closed. Wakeman is shown wearing a t-shirt, jeans, and trainers. The cover was to be produced in black and white as A&M had refused to pay for a version in full colour, but Michael Doud managed to get the final design printed in a sepia tone, which Wakeman said was a vast improvement. Music Side one "Catherine of Aragon" is a track that Wakeman had wanted to put on Fragile, but contractual issues at the time prevented him from recording one of his own compositions. Its working title was "Handle With Care", which came about as staff at Trident recommended the tape's storage box be labelled something misleading to lower the risk of theft and the tapes being sold as bootlegs. The box was labelled "Handle with care for the Joe Loss Orchestra", which Wakeman used for the title. Wakeman has since clarified that the track was always intended to be on the album, and not Fragile. The track features Yes guitarist Steve Howe and bassist Chris Squire with percussionist Ray Cooper. Wakeman contacted Vicki Brown, who organised and brought in the female backing vocalists that are featured on it and "Anne Boleyn". Wakeman described "Anne of Cleves" as a free-form track, "almost having no form at all, there was a contradiction in what everyone was playing. The guys in the band thought I was completely barking, but it had to be like that." On the morning of recording it Wakeman realised that the middle keyboard solo would only work as an improvisation, and told the musicians to play as if they were on stage. The section was put down in one take. "Catherine Howard" features Strawbs bassist Chas Cronk, who recalled the "total confusion" when he recorded his parts as he "couldn't make head or tail of what were doing. We were going through it part by part and I couldn't see how all the parts were going to match up." He later saw that Wakeman "knew exactly what he was going to do although he had nothing written down. It was all stored in his head." Wakeman wanted the drums on the piece to be "subtle and delicate", and chose Barry de Souza who had previously played with Wakeman in a pub band, the Spinning Wheel. Side two The organ of St Giles-without-Cripplegate, played on "Jane Seymour". On "Jane Seymour", Wakeman had difficulty in achieving a satisfactory organ sound with his electronic instruments, so he sought permission to play a pipe organ at a church. He approached conductor Guy Protheroe, who suggested for him to enquire at St Giles-without-Cripplegate in Barbican. Wakeman later considered the church organ was the wrong instrument to portray Seymour's feeling towards Henry, and said it changed the overall mood of the track to what he originally intended. He wanted to avoid portraying strong religious connotations with the organ alone, so he added drums, a Thomas Goff model harpsichord, and Moog synthesizer. The original organ recording without the additional instruments was released on Wakeman's compilation release Medium Rare, in 2002. At one point during the recording of "Anne Boleyn", Tregurtha produced a tape with a rough mix to which Wakeman listened to on his drive home and felt the ending needed further work. That night he had a vivid dream where he was in attendance at her execution, when the crowd started to sing the hymn "St. Clement", the tune to the hymn "The Day Thou Gavest, Lord, is Ended". Upon waking he realised it was the right ending for the track, despite being written some years later, and recorded a wordless version with piano and female vocals. Though E. J. Hopkins is credited on the album, the piece is generally attributed to Reverend Clement Scholefield. Wakeman plays a portative organ made in the 1700s with reeds and wooden pipes, giving it a sound that he compared to someone's breath. Wakeman wanted "Catherine Parr" to have "a really strong feel on drums, nothing subtle at all", and thought Yes drummer Alan White was best for the track. Additional material The album was to be named Henry VIII and His Six Wives and feature a track dedicated for Henry himself, but Wakeman recorded the tracks on the wives first and there was no space left on the LP. He scrapped the track, and renamed the album accordingly. A short passage that Wakeman wrote for Henry was put in "Catherine of Aragon", "Catherine Howard", and the beginning of "Anne Boleyn", as an attempt to "inject the feeling that the wives had for him" in the way that he played the theme. Release and commercial performance To promote the album, Wakeman played excerpts from it on the BBC 2 television music show The Old Grey Whistle Test on 16 January 1973. Show producer Colin Strong and director Mike Appleton contacted A&M who got staffer Tony Burdfield to send them a copy, and liked the album which led to Wakeman being invited on the show. Wakeman brought along Cronk and Cousins to play the additional parts. Prior to recording they got drunk in the studio bar. An audience of around 10 million planned to watch David Bailey's controversial documentary about American pop figure Andy Warhol on ITV, but critics Mary Whitehouse and Ross McWhirter condemned it for its pornographic imagery and bad language, causing the government to ban it at short notice. Wakeman recalled: "It seems most of them, rather than watch repeats, switched over to Whistle Test and saw my preview of 'Henry'...and suddenly it seemed as if the whole country had discovered my music...it was a tremendous break". Burdfield also produced advertorials in several music magazines, featuring excerpts from an interview about the album that Wakeman had with radio DJ Johnnie Walker. Following the album's release on 23 January 1973, it topped the album charts in four countries. It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 12 before it climbed to its peak position of number 7 the following week on 3 March 1973, and stayed on the chart for 13 weeks during its initial run. The album reappeared on the chart for seven non-consecutive weeks in 1973 alone, and twice more in 1975. In February 2015, the album re-entered the UK chart for one week at number 86. In the United States, the album reached a peak of number 30 on the Billboard 200 chart for the week of 30 March 1973, during a 45-week stay on the chart. By July 1973, the album had sold 300,000 copies. In the following year, Wakeman was presented a platinum disc at the annual Midem Festival in Cannes for sales exceeding two million. On 20 October 1975, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for 500,000 copies sold in the United States. Wakeman claimed the sales figure grew to six million five years after its release. Modern reports indicate the album has sold an estimated 15 million copies worldwide. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRolling Stone(favourable) The album received a mixed reaction from music critics upon release. Though the album was seen by some as one of the worst examples of the progressive rock genre, the record was well received by others. Time magazine named it one of the best pop albums of 1973, describing the album as "an astonishing classic-rock hybrid". The San Mateo County Times printed a very positive review from Peter J. Barsocchini, who thought the album is "something just short of amazing" and "a supremely textured work which transcends most of the finest keyboard work being done in pop music today". He loosely compared the music to that of progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and mentioned Wakeman's "lyrical" and "deep, vast sound". In a retrospective review, Mike DeGange of AllMusic described Wakeman's use of his synthesizers as "masterful" and "instrumentally stunning", and rated the album 4.5 out of 5. Steve Apple wrote a review for Rolling Stone in 1973, noting Wakeman had "made his bid for Keith Emerson's place as the master of keyboard electronics" but thought his playing suffered a little in technique. Apple noticed "a brilliant feel for tasteful impressionistic composition", having made "an exceptionally interesting instrumental album with superb production". He also praised the production and mixing, and picked "Catherine Howard" as the album's best track. Henry Mendoza reviewed the album for The San Bernardino County Sun and noted that despite the album's "interesting format" and its "excellent showcase" for Wakeman's keyboard skills, Mendoza thought the music sounded too much the same and was "monotonous and boring". Live performance Excerpts from the album were performed during Wakeman's solo spots on Yes's Fragile Tour and subsequent Close to the Edge Tour, from 1971 to 1973. A recording of his solo was included on the band's first live album Yessongs (1973), titled "Excerpts from 'The Six Wives of Henry VIII'", as well as their same-titled concert film (1975). The box set Progeny: Seven Shows from Seventy-Two (2015) features additional recordings of Wakeman's solos from 1972. "When the opportunity came to re-score all these pieces for Hampton Court suddenly, there was no time limit. There were no rules and regulations about how the music had to be. And I could go back, revisit them, keep all of the elements that there were originally, and add the other little elements that could never be there." Rick Wakeman In 1973, Wakeman sought permission to perform the album live at Hampton Court Palace. His request was denied, and "got the impression that what had asked was tantamount to treason". A full performance of the album was never held until 36 years later, when he was asked to perform it as part of the celebrations to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Henry's accession to the throne. A stage was constructed outside the main palace entrance to seat 5,000 people. Wakeman performed with a six-piece arrangement of his band The English Rock Ensemble, the English Chamber Choir, and the Orchestra Europa, on 1 and 2 May 2009. The setlist included "Defender of the Faith", the track Wakeman wrote about Henry that was omitted from the album due to unavailable space on the vinyl, plus additional material written specifically for the concerts. The arrangement of the former was not exactly what Wakeman originally wrote, but its two main themes are the same. A live album, DVD, and Blu-ray titled The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace was released in 2009. In February 2023, Wakeman performed two shows at the London Palladium which included in the first show a performance of The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Track listing All tracks written by Rick Wakeman. "Anne Boleyn" incorporates "The Day Thou Gavest Lord Hath Ended" written by Rev. Clement Cotteril Scholefield and arranged by Wakeman. Side oneNo.TitleLength1."Catherine of Aragon"3:442."Anne of Cleves"7:533."Catherine Howard"6:35 Side twoNo.TitleLength1."Jane Seymour"4:462."Anne Boleyn 'The Day Thou Gavest Lord Hath Ended'"6:323."Catherine Parr"7:06 Personnel Credits are adapted from the album's sleeve notes. Lead musician Rick Wakeman – 2 Minimoog synthesisers, 2 400-D Mellotrons (one for vocals, sound effects and vibraphone; the other for brass, strings and flutes), frequency counter, custom mixer, Steinway 9' grand piano, custom-built Hammond C-3 organ, RMI electric piano and harpsichord, ARP synthesiser, Thomas Goff harpsichord, church organ at St Giles-without-Cripplegate, portative organ Additional musicians Bill Bruford – drums on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Anne Boleyn" Ray Cooper – percussion on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Anne Boleyn" Dave Cousins – electric banjo on "Catherine Howard" Chas Cronk – bass guitar on "Catherine Howard" Barry de Souza – drums on "Catherine Howard" Mike Egan – guitar on "Catherine of Aragon", "Anne of Cleves", "Anne Boleyn", and "Catherine Parr" Steve Howe – guitar on "Catherine of Aragon" Les Hurdle – bass guitar on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Anne Boleyn" Dave Lambert – guitar on "Catherine Howard" Laura Lee – vocals on "Anne Boleyn" Sylvia McNeill – vocals on "Anne Boleyn" Judy Powell – vocals on "Catherine of Aragon" Frank Ricotti – percussion on "Anne of Cleves", "Catherine Howard", and "Catherine Parr" Chris Squire – bass guitar on "Catherine of Aragon" Barry St. John – vocals on "Catherine of Aragon" Liza Strike – vocals on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Anne Boleyn" Alan White – drums on "Anne of Cleves", "Jane Seymour", and "Catherine Parr" Dave Wintour – bass guitar on "Anne of Cleves" and "Catherine Parr" Production and design Ken Scott – engineer on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Catherine Parr" Paul Tregurtha – engineer, mixer on "Anne of Cleves", "Catherine Howard", "Jane Seymour", and "Anne Boleyn" Pete Flanagan – assistant engineer David Hentschel (credited as "Dave Henshall") – mixer on "Catherine Parr" John Cleary – keyboards and amplification set-up Michael Tait – keyboards and amplification set-up Philip Hepple – keyboards and amplification set-up Claude Johnson Taylor – keyboards and amplification set-up Michael Doud – art director Ken Carroll – design Bruce Rae – cover photograph Ruan O'Lochlainn – inside photograph Rondor Music – publisher Charts Chart (1973) Peakposition Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 9 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 27 Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts) 23 Italian Albums (Musica e Dischi) 17 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 21 UK Albums (OCC) 7 US Billboard 200 30 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 20,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b Kirkman 2016, p. 198. ^ a b c d The Six Wives of Henry VIII (Media notes). Wakeman, Rick. A&M Records. 1973. AMLH 64361.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ a b c d Kirkman 2016, p. 199. ^ a b c d e f g Wakeman, Rick (18 May 2021). "Rick Wakeman, The Six Wives of Henry VIII and Hampton Court". Loudersound. Retrieved 3 January 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Black, Alan (24 February 1973). "Rick Wakeman and the Making of The Six Wives of Henry VIII". Melody Maker. p. 11. ^ a b c Valentine, Penny (27 January 1973). "The six wives of a Yes man". Sounds. Retrieved 7 October 2018. ^ a b Wooding, p. 99. ^ a b "Music: Popping the Classics". Time. Time. 9 July 1973. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2010. ^ "How Rick Wakeman Made The Six Wives of Henry VIII". The Village Voice. 29 March 1973. p. 55. Retrieved 27 June 2016. ^ Wakeman, Rick (15 February 2015). "Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman: 'Books and places that inspired my art'". The Express. Retrieved 2 September 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h Ling 2023, p. 30. ^ a b Wooding, p. 100. ^ Kirkman 2016, p. 201. ^ Wooding, p. 102. ^ Mayer, Ira (1 February 1975). "New York Central" (PDF). Record World. p. 12. Retrieved 25 May 2022 – via World Radio History. ^ a b Wooding, p. 107. ^ a b c d e Ling 2023, p. 33. ^ a b The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace DVD insert booklet. October 2009. Accessed April 3, 2011. ^ a b Wakeman, p. 117. ^ a b c d e f Ling 2023, p. 34. ^ Wooding, p. 104. ^ Wooding, pp. 101. ^ a b c d e Pavia, Will (7 February 2009). "Rick Wakeman brings 'Tudor rock' to Hampton Court". The Times. London. Retrieved 8 May 2010. ^ a b Wooding, p. 103. ^ Medium Rare (Media notes). Voiceprint Records. 2002. VPTCCD6. Retrieved 28 March 2023 – via Discogs. ^ Wooding, pp. 100-101. ^ Christiansen, Rupert (22 September 2007). "The story behind the hymn". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 June 2010. ^ a b Campbell, Mary (17 July 1973). "Records – Wakeman's 'Six Wives of Henry VIII' a Hit". York Daily Record. p. 30. Retrieved 6 August 2017. ^ a b c Behind the Scenes with Rick from The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace DVD. 5 October 2009. Eagle Vision. ^ a b Wooding, p. 98. ^ a b "Official Charts – Rick Wakeman – Albums". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 August 2017. ^ "RICK WAKEMAN - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company". Official Charts. Retrieved 19 February 2017. ^ "Artists – Rick Wakeman – Chart history – Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved 6 August 2017. ^ "RIAA - Gold and Platinum Search". RIAA. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ Mike DeGagne. "The Six Wives of Henry VIII - Rick Wakeman - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic". AllMusic. ^ a b Apple, Steve (21 June 1973). "Rick Wakeman: Six Wives Of Henry VIII". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 12 January 2016. ^ "Music: The Year's Best". Time Magazine. 31 December 1973. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2010. ^ Wooding, p. 106. ^ Barsocchini, Peter J. (28 April 1973). "Pop Corner – The Six Wives of Henry VIII". San Mateo County Times. p. 47. Retrieved 6 August 2017. ^ "The Six Wives of Henry VIII". Allmusic. Retrieved 12 January 2010. ^ "Rick Wakeman Six Wives Of Henry VIII CD". CD Universe. Retrieved 12 January 2010. ^ Mendoza, Henry (8 April 1973). "Soundings – Byrds Legend Back on Wax". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 52. Retrieved 6 August 2017. ^ Evans, Jim (14 May 2009). "Arena Seating at Henry VIII anniversary". L&Si Online. Retrieved 10 April 2011. ^ Scharf, Natasha (20 September 2022). "Rick Wakeman to perform his classic solo albums at two London shows in 2023". Loudersound. Retrieved 20 September 2022. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 4852". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved October 5, 2023. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5. ^ "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 27 May 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Album". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Rick Wakeman". ^ "Charts.nz – Rick Wakeman – The Six Wives of Henry VIII". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 5, 2023. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 5, 2023. ^ "Rick Wakeman Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved October 5, 2023. ^ "Wakeman Liztomania Score Complete;Time Out For Gold" (PDF). Cash Box. 13 September 1975. p. 39. Retrieved 20 December 2020. ^ "American album certifications – Rick Wakeman – The Six Wives of Henry VIII". Recording Industry Association of America. Sources Kirkman, Jon (2016). Yes: Dialogue. Stereo33 Books. ISBN 978-0-9955236-1-6. Snider, Charles (2008). The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock. Strawberry Bricks. ISBN 978-0-615-17566-9. Wakeman, Rick (1995). Say Yes! An Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-62151-6. Wooding, Dan (1978). Rick Wakeman: The Caped Crusader. Granada Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-0-709-16487-6. Ling, Dave (3 February 2023). "Off with Their Heads!". Prog. No. 137. vteRick WakemanStudio albums Piano Vibrations The Six Wives of Henry VIII The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table No Earthly Connection Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record Rhapsodies 1984 Rock 'n' Roll Prophet Cost of Living Silent Nights Country Airs The Family Album Time Machine Sea Airs Night Airs Classic Tracks Rick Wakeman's Greatest Hits Light Up The Sky The Seven Wonders of the World Return to the Centre of the Earth Christmas Variations Out There Piano Portraits Piano Odyssey Christmas Portraits The Red Planet Soundtracks Lisztomania White Rock Phantom Power Live Journey to the Centre of the Earth Live at Hammersmith The Six Wives of Henry VIII: Live at Hampton Court Palace Related articles Discography Yes Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe Strawbs Yes Featuring Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin, Rick Wakeman Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Wakeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wakeman"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"wives of Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Strawbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawbs"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Hampton Court Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace"},{"link_name":"The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII_Live_at_Hampton_Court_Palace"},{"link_name":"quadraphonic sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound"}],"text":"1973 studio album by Rick WakemanThe Six Wives of Henry VIII is the second studio album by English keyboardist Rick Wakeman, released in January 1973 on A&M Records. It is an instrumental progressive rock album with its concept based on his interpretations of the musical characteristics of the wives of Henry VIII. After signing with A&M as a solo artist, Wakeman decided on the album's concept during a tour of the United States with the progressive rock band Yes. As he read a book about the subject on his travels, melodies he had written the previous year came to him and were noted down. The album was recorded throughout 1972 with musicians from Yes and The Strawbs, the group Wakeman was in prior to Yes, playing on the album.The Six Wives of Henry VIII received mostly positive reviews from critics. It reached number 7 on the UK Albums Chart and number 30 on the Billboard 200 in the United States. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1975 for over 500,000 copies sold in the United States. In 2009, Wakeman performed the album in its entirety for the first time at Hampton Court Palace as part of the 500th anniversary celebration of Henry's accession to the throne, released as The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace. The tracks were rearranged with sections, including a track dedicated to Henry himself, that were left off the original album due to the limited time available on a single record. The Six Wives of Henry VIII was reissued in 2015 with a quadraphonic sound mix and bonus tracks.","title":"The Six Wives of Henry VIII (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Wakeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wakeman"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tony Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kaye_(musician)"},{"link_name":"the Strawbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strawbs"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"Fragile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_(Yes_album)"},{"link_name":"Brian Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lane_(manager)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Moss"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkman2016198-1"},{"link_name":"A&M Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Studios"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inside-2"},{"link_name":"1957 Cadillac limousine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Series_70#1957%E2%80%931958"},{"link_name":"Clark Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gable"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkman2016199-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS21-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS21-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOUNDS1973-6"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"six wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Nancy Brysson Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Brysson_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding99-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-8"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"ledger lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledger_lines"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voice-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202330-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding100-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202330-11"},{"link_name":"surrealist painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkman2016201-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202330-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inside-2"}],"text":"In August 1971, Rick Wakeman joined the progressive rock band Yes as a replacement for their original keyboardist Tony Kaye. His previous group, the Strawbs, were signed to A&M Records and their deal granted each member the option to release an album as a solo artist. While touring the US with Yes to promote Fragile (1971), manager Brian Lane informed Wakeman that A&M co-founder and executive Jerry Moss wished to meet him.[1] During their meeting at A&M Studios in Los Angeles, Wakeman accepted Moss's offer to make a solo album and received an advance of $12,500 (around £4,000) to make it.[2] A&M offered Wakeman a present for signing on with them; he remembered a 1957 Cadillac limousine in the parking lot and had A&M ship one that was previously owned by actor Clark Gable to England.[3] Wakeman lost the car in the late 1970s as part of his divorce settlement with his first wife.[4]Wakeman had difficulties from the start as he was not a competent singer or lyricist, had no band of his own, or any musical ideas.[4] He was disappointed with his playing early into the Fragile Tour, so he used the opportunity as a way of cheering himself up musically. He saw little point in writing songs that had meaningless words, but was interested to explore musical experimentation and strong melody.[5] Starting in November 1971, he assembled some rough ideas onto tape, forming several tracks of 2 to 4 minutes in length, but he recalled that upon playback, \"there was really nothing there.\"[5][6] When the Yes tour resumed, Wakeman bought four books at an airport bookstall in Richmond, Virginia, including one about Henry VIII and his six wives titled The Private Life of Henry VIII (1964) by Nancy Brysson Morrison.[7][8] As he read about Anne Boleyn being imprisoned at the Tower of London on the subsequent flight to Chicago, a theme he had put down ran through his mind, which he wrote down on some hand drawn ledger lines and played at a following soundcheck.[9][10][11] Said Wakeman: \"Suddenly I found it in writing music about these six ladies ... I would concentrate on one of the wives and then music just came into my head and I would write it down. Sometimes I was flying, other times I was on stage, or just in front of the piano at home ... The six wives theme gave me the thread, the link, I needed to give me a reason for putting these pieces of music together.\"[12]Wakeman went on to purchase more books on the subject.[11] He did not want to merely depict the historical events, and wrote the music as if he was producing a surrealist painting, \"sketches of how I felt about them at the time\".[13][11] He also did not want the album to be purely orchestral but have an orchestral \"flavour\", and wanted to play contemporary electronic keyboards to demonstrate how much they had improved since they had been introduced.[5] He explained the album's concept further in the liner notes: \"The album is based around my interpretations of the musical characteristics of the wives of Henry VIII. Although the style may not always be in keeping with their individual history, it is my personal conception of their characters in relation to keyboard instruments.\"[2]","title":"Background and writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Studios"},{"link_name":"Trident Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_Studios"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inside-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202330-11"},{"link_name":"16-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrack_recording"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS21-4"},{"link_name":"Ken Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Scott"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding102-14"},{"link_name":"Michael Quatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Quatro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"session musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOUNDS1973-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202330-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding107-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202333-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkman2016199-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS21-4"},{"link_name":"green-light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-light"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS21-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamptonbooklet-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wakeman117-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkman2016199-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202334-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202334-20"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds"},{"link_name":"Baker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202334-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding104-21"},{"link_name":"sepia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepia_tone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS21-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202334-20"}],"text":"Recording took place between February and October 1972 at Morgan and Trident Studios in London during gaps in recording and touring with Yes. Wakeman found himself becoming unsatisfied in what he had put down at previous sessions and re-recorded sections often, an approach which he later said helped keep the material fresh.[2][5][11] The album was recorded onto 16-track,[4] and features Ken Scott as recording engineer on \"Catherine of Aragon\" and \"Catherine Parr\" and Paul Tregurtha for the other tracks.[14] Wakeman was partially influenced musically by Paintings (1972), the first studio album by American keyboardist Michael Quatro. Wakeman informed Quatro that he was his favorite keyboardist during this time, and used some of his Moog synthesiser lines on the album.[15] The album features several guest musicians on drums, percussion, guitar, and bass, including members of Strawbs and Yes and people Wakeman knew during his time as a session musician. Wakeman wanted to avoid using the same musicians for the whole album, and used his demos and a guide in selecting which musician he thought would best suit each track to vary the sound.[5][6] Although Wakeman had some precise arrangements for the musicians to play, he left some sections free for the players to devise their own parts.[11] The tracks were not arranged chronologically, but one to make the album sound \"musically interesting\" and to have the personalities of the wives in \"some kind of meaningful order.\"[5]When the album was finished, its production costs had increased to around £25,000. Wakeman described working on it as \"difficult and cumbersome\", but felt the project became a rewarding one.[16] He was excited to present the album to A&M management at their London office, and played it to the head of the UK division, Tony Burdfield and Terry O'Neill of the promotions department, and an American lawyer who represented the US division.[17] Wakeman \"sensed that something was not right in the room. There was pretty much silence as it finished\",[3] and recalled the lawyer saying that it was a good work-in-progress and was looking forward to hearing vocals on it. After Wakeman explained that it was an instrumental album, the lawyer left the room.[4] The head of A&M felt the album would be too difficult to sell, and another member of staff estimated that 50,000 copies had to be sold in order to make a profit. After a subsequent meeting with two A&R men, who expressed their fondness for its \"off the wall\" quality, the label gave the green-light and agreed to an initial pressing of 12,500 copies.[4][18][19] Wakeman looked back at this moment and \"was absolutely deflated\", and has said that no one from A&M apologised for their incorrect assumptions.[3][20]After presenting the album to A&M, management cut back the budget for the production of its cover.[20] Wakeman had difficulty in obtaining portraits of the wives but managed to find some for the sleeve. The front photograph was taken at the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Baker Street, where a figure of Richard Nixon can be seen in the background as the curtain was not fully closed. Wakeman is shown wearing a t-shirt, jeans, and trainers.[20][21] The cover was to be produced in black and white as A&M had refused to pay for a version in full colour, but Michael Doud managed to get the final design printed in a sepia tone, which Wakeman said was a vast improvement.[4][20]","title":"Recording and production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Loss"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding100-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkman2016198-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202333-17"},{"link_name":"Steve Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Howe_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Chris Squire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Squire"},{"link_name":"Ray Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding101-22"},{"link_name":"Vicki Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_Brown"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202330-11"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times2009-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202333-17"},{"link_name":"Chas Cronk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chas_Cronk"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding103-24"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202330-11"}],"sub_title":"Side one","text":"\"Catherine of Aragon\" is a track that Wakeman had wanted to put on Fragile, but contractual issues at the time prevented him from recording one of his own compositions. Its working title was \"Handle With Care\", which came about as staff at Trident recommended the tape's storage box be labelled something misleading to lower the risk of theft and the tapes being sold as bootlegs. The box was labelled \"Handle with care for the Joe Loss Orchestra\", which Wakeman used for the title.[12][1] Wakeman has since clarified that the track was always intended to be on the album, and not Fragile.[17] The track features Yes guitarist Steve Howe and bassist Chris Squire with percussionist Ray Cooper.[22] Wakeman contacted Vicki Brown, who organised and brought in the female backing vocalists that are featured on it and \"Anne Boleyn\".[11]Wakeman described \"Anne of Cleves\" as a free-form track, \"almost having no form at all, there was a contradiction in what everyone was playing. The guys in the band thought I was completely barking, but it had to be like that.\"[23] On the morning of recording it Wakeman realised that the middle keyboard solo would only work as an improvisation, and told the musicians to play as if they were on stage. The section was put down in one take.[17]\"Catherine Howard\" features Strawbs bassist Chas Cronk, who recalled the \"total confusion\" when he recorded his parts as he \"couldn't make head or tail of what [we] were doing. We were going through it part by part and I couldn't see how all the parts were going to match up.\" He later saw that Wakeman \"knew exactly what he was going to do although he had nothing written down. It was all stored in his head.\"[24] Wakeman wanted the drums on the piece to be \"subtle and delicate\", and chose Barry de Souza who had previously played with Wakeman in a pub band, the Spinning Wheel.[5][11]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Giles-without-Cripplegate_-_Nave_with_Organ.jpg"},{"link_name":"pipe organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"Guy Protheroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Protheroe"},{"link_name":"St Giles-without-Cripplegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate"},{"link_name":"Barbican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Estate"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding103-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202333-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOUNDS1973-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202330-11"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"St. Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Clement_(hymn_tune)"},{"link_name":"The Day Thou Gavest, Lord, is Ended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_day_thou_gavest,_Lord,_is_ended"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202333-17"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding100-1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"portative organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portative_organ"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell1973-28"},{"link_name":"Alan White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_White_(Yes_drummer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"}],"sub_title":"Side two","text":"The organ of St Giles-without-Cripplegate, played on \"Jane Seymour\".On \"Jane Seymour\", Wakeman had difficulty in achieving a satisfactory organ sound with his electronic instruments, so he sought permission to play a pipe organ at a church. He approached conductor Guy Protheroe, who suggested for him to enquire at St Giles-without-Cripplegate in Barbican.[24][17] Wakeman later considered the church organ was the wrong instrument to portray Seymour's feeling towards Henry, and said it changed the overall mood of the track to what he originally intended.[5] He wanted to avoid portraying strong religious connotations with the organ alone, so he added drums, a Thomas Goff model harpsichord, and Moog synthesizer.[6][11] The original organ recording without the additional instruments was released on Wakeman's compilation release Medium Rare, in 2002.[25]At one point during the recording of \"Anne Boleyn\", Tregurtha produced a tape with a rough mix to which Wakeman listened to on his drive home and felt the ending needed further work. That night he had a vivid dream where he was in attendance at her execution, when the crowd started to sing the hymn \"St. Clement\", the tune to the hymn \"The Day Thou Gavest, Lord, is Ended\". Upon waking he realised it was the right ending for the track, despite being written some years later, and recorded a wordless version with piano and female vocals.[17][26] Though E. J. Hopkins is credited on the album, the piece is generally attributed to Reverend Clement Scholefield.[27] Wakeman plays a portative organ made in the 1700s with reeds and wooden pipes, giving it a sound that he compared to someone's breath.[28]Wakeman wanted \"Catherine Parr\" to have \"a really strong feel on drums, nothing subtle at all\", and thought Yes drummer Alan White was best for the track.[5]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdbts-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM730224-5"}],"sub_title":"Additional material","text":"The album was to be named Henry VIII and His Six Wives and feature a track dedicated for Henry himself, but Wakeman recorded the tracks on the wives first and there was no space left on the LP. He scrapped the track, and renamed the album accordingly.[29] A short passage that Wakeman wrote for Henry was put in \"Catherine of Aragon\", \"Catherine Howard\", and the beginning of \"Anne Boleyn\", as an attempt to \"inject the feeling that the wives had for him\" in the way that he played the theme.[5]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_2"},{"link_name":"The Old Grey Whistle Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Grey_Whistle_Test"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding98-30"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkman2016199-3"},{"link_name":"David Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Mary Whitehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Whitehouse"},{"link_name":"Ross McWhirter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_McWhirter"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202334-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding99-7"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Walker_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing202334-20"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding98-30"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding107-16"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukchart-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukchart-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard200-33"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-8"},{"link_name":"Midem Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDEM"},{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamptonbooklet-18"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gold75-34"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wakeman117-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times2009-23"}],"text":"To promote the album, Wakeman played excerpts from it on the BBC 2 television music show The Old Grey Whistle Test on 16 January 1973.[30] Show producer Colin Strong and director Mike Appleton contacted A&M who got staffer Tony Burdfield to send them a copy, and liked the album which led to Wakeman being invited on the show. Wakeman brought along Cronk and Cousins to play the additional parts. Prior to recording they got drunk in the studio bar.[3] An audience of around 10 million planned to watch David Bailey's controversial documentary about American pop figure Andy Warhol on ITV, but critics Mary Whitehouse and Ross McWhirter condemned it for its pornographic imagery and bad language, causing the government to ban it at short notice.[20] Wakeman recalled: \"It seems most of them, rather than watch repeats, switched over to Whistle Test and saw my preview of 'Henry'...and suddenly it seemed as if the whole country had discovered my music...it was a tremendous break\".[7] Burdfield also produced advertorials in several music magazines, featuring excerpts from an interview about the album that Wakeman had with radio DJ Johnnie Walker.[20]Following the album's release on 23 January 1973,[30] it topped the album charts in four countries.[16] It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 12 before it climbed to its peak position of number 7 the following week on 3 March 1973, and stayed on the chart for 13 weeks during its initial run.[31] The album reappeared on the chart for seven non-consecutive weeks in 1973 alone, and twice more in 1975.[31] In February 2015, the album re-entered the UK chart for one week at number 86.[32] In the United States, the album reached a peak of number 30 on the Billboard 200 chart for the week of 30 March 1973, during a 45-week stay on the chart.[33]By July 1973, the album had sold 300,000 copies.[8] In the following year, Wakeman was presented a platinum disc at the annual Midem Festival in Cannes for sales exceeding two million.[18] On 20 October 1975, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for 500,000 copies sold in the United States.[34] Wakeman claimed the sales figure grew to six million five years after its release.[19] Modern reports indicate the album has sold an estimated 15 million copies worldwide.[23]","title":"Release and commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times2009-23"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wooding106-38"},{"link_name":"The San Mateo County Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Mateo_County_Times"},{"link_name":"Emerson, Lake & Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-40"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Keith Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Emerson"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone-36"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cduniverse-41"},{"link_name":"The San Bernardino County Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Bernardino_County_Sun"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"The album received a mixed reaction from music critics upon release. Though the album was seen by some as one of the worst examples of the progressive rock genre,[23] the record was well received by others. Time magazine named it one of the best pop albums of 1973,[37] describing the album as \"an astonishing classic-rock hybrid\".[38] The San Mateo County Times printed a very positive review from Peter J. Barsocchini, who thought the album is \"something just short of amazing\" and \"a supremely textured work which transcends most of the finest keyboard work being done in pop music today\". He loosely compared the music to that of progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and mentioned Wakeman's \"lyrical\" and \"deep, vast sound\".[39] In a retrospective review, Mike DeGange of AllMusic described Wakeman's use of his synthesizers as \"masterful\" and \"instrumentally stunning\", and rated the album 4.5 out of 5.[40]Steve Apple wrote a review for Rolling Stone in 1973, noting Wakeman had \"made his bid for Keith Emerson's place as the master of keyboard electronics\" but thought his playing suffered a little in technique. Apple noticed \"a brilliant feel for tasteful impressionistic composition\", having made \"an exceptionally interesting instrumental album with superb production\". He also praised the production and mixing, and picked \"Catherine Howard\" as the album's best track.[36][41] Henry Mendoza reviewed the album for The San Bernardino County Sun and noted that despite the album's \"interesting format\" and its \"excellent showcase\" for Wakeman's keyboard skills, Mendoza thought the music sounded too much the same and was \"monotonous and boring\".[42]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fragile Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_Tour"},{"link_name":"Close to the Edge Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_the_Edge_Tour"},{"link_name":"Yessongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessongs"},{"link_name":"concert film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessongs_(film)"},{"link_name":"Progeny: Seven Shows from Seventy-Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeny:_Seven_Shows_from_Seventy-Two"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdbts-29"},{"link_name":"Hampton Court Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times2009-23"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"English Chamber Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Chamber_Choir"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times2009-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdbts-29"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS21-4"},{"link_name":"The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII_Live_at_Hampton_Court_Palace"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Excerpts from the album were performed during Wakeman's solo spots on Yes's Fragile Tour and subsequent Close to the Edge Tour, from 1971 to 1973. A recording of his solo was included on the band's first live album Yessongs (1973), titled \"Excerpts from 'The Six Wives of Henry VIII'\", as well as their same-titled concert film (1975). The box set Progeny: Seven Shows from Seventy-Two (2015) features additional recordings of Wakeman's solos from 1972.\"When the opportunity came to re-score all these pieces for Hampton Court suddenly, there was no time limit. There were no rules and regulations about how the music had to be. And I could go back, revisit them, keep all of the elements that there were originally, and add the other little elements that could never be there.\"\n\n\nRick Wakeman[29]In 1973, Wakeman sought permission to perform the album live at Hampton Court Palace. His request was denied, and \"got the impression that what [he] had asked was tantamount to treason\".[23] A full performance of the album was never held until 36 years later, when he was asked to perform it as part of the celebrations to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Henry's accession to the throne. A stage was constructed outside the main palace entrance to seat 5,000 people.[43] Wakeman performed with a six-piece arrangement of his band The English Rock Ensemble, the English Chamber Choir, and the Orchestra Europa, on 1 and 2 May 2009.[23] The setlist included \"Defender of the Faith\", the track Wakeman wrote about Henry that was omitted from the album due to unavailable space on the vinyl, plus additional material written specifically for the concerts.[29] The arrangement of the former was not exactly what Wakeman originally wrote, but its two main themes are the same.[4] A live album, DVD, and Blu-ray titled The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace was released in 2009.In February 2023, Wakeman performed two shows at the London Palladium which included in the first show a performance of The Six Wives of Henry VIII.[44]","title":"Live performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Day Thou Gavest Lord Hath Ended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Clement_(hymn_tune)"}],"text":"All tracks written by Rick Wakeman. \"Anne Boleyn\" incorporates \"The Day Thou Gavest Lord Hath Ended\" written by Rev. Clement Cotteril Scholefield and arranged by Wakeman.Side oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Catherine of Aragon\"3:442.\"Anne of Cleves\"7:533.\"Catherine Howard\"6:35Side twoNo.TitleLength1.\"Jane Seymour\"4:462.\"Anne Boleyn 'The Day Thou Gavest Lord Hath Ended'\"6:323.\"Catherine Parr\"7:06","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inside-2"}],"text":"Credits are adapted from the album's sleeve notes.[2]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Wakeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wakeman"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"Mellotrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellotron"},{"link_name":"frequency counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_counter"},{"link_name":"mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console"},{"link_name":"Steinway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"grand piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_piano"},{"link_name":"Hammond C-3 organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"},{"link_name":"RMI electric piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mount_Instruments#Electra-pianos"},{"link_name":"harpsichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord"},{"link_name":"ARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Instruments"},{"link_name":"St Giles-without-Cripplegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate"},{"link_name":"portative organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portative_organ"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell1973-28"}],"sub_title":"Lead musician","text":"Rick Wakeman – 2 Minimoog synthesisers, 2 400-D Mellotrons (one for vocals, sound effects and vibraphone; the other for brass, strings and flutes), frequency counter, custom mixer, Steinway 9' grand piano, custom-built Hammond C-3 organ, RMI electric piano and harpsichord, ARP synthesiser, Thomas Goff harpsichord, church organ at St Giles-without-Cripplegate, portative organ[28]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Bruford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bruford"},{"link_name":"Ray Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Dave Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cousins"},{"link_name":"Chas Cronk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chas_Cronk"},{"link_name":"Steve Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Howe"},{"link_name":"Dave Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Lambert_(English_musician)"},{"link_name":"Laura Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Lee_(singer-songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Sylvia McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_McNeill"},{"link_name":"Frank Ricotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ricotti"},{"link_name":"Chris Squire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Squire"},{"link_name":"Barry St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_St._John"},{"link_name":"Alan White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_White_(Yes_drummer)"},{"link_name":"Dave Wintour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Wintour"}],"sub_title":"Additional musicians","text":"Bill Bruford – drums on \"Catherine of Aragon\" and \"Anne Boleyn\"\nRay Cooper – percussion on \"Catherine of Aragon\" and \"Anne Boleyn\"\nDave Cousins – electric banjo on \"Catherine Howard\"\nChas Cronk – bass guitar on \"Catherine Howard\"\nBarry de Souza – drums on \"Catherine Howard\"\nMike Egan – guitar on \"Catherine of Aragon\", \"Anne of Cleves\", \"Anne Boleyn\", and \"Catherine Parr\"\nSteve Howe – guitar on \"Catherine of Aragon\"\nLes Hurdle – bass guitar on \"Catherine of Aragon\" and \"Anne Boleyn\"\nDave Lambert – guitar on \"Catherine Howard\"\nLaura Lee – vocals on \"Anne Boleyn\"\nSylvia McNeill – vocals on \"Anne Boleyn\"\nJudy Powell – vocals on \"Catherine of Aragon\"\nFrank Ricotti – percussion on \"Anne of Cleves\", \"Catherine Howard\", and \"Catherine Parr\"\nChris Squire – bass guitar on \"Catherine of Aragon\"\nBarry St. John – vocals on \"Catherine of Aragon\"\nLiza Strike – vocals on \"Catherine of Aragon\" and \"Anne Boleyn\"\nAlan White – drums on \"Anne of Cleves\", \"Jane Seymour\", and \"Catherine Parr\"\nDave Wintour – bass guitar on \"Anne of Cleves\" and \"Catherine Parr\"","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Scott"},{"link_name":"David Hentschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hentschel"},{"link_name":"Rondor Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group"}],"sub_title":"Production and design","text":"Ken Scott – engineer on \"Catherine of Aragon\" and \"Catherine Parr\"\nPaul Tregurtha – engineer, mixer on \"Anne of Cleves\", \"Catherine Howard\", \"Jane Seymour\", and \"Anne Boleyn\"\nPete Flanagan – assistant engineer\nDavid Hentschel (credited as \"Dave Henshall\") – mixer on \"Catherine Parr\"\nJohn Cleary – keyboards and amplification set-up\nMichael Tait – keyboards and amplification set-up\nPhilip Hepple – keyboards and amplification set-up\nClaude Johnson Taylor – keyboards and amplification set-up\nMichael Doud – art director\nKen Carroll – design\nBruce Rae – cover photograph\nRuan O'Lochlainn – inside photograph\nRondor Music – publisher","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[{"image_text":"The organ of St Giles-without-Cripplegate, played on \"Jane Seymour\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate_-_Nave_with_Organ.jpg/220px-St_Giles-without-Cripplegate_-_Nave_with_Organ.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"The Six Wives of Henry VIII (Media notes). Wakeman, Rick. A&M Records. 1973. AMLH 64361.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wakeman, Rick (18 May 2021). \"Rick Wakeman, The Six Wives of Henry VIII and Hampton Court\". Loudersound. Retrieved 3 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/rick-wakeman-henry-viiis-six-wives-and-hampton-court","url_text":"\"Rick Wakeman, The Six Wives of Henry VIII and Hampton Court\""}]},{"reference":"Black, Alan (24 February 1973). \"Rick Wakeman and the Making of The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Melody Maker. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Valentine, Penny (27 January 1973). \"The six wives of a Yes man\". Sounds. Retrieved 7 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://geirmykl.wordpress.com/2018/06/17/article-about-rick-wakeman-yes-from-sounds-january-27-1973/","url_text":"\"The six wives of a Yes man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music: Popping the Classics\". Time. Time. 9 July 1973. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604050143/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907520-2,00.html","url_text":"\"Music: Popping the Classics\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907520-2,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How Rick Wakeman Made The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". The Village Voice. 29 March 1973. p. 55. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4uQPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4IsDAAAAIBAJ&dq=rick%20wakeman%20six%20wives&pg=5741%2C6013819","url_text":"\"How Rick Wakeman Made The Six Wives of Henry VIII\""}]},{"reference":"Wakeman, Rick (15 February 2015). \"Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman: 'Books and places that inspired my art'\". The Express. Retrieved 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/557982/Rick-Wakeman-Yes-musician-interview","url_text":"\"Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman: 'Books and places that inspired my art'\""}]},{"reference":"Mayer, Ira (1 February 1975). \"New York Central\" (PDF). Record World. p. 12. Retrieved 25 May 2022 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/75/RW-1975-02-01.pdf#search=%22mike%20quatro%22","url_text":"\"New York Central\""}]},{"reference":"Pavia, Will (7 February 2009). \"Rick Wakeman brings 'Tudor rock' to Hampton Court\". The Times. London. Retrieved 8 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5678632.ece","url_text":"\"Rick Wakeman brings 'Tudor rock' to Hampton Court\""}]},{"reference":"Medium Rare (Media notes). Voiceprint Records. 2002. VPTCCD6. Retrieved 28 March 2023 – via Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/5881094-Rick-Wakeman-Medium-Rare","url_text":"Medium Rare"}]},{"reference":"Christiansen, Rupert (22 September 2007). \"The story behind the hymn\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3668062/The-story-behind-the-hymn.html","url_text":"\"The story behind the hymn\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Mary (17 July 1973). \"Records – Wakeman's 'Six Wives of Henry VIII' a Hit\". York Daily Record. p. 30. Retrieved 6 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8202948/rick_wakeman_1973/","url_text":"\"Records – Wakeman's 'Six Wives of Henry VIII' a Hit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Charts – Rick Wakeman – Albums\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/2846/rick-wakeman/","url_text":"\"Official Charts – Rick Wakeman – Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"RICK WAKEMAN - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company\". Official Charts. Retrieved 19 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/2846/rick%20wakeman/","url_text":"\"RICK WAKEMAN - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Artists – Rick Wakeman – Chart history – Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved 6 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/365039/rick-wakeman/chart","url_text":"\"Artists – Rick Wakeman – Chart history – Billboard 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIAA - Gold and Platinum Search\". RIAA. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152629/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=rick%20wakeman&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25","url_text":"\"RIAA - Gold and Platinum Search\""},{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=rick%20wakeman&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mike DeGagne. \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII - Rick Wakeman - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-six-wives-of-henry-viii-mw0000650944","url_text":"\"The Six Wives of Henry VIII - Rick Wakeman - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"Apple, Steve (21 June 1973). \"Rick Wakeman: Six Wives Of Henry VIII\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 12 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thekeyboard.co.uk/review_pages/sixwi.html","url_text":"\"Rick Wakeman: Six Wives Of Henry VIII\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music: The Year's Best\". Time Magazine. 31 December 1973. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081214065014/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910925,00.html","url_text":"\"Music: The Year's Best\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910925,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barsocchini, Peter J. (28 April 1973). \"Pop Corner – The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". San Mateo County Times. p. 47. Retrieved 6 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8203342/rick_wakeman_six_wives_1973/","url_text":"\"Pop Corner – The Six Wives of Henry VIII\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Allmusic. Retrieved 12 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r65306","url_text":"\"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rick Wakeman Six Wives Of Henry VIII CD\". CD Universe. Retrieved 12 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/1094449/a/Six+Wives+Of+Henry+VIII.htm","url_text":"\"Rick Wakeman Six Wives Of Henry VIII CD\""}]},{"reference":"Mendoza, Henry (8 April 1973). \"Soundings – Byrds Legend Back on Wax\". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 52. Retrieved 6 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8203403/rick_wakeman_six_wives_1973/","url_text":"\"Soundings – Byrds Legend Back on Wax\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Jim (14 May 2009). \"Arena Seating at Henry VIII anniversary\". L&Si Online. Retrieved 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lsionline.co.uk/news/story/Arena-Seating-at-Henry-VIII-anniversary/I24F39","url_text":"\"Arena Seating at Henry VIII anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Scharf, Natasha (20 September 2022). \"Rick Wakeman to perform his classic solo albums at two London shows in 2023\". Loudersound. Retrieved 20 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/news/rick-wakeman-to-perform-his-classic-solo-albums-at-two-london-shows-in-2023","url_text":"\"Rick Wakeman to perform his classic solo albums at two London shows in 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-21053-5","url_text":"978-951-1-21053-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifiche\". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","url_text":"\"Classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_Dischi","url_text":"Musica e Dischi"}]},{"reference":"\"Wakeman Liztomania Score Complete;Time Out For Gold\" (PDF). Cash Box. 13 September 1975. p. 39. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Cash-Box-IDX/70s/1975/CB-1975-09-13-OCR-Page-0039.pdf","url_text":"\"Wakeman Liztomania Score Complete;Time Out For Gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box","url_text":"Cash Box"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Rick Wakeman – The Six Wives of Henry VIII\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Rick+Wakeman&ti=The+Six+Wives+of+Henry+VIII&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Rick Wakeman – The Six Wives of Henry VIII\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Kirkman, Jon (2016). Yes: Dialogue. Stereo33 Books. ISBN 978-0-9955236-1-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9955236-1-6","url_text":"978-0-9955236-1-6"}]},{"reference":"Snider, Charles (2008). The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock. Strawberry Bricks. ISBN 978-0-615-17566-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-17566-9","url_text":"978-0-615-17566-9"}]},{"reference":"Wakeman, Rick (1995). Say Yes! An Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-62151-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-62151-6","url_text":"978-0-340-62151-6"}]},{"reference":"Wooding, Dan (1978). Rick Wakeman: The Caped Crusader. Granada Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-0-709-16487-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-709-16487-6","url_text":"978-0-709-16487-6"}]},{"reference":"Ling, Dave (3 February 2023). \"Off with Their Heads!\". Prog. No. 137.","urls":[{"url":"https://pocketmags.com/us/prog-magazine/issue-137/articles/1269692/off-with-their-heads","url_text":"\"Off with Their Heads!\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/rick-wakeman-henry-viiis-six-wives-and-hampton-court","external_links_name":"\"Rick Wakeman, The Six Wives of Henry VIII and Hampton Court\""},{"Link":"https://geirmykl.wordpress.com/2018/06/17/article-about-rick-wakeman-yes-from-sounds-january-27-1973/","external_links_name":"\"The six wives of a Yes man\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604050143/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907520-2,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Music: Popping the Classics\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907520-2,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4uQPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4IsDAAAAIBAJ&dq=rick%20wakeman%20six%20wives&pg=5741%2C6013819","external_links_name":"\"How Rick Wakeman Made The Six Wives of Henry VIII\""},{"Link":"http://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/557982/Rick-Wakeman-Yes-musician-interview","external_links_name":"\"Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman: 'Books and places that inspired my art'\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/75/RW-1975-02-01.pdf#search=%22mike%20quatro%22","external_links_name":"\"New York Central\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5678632.ece","external_links_name":"\"Rick Wakeman brings 'Tudor rock' to Hampton Court\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/5881094-Rick-Wakeman-Medium-Rare","external_links_name":"Medium Rare"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3668062/The-story-behind-the-hymn.html","external_links_name":"\"The story behind the hymn\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8202948/rick_wakeman_1973/","external_links_name":"\"Records – Wakeman's 'Six Wives of Henry VIII' a Hit\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/2846/rick-wakeman/","external_links_name":"\"Official Charts – Rick Wakeman – Albums\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/2846/rick%20wakeman/","external_links_name":"\"RICK WAKEMAN - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_Room_(disambiguation)	Escape Room (disambiguation)	["1 Film","2 Gaming","3 Music","4 Television episodes","5 See also"]	An escape room is a type of puzzle game room, which people enter to solve a puzzle to exit the room. Escape Room may also refer to: Film Escape Room (2017 film), starring Annabelle Stephenson and Elisabeth Hower Escape Room (2018 film), an American horror film directed by Peter Dukes and starring Skeet Ulrich Escape Room (2019 film), an American horror film directed by Adam Robitel Escape Room: Tournament of Champions, a 2021 American psychological horror film directed by Adam Robitel Gaming Escape room video game, a.k.a. escape the room, room escape, escape game, a genre of video game starting in the late 1980s Music "Escape Room", a song by Fromis 9 from their 2022 EP Midnight Guest Escape room, a musical genre inspired by trap music identified by Spotify's algorithms Television episodes "Escape Room" (Beavis and Butt-Head) See also Emergency exit room Escape crew capsule, escape capsule that allows one or more occupants of an aircraft or spacecraft to escape from the craft Escape pod, capsule or craft used to escape a vessel in an emergency Rescue Chamber (disambiguation) Escape (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Escape Room.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Escape Room may also refer to:","title":"Escape Room (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annabelle Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabelle_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"Escape Room (2018 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_Room_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Escape Room (2019 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_Room_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Escape Room: Tournament of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_Room:_Tournament_of_Champions"}],"text":"Escape Room (2017 film), starring Annabelle Stephenson and Elisabeth Hower\nEscape Room (2018 film), an American horror film directed by Peter Dukes and starring Skeet Ulrich\nEscape Room (2019 film), an American horror film directed by Adam Robitel\nEscape Room: Tournament of Champions, a 2021 American psychological horror film directed by Adam Robitel","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Escape room video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_room_video_game"}],"text":"Escape room video game, a.k.a. escape the room, room escape, escape game, a genre of video game starting in the late 1980s","title":"Gaming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fromis 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromis_9"},{"link_name":"trap music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_music"}],"text":"\"Escape Room\", a song by Fromis 9 from their 2022 EP Midnight Guest\nEscape room, a musical genre inspired by trap music identified by Spotify's algorithms","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Escape Room\" (Beavis and Butt-Head)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_Room_(Beavis_and_Butt-Head)"}],"text":"\"Escape Room\" (Beavis and Butt-Head)","title":"Television episodes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Emergency exit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_exit"},{"title":"Escape crew capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule"},{"title":"Escape pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_pod"},{"title":"Rescue Chamber (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_Chamber_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Escape (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Escape_Room_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Escape_Room_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_City	Dawson City	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 Ethnicity","4 Economy","4.1 Energy","4.2 Gold mining","4.3 Tourism","5 Sports","6 Government","6.1 City or town status","7 Infrastructure","8 Education","9 Media","10 Notable people","11 Freedom of the City","11.1 Military Units","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 External links"]	Coordinates: 64°03′36″N 139°25′55″W / 64.06000°N 139.43194°W / 64.06000; -139.43194This article is about the Canadian settlement. For the American settlement formerly known as "Dawson City", see Dawson Springs, Kentucky. City in Yukon, CanadaDawson CityCityCity of DawsonAerial view of Dawson City and the Yukon RiverNicknames: Paris of the NorthDawson CityLocation of Dawson CityCoordinates: 64°03′36″N 139°25′55″W / 64.06000°N 139.43194°W / 64.06000; -139.43194CountryCanadaTerritoryYukonSettled1896City1902Town1980Named forGeorge Mercer DawsonGovernment • MayorBill KendrickArea • Total32.45 km2 (12.53 sq mi)Elevation370 m (1,214 ft)Population (2016) • Total1,577 • Density42.4/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−07:00 (MST)Canadian Postal codeY0B 1G0Area code867NTS Map116B3 DawsonGNBC CodeKAHFTClimateDfcWebsiteOfficial website UNESCO World Heritage SiteTypeCulturalCriteriaiii, ivDesignated2023 (45th session)Part ofTr’ondëk-KlondikeReference no.1564-006 Dawson City, officially the City of Dawson, is a city in the Canadian territory of Yukon. It is inseparably linked to the Klondike Gold Rush (1896–1899). Its population was 1,577 as of the 2021 census, making it the second-largest city in Yukon. History Packtrain in Dawson, 1899 (photographed by Eric A. Hegg) Prior to the late modern period the area was used for hunting and gathering by the Hän-speaking people of the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in and their forebears. The heart of their homeland was Tr'ochëk, a fishing camp at the confluence of the Klondike River and Yukon River, now a National Historic Site of Canada, just across the Klondike River from modern Dawson City. This site was also an important summer gathering spot and a base for moose-hunting on the Klondike Valley. The current settlement was founded by Joseph Ladue and named in January 1897 after noted Canadian geologist George M. Dawson, who had explored and mapped the region in 1887. It served as Yukon's capital from the territory's founding in 1898 until 1952, when the seat was moved to Whitehorse. View of 3rd Street c. 1899 by Eric A. Hegg 1941 aerial photo Dawson City was the centre of the Klondike Gold Rush. It began in 1896 and changed the First Nations camp into a thriving city of 16,000–17,000 by 1898. By 1899, the gold rush had ended and the town's population plummeted as all but 8,000 people left. When Dawson was incorporated as a city in 1902, the population was under 5,000. St. Paul's Anglican Church, also built that same year, is a National Historic Site. The downtown was devastated by fire in November 1897 (started when dance hall girl Dolly Mitchell threw a lamp at another girl in an argument), 1899 (started in the Bodega Saloon), 1900 (started at the Monte Carlo Theatre) and flooding in 1925, 1944, 1966, 1969 and 1979. The population dropped after World War II when the Alaska Highway bypassed it 518 kilometres (322 mi) to the south. The economic damage to Dawson City was such that Whitehorse, the highway's hub, replaced it as territorial capital in 1953. Dawson City's population languished around the 600–900 mark through the 1960s and 1970s, but has risen and held stable since then. The high price of gold has made modern placer mining operations profitable, and the growth of the tourism industry has encouraged development of facilities. In the early 1950s, Dawson was linked by road to Alaska, and in fall 1955, with Whitehorse along a road that now forms part of the Klondike Highway. In 1978, another kind of buried treasure was discovered with the Dawson Film Find when a construction excavation inadvertently uncovered a forgotten collection of more than 500 discarded films on highly flammable nitrate film stock from the early 20th century that were buried in (and preserved by) the permafrost. These silent-era film reels, dating from "between 1903 and 1929, were uncovered in the rubble beneath old hockey rink". (See Dawson Film Find.) Owing to its dangerous chemical volatility, the historical find was moved by military transport to Library and Archives Canada and the U.S. Library of Congress for both transfer to safety film and storage. A documentary about the find, Dawson City: Frozen Time, was released in 2016. The City of Dawson and the nearby ghost town of Forty Mile are featured prominently in the novels and short stories of American author Jack London, including The Call of the Wild. London lived in the Dawson area from October 1897 to June 1898. Other writers who lived in and wrote of Dawson City include Pierre Berton and the poet Robert Service. The childhood home of the former is now used as a residency and retreat for professional writers administered by the Writers' Trust of Canada. In 2023, the Dawson City townsite became part of the Tr’ondëk-Klondike UNESCO World Heritage Site, because of its archaeological record highlighting the transformation of the site from predominanty Indigenous to predominantly European use, and the adaptations that the Indigenous people made in response to European colonialism. Geography Streetscape and landslide at mountain side; Dawson City, 1964 Dawson City lies on the Tintina Fault. This fault has created the Tintina Trench and continues eastward for several hundred kilometres. Erosional remnants of lava flows form outcrops immediately north and west of Dawson City. Climate Dawson City has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsc), with significantly higher continentality than the territory capital of Whitehorse. Despite this classification, most precipitation actually occurs during summer and July is the wettest month. However, April, one of the six warmer months is sufficiently drier than October and November. Hence the letter 's' is used instead of 'f' (as in Dfc). The average temperature in July is 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) and in January is −26.0 °C (−14.8 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded is 35.0 °C (95 °F) on 9 July 1899 and 18 June 1950. The lowest temperature ever recorded is −58.3 °C (−73 °F) on 3 February 1947. It experiences a wide range of temperatures surpassing 30 °C (86 °F) in most summers and dropping below −40 °C (−40 °F) in winter. In the very cold month of December 1917, the temperature did not rise above −37.2 °C (−35 °F) and it averaged −46.3 °C (−51 °F). The community is at an elevation of 320 m (1,050 ft) and the average rainfall in July is 49.0 mm (1.93 in) and the average snowfall in January is 27.6 cm (10.87 in). Dawson has an average total annual snowfall of 166.5 cm (65.55 in) and averages 70 frost free days per year. The town is built on a layer of frozen earth, which may pose a threat to the town's infrastructure in the future if the permafrost melts. Climate data for Dawson City (Dawson City Airport)Climate ID: 2100402; coordinates 64°02′35″N 139°07′40″W / 64.04306°N 139.12778°W / 64.04306; -139.12778 (Dawson City Airport); elevation: 370.3 m (1,215 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 9.7 8.8 10.7 22.4 34.9 35.0 39.4 37.9 24.9 19.5 10.0 5.0 39.4 Record high °C (°F) 9.7(49.5) 9.5(49.1) 14.8(58.6) 23.0(73.4) 34.7(94.5) 35.0(95.0) 35.0(95.0) 33.5(92.3) 26.1(79.0) 20.1(68.2) 12.8(55.0) 12.8(55.0) 35.0(95.0) Mean maximum °C (°F) −4.9(23.2) −1.0(30.2) 6.5(43.7) 16.6(61.9) 24.3(75.7) 29.0(84.2) 29.4(84.9) 27.4(81.3) 19.8(67.6) 10.7(51.3) −0.5(31.1) −2.8(27.0) 30.9(87.6) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −21.6(−6.9) −15.1(4.8) −4.2(24.4) 7.9(46.2) 16.4(61.5) 22.1(71.8) 23.1(73.6) 19.5(67.1) 12.6(54.7) 0.2(32.4) −14.7(5.5) −18.8(−1.8) 2.4(36.3) Daily mean °C (°F) −25.7(−14.3) −20.9(−5.6) −12.6(9.3) 0.4(32.7) 8.8(47.8) 14.4(57.9) 15.9(60.6) 12.7(54.9) 6.4(43.5) −4.0(24.8) −17.7(0.1) −23.0(−9.4) −3.8(25.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −29.8(−21.6) −26.5(−15.7) −20.9(−5.6) −7.1(19.2) 1.2(34.2) 6.7(44.1) 8.7(47.7) 5.8(42.4) 0.2(32.4) −8.2(17.2) −21.7(−7.1) −27.1(−16.8) −9.9(14.2) Mean minimum °C (°F) −45.4(−49.7) −42.1(−43.8) −36.4(−33.5) −21.8(−7.2) −5.5(22.1) −0.2(31.6) 2.1(35.8) −3.1(26.4) −9.8(14.4) −23.7(−10.7) −36.1(−33.0) −42.0(−43.6) −47.9(−54.2) Record low °C (°F) −56.1(−69.0) −58.3(−72.9) −47.8(−54.0) −40.6(−41.1) −15.6(3.9) −3.3(26.1) −2.4(27.7) −11.0(12.2) −23.2(−9.8) −36.5(−33.7) −47.9(−54.2) −54.4(−65.9) −58.3(−72.9) Record low wind chill −59.8 −58.6 −47.7 −37.9 −18.2 −3.5 0.0 −9.2 −25.8 −41.0 −50.9 −63.8 −63.8 Average precipitation mm (inches) 19.4(0.76) 12.8(0.50) 9.9(0.39) 8.2(0.32) 30.8(1.21) 38.2(1.50) 49.0(1.93) 43.4(1.71) 34.0(1.34) 31.4(1.24) 25.5(1.00) 22.0(0.87) 324.4(12.77) Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.1(0.00) 0.0(0.0) 0.3(0.01) 2.6(0.10) 28.4(1.12) 38.2(1.50) 49.0(1.93) 43.1(1.70) 29.7(1.17) 9.4(0.37) 0.1(0.00) 0.4(0.02) 201.3(7.93) Average snowfall cm (inches) 27.6(10.9) 18.2(7.2) 12.1(4.8) 7.2(2.8) 2.5(1.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.4(0.2) 4.6(1.8) 26.7(10.5) 36.3(14.3) 31.0(12.2) 166.5(65.6) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 11.7 8.7 6.3 4.5 10.9 12.0 14.4 13.7 11.0 12.7 12.7 11.5 130.2 Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 0.2 0.0 0.2 2.0 10.6 12.0 14.4 13.6 10.0 3.8 0.3 0.1 67.1 Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 12.3 9.8 6.5 3.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 9.9 13.5 12.2 69.8 Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Météo Climat Demographics Federal census population history of DawsonYearPop.±%19019,142— 19113,013−67.0%1921975−67.6%1931819−16.0%19411,043+27.4%1951783−24.9%1956851+8.7%1961881+3.5%1966742−15.8%1971762+2.7%1976838+10.0%1981697−16.8%1986896+28.6%1991972+8.5%19961,287+32.4%20011,251−2.8%20061,327+6.1%20111,319−0.6%20161,375+4.2%20211,577+14.7%Source: Statistics Canada In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Dawson had a population of 1,577 living in 770 of its 836 total private dwellings, a change of 14.7% from its 2016 population of 1,375. With a land area of 30.91 km2 (11.93 sq mi), it had a population density of 51.0/km2 (132.1/sq mi) in 2021. Ethnicity According to the 2021 Census, the town is predominately European Canadian with 60.8% of the population with Indigenous Canadians accounting for 31.4% of the population and East Asian Canadians accounting for 3.0% of the population. Panethnic groups in Dawson City (2001−2021) Panethnic group 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001 Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % European 900 60.81% 940 70.15% 830 64.09% 915 69.32% 885 71.08% Indigenous 465 31.42% 310 23.13% 435 33.59% 390 29.55% 340 27.31% East Asian 45 3.04% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% South Asian 25 1.69% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 20 1.61% Southeast Asian 20 1.35% 60 4.48% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% African 15 1.01% 15 1.12% 0 0% 10 0.76% 10 0.8% Latin American 10 0.68% 20 1.49% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Middle Eastern 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 10 0.76% 0 0% Other/multiracial 0 0% 0 0% 35 2.7% 0 0% 0 0% Total responses 1,480 93.85% 1,340 97.45% 1,295 98.18% 1,320 99.47% 1,245 99.52% Total population 1,577 100% 1,375 100% 1,319 100% 1,327 100% 1,251 100% Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses Economy Today, Dawson City's main industries are tourism and gold mining. Energy Electricity is provided by Yukon Energy Corporation (YEC). Most of the grid power is hydroelectric power through the north-south grid from dams near Mayo, Whitehorse and Aishihik Lake. After the local hydroelectric power plant for the gold dredges was shut down in 1966, YEC provided electrical power from local diesel generators. In 2004 YEC connected Dawson to its grid system. Since then the diesel generators function as a backup to the grid. Gold mining Gold mining started in 1896 with the Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek discovery by George Carmack, Dawson Charlie and Skookum Jim Mason (Keish). The area's creeks were quickly staked and most of the thousands who arrived in the spring of 1898 for the Klondike Gold Rush found that there was very little opportunity to benefit directly from gold mining. Many instead became entrepreneurs to provide services to miners. Dredge No. 4 Starting approximately 10 years later, large gold dredges began an industrial mining operation, scooping huge amounts of gold out of the creeks, and completely reworking the landscape, altering the locations of rivers and creeks and leaving tailing piles in their wake. A network of canals and dams were built to the north to produce hydroelectric power for the dredges. The dredges shut down for the winter, but one built for "Klondike Joe Boyle" was designed to operate year-round, and Boyle had it operate all through one winter. That dredge (Dredge No. 4) is open as a National Historic Site of Canada on Bonanza Creek. The last dredge shut down in 1966, and the hydroelectric facility, at North Fork, was closed when the City of Dawson declined an offer to purchase it. Since then, placer miners returned to the status of being the primary mining operators in the region until recently. In 2016, Goldcorp announced a takeover of Kaminak Gold's Coffee Project south of Dawson. This marked a shift in the region, drawing the interest of the major gold mining companies in the Yukon. In 2017, Newmont Mining Corporation, Barrick Gold and Agnico Eagle Mines Limited have all committed significant investment, engaging in the exploration of properties across the Central Yukon. Tourism Most of Dawson's buildings have the appearance of 19th-Century construction. All new construction must comply with visual standards ensuring conformity to this appearance There are eight National Historic Sites of Canada located in Dawson, including the "Dawson Historical Complex", a National Historic Site encompassing the historic core of the town. The Downtown Hotel at Second Avenue and Queen Street has garnered media attention for its unusual Sourtoe Cocktail, which features a real mummified human toe. The hotel and the toe received increased attention in June 2017 after the toe was stolen; it was soon returned to the hotel by mail along with a written apology. Bonanza Creek has two National Historic Sites; the Discovery Claim and the Dredge No. 4. Tr'ochëk is the site of a traditional Hän fishing camp on the flats at the confluence of the Klondike River and Yukon River. The site is owned and managed by the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Nation. In addition to the fishing camp remains, the site includes traditional plant harvesting areas and lookout points. Diamond Tooth Gertie's Gambling Hall puts on nightly vaudeville shows during tourist season, from May to September. Sports Foot race, Dawson City, about 1900 Every February, Dawson City acts as the halfway mark for the Yukon Quest International Sled Dog Race. Mushers entered in the event have a mandatory 36-hour layover in Dawson City while getting their rest and preparing for the second half of the world's toughest sled dog race. Dawson City also hosts a softball tournament which brings teams from Inuvik in late summer. Furthermore, a volleyball tournament is held annually at the end of October and is attended by various high schools across Yukon. The city was home to the Dawson City Nuggets hockey team, which in 1905 challenged the Ottawa Silver Seven for the Stanley Cup. Travelling to Ottawa by dog sled, ship, and train, the team lost the most lopsided series in Stanley Cup history, losing two games by the combined score of 32 to 4. Government Dawson City federal election results Year Liberal Conservative New Democratic Green 2021 22% 149 22% 153 34% 237 6% 40 2019 29% 213 24% 176 30% 225 15% 110 In 2004, the Yukon government removed the mayor and the town council, as a result of the town going bankrupt. The territorial government accepted a large portion of the responsibility for this situation in March 2006, writing off $3.43 million of the debt and leaving the town with $1.5 million still to pay off. Elections were set for June 15, 2006. John Steins, a local artist and one of the leaders of the movement to restore democracy to Dawson, was acclaimed as mayor, while 13 residents ran for the four council seats. Steins was succeeded in office by former mayor Peter Jenkins, who in turn was succeeded by Wayne Potoroka. In 2021, four candidates ran for Mayor, and former city councillor William (Bill) Kendrick won the election and is the current Mayor of Dawson City. Other past mayors of Dawson City have included Art Webster, Colin Mayes, Yolanda Burkhard, Mike Comadina and Vi Campbell. In the Legislative Assembly of Yukon, Dawson City is in the electoral district of Klondike, currently represented by Sandy Silver of the Yukon Liberal Party. The government of Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in, now a self-governing First Nation, is also located in Dawson. City or town status This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dawson Gold Diamond Tooth Gerties Dawson was incorporated as a city in 1902 when it met the criteria for "city" status under the municipal act of that time. It retained the incorporation even as the population plummeted. When a new municipal act was adopted in the 1980s, Dawson met the criteria of "town", and was incorporated as such although with a special provision to allow it to continue to use the word "City", partially for historical reasons and partially to distinguish it from Dawson Creek, a small city in northeastern British Columbia. Dawson Creek is also named in honour of George M. Dawson. This led the territorial government to post the following signs at the boundaries of the town: "Welcome to the Town of the City of Dawson". As of the 2001 Municipal Act, the town's official legal name is now simply the "City of Dawson". Infrastructure Ferry for Highway 9 Paddlewheeler Keno Airports: Dawson City Airport is located 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) east of town. Dawson City Water Aerodrome is located next to the community on the Yukon River. Both are classified as an airport of entry and, as such, can handle aircraft with up to 30 passengers. The water aerodrome is one of only two in Canada that is able to handle aircraft with more than 15 passengers. Road: Klondike Highway (Yukon route 2) from Whitehorse-open year-round; Top of the World Highway (Yukon route 9) and Taylor Highway (Alaska route 5) from Tok, Alaska, open seasonally May to September. Winter transportation: During the winter, Dawson City is accessible via the North Klondike Highway. There is an ice bridge across the Yukon River, for both foot and vehicle traffic, that is operated and maintained by the Yukon Department of Highways. Rail: None currently. See Klondike Mines Railway Boat: The George Black Ferry connects the North Klondike Hwy to the Top of the World Highway, by operating vehicle and passenger ferry service across the Yukon River. This is part of the Territorial highway system, and operates from May to October, weather dependent. There is no cost to use this ferry. The Yukon River is navigable (when not frozen) and historically was travelled by commercial riverboats to Whitehorse and downstream into Alaska and the Bering Sea. Cable television: municipal government-owned system with several channels via satellite Telephone/Internet: Northwestel telephone exchange. and ran fibre internet to the community in 2021. Education Yukon School of Visual Arts, a university level accredited art program, is based in Dawson City. Robert Service School, Dawson City's only grade school, is named in honour of British-Canadian poet and writer Robert William Service (January 16, 1874 – September 11, 1958). The Robert Service School offers Kindergarten – Grade 12 and is one of only 28 schools in the Yukon Territory. Media Television OTA channel Call sign Network 9 (VHF) CH4261 Aboriginal Peoples Television Network Radio Frequency Call sign Branding Format Owner Notes AM 560 CBDN CBC Radio One Talk radio, public radio Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Rebroadcaster of CFWH-FM (Whitehorse) FM 90.5 VF2049 – Community radio Northern Native Broadcasting First Nations community radio; rebroadcaster of CHON-FM (Whitehorse) FM 104.9 CBDN-FM CBC Radio 2 Adult contemporary, public radio Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Rebroadcaster of CBU-FM (Vancouver) FM 106.9 CFYT-FM CFYT: The Spirit of Dawson Community radio Dawson City Community Radio Society Rebroadcasts CKRW-FM (Whitehorse) when not airing local programming Print Dawson City is not served by a daily newspaper. The local Klondike Sun is published every two weeks, and the Whitehorse-based Yukon News is available two days per week. Notable people Robert Service Cabin Jack London Centre Pierre Berton: Dawson City is home of the Berton House Writers' Retreat program, housing established Canadian writers for four three-month get-away-from-it-all subsidized residencies each year. Berton House was the childhood home of popular-history writer Berton. The program is now administered by the Writers' Trust of Canada. Berton narrated the 1957 film City of Gold which describes the excitement of Dawson City during the gold rush. He also wrote the book Klondike, an historical account of the gold rush to the Klondike in 1896–1899. Martha Black, the second woman elected to the House of Commons of Canada, as a single mother in Dawson earned a living by staking gold mining claims and running a sawmill and a gold ore-crushing plant. She later married George Black, Commissioner of Yukon, and in 1935 was elected to the House of Commons for the riding of Yukon as an Independent Conservative taking the place of her ill husband. Joseph W. Boyle, "Klondike Joe," entrepreneur, hockey organizer and adventurer. Suzanne Crocker, documentary filmmaker. John D. Ferry, chemist and biochemist, was born in Dawson in 1912 Lulu Mae Johnson, manager of Dawson's dance hall in the early 1900s. She died on the SS Princess Sophia. Victor Jory, actor of stage, film, and television, was born in Dawson in 1902 to American parents. William Judge, a Jesuit priest who during the 1897 Klondike Gold Rush established a facility in Dawson which provided shelter, food and any available medicine to the many hard-at-luck gold miners who filled the town and its environs. Jack London spent the late Autumn of 1897 and Spring of 1898 in Dawson. He spent part of the winter 1897–1898 in a cabin that was originally on Henderson Creek, a tributary of the Stewart River. It was in the 1960s located disassembled and relocated and is now just up the street from downtown Dawson. Micí Mac Gabhann, an Irish language storyteller (seanchaí) who lived in Dawson in 1897–98 and whose memoirs of the Klondyke Gold Rush Rotha Mór an tSaoil were published posthumously in 1959. William Ogilvie, a Dominion land surveyor, explorer and Commissioner of the Yukon, surveyed the townsite of Dawson City and was responsible for settling many disputes between miners. Alexander Pantages, impresario, had his start in Dawson City. He opened a small theatre to serve the city. Soon, however, his activities expanded and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theatre and movie tycoons. Robert W. Service, known as The Bard of the Yukon for his famous poems "The Shooting of Dan McGrew", "The Cremation of Sam McGee" and many others which depicted the Gold Rush and the culture of the Klondike. Service was transferred to the Dawson branch of the Canadian Bank of Commerce in Dawson City in 1908. Then, he dwelt in a log cabin where he would pursue his writings with The Trail of 98. Joe Vogler, Alaskan politician, buried in Dawson. Jan Eskymo Welzl was a Moravian adventurer, hunter, gold prospector, Eskimo chief and Chief Justice on New Siberia island and later a story-teller and writer. During his life in Dawson City he was called Perpetual Motion Man and was also known as an inventor. Books based on his stories were published in many countries all over the world. Buried in Dawson City. Black Mike Winage, a Serbian-Canadian miner, pioneer, and adventurer, who lived to be 107 years old, lived in Dawson City. Weldy Young, professional hockey player for the Ottawa Silver Seven. Freedom of the City The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Dawson City. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2022) Military Units The Canadian Rangers: 22 August 2022. See also List of municipalities in Yukon North-West Mounted Police in the Canadian north Notes ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. References ^ a b "Municipal Act" (PDF). Government of Yukon. 2002. p. 24. Retrieved December 7, 2020. the corporation of the City of Dawson is continued as a town and shall have the name "City of Dawson" ^ "Paris of the North". City of Dawson. Archived from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2015-01-07. ^ "Dawson". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Yukon)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ a b Elevation of the Dawson City Water Aerodrome from the Nav Canada's Water Aerodrome Supplement. Effective 0901Z 26 March 2020 to 0901Z 22 April 2021. ^ a b c "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Yukon". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022. ^ a b Coates, K.; Morrison, W. R. (1991). "The American Rampant: Reflections on the Impact of United States Troops in Allied Countries during World War II". Journal of World History. 2 (2): 201–221. JSTOR 20078500. ^ "NWMP Census of Dawson City, July 19, 1898". Canadian research Knowledge Network. Government of Canada. Retrieved 2021-12-29. ^ "Force of nature: New exhibit displays destruction and resiliency in Yukon – Yukon News". 16 March 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2023. ^ "Forestview to Dawson City". ^ "A different sort of Klondike treasure". Yukon News. 24 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017. ^ Morrison, Bill (2016). Dawson City: Frozen Time. Kino Lorber. p. 1:53:45. ^ Weschler, Lawrence (September 14, 2016). "The Discovery, and Remarkable Recovery, of the King Tut's Tomb of Silent-Era Cinema". Vanity Fair. Retrieved July 20, 2017. ^ "Berton House Writers' Retreat". Writers' Trust of Canada. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ "Berton House". Writers' Trust of Canada. Retrieved 2023-08-04. ^ Tr’ondëk-Klondike Stewardship Committee, Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Government. "Executive Summary". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 20 September 2023. ^ a b c d "Dawson A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 2014-02-20. ^ a b "July 1899". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2016. ^ "June 1950". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2016. ^ "February 1947". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2016. ^ "December 1917". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. ^ Beacom, Chris (5 April 2009). "Yukon's Dawson City treading on thin ice". The Globe and Mail. ^ "Melting permafrost plagues Dawson City". ^ "Monthly Data Report for 1897, Dawson". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2016. ^ "Daily Data Report for March 2016, Dawson". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2016. ^ "Météo climat stats for Dawson". Météo Climat. Retrieved 23 February 2022. ^ "Météo climat stats for Dawson". Météo Climat. Retrieved 23 February 2022. ^ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1901–1961". 1961 Census of Canada (PDF). Series 1.1: Historical, 1901–1961. Vol. I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. March 8, 1963. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "Table 2: Population of Census Subdivisions, 1921–1971". 1971 Census of Canada (PDF). Population. Vol. Census Subdivisions (Historical). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. July 1973. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "1976 Census of Canada: Population – Geographic Distributions" (PDF). Statistics Canada. June 1977. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "1981 Census of Canada: Census subdivisions in decreasing population order" (PDF). Statistics Canada. May 1992. Retrieved January 30, 2021. ^ "1986 Census: Population – Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions" (PDF). Statistics Canada. September 1987. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "91 Census: Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions – Population and Dwelling Counts" (PDF). Statistics Canada. April 1992. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "96 Census: A National Overview – Population and Dwelling Counts" (PDF). Statistics Canada. April 1997. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data (Yukon Territory)". Statistics Canada. August 15, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data (Yukon Territory)". Statistics Canada. August 20, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Yukon)". Statistics Canada. July 25, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Yukon)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2021-10-27). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2015-11-27). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-08-20). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-07-02). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Goldcorp Inc. – Investors". www.goldcorp.com. ^ "Dawson". Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Parks Canada. Retrieved 6 September 2013. ^ Dawson Historical Complex National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 6 September 2013. ^ Andrew Hempstead (10 June 2014). Moon British Columbia: Including the Alaska Highway. Avalon Travel Publishing. p. 941. ISBN 978-1-61238-744-4. ^ AnneLise Sorensen; Christian Williams (7 June 2010). The Rough Guide to Canada. Rough Guides. p. 915. ISBN 978-1-84836-956-6. ^ D. Larraine Andrews (12 May 2014). Great Walks of the World. Rocky Mountain Books. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-77160-001-9. ^ Philippe Morin (23 June 2017). "'Sincerely, A Drunken Fool': Thief mails apology, mummified toe to Dawson City bar". cbc.ca. CBC News. ^ "Diamond Tooth Gertie's". Dawson City. ^ "Sled Dog Veterinary Care in Dawson City". Yukon Quest. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015. ^ McKinley, Michael (2000). Putting a roof on winter. Greystone Books. ISBN 1-55054-798-4. ^ "Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Poll 2)". Elections Canada. 7 April 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2023. ^ "Jenkins seeks Dawson City mayor's job, again". cbc.ca. CBC News. September 24, 2009. ^ Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020. ^ "Unlimited internet now available in Dawson City, Watson Lake". cbc.ca. 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ "Yukon Schools". Association of Yukon School Councils. Archived from the original on 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2016-07-31. ^ "Martha Louise Black, National Historic Person". Parks Canada. ^ Lulu Mae Johnson at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online ^ "Father William Judge, S. J. National Historic Person". Parks Canada. ^ "William Ogilvie National Historic Person". Parks Canada. ^ "Robert W. Service (1874–1958) Yukon Bard & Adventurer: Biographie". robertwservice.blogspot.fr. Retrieved 25 September 2015. ^ Zingel, Avery (22 August 2022). "Canadian Rangers celebrate 75 years in their birthplace — Dawson City, Yukon". CBC News North. Retrieved 24 August 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dawson City. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dawson City. Official website Places adjacent to Dawson City Yukon-Charley Rivers National Park Arctic Ocean Ivvavik National Park Tuktut Nogait National Park Alaska Dawson City, Yukon Northwest Territories Wrangell-St. Elias National Park Kluane National Park and Reserve Whitehorse vteSubdivisions of YukonMunicipalities Carmacks Dawson City Faro Haines Junction Mayo Teslin Watson Lake Whitehorse (capital) Unorganized areas Unorganized Yukon Communities(unincorporated) Beaver Creek Burwash Landing Carcross Conrad Champagne Landing Destruction Bay Ibex Valley Johnsons Crossing Keno City Lansdowne Marsh Lake Mount Lorne Old Crow Pelly Crossing Ross River Stewart Crossing Swift River Tagish Two Mile and Two and One-Half Mile Village (formerly Two and One-Half Mile Village and Two Mile Village) Upper Liard Ghost towns Canyon City Clinton Creek Elsa Forty Mile Grand Forks Moose Hide Paris Snag Parks Ivvavik Kluane Tombstone Vuntut Regions Klondike Category:Yukon Portal:Canada WikiProject:Canadian Territories Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dawson Springs, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_Springs,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada#Territories"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"Klondike Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2021_Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-6"}],"text":"This article is about the Canadian settlement. For the American settlement formerly known as \"Dawson City\", see Dawson Springs, Kentucky.City in Yukon, CanadaDawson City, officially the City of Dawson, is a city in the Canadian territory of Yukon. It is inseparably linked to the Klondike Gold Rush (1896–1899). Its population was 1,577 as of the 2021 census,[6] making it the second-largest city in Yukon.","title":"Dawson City"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Packtrain_carrying_freight_outside_of_the_Bartlett_Bros_offices,_Dawson,_Yukon_territory,_1899_(HEGG_624).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Eric A. Hegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_A._Hegg"},{"link_name":"late modern period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modern_period"},{"link_name":"Hän-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language"},{"link_name":"Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E2%80%99ond%C3%ABk_Hw%C3%ABch%E2%80%99in_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Tr'ochëk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%27och%C3%ABk"},{"link_name":"Klondike River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_River"},{"link_name":"Yukon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_River"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Site_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ladue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ladue"},{"link_name":"George M. Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mercer_Dawson"},{"link_name":"mapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"Whitehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3rd_St,_Dawson,_Yukon_Territory,_ca_1899_(HEGG_88).jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_-_Dawson_-_NARA_-_68154600_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Klondike Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor20078500-7"},{"link_name":"First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Anglican Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Anglican_Church_(Dawson_City,_Yukon)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Alaska Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Highway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Whitehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor20078500-7"},{"link_name":"placer mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placer_mining"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"Klondike Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Highway"},{"link_name":"Dawson Film Find","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_Film_Find"},{"link_name":"nitrate film stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose"},{"link_name":"permafrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dawson Film Find","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_Film_Find"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Library and Archives Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"safety film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_film"},{"link_name":"Dawson City: Frozen Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_City:_Frozen_Time"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VF-13"},{"link_name":"Forty Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Mile,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"The Call of the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild"},{"link_name":"Pierre Berton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Berton"},{"link_name":"Robert Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Service"},{"link_name":"Writers' Trust of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_Trust_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tr’ondëk-Klondike UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Packtrain in Dawson, 1899 (photographed by Eric A. Hegg)Prior to the late modern period the area was used for hunting and gathering by the Hän-speaking people of the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in and their forebears. The heart of their homeland was Tr'ochëk, a fishing camp at the confluence of the Klondike River and Yukon River, now a National Historic Site of Canada, just across the Klondike River from modern Dawson City. This site was also an important summer gathering spot and a base for moose-hunting on the Klondike Valley.The current settlement was founded by Joseph Ladue and named in January 1897 after noted Canadian geologist George M. Dawson, who had explored and mapped the region in 1887. It served as Yukon's capital from the territory's founding in 1898 until 1952, when the seat was moved to Whitehorse.View of 3rd Street c. 1899 by Eric A. Hegg1941 aerial photoDawson City was the centre of the Klondike Gold Rush.[7] It began in 1896 and changed the First Nations camp into a thriving city of 16,000–17,000[8] by 1898. By 1899, the gold rush had ended and the town's population plummeted as all but 8,000 people left. When Dawson was incorporated as a city in 1902, the population was under 5,000. St. Paul's Anglican Church, also built that same year, is a National Historic Site. The downtown was devastated by fire in November 1897 (started when dance hall girl Dolly Mitchell threw a lamp at another girl in an argument), 1899 (started in the Bodega Saloon), 1900 (started at the Monte Carlo Theatre) and flooding in 1925, 1944, 1966, 1969 and 1979.[9]The population dropped after World War II when the Alaska Highway bypassed it 518 kilometres (322 mi)[10] to the south. The economic damage to Dawson City was such that Whitehorse, the highway's hub, replaced it as territorial capital in 1953.[7] Dawson City's population languished around the 600–900 mark through the 1960s and 1970s, but has risen and held stable since then. The high price of gold has made modern placer mining operations profitable, and the growth of the tourism industry has encouraged development of facilities. In the early 1950s, Dawson was linked by road to Alaska, and in fall 1955, with Whitehorse along a road that now forms part of the Klondike Highway.In 1978, another kind of buried treasure was discovered with the Dawson Film Find when a construction excavation inadvertently uncovered a forgotten collection of more than 500 discarded films on highly flammable nitrate film stock from the early 20th century that were buried in (and preserved by) the permafrost. These silent-era film reels, dating from \"between 1903 and 1929, were uncovered in the rubble beneath [an] old hockey rink\".[11] (See Dawson Film Find.) Owing to its dangerous chemical volatility,[12] the historical find was moved by military transport to Library and Archives Canada and the U.S. Library of Congress for both transfer to safety film and storage. A documentary about the find, Dawson City: Frozen Time, was released in 2016.[13]The City of Dawson and the nearby ghost town of Forty Mile are featured prominently in the novels and short stories of American author Jack London, including The Call of the Wild. London lived in the Dawson area from October 1897 to June 1898. Other writers who lived in and wrote of Dawson City include Pierre Berton and the poet Robert Service. The childhood home of the former is now used as a residency and retreat for professional writers administered by the Writers' Trust of Canada.[14][15]In 2023, the Dawson City townsite became part of the Tr’ondëk-Klondike UNESCO World Heritage Site, because of its archaeological record highlighting the transformation of the site from predominanty Indigenous to predominantly European use, and the adaptations that the Indigenous people made in response to European colonialism.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yukon_Territory,_Canada_(28252967555).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tintina Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintina_Fault"},{"link_name":"Tintina Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintina_Trench"},{"link_name":"lava flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava"}],"text":"Streetscape and landslide at mountain side; Dawson City, 1964Dawson City lies on the Tintina Fault. This fault has created the Tintina Trench and continues eastward for several hundred kilometres. Erosional remnants of lava flows form outcrops immediately north and west of Dawson City.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Whitehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccnYDA-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_1899-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June_1950-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-February_1947-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccnYDA-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-December_1917-21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elev-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccnYDA-17"},{"link_name":"permafrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Dawson City Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_City_Airport"},{"link_name":"64°02′35″N 139°07′40″W / 64.04306°N 139.12778°W / 64.04306; -139.12778 (Dawson City Airport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dawson_City&params=64_02_35_N_139_07_40_W_type:airport_region:CA-YT&title=Dawson+City+Airport"},{"link_name":"humidex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidex"},{"link_name":"wind chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chill"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccnYDA-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_1899-18"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson_2-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Dawson City has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsc), with significantly higher continentality than the territory capital of Whitehorse. Despite this classification, most precipitation actually occurs during summer and July is the wettest month. However, April, one of the six warmer months is sufficiently drier than October and November. Hence the letter 's' is used instead of 'f' (as in Dfc).The average temperature in July is 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) and in January is −26.0 °C (−14.8 °F).[17] The highest temperature ever recorded is 35.0 °C (95 °F) on 9 July 1899[18] and 18 June 1950.[19] The lowest temperature ever recorded is −58.3 °C (−73 °F) on 3 February 1947.[20] It experiences a wide range of temperatures surpassing 30 °C (86 °F) in most summers and dropping below −40 °C (−40 °F) in winter.[17] In the very cold month of December 1917, the temperature did not rise above −37.2 °C (−35 °F) and it averaged −46.3 °C (−51 °F).[21]The community is at an elevation of 320 m (1,050 ft)[5] and the average rainfall in July is 49.0 mm (1.93 in) and the average snowfall in January is 27.6 cm (10.87 in). Dawson has an average total annual snowfall of 166.5 cm (65.55 in) and averages 70 frost free days per year.[17] The town is built on a layer of frozen earth, which may pose a threat to the town's infrastructure in the future if the permafrost melts.[22][23]Climate data for Dawson City (Dawson City Airport)Climate ID: 2100402; coordinates 64°02′35″N 139°07′40″W / 64.04306°N 139.12778°W / 64.04306; -139.12778 (Dawson City Airport); elevation: 370.3 m (1,215 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high humidex\n\n9.7\n\n8.8\n\n10.7\n\n22.4\n\n34.9\n\n35.0\n\n39.4\n\n37.9\n\n24.9\n\n19.5\n\n10.0\n\n5.0\n\n39.4\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n34.7(94.5)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n\nMean maximum °C (°F)\n\n−4.9(23.2)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n−0.5(31.1)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−21.6(−6.9)\n\n−15.1(4.8)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n−14.7(5.5)\n\n−18.8(−1.8)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−25.7(−14.3)\n\n−20.9(−5.6)\n\n−12.6(9.3)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n−4.0(24.8)\n\n−17.7(0.1)\n\n−23.0(−9.4)\n\n−3.8(25.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−29.8(−21.6)\n\n−26.5(−15.7)\n\n−20.9(−5.6)\n\n−7.1(19.2)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n−8.2(17.2)\n\n−21.7(−7.1)\n\n−27.1(−16.8)\n\n−9.9(14.2)\n\n\nMean minimum °C (°F)\n\n−45.4(−49.7)\n\n−42.1(−43.8)\n\n−36.4(−33.5)\n\n−21.8(−7.2)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n−3.1(26.4)\n\n−9.8(14.4)\n\n−23.7(−10.7)\n\n−36.1(−33.0)\n\n−42.0(−43.6)\n\n−47.9(−54.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−56.1(−69.0)\n\n−58.3(−72.9)\n\n−47.8(−54.0)\n\n−40.6(−41.1)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n−11.0(12.2)\n\n−23.2(−9.8)\n\n−36.5(−33.7)\n\n−47.9(−54.2)\n\n−54.4(−65.9)\n\n−58.3(−72.9)\n\n\nRecord low wind chill\n\n−59.8\n\n−58.6\n\n−47.7\n\n−37.9\n\n−18.2\n\n−3.5\n\n0.0\n\n−9.2\n\n−25.8\n\n−41.0\n\n−50.9\n\n−63.8\n\n−63.8\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n19.4(0.76)\n\n12.8(0.50)\n\n9.9(0.39)\n\n8.2(0.32)\n\n30.8(1.21)\n\n38.2(1.50)\n\n49.0(1.93)\n\n43.4(1.71)\n\n34.0(1.34)\n\n31.4(1.24)\n\n25.5(1.00)\n\n22.0(0.87)\n\n324.4(12.77)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n0.1(0.00)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.3(0.01)\n\n2.6(0.10)\n\n28.4(1.12)\n\n38.2(1.50)\n\n49.0(1.93)\n\n43.1(1.70)\n\n29.7(1.17)\n\n9.4(0.37)\n\n0.1(0.00)\n\n0.4(0.02)\n\n201.3(7.93)\n\n\nAverage snowfall cm (inches)\n\n27.6(10.9)\n\n18.2(7.2)\n\n12.1(4.8)\n\n7.2(2.8)\n\n2.5(1.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.4(0.2)\n\n4.6(1.8)\n\n26.7(10.5)\n\n36.3(14.3)\n\n31.0(12.2)\n\n166.5(65.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)\n\n11.7\n\n8.7\n\n6.3\n\n4.5\n\n10.9\n\n12.0\n\n14.4\n\n13.7\n\n11.0\n\n12.7\n\n12.7\n\n11.5\n\n130.2\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.2\n\n2.0\n\n10.6\n\n12.0\n\n14.4\n\n13.6\n\n10.0\n\n3.8\n\n0.3\n\n0.1\n\n67.1\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)\n\n12.3\n\n9.8\n\n6.5\n\n3.2\n\n1.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n1.5\n\n9.9\n\n13.5\n\n12.2\n\n69.8\n\n\nSource: Environment and Climate Change Canada, [17] [18][24][25] Météo Climat[26][27]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-6"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Dawson had a population of 1,577 living in 770 of its 836 total private dwellings, a change of 14.7% from its 2016 population of 1,375. With a land area of 30.91 km2 (11.93 sq mi), it had a population density of 51.0/km2 (132.1/sq mi) in 2021.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Canadian"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Canadian"},{"link_name":"East Asian Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021censusB-39"}],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","text":"According to the 2021 Census, the town is predominately European Canadian with 60.8% of the population with Indigenous Canadians accounting for 31.4% of the population and East Asian Canadians accounting for 3.0% of the population.[39]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placer_mining"}],"text":"Today, Dawson City's main industries are tourism and gold mining.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yukon Energy Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Energy_Corporation"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Whitehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Aishihik Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishihik_Lake"},{"link_name":"diesel generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_generator"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Energy","text":"Electricity is provided by Yukon Energy Corporation (YEC). Most of the grid power is hydroelectric power through the north-south grid from dams near Mayo, Whitehorse and Aishihik Lake. After the local hydroelectric power plant for the gold dredges was shut down in 1966, YEC provided electrical power from local diesel generators. In 2004 YEC connected Dawson to its grid system. Since then the diesel generators function as a backup to the grid.[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza_Creek"},{"link_name":"George Carmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Carmack"},{"link_name":"Dawson Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_Charlie"},{"link_name":"Skookum Jim Mason (Keish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keish"},{"link_name":"Klondike Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_dredger_-_Dawson_City_YT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dredge No. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredge_No._4"},{"link_name":"gold dredges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_dredge"},{"link_name":"tailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailings"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"\"Klondike Joe Boyle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Boyle"},{"link_name":"Dredge No. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredge_No._4"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Site_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"placer miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placer_mine"},{"link_name":"Goldcorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldcorp"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Newmont Mining Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmont_Mining_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Barrick Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrick_Gold"},{"link_name":"Agnico Eagle Mines Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnico_Eagle_Mines_Limited"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Gold mining","text":"Gold mining started in 1896 with the Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek discovery by George Carmack, Dawson Charlie and Skookum Jim Mason (Keish). The area's creeks were quickly staked and most of the thousands who arrived in the spring of 1898 for the Klondike Gold Rush found that there was very little opportunity to benefit directly from gold mining. Many instead became entrepreneurs to provide services to miners.[citation needed]Dredge No. 4Starting approximately 10 years later, large gold dredges began an industrial mining operation, scooping huge amounts of gold out of the creeks, and completely reworking the landscape, altering the locations of rivers and creeks and leaving tailing piles in their wake. A network of canals and dams were built to the north to produce hydroelectric power for the dredges. The dredges shut down for the winter, but one built for \"Klondike Joe Boyle\" was designed to operate year-round, and Boyle had it operate all through one winter. That dredge (Dredge No. 4) is open as a National Historic Site of Canada on Bonanza Creek.[citation needed]The last dredge shut down in 1966, and the hydroelectric facility, at North Fork, was closed when the City of Dawson declined an offer to purchase it. Since then, placer miners returned to the status of being the primary mining operators in the region until recently. In 2016, Goldcorp announced a takeover of Kaminak Gold's Coffee Project south of Dawson.[44] This marked a shift in the region, drawing the interest of the major gold mining companies in the Yukon. In 2017, Newmont Mining Corporation, Barrick Gold and Agnico Eagle Mines Limited have all committed significant investment, engaging in the exploration of properties across the Central Yukon.[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dawson_City_downtown.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Historic Sites of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Yukon"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Downtown Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Discovery Claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Claim"},{"link_name":"Dredge No. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredge_No._4"},{"link_name":"Tr'ochëk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%27och%C3%ABk"},{"link_name":"Hän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Klondike River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_River"},{"link_name":"Yukon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_River"},{"link_name":"Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E2%80%99ond%C3%ABk_Hw%C3%ABch%E2%80%99in_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Diamond Tooth Gertie's Gambling Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Tooth_Gertie%27s_Gambling_Hall"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"Most of Dawson's buildings have the appearance of 19th-Century construction. All new construction must comply with visual standards ensuring conformity to this appearanceThere are eight National Historic Sites of Canada located in Dawson,[45] including the \"Dawson Historical Complex\", a National Historic Site encompassing the historic core of the town.[46]The Downtown Hotel at Second Avenue and Queen Street has garnered media attention for its unusual Sourtoe Cocktail, which features a real mummified human toe.[47][48][49] The hotel and the toe received increased attention in June 2017 after the toe was stolen; it was soon returned to the hotel by mail along with a written apology.[50]Bonanza Creek has two National Historic Sites; the Discovery Claim and the Dredge No. 4.Tr'ochëk is the site of a traditional Hän fishing camp on the flats at the confluence of the Klondike River and Yukon River. The site is owned and managed by the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Nation. In addition to the fishing camp remains, the site includes traditional plant harvesting areas and lookout points.Diamond Tooth Gertie's Gambling Hall puts on nightly vaudeville shows during tourist season, from May to September.[51]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foot_race,_Dawson_City,_YT,_about_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yukon Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Quest"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Inuvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuvik_Region"},{"link_name":"Dawson City Nuggets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_City_Nuggets"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Silver Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Senators_(original)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"dog sled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_sled"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKinley2000-58"}],"text":"Foot race, Dawson City, about 1900Every February, Dawson City acts as the halfway mark for the Yukon Quest International Sled Dog Race. Mushers entered in the event have a mandatory 36-hour layover in Dawson City while getting their rest and preparing for the second half of the world's toughest sled dog race.[52]Dawson City also hosts a softball tournament which brings teams from Inuvik in late summer. Furthermore, a volleyball tournament is held annually at the end of October and is attended by various high schools across Yukon.The city was home to the Dawson City Nuggets hockey team, which in 1905 challenged the Ottawa Silver Seven for the Stanley Cup. Travelling to Ottawa by dog sled, ship, and train, the team lost the most lopsided series in Stanley Cup history, losing two games by the combined score of 32 to 4.[53]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yukon government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Peter Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jenkins_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc2009-60"},{"link_name":"Art Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Webster"},{"link_name":"Colin Mayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Mayes"},{"link_name":"Yolanda Burkhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_Burkhard"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Klondike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Sandy Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Silver"},{"link_name":"Yukon Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E2%80%99ond%C3%ABk_Hw%C3%ABch%E2%80%99in_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"}],"text":"In 2004, the Yukon government removed the mayor and the town council, as a result of the town going bankrupt. The territorial government accepted a large portion of the responsibility for this situation in March 2006, writing off $3.43 million of the debt and leaving the town with $1.5 million still to pay off. Elections were set for June 15, 2006. John Steins, a local artist and one of the leaders of the movement to restore democracy to Dawson, was acclaimed as mayor, while 13 residents ran for the four council seats. Steins was succeeded in office by former mayor Peter Jenkins, who in turn was succeeded by Wayne Potoroka.[55]In 2021, four candidates ran for Mayor, and former city councillor William (Bill) Kendrick won the election and is the current Mayor of Dawson City.Other past mayors of Dawson City have included Art Webster, Colin Mayes, Yolanda Burkhard, Mike Comadina and Vi Campbell.In the Legislative Assembly of Yukon, Dawson City is in the electoral district of Klondike, currently represented by Sandy Silver of the Yukon Liberal Party.The government of Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in, now a self-governing First Nation, is also located in Dawson.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dawson_Gold.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond_Tooth_Gerties.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dawson Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_Creek"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MunicipalAct-1"}],"sub_title":"City or town status","text":"Dawson GoldDiamond Tooth GertiesDawson was incorporated as a city in 1902 when it met the criteria for \"city\" status under the municipal act of that time. It retained the incorporation even as the population plummeted. When a new municipal act was adopted in the 1980s, Dawson met the criteria of \"town\", and was incorporated as such although with a special provision to allow it to continue to use the word \"City\", partially for historical reasons and partially to distinguish it from Dawson Creek, a small city in northeastern British Columbia. Dawson Creek is also named in honour of George M. Dawson. This led the territorial government to post the following signs at the boundaries of the town: \"Welcome to the Town of the City of Dawson\".[citation needed] As of the 2001 Municipal Act, the town's official legal name is now simply the \"City of Dawson\".[1]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dawson_City_Ferry.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nav%C3%ADo_hist%C3%B3rico_Keno,_Dawson_City,_Yuk%C3%B3n,_Canad%C3%A1,_2017-08-27,_DD_60.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paddlewheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddlewheeler"},{"link_name":"Dawson City Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_City_Airport"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"Dawson City Water Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_City_Water_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"airport of entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_of_entry"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Klondike Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Highway"},{"link_name":"Top of the World Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_World_Highway"},{"link_name":"Taylor Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Highway"},{"link_name":"Tok, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"ice bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_bridge"},{"link_name":"Klondike Mines Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Mines_Railway"},{"link_name":"riverboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverboat"},{"link_name":"Bering Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Sea"},{"link_name":"Northwestel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestel"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"Ferry for Highway 9Paddlewheeler KenoAirports: Dawson City Airport is located 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) east of town. Dawson City Water Aerodrome is located next to the community on the Yukon River. Both are classified as an airport of entry and, as such, can handle aircraft with up to 30 passengers. The water aerodrome is one of only two in Canada that is able to handle aircraft with more than 15 passengers.[56]\nRoad: Klondike Highway (Yukon route 2) from Whitehorse-open year-round; Top of the World Highway (Yukon route 9) and Taylor Highway (Alaska route 5) from Tok, Alaska, open seasonally May to September.\nWinter transportation: During the winter, Dawson City is accessible via the North Klondike Highway. There is an ice bridge across the Yukon River, for both foot and vehicle traffic, that is operated and maintained by the Yukon Department of Highways.\nRail: None currently. See Klondike Mines Railway\nBoat: The George Black Ferry connects the North Klondike Hwy to the Top of the World Highway, by operating vehicle and passenger ferry service across the Yukon River. This is part of the Territorial highway system, and operates from May to October, weather dependent. There is no cost to use this ferry.The Yukon River is navigable (when not frozen) and historically was travelled by commercial riverboats to Whitehorse and downstream into Alaska and the Bering Sea.Cable television: municipal government-owned system with several channels via satellite\nTelephone/Internet: Northwestel telephone exchange. and ran fibre internet to the community in 2021.[57]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yukon School of Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_School_of_Visual_Arts"},{"link_name":"Robert William Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Service"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Yukon School of Visual Arts, a university level accredited art program, is based in Dawson City.Robert Service School, Dawson City's only grade school, is named in honour of British-Canadian poet and writer Robert William Service (January 16, 1874 – September 11, 1958). The Robert Service School offers Kindergarten – Grade 12 and is one of only 28 schools in the Yukon Territory.[58]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Yukon News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_News"}],"text":"TelevisionRadioPrintDawson City is not served by a daily newspaper. The local Klondike Sun is published every two weeks, and the Whitehorse-based Yukon News is available two days per week.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Service_Cabin.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_London_Centre.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pierre Berton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Berton"},{"link_name":"Writers' Trust of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_Trust_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"City of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Gold_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"Martha Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Black"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"sawmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"ore-crushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_crusher"},{"link_name":"George Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Black_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Yukon"},{"link_name":"riding of Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Joseph W. Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Boyle"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Crocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Crocker"},{"link_name":"John D. Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Ferry"},{"link_name":"Lulu Mae Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Mae_Johnson"},{"link_name":"SS Princess Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Princess_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dicbio-65"},{"link_name":"Victor Jory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Jory"},{"link_name":"William Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Judge"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"Stewart River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_River,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Micí Mac Gabhann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C3%AD_Mac_Gabhann"},{"link_name":"seanchaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"William Ogilvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ogilvie_(surveyor)"},{"link_name":"Dominion land surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Land_Survey"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pantages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pantages"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Service"},{"link_name":"The Shooting of Dan McGrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shooting_of_Dan_McGrew"},{"link_name":"The Cremation of Sam McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cremation_of_Sam_McGee"},{"link_name":"The Trail of 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trail_of_98"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Joe Vogler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Vogler"},{"link_name":"Jan Eskymo Welzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Eskymo_Welzl"},{"link_name":"New Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Siberia"},{"link_name":"Black Mike Winage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mike_Winage"},{"link_name":"Weldy Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldy_Young"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Silver Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Senators_(original)"}],"text":"Robert Service CabinJack London CentrePierre Berton: Dawson City is home of the Berton House Writers' Retreat program, housing established Canadian writers for four three-month get-away-from-it-all subsidized residencies each year. Berton House was the childhood home of popular-history writer Berton. The program is now administered by the Writers' Trust of Canada. Berton narrated the 1957 film City of Gold which describes the excitement of Dawson City during the gold rush. He also wrote the book Klondike, an historical account of the gold rush to the Klondike in 1896–1899.\nMartha Black, the second woman elected to the House of Commons of Canada, as a single mother in Dawson earned a living by staking gold mining claims and running a sawmill and a gold ore-crushing plant. She later married George Black, Commissioner of Yukon, and in 1935 was elected to the House of Commons for the riding of Yukon as an Independent Conservative taking the place of her ill husband.[59]\nJoseph W. Boyle, \"Klondike Joe,\" entrepreneur, hockey organizer and adventurer.\nSuzanne Crocker, documentary filmmaker.\nJohn D. Ferry, chemist and biochemist, was born in Dawson in 1912\nLulu Mae Johnson, manager of Dawson's dance hall in the early 1900s. She died on the SS Princess Sophia.[60]\nVictor Jory, actor of stage, film, and television, was born in Dawson in 1902 to American parents.\nWilliam Judge, a Jesuit priest who during the 1897 Klondike Gold Rush established a facility in Dawson which provided shelter, food and any available medicine to the many hard-at-luck gold miners who filled the town and its environs.[61]\nJack London spent the late Autumn of 1897 and Spring of 1898 in Dawson. He spent part of the winter 1897–1898 in a cabin that was originally on Henderson Creek, a tributary of the Stewart River. It was in the 1960s located disassembled and relocated and is now just up the street from downtown Dawson.\nMicí Mac Gabhann, an Irish language storyteller (seanchaí) who lived in Dawson in 1897–98 and whose memoirs of the Klondyke Gold Rush Rotha Mór an tSaoil were published posthumously in 1959.\nWilliam Ogilvie, a Dominion land surveyor, explorer and Commissioner of the Yukon, surveyed the townsite of Dawson City and was responsible for settling many disputes between miners.[62]\nAlexander Pantages, impresario, had his start in Dawson City. He opened a small theatre to serve the city. Soon, however, his activities expanded and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theatre and movie tycoons.\nRobert W. Service, known as The Bard of the Yukon for his famous poems \"The Shooting of Dan McGrew\", \"The Cremation of Sam McGee\" and many others which depicted the Gold Rush and the culture of the Klondike. Service was transferred to the Dawson branch of the Canadian Bank of Commerce in Dawson City in 1908. Then, he dwelt in a log cabin where he would pursue his writings with The Trail of 98.[63]\nJoe Vogler, Alaskan politician, buried in Dawson.\nJan Eskymo Welzl was a Moravian adventurer, hunter, gold prospector, Eskimo chief and Chief Justice on New Siberia island and later a story-teller and writer. During his life in Dawson City he was called Perpetual Motion Man and was also known as an inventor. Books based on his stories were published in many countries all over the world. Buried in Dawson City.\nBlack Mike Winage, a Serbian-Canadian miner, pioneer, and adventurer, who lived to be 107 years old, lived in Dawson City.\nWeldy Young, professional hockey player for the Ottawa Silver Seven.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom of the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City"}],"text":"The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Dawson City.","title":"Freedom of the City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rangers"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Military Units","text":"The Canadian Rangers: 22 August 2022.[64]","title":"Freedom of the City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-euro_44-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EastAsian_45-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_46-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_47-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Other_48-0"}],"text":"^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Chinese\", \"Korean\", and \"Japanese\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Filipino\" and \"Southeast Asian\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"West Asian\" and \"Arab\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Visible minority, n.i.e.\" and \"Multiple visible minorities\" under visible minority section on census.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Packtrain in Dawson, 1899 (photographed by Eric A. Hegg)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Packtrain_carrying_freight_outside_of_the_Bartlett_Bros_offices%2C_Dawson%2C_Yukon_territory%2C_1899_%28HEGG_624%29.jpeg/220px-Packtrain_carrying_freight_outside_of_the_Bartlett_Bros_offices%2C_Dawson%2C_Yukon_territory%2C_1899_%28HEGG_624%29.jpeg"},{"image_text":"View of 3rd Street c. 1899 by Eric A. Hegg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/3rd_St%2C_Dawson%2C_Yukon_Territory%2C_ca_1899_%28HEGG_88%29.jpeg/220px-3rd_St%2C_Dawson%2C_Yukon_Territory%2C_ca_1899_%28HEGG_88%29.jpeg"},{"image_text":"1941 aerial photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Canada_-_Dawson_-_NARA_-_68154600_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Canada_-_Dawson_-_NARA_-_68154600_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Streetscape and landslide at mountain side; Dawson City, 1964","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Yukon_Territory%2C_Canada_%2828252967555%29.jpg/220px-Yukon_Territory%2C_Canada_%2828252967555%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dredge No. 4","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gold_dredger_-_Dawson_City_YT.jpg/220px-Gold_dredger_-_Dawson_City_YT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Most of Dawson's buildings have the appearance of 19th-Century construction. All new construction must comply with visual standards ensuring conformity to this appearance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dawson_City_downtown.jpg/220px-Dawson_City_downtown.jpg"},{"image_text":"Foot race, Dawson City, about 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Foot_race%2C_Dawson_City%2C_YT%2C_about_1900.jpg/220px-Foot_race%2C_Dawson_City%2C_YT%2C_about_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dawson Gold","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dawson_Gold.JPG/220px-Dawson_Gold.JPG"},{"image_text":"Diamond Tooth Gerties","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Diamond_Tooth_Gerties.JPG/220px-Diamond_Tooth_Gerties.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ferry for Highway 9","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dawson_City_Ferry.jpg/220px-Dawson_City_Ferry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paddlewheeler Keno","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nav%C3%ADo_hist%C3%B3rico_Keno%2C_Dawson_City%2C_Yuk%C3%B3n%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-27%2C_DD_60.jpg/170px-Nav%C3%ADo_hist%C3%B3rico_Keno%2C_Dawson_City%2C_Yuk%C3%B3n%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-27%2C_DD_60.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robert Service Cabin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Robert_Service_Cabin.JPG/220px-Robert_Service_Cabin.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jack London Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jack_London_Centre.JPG/220px-Jack_London_Centre.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of municipalities in Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Yukon"},{"title":"North-West Mounted Police in the Canadian north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police_in_the_Canadian_north"}]	[{"reference":"\"Municipal Act\" (PDF). Government of Yukon. 2002. p. 24. Retrieved December 7, 2020. the corporation of the City of Dawson is continued as a town and shall have the name \"City of Dawson\"","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/municipal.pdf","url_text":"\"Municipal Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris of the North\". City of Dawson. Archived from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2015-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415052841/http://cityofdawson.com/history-pages/john-gould/paris-of-the-north","url_text":"\"Paris of the North\""},{"url":"http://cityofdawson.com/history-pages/john-gould/paris-of-the-north","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dawson\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=KABPC","url_text":"\"Dawson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Yukon)\". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&PR=60&S=86&O=A&RPP=25","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Yukon)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Yukon\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000260","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Yukon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"Coates, K.; Morrison, W. R. (1991). \"The American Rampant: Reflections on the Impact of United States Troops in Allied Countries during World War II\". Journal of World History. 2 (2): 201–221. JSTOR 20078500.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078500","url_text":"20078500"}]},{"reference":"\"NWMP Census of Dawson City, July 19, 1898\". Canadian research Knowledge Network. Government of Canada. Retrieved 2021-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_t13243/1285?r=0&s=1","url_text":"\"NWMP Census of Dawson City, July 19, 1898\""}]},{"reference":"\"Force of nature: New exhibit displays destruction and resiliency in Yukon – Yukon News\". 16 March 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yukon-news.com/life/force-of-nature-new-exhibit-displays-destruction-and-resiliency-in-yukon/","url_text":"\"Force of nature: New exhibit displays destruction and resiliency in Yukon – Yukon News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forestview to Dawson City\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.fr/maps/dir/60.8103402,-135.2050492/Dawson+City,+YT,+Canada/@60.974525,-135.6295373,9.1z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x5148e3cbd4f5b5b7:0x4a8d7ab95cad1ffd!2m2!1d-139.4320347!2d64.0600696!3e0","url_text":"\"Forestview to Dawson City\""}]},{"reference":"\"A different sort of Klondike treasure\". Yukon News. 24 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170620230453/http://yukon-news.com/arts/a-different-sort-of-klondike-treasure/","url_text":"\"A different sort of Klondike treasure\""},{"url":"http://www.yukon-news.com/arts/a-different-sort-of-klondike-treasure/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morrison, Bill (2016). Dawson City: Frozen Time. Kino Lorber. p. 1:53:45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weschler, Lawrence (September 14, 2016). \"The Discovery, and Remarkable Recovery, of the King Tut's Tomb of Silent-Era Cinema\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/09/the-discovery-and-recovery-of-the-king-tuts-tomb-of-silent-era-cinema","url_text":"\"The Discovery, and Remarkable Recovery, of the King Tut's Tomb of Silent-Era Cinema\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berton House Writers' Retreat\". Writers' Trust of Canada. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190108100907/https://www.writerstrust.com/programs/berton-house-writers-retreat/","url_text":"\"Berton House Writers' Retreat\""},{"url":"https://www.writerstrust.com/programs/berton-house-writers-retreat","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Berton House\". Writers' Trust of Canada. Retrieved 2023-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.writerstrust.com/programs/berton-house-writers-residency/","url_text":"\"Berton House\""}]},{"reference":"Tr’ondëk-Klondike Stewardship Committee, Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Government. \"Executive Summary\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 20 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/document/186497","url_text":"\"Executive Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dawson A\". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 2014-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=1535&autofwd=1","url_text":"\"Dawson A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Canada","url_text":"Environment Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"July 1899\". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1898-11-01%7C1901-03-31&mlyRange=%7C&StationID=1533&Prov=YT&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=2&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=1&txtStationName=dawson&timeframe=2&Year=1899","url_text":"\"July 1899\""}]},{"reference":"\"June 1950\". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. 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Retrieved 14 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C1976-01-29&dlyRange=1897-07-01%7C1979-01-31&mlyRange=1897-01-01%7C1979-12-01&StationID=1534&Prov=YT&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=dawson&timeframe=2&Year=1947&Month=2#","url_text":"\"February 1947\""}]},{"reference":"\"December 1917\". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C1976-01-29&dlyRange=1897-07-01%7C1979-01-31&mlyRange=1897-01-01%7C1979-12-01&StationID=1534&Prov=YT&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=dawson&timeframe=2&Day=1&Year=1917&Month=12","url_text":"\"December 1917\""}]},{"reference":"Beacom, Chris (5 April 2009). \"Yukon's Dawson City treading on thin ice\". The Globe and Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/yukons-dawson-city-treading-on-thin-ice/article20409388","url_text":"\"Yukon's Dawson City treading on thin ice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melting permafrost plagues Dawson City\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/melting-permafrost-plagues-dawson-city-1.614733","url_text":"\"Melting permafrost plagues Dawson City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Data Report for 1897, Dawson\". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 31 October 2011. 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Retrieved 14 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1995-10-12%7C2016-05-13&dlyRange=1995-10-26%7C2016-05-13&mlyRange=1999-05-01%7C2007-02-01&StationID=10194&Prov=YT&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=1&txtStationName=dawson&timeframe=2&Year=2016","url_text":"\"Daily Data Report for March 2016, Dawson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Météo climat stats for Dawson\". Météo Climat. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/mete1618-1897-2021-4-tn-1-0-0.php","url_text":"\"Météo climat stats for Dawson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Météo climat stats for Dawson\". Météo Climat. 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Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Parks Canada. Retrieved 6 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/results-resultats_eng.aspx?p=1&m=10&ctl00%24Main%24PageSearch1%24txtKeyword=&desCheck=NHS&c=Dawson&ctl00%24Main%24PageSearch1%24ddlProvince=&dey=&ctl00%24Main%24PageSearch1%24ddlCustodian=","url_text":"\"Dawson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada","url_text":"Parks Canada"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Hempstead (10 June 2014). Moon British Columbia: Including the Alaska Highway. Avalon Travel Publishing. p. 941. ISBN 978-1-61238-744-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o9TbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT941","url_text":"Moon British Columbia: Including the Alaska Highway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-744-4","url_text":"978-1-61238-744-4"}]},{"reference":"AnneLise Sorensen; Christian Williams (7 June 2010). The Rough Guide to Canada. Rough Guides. p. 915. ISBN 978-1-84836-956-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wcPURQ1HhP0C&pg=PA915","url_text":"The Rough Guide to Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84836-956-6","url_text":"978-1-84836-956-6"}]},{"reference":"D. Larraine Andrews (12 May 2014). Great Walks of the World. Rocky Mountain Books. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-77160-001-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m2KVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT259","url_text":"Great Walks of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77160-001-9","url_text":"978-1-77160-001-9"}]},{"reference":"Philippe Morin (23 June 2017). \"'Sincerely, A Drunken Fool': Thief mails apology, mummified toe to Dawson City bar\". cbc.ca. 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ISBN 1-55054-798-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/puttingroofonwin0000mcki","url_text":"Putting a roof on winter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55054-798-4","url_text":"1-55054-798-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Poll 2)\". Elections Canada. 7 April 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/44gedata&document=bypro&lang=e","url_text":"\"Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Poll 2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jenkins seeks Dawson City mayor's job, again\". cbc.ca. CBC News. September 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2009/09/24/yukon-municipal-noms.html","url_text":"\"Jenkins seeks Dawson City mayor's job, again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Unlimited internet now available in Dawson City, Watson Lake\". cbc.ca. 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2023-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/northwestel-fibre-internet-dawson-watson-lake-yukon-1.6236332","url_text":"\"Unlimited internet now available in Dawson City, Watson Lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cbc.ca","url_text":"cbc.ca"}]},{"reference":"\"Yukon Schools\". Association of Yukon School Councils. Archived from the original on 2015-08-21. 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Service (1874–1958) Yukon Bard & Adventurer: Biographie\". robertwservice.blogspot.fr. Retrieved 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://robertwservice.blogspot.fr/p/biographie.html","url_text":"\"Robert W. Service (1874–1958) Yukon Bard & Adventurer: Biographie\""}]},{"reference":"Zingel, Avery (22 August 2022). \"Canadian Rangers celebrate 75 years in their birthplace — Dawson City, Yukon\". CBC News North. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/canadian-rangers-dawson-city-yukon-anniversary-1.6558936","url_text":"\"Canadian Rangers celebrate 75 years in their birthplace — Dawson City, Yukon\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dawson_City&params=64_03_36_N_139_25_55_W_type:city_region:CA-YT","external_links_name":"64°03′36″N 139°25′55″W / 64.06000°N 139.43194°W / 64.06000; -139.43194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dawson_City&params=64_03_36_N_139_25_55_W_type:city_region:CA-YT","external_links_name":"64°03′36″N 139°25′55″W / 64.06000°N 139.43194°W / 64.06000; -139.43194"},{"Link":"https://maps.canada.ca/czs/index-en.html?bbox=-139.5,64,-139,64.25&name=NTS_map_sheet_116B3","external_links_name":"116B3"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofdawson.ca/","external_links_name":"Official 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jumla_II	Mir Jumla II	["1 Early life","2 Under the service of Golconda (1637–1655)","3 Career in the Mughal Imperial Court","3.1 Campaign & Governorship in Bengal","3.2 Northeastern frontier expedition","4 Death and legacy","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]	Grand Vizier under the Mughal Emperor For other people named Mir Jumla, see Mir Jumla (disambiguation). Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 'Mu'azzam KhanKhan-i-KhananSipahsalarYar-i-WafahdarMir Jumla IINawab14th Grand Vizier of the Mughal EmpireIn office1656–1657BadshahAurangzebPreceded bySaadullah KhanSucceeded byJafar Khan23rd Subahdar of BengalIn office9 May 1660 – 30 March 1663BadshahAurangzebPreceded byShah ShujaSucceeded byShaista Khan Personal detailsBorn12 February 1591Ispahan, Safavid EmpireDied30 March 1663(1663-03-30) (aged 72)Mankachar, Ahom KingdomNationalityHindustaniChildrenMuhammad Amin KhanReligious affiliationIslamMilitary serviceAllegianceMughal EmpireBranch/serviceArmy of the Mughal EmpireYears of service1659–1663Battles/warsBattle of KhajwaBattle of Kaliabor Paugla Pool from the River (1817) by Sir Charles D'Oyly. This bridge was known to be constructed in 1660 AD by Mir Jumla. Mir Jumla II (12 February 1591 – 30 March 1663), or Amir Jumla, also known as Ardistānī Mir Muhammad, was a military general, wealthy diamond trader, a Vizier of Golconda sultanate, and later a prominent subahdar of Bengal under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Mir Jumla is a powerful politician that played important role in northern and Peninsular region of India during the reign of Shah Jahan to Aurangzeb, where he encountered multiple european nation companies interest in India, such as Danish East India Company, East India Company, Dutch East India Company, and Portuguese East India Company. He commanded the vast merchant fleets enterprise which sailed throughout Surat, Thatta, Arakan, Ayuthya, Balasore, Aceh, Melaka, Johore, Bantam, Makassar, Ceylon, Bandar Abbas, Mecca, Jeddah, Basra, Aden, Masqat, Mocha and the Maldives. The most important aspect of Mir Jumla's rule in Bengal was his northeastern frontier military campaign, by which he conquered the frontier kingdoms of Kamrup (Kamarupa) and Assam. Early life See also: Golconda diamonds mining and trading Mir Jumla was born as Mir Mohammad Sayyid Ardistani in Iran in 1591 to a poor oil merchant of Isfahan, named Mirza Hazaru. Although his parents were extremely poor, he had the opportunity to learn letters which probably lead him to find a job as a clerk under a diamond merchant who had connections with the Golconda Sultanate (present day Hyderabad, India), a region that was famous for its diamond mines. He may have arrived in Golconda in 1630 (although some scholars have suggested alternative dates of 1615 or 1620), due to financial debts to a Sheikh ul Islam and general misgovernance in his country. One version from James Talboys Wheeler when he entered India region, Mir Jumla at first entered the service of Mughal empire as soldier, where he risen through ranks to the high post. However, due to being insulted by Dara Shikoh, designated heir of emperor Shah Jahan, he left the service. Mir Jumla also started his own diamond business and got involved in maritime commercial endeavours which increased his wealth. At the prospect of advancing his career, He brought presents to the Qutb Shahi Sultan of Golconda and bribed his way into the Sultan's court. Mir Jumla has presented numerous tributes from his trades to the sultan, such as rarities from Europe, cabinets from China, and elephants from Ceylon. Thus he managed to rise into the position of Vizier (Prime Minister) of the sultanate. Under the service of Golconda (1637–1655) This Non-encyclopedic tone used, promotional and eulogizing language's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) As Mir Jumla raised through the ranks, sometime between February 1634 and December 1636, Mir Jumla was appointed as Sar-i-Khāil, or treasurer of the Golconda state, which he performed strictly to impose the golden Firman of the sultanate. His proficiency in service and administration were generally proved when he administered trade at the Port of Masulipatnam. His strictness drew ire from the English company factories in Machilipatnam as they saw Mir Jumla were detrimental to the British interest. Mir Jumla continues to impose the extraction moneys from the British company officials by using the Firman mandate from the Sultanate of Golconda. This caused the Sultan to appoint Mir Jumla as chief minister, thus further causing him to become more influential in Golconda region that even the British officers and companies began to deal with Mir Jumla disregarding request from British President and council in Surat to confiscate properties belonging to Mir Jumla. Narayan Sarkar even noted that the personal commercial enterprise of Mir Jumla has gradually became competitor of the East India Company. Mir Jumla had his own ships and organised merchant fleets in the 1640s that sailed throughout Surat, Thatta, Arakan, Ayuthya, Balasore, Aceh, Melaka, Johore, Bantam, Makassar, Ceylon, Bandar Abbas, Mecca, Jeddah, Basra, Aden, Masqat, Mocha and the Maldives. He effectively monopolized almost all trading activities to Persia. Mir Jumla also noted for his activities to construct ships in the East Coasts of India, as recorded by British journals to have employed european sailors to build ships. On 29 January 1647, British representatives Thomas Winter and Richard Hudson at Machilipatnam wrote to Surat that Mir Jumla has sent two of his ships which, where one of them is Junk ship made by British sailors, named Darya Dawla or River of wealth,. On 21 June 1637, He was summoned to the Qutub Shahi court, and by the 23 June, The sultan conferred the title of Sar-i-Khail (Lord of the Horses) on him . The furthest extent of the kingdom during was Cumbam near Kadapa district, where Mir Jumla occupied a forts in Gandikota. In 1639, Mir Jumla was appointed as Nawab, thus increasing his importance in the eyes of the British company, as they further presented him with gifts, lending men, and traded on his behalf to keep him satisfied. The president of Bantam Presidency saw this as necessity as the rival companies from Dutch, Portuguese, and Denmark, also showering Mir Jumla with gifts to gain his favor. In 1646, Mir Jumla decided to invade the Kingdom of Chandragiri. Mir Jumla conquered the forts of Udayagiri, advanced southwards along the coast, and conquering Chengleput in the process. Then Mir Jumla continued his conquest to capture the whole of Kadapa district and expanded as far as Tirupati and Sri Kalahasti. He also laid siege to the dutch settlement at Pulicat until the Dutch offered submission to him. He further advanced and laid siege to the fort of Vellore. By April 1647, the king offered submission to him and promised to pay him tribute. .In 1650, Mir Jumla conquered the nearly inaccessible Gandikota fort from Timma Nayadu with the help of European Gunners . Although there was success in conquering former lands of the Vijayanagara Empire, he was unable to conquer the fort of Gingee from the nayaks and in 1648, Gingee fell to the Adil Shahis. As a skilled financier, Mir Jumla employed Telugu Niyogi Brāhmaṇas to collect revenue, where he was able to collect 43 lakhs of Rupees from his domains which were rich in Diamonds, Iron, Saltpetre and Steel.By his enormous wealth, he was able to recruit Pathans, Rajputs, Afghans and Mughals in his campaign to Bijapur in 1652. During this year, Mir Jumla was tasked to govern Golconda the Hyderabad Karnatak kingdom nearly 40,000 square kilometers with annual revenues equivalent to four million rupees a year, while his military role also contribute greatly to his wealth. For the purpose of making 20 artillery pieces, he melted Hindu idols captured from temples with the help of his French Surgeon, Gunner and Gun founder M Claude Maille but was unable to melt the 6 Hindu idols that belonged to the temple of Gondikota. Later in his letter to Khalifa I Sultan, The Wazir of the Safavid sultan Shah Abbas II he said: By God's grace and the Padshah's luck, The Banner of Islam has been flown over the Infidel Karnatak and that of Hinduism has been brought down. The entire body of rebels and rajas have been brought under my fold. The Voice of Islam and the practices of our saints have been spread here. Poonamallee mosque In 1653, Rustam Beg a Havildar under Mir Jumla demolished the upper part of the temple at Poonamallee and erected a mosque over it. Based on this, Sita Ram Goel has listed the Poonamallee mosque along with other mosques built from materials of Hindu temples in his Hindu Temples What Happened to them?. Even Islamic scholar Richard M. Eaton, in his thesis on temple desecration also lists this temple as the part of desecration of temples during Islamic rule . from 1653 to 1654, in one of prince Aurengzeb letters to Shah Jahan, he cites a report of his agent Mohammad Amin where Mir Jumla is said to have maintained a force of 9000 Cavalry, and 20000 infantry and his army were equipped with breeds of Iraqi and Arabian horse. Career in the Mughal Imperial Court This Non-encyclopedic tone used, promotional and eulogizing language's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) With the governorship over the Karnataka domains, Mir Jumla exponentially transformed from a wazir of a powerless master to a position of unchecked power and wealth. Naturally many officers in the Qutub Shahi court felt jealous of him and they naturally positioned the mind of the sultan against the Wazir. So the sultan demanded a portion of loot obtained by Mir Jumla in the karnatak which Mir Jumla flatly refused as he thought that the conquest was solely his work and the sultan had no part in to take it. At some point, The Sultan of Golconda conspired with other courtiers to capture and blind Mir Jumla, which Mir Jumla immediately aware of, thus prompting him to began to look for other options of service. Prince Aurangzeb, which has passionate ambition of conquering the rich State of Golconda, was eager to opened a secret correspondence with Mir Jumla. He also sent an agent, Muhammad Mumin, and then sent a secret petition for appointment under the Emperor. At the recommendation of prince Aurangzeb, emperor Shah Jahan offered to Mir Jumla his protection. However, Mir Jumla feigned consent, and urged the Mughal Court to keep this agreement secret. As Aurangzeb assisted Mir Jumla from being captured by the Golconda sultanates, he finally accept Mughal hegemony and wrote to the prince agreeing to join the Mughal service. Campaign & Governorship in Bengal The Mughal armies of Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja confront each other On his accession to the throne, Aurangzeb entrusted Mir Jumla with the task of dealing with Shah Shuja, where the rebellious prince was defeated in the Battle of Khajwa and took to flight. Mir Jumla also manage to convince the Zamindar of Birbhum to join defect from Shuja force. Thus Mir Jumla continues to pursue Shah Shuja until his force reached Tanda. From Tanda to Dhaka (capital of the present day Bangladesh), where he arrived on 9 May 1660. The latter, however, had already left Dhaka, crossed the eastern border and ultimately found shelter with the king of Arakan (modern day Myanmar). Later, at the battle of Giria, Mir Jumla once again leading Aurangzeb army against the Elephant artillery of Shah Shuja. Soon after his arrival at Dhaka, Mir Jumla received the imperial farman (decree) appointing him subahdar (governor) of Bengal in recognition of his services and further honoured Mir Jumla with titles, rewards and increment of mansab (rank). He at once began reorganising the administration, which had become slack in the absence of Shuja during the war of succession, and disobedience and refractoriness had become prevalent. Reversing the action of Shuja who had transferred the capital to Rajmahal, he restored Dhaka to its former glory. He then paid attention to the administration of justice, dismissed dishonest Qazis (clerics and judges) and Mir Adils and replaced them with honest persons. Finally Mir Jumla manage to pacify Hijli. Later, Mir Jumla further promoted as Diwan al-Kul, or Grand vizier .' It is reported that this is due to his effort of returning Babur's diamond to the Mughal possession. He also granted the command of 6000 Mughal cavalry, residence near Agra Fort, precious stones, 200 horses, 10 elephants, as well as 500000 rupees payment in cash.As a bonus, he also granted a fiefdom in Karnataka for seven years, without obligation to pay any tribute. Mir Jumla met and befriended the French traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier after his defection into Mughal side. who testify that Mir Jumla were a prominent governor of Mughal empire under Aurangzeb. Tavernier advised Mir Jumla that there is little market of diamonds in europe at that time, thus prompting Mir Jumla to command his diamond miners back for agricultural works. For naval operations such as during Assam campaign he employs Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors to operate his 323 warships. Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a British named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare Francisco Bethencourt and Catia Antunes has noted how Mir Jumla shared traits of Asian princes or potentates for his fondness for cannon weaponries, and how he is willing to employ European gunners such as crews of Ter Schelling ship. Northeastern frontier expedition Main article: Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam This Non-encyclopedic tone used, promotional and eulogizing language's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Koch Behar was a vassal state, but Raja Pran Narayan took advantage of the war of succession and shook off his allegiance. The Ahom king of Assam, Jayadhwaj Singha, occupied a part of Kamrup, which had earlier been integrated with the Bengal subah. Mir Jumla advanced with a large army and navy against the enemy; he sent the main body of the troops and the navy towards Kamrup, while he himself proceeded against Koch Behar. On his approach, Pran Narayan evacuated the country and fled towards the hills. Koch Behar was occupied in about one month and a half and making administrative arrangements there, Mir Jumla came to join the advance party towards Kamrup. The king of Assam was prudent enough to evacuate Kamrup, but Mir Jumla decided to conquer Assam also. Mir Jumla took 12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, and a fleet of 323 ships and boats up river towards Assam—the naval contingent comprised Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors. An account of the campaign and the life during the times was presented by the Venetian adventurer Niccolao Manucci in his memoirs Storia do Mogor, referencing French historian François Catrou. Manucci also got acquainted with a Mughal Navy officer of British descent during the same period named Thomas Pratte. Pratte was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy and used to collect war boats and procure gunpowder necessary for naval warfare. In less than six weeks' time, since his starting from Guwahati, Mir Jumla conquered up to Garhgaon, the capital of Assam, in March 17 1662. from this campaign, Mir Jumla captured 100 elephants, 300000 coins, 8000 shields, 1000 ships, and 173 massive rice stores. Beyond the Assam region, there was full of high hills and mountains, inaccessible for horses and troops, where the Ahom king took shelter. During the rains, the Mughals were locked in a few raised grounds, the roads were submerged, the streams and even the Nalahs (drains) swelled up to become big rivers. Many armies would have disintegrated under these circumstances but under Mir Jumla's magnificent leadership, the Mughal army held firm and remained on the offensive. But, the Mughals lost two thirds of the army due to lack of food and relentless attacks by Assamese shart shooters at night. After the rains were over, both Mir Jumla and the king of Assam agreed to sign a peace treaty. The terms of treaty implied that the Ahom king or Swargadeo would accept Mughal rule and both the Swargadeo and the Tipam king would offer their daughters to the Mughal harem (The Ahom princess was Ramani Gabharu, the sole daughter of the then Swargadeo, Jayadhwaj Singha. She later became the daughter-in-law of Emperor Aurangzeb as Rahmat Banu Begum). The Ahoms also had to pay a war indemnity and an annual tribute of 20 elephants. They also had to cede the western half of their kingdom from Guwahati to Manas river. Death and legacy Mir Jumla died on his way back from the Assamese territory on 30 March 1663. His tomb located on a small hillock at Mankachar, Assam has been maintained over the centuries. It is near Garo Hills in the northeastern Indian state of Assam bordering Meghalaya. The tomb reflects a remarkably long grave and bears testimony to the tall height of Mir Jumla. There are two more unidentified graves beside the tomb of Mir Jumla said to be of two Pirs, i.e. Turko-Persian Islamic preachers. It is recorded by François Bernier that the death of Mir Jumla were greatly mourned by peoples of Assam Mir Jumla's construction activities in Dhaka and its suburbs resulted in two roads, two bridges and a network of forts, which were necessary for public welfare, strategic purposes, and speedy dispatch of troops, equipment and ammunition. A fort at Tangi-Jamalpur guarded one of the roads connecting Dhaka with the northern districts; it is now known as the Mymensingh Road. The other road led eastward, connecting the capital city with Fatulla (old Dhapa), where there were two forts, and by extension the road could lead up to Khizrpur where two other forts were situated. The Pagla bridge lies on this road off Fatulla. Some parts of the roads and forts built by Mir Jumla are still extant. See also Hyderabadi Muslims Muslim culture of Hyderabad History of Hyderabad Mughal empire Emperor of India List of rulers of Bengal History of Bengal Notes ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. xxx) ^ a b James Burgess (1913). The Chronology of Modern India for Four Hundred Years from the Close of the Fifteenth Century A.D. 1494-1894. J. Grant. p. 99. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Sarkar 1951, p. 3 ^ a b Gommans, Jos (2003). Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire 1500–1700. Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 0-415-23988-5. ^ Majumdar, R.C, ed. (1974). The History and culture of the Indian People Vol 7- The Mughal Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 475–476. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 918-949) ^ a b Pearson, M. (2007). The Indian Ocean. Routledge. ISBN 9780415445382. Retrieved 21 April 2015. ^ D. Nath (January 1989). History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 (Hardcover). Mittal Publications. pp. 86, 225–226. ISBN 9788170991090. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281) ^ Richards 2005, p. 155. ^ Sarkar 1951, Early life of Mir Jumla pp. 1. ^ Cátia A.P. Antunes; Francisco Bethencourt, eds. (2022). Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800. Brill. p. 108. ISBN 978-90-04-50657-2. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society 1942, Mir Jumla-Iran Correspondence pp.206. ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281-282) ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281-282) ^ Sarkar 1951, p. 3 ^ Irvine 1907, Aurengzeb pp.232. ^ Dale R. Perelman G.G (1945). Mountain of Light The Story of the Koh-I-Noor Diamond. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477216293. called the Panther 0f Ferghana. From Baber, the stone fell to his ill-fated son ... Mir Jumla, a Persian diamond merchant, traveled to India in search of fortune.u A skilled politician, Jumla connived to ... ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281-282) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 922) ^ Sinnappah Arasaratnam; Aniruddha Ray (1994). Masulipatnam and Cambay A History of Two Port-towns, 1500-1800 (Hardcover). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 49. ISBN 9788121506465. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ... Mir Muhamad Said in Golconda and in the trade of Masulipatnam . From 1637 when he became provincial governor in ... Jumla in 1643 and became nawab of the south and expanded his trading operations along the coast through his appointees ... ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 922) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 922) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 924=925) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 936-937) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 936-937) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 928-929) ^ Sarkar 1951, Wazir of Golconda pp. 10. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 925) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 926) ^ K. Rajayyan (1978). Selections from History of Tamilnadu, 1565-1965. Madurai Publishing House. p. 41. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya (1997). History of Tirupati The Thiruvengadam Temple · Volume 2. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. p. 608. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Sarkar 1951, p. 34 ^ Sarkar 1952, Mir Jumla Conquers the entire Eastern Karnataka pp. 119-121. ^ Sarkar 1951, Mir Jumla Conquers Vellore pp. 16-17. ^ Qaiser, Ahsan Jan, ed. (1982), "Mir Jumla Captures Gandikota", The Indian response to European technology and culture, Oxford University press, p. 48 ^ Sarkar 1951, Fort of Gandikota pp.48. ^ Sarkar 1951, "Gingee" pp.45. ^ Sarkar 1951, "Civil Administration of Mir Jumla" pp.76. ^ a b c John F. Richards (1993). The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5 (paperback). Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 9780521566032. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Sarkar 1951, Gondikota pp. 82. ^ Ball, Valentine (1925), "Mir Jumla melts the idols", The Travels of Jean Baptiste Tavernier in India, Oxford University press, p. 232 ^ Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society 1942, Mir Jumla-Iran Correspondence pp.193. ^ Sarkar 1951, Destruction of Poonamallee temple pp. 86. ^ Goel, Sita Ram (ed.). Hindu temples,What Happened to them?. Voice of India publications. p. 187. 11. Poonamalle ... Chingleput District in Tamil Nadu ^ Richard, Eaton. "Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim Rule". In Lawrence, Bruce (ed.). Beyond Turk and Hindu, Rethinking Religious Identities. p. 267. Serial No 61:Poonamallee temple ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 56) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 56) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 56) ^ Sarkar 1951, "Mir Jumla's Army" pp. 80-81. ^ Flynn, V J A, ed. (1971), "Letter 46", English translation of Adab-I-Alamgiri, p. 317 ^ Sarkar 1951, p. 29 ^ Sarkar 1951, Rebellion.pp 104. ^ Sarkar 1952, Rebellion of Mir Jumla pp.121-122. ^ Sarkar 1952, Rebellion of Mir Jumla pp.122-123. ^ a b Sarkar 1952, Rebellion of Mir Jumla pp.123-124. ^ Sarkar 1951, p. 147 ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183) ^ a b ^ Dennis Showalter (2013). Coetzee, Daniel; W. Eysturlid, Lee (eds.). Philosophers of War The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers (ebook). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 47. ISBN 9780313070334. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 234-242) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 234-242) ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 234-242) ^ Indian Institute of Public Administration (1976). The Indian Journal of Public Administration: Quarterly Journal of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Volume 22. The Institute. ^ a b c d Iradj Amini (June 2013). "5". The Koh-i-noor Diamond (June 2013). Roli Books. ISBN 9789351940357. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ... Mir Jumla was given the title of Diwan-i-Kul or Grand Vizier, the dignity of Muazzam Khan (the magnificent Khan), and promoted to the rank of 6,000 horsemen in the Mughal army. That was not all. He was granted the privileges that went ... ^ Harish Kapur (19 June 2013). Jean-Baptiste Tavernier A Life (ebook). UK. p. 66. ISBN 9781481795951. Retrieved 8 March 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Jack Ogden (8 May 2018). Diamonds An Early History of the King of Gems (ebook). Yale University Press. p. 222. ISBN 9780300235517. Retrieved 8 March 2024. Thevenot, 1687, 103 ^ Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes (2022, p. 116) ^ Sarkar 1951, p. 243-244 ^ Sarkar 1951, p. 243-244 ^ Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes (2022, p. 116) ^ a b Abdul Karim (1992). History of Bengal: The reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib. Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi. p. 446; 449. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Sarkar 1951, p. 277 ^ Niccolò Manucci (1907). Irvine, William (ed.). Storia Do Mogor Or, Mogul India, 1653-1708 · Volume 4. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 430. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ Cátia A.P. Antunes; Francisco Bethencourt (31 January 2022). Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800 (ebook). January 31, 2022. p. 116. ISBN 9789004506572. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ... Pratte, who was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy to provide war boats and procure the gunpowder needed ... ^ Muzaffar H. Syed 1905, p. 166 ^ Muzaffar H. Syed 1905, p. 166 ^ Sarkar 1951, p. 245 ^ a b Basil Copleston Allen (2009). Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers Dacca. Logos Press. p. 30. ISBN 9788172681944. Retrieved 8 March 2024. road from Dacca to Khizrpur , vid Fatulla , which passes over this bridge . Finally , the road to Mymensingh and the .....; Mir Jumla , and fled to Dacca , whither he was pursued by Mir Jumla . He sent his son , Zainuddin , to arrange for ... Fatulla and the other opposite . These were probably built by him . The bridge at Pagla , Taver- nier tells us , was ... References Akshay Chavan (2017). "The fantastic Mir Jumla". peepul tree. Retrieved 19 March 2024. Francisco Bethencourt; Cátia A.P. Antunes (2022). Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800. Brill. ISBN 9789004506572. Retrieved 21 March 2024. James Talboys Wheeler (1876). The History of India from the Earliest Ages: pt. I. Mussulman rule. pt. II. Mogul empire. Aurangzeb. N. Trübner. Retrieved 19 March 2024. Richards, John F. (2005). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939). "EARLY RELATIONS OF MIR JUMLA WITH THE ENGLISH (UP TO 1650) (Based on English factory records only)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 3. Indian History Congress: 918–949. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44252445. Retrieved 18 March 2024. Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan, ed. (1951). The life of Mir Jumla, the general of Aurangzeb. Thacker and Spink. Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1952) . History of Aurangzeb Vol 1. Orient Longman Limited. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Irvine, William (1907). Storia De Mogor. John Murray. Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society. 1942. Narayan Sarkar, Jagadish (1951). The Life of Mir Jumla, the General of Aurangzab. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2024. Muzaffar H. Syed (1905). History of Indian Nation : Medieval India. K. K. Publications. ISBN 8178441322. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mir Jumla. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mir Jumla (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jumla_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paugla_Pool,_from_the_River_(1817).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles D'Oyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D%27Oyly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Chronology_of_Modern_India_for_Four_Hundred_Years_from_the_Close_of_the_Fifteenth_Century_A.D._1494-1894;_James_Burgess-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mughal_Warfare_Indian_Frontiers_and_Highroads_to_Empire_1500%E2%80%931700-4"},{"link_name":"subahdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subahdar"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Mughal Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Danish East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Portuguese East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Surat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat"},{"link_name":"Thatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatta"},{"link_name":"Arakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_State"},{"link_name":"Ayuthya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuthya"},{"link_name":"Balasore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasore"},{"link_name":"Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh"},{"link_name":"Melaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaka"},{"link_name":"Johore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johore"},{"link_name":"Bantam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_(city)"},{"link_name":"Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Bandar Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Masqat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat"},{"link_name":"Mocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-7"},{"link_name":"Kamrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarupa"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_the_Koch_Kingdom,_C._1515-1615;_D._Nath-8"}],"text":"For other people named Mir Jumla, see Mir Jumla (disambiguation).Paugla Pool from the River (1817) by Sir Charles D'Oyly. This bridge was known to be constructed in 1660 AD by Mir Jumla.Mir Jumla II (12 February 1591 – 30 March 1663), or Amir Jumla,[1] also known as Ardistānī Mir Muhammad,[2] was a military general, wealthy diamond trader,[3] a Vizier of Golconda sultanate,[4] and later a prominent subahdar of Bengal under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.[5]Mir Jumla is a powerful politician that played important role in northern and Peninsular region of India during the reign of Shah Jahan to Aurangzeb, where he encountered multiple european nation companies interest in India, such as Danish East India Company, East India Company, Dutch East India Company, and Portuguese East India Company.[6]He commanded the vast merchant fleets enterprise which sailed throughout Surat, Thatta, Arakan, Ayuthya, Balasore, Aceh, Melaka, Johore, Bantam, Makassar, Ceylon, Bandar Abbas, Mecca, Jeddah, Basra, Aden, Masqat, Mocha and the Maldives.[7] The most important aspect of Mir Jumla's rule in Bengal was his northeastern frontier military campaign, by which he conquered the frontier kingdoms of Kamrup (Kamarupa) and Assam.[8]","title":"Mir Jumla II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golconda diamonds mining and trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda_diamonds_mining_and_trading"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Golconda Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2005155-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1951''Early_life_of_Mir_Jumla''_pp._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsingovignca15152pagen27mode1up_1]-11"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJournal_of_Bihar_and_Orissa_Research_Society1942''Mir_Jumla-Iran_Correspondence''_pp.[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015501844pagen206mode1up_206]-13"},{"link_name":"James Talboys Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Talboys_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dara Shikoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Shikoh"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Qutub_Shah"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvine1907''_Aurengzeb''_pp.[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015529961pagen350mode1up_232]-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mountain_of_Light_The_Story_of_the_Koh-I-Noor_Diamond;_AuthorHouse-18"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mughal_Warfare_Indian_Frontiers_and_Highroads_to_Empire_1500%E2%80%931700-4"}],"text":"See also: Golconda diamonds mining and tradingMir Jumla was born as Mir Mohammad Sayyid Ardistani in Iran in 1591 to a poor oil merchant of Isfahan,[9] named Mirza Hazaru. Although his parents were extremely poor, he had the opportunity to learn letters which probably lead him to find a job as a clerk under a diamond merchant who had connections with the Golconda Sultanate[10][11] (present day Hyderabad, India), a region that was famous for its diamond mines. He may have arrived in Golconda in 1630 (although some scholars have suggested alternative dates of 1615 or 1620),[12] due to financial debts to a Sheikh ul Islam and general misgovernance in his country.[13]One version from James Talboys Wheeler when he entered India region, Mir Jumla at first entered the service of Mughal empire as soldier, where he risen through ranks to the high post.[14] However, due to being insulted by Dara Shikoh, designated heir of emperor Shah Jahan, he left the service.[15]Mir Jumla also started his own diamond business and got involved in maritime commercial endeavours which increased his wealth.[16] At the prospect of advancing his career, He brought presents to the Qutb Shahi Sultan of Golconda and bribed his way into the Sultan's court.[17][18] Mir Jumla has presented numerous tributes from his trades to the sultan, such as rarities from Europe, cabinets from China, and elephants from Ceylon.[19] Thus he managed to rise into the position of Vizier (Prime Minister) of the sultanate.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Firman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Masulipatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masulipatnam"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masulipatnam_and_Cambay_A_History_of_Two_Port-towns,_1500-1800;_Sinnappah_Arasaratnam._Aniruddha_Ray-21"},{"link_name":"Machilipatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machilipatnam"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"British President and council in 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Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"Arabian horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1951%22Mir_Jumla's_Army%22_pp._[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdliernet108264page80mode1up_80-81]-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"As Mir Jumla raised through the ranks, sometime between February 1634 and December 1636, Mir Jumla was appointed as Sar-i-Khāil, or treasurer of the Golconda state, which he performed strictly to impose the golden Firman of the sultanate.[20]His proficiency in service and administration were generally proved when he administered trade at the Port of Masulipatnam.\n[21] \nHis strictness drew ire from the English company factories in Machilipatnam as they saw Mir Jumla were detrimental to the British interest.[22] Mir Jumla continues to impose the extraction moneys from the British company officials by using the Firman mandate from the Sultanate of Golconda.[23] This caused the Sultan to appoint Mir Jumla as chief minister, thus further causing him to become more influential in Golconda region that even the British officers and companies began to deal with Mir Jumla disregarding request from British President and council in Surat to confiscate properties belonging to Mir Jumla.[24]Narayan Sarkar even noted that the personal commercial enterprise of Mir Jumla has gradually became competitor of the East India Company.[25] Mir Jumla had his own ships and organised merchant fleets in the 1640s that sailed throughout Surat, Thatta, Arakan, Ayuthya, Balasore, Aceh, Melaka, Johore, Bantam, Makassar, Ceylon, Bandar Abbas, Mecca, Jeddah, Basra, Aden, Masqat, Mocha and the Maldives.[7] He effectively monopolized almost all trading activities to Persia.[26] \nMir Jumla also noted for his activities to construct ships in the East Coasts of India, as recorded by British journals to have employed european sailors to build ships. On 29 January 1647, British representatives Thomas Winter and Richard Hudson at Machilipatnam wrote to Surat that Mir Jumla has sent two of his ships which, where one of them is Junk ship made by British sailors, named Darya Dawla or River of wealth,.[27]On 21 June 1637, He was summoned to the Qutub Shahi court, and by the 23 June, The sultan conferred the title of Sar-i-Khail (Lord of the Horses) on him .[28] The furthest extent of the kingdom during was Cumbam near Kadapa district, where Mir Jumla occupied a forts in Gandikota.[2]In 1639, Mir Jumla was appointed as Nawab, thus increasing his importance in the eyes of the British company, as they further presented him with gifts, lending men, and traded on his behalf to keep him satisfied.[29] The president of Bantam Presidency saw this as necessity as the rival companies from Dutch, Portuguese, and Denmark, also showering Mir Jumla with gifts to gain his favor.[30]In 1646, Mir Jumla decided to invade the Kingdom of Chandragiri. Mir Jumla conquered the forts of Udayagiri, advanced southwards along the coast, and conquering Chengleput in the process.[31] Then Mir Jumla continued his conquest to capture the whole of Kadapa district and expanded as far as Tirupati[32] and Sri Kalahasti.[33] He also laid siege to the dutch settlement at Pulicat until the Dutch offered submission to him. He further advanced and laid siege to the fort of Vellore.By April 1647, the king offered submission to him and promised to pay him tribute.[34][35] .In 1650, Mir Jumla conquered the nearly inaccessible Gandikota fort from Timma Nayadu with the help of European Gunners .[36][37] Although there was success in conquering former lands of the Vijayanagara Empire, he was unable to conquer the fort of Gingee from the nayaks and in 1648, Gingee fell to the Adil Shahis.[38]As a skilled financier, Mir Jumla employed Telugu Niyogi Brāhmaṇas to collect revenue, where he was able to collect 43 lakhs of Rupees from his domains which were rich in Diamonds, Iron, Saltpetre and Steel.[39]By his enormous wealth, he was able to recruit Pathans, Rajputs, Afghans and Mughals in his campaign to Bijapur in 1652. During this year, Mir Jumla was tasked to govern Golconda the Hyderabad Karnatak kingdom nearly 40,000 square kilometers with annual revenues equivalent to four million rupees a year, while his military role also contribute greatly to his wealth.[40] For the purpose of making 20 artillery pieces[better source needed], he melted Hindu idols captured from temples with the help of his French Surgeon, Gunner and Gun founder M Claude Maille but was unable to melt the 6 Hindu idols that belonged to the temple of Gondikota.[41][42] Later in his letter to Khalifa I Sultan, The Wazir of the Safavid sultan Shah Abbas II he said:By God's grace and the Padshah's luck, The Banner of Islam has been flown over the Infidel Karnatak and that of Hinduism has been brought down. The entire body of rebels and rajas have been brought under my fold. The Voice of Islam and the practices of our saints have been spread here.\n[43]Poonamallee mosqueIn 1653, Rustam Beg a Havildar under Mir Jumla demolished the upper part of the temple at Poonamallee and erected a mosque over it.[44] Based on this, Sita Ram Goel has listed the Poonamallee mosque along with other mosques built from materials of Hindu temples in his Hindu Temples What Happened to them?.[45] Even Islamic scholar Richard M. Eaton, in his thesis on temple desecration also lists this temple as the part of desecration of temples during Islamic rule .[46][47][verification needed][48][verification needed][49][verification needed]from 1653 to 1654, in one of prince Aurengzeb letters to Shah Jahan, he cites a report of his agent Mohammad Amin where Mir Jumla is said to have maintained a force of 9000 Cavalry, and 20000 infantry and his army were equipped with breeds of Iraqi and Arabian horse.[50][51]","title":"Under the service of Golconda (1637–1655)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1951''Rebellion''.pp_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdliernet108264page104mode1upviewtheater_104]-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1952''Rebellion_of_Mir_Jumla''_pp.[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdlibengal1068912653pagen143mode1upviewtheater_121-122]-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1952''Rebellion_of_Mir_Jumla''_pp.[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdlibengal1068912653pagen145mode1upviewtheater_122-123]-55"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Mughal_Empire_Part_1,_Volume_5;_John_F._Richards-40"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1952''Rebellion_of_Mir_Jumla''_pp.[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdlibengal1068912653pagen146mode1upviewtheater_123-124]-56"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Mughal_Empire_Part_1,_Volume_5;_John_F._Richards-40"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1952''Rebellion_of_Mir_Jumla''_pp.[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdlibengal1068912653pagen146mode1upviewtheater_123-124]-56"}],"text":"With the governorship over the Karnataka domains, Mir Jumla exponentially transformed from a wazir of a powerless master to a position of unchecked power and wealth. Naturally many officers in the Qutub Shahi court felt jealous of him and they naturally positioned the mind of the sultan against the Wazir.[52] So the sultan demanded a portion of loot obtained by Mir Jumla in the karnatak which Mir Jumla flatly refused as he thought that the conquest was solely his work and the sultan had no part in to take it.[53][54] At some point, The Sultan of Golconda conspired with other courtiers to capture and blind Mir Jumla, which Mir Jumla immediately aware of, thus prompting him to began to look for other options of service.[55]Prince Aurangzeb, which has passionate ambition of conquering the rich State of Golconda, was eager to opened a secret correspondence with Mir Jumla.[40] He also sent an agent, Muhammad Mumin, and then sent a secret petition for appointment under the Emperor.[56] At the recommendation of prince Aurangzeb, emperor Shah Jahan offered to Mir Jumla his protection. However, Mir Jumla feigned consent, and urged the Mughal Court to keep this agreement secret.[40] As Aurangzeb assisted Mir Jumla from being captured by the Golconda sultanates, he finally accept Mughal hegemony and wrote to the prince agreeing to join the Mughal service.[56]","title":"Career in the Mughal Imperial Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_princes_of_the_Mogul_Emperor_against_their_father_and_Combat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Shah Shuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal)"},{"link_name":"Shah Shuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Khajwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Birbhum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birbhum_district"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Tanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda,_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sir_Jadunath_Sarkar,_1972,_''History_of_Aurangzeb'',_vol._2-59"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Arakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_State"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sir_Jadunath_Sarkar,_1972,_''History_of_Aurangzeb'',_vol._2-59"},{"link_name":"Elephant artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire#Camels_and_Elephants"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philosophers_of_War_[2_Volumes]_The_Evolution_of_History's_Greatest_Military_Thinkers_[2_Volumes]-60"},{"link_name":"subahdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subahdar"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Rajmahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajmahal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Grand vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_vizier#Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Institute-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Koh-i-noor_Diamond;_Iradj_Amini-65"},{"link_name":"Babur's diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Koh-i-noor_Diamond;_Iradj_Amini-65"},{"link_name":"Agra Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Fort"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Koh-i-noor_Diamond;_Iradj_Amini-65"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Koh-i-noor_Diamond;_Iradj_Amini-65"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Tavernier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier_A_Life;_Harish_Kapur-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diamonds_An_Early_History_of_the_King_of_Gems;_Jack_Ogden-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diamonds_An_Early_History_of_the_King_of_Gems;_Jack_Ogden-67"},{"link_name":"Assam campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jumla%27s_invasion_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Francisco Bethencourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Bethencourt"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Campaign & Governorship in Bengal","text":"The Mughal armies of Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja confront each otherOn his accession to the throne, Aurangzeb entrusted Mir Jumla with the task of dealing with Shah Shuja, where the rebellious prince was defeated in the Battle of Khajwa and took to flight.[57]Mir Jumla also manage to convince the Zamindar of Birbhum to join defect from Shuja force.[58][verification needed] Thus Mir Jumla continues to pursue Shah Shuja until his force reached Tanda.[59] From Tanda to Dhaka (capital of the present day Bangladesh), where he arrived on 9 May 1660. The latter, however, had already left Dhaka, crossed the eastern border and ultimately found shelter with the king of Arakan (modern day Myanmar).[59] Later, at the battle of Giria, Mir Jumla once again leading Aurangzeb army against the Elephant artillery of Shah Shuja.[60]Soon after his arrival at Dhaka, Mir Jumla received the imperial farman (decree) appointing him subahdar (governor) of Bengal in recognition of his services and further honoured Mir Jumla with titles, rewards and increment of mansab (rank).[61][verification needed] He at once began reorganising the administration, which had become slack in the absence of Shuja during the war of succession, and disobedience and refractoriness had become prevalent. Reversing the action of Shuja who had transferred the capital to Rajmahal, he restored Dhaka to its former glory. He then paid attention to the administration of justice, dismissed dishonest Qazis (clerics and judges) and Mir Adils and replaced them with honest persons[citation needed].[62][verification needed] Finally Mir Jumla manage to pacify Hijli.[63][verification needed]Later, Mir Jumla further promoted as Diwan al-Kul, or Grand vizier .'[64][65] It is reported that this is due to his effort of returning Babur's diamond to the Mughal possession.[65] He also granted the command of 6000 Mughal cavalry, residence near Agra Fort, precious stones, 200 horses, 10 elephants, as well as 500000 rupees payment in cash.[65]As a bonus, he also granted a fiefdom in Karnataka for seven years, without obligation to pay any tribute.[65]Mir Jumla met and befriended the French traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier after his defection into Mughal side.[66] who testify that Mir Jumla were a prominent governor of Mughal empire under Aurangzeb.[67] Tavernier advised Mir Jumla that there is little market of diamonds in europe at that time, thus prompting Mir Jumla to command his diamond miners back for agricultural works.[67]For naval operations such as during Assam campaign he employs Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors to operate his 323 warships.[68][69] Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a British named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare[70] Francisco Bethencourt and Catia Antunes has noted how Mir Jumla shared traits of Asian princes or potentates for his fondness for cannon weaponries, and how he is willing to employ European gunners such as crews of Ter Schelling ship.[71]","title":"Career in the Mughal Imperial Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koch Behar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooch_Behar"},{"link_name":"Pran Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pran_Narayan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ahom king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahom_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Jayadhwaj Singha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayadhwaj_Singha"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Bengal:_The_reigns_of_Shah_Jahan_and_Aurangzib;_Abdul_Karim-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Bengal:_The_reigns_of_Shah_Jahan_and_Aurangzib;_Abdul_Karim-72"},{"link_name":"Niccolao Manucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolao_Manucci"},{"link_name":"François Catrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Catrou"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pratte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pratte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storia_Do_Mogor_Or,_Mogul_India,_1653-1708_%C2%B7_Volume_4;_English_translation-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant_Cultures_A_Global_Approach_to_Spaces,_Representations_and_Worlds_of_Trade,_1500%E2%80%931800-75"},{"link_name":"Guwahati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati"},{"link_name":"Garhgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhgaon"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ramani Gabharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani_Gabharu"},{"link_name":"Jayadhwaj Singha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayadhwaj_Singha"},{"link_name":"Emperor Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Rahmat Banu Begum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmat_Banu_Begum"},{"link_name":"Guwahati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Northeastern frontier expedition","text":"Koch Behar was a vassal state, but Raja Pran Narayan took advantage of the war of succession and shook off his allegiance. The Ahom king of Assam, Jayadhwaj Singha, occupied a part of Kamrup, which had earlier been integrated with the Bengal subah.[citation needed] Mir Jumla advanced with a large army and navy against the enemy; he sent the main body of the troops and the navy towards Kamrup, while he himself proceeded against Koch Behar. On his approach, Pran Narayan evacuated the country and fled towards the hills.[72] Koch Behar was occupied in about one month and a half and making administrative arrangements there, Mir Jumla came to join the advance party towards Kamrup.[73] The king of Assam was prudent enough to evacuate Kamrup, but Mir Jumla decided to conquer Assam also. Mir Jumla took 12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, and a fleet of 323 ships and boats up river towards Assam—the naval contingent comprised Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors.[72]An account of the campaign and the life during the times was presented by the Venetian adventurer Niccolao Manucci in his memoirs Storia do Mogor, referencing French historian François Catrou. Manucci also got acquainted with a Mughal Navy officer of British descent during the same period named Thomas Pratte.[74] Pratte was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy and used to collect war boats and procure gunpowder necessary for naval warfare.[75]In less than six weeks' time, since his starting from Guwahati, Mir Jumla conquered up to Garhgaon, the capital of Assam, in March 17 1662.[76] from this campaign, Mir Jumla captured 100 elephants, 300000 coins, 8000 shields, 1000 ships, and 173 massive rice stores.[77]Beyond the Assam region, there was full of high hills and mountains, inaccessible for horses and troops, where the Ahom king took shelter. During the rains, the Mughals were locked in a few raised grounds, the roads were submerged, the streams and even the Nalahs (drains) swelled up to become big rivers.[citation needed] Many armies would have disintegrated under these circumstances but under Mir Jumla's magnificent leadership, the Mughal army held firm and remained on the offensive. But, the Mughals lost two thirds of the army due to lack of food and relentless attacks by Assamese shart shooters at night. After the rains were over, both Mir Jumla and the king of Assam agreed to sign a peace treaty. The terms of treaty implied[citation needed] that the Ahom king or Swargadeo would accept Mughal rule and both the Swargadeo and the Tipam king would offer their daughters to the Mughal harem (The Ahom princess was Ramani Gabharu, the sole daughter of the then Swargadeo, Jayadhwaj Singha. She later became the daughter-in-law of Emperor Aurangzeb as Rahmat Banu Begum). The Ahoms also had to pay a war indemnity and an annual tribute of 20 elephants. They also had to cede the western half of their kingdom from Guwahati to Manas river.[citation needed]","title":"Career in the Mughal Imperial Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Turko-Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Persian"},{"link_name":"François Bernier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mymensingh_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastern_Bengal_District_Gazetteers_Dacca;_Basil_Copleston_Allen-79"},{"link_name":"Fatulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatulla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastern_Bengal_District_Gazetteers_Dacca;_Basil_Copleston_Allen-79"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mir Jumla died on his way back from the Assamese territory on 30 March 1663. His tomb located on a small hillock at Mankachar, Assam has been maintained over the centuries. It is near Garo Hills in the northeastern Indian state of Assam bordering Meghalaya. The tomb reflects a remarkably long grave and bears testimony to the tall height of Mir Jumla. There are two more unidentified graves beside the tomb of Mir Jumla said to be of two Pirs, i.e. Turko-Persian Islamic preachers. It is recorded by François Bernier that the death of Mir Jumla were greatly mourned by peoples of Assam[78][verification needed]Mir Jumla's construction activities in Dhaka and its suburbs resulted in two roads, two bridges and a network of forts, which were necessary for public welfare[citation needed], strategic purposes, and speedy dispatch of troops, equipment and ammunition[citation needed]. A fort at Tangi-Jamalpur guarded one of the roads connecting Dhaka with the northern districts; it is now known as the Mymensingh Road.[79] The other road led eastward, connecting the capital city with Fatulla (old Dhapa), where there were two forts, and by extension the road could lead up to Khizrpur where two other forts were situated. The Pagla bridge lies on this road off Fatulla.[79] Some parts of the roads and forts built by Mir Jumla are still extant.[citation needed]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"James Talboys Wheeler (1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJames_Talboys_Wheeler1876"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Chronology_of_Modern_India_for_Four_Hundred_Years_from_the_Close_of_the_Fifteenth_Century_A.D._1494-1894;_James_Burgess_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Chronology_of_Modern_India_for_Four_Hundred_Years_from_the_Close_of_the_Fifteenth_Century_A.D._1494-1894;_James_Burgess_2-1"},{"link_name":"The Chronology of Modern India for Four Hundred Years from the Close of the Fifteenth Century A.D. 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Syed 1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMuzaffar_H._Syed1905"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"Sarkar 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSarkar1951"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eastern_Bengal_District_Gazetteers_Dacca;_Basil_Copleston_Allen_79-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eastern_Bengal_District_Gazetteers_Dacca;_Basil_Copleston_Allen_79-1"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers Dacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MRVqhpdyQxAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788172681944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172681944"}],"text":"^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. xxx)\n\n^ a b James Burgess (1913). The Chronology of Modern India for Four Hundred Years from the Close of the Fifteenth Century A.D. 1494-1894. J. Grant. p. 99. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, p. 3\n\n^ a b Gommans, Jos (2003). Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire 1500–1700. Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 0-415-23988-5.\n\n^ Majumdar, R.C, ed. (1974). The History and culture of the Indian People Vol 7- The Mughal Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 475–476.\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 918-949)\n\n^ a b Pearson, M. (2007). The Indian Ocean. Routledge. ISBN 9780415445382. Retrieved 21 April 2015.\n\n^ D. Nath (January 1989). History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 (Hardcover). Mittal Publications. pp. 86, 225–226. ISBN 9788170991090. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281)\n\n^ Richards 2005, p. 155.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, Early life of Mir Jumla pp. 1.\n\n^ Cátia A.P. Antunes; Francisco Bethencourt, eds. (2022). Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800. Brill. p. 108. ISBN 978-90-04-50657-2. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society 1942, Mir Jumla-Iran Correspondence pp.206.\n\n^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281-282)\n\n^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281-282)\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, p. 3\n\n^ Irvine 1907, Aurengzeb pp.232.\n\n^ Dale R. Perelman G.G (1945). Mountain of Light The Story of the Koh-I-Noor Diamond. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477216293. called the Panther 0f Ferghana. From Baber, the stone fell to his ill-fated son ... Mir Jumla, a Persian diamond merchant, traveled to India in search of fortune.u A skilled politician, Jumla connived to ...\n\n^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281-282)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 922)\n\n^ Sinnappah Arasaratnam; Aniruddha Ray (1994). Masulipatnam and Cambay A History of Two Port-towns, 1500-1800 (Hardcover). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 49. ISBN 9788121506465. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ... Mir Muhamad Said in Golconda and in the trade of Masulipatnam . From 1637 when he became provincial governor in ... Jumla in 1643 and became nawab of the south and expanded his trading operations along the coast through his appointees ...\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 922)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 922)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 924=925)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 936-937)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 936-937)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 928-929)\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, Wazir of Golconda pp. 10.\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 925)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 926)\n\n^ K. Rajayyan (1978). Selections from History of Tamilnadu, 1565-1965. Madurai Publishing House. p. 41. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya (1997). History of Tirupati The Thiruvengadam Temple · Volume 2. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. p. 608. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, p. 34\n\n^ Sarkar 1952, Mir Jumla Conquers the entire Eastern Karnataka pp. 119-121.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, Mir Jumla Conquers Vellore pp. 16-17.\n\n^ Qaiser, Ahsan Jan, ed. (1982), \"Mir Jumla Captures Gandikota\", The Indian response to European technology and culture, Oxford University press, p. 48\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, Fort of Gandikota pp.48.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, \"Gingee\" pp.45.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, \"Civil Administration of Mir Jumla\" pp.76.\n\n^ a b c John F. Richards (1993). The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5 (paperback). Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 9780521566032. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, Gondikota pp. 82.\n\n^ Ball, Valentine (1925), \"Mir Jumla melts the idols\", The Travels of Jean Baptiste Tavernier in India, Oxford University press, p. 232\n\n^ Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society 1942, Mir Jumla-Iran Correspondence pp.193.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, Destruction of Poonamallee temple pp. 86.\n\n^ Goel, Sita Ram (ed.). Hindu temples,What Happened to them?. Voice of India publications. p. 187. 11. Poonamalle ... Chingleput District in Tamil Nadu\n\n^ Richard, Eaton. \"Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim Rule\". In Lawrence, Bruce (ed.). Beyond Turk and Hindu, Rethinking Religious Identities. p. 267. Serial No 61:Poonamallee temple\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 56)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 56)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 56)\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, \"Mir Jumla's Army\" pp. 80-81.\n\n^ Flynn, V J A, ed. (1971), \"Letter 46\", English translation of Adab-I-Alamgiri, p. 317\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, p. 29\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, Rebellion.pp 104.\n\n^ Sarkar 1952, Rebellion of Mir Jumla pp.121-122.\n\n^ Sarkar 1952, Rebellion of Mir Jumla pp.122-123.\n\n^ a b Sarkar 1952, Rebellion of Mir Jumla pp.123-124.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, p. 147\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183)\n\n^ a b [Sir Jadunath Sarkar, 1972, History of Aurangzeb, vol. 2, London: Orient Longman]\n\n^ Dennis Showalter (2013). Coetzee, Daniel; W. Eysturlid, Lee (eds.). Philosophers of War [2 Volumes] The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes] (ebook). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 47. ISBN 9780313070334. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 234-242)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 234-242)\n\n^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 234-242)\n\n^ Indian Institute of Public Administration (1976). The Indian Journal of Public Administration: Quarterly Journal of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Volume 22. The Institute.\n\n^ a b c d Iradj Amini (June 2013). \"5\". The Koh-i-noor Diamond (June 2013). Roli Books. ISBN 9789351940357. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ... Mir Jumla was given the title of Diwan-i-Kul or Grand Vizier, the dignity of Muazzam Khan (the magnificent Khan), and promoted to the rank of 6,000 horsemen in the Mughal army. That was not all. He was granted the privileges that went ...\n\n^ Harish Kapur (19 June 2013). Jean-Baptiste Tavernier A Life (ebook). UK. p. 66. ISBN 9781481795951. Retrieved 8 March 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b Jack Ogden (8 May 2018). Diamonds An Early History of the King of Gems (ebook). Yale University Press. p. 222. ISBN 9780300235517. Retrieved 8 March 2024. Thevenot, 1687, 103\n\n^ Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes (2022, p. 116)\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, p. 243-244\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, p. 243-244\n\n^ Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes (2022, p. 116)\n\n^ a b Abdul Karim (1992). History of Bengal: The reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib. Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi. p. 446; 449. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, p. 277\n\n^ Niccolò Manucci (1907). Irvine, William (ed.). Storia Do Mogor Or, Mogul India, 1653-1708 · Volume 4. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 430. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ Cátia A.P. Antunes; Francisco Bethencourt (31 January 2022). Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800 (ebook). January 31, 2022. p. 116. ISBN 9789004506572. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ... Pratte, who was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy to provide war boats and procure the gunpowder needed ...\n\n^ Muzaffar H. Syed 1905, p. 166\n\n^ Muzaffar H. Syed 1905, p. 166\n\n^ Sarkar 1951, p. 245\n\n^ a b Basil Copleston Allen (2009). Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers Dacca. Logos Press. p. 30. ISBN 9788172681944. Retrieved 8 March 2024. road from Dacca to Khizrpur , vid Fatulla , which passes over this bridge . Finally , the road to Mymensingh and the .....; Mir Jumla , and fled to Dacca , whither he was pursued by Mir Jumla . He sent his son , Zainuddin , to arrange for ... Fatulla and the other opposite . These were probably built by him . The bridge at Pagla , Taver- nier tells us , was ...","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Paugla Pool from the River (1817) by Sir Charles D'Oyly. 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Mountain of Light The Story of the Koh-I-Noor Diamond. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477216293. called the Panther 0f Ferghana. From Baber, the stone fell to his ill-fated son ... Mir Jumla, a Persian diamond merchant, traveled to India in search of fortune.u A skilled politician, Jumla connived to ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477216293","url_text":"9781477216293"}]},{"reference":"Sinnappah Arasaratnam; Aniruddha Ray (1994). Masulipatnam and Cambay A History of Two Port-towns, 1500-1800 (Hardcover). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 49. ISBN 9788121506465. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ... Mir Muhamad Said in Golconda and in the trade of Masulipatnam . From 1637 when he became provincial governor in ... Jumla in 1643 and became nawab of the south and expanded his trading operations along the coast through his appointees ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XC9uAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Masulipatnam and Cambay A History of Two Port-towns, 1500-1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121506465","url_text":"9788121506465"}]},{"reference":"K. Rajayyan (1978). Selections from History of Tamilnadu, 1565-1965. Madurai Publishing House. p. 41. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=--ABAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Selections from History of Tamilnadu, 1565-1965"}]},{"reference":"T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya (1997). History of Tirupati The Thiruvengadam Temple · Volume 2. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. p. 608. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sZLXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"History of Tirupati The Thiruvengadam Temple · Volume 2"}]},{"reference":"Qaiser, Ahsan Jan, ed. (1982), \"Mir Jumla Captures Gandikota\", The Indian response to European technology and culture, Oxford University press, p. 48","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108403/page/n64/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Mir Jumla Captures Gandikota\""}]},{"reference":"John F. Richards (1993). The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5 (paperback). Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 9780521566032. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC","url_text":"The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521566032","url_text":"9780521566032"}]},{"reference":"Ball, Valentine (1925), \"Mir Jumla melts the idols\", The Travels of Jean Baptiste Tavernier in India, Oxford University press, p. 232","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/travelsinindia00tave/page/n331/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Mir Jumla melts the idols\""}]},{"reference":"Goel, Sita Ram (ed.). Hindu temples,What Happened to them?. Voice of India publications. p. 187. 11. Poonamalle ... Chingleput District in Tamil Nadu","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/HinduTemplesWhatHappendToThemBySitaRamGoel/page/n187/mode/1up?&view=theater","url_text":"Hindu temples,What Happened to them?"}]},{"reference":"Richard, Eaton. \"Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim Rule\". In Lawrence, Bruce (ed.). Beyond Turk and Hindu, Rethinking Religious Identities. p. 267. Serial No 61:Poonamallee temple","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beyond-turk-and-hindu-rethinking-religious-identities-in-islamicate-south-asia/page/n286/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim Rule\""}]},{"reference":"Flynn, V J A, ed. (1971), \"Letter 46\", English translation of Adab-I-Alamgiri, p. 317","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Adab-I-Alamgiri/page/317/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Letter 46\""}]},{"reference":"Dennis Showalter (2013). Coetzee, Daniel; W. Eysturlid, Lee (eds.). Philosophers of War [2 Volumes] The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes] (ebook). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 47. ISBN 9780313070334. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbXOEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Philosophers of War [2 Volumes] The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313070334","url_text":"9780313070334"}]},{"reference":"Indian Institute of Public Administration (1976). The Indian Journal of Public Administration: Quarterly Journal of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Volume 22. The Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.co.id/books/about/The_Indian_Journal_of_Public_Administrat.html?id=","url_text":"The Indian Journal of Public Administration: Quarterly Journal of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Volume 22"}]},{"reference":"Iradj Amini (June 2013). \"5\". The Koh-i-noor Diamond (June 2013). Roli Books. ISBN 9789351940357. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ... Mir Jumla was given the title of Diwan-i-Kul or Grand Vizier, the dignity of Muazzam Khan (the magnificent Khan), and promoted to the rank of 6,000 horsemen in the Mughal army. That was not all. He was granted the privileges that went ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7dymBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Koh-i-noor Diamond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351940357","url_text":"9789351940357"}]},{"reference":"Harish Kapur (19 June 2013). 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Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi. p. 446; 449. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.worldcat.org/title/history-of-bengal-mughal-period/oclc/28183749","url_text":"History of Bengal: The reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib"}]},{"reference":"Niccolò Manucci (1907). Irvine, William (ed.). Storia Do Mogor Or, Mogul India, 1653-1708 · Volume 4. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 430. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Manucci&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Niccolò Manucci"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rDr6rvyeqnMC","url_text":"Storia Do Mogor Or, Mogul India, 1653-1708 · Volume 4"}]},{"reference":"Cátia A.P. Antunes; Francisco Bethencourt (31 January 2022). Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800 (ebook). January 31, 2022. p. 116. ISBN 9789004506572. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ... Pratte, who was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy to provide war boats and procure the gunpowder needed ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mplcEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004506572","url_text":"9789004506572"}]},{"reference":"Basil Copleston Allen (2009). Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers Dacca. Logos Press. p. 30. ISBN 9788172681944. Retrieved 8 March 2024. road from Dacca to Khizrpur , vid Fatulla , which passes over this bridge . Finally , the road to Mymensingh and the .....; Mir Jumla , and fled to Dacca , whither he was pursued by Mir Jumla . He sent his son , Zainuddin , to arrange for ... Fatulla and the other opposite . These were probably built by him . The bridge at Pagla , Taver- nier tells us , was ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MRVqhpdyQxAC","url_text":"Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers Dacca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172681944","url_text":"9788172681944"}]},{"reference":"Akshay Chavan (2017). \"The fantastic Mir Jumla\". peepul tree. Retrieved 19 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/cover-story/the-fantastic-mir-jumla/","url_text":"\"The fantastic Mir Jumla\""}]},{"reference":"Francisco Bethencourt; Cátia A.P. Antunes (2022). Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800. Brill. ISBN 9789004506572. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Bethencourt","url_text":"Francisco Bethencourt"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mplcEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004506572","url_text":"9789004506572"}]},{"reference":"James Talboys Wheeler (1876). The History of India from the Earliest Ages: pt. I. Mussulman rule. pt. II. Mogul empire. Aurangzeb. N. Trübner. Retrieved 19 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Talboys_Wheeler","url_text":"James Talboys Wheeler"},{"url":"https://wellcomecollection.org/works/gxpw4j95","url_text":"The History of India from the Earliest Ages: pt. I. Mussulman rule. pt. II. Mogul empire. Aurangzeb"}]},{"reference":"Richards, John F. (2005). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939). \"EARLY RELATIONS OF MIR JUMLA WITH THE ENGLISH (UP TO 1650) (Based on English factory records only)\". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 3. Indian History Congress: 918–949. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44252445. Retrieved 18 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252445","url_text":"\"EARLY RELATIONS OF MIR JUMLA WITH THE ENGLISH (UP TO 1650) (Based on English factory records only)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937","url_text":"2249-1937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252445","url_text":"44252445"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan, ed. (1951). The life of Mir Jumla, the general of Aurangzeb. Thacker and Spink.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1952) [1912]. History of Aurangzeb Vol 1. Orient Longman Limited.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Irvine, William (1907). Storia De Mogor. John Murray.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society. 1942.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Narayan Sarkar, Jagadish (1951). The Life of Mir Jumla, the General of Aurangzab. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8760","url_text":"The Life of Mir Jumla, the General of Aurangzab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Centre_for_the_Arts","url_text":"Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts"},{"url":"https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/65196.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Muzaffar H. Syed (1905). History of Indian Nation : Medieval India. K. K. Publications. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bank_Dick	The Bank Dick	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]	1940 American comedy film starring W. C. Fields The Bank DickTheatrical release poster, Style CDirected by Edward F. Cline Ralph Ceder (collaborating dir.) Screenplay by "Mahatma Kane Jeeves" (W. C. Fields) Richard A. Carroll (dialogue) StarringW. C. FieldsShemp HowardCinematographyMilton R. KrasnerEdited byArthur HiltonMusic byCharles PrevinProductioncompanyUniversal PicturesDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date November 29, 1940 (1940-11-29) (US) Running time73–74 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Bank Dick, released as The Bank Detective in the United Kingdom, is a 1940 American comedy film starring W. C. Fields. Set in Lompoc, California, Fields plays Egbert Sousé, a drunk who accidentally thwarts a bank robbery and ends up a bank security guard as a result. The film was written by Fields, using the alias Mahatma Kane Jeeves (derived from the Broadway drawing-room comedy cliché "My hat, my cane, Jeeves!"), and directed by Edward F. Cline. The film also stars Una Merkel, Richard Purcell, Shemp Howard, Franklin Pangborn, Grady Sutton, Jessie Ralph and Cora Witherspoon. In 1992, The Bank Dick was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." Plot Hard-drinking family man Egbert Sousé has strained relations with his wife and mother-in-law over his drinking, smoking and habit of taking money out of the piggy bank of his younger daughter Elsie Mae and replacing it with IOUs. He tries to hit Elsie Mae with a concrete urn but is interrupted when his older daughter Myrtle wants to introduce him to her fiancé Og Oggilby. When A. Pismo Clam, the director of a film that is shooting in town, goes on a bender, producer Mackley Q. Greene offers the job to Sousé. While on his lunch break, Sousé accidentally catches a man who has robbed the bank where Og works. The grateful bank president offers Sousé a job as the bank's "special officer," a bank detective ("dick"). After being conned by swindler J. Frothingham Waterbury, Sousé convinces Og to steal $500 from the bank to invest in a questionable mining company. Og hopes to return the money to the bank four days later when he expects to receive his annual bonus, but bank examiner J. Pinkerton Snoopington arrives to immediately audit the bank. Sousé invites him to the Black Pussy Cat Café, a saloon run by Joe Guelpe, and drugs him with knockout drops. Sousé has Snoopington examined by the quack Dr. Stall, who advises bed rest. Despite this, Snoopington is determined to do his duty and proceed with the audit. Og faints when he sees the examiner in the bank, and Sousé tries to delay the audit further by depriving Snoopington of his glasses. As Snoopington is about to discover the missing funds, the swindler shows up to buy back the stocks from Og at a discount, but Sousé learns that the mine has struck it rich, and he and Og are now wealthy and no longer must worry about the audit. However, the escaped bank robber Repulsive Brogan returns to rob the bank a second time, and escapes with the bank's money and Og's mining-company stock, taking Sousé hostage. The robber forces him to drive the getaway car as the police, the bank director, Og and the movie producer chase them, with parts of the getaway car continuously breaking loose. Sousé once again receives the credit for catching the thief and receives $5,000 for the capture of Brogan, $10,000 from the film producer for his screen story and a contract to direct a film based on it. Now that he is rich, Sousé lives in a mansion and his family is elegant and well-spoken and treats him with respect, but he still follows Joe Guelpe on his way to open the Black Pussy Cat Café. Cast W.C. Fields as Egbert Sousé Cora Witherspoon as Agatha Sousé Una Merkel as Myrtle Sousé Evelyn Del Rio as Elsie Mae Adele Brunch Sousé Jessie Ralph as Mrs. Hermisillo Brunch Grady Sutton as Og Oggilby Franklin Pangborn as J. Pinkerton Snoopington Shemp Howard as Joe Guelpe Dick Purcell as Mackley Q. Greene Russell Hicks as J. Frothingham Waterbury Pierre Watkin as Mr. Skinner Jack Norton as A. Pismo Clam Al Hill as Filthy McNasty George Moran as Cozy Cochran Bill Wolfe as Otis Pat West as Assistant Director Reed Hadley as Francois Heather Wilde as Miss Plupp Harlan Briggs as Doctor Stall Bill Alston as Mr. Cheek Production Alternative titles for the film were The Bank Detective and The Great Man. With the success of his two previous films, You Can't Cheat an Honest Man and My Little Chickadee, Fields was able to demand complete creative control. He wrote the script under the pseudonym of Mahatma Kane Jeeves. Principal photography began in early September 1940. Reception Theatrical release poster, Style D The Bank Dick received many favorable reviews. Bosley Crowther of the New York Times wrote that "for anyone who simply likes to laugh at the reckless inanities of an inspired buffoon, we recommend The Bank Dick. It's great fun." A reviewer for Variety wrote: "It's a crazy-quilt pattern aiming for laughs, and achieves the purpose adequately. Several times, Fields reaches into satirical pantomime reminiscent of Charlie Chaplin's best effort in that line during Mutual and Essanay days." Harrison's Reports called the film " good program comedy. W.C. Fields is at his best and for that reason the picture should go over very well with his fans." John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that "there is often an incident or gesture reminiscent of the Mack Sennett comedies. At times, the movie even smacks of those old days so exactly that you almost believe it must be a revival of some classic. There's nothing antiquated about it, however, no stale, museum starchiness, and the scandalous Mr. Fields has to be forgiven his outrageous behavior, since he is so simply and honestly funny." Film critic Leslie Halliwell deemed the film "mperfect, but probably the best Fields vehicle there is" and W.C. Fields biographer Robert Lewis Taylor called it "ne of the great classics of American comedy." However, Otis Ferguson, a reviewer for the New Republic, wrote: "When is funny he is terrific...but the story is makeshift, the other characters are stock types, the only pace discernible is the distance between drinks or the rhythm of the fleeting seconds it takes Fields to size up trouble and duck the hell out." The film has a rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews. In a list submitted to Cinema magazine in 1963, noted director Stanley Kubrick named it his eighth-favorite film. One scene from the film, where Fields asks a bartender: "Was I in here last night and did I spend a twenty-dollar bill? and expressing relief that he did, because: "Oh, what a load is off my mind. I thought I LOST it.", has become classic. The line is often quoted in context of the film. The film was released on DVD by The Criterion Collection but has since been out of print. References Informational notes ^ Residents of Lompoc were upset at the presentation of their town in the film, and by Fields' pronunciation of it as "Lom-pock" instead of the proper "Lom-poke". Citations ^ a b c d e f The Bank Dick at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films ^ Mankiewicz, Ben (January 2, 2018). Outro to the Turner Classic Movies presentation of The Bank Dick. ^ Curtis, James (2003). W. C. Fields: A Biography. New York: Knopf. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-375-40217-3. ^ Marx, Andy; Wharton, Dennis (December 3, 1992). "Diverse pix mix picked". Variety. Retrieved May 18, 2020. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Film Registry, National Film Preservation Board. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved May 18, 2020. ^ Mankiewicz, Ben (January 2, 2018). Inro to the Turner Classic Movies presentation of The Bank Dick. ^ Crowther, Bosley (December 13, 1940). "W. C. Fields, the Great, Hits His Stride Again in 'The Bank Dick,' at the Palace". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2015. ^ a b c Miller, Frank. "The Critics' Corner: The Bank Dick". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved November 26, 2015. ^ "'The Bank Dick' with W.C. Fields". Harrison's Reports: 198. December 14, 1940. ^ Mosher, John (December 14, 1940). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. p. 122. ^ Taylor, Robert Lewis (1949). W.C. Fields: His Follies and Fortunes. Doubleday & Company. p. 332. ^ "The Bank Dick (1940)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 30, 2019. ^ Wrigley, Nick. "Stanley Kubrick, cinephile". British Film Institute. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ^ "The Age of Comedy - The Bank Dick". theageofcomedy.laurelandhardycentral.com. ^ Ebert, Roger. "The Bank Dick movie review & film summary (1940) \| Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com/. ^ "The Bank Dick Blu-ray Review • Home Theater Forum". ^ Chilton, Martin (November 29, 2015). "WC Fields: a master of comedy". The Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ "Out of Print - Criterion Collection". Retrieved July 4, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Bank Dick. The Bank Dick essay by Randy Skretvedt at National Film Registry The Bank Dick essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN 0826429777, pages 327-328 America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry The Bank Dick at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films The Bank Dick at IMDb The Bank Dick at the TCM Movie Database The Bank Dick at AllMovie Review of The Bank Dick Archived 2014-12-13 at the Wayback Machine at TVGuide.com The Bank Dick an essay by Dennis Perrin at the Criterion Collection Roger Ebert "Great Movies" essay on the film Archived 2012-09-20 at the Wayback Machine vteFilms directed by Edward F. Cline Circus Days (1923) Three Ages (1923) Captain January (1924) Little Robinson Crusoe (1924) Along Came Ruth (1924) When a Man's a Man (1924) The Rag Man (1925) Old Clothes (1925) Let It Rain (1927) Soft Cushions (1927) Ladies' Night in a Turkish Bath (1928) Vamping Venus (1928) The Head Man (1928) The Crash (1928) Broadway Fever (1929) His Lucky Day (1929) The Forward Pass (1929) In the Next Room (1930) Sweet Mama (1930) Leathernecking (1930) The Widow from Chicago (1930) Hook, Line and Sinker (1930) The Naughty Flirt (1931) Cracked Nuts (1931) The Girl Habit (1931) Million Dollar Legs (1932) Parole Girl (1933) So This Is Africa (1933) Fighting to Live (1934) Peck's Bad Boy (1934) The Dude Ranger (1934) When a Man's a Man (1935) The Cowboy Millionaire (1935) F-Man (1936) On Again-Off Again (1937) Forty Naughty Girls (1937) High Flyers (1937) Hawaii Calls (1938) Go Chase Yourself (1938) Breaking the Ice (1938) Peck's Bad Boy with the Circus (1938) My Little Chickadee (1940) The Villain Still Pursued Her (1940) The Bank Dick (1940) Hello, Sucker (1941) Meet the Chump (1941) Cracked Nuts (1941) Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941) Private Snuffy Smith (1942) What's Cookin'? (1942) Private Buckaroo (1942) Give Out, Sisters (1942) Behind the Eight Ball (1942) He's My Guy (1943) Crazy House (1943) Swingtime Johnny (1943) Hat Check Honey (1944) Slightly Terrific (1944) Night Club Girl (1945) See My Lawyer (1945) Penthouse Rhythm (1945) Bringing Up Father (1946) Jiggs and Maggie in Society (1947)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W. C. Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._C._Fields"},{"link_name":"Lompoc, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompoc,_California"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jeeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeves"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edward F. 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C. Fields. Set in Lompoc, California,[a] Fields plays Egbert Sousé, a drunk who accidentally thwarts a bank robbery and ends up a bank security guard as a result.The film was written by Fields, using the alias Mahatma Kane Jeeves (derived from the Broadway drawing-room comedy cliché \"My hat, my cane, Jeeves!\"),[3] and directed by Edward F. Cline. The film also stars Una Merkel, Richard Purcell, Shemp Howard, Franklin Pangborn, Grady Sutton, Jessie Ralph and Cora Witherspoon.In 1992, The Bank Dick was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\"[4][5]","title":"The Bank Dick"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hard-drinking family man Egbert Sousé has strained relations with his wife and mother-in-law over his drinking, smoking and habit of taking money out of the piggy bank of his younger daughter Elsie Mae and replacing it with IOUs. He tries to hit Elsie Mae with a concrete urn but is interrupted when his older daughter Myrtle wants to introduce him to her fiancé Og Oggilby.When A. Pismo Clam, the director of a film that is shooting in town, goes on a bender, producer Mackley Q. Greene offers the job to Sousé. While on his lunch break, Sousé accidentally catches a man who has robbed the bank where Og works. The grateful bank president offers Sousé a job as the bank's \"special officer,\" a bank detective (\"dick\").After being conned by swindler J. Frothingham Waterbury, Sousé convinces Og to steal $500 from the bank to invest in a questionable mining company. Og hopes to return the money to the bank four days later when he expects to receive his annual bonus, but bank examiner J. Pinkerton Snoopington arrives to immediately audit the bank. Sousé invites him to the Black Pussy Cat Café, a saloon run by Joe Guelpe, and drugs him with knockout drops. Sousé has Snoopington examined by the quack Dr. Stall, who advises bed rest. Despite this, Snoopington is determined to do his duty and proceed with the audit. Og faints when he sees the examiner in the bank, and Sousé tries to delay the audit further by depriving Snoopington of his glasses.As Snoopington is about to discover the missing funds, the swindler shows up to buy back the stocks from Og at a discount, but Sousé learns that the mine has struck it rich, and he and Og are now wealthy and no longer must worry about the audit. However, the escaped bank robber Repulsive Brogan returns to rob the bank a second time, and escapes with the bank's money and Og's mining-company stock, taking Sousé hostage. The robber forces him to drive the getaway car as the police, the bank director, Og and the movie producer chase them, with parts of the getaway car continuously breaking loose. Sousé once again receives the credit for catching the thief and receives $5,000 for the capture of Brogan, $10,000 from the film producer for his screen story and a contract to direct a film based on it.Now that he is rich, Sousé lives in a mansion and his family is elegant and well-spoken and treats him with respect, but he still follows Joe Guelpe on his way to open the Black Pussy Cat Café.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W.C. Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.C._Fields"},{"link_name":"Cora Witherspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_Witherspoon"},{"link_name":"Una Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_Merkel"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Del Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Del_Rio"},{"link_name":"Jessie Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Grady Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pangborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pangborn"},{"link_name":"Shemp Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemp_Howard"},{"link_name":"Dick Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Purcell"},{"link_name":"Russell Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Hicks_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Watkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Watkin"},{"link_name":"Jack Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Norton"},{"link_name":"Pat West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_West_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Reed Hadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Hadley"},{"link_name":"Heather Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Harlan Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Briggs"}],"text":"W.C. Fields as Egbert Sousé\nCora Witherspoon as Agatha Sousé\nUna Merkel as Myrtle Sousé\nEvelyn Del Rio as Elsie Mae Adele Brunch Sousé\nJessie Ralph as Mrs. Hermisillo Brunch\nGrady Sutton as Og Oggilby\nFranklin Pangborn as J. Pinkerton Snoopington\nShemp Howard as Joe Guelpe\nDick Purcell as Mackley Q. Greene\nRussell Hicks as J. Frothingham Waterbury\nPierre Watkin as Mr. Skinner\nJack Norton as A. Pismo Clam\nAl Hill as Filthy McNasty\nGeorge Moran as Cozy Cochran\nBill Wolfe as Otis\nPat West as Assistant Director\nReed Hadley as Francois\nHeather Wilde as Miss Plupp\nHarlan Briggs as Doctor Stall\nBill Alston as Mr. Cheek","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"},{"link_name":"You Can't Cheat an Honest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can%27t_Cheat_an_Honest_Man"},{"link_name":"My Little Chickadee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Chickadee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"}],"text":"Alternative titles for the film were The Bank Detective and The Great Man.[1] With the success of his two previous films, You Can't Cheat an Honest Man and My Little Chickadee, Fields was able to demand complete creative control.[6] He wrote the script under the pseudonym of Mahatma Kane Jeeves. Principal photography began in early September 1940.[1]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bank_Dick_(1940_poster_-_Style_D).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bosley Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-9"},{"link_name":"Harrison's Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s_Reports"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"John Mosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mosher_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Mack Sennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Leslie Halliwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Halliwell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-9"},{"link_name":"Robert Lewis Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lewis_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Otis Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-9"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Criterion Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection"},{"link_name":"out of print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_print"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Theatrical release poster, Style DThe Bank Dick received many favorable reviews. Bosley Crowther of the New York Times wrote that \"for anyone who simply likes to laugh at the reckless inanities of an inspired buffoon, we recommend The Bank Dick. It's great fun.\"[7] A reviewer for Variety wrote: \"It's a crazy-quilt pattern aiming for laughs, and achieves the purpose adequately. Several times, Fields reaches into satirical pantomime reminiscent of Charlie Chaplin's best effort in that line during Mutual and Essanay days.\"[8]Harrison's Reports called the film \"[a] good program comedy. W.C. Fields is at his best and for that reason the picture should go over very well with his fans.\"[9] John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that \"there is often an incident or gesture reminiscent of the Mack Sennett comedies. At times, the movie even smacks of those old days so exactly that you almost believe it must be a revival of some classic. There's nothing antiquated about it, however, no stale, museum starchiness, and the scandalous Mr. Fields has to be forgiven his outrageous behavior, since he is so simply and honestly funny.\"[10] Film critic Leslie Halliwell deemed the film \"[i]mperfect, but probably the best Fields vehicle there is\"[8] and W.C. Fields biographer Robert Lewis Taylor called it \"[o]ne of the great classics of American comedy.\"[11]However, Otis Ferguson, a reviewer for the New Republic, wrote: \"When [Fields] is funny he is terrific...but the story is makeshift, the other characters are stock types, the only pace discernible is the distance between drinks or the rhythm of the fleeting seconds it takes Fields to size up trouble and duck the hell out.\"[8]The film has a rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews.[12] In a list submitted to Cinema magazine in 1963, noted director Stanley Kubrick named it his eighth-favorite film.[13]One scene from the film, where Fields asks a bartender: \"Was I in here last night and did I spend a twenty-dollar bill? and expressing relief that he did, because: \"Oh, what a load is off my mind. I thought I LOST it.\", has become classic. The line is often quoted in context of the film.[14][15][16][17]The film was released on DVD by The Criterion Collection but has since been out of print.[18]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Theatrical release poster, Style D","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Bank_Dick_%281940_poster_-_Style_D%29.jpg/220px-The_Bank_Dick_%281940_poster_-_Style_D%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mankiewicz, Ben (January 2, 2018). Outro to the Turner Classic Movies presentation of The Bank Dick.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mankiewicz","url_text":"Mankiewicz, Ben"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, James (2003). W. C. Fields: A Biography. New York: Knopf. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-375-40217-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Curtis_(biographer)","url_text":"Curtis, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40217-3","url_text":"978-0-375-40217-3"}]},{"reference":"Marx, Andy; Wharton, Dennis (December 3, 1992). \"Diverse pix mix picked\". Variety. Retrieved May 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1992/film/news/diverse-pix-mix-picked-101808/","url_text":"\"Diverse pix mix picked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Complete National Film Registry Listing\". Film Registry, National Film Preservation Board. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved May 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/","url_text":"\"Complete National Film Registry Listing\""}]},{"reference":"Mankiewicz, Ben (January 2, 2018). Inro to the Turner Classic Movies presentation of The Bank Dick.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mankiewicz","url_text":"Mankiewicz, Ben"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Bosley (December 13, 1940). \"W. C. Fields, the Great, Hits His Stride Again in 'The Bank Dick,' at the Palace\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther","url_text":"Crowther, Bosley"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/21/reviews/fields-screen.html","url_text":"\"W. C. Fields, the Great, Hits His Stride Again in 'The Bank Dick,' at the Palace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Frank. \"The Critics' Corner: The Bank Dick\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved November 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/68082/the-bank-dick#articles-reviews?articleId=373035","url_text":"\"The Critics' Corner: The Bank Dick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies","url_text":"Turner Classic Movies"}]},{"reference":"\"'The Bank Dick' with W.C. Fields\". Harrison's Reports: 198. December 14, 1940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s_Reports","url_text":"Harrison's Reports"}]},{"reference":"Mosher, John (December 14, 1940). \"The Current Cinema\". The New Yorker. p. 122.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mosher_(writer)","url_text":"Mosher, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Robert Lewis (1949). W.C. Fields: His Follies and Fortunes. Doubleday & Company. p. 332.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wcfieldshisfolli0000tayl","url_text":"W.C. Fields: His Follies and Fortunes"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wcfieldshisfolli0000tayl/page/332","url_text":"332"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bank Dick (1940)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bank_dick/","url_text":"\"The Bank Dick (1940)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Wrigley, Nick. \"Stanley Kubrick, cinephile\". British Film Institute. Retrieved March 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/polls-surveys/stanley-kubrick-cinephile","url_text":"\"Stanley Kubrick, cinephile\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Age of Comedy - The Bank Dick\". theageofcomedy.laurelandhardycentral.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://theageofcomedy.laurelandhardycentral.com/bankdick.html","url_text":"\"The Age of Comedy - The Bank Dick\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger. \"The Bank Dick movie review & film summary (1940) \| Roger Ebert\". www.rogerebert.com/.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-bank-dick-1940","url_text":"\"The Bank Dick movie review & film summary (1940) \| Roger Ebert\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bank Dick Blu-ray Review • Home Theater Forum\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hometheaterforum.com/the-bank-dick-blu-ray-review/","url_text":"\"The Bank Dick Blu-ray Review • Home Theater Forum\""}]},{"reference":"Chilton, Martin (November 29, 2015). \"WC Fields: a master of comedy\". The Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comedy/comedians/wc-fields-a-master-of-comedy/","url_text":"\"WC Fields: a master of comedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Out of Print - Criterion Collection\". Retrieved July 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.criterion.com/shop/browse?popular=out-of-print","url_text":"\"Out of Print - Criterion Collection\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/4670","external_links_name":"The Bank Dick"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1992/film/news/diverse-pix-mix-picked-101808/","external_links_name":"\"Diverse pix mix picked\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/","external_links_name":"\"Complete National Film Registry Listing\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/21/reviews/fields-screen.html","external_links_name":"\"W. C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9nith_de_Strasbourg	Zénith de Strasbourg	["1 Design","2 Venue","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°35′36″N 7°41′14″E / 48.593211°N 7.687120°E / 48.593211; 7.687120This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Zénith de Strasbourg" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (July 2022) Click for important translation instructions. 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(Learn how and when to remove this message) Zénith Strasbourg EuropeLe Zénith de Strasbourg illuminé la nuit.LocationEckbolsheim, Bas-Rhin, FranceCoordinates48°35′36″N 7°41′14″E / 48.593211°N 7.687120°E / 48.593211; 7.687120Capacity12,079ConstructionOpenedJanuary 3, 2008ArchitectMassimiliano Fuksas;style: Postmodern Expressionist Zénith de Strasbourg is an indoor sporting arena and concert hall that is located in the city of Eckbolsheim, Bas-Rhin, in eastern France. Design It was designed, in the Postmodern Expressionist style, by Italian architect Massimiliano Fuksas. Venue The Zénith de Strasbourg arena has a capacity of 12,079. Thus, making it the biggest Zénith in France. It opened in 2008, one of the Le Zénith series of similar venues throughout France. See also List of indoor arenas in France References ^ "Billetterie du Zénith de Strasbourg \| Site officiel de la Billetterie du Zénith de Strasbourg" (in French). Zenith-strasbourg.fr. Retrieved 2015-06-18. External links Media related to Zénith de Strasbourg at Wikimedia Commons Official website (in French) vteMusic venues in FranceGeneral Le Zénith Paris Philharmonie de Paris Palais Garnier Opéra Bastille Théâtre du Châtelet Salle Gaveau Zénith Paris Casino de Paris Élysée Montmartre Le Trianon L'Olympia La Cigale Le Bataclan Le Trabendo Salle Favart Salle Pleyel La Seine Musicale Théâtre Mogador Le Batofar Point Éphémère Accor Arena Le Divan du Monde Dôme de Paris Lyon Halle Tony Garnier Opéra National de Lyon LDLC Arena Marseille Le Dôme de Marseille GRIM L'Embobineuse Lille Zénith de Lille Strasbourg Opera house Palais des Fêtes Zénith Palais de la musique et des congrès (PMC) Nice Palais Nikaïa Palais des Congrès Acropolis Théâtre de verdure de Nice Grenoble Palais des Sports Maison de la Culture Summum Othercities Bordeaux: Arkéa Arena Caen: Zénith de Caen Cannes: Palais des Festivals et des Congrès Dijon: Zénith de Dijon Limoges: Zénith Limoges Métropole Metz: Galaxie Amnéville, Arsenal de Metz Nancy: Zénith de Nancy Nantes: Le Lieu unique, Zénith de Nantes Métropole Orléans: Zénith d'Orléans Rouen: Zénith de Rouen Toulouse: Zénith de Toulouse Villeurbanne: Le Transbordeur Musicfestivals Active Eurockéennes (Belfort) Hellfest Summer Open Air (Clisson) Main Square Festival (Arras) Motocultor Festival (Saint-Nolff) Rock en Seine (Saint-Cloud) Printemps de Bourges (Bourges) Vieilles Charrues Festival (Carhaix) Musica (Strasbourg) Former Strasbourg Music Festival (Strasbourg; 1932–2014) vteGenres of modern architectureAlphabetically Art Deco Art Nouveau Bauhaus Blobitecture Brutalism Bowellism Constructivism Contemporary Critical regionalism De Stijl Deconstructivism Expressionism Functionalism Futurism Googie High-tech International style Metabolism Mid-Century modern Modernisme Monumentalism Neo-Futurism Neomodern New Classical New Objectivity Organicism Postconstructivism Postmodernism PWA Moderne Prairie School Rationalist-Fascist Rondocubism Stalinist Streamline Moderne Stripped Classicism Structuralism Sustainable Tropical By start year /decade Modernisme (1888–1911) Art Nouveau (1890–1910) Prairie School (1890s–1920s) Expressionism (1910–) Stripped Classicism (1913–) De Stijl (1917–1931) Bauhaus (1919–1933) Constructivism (1920–1932) Rondocubism (1921–1929) New Objectivity (1922–1933) Streamline Moderne (1925–1950) Rationalist-Fascist (1920s–1930s) International style (1920s–) Functionalism (1920s–1970s) Futurism (1920s–) Organicism (1920s–) Art Deco (1910–1939) Postconstructivism (1930s) PWA Moderne (1933–1944) Stalinist (1930s–1950s) Googie (1930s–1970) Mid-century modern (1933–1969) Brutalism (1940s–late 1970s) Tropical (1958–) Structuralism (1959–) Metabolism (1959–) Postmodernism (1960s–) Blobitecture (1960s–) Neo-futurism (1960s–) High-tech (1970s–) Critical regionalism (1980s–) Deconstructivism (1980s–) Neomodern (1990s–) New Classical (1990s–) Contemporary (2000s–) Architecture portal Related articles Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place Structurae This article about a building or structure in the French department of Bas-Rhin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a French sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indoor sporting arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_arena"},{"link_name":"concert hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_hall"},{"link_name":"Eckbolsheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckbolsheim"},{"link_name":"Bas-Rhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Zénith de Strasbourg is an indoor sporting arena and concert hall that is located in the city of Eckbolsheim, Bas-Rhin, in eastern France.[1]","title":"Zénith de Strasbourg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture"},{"link_name":"Massimiliano Fuksas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimiliano_Fuksas"}],"text":"It was designed, in the Postmodern Expressionist style, by Italian architect Massimiliano Fuksas.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Zénith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Z%C3%A9nith"}],"text":"The Zénith de Strasbourg arena has a capacity of 12,079. Thus, making it the biggest Zénith in France. It opened in 2008, one of the Le Zénith series of similar venues throughout France.","title":"Venue"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of indoor arenas in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_France"}]	[{"reference":"\"Billetterie du Zénith de Strasbourg \| Site officiel de la Billetterie du Zénith de Strasbourg\" (in French). Zenith-strasbourg.fr. Retrieved 2015-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zenith-strasbourg.fr/","url_text":"\"Billetterie du Zénith de Strasbourg \| Site officiel de la Billetterie du Zénith de Strasbourg\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Z%C3%A9nith_de_Strasbourg&params=48.593211_N_7.68712_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"48°35′36″N 7°41′14″E / 48.593211°N 7.687120°E / 48.593211; 7.687120"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Z%C3%A9nith+de+Strasbourg%22","external_links_name":"\"Zénith de Strasbourg\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Z%C3%A9nith+de+Strasbourg%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Z%C3%A9nith+de+Strasbourg%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Z%C3%A9nith+de+Strasbourg%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Z%C3%A9nith+de+Strasbourg%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Z%C3%A9nith+de+Strasbourg%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Z%C3%A9nith_de_Strasbourg&params=48.593211_N_7.68712_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"48°35′36″N 7°41′14″E / 48.593211°N 7.687120°E / 48.593211; 7.687120"},{"Link":"http://www.zenith-strasbourg.fr/","external_links_name":"\"Billetterie du Zénith de Strasbourg \| Site officiel de la Billetterie du Zénith de Strasbourg\""},{"Link":"http://www.zenith-strasbourg.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/48371e33-7f37-4648-a071-e78cf6fbeb06","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20027231","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%A9nith_de_Strasbourg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%A9nith_de_Strasbourg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mary_Cassatt	SS Mary Cassatt	["1 Design","2 Construction and career","3 References"]	American ship Odessa in May 2003 History United States NameMary Cassatt NamesakeMary Cassatt BuilderCalifornia Shipbuilding Corp Way number1553 Laid down17 April 1943 Launched16 May 1943 FateTransferred to Soviet Navy, 1943 History Soviet Union NameOdessa Commissioned1943 Decommissioned2000s FateUnknown General characteristics Class and typeLiberty ship Displacement14,245 long tons (14,474 t) Length 441 ft 6 in (134.57 m) o/a 417 ft 9 in (127.33 m) p/p 427 ft (130 m) w/l Beam57 ft (17 m) Draft27 ft 9 in (8.46 m) Propulsion Two oil-fired boilers Triple-expansion steam engine 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) Single screw Speed11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) Range20,000 nmi (37,000 km; 23,000 mi) Capacity10,856 t (10,685 long tons) deadweight (DWT) Crew81 ArmamentStern-mounted 4 in (100 mm) deck gun for use against surfaced submarines, variety of anti-aircraft guns SS Mary Cassatt was an American Liberty ship built in 1943 for service in World War II. Her namesake was Mary Cassatt, an American painter and printmaker. Design Main article: Liberty ship Like other Liberty ships, she was 441 feet (134 m) long and 56 feet (17 m) wide, carried 9000 tons of cargo and had a top speed of 11 knots (20 km/h). Most Liberty ships were named after prominent deceased Americans. Construction and career The keel of the ship was laid on April 17, 1943. Few months later the Kaiser Permanente Metals launched in Los Angeles under the name Mary Cassatt. She was transferred to the Soviet Union later that year to be commissioned with the name Odessa. The ship survived the World War II unscathed. The ship was not returned to the United States and remained in use as a merchant ship by the Soviet Navy until 1976. In 1977 it was bought by Far Eastern Shipping Co, Vladivostok and used as a transport ship until mid-1982. At the end of 1982 the ship became the Ministry of the Fishing Industry and the ship was converted into a fishing storage. She was decommissioned in 2000s and in 2003 was used as a storage ship in Vladivostok. References ^ a b c d e f g Davies, James (2012). "Liberty Cargo Ships" (PDF). ww2ships.com. p. 23. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ "Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II". usmm.org. 2008. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2012. ^ "Mary Cassatt - Odessa". www.armed-guard.com. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ Miramar Ship Index vteMary CassattPaintings List of works Little Girl in a Blue Armchair (1878) Lilacs in a Window (1879) Woman with a Pearl Necklace in a Loge (1879) The Tea (1879-1880) Lydia Crocheting in the Garden at Marly (1880) In the Loge (1880) The Cup of Tea (1880-81) A Woman and a Girl Driving (1881) Lady at the Tea Table (1883-1885) Girl Arranging Her Hair (1886) The Boating Party (1893) The Child's Bath (1893) Mother and Child (1898) Young Mother Sewing (1900) Woman with a Sunflower (1905) Prints Gardner (Cassatt) Held by His Mother (c. 1889) Related Alexander Cassatt (brother) SS Mary Cassatt This article about a specific Liberty ship is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Mary Cassatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cassatt"}],"text":"SS Mary Cassatt was an American Liberty ship built in 1943 for service in World War II. Her namesake was Mary Cassatt, an American painter and printmaker.","title":"SS Mary Cassatt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Like other Liberty ships, she was 441 feet (134 m) long and 56 feet (17 m) wide, carried 9000 tons of cargo and had a top speed of 11 knots (20 km/h). Most Liberty ships were named after prominent deceased Americans.[2]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaiser Permanente Metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanente_Metals"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launched_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Shipping Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Shipping_Company"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Ministry of the Fishing Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Fishing_Industry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The keel of the ship was laid on April 17, 1943. Few months later the Kaiser Permanente Metals launched in Los Angeles under the name Mary Cassatt. She was transferred to the Soviet Union later that year to be commissioned with the name Odessa. The ship survived the World War II unscathed.The ship was not returned to the United States and remained in use as a merchant ship by the Soviet Navy until 1976.In 1977 it was bought by Far Eastern Shipping Co, Vladivostok and used as a transport ship until mid-1982.At the end of 1982 the ship became the Ministry of the Fishing Industry and the ship was converted into a fishing storage.She was decommissioned in 2000s and in 2003 was used as a storage ship in Vladivostok.[3][4]","title":"Construction and career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Davies, James (2012). \"Liberty Cargo Ships\" (PDF). ww2ships.com. p. 23. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww2ships.com/acrobat/us-os-001-f-r00.pdf","url_text":"\"Liberty Cargo Ships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II\". usmm.org. 2008. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091805/http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html#anchor446731","url_text":"\"Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II\""},{"url":"http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html#anchor446731","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Cassatt - Odessa\". www.armed-guard.com. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armed-guard.com/odessa.html","url_text":"\"Mary Cassatt - Odessa\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://ww2ships.com/acrobat/us-os-001-f-r00.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Liberty Cargo Ships\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091805/http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html#anchor446731","external_links_name":"\"Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II\""},{"Link":"http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html#anchor446731","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.armed-guard.com/odessa.html","external_links_name":"\"Mary Cassatt - Odessa\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Mary_Cassatt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Motor_Corporation	Ace Motor Corporation	["1 History","1.1 Origin","1.2 Death of William Henderson","1.3 Ownership","1.4 Indian Ace","2 Ace Speed Trophy","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]	Ace Motorcycle, 1923 Ace Motor Corporation was a motorcycle manufacturer in continuous operation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between 1919 and 1924, and intermittently afterward until 1927. Essentially only one model of the large luxury four-cylinder motorcycle, with slight variations, was made from first to last. History Origin Having sold Henderson Motorcycle to Ignaz Schwinn's Excelsior Motor Manufacturing & Supply Company, founder William G. Henderson continued to work there until 1919, when differences of opinion regarding the design direction of Henderson motorcycles led to his resignation from Excelsior. In the fall of 1919, with the support of Max M. Sladkin of Haverford Cycle Co., Henderson started the Ace Motor Corporation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Ace motorcycle resembled the Henderson in general form, being a longitudinal four-cylinder motorcycle with chain drive, but Henderson had to be careful not to infringe any trademarks or patents that would have been owned by Excelsior at the time. Production began in 1920. Death of William Henderson 1922 Ace motorcycle On December 11, 1922, shortly after 11 a.m., William Henderson was hit by a motor vehicle while testing the new Ace Sporting Solo in Philadelphia. He died at the age of 39 in Frankford Hospital without regaining consciousness. Arthur O. Lemon, former Henderson salesman and head of Excelsior and Henderson engineering at Excelsior Motor Manufacturing & Supply, left Excelsior in 1923 to replace Henderson as Chief Engineer at Ace. Ownership Ace Motor Corporation ceased operation in 1924. In the next two years, ownership of Ace's name, rights, and production facilities would change hands at least twice. At least one of these owners, Michigan Motors Corporation, would revive production for a short time. Indian Ace See also: Indian Four 1928 Indian Ace, with leading-link forks and a large central coil spring. Later Indian Fours would feature Indian-style trailing-link forks with leaf springs. The property of Ace Motor changed hands for the last time in 1927, when it was purchased by the Indian Motocycle Company. Production was moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, and the motorcycle was marketed as the Indian Ace for one year. Once the designs began to be modified within Indian, the Ace name was discontinued. Production of four-cylinder Indian motorcycles would continue until 1942. Ace Speed Trophy ACE Motorcycle In 1923, Red Wolverton rode a specially prepared Ace XP-4 at a record speed of 129 mph (208 km/h). The management of Ace Motor Corporation offered the Ace Speed Trophy and a cash prize to anyone who could break the XP-4's record. Neither the trophy nor the prize was ever claimed. See also List of motorcycles of the 1920s vteMotorcycle marques of the United StatesCurrent Alligator Arch ATK Boss Hoss Buell Cleveland CycleWerks Curtiss Fischer Harley-Davidson Indian Lightning Motorcycle Marine Turbine Technologies Rokon Z Electric Vehicle Zero Motorcycles Defunct Ace Allstate/Sears Alta American IronHorse Bi-Autogo Big Dog Brammo California Cleveland (1915–1929) Cooper Crocker Cushman Cyclone Excelsior Excelsior-Henderson Flying Merkel Gelbke Henderson Hodaka Iver Johnson Johnson Motor Wheel MotoCzysz Motus MST Mustang Penton Pierce-Arrow Ridley Riverside/Montgomery Ward Roehr Simplex Thor Highland Vectrix Victory Wagner Motorcycle Company Whizzer Yankee Notes ^ a b c d e f "William Henderson". AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. ^ a b c d "Excelsior Motor Mfg. & Supply Co.: History of the Henderson 1918 ~ 1931". Henderson Motorcycles. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. ^ a b c Wilson 1995, p. 11. ^ a b Wilson 1993, p. 31. ^ "Yesterday's the place where you buy all your antique and classic bikes". Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-05-04. References Wilson, Hugo (1995). The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle. Dorling-Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0206-6. Wilson, Hugo (1993). The Ultimate Motorcycle Book. Dorling-Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0043-8. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HallFameHenderson-1"}],"text":"Ace Motor Corporation was a motorcycle manufacturer in continuous operation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between 1919 and 1924, and intermittently afterward until 1927.[1]\nEssentially only one model of the large luxury four-cylinder motorcycle, with slight variations, was made from first to last.","title":"Ace Motor Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henderson Motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"Ignaz Schwinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Schwinn"},{"link_name":"Excelsior Motor Manufacturing & Supply Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excelsior_Motor_Manufacturing_%26_Supply_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HallFameHenderson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenderHistory18_31-2"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HallFameHenderson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenderHistory18_31-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HallFameHenderson-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson199511-3"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"Having sold Henderson Motorcycle to Ignaz Schwinn's Excelsior Motor Manufacturing & Supply Company, founder William G. Henderson continued to work there until 1919, when differences of opinion regarding the design direction of Henderson motorcycles led to his resignation from Excelsior.[1][2]In the fall of 1919, with the support of Max M. Sladkin of Haverford Cycle Co., Henderson started the Ace Motor Corporation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1][2] The Ace motorcycle resembled the Henderson in general form, being a longitudinal four-cylinder motorcycle with chain drive, but Henderson had to be careful not to infringe any trademarks or patents that would have been owned by Excelsior at the time.[1] Production began in 1920.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ace_motorcycle_1922.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenderHistory18_31-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HallFameHenderson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenderHistory18_31-2"}],"sub_title":"Death of William Henderson","text":"1922 Ace motorcycleOn December 11, 1922, shortly after 11 a.m., William Henderson was hit by a motor vehicle while testing the new Ace Sporting Solo in Philadelphia. He died at the age of 39 in Frankford Hospital without regaining consciousness.[2]Arthur O. Lemon, former Henderson salesman and head of Excelsior and Henderson engineering at Excelsior Motor Manufacturing & Supply, left Excelsior in 1923 to replace Henderson as Chief Engineer at Ace.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HallFameHenderson-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson199511-3"}],"sub_title":"Ownership","text":"Ace Motor Corporation ceased operation in 1924.[1] In the next two years, ownership of Ace's name, rights, and production facilities would change hands at least twice. At least one of these owners, Michigan Motors Corporation, would revive production for a short time.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Four"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1928_Indian_Ace_CA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_(motorcycle)"},{"link_name":"Indian Motocycle Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_(motorcycle)"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson199511-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson199331-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Indian Ace","text":"See also: Indian Four1928 Indian Ace, with leading-link forks and a large central coil spring. Later Indian Fours would feature Indian-style trailing-link forks with leaf springs.The property of Ace Motor changed hands for the last time in 1927, when it was purchased by the Indian Motocycle Company. Production was moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, and the motorcycle was marketed as the Indian Ace for one year. Once the designs began to be modified within Indian, the Ace name was discontinued.[3][4]Production of four-cylinder Indian motorcycles would continue until 1942.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ace_Onbekend_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson199331-4"}],"text":"ACE MotorcycleIn 1923, Red Wolverton rode a specially prepared Ace XP-4 at a record speed of 129 mph (208 km/h). The management of Ace Motor Corporation offered the Ace Speed Trophy and a cash prize to anyone who could break the XP-4's record. Neither the trophy nor the prize was ever claimed.[4]","title":"Ace Speed Trophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HallFameHenderson_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HallFameHenderson_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HallFameHenderson_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HallFameHenderson_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HallFameHenderson_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HallFameHenderson_1-5"},{"link_name":"\"William Henderson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091224220142/http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=193"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=193"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HenderHistory18_31_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HenderHistory18_31_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HenderHistory18_31_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HenderHistory18_31_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"Excelsior Motor Mfg. & Supply Co.: History of the Henderson 1918 ~ 1931\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hendersonmotorcycle.com/History%201918.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141019000914/http://www.hendersonmotorcycle.com/History%201918.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson199511_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson199511_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson199511_3-2"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilson1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson199331_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson199331_4-1"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilson1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Yesterday's the place where you buy all your antique and classic bikes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160416212148/http://www.yesterdays.nl/indian-1935-435-1260cc-cyl-ioe-p-2933.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yesterdays.nl/indian-1935-435-1260cc-cyl-ioe-p-2933.html"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f \"William Henderson\". AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009.\n\n^ a b c d \"Excelsior Motor Mfg. & Supply Co.: History of the Henderson 1918 ~ 1931\". Henderson Motorcycles. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014.\n\n^ a b c Wilson 1995, p. 11.\n\n^ a b Wilson 1993, p. 31.\n\n^ \"Yesterday's the place where you buy all your antique and classic bikes\". Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-05-04.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Ace Motorcycle, 1923","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1923_Ace_1280ccm.JPG/250px-1923_Ace_1280ccm.JPG"},{"image_text":"1922 Ace motorcycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ace_motorcycle_1922.JPG/220px-Ace_motorcycle_1922.JPG"},{"image_text":"1928 Indian Ace, with leading-link forks and a large central coil spring. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QbA	German wine classification	["1 Quality designations","2 Special designations","2.1 Sweetness of the wine","2.2 Color","2.3 Extra ripeness or higher quality","2.4 Special and regional wine types","2.5 New classes for wines","3 Geographic classification","3.1 Geographic classification for Deutscher Wein (formerly Tafelwein) and Landwein","3.2 Geographic classification for Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein","4 Labels","4.1 Required Information","4.2 Additional information","5 Criticism","6 References"]	Overview of the wine classification system in Germany "QBA" redirects here. For other uses, see QBA (disambiguation). The bottle on the left displays: Producer (Dr. Loosen) – vintage – village (Bernkastel) and vineyard (Lay) – variety (Riesling) and Prädikat (Eiswein) – mandatory information in small print – alcoholic strength, region (Mosel-Saar-Ruwer) and volume.The bottle on the right uses a slightly different order: Region (Rheingau) and variety (Riesling) – vintage – village (Kiedrich) and vineyard (Gräfenberg) – Prädikat (Auslese) – producer (Weingut Robert Weil) – volume and alcoholic strength. The German wine classification system puts a strong emphasis on standardization and factual completeness, and was first implemented by the German Wine Law of 1971. Nearly all of Germany's vineyards are delineated and registered as one of approximately 2,600 Einzellagen ('individual sites'), and the produce from any vineyard can be used to make German wine at any quality level, as long as the must weight of the grapes reaches the designated minimum level. As the current German system does not classify vineyards by quality, the measure of wine ’quality’ is the ripeness of the grapes alone. Approximately 200 wine makers have been organised since 1910 in the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP). To counter the shortcomings of the 1971 law, the VDP nowadays classifies the best vineyards by its own rules into 'VDP.Grosse Lage' (Grand cru) and 'VDP.Erste Lage' (Premier cru) based on 19th century Prussian tax maps. Most of these wine makers are based in the regions of Mosel, Pfalz, and Franken. The classification of wines has been reorganized since 1 August 2009 by the EU wine market organization. The traditional German wine classification remained mostly unchanged, as the European system follows the origin-related system like in Germany and most areas of France (AOC). The already existing protection of geographical indication was transmitted through this step as well to the wine classification. Quality designations There are two major categories of German wine: table and "quality" wine. Table wine includes the designations Deutscher Wein (previously Tafelwein) and Landwein. Unlike the supposed equivalents of "Vin de Table" / "Vino da Tavola" and "Indicazione Geografica Tipica" / "Vin de Pays", production levels are not high, and these wines are typically exported to the United States. In 2005, Tafelwein and Landwein only accounted for 3.6% of total production. In Baden, there is a growing trend to release high-end wines as Landwein . Quality wine is divided into two types: Qualitätswein, or quality wine from a specific region. This is wine from one of the 13 wine-growing regions (Anbaugebiete), and the region must be shown on the label. It is a basic level of everyday, mostly inexpensive quaffing wines. The grapes are at a fairly low level of ripeness, with must weights of 51°Oe to 72°Oe. The alcohol content of the wine must be at least 7% by volume, and chaptalization (adding sugar to the unfermented grape juice to boost the final alcohol level, which in no way alters the sweetness) is often used. Qualitätswein range from dry to semi-sweet, and the style is often indicated on the label, along with the designation Qualitätswein and the region. Some top-level dry wines are officially Qualitätswein although they would qualify as Prädikatswein. All dry wines produced by members of the VDP association are always declared as Qualitätswein. Prädikatswein, or superior quality wine. Known as Qualitätswein mit Prädikat (QmP) (quality wine with specific attributes) until August 2007, this is the top level of German wines. These prominently display a Prädikat (ripeness level designation) on the label and may not be chaptalized. Prädikatswein range from dry to intensely sweet, but unless it is specifically indicated that the wine is dry or off-dry, these wines always contain a noticeable amount of residual sugar. Prädikatswein must be produced from allowed varieties in one of the 39 subregions (Bereich) of one of the 13 wine-growing regions, although it is the region rather than the subregion which is mandatory information on the label. (Some of the smaller regions, such as Rheingau, consist of only one subregion.) The different Prädikat (superior quality wine) designations used are as follows, in order of increasing sugar levels in the must: Kabinett – literally "cabinet" fully ripened light wines from the main harvest, typically semi-sweet with crisp acidity, but can be dry if designated so. This term may have originated as indicating the winemaker felt it was good enough to put in his own cabinet rather than offer it for sale. Spätlese – meaning "late harvest" typically half-dry, often (but not always) sweeter and fruitier than Kabinett. The grapes are picked at least 7 days after normal harvest, so they are riper. While waiting to pick the grapes carries a risk of the crop being ruined by rain, in warm years and from good sites much of the harvest can reach Spätlese level. Spätlese can be a relatively full-bodied dry wine if designated so. While Spätlese means late harvest the wine is not as sweet as a dessert wine, as the "late harvest" term is often used in US wines. Auslese – meaning "select harvest" made from very ripe, hand selected bunches, typically semi-sweet or sweet, sometimes with some noble rot character. Sometimes Auslese is also made into a powerful dry wine, but the designation Auslese trocken has been discouraged after the introduction of Grosses Gewächs. Auslese is the Prädikat which covers the widest range of wine styles, and can be a dessert wine. Beerenauslese – meaning "select berry harvest" made from overripe grapes individually selected from bunches and often affected by noble rot, making rich sweet dessert wine. Trockenbeerenauslese – meaning "select dry berry harvest" or "dry berry selection" made from selected overripe shrivelled grapes often affected by noble rot making extremely rich sweet wines. "Trocken" in this phrase refers to the grapes being dried on the vine rather than the resulting wine being a dry style. Eiswein (ice wine) made from grapes that have been naturally frozen on the vine, making a very concentrated wine. Must reach at least the same level of sugar content in the must as a Beerenauslese. The most classic Eiswein style is to use only grapes that are not affected by noble rot. Until the 1980s, the Eiswein designation was used in conjunction with another Prädikat (which indicated the ripeness level of the grapes before they had frozen), but is now considered a Prädikat of its own. The minimum must weight requirements for the different Prädikat designations are as follows. Many producers, especially top-level producers, exceed the minimum requirements by a wide margin. Prädikat Minimum must weight Examples of requirements Minimum alcohol level in the wine Dependent on grape variety and wine-growing region Riesling from Mosel Riesling from Rheingau Kabinett 67–82°Oe 70°Oe 73°Oe 7% Spätlese 76–90°Oe 76°Oe 85°Oe 7% Auslese 83–100°Oe 83°Oe 95°Oe 7% Beerenauslese, Eiswein 110–128°Oe 110°Oe 125°Oe 5.5% Trockenbeerenauslese 150–154°Oe 150°Oe 150°Oe 5.5% This does not necessarily determine the sweetness of the final wine, because the winemaker may choose to ferment the wine fully or let some residual sugar remain. Special designations A Riesling from the Rheingau using the "Feinherb" (off dry) designation In certain regions, additional rules are applied to how a wine is classified. These special names represent special characters. Sweetness of the wine A bottle of Kabinett and a bottle of Kabinett trocken from the same producer and vineyard, showing how the sugar content of the finished wine may be indicated on a German wine label The sugar content in the finished wine can be indicated by the following designations for Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein. For sparkling wines (Sekt), many of the same designations are used, but have a different meaning. Designation English translation Maximum sugar level allowed Low acid wines Medium acid wines High acid wines trocken dry 4 grams per liter acid level in grams per liter + 2 9 grams per liter halbtrocken half-dry 12 grams per liter acid level in grams per liter + 10 18 grams per liter feinherb off-dry Unregulated designation, slightly sweeter than halbtrocken lieblich, mild or restsüß semi-sweet Usually not specially marked as such on the label.Follows by default from their Prädikat in the absence of the above designations. süß or edelsüß sweet Usually not specially marked as such on the label.Follows by default from their Prädikat in the absence of the above designations. Color There are also color designations that can be used on the label: Weißwein – white wine May be produced only from white varieties. This designation is seldom used. Rotwein – red wine May be produced only from red varieties with sufficient maceration to make the wine red. Sometimes used for clarification if the producer also makes rosés from the same grape variety. Roséwein – rosé wine Produced from red varieties with a shorter maceration, the wine must have pale red or clear red color. Weißherbst – rosé wine or blanc de noirs A rosé wine which must conform to special rules: must be Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein, single variety and be labelled with the varietal name. There are no restrictions as to the color of the wine, so they range from pale gold to deep pink. Weißherbst wines also range from dry to sweet, such as rosé Eiswein from Spätburgunder. A bottle of regular Riesling Auslese (left) and a bottle of Riesling Auslese Goldkapsel (Gold capsule) from the same producer Extra ripeness or higher quality Some producers also use additional propriate designations to denote quality or ripeness level within a Prädikat. These are outside the scope of the German wine law. Especially for Auslese, which can cover a wide range of sweetness levels, the presence of any of these designations tends to indicate a sweet dessert wine rather than a semi-sweet wine. These designations are all unregulated. Goldkapsel – gold capsule A golden capsule or foil on the bottle. Denotes a wine considered better by the producer. Usually means a Prädikatswein that is sweeter or more intense, or indicates an auction wine made in a very small lot. Stars , * or *** Usually means that a Prädikatswein has been harvested at a higher level of ripeness than the minimum required, and can mean that the wine is sweeter or more intense. Fuder (vat) numbers Usually indicated for better wines and often the numbers are arranged in some logical order, although the same numbers need not return in each vintage. This practice seems to be most common for semi-sweet and sweet wines in the Mosel region. Special and regional wine types There are also a number of specialty and regional wines, considered as special version of some quality category. Here are some of them: Liebfraumilch or Liebfrauenmilch A semi-sweet Qualitätswein from the Rheingau, Nahe, Rheinhessen or Pfalz, consisting at least 70% of the varieties Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Silvaner or Kerner. In practice there is very little Riesling in Liebfraumilch since varietally labelled Riesling wines tend to fetch a higher price. Liebfraumilch may not carry a varietal designation on the label. Liebfraumilch is one of Germany's most well known wines, and is in principle a medium-quality wine designation although more commonly perceived to be a low-quality wine both at home and on the export market. Moseltaler An off-dry/semi-sweet Qualitätswein cuvée from the Mosel wine region (Moseltal is Moselle Valley in German) made from the following white grape varieties: Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Elbling and Kerner. May not carry a varietal designation on the label, and sold under a uniform logotype. Must have a residual sugar of 15–30 grams per liter and a minimum acidity of 7 grams per liter. Basically a Liebfraumilch-lookalike from Mosel. Rotling A wine produced from a mixture of red and white varieties. A Rotling must have pale red or clear red color Schillerwein A Rotling from the Württemberg wine-growing region, which must be Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein. Badisch Rotgold A Rotling from the Baden wine-growing region, which must be Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein. It must be made from Grauburgunder and Spätburgunder and the varieties must be specified on the label. New classes for wines Indication: Selection in a vineyard in Rheinhessen There are two classes for wines with official status in all 13 Anbaugebiete and one regional class in Rheinhessen and the Rheingau, respectively. Classic Introduced with the 2000 vintage, Classic is in principle a dry or slightly off-dry Qualitätswein that conforms to slightly higher standards intended to make it food-friendly. It must be made from varieties considered classical in its region, have a potential alcohol of 1% (or 8°Oe) above the minimum requirements for its variety and region, and have an alcohol level of minimum 12.0% by volume, except in Mosel, where the minimum level is 11.5%. Maximum sugar level is twice the acid level, but no more than 15 grams per liter. Riesling Hochgewächs Literally meaning ”high growth”. A riesling with a natural alcohol level at least 1.5 percentage points above the minimum Qualitätswein requirement for the Anbaugebiet. Additionally, the wine has to score an average of at least 3 points in the official wine examination (Amtliche Weinprüfung). Selection Rheinhessen A wine made from hand-picked, fully ripe grapes (min. 90° Oechsle) originating in a single vineyard in Rheinhessen. The grapes have to be typical to the region (Silvaner, Riesling, Weißburgunder, Grauburgunder, Gewürztraminer, Portugieser, Frühburgunder or Spätburgunder) and the wine must pass a sensory test. Rheingau Großes Gewächs Literally meaning ”Rheingau great growth”. Limited to the Rheingau region through the state wine decree of Hessia, a legally dry riesling (min. 12% alc.) or spätburgunder (min. 13% alc.) from classified vineyard sites. The wine must pass a tasting test by the review board. Replaces the Erstes Gewächs designation starting from the 2018 vintage and is stylized as RGG on the wine label. Charta Riesling a 100% Rheingau Riesling of Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein quality with a residual sugar ranging from 9–18 grams/liter (off-dry) and a minimum acidity of 7.5 grams/liter. The wines must achieve higher starting must weights than required by law and undergo sensory testing by a special panel (in addition to the A.P.Nr. procedure). Uniform packaging. Geographic classification See also: List of German wine regions A Riesling from the Bernkastel region, on the Moselle River The geographic classification is different for Landwein, Deutscher Wein, Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein. Geographic classification for Deutscher Wein (formerly Tafelwein) and Landwein There are seven Deutscher Wein regions: Rhein-Mosel, Bayern, Neckar, Oberrhein, Albrechtsburg, Stargarder Land and Niederlausitz. These are divided into a number of subregions, which in turn are divided into 19 Landwein regions (and must be trocken or halbtrocken in style). (There is no Landwein region for Franken.) Names of individual vineyards are not used for Deutscher Wein or Landwein. Deutscher Wein must be 100% German in origin, or specifically state on the label where grapes were sourced from within the European Union. Sparkling wine produced at the Deutscher Wein level is often labeled as Deutscher Sekt and is made from 100% German grapes/wine. Geographic classification for Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein There are four levels of geographic classification, and any level of classification can be used on the label of Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein: Anbaugebiet, wine growing regions, of which there are 13. Anbaugebiet is always indicated on the label of Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein. Bereich, district, of which there are 39. Each Anbaugebiet is divided into one or more Bereiche. Großlage, collective site, which is a collective name for a number of single vineyards, and which number about 170. Einzellage, single vineyard, of which there are about 2,600. The names of Großlagen and Einzellagen are always used together with the name of a wine village, because some Einzellage names, such as Schlossberg (castle hill) are used in several villages. Unfortunately, it is not possible to tell a Großlage from an Einzellage just by looking at the wine label. A few examples of how the names appear on labels: The vineyard Sonnenuhr (meaning "sun dial") in the village Wehlen along the Mosel is designated as Wehlener Sonnenuhr. The neighbouring village Zeltingen also has a vineyard called Sonnenuhr, and will appear on the label as Zeltinger Sonnenuhr. Both these vineyards belong to Großlage Münzlay, which is assigned to the village Wehlen. A wine from any of these vineyards, or a blend from both of them, can be sold under the name Wehlener Münzlay. These vineyards lie within Bereich Bernkastel, which provides an additional choice for labelling. It is also possible to simply label the wine as a wine from Anbaugebiet Mosel. There are a few exceptions to the rule that a village must be indicated together with the vineyard name, those are a handful of historical vineyards known as Ortsteil im sinne des Weingesetzes (village name in sense of the wine law). Examples are Schloss Johannisberg in Rheingau and Scharzhofberg along the Saar. They are of the same size as a typical Einzellage and could be thought of as Einzellagen which were so famous that they were excused from displaying the village name. Labels Sample German Wine Label for a Kloster Eberbach Spätlese with front and back label. The top label is the "decorative" label which most consumers think of as the front label, but it is the smaller bottom label which contain the information required by the wine law. Unlike French wine labels, where key information about the grape variety is not included in the labeling and thus must be known by the consumer to make an informed choice, German wine labels must display much more important information about the wine. It must always include: Geographic information with either the country, the city or the exact site of the wine (depending on the quality). The variety of grape(s) used and whether the wine is mix of grapes (see: cuvée). The EU law quality level of the wine. The year of grape harvest. Whether it is dry, semi-dry or sweet. The wine maker. If the wine is sparkling (sekt) Any other special information about the quality level. Due to the amount of information the label some non-professionals and many consumers find German wine labels to be harder to understand than French or US labels. Jon Bonné describes German wine labels as a "thicket of exotic words and abbreviations" that require "the vinous equivalent of Cliff notes to parse." Required Information German wine law regulates that at least six items of information be present on the label. Name of the producer or bottler (e.g.: Staatsweingüter Kloster Eberbach) German wine domaines/"châteaux" are often called "Kloster", "Schloss", "Burg", "Domaine" or "Weingut" followed by some other name. A.P.Nr Amtliche Prüfnummer Quality control number (e.g.: 33050 031 04) The first number (1–9) relates to the German wine region where the wine was produced and tested (e.g. 3-Rheingau). The second 2 or 3 digit number indicates the village of the vineyard (e.g. 30-Rauenthal)). The next two digits represents the particular wine estate (e.g. 50-Kloster Eberbach). The following 2 to 3 digit number is the sequential order that the wine was submitted by that producer for testing (e.g. 031 – this was the 31st wine submitted by Kloster Eberbach for testing). The final two digits is the year of the testing, which is normally the year following the vintage (e.g. 04 – the wine was tested in 2004). Anbaugebiet, i.e. region of origin (e.g.: Rheingau) Volume of the wine (e.g.: 750ml) Location of the producer/bottler (e.g.: Eltville) Alcohol level (e.g.: 9.0% vol) Additional information German wine labels may also include Grape variety (e.g., Riesling) Prädikat level of ripeness (e.g., Spätlese) Vintage year (e.g., 2003) Taste, such as dry (trocken) or off-dry (halbtrocken) Vineyard name (e.g.: Rauenthaler Baiken, a single vineyard). The village name (e.g.: Rauenthal") is normally identified by the possessive form "-er" suffix and is sometimes followed by the vineyard name ("Baiken"). If the wine is estate-bottled (Erzeugerabfüllung or Gutsabfüllung), bottled by a co-op (Winzergenossenschaft), or by a third party bottler (Abfüller). Address of the winery The logo of the Association of German Prädikat Wine Estates (Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter, or more commonly VDP) which is awarded to the top 200 producers, as voted among themselves. The logo is a black eagle with a cluster of grapes in the center. The winery in the image example has the VDP logo. While not a guarantee, the presence of the VDP logo is a helpful insight into the quality of the wine. Criticism In recent years, the official classification has been criticised by many of the top producers, and additional classifications have been set down by wine growers' organisations such as VDP, without enjoying legal protection. The two main reasons for criticism are that the official classification does not differentiate between better and lesser vineyards and that the quality levels are less appropriate to high-quality dry wines. References ^ a b MW Krebiehl, Anne (2019). The Wines of Germany. Infinite Ideas. ^ Robinson, Jancis (2006). The Oxford Companion To Wine. Oxford University Press. p. 308. ISBN 0198609906. ^ Steinbeck, Eric (2014). "1971 – Lars Carlberg: Mosel Wine". www.larscarlberg.com. Retrieved 2020-01-12. ^ "VDP-Klassifikation". Wein-Plus (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-12. ^ Haeger, John Winthrop (2016). Riesling Rediscovered: Bold, Bright, and Dry. Univ of California Press. p. 89. ^ Verordnung (EG) Nr. 479/2008 des Rates vom 29. April 2008 über die gemeinsame Marktorganisation für Wein chapter 27. ^ Steven Sidore, Winners and Losers of the Revised German Wine Law by: TRINK MAGAZINE, 19 May 2021. ^ "Aktuelles Weinrecht" (PDF). German Wine Institute. 23 November 2019. ^ "Deutsches Weininstitut: German Wine Statistics 2006–2007". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-02. ^ "Ziereisen and the Baden Landwein revolution \| JancisRobinson.com". www.jancisrobinson.com. Retrieved 2019-11-24. ^ MacNeil, Karen (2001). The Wine Bible. New York: Workman Publishing. p. 521. ISBN 9781563054341. ^ "VDP:Klassifikation". www.vdp.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-11-24. ^ Deutsches Weininstitut (German Wine Institute): Must weights Archived April 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Deutsches Weininstitut: Sparkling wine (Sekt) Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on March 25, 2009. ^ "Deutsches Weininstitut: Weinarten". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-02. ^ "Deutsches Weininstitut: Specialty & Regional wines". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-02. ^ "Deutsches Weininstitut: Güteklassen". Archived from the original on 2008-02-14. Retrieved 2007-09-02. ^ "Deutsches Weininstitut: Classic wines". Archived from the original on 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-02. ^ "Aktuelles Weinrecht" (PDF). The German Wine Institute. ^ "Philosophie Selection Rheinhessen". Rheinhessen.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-12-08. ^ "Richtlinien". www.rheingau.com (in German). 2019-09-26. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2019-11-24. ^ "RGG – Spitzenweine aus dem Rheingau". www.rheingau.com (in German). 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2019-11-24. ^ German Grosses Gewächs 2021 releases: the top wines by: Decanter. ^ Bonné, Jon (25 January 2006). "The sweet, hidden charms of riesling". TODAY.com. NBC. Retrieved 9 June 2023. ^ O. Bird, Rheingold – the German Wine Renaissance, Arima publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-84549-079-7. vteGerman wineClassification Kabinett Spätlese Auslese Beerenauslese Eiswein Trockenbeerenauslese Regions Ahr Baden Franconia Hessische Bergstraße Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Palatinate Rheingau Rheinhessen Saale-Unstrut Saxony Württemberg Related Verband Deutscher Prädikats- und Qualitätsweingüter Oechsle scale Trocken Liebfraumilch Wine portal vteGeographical indicationsCertification systems Austria (DAC) Canada (VQA) Cambodia European Union (PDO, PGI, TSG, QWpsr, TW) France (AOC, VDQS) Georgia Germany (QBA) Italy (DOC, IGT, PAT, De.CO) India Indonesia Mexico Portugal Romania Singapore South Africa (WO) Spain Switzerland Tunisia (AOC, IP) United Kingdom (PDO, PGI, TSG) United States (AVA) Lists by product categoryWine Bulgaria (GCAO) France (AOC, VDQS) Georgia Italy (DOCG, DOC, IGT) United States (AVA) Uruguay (VCP) Cheese European Union France (PDO/PGI/AOC/LR) Greece Italy Other foods European Union (PDO/TSG) France (AOC liqueurs and spirits) Ireland (PDO/PGI) Italy (PDO) Mexico (DO) Portugal (PDO/PGI) United Kingdom (PDO/PGI/TSG) Treaties Lisbon Agreement TRIPS	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QBA (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBA_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr_Loosen_and_Robert_Weil_wine_bottles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dr. Loosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Loosen"},{"link_name":"Riesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling"},{"link_name":"Eiswein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiswein"},{"link_name":"Mosel-Saar-Ruwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosel-Saar-Ruwer"},{"link_name":"Rheingau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingau_wine"},{"link_name":"German wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine"},{"link_name":"must weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_weight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verband_Deutscher_Pr%C3%A4dikatsweing%C3%BCter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grand cru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cru_(wine)#Premier_cru"},{"link_name":"Premier cru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cru_(wine)#Grand_cru"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosel_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"Pfalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"Franken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"AOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"geographical indication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"QBA\" redirects here. For other uses, see QBA (disambiguation).The bottle on the left displays: Producer (Dr. Loosen) – vintage – village (Bernkastel) and vineyard (Lay) – variety (Riesling) and Prädikat (Eiswein) – mandatory information in small print – alcoholic strength, region (Mosel-Saar-Ruwer) and volume.The bottle on the right uses a slightly different order: Region (Rheingau) and variety (Riesling) – vintage – village (Kiedrich) and vineyard (Gräfenberg) – Prädikat (Auslese) – producer (Weingut Robert Weil) – volume and alcoholic strength.The German wine classification system puts a strong emphasis on standardization and factual completeness, and was first implemented by the German Wine Law of 1971. Nearly all of Germany's vineyards are delineated and registered as one of approximately 2,600 Einzellagen ('individual sites'), and the produce from any vineyard can be used to make German wine at any quality level, as long as the must weight of the grapes reaches the designated minimum level.[1][2] As the current German system does not classify vineyards by quality,[1] the measure of wine ’quality’ is the ripeness of the grapes alone.Approximately 200 wine makers have been organised since 1910 in the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP). To counter the shortcomings[3] of the 1971 law, the VDP nowadays classifies the best vineyards by its own rules into 'VDP.Grosse Lage' (Grand cru) and 'VDP.Erste Lage' (Premier cru)[4][5] based on 19th century Prussian tax maps. Most of these wine makers are based in the regions of Mosel, Pfalz, and Franken.The classification of wines has been reorganized since 1 August 2009 by the EU wine market organization. The traditional German wine classification remained mostly unchanged, as the European system follows the origin-related system like in Germany and most areas of France (AOC). The already existing protection of geographical indication was transmitted through this step as well to the wine classification.[6][7]","title":"German wine classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Vin de Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Table"},{"link_name":"Vino da Tavola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_da_Tavola"},{"link_name":"Indicazione Geografica Tipica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Tipica"},{"link_name":"Vin de Pays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Pays"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Anbaugebiete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbaugebiete"},{"link_name":"chaptalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaptalization"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"chaptalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaptalization"},{"link_name":"Rheingau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingau"},{"link_name":"Kabinett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinett"},{"link_name":"Spätlese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tlese"},{"link_name":"late harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_harvest_wine"},{"link_name":"dessert wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_wine"},{"link_name":"Auslese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auslese"},{"link_name":"noble rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_rot"},{"link_name":"Beerenauslese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerenauslese"},{"link_name":"noble rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_rot"},{"link_name":"dessert wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_wine"},{"link_name":"Trockenbeerenauslese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockenbeerenauslese"},{"link_name":"noble rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_rot"},{"link_name":"Eiswein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiswein"},{"link_name":"ice wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_wine"},{"link_name":"noble rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_rot"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"There are two major categories of German wine: table and \"quality\" wine. Table wine includes the designations Deutscher Wein (previously Tafelwein) and Landwein.[8] Unlike the supposed equivalents of \"Vin de Table\" / \"Vino da Tavola\" and \"Indicazione Geografica Tipica\" / \"Vin de Pays\", production levels are not high, and these wines are typically exported to the United States. In 2005, Tafelwein and Landwein only accounted for 3.6% of total production.[9] In Baden, there is a growing trend to release high-end wines as Landwein[10] .Quality wine is divided into two types:Qualitätswein, or quality wine from a specific region.\nThis is wine from one of the 13 wine-growing regions (Anbaugebiete), and the region must be shown on the label. It is a basic level of everyday, mostly inexpensive quaffing wines. The grapes are at a fairly low level of ripeness, with must weights of 51°Oe to 72°Oe. The alcohol content of the wine must be at least 7% by volume, and chaptalization (adding sugar to the unfermented grape juice to boost the final alcohol level, which in no way alters the sweetness) is often used. Qualitätswein range from dry to semi-sweet, and the style is often indicated on the label, along with the designation Qualitätswein and the region. Some top-level dry wines are officially Qualitätswein although they would qualify as Prädikatswein.[11] All dry wines produced by members of the VDP association are always declared as Qualitätswein.[12]Prädikatswein, or superior quality wine.\nKnown as Qualitätswein mit Prädikat (QmP) (quality wine with specific attributes) until August 2007, this is the top level of German wines. These prominently display a Prädikat (ripeness level designation) on the label and may not be chaptalized. Prädikatswein range from dry to intensely sweet, but unless it is specifically indicated that the wine is dry or off-dry, these wines always contain a noticeable amount of residual sugar. Prädikatswein must be produced from allowed varieties in one of the 39 subregions (Bereich) of one of the 13 wine-growing regions, although it is the region rather than the subregion which is mandatory information on the label. (Some of the smaller regions, such as Rheingau, consist of only one subregion.)The different Prädikat (superior quality wine) designations used are as follows, in order of increasing sugar levels in the must:Kabinett – literally \"cabinet\"\nfully ripened light wines from the main harvest, typically semi-sweet with crisp acidity, but can be dry if designated so. This term may have originated as indicating the winemaker felt it was good enough to put in his own cabinet rather than offer it for sale.\nSpätlese – meaning \"late harvest\"\ntypically half-dry, often (but not always) sweeter and fruitier than Kabinett. The grapes are picked at least 7 days after normal harvest, so they are riper. While waiting to pick the grapes carries a risk of the crop being ruined by rain, in warm years and from good sites much of the harvest can reach Spätlese level. Spätlese can be a relatively full-bodied dry wine if designated so. While Spätlese means late harvest the wine is not as sweet as a dessert wine, as the \"late harvest\" term is often used in US wines.\nAuslese – meaning \"select harvest\"\nmade from very ripe, hand selected bunches, typically semi-sweet or sweet, sometimes with some noble rot character. Sometimes Auslese is also made into a powerful dry wine, but the designation Auslese trocken has been discouraged after the introduction of Grosses Gewächs. Auslese is the Prädikat which covers the widest range of wine styles, and can be a dessert wine.\nBeerenauslese – meaning \"select berry harvest\"\nmade from overripe grapes individually selected from bunches and often affected by noble rot, making rich sweet dessert wine.\nTrockenbeerenauslese – meaning \"select dry berry harvest\" or \"dry berry selection\"\nmade from selected overripe shrivelled grapes often affected by noble rot making extremely rich sweet wines. \"Trocken\" in this phrase refers to the grapes being dried on the vine rather than the resulting wine being a dry style.\nEiswein (ice wine)\nmade from grapes that have been naturally frozen on the vine, making a very concentrated wine. Must reach at least the same level of sugar content in the must as a Beerenauslese. The most classic Eiswein style is to use only grapes that are not affected by noble rot. Until the 1980s, the Eiswein designation was used in conjunction with another Prädikat (which indicated the ripeness level of the grapes before they had frozen), but is now considered a Prädikat of its own.The minimum must weight requirements for the different Prädikat designations are as follows.[13] Many producers, especially top-level producers, exceed the minimum requirements by a wide margin.Prädikat\nMinimum must weight\nExamples of requirements\nMinimum alcohol level in the wine\n\n\n\nDependent on grape variety and wine-growing region\nRiesling from Mosel\nRiesling from Rheingau\n\n\n\nKabinett\n67–82°Oe\n70°Oe\n73°Oe\n7%\n\n\nSpätlese\n76–90°Oe\n76°Oe\n85°Oe\n7%\n\n\nAuslese\n83–100°Oe\n83°Oe\n95°Oe\n7%\n\n\nBeerenauslese, Eiswein\n110–128°Oe\n110°Oe\n125°Oe\n5.5%\n\n\nTrockenbeerenauslese\n150–154°Oe\n150°Oe\n150°Oe\n5.5%This does not necessarily determine the sweetness of the final wine, because the winemaker may choose to ferment the wine fully or let some residual sugar remain.","title":"Quality designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rheingau_feinherb_Riesling.jpg"}],"text":"A Riesling from the Rheingau using the \"Feinherb\" (off dry) designationIn certain regions, additional rules are applied to how a wine is classified. These special names represent special characters.","title":"Special designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doenhoff_Kabinett_and_Kabinett_trocken.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"trocken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocken"}],"sub_title":"Sweetness of the wine","text":"A bottle of Kabinett and a bottle of Kabinett trocken from the same producer and vineyard, showing how the sugar content of the finished wine may be indicated on a German wine labelThe sugar content in the finished wine can be indicated by the following designations for Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein.[14] For sparkling wines (Sekt), many of the same designations are used, but have a different meaning.Designation\nEnglish translation\nMaximum sugar level allowed\n\n\n\n\nLow acid wines\nMedium acid wines\nHigh acid wines\n\n\ntrocken\ndry\n4 grams per liter\nacid level in grams per liter + 2\n9 grams per liter\n\n\nhalbtrocken\nhalf-dry\n12 grams per liter\nacid level in grams per liter + 10\n18 grams per liter\n\n\nfeinherb\noff-dry\nUnregulated designation, slightly sweeter than halbtrocken\n\n\nlieblich, mild or restsüß\nsemi-sweet\nUsually not specially marked as such on the label.Follows by default from their Prädikat in the absence of the above designations.\n\n\nsüß or edelsüß\nsweet\nUsually not specially marked as such on the label.Follows by default from their Prädikat in the absence of the above designations.","title":"Special designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"maceration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maceration_(wine)"},{"link_name":"blanc de noirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc_de_noirs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breuer_Auslese_and_Auslese_Goldkapsel.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Color","text":"There are also color designations that can be used on the label:[15]Weißwein – white wine\nMay be produced only from white varieties. This designation is seldom used.\nRotwein – red wine\nMay be produced only from red varieties with sufficient maceration to make the wine red. Sometimes used for clarification if the producer also makes rosés from the same grape variety.\nRoséwein – rosé wine\nProduced from red varieties with a shorter maceration, the wine must have pale red or clear red color.\nWeißherbst – rosé wine or blanc de noirs\nA rosé wine which must conform to special rules: must be Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein, single variety and be labelled with the varietal name. There are no restrictions as to the color of the wine, so they range from pale gold to deep pink. Weißherbst wines also range from dry to sweet, such as rosé Eiswein from Spätburgunder.A bottle of regular Riesling Auslese (left) and a bottle of Riesling Auslese Goldkapsel (Gold capsule) from the same producer","title":"Special designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dessert wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_wine"}],"sub_title":"Extra ripeness or higher quality","text":"Some producers also use additional propriate designations to denote quality or ripeness level within a Prädikat. These are outside the scope of the German wine law. Especially for Auslese, which can cover a wide range of sweetness levels, the presence of any of these designations tends to indicate a sweet dessert wine rather than a semi-sweet wine. These designations are all unregulated.Goldkapsel – gold capsule\nA golden capsule or foil on the bottle. Denotes a wine considered better by the producer. Usually means a Prädikatswein that is sweeter or more intense, or indicates an auction wine made in a very small lot.\nStars , * or ***\nUsually means that a Prädikatswein has been harvested at a higher level of ripeness than the minimum required, and can mean that the wine is sweeter or more intense.\nFuder (vat) numbers\nUsually indicated for better wines and often the numbers are arranged in some logical order, although the same numbers need not return in each vintage. This practice seems to be most common for semi-sweet and sweet wines in the Mosel region.","title":"Special designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Liebfraumilch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebfraumilch"},{"link_name":"Mosel wine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosel_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"Moselle Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_Valley"},{"link_name":"Grauburgunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauburgunder"},{"link_name":"Spätburgunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tburgunder"}],"sub_title":"Special and regional wine types","text":"There are also a number of specialty and regional wines, considered as special version of some quality category.[16] Here are some of them:Liebfraumilch or Liebfrauenmilch\nA semi-sweet Qualitätswein from the Rheingau, Nahe, Rheinhessen or Pfalz, consisting at least 70% of the varieties Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Silvaner or Kerner. In practice there is very little Riesling in Liebfraumilch since varietally labelled Riesling wines tend to fetch a higher price. Liebfraumilch may not carry a varietal designation on the label. Liebfraumilch is one of Germany's most well known wines, and is in principle a medium-quality wine designation although more commonly perceived to be a low-quality wine both at home and on the export market.\nMoseltaler\nAn off-dry/semi-sweet Qualitätswein cuvée from the Mosel wine region (Moseltal is Moselle Valley in German) made from the following white grape varieties: Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Elbling and Kerner. May not carry a varietal designation on the label, and sold under a uniform logotype. Must have a residual sugar of 15–30 grams per liter and a minimum acidity of 7 grams per liter. Basically a Liebfraumilch-lookalike from Mosel.\nRotling\nA wine produced from a mixture of red and white varieties. A Rotling must have pale red or clear red color\nSchillerwein\nA Rotling from the Württemberg wine-growing region, which must be Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein.\nBadisch Rotgold\nA Rotling from the Baden wine-growing region, which must be Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein. It must be made from Grauburgunder and Spätburgunder and the varieties must be specified on the label.","title":"Special designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selection-Rheinhessen.JPG"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"New classes for wines","text":"Indication: Selection in a vineyard in RheinhessenThere are two classes for wines with official status in all 13 Anbaugebiete and one regional class in Rheinhessen and the Rheingau, respectively.Classic\nIntroduced with the 2000 vintage, Classic is in principle a dry or slightly off-dry Qualitätswein that conforms to slightly higher standards intended to make it food-friendly. It must be made from varieties considered classical in its region, have a potential alcohol of 1% (or 8°Oe) above the minimum requirements for its variety and region, and have an alcohol level of minimum 12.0% by volume, except in Mosel, where the minimum level is 11.5%. Maximum sugar level is twice the acid level, but no more than 15 grams per liter.[17][18]\n\nRiesling Hochgewächs\nLiterally meaning ”high growth”. A riesling with a natural alcohol level at least 1.5 percentage points above the minimum Qualitätswein requirement for the Anbaugebiet. Additionally, the wine has to score an average of at least 3 points in the official wine examination (Amtliche Weinprüfung).[19]Selection Rheinhessen\nA wine made from hand-picked, fully ripe grapes (min. 90° Oechsle) originating in a single vineyard in Rheinhessen. The grapes have to be typical to the region (Silvaner, Riesling, Weißburgunder, Grauburgunder, Gewürztraminer, Portugieser, Frühburgunder or Spätburgunder) and the wine must pass a sensory test.[20]Rheingau Großes Gewächs\nLiterally meaning ”Rheingau great growth”. Limited to the Rheingau region through the state wine decree of Hessia, a legally dry riesling (min. 12% alc.) or spätburgunder (min. 13% alc.) from classified vineyard sites.[21] The wine must pass a tasting test by the review board. Replaces the Erstes Gewächs designation starting from the 2018 vintage and is stylized as RGG on the wine label.[22][23]Charta Riesling\na 100% Rheingau Riesling of Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein quality with a residual sugar ranging from 9–18 grams/liter (off-dry) and a minimum acidity of 7.5 grams/liter. The wines must achieve higher starting must weights than required by law and undergo sensory testing by a special panel (in addition to the A.P.Nr. procedure). Uniform packaging.","title":"Special designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of German wine regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_wine_regions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bereich_Bernkastel_Riesling.jpg"}],"text":"See also: List of German wine regionsA Riesling from the Bernkastel region, on the Moselle RiverThe geographic classification is different for Landwein, Deutscher Wein, Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein.","title":"Geographic classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Geographic classification for Deutscher Wein (formerly Tafelwein) and Landwein","text":"There are seven Deutscher Wein regions: Rhein-Mosel, Bayern, Neckar, Oberrhein, Albrechtsburg, Stargarder Land and Niederlausitz. These are divided into a number of subregions, which in turn are divided into 19 Landwein regions (and must be trocken or halbtrocken in style). (There is no Landwein region for Franken.) Names of individual vineyards are not used for Deutscher Wein or Landwein. Deutscher Wein must be 100% German in origin, or specifically state on the label where grapes were sourced from within the European Union. Sparkling wine produced at the Deutscher Wein level is often labeled as Deutscher Sekt and is made from 100% German grapes/wine.","title":"Geographic classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sun dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_dial"}],"sub_title":"Geographic classification for Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein","text":"There are four levels of geographic classification, and any level of classification can be used on the label of Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein:Anbaugebiet, wine growing regions, of which there are 13. Anbaugebiet is always indicated on the label of Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein.\nBereich, district, of which there are 39. Each Anbaugebiet is divided into one or more Bereiche.\nGroßlage, collective site, which is a collective name for a number of single vineyards, and which number about 170.\nEinzellage, single vineyard, of which there are about 2,600.The names of Großlagen and Einzellagen are always used together with the name of a wine village, because some Einzellage names, such as Schlossberg (castle hill) are used in several villages. Unfortunately, it is not possible to tell a Großlage from an Einzellage just by looking at the wine label. A few examples of how the names appear on labels:The vineyard Sonnenuhr (meaning \"sun dial\") in the village Wehlen along the Mosel is designated as Wehlener Sonnenuhr.\nThe neighbouring village Zeltingen also has a vineyard called Sonnenuhr, and will appear on the label as Zeltinger Sonnenuhr.\nBoth these vineyards belong to Großlage Münzlay, which is assigned to the village Wehlen. A wine from any of these vineyards, or a blend from both of them, can be sold under the name Wehlener Münzlay.\nThese vineyards lie within Bereich Bernkastel, which provides an additional choice for labelling.\nIt is also possible to simply label the wine as a wine from Anbaugebiet Mosel.There are a few exceptions to the rule that a village must be indicated together with the vineyard name, those are a handful of historical vineyards known as Ortsteil im sinne des Weingesetzes (village name in sense of the wine law). Examples are Schloss Johannisberg in Rheingau and Scharzhofberg along the Saar. They are of the same size as a typical Einzellage and could be thought of as Einzellagen which were so famous that they were excused from displaying the village name.","title":"Geographic classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wine_label.jpg"},{"link_name":"cuvée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuv%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"sekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkling_wine"},{"link_name":"Jon Bonné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bonn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"Cliff notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CliffsNotes"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Sample German Wine Label for a Kloster Eberbach Spätlese with front and back label. The top label is the \"decorative\" label which most consumers think of as the front label, but it is the smaller bottom label which contain the information required by the wine law.Unlike French wine labels, where key information about the grape variety is not included in the labeling and thus must be known by the consumer to make an informed choice, German wine labels must display much more important information about the wine. It must always include:Geographic information with either the country, the city or the exact site of the wine (depending on the quality).\nThe variety of grape(s) used and whether the wine is mix of grapes (see: cuvée).\nThe EU law quality level of the wine.\nThe year of grape harvest.\nWhether it is dry, semi-dry or sweet.\nThe wine maker.\nIf the wine is sparkling (sekt)\nAny other special information about the quality level.Due to the amount of information the label some non-professionals and many consumers find German wine labels to be harder to understand than French or US labels. Jon Bonné describes German wine labels as a \"thicket of exotic words and abbreviations\" that require \"the vinous equivalent of Cliff notes to parse.\"[24]","title":"Labels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine"},{"link_name":"Kloster Eberbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberbach_Abbey"},{"link_name":"châteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Rauenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauenthal"},{"link_name":"vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage"},{"link_name":"Alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"}],"sub_title":"Required Information","text":"German wine law regulates that at least six items of information be present on the label.Name of the producer or bottler (e.g.: Staatsweingüter Kloster Eberbach)German wine domaines/\"châteaux\" are often called \"Kloster\", \"Schloss\", \"Burg\", \"Domaine\" or \"Weingut\" followed by some other name.A.P.Nr Amtliche Prüfnummer Quality control number (e.g.: 33050 031 04)The first number (1–9) relates to the German wine region where the wine was produced and tested (e.g. 3-Rheingau). The second 2 or 3 digit number indicates the village of the vineyard (e.g. 30-Rauenthal)). The next two digits represents the particular wine estate (e.g. 50-Kloster Eberbach). The following 2 to 3 digit number is the sequential order that the wine was submitted by that producer for testing (e.g. 031 – this was the 31st wine submitted by Kloster Eberbach for testing). The final two digits is the year of the testing, which is normally the year following the vintage (e.g. 04 – the wine was tested in 2004).Anbaugebiet, i.e. region of origin (e.g.: Rheingau)\nVolume of the wine (e.g.: 750ml)\nLocation of the producer/bottler (e.g.: Eltville)\nAlcohol level (e.g.: 9.0% vol)","title":"Labels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"Riesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling"},{"link_name":"Prädikat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4dikat"},{"link_name":"ripeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripeness_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Spätlese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tlese"},{"link_name":"possessive form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_form"},{"link_name":"Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verband_Deutscher_Pr%C3%A4dikatsweing%C3%BCter"}],"sub_title":"Additional information","text":"German wine labels may also includeGrape variety (e.g., Riesling)\nPrädikat level of ripeness (e.g., Spätlese)\nVintage year (e.g., 2003)\nTaste, such as dry (trocken) or off-dry (halbtrocken)\nVineyard name (e.g.: Rauenthaler Baiken, a single vineyard). The village name (e.g.: Rauenthal\") is normally identified by the possessive form \"-er\" suffix and is sometimes followed by the vineyard name (\"Baiken\").\nIf the wine is estate-bottled (Erzeugerabfüllung or Gutsabfüllung), bottled by a co-op (Winzergenossenschaft), or by a third party bottler (Abfüller).\nAddress of the winery\nThe logo of the Association of German Prädikat Wine Estates (Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter, or more commonly VDP) which is awarded to the top 200 producers, as voted among themselves. The logo is a black eagle with a cluster of grapes in the center. The winery in the image example has the VDP logo. While not a guarantee, the presence of the VDP logo is a helpful insight into the quality of the wine.","title":"Labels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In recent years, the official classification has been criticised by many of the top producers, and additional classifications have been set down by wine growers' organisations such as VDP, without enjoying legal protection. The two main reasons for criticism are that the official classification does not differentiate between better and lesser vineyards and that the quality levels are less appropriate to high-quality dry wines.[25]","title":"Criticism"}]	[{"image_text":"The bottle on the left displays: Producer (Dr. Loosen) – vintage – village (Bernkastel) and vineyard (Lay) – variety (Riesling) and Prädikat (Eiswein) – mandatory information in small print – alcoholic strength, region (Mosel-Saar-Ruwer) and volume.The bottle on the right uses a slightly different order: Region (Rheingau) and variety (Riesling) – vintage – village (Kiedrich) and vineyard (Gräfenberg) – Prädikat (Auslese) – producer (Weingut Robert Weil) – volume and alcoholic strength.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dr_Loosen_and_Robert_Weil_wine_bottles.jpg/300px-Dr_Loosen_and_Robert_Weil_wine_bottles.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Riesling from the Rheingau using the \"Feinherb\" (off dry) designation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rheingau_feinherb_Riesling.jpg/250px-Rheingau_feinherb_Riesling.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bottle of Kabinett and a bottle of Kabinett trocken from the same producer and vineyard, showing how the sugar content of the finished wine may be indicated on a German wine label","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Doenhoff_Kabinett_and_Kabinett_trocken.jpg/250px-Doenhoff_Kabinett_and_Kabinett_trocken.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bottle of regular Riesling Auslese (left) and a bottle of Riesling Auslese Goldkapsel (Gold capsule) from the same producer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Breuer_Auslese_and_Auslese_Goldkapsel.jpg/250px-Breuer_Auslese_and_Auslese_Goldkapsel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indication: Selection in a vineyard in Rheinhessen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Selection-Rheinhessen.JPG/250px-Selection-Rheinhessen.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Riesling from the Bernkastel region, on the Moselle River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bereich_Bernkastel_Riesling.jpg/250px-Bereich_Bernkastel_Riesling.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sample German Wine Label for a Kloster Eberbach Spätlese with front and back label. The top label is the \"decorative\" label which most consumers think of as the front label, but it is the smaller bottom label which contain the information required by the wine law.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/Wine_label.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"MW Krebiehl, Anne (2019). The Wines of Germany. Infinite Ideas.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Robinson, Jancis (2006). The Oxford Companion To Wine. Oxford University Press. p. 308. ISBN 0198609906.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/308","url_text":"The Oxford Companion To Wine"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/308","url_text":"308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198609906","url_text":"0198609906"}]},{"reference":"Steinbeck, Eric (2014). \"1971 – Lars Carlberg: Mosel Wine\". www.larscarlberg.com. Retrieved 2020-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.larscarlberg.com/nineteen-seventy-one/","url_text":"\"1971 – Lars Carlberg: Mosel Wine\""}]},{"reference":"\"VDP-Klassifikation\". Wein-Plus (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://glossar.wein-plus.eu/vdp-klassifikation","url_text":"\"VDP-Klassifikation\""}]},{"reference":"Haeger, John Winthrop (2016). Riesling Rediscovered: Bold, Bright, and Dry. Univ of California Press. p. 89.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Aktuelles Weinrecht\" (PDF). German Wine Institute. 23 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutscheweine.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Website/Intern/Dozentenportal/Weinwissen/Aktuelles_Weinrecht.pdf","url_text":"\"Aktuelles Weinrecht\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: German Wine Statistics 2006–2007\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011706/http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-de/med/beb/binarywriterservlet?&imgUid=beb77ebd-3a08-d017-288b-5952196117f5&uBasVariant=11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111&isDownload=true","url_text":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: German Wine Statistics 2006–2007\""},{"url":"http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-de/med/beb/binarywriterservlet?&imgUid=beb77ebd-3a08-d017-288b-5952196117f5&uBasVariant=11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111&isDownload=true","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ziereisen and the Baden Landwein revolution \| JancisRobinson.com\". www.jancisrobinson.com. Retrieved 2019-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/ziereisen-and-the-baden-landwein-revolution","url_text":"\"Ziereisen and the Baden Landwein revolution \| JancisRobinson.com\""}]},{"reference":"MacNeil, Karen (2001). The Wine Bible. New York: Workman Publishing. p. 521. ISBN 9781563054341.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare/page/521","url_text":"The Wine Bible"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare/page/521","url_text":"521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563054341","url_text":"9781563054341"}]},{"reference":"\"VDP:Klassifikation\". www.vdp.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vdp.de/de/die-weine/klassifikation/","url_text":"\"VDP:Klassifikation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: Weinarten\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011623/http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-de/nav/a4f/a4f601a5-0d4e-0401-be59-267b48205846$08b709dd-d602-3401-be59-267b48205846.htm","url_text":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: Weinarten\""},{"url":"http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-de/nav/a4f/a4f601a5-0d4e-0401-be59-267b48205846$08b709dd-d602-3401-be59-267b48205846.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: Specialty & Regional wines\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010630/http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-en/nav/6d0/6d017d71-9ffe-401e-76cd-461d7937aae2$20950559-5a8d-4501-e76c-d461d7937aae.htm","url_text":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: Specialty & Regional wines\""},{"url":"http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-en/nav/6d0/6d017d71-9ffe-401e-76cd-461d7937aae2$20950559-5a8d-4501-e76c-d461d7937aae.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: Güteklassen\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-14. Retrieved 2007-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214072938/http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-de/nav/070/070701a5-0d4e-0401-be59-267b48205846$08b709dd-d602-3401-be59-267b48205846.htm","url_text":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: Güteklassen\""},{"url":"http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-de/nav/070/070701a5-0d4e-0401-be59-267b48205846$08b709dd-d602-3401-be59-267b48205846.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: Classic wines\". Archived from the original on 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070827023145/http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-en/nav/75d/75d17d71-9ffe-401e-76cd-461d7937aae2$20950559-5a8d-4501-e76c-d461d7937aae.htm","url_text":"\"Deutsches Weininstitut: Classic wines\""},{"url":"http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-en/nav/75d/75d17d71-9ffe-401e-76cd-461d7937aae2$20950559-5a8d-4501-e76c-d461d7937aae.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aktuelles Weinrecht\" (PDF). The German Wine Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutscheweine.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Website/Intern/Dozentenportal/Weinwissen/Aktuelles_Weinrecht.pdf","url_text":"\"Aktuelles Weinrecht\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philosophie Selection Rheinhessen\". Rheinhessen.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rheinhessen.de/selection-rheinhessen-philosophie","url_text":"\"Philosophie Selection Rheinhessen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richtlinien\". www.rheingau.com (in German). 2019-09-26. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2019-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920062930/https://www.rheingau.com/rgg/richtlinien/","url_text":"\"Richtlinien\""},{"url":"https://www.rheingau.com/rgg/richtlinien/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RGG – Spitzenweine aus dem Rheingau\". www.rheingau.com (in German). 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2019-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rheingau.com/rgg/","url_text":"\"RGG – Spitzenweine aus dem Rheingau\""}]},{"reference":"Bonné, Jon (25 January 2006). \"The sweet, hidden charms of riesling\". TODAY.com. NBC. Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bonn%C3%A9","url_text":"Bonné, Jon"},{"url":"https://www.today.com/food/sweet-hidden-charms-riesling-wbna11005375","url_text":"\"The sweet, hidden charms of riesling\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/308","external_links_name":"The Oxford Companion To Wine"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/308","external_links_name":"308"},{"Link":"https://www.larscarlberg.com/nineteen-seventy-one/","external_links_name":"\"1971 – Lars Carlberg: Mosel Wine\""},{"Link":"https://glossar.wein-plus.eu/vdp-klassifikation","external_links_name":"\"VDP-Klassifikation\""},{"Link":"https://beck-online.beck.de/default.aspx?bcid=Y-100-G-EWG_VO_479_2008","external_links_name":"Verordnung (EG) Nr. 479/2008 des Rates vom 29. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor	Yongzheng Emperor	["1 Birth and early life","1.1 Yongzheng's quote","2 Struggle for the crown prince's position","2.1 Kangxi's choices of the crown princes","2.2 Yinzhen's tactics","2.3 Disputes over succession","3 Reign","3.1 Continued battle against princes","3.2 Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family","3.3 Nian Gengyao and Longkodo","4 Cultural and economic achievements","4.1 Rationalization of personnel appointment system","4.2 Corruption crackdown and financial reform","4.3 The \"secret report\" system","4.4 Farming and land tax","4.5 Local charity","4.6 Gentry privileges","4.7 Tax privileges","4.8 Religious policy","4.9 Cohong","4.10 Meltage fees and silver","5 Expansion in the northwest","6 Identification of Qing with China","7 Religion","8 Destruction of ethnic minority autonomy","9 Death and succession","10 Family","11 Ancestry","12 In fiction and popular culture","13 See also","14 Notes","15 References","15.1 Citations","15.2 Sources","16 Further reading"]	Emperor of the Qing Dynasty from 1722 to 1735 "Yinzhen" redirects here. For others named Yinzhen, see Yinzhen (disambiguation). "Yongzheng" redirects here. For places in China, see Yongzheng (disambiguation). Yongzheng Emperor雍正帝Portrait in the Hong Kong Palace MuseumEmperor of the Qing dynastyReign27 December 1722 – 8 October 1735PredecessorKangxi EmperorSuccessorQianlong EmperorPrince Yong of the First RankTenure1709–1722Born(1678-12-13)13 December 1678(康熙十七年十月三十日)Yonghe Palace, Forbidden City, BeijingDied8 October 1735(1735-10-08) (aged 56)(雍正十三年八月二十三日)Imperial Gardens, BeijingBurialTai Mausoleum, Western Qing tombsSpouses Empress Xiaojingxian (m. 1691; died 1731) Empress Xiaoshengxian (m. 1705) Issue Hongshi Qianlong Emperor Hongzhou, Prince Hegong of the First Rank Hongyan, Prince Guogong of the Second Rank Princess Huaike of the Second Rank NamesAisin-Gioro Yinzhen (愛新覺羅·胤禛)Manchu: In jen (ᡳᠨ ᠵᡝᠨ)Era datesYongzheng (雍正): 5 February 1723 – 11 February 1736Manchu: Hūwaliyasun tob (ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠰᡠᠨ ᡨᠣᠪ)Mongolian: Найралт Төв (ᠨᠢᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠪ)Posthumous nameEmperor Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong Biaozhen Wenwu Yingming Kuanren Xinyi Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng Xian (敬天昌運建中表正文武英明寬仁信毅睿聖大孝至誠憲皇帝)Manchu: Temgetulehe hūwangdi (ᡨᡝᠮᡤᡝᡨᡠᠯᡝᡥᡝ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ)Temple nameShizong (世宗)Manchu: Šidzung (ᡧᡳᡯ᠊ᡠ᠊ᠩ)HouseAisin-GioroDynastyQingFatherKangxi EmperorMotherEmpress XiaogongrenReligionTibetan BuddhismSeal Yongzheng EmperorTraditional Chinese雍正帝Simplified Chinese雍正帝TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYōngzhèng DìWade–GilesYung1chêng4 Ti4IPA This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet. The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizong of Qing, personal name Yinzhen, was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng ascended the throne following prolonged disputes over succession. A hard-working ruler, he aimed to create a more effective government, cracked down on corruption and reformed the personnel and financial administration. His reign also saw the formation of the Grand Council, an institution that had a major impact on the future of the dynasty. Militarily, Yongzheng continued his father's efforts to consolidate Qing's position in Outer Mongolia and Tibet through force. The Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735 at the age of 56 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as the Qianlong Emperor. Although his reign was much shorter than that of both his father and his son, the Yongzheng era was a period of peace and prosperity. Birth and early life The young Yongzheng Emperor, as Grand Prince Yong Yinzhen was the eleventh recorded son of the Kangxi Emperor, and the fourth prince to survive into adulthood. His mother, historically known as Empress Xiaogongren, was originally a court attendant from the Manchu Uya clan. Around the time when Yinzhen was born, his mother was of low status and did not have the right to raise her own children. For most of his childhood, Yinzhen was raised by Noble Consort Tong, the daughter of Tong Guowei, the Kangxi Emperor's maternal uncle and an eminent official in the early part of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. She died when Yinzhen was just 9 years old. After she gave birth to more children, Yinzhen's mother was promoted to a pin and then to a fei, and became known as defei or "Virtuous Consort". The Kangxi Emperor did not raise his children only inside the palace. He also exposed his sons (including Yinzhen) to the outside world and gave them a rigorous education. Yinzhen accompanied his father on several inspection trips around the Beijing area, as well as one further south. He became the honorary leader of the Plain Red Banner during the Battle of Jao Modo between the Qing Empire and the Mongol Dzungar Khanate led by Galdan Khan. Yinzhen was made a beile in 1689 along with several brothers and promoted to junwang (second-rank prince) in 1698. In 1709, the Kangxi Emperor stripped his second son Yinreng of his position as crown prince. Yinreng had been the crown prince for his whole life; his removal left the position of heir open to competition among the Emperor's remaining sons (the Kangxi Emperor had 24 sons who reached adulthood). In the same year, the Kangxi Emperor promoted Yinzhen from junwang to qinwang (first-rank prince) under the title "Prince Yong of the First Rank" (和硕雍亲王; 和碩雍親王; Héshuò Yōng Qīnwáng; Manchu: hošoi hūwaliyasun cin wang). Yinzhen maintained a low profile during the initial stages of the succession struggle. To appoint a new heir, the Kangxi Emperor decreed that officials in his imperial court would nominate a new crown prince. The Kangxi Emperor's eighth son, Yinsi, was the candidate preferred by the majority of the court as well as many of the Kangxi Emperor's other sons. The Kangxi Emperor, however, opted not to appoint Yinsi as his heir apparent largely due to apprehension that Yinsi's political clout at court was beginning to overshadow that of himself. Thereafter, Yinzhen sensed that his father was in favour of re-instating Yinreng as heir apparent, thus he supported Yinreng and earned the trust of his father. Yongzheng's quote Yinzhen (胤禛: 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735) had the highest honor to orchestrate the imperial ceremonies and rituals during the reign of the Kangxi emperor, which illustrated that Yinzhen was well acquainted with the Confucianism traditions and customs. In the imperial court, Yinzhen was also deeply immersed in the state's affairs and heavily engaged in the political debates where he acquired diplomatic skills. As the Yongzheng Emperor (雍正: r. 1723–1735 CE) of Qing China, Yinzhen was indubitably a very diplomatically inclined ruler who created an institution of a "moral government" based on the Confucian principles. Yinzhen sought four distinctive qualities: loyalty—忠, fairness—公, sincerity—誠, and capability—能, from his subjects in order to run an effective court and to achieve stability. Li Wei (李衛 : February 2, 1687 – December 3, 1738) was a recruit among the Qing officials to possess the desired virtues, and was regarded highly by Yongzheng. A notable quote from Yinzhen captured during his reign as the Yongzheng Emperor in the 1720s expresses his imperial will: 小事小料理,不可因小而忽之·,大事大振作,不可因難處而隱諱。朕意若果能如此實心奉行,以忠正一一字感化,不數年,賊亦人也。見文武大臣實心忠勇為國,屬員清正愛民,營伍整齊,士卒曉勇,而百姓不懷如是德,不畏如是威,仍去成群為匪者,朕想必無此理也。 — page 190, lines 7–10 If it is a trivial matter, do not just simply neglect the issue because it seems insignificant. If it is a complex matter, do not just simply conceal away the issue because it could become a challenge. To have good governance and dissuade seditionists, is all in the ruler's wish. If civilians see a judicious court that is loyal and wholeheartedly for the country, and see that the court embraces its people; and civilians feel the virtue in their court marshalls, then the people would not perceive the court as a threat. Thus, there would be no reason to have seditionaries. In short, after several years of political chaos, Yongzheng earnestly strived to restore a functional court with "good government", immediately after he ascended the throne in 1723 CE, to stabilize Qing into a unified and harmonious empire. In 1733 CE, Yongzheng successfully institutionalized the Grand Council, which allows Qing to relay communication effectively and efficiently from region to region, thereby enabling the implementation of his domestic reform policy. With the establishment of his Grand Council, Yongzheng was not only able to discourage corruption, but he was in a position to launch several domestic reforms beneficial to the empire and its people. Canals and irrigation systems were reconstructed to support agriculture and maintain farmlands. During famines, he provided relief to the affected regions by distributing resources. In reparation to the people, who were the backbone of the country, he issued an imperial decree to emancipate slaves under his reign. One of the several tax reform policies Yongzheng introduced was to shift the head taxation to the property taxation on landowners, which greatly reduced the tax burden on civilians. Additionally, Yongzheng was indeed in full support with the construction of orphanages to shelter orphans, in building elementary schools to educate children, and poorhouses to house paupers. Perhaps the Yongzheng era (雍正: r. 1723–1735 CE) may have been overshadowed by his predecessor's accomplishments, the Kangxi Emperor, and his achievements may not have been as glorious as his successor, the Qianlong Emperor; however, the Yongzheng era did serve as a remediation to the people, and resentments began to gradually decrease. Hence the Yongzheng era was a peaceful and prosperous reign of Qing China. Struggle for the crown prince's position Further information: Kangxi Emperor § Succession disputes Armoured Yongzheng Prince Yinzhen (the future Yongzheng Emperor) Reading a Book Kangxi's choices of the crown princes In 1712, the Kangxi Emperor deposed Yinreng again, and chose not to designate an heir apparent for the remaining years of his reign. This resulted in competition among his sons for the position of crown prince. Those considered 'frontrunners' were Yinzhi, Yinsi, and Yinti (the third, eighth and 14th princes, respectively). Of these, Yinsi received the most support from the Mandarins, but not from his father. Yinzhen had supported Yinreng as heir, and did not build a large political base for himself until the final years of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Unlike Yinsi's high-profile cultivation of a partisan base of support, Yinzhen did so largely away from the limelight. When the Kangxi Emperor died in December 1722, the field of contenders shrank to three princes after Yinsi pledged his support to the 14th prince, Yinti. At the time of the Kangxi Emperor's death, Yinti, who held the appointment of Border-Pacification General-in-Chief (Chinese: 撫遠大將軍), was leading a military campaign in northwestern China. He was also awarded an apparently grandiose title of "Fuyuan General-in-chief Prince" (撫遠大将軍王) and his departure ceremony was solemnly held. Some other princes, such as Yinsi and his clique, interpreted that Yinti might be chosen as heir and, therefore, pledged their support to Yinti and encouraged him to make military achievements to prove his "worthiness". However, Yi Zhongtian argued that such a "promotion" was Kangxi's way of protecting Yinzhen, Kangxi's secret chosen heir, by distracting the public's attention away from Yinzhen. The court officials, who believed that Yinti would be chosen as the heir, would also no longer pester Kangxi about the crown prince issue. Sending Yinti away to the northwestern border was also meant to separate him from Yinsi, his newly formed ally, and potential flatterers who wanted to curry favour with Yinti. Yinti would also be unable to use his commanded troops to make a coup d'état, since Nian Gengyao, Yinzhen's close aide, controlled the food supply and the return route of Yinti's troops. Promoting Yinti was also a way for Kangxi to control Yinzhen: if Kangxi's "investment" to Yinzhen turned out to be a failure, he still had Yinti as alternative choice. With Yinti as a potential competitor, Yinzhen would not fall into self-complacency and turn against Kangxi. Yinsi's clique, clinging to the hope of Yinti's future prospect, would also not do anything reckless. As a result, Yinti's "General-in-chief Prince" title appeared grandiose, but was actually hollow and dubious; it was neither "general" nor "prince" and could be interpreted in various ways, which could be used in favour of either Yinti or Yinzhen should the situation arise. Such dubious words with multiple interpretations was a traditional trick in Chinese politics. There were signs showed that Yinzhen was actually Kangxi's secret choice. First, Kangxi occasionally mentioned that how Yinzhen was raised by Kangxi and how he expressed filial piety to Kangxi. Second, at Kangxi's 60th regnal year (1721) memorial event, Yinzhen was given the task of holding the ritual ceremonies for the royal family's ancestors in Three Great Mausoleums in Shenyang. Shortly after that, Yinzhen was also tasked to organize the Sacrifice to the Heaven (南郊禮), the most sacred ceremony in Confucian tradition, on the day of winter solstice. Moreover, Kangxi also highly favoured Yinzhen's son Hongli (future Qianlong Emperor) and that might also contribute to Kangxi's support for Yinzhen as his heir, similar to how Yongle Emperor chose his heir due to his favour to the crown prince's son. Official court records state that on 20 December 1722 the ailing Kangxi Emperor called seven of his sons and the general commandant of the Beijing gendarmerie, Longkodo, to his bedside. Longkodo read the will and declared that Yinzhen would be the Kangxi Emperor's successor. Some evidence has suggested that Yinzhen contacted Longkodo months before the will was read in preparation for his succession through military means, although in their official capacities frequent encounters were expected. Other scholars continue to believe that Yinzhen seized the throne illegally. Historian Qin Hui writes that it is largely recognized that Yongzheng forged the succession edicts together with Nian Gengyao. Qin Hui criticizes Feng Erkang, who also recognizes the forgery, for failing to explain why Yongzheng would have needed a forged edict if he had truly been the legal heir. Yongzheng also changed his story several times. When he punished Longkodo (who was supposed to be the only person who was informed of Kangxi's succession plan and informed Yongzheng and others about it after Kangxi's death), Yongzheng himself said that Longkodo was not present by the emperor's side on that day. According to historian Dai Yi, a report by Longkodo to Yongzheng also shows that the prince Yunli (who was cited by Yongzheng as one of the witnesses in his later version of the events; this prince did not participate in the fight for the throne but later became Yongzheng's ally during the latter's reign) was not present – when he was rushing to Kangxi's resident after being informed of his father's death, the prince met Longkodo who told him about Yongzheng's ascension and became so horrified that he returned to his house immediately, looking like a mad man. Dai Yi, Meng Shen, Wang Zhonghan and Yang Zhen are the notable historians who maintain that the fourteenth prince Yinzheng (later renamed Yunti) was Kangxi's intended heir. They point out that the conflict against the Zhungar was of such an existential importance to the Qing dynasty (which threatened to rip half of their territories apart together with the Mongol-Manchu alliance) that it is hard to imagine Kangxi would have sent anyone but his most trusted son to deal with the crisis. Due to this, the "Fuyuan General-in-chief" position (which was already bestowed on Kangxi on his trusted generals several times before and carried with it exceptional powers) was raised to an unprecedented level of power and prestige unseen since the beginning of the dynasty. The deposed crown prince, Yinreng, and Yinzhen fought for the position too, but failed to get it. Kangxi even made the apparently longterm investment by sending several young members of the imperial family (some already carried the "prince of the first rank" title) to the fourteenth prince so he could raise them as his apprentices. Yang Zhen opines that when Kangxi encouraged his son to engage with the local chiefs, the emperor did not think about their usefulness in the current campaign alone, as he told the prince that their dedication to the person of the prince "will be of use later", and that their service would be more valuable to that of the Han. Yinzhen's tactics Yinzhen's tactics during the struggle for crown prince's position were to do practically nothing and to stay out of the limelight. Instead, he focused on filial piety towards Kangxi and dutifully performed the given tasks as a subordinate of the Emperor. Compared to other siblings (Yinzhi, Yinsi, Yinti, Yinreng), Yinzhen had no clear advantage. Unlike Yinsi, Yinzhen had neither a close association nor a good relationship with the majority of court officers and magistrates, he was also shunned due to his cold appearance and the legalist-style harsh treatment for any kinds of moral sin and legal violation of the magistrates. Acknowledging that fact, Yinzhen intentionally showed no ambition to be the heir in order to not attract any unnecessary attention and animosity; he watched as other contenders fought each other to the death, a policy more beneficial for him. Yinzhen even pleaded many times for Kangxi's mercy and pardon for other princes, including the deposed Yinreng, which gained him the praise and favour from Kangxi. As an experienced player in politics, Kangxi himself knew that Yinzhen's humbleness and filial piety was not really sincere and more of a cover to protect himself, nonetheless Kangxi still made lavish praise to Yinzhen and enjoyed the apparently good relationship with his son. In the situation when his offspring openly trampled on family relationships, Yinzhen's "false" filial piety and kindness was already a haven for Kangxi. Kangxi also hoped that Yinzhen, despite being pretentious, might not actually mistreat his deceased father and the deposed Yinreng in the future, which was proven to be relatively correct. As a result, Kangxi not only didn't expose Yinzhen, but also became the accomplice with Yinzhen's act. Disputes over succession Although Kangxi's meticulous plan enabled Yinzhen later to be crowned as emperor, it also created many disputes about Yinzhen's succession as there was no direct, intuitive way to prove Yinzhen's legitimacy. Kangxi's choice as Yinzhen was a shock to many other princes (even Yinzhen also pretended to be shocked), he was neither the eldest eliglible (Yinzhi) nor the most talented (Yinsi) according to the traditional criteria for the heir apparent. Kangxi also did not make any mention about his choice for the crown prince position, his will was only known via the deceased emperor's testament provided by Longkodo, and there was no decisive evidence proved that the testament was not fabricated. For the contemporary public, there was also no evidence to directly infer, or to explain why, Kangxi thought of Yinzhen as his choice. As a result, Yinzhen's succession faced fierce opposition from former contenders such as Yinti and Yinsi. Purging the dissidents and solidifying his own position occupied much of Yinzhen's initial reign as emperor. There is a widely circulated legend, persisting even to the present day, that Yinzhen was crowned emperor after he modified Kangxi Emperor's final will that detailed who will succeed him. There are two versions of the legend, both of which involves the Chinese character "十" (pinyin: shí; lit. 'ten'), and by extension, Yunti, Prince Xun. One version involves changing the "十" in the phrase "transfer the throne to the Fourteenth Prince" (Chinese: 傳位十四皇子) to "于" (pinyin: yú), which changed the phrase to "pass the throne on to the Fourth Prince" Chinese: 傳位于四皇子). Another version states the character "十" was changed to "第" (dì), which means "sequence number" (四 = four, 第四 = the fourth / number four), thus changing the phrase to "transfer the throne to the Fourth Prince" (Chinese: 傳位第四皇子). Researchers at Academia Sinica have disproved the theory, as official Qing documents, when mentioning sons of the Emperor, always list the son's title, as well as the son's rank amongst the emperor's sons and the son's name. In this case, the will mentions "Prince Yong, Emperor's Fourth Son, Yinzhen" (Chinese: 雍親王皇四子胤禛), as well as Kangxi Emperor's high regards for Yinzhen, and his belief that Yinzhen can succeed on the throne. In this case, changing the will becomes impossible without leaving obvious signs of alteration, since Yinti, if referenced in the will, would be shown as the Emperor's fourteenth son (Chinese: 皇十四子), which contains four Chinese characters instead of three for Yinzhen, as the Emperor's fourth son (Chinese: 皇四子). It has also been noted that the Chinese character "于" is a simplified character that is written as "於" in traditional character, which was exclusively used back in the Qing era. In addition, the will is written in Traditional Chinese, Manchu, and Mongolian. The alteration theory is noted to be based solely on altering the will's Chinese version, as the will, as written in Manchu and Mongolian, is impossible to alter due to different language characteristics. The problem with the will, or at least the Chinese version, as currently preserved, is that it was not Kangxi's creation. It was drafted three days after Kangxi's death by Longkodo under Yongzheng's instruction. Yongzheng's order is still preserved by Museum of the Institute of History & Philology, Academia Sinica There are debates about the authenticity of extant copies of the Manchu version, but not only the part that mentions the heir's name is destroyed, the important sentence that praises Yinzhen's virtues also does not appear at all. Reign After ascending the throne in December 1722, Yinzhen adopted the era name "Yongzheng" (Chinese: 雍正 lit. "Harmonious Justice") in 1723 from his peerage title "yong" (Chinese: 雍 lit. "harmonious") and "zheng" (Chinese: 正 lit. "just, correct, upright"). It has been suggested that the second character of his era name was an attempt to cover up his illegal claim to the throne by calling himself "justified". Immediately after succeeding to the throne, the Yongzheng Emperor chose his new governing council. It consisted of the eighth prince Yinsi, 13th prince Yinxiang, Zhang Tingyu, Ma Qi, and Longkodo. Yinsi was given the title "Prince Lian" while Yinxiang was given the title "Prince Yi", and these two held the highest positions in the land. Continued battle against princes 18th-century Chinese painting of the Yongzheng Emperor wearing a European wig and dress, preparing to strike a tiger with a trident 18th-century painting of the Yongzheng Emperor in costume The nature of his succession remained a subject of controversy and overshadowed the Yongzheng Emperor's reign. As many of his surviving brothers did not see his succession as legitimate, the Yongzheng Emperor became increasingly paranoid that they would plot to overthrow him. The earlier players in the battle for succession, Yinzhi, the eldest, and Yinreng, the former crown prince, continued to live under house arrest. Yinreng died two years after the Yongzheng Emperor's reign began. The Yongzheng Emperor continued to perceive Yinsi and his party, consisting of the princes Yintang, Yin'e, Yinti, and their associates, as his greatest political challenge in the early years of his reign. To diffuse their political clout, the Yongzheng Emperor undertook a 'divide and conquer' strategy. Immediately after ascending the throne, the emperor bestowed on Yinsi the title "Prince Lian", nominally of the highest noble rank. Yinsi was also then appointed as the Minister of the Lifan Yuan (Feudatory Affairs Office) and the top-ranking member of the imperial council assisting the Yongzheng Emperor; some historians believe his position at the time was essentially that of a "Chancellor or Prime Minister". By ostensibly elevating Yinsi to a more prominent political role, the Yongzheng Emperor held Yinsi under close watch and kept him busy with affairs of state, reducing the chance of him conducting behind-the-scenes political maneuvers. Yinsi's allies received notably different treatment. Yintang was sent to Qinghai under the pretext of military service, but in reality was watched over by the Yongzheng Emperor's trusted protégé, Nian Gengyao. Yin'e, the tenth prince, was told to leave the capital to send off a departing Mongol prince, but since he refused to complete this trip as the emperor commanded, the Yongzheng Emperor stripped him of all his titles in May 1724 and sent him north to Shunyi to languish in solitude. The 14th prince, Yinti, born to the same mother as the Yongzheng Emperor, was recalled to Beijing from his military post. The emperor selected Nian Gengyao to replace Yinti as the commander of the northwestern expeditionary force. Yinti, who expected to be placed on the throne himself, was reluctant to recognise the Yongzheng Emperor's succession as legitimate. Yinti was accused of violating imperial decorum at the funeral proceedings of the late emperor, and placed under house arrest by the Yongzheng Emperor at the imperial tombs in western Beijing. Historians believe that their mother, Empress Dowager Renshou, favoured Yinti partly because she raised him herself, while she did not raise the Yongzheng Emperor. Nonetheless, the increasingly sharp conflict between her two surviving sons caused their mother great sorrow. She died less than six months after the Kangxi Emperor. By forcibly dispatching Yinsi's party to separate locations geographically, the Yongzheng Emperor made it extremely inconvenient for his rivals to link up and conspire against him. While some of Yinsi's subordinates were appointed to high office, others were demoted or banished, making it difficult for Yinsi's party to maintain the same set of partisan interests. The Yongzheng Emperor publicly reprimanded Yinsi in 1724 for mishandling an assignment, eventually removing him from office and then sending him into house arrest. Yinsi was forced to rename himself "Acina", a derogatory slur in the Manchu language. The emperor also confiscated the assets of Yintang and Yin'e. Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family In 1725, the Yongzheng Emperor bestowed a hereditary marquis title on Zhu Ming in line with his father Kang Xi emperor wish of a Manchu—Han population integration, a descendant of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty. Zhu was also paid by the Qing government to perform rituals at the Ming tombs and induct the Chinese Plain White Banner into the Eight Banners. Later in 1750, during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor's successor, the Qianlong Emperor, Zhu Ming was posthumously honoured as "Marquis of Extended Grace". The marquis title was passed on to Zhu's descendants for 12 generations until the end of the Qing dynasty in the early 20th century. Nian Gengyao and Longkodo Nian Gengyao was a supporter of the Yongzheng Emperor long before the latter ascended the throne. In 1722, when he was recalling his brother Yinti from the northwest border in Xinjiang, the Yongzheng Emperor appointed Nian as the commander of the Qing army in Xinjiang. The situation in Xinjiang at the time was volatile, and a strong general was needed in the area. After several military conquests, however, Nian's stature and power grew. Some said he began seeing himself as equal to the emperor. Seeing Nian as no longer within his control, the Yongzheng Emperor issued an imperial edict demoting Nian to the position of a general of the Hangzhou Command. As Nian continued to remain unrepentant, he was eventually given an ultimatum and forced to commit suicide by consuming poison in 1726. Longkodo was the commander of the militias stationed at the capital at the time of the Yongzheng Emperor's succession. He fell into disgrace in 1728 and died while under house arrest. Portraits of the Yongzheng Emperor Enjoying Himself during the 8th lunar month After taking the throne, the Yongzheng Emperor suppressed writings he deemed unfavorable to his court, particularly those with an anti-Manchu bias. Foremost among these were those of Zeng Jing, an unsuccessful degree candidate heavily influenced by the 17th-century scholar Lü Liuliang. Zeng had been so affected by what he read that he attempted to incite the governor-general of Shaanxi-Sichuan, Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of anti-Jurchen General Yue Fei), to rebel against the Qing government. Yue Zhongqi promptly turned him in, and in 1730 news of the case reached the Yongzheng Emperor. Highly concerned with the implications of the case, the emperor had Zeng Jing brought to Beijing for trial. The emperor's verdict seemed to demonstrate a Confucian sovereign's benevolence: He ascribed Zeng's actions to the gullibility and naïveté of a youth taken in by Lü Liuliang's abusive and overdrawn rhetoric. In addition, the emperor suggested that Lü Liuliang's original attack on the Manchus was misplaced, since they had been transformed by their long-term exposure to the civilising force of Confucianism. The Yongzheng Emperor is also known for establishing a strict autocratic-style rule during his reign. He detested corruption, and punished officials severely when they were found guilty of an offense. In 1729, he issued an edict prohibiting the smoking of madak, a blend of tobacco and opium. The Yongzheng Emperor's reign saw the Qing dynasty further establish itself as a powerful empire in Asia. He was instrumental in extending what became known as a "Kangqian Period of Harmony" (Chinese: 康乾盛世; cf. Pax Romana). In response to the tragedy of the succession struggle during his father's reign, the Yongzheng Emperor created a sophisticated procedure for choosing a successor. He was known for his trust in Mandarin officials. Li Wei and Tian Wenjing governed China's southern areas with the assistance of Ortai. "The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifice at the Xiannong Altar" in Beijing, Qing dynasty painting Cultural and economic achievements Rationalization of personnel appointment system In the early Qing period, the majority of middle-to-low government posts were subject to a mechanical appointment procedure managed by the Board of Personnel, which was a lottery rule. More specifically, candidates would first be classified into three categories, namely degree holders, office purchasers, and officials waiting for promotion, based on their sources of candidature. These candidates or so-called offices-in-waiting were then assigned to different posts by drawing lots on a monthly basis, known as month selection. This random appointment procedure stemmed from the late Ming dynasty. Sun Piyang, a minister of the Board of Personnel during the Wanli emperor's reign of Ming, was said to have invented the method of drawing lots with the intention of introducing fairness into personnel selection when the Ming court was mired in faction politics. It was apparent that this rule-based appointment procedure was conducive to curtailing patronage-network building and rent-seeking, although at the cost of flexibility. Considering the limitation of monthly selection, the Yongzheng Emperor, inspired by a memorial of Jin Hong, the provincial administrative commissioner of Guangxi province, decided to launch a structural reform to the appointment system in 1731. In the new appointment system, local jurisdictions first were classified into two groups according to governance difficulties. More specifically, to prioritize local jurisdictions and allocate appointment power accordingly, the governability of each jurisdiction was decomposed into four elements, or four "characters": Chong, Fan, Pi, and Nan. "Chong" (thoroughfare) referred to places at busy highways and was designed to capture the characteristics of commercial potential or military significance. “Fan” (troublesome) stood for places with a great deal of onerous official business. “Pi” (wearisome) indicated areas having difficulty collecting taxes. “Nan” (difficult) referred to the places with crime-prone subjects and recurring violent engagement. Moreover, posts of jurisdictions containing all four elements would be ranked as very important positions and posts of places with three elements would be rated as important posts, whereas posts of places having less than two elements would be tagged as middle-level positions (two elements) or easy posts (one-zero element) respectively. In this way, the post designation (Chong, Fan, Pi, and Nan) was linked to the importance rating system hand in hand. The appointment power then was allocated based on the importance rating system; posts marked as very important and important were subject to the discretionary appointment by the emperor or provincial leaders, whereas other less important posts still were assigned by drawing lots. As a result, the high-quality officials were matched to the important positions and in turn promoted local governance. Yi Zhongtian commented that Yongzheng had a very flexible and pragmatic tastes of talent enrollment, based on the advice of Ortai: "Amongst affairs, there are both essential and trivial, easy and challenging. Amongst people, there are both soft and hard, long and short." The emperor, therefore, did not use dogmatic and abstract criteria of "talents" and "morality", instead he acknowledged that every person has both strengths and defects and the tasks given to him should be tailored to suit his specific traits. For example, Li Wei had a very rude personality, but he was brave and clever, Yongzheng assigned him tasks related to law enforcement, criminal punishment and rebel liquidation. Zhu Shih, a scholar with upright and good personality, was appointed as teacher for the future Qianlong Emperor. Tian Wenjing had many personality defects and was heavily criticized by contemporaries, but was favoured by Yongzheng due to his hard-work, devotion and loyalty. Chang Sanle, Wuqiao district chief, had upright and transparent moral conduct, but lacked fervor in work, hence he was re-assigned to an educational post and removed from administrative work. However, the most critical criterion for the government magistrate was "sincerity" towards the emperor. The magistrate's works, reports, criticisms, suggestion, even flattery and blandishment, should be performed with sincere devotion to and sympathy with the emperor's interests and stance. Suggestion and criticism with adequate "sincerity", even if they were flawed and incorrect, was usually praised by Yongzheng. On the other hand, suggestions which were considered to only serve the magistrate's selfish interests and fame, or to only curry favour from the emperor, even if the suggestions were accurate and reasonable, would be heavily criticized by Yongzheng and the magistrate could be punished severely. That was the reason behind Yongzheng's apparently "erratic" and "unpredictable" behaviors in punishing and rewarding his subordinates. Corruption crackdown and financial reform Emperor Kangxi's long reign left lasting achievements, but also many flaws and maladies, including budget deficit, inadequate tax revenues, and huge debts. Corruption was widespread, and magistrates and aristocrats frequently borrowed money from the national treasure without any sign of returning the money. Therefore, immediately after his enthronement, Yongzheng began a crackdown against corruption and financial issues. Utilizing his experience during the time as a prince, the emperor used an unconventional approach: first he anticipated the counter-measures that corrupt magistrates might employ to evade state punishment, and then devised the emperor's own counter-measures against the magistrates. To counter the local magistrated well-built networks, Yongzheng organized a group of inspectors consisted of independent Imperial Commissioners and "clean" local chiefs, assisted with a group of regional officer-to-be. When a regional magistrate was found guilty, he would be replaced by a corresponding member amongst the inspector group who had no connection of interest with the local clique and therefore would naturally do his best to continue the purge. Furthermore, local people were forbidden to lend money to their magistrates, preventing them from temporarily transferring the borrowed money to the local treasure to mask the deficits. Yongzheng also created an independent Inquisition Association to examine all the spending and revenue documents to prevent local officers from bribing the Ministry of Revenue to fabricate financial reports. To prevent the magistrates from fabricating the corruption cases as merely "deificit spending", Yongzheng demanded that the case of deficit spending must be investigated first, and punishment, sanction and compensation should be performed first in the case of deficit spending. Equivocation between deficit spending and corruption was strictly prohibited. To prevent the guilty magistrates from further exploiting the people to compensate for their deficit spending, Yongzheng immediately dismissed the magistrate before compensation began. Dismissed magistrates no longer had authority over the people and had no choice but to use their own properties to compensate. As the punished magistrate might use other connections as an alternative for their lost authority, paying compensation on behalf of them was also strictly prohibited. The properties of their families and relatives were also confisticated for the compensation payment if necessary. In the cases of magistrates committing suicide to avoid punishment, Yongzheng demanded that their family and descendants should shoulder the punishment and compensation for the deceased magistrate. The emperor himself admitted that he wanted to see the guilty magistrate's descendants "live in poverty and misery." Yongzheng's drastic punishment earned him the nickname "Emperor of confiscation". Beside harsh punishment, Yongzheng also improved the state officer's income to remove their incentive for corruption. He created a "Fund for transparency nurturing" from government additional revenues, which was now regulated and controlled by the central government, to provide copious allowance for state magistrate, enabling their daily expenses to be covered without accepting bribes. Magistrates not eligible for the Fund's money also received other kinds of allowances, and officers on business trips were also provide an allowance to cover their essential expenses, which had to be reported to the government. The "transparency nurturing" allowances beside removing the corruption incentive, also helped to publicized the magistrate's incomes, enabled the state to monitor, evaluate and detect any potential signs of corruption. Furthermore, all kinds of gifts and "ritual fees" was now strictly prohibited. The "secret report" system To effectively grasp the situation of his subordinates, Yongzheng utilized the "secret report" system which originated from the Shunzhi Era, which also suited his own tastes of having personal connection separately with each subordinate. The emperor recruited secret informants from the trusted subordinates who had the privilege to privately report to the Emperor whatever they felt suspicious. The components of secret informants was quite varied, including even some low-ranked officers, and was widely distributed all over the empire. To encourage the sincerity and eagerness of informants, their identity and reports' content was kept strictly confidential; even informants did not know each other, and the procedures and writing style requirements were greatly simplified. Such "secret reporters" enabled the emperor to maintain an extensive information network without a specialized internal espionage bureau. The secret informants also had no privileges beside the secret reports and the reports had no legal authority, which prevented authority abuse from informants like the Ming internal espionage agents. Also, to avoid false accusation and incorrect reports from informants, Yongzheng collected information from various sources, and the accused person also had a chance to defend their actions and prove their innocence. Under a capable ruler, secret reports actually protected innocent magistrates from wrong accusations, as the reports provided alternative information sources beside the official charges. Farming and land tax During the massive population growth in the Qing dynasty and increasing demand from peasant and military populations for grain, the Yongzheng emperor launched a grain campaign in which he incentivized officials in local and provincial governments to compete in buying land meant specifically for farming. The Yongzheng emperor offered officials 5-10 year tax holidays in which they were free from paying taxes. This campaign led to more than one million new acres of farmable land. While these campaigns led to more food and land for the population to use for farming, it also led to officials lying about the amount of farmable land they were contributing in order to win the tax holidays. These tax holidays also pushed the burden of paying taxes elsewhere. Local charity Ethnicity in Qing China could vary depending on where one was from even locally in China. This ethnic separation along with the booming population led to reduced access to the Civil Service Examinations based on ethnicity and locality. The Yongzheng emperor, in an attempt to allow as many people to take the Civil Service Examination as possible, set up special exams for people in rural China. These special exams were called Miao exams and were located in Yunnan. In the 1730s, landholding shed people such as the Hakka were still not allowed to take the exams, Yongzheng made it legal for these people to take the exams in an attempt to dispel anger at being excluded from the exams. A growing number of orphaned children or poor families came with the massive Qing population growth. The Yongzheng emperor sought to remedy this by mandating that orphanages (also called poor houses) be built in every county. These were funded not by local, provincial or high level government but privately funded and maintained. These orphanages existed less to help the local population out of poverty and more to model how wealthy officials should act towards the impoverished populations. Gentry privileges The Kangxi Emperor mandated that scholars that had passed the Civil Service Examination at any level were able to bypass punishments from the legal system depending on which level of the exams they had passed. Instead of legal repercussions for crimes, criminal officials were instead recommended to the county education commissioner for counseling. This led to corruption among officials who were no longer bound by law. In an attempt to stop this the Yongzheng emperor made it illegal to offer privileges to officials going through the legal system. This did not last long as the Qianlong Emperor reinstated legal privileges for officials that had passed the Civil Service Examination shortly after becoming emperor after Yongzheng. Tax privileges In the mid-1720s Qing empire, complex levels of tax hierarchies put in place by the Kangxi emperor existed to separate the population into different tax brackets. Households with government officials were in privileged tax brackets that brought with it tax exemptions for not only the immediate family in the household but also for extended family members. The Yongzheng emperor removed these privileged tax brackets as he saw the local gentry as competition to the throne. Just like the legal privileges that passing the Civil Service Examination offered, soon after the end of the Yongzheng emperor's reign, the Qianlong Emperor quickly reinstated the privileged tax brackets. Religious policy Growing distrust of Jesuit missionaries by the Kangxi emperor and later by Yongzheng in the early 1720s led to prohibition and action against the Christian presence in China. The Kangxi emperor had banned foreign missions (outside of Beijing and Guangzhou), and Yongzheng took this one step further by removing all foreign priests from China. All Christian churches were shut down and repurposed as local public offices. Cohong Chinese merchant houses belonging to Canton station were grouped together under a larger organization by Yongzheng called Cohong in 1725. This group was responsible for policing all trade within the Canton system. Meltage fees and silver As silver became more widely used as a currency in Qing China, the validity and purity of the currency being exchanged had to be verified. Silver taels were sent to official appraisers to do the job of verification. During the appraisal some silver was lost in the process, this lost silver had to be covered by the payer. This extra charge on the lost silver became known as a meltage fee. These meltage fees were a very important source of income for local governments. It became a practice to bribe appraisers to avoid meltage fees. Yongzheng attempted to ban all bribing to avoid these fees and also officially mandated meltage fees as a source of local income. These mandates helped silver become a major part of the Qing economy. Expansion in the northwest See also: Qing dynasty in Inner Asia French map of "China and Chinese Tartary" from the Yongzheng era (1734) Like his father, the Yongzheng Emperor used military force in order to preserve the Qing Empire's position in Outer Mongolia. When Tibet was torn by civil war in 1727–1728, he intervened. After withdrawing, he left a Qing Resident (the amban) and a military garrison to safeguard the dynasty's interests. On 1 November 1728, after the Qing reconquest of Lhasa in Tibet, several Tibetan rebels were sliced to death by Qing Manchu officers and officials. The Qing Manchu President of the Board of Civil Office, Jalangga, Mongol sub-chancellor Sen-ge and brigadier-general Manchu Mala ordered the Tibetan rebels Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to be sliced to death. They ordered gZims-dpon C'os-ac'ad (Hsi-mu-pen ch'ui-cha-t'e), son of Lum-pa-nas and rNog Tarqan bsKal-bzajn-c'os-adar and dKon-mc'og-lha-sgrub (Kun-ch'u-k'o-la-ku-pu) and dGa'-ldan-p'un-ts'ogs (K'a-erh-tan-p'en-ch'u-k'o), sons of Na-p'od-pa to be beheaded. Byams-pa (Cha-mu-pa) and his brother Lhag-gsan (La-k'o-sang) and their brothers, younger and older, daughters, wives and mother were exiled after their father sByar-ra-nas was beheaded. The Manchus wrote that they "set an example" by forcing the Tibetans to publicly watch the executions of Tibetan rebels of slicing like Na-p'od-pa since they said it was the Tibetan's nature to be cruel. The exiled Tibetans were given as slaves to soldiers in Ching-chou (Jingzhou), K'ang-zhou (Kangzhou) and Chiang-ning (Jiangning) in the marshall-residences there. The Tibetan rNam-rgyal-grva-ts'an college administrator (gner-adsin) and sKyor'lun Lama were tied together with Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa on 4 scaffolds (k'rims-sin) to be sliced. The Manchus used musket matchlocks to fire 3 salvoes and then the Manchus strangled the 2 Lamas while slacing (Lingchi) Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to death while they beheaded the 13 other rebels leaders. The Tibetan population was depressed by the scene and the writer of MBTJ continued to feel sad as he described it 5 years later. All relatives of the Tibetan rebels including little children were executed by the Qing Manchus except the exiled and deported family of sByar-ra-ba which was condemned to be slaves and most exiles sentenced to deportation died in the process of deportation. The public executions spectacle worked on the Tibetans since they were "cowed into submission" by the Qing. Even the Tibetan collaborator with the Qing, Polhané Sönam Topgyé (P'o-lha-nas) felt sad at his fellow Tibetans being executed in this manner and he prayed for them. All of this was included in a report sent to the Qing emperor at the time, the Yongzheng Emperor. Qing Han Chinese general Yue Zhongqi interviewed the Tibetan collaborator with the Qing, Polhané Sönam Topgyé (P'o-lha-nas) concerning his involvement in crushing the Tibetan rebels and sent a report to the Qing Yongzheng emperor on 17 August 1728. For the Tibetan campaign, the Yongzheng Emperor sent an army of 230,000 led by Nian Gengyao against the Dzungars and their army of 80,000. Due to geography, the Qing army (although superior in numbers) was at first unable to engage their more mobile enemy. Eventually, they engaged the Dzungars and defeated them. This campaign cost the treasury at least eight million silver taels. Later in the Yongzheng Emperor's reign, he sent a small army of 10,000 to fight the Dzungars again. However, that army was annihilated and the Qing Empire faced the danger of losing control of Mongolia. A Khalkha ally of the Qing Empire would later defeat the Dzungars. Following the reforms of 1729, the treasury's income increased from 32,622,421 taels in 1721 to about 60 million taels in 1730, surpassing the record set during the Kangxi Emperor's reign; but the pacification of the Qinghai area and the defence of border areas were heavy burdens on the treasury. Safeguarding the country's borders cost 100,000 taels per year. The total military budget came up to about 10 million taels a year. By the end of 1735, military spending had depleted half the treasury, leaving 33.95 million taels. It was because of the cost of war that the Yongzheng Emperor considered making peace with the Dzungars. Identification of Qing with China Since our dynasty began to rule China, the Mongols and other tribes living in extremely remote regions have been integrated into our territory. This is the expansion of China's territory (Zhongguo zhi jiangtu kaituo guangyuan). Yongzheng's Dayi juemilu (A Record of Rightness to Dispel Confusion) (Yongzheng emperor, 1983: 5), as translated by Mark Elliott in The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (2001), p. 347, modified by Gang Zhao Since the Shunzhi Emperor's time, the Qing emperors had identified China and the Qing Empire as the same, and in treaties and diplomatic papers the Qing Empire called itself "China". During the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors' reigns, "China" (Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu) was used as the name of the Qing Empire in official Manchu language documents, identifying the Qing Empire and China as the same entity, with "Dulimbai Gurun" appearing in 160 official diplomatic papers between the Qing Empire and the Russian Empire. The term "China" was redefined by the Qing emperors to be a multi-ethnic entity which included non-Han Chinese ethnic groups and their territories. China and Qing were noticeably and increasingly equated with each other during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, with the Qianlong Emperor and the Qing government writing poems and documents using both the Chinese name Zhongguo and the Manchu name Dulimbai Gurun. Compared to the reigns of previous Qing emperors such as the Yongzheng and Kangxi emperors, the use of China to refer to the Qing Empire appears most during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, according to scholars who examined documents on Sino-Russian relations. The Yongzheng Emperor spoke out against the claim by anti-Qing rebels that the Qing were only rulers of Manchus and not China, saying "The seditious rebels claim that we are the rulers of Manchus and only later penetrated central China to become its rulers. Their prejudices concerning the division of their and our country have caused many vitriolic falsehoods. What these rebels have not understood is the fact that it is for the Manchus the same as the birthplace is for the people of the central plain. Shun belonged to the Eastern Yi, and King Wen to the Western Yi. Does this fact diminish their virtues?" (在逆賊等之意，徒謂本朝以滿洲之君入為中國之主，妄生此疆彼界之私，遂故為訕謗詆譏之說耳，不知本朝之為滿洲，猶中國之有籍貫，舜為東夷之人，文王為西夷之人，曾何損於聖德乎。 Religion The Yongzheng Emperor offering sacrifices at the altar of the God of Agriculture, Shennong Commoners throughout Qing China were extremely diverse and multi-ethnic because not every region underwent sinification under the Manchu's suzerain. In accordance to the Book of Rites, Manchus of Qing chose to respect the local's cultural heritage and decided not to force their subjects to acculturate and sinicize. Manchus of Qing acknowledged that each region had the prerogative to preserve their identity, heritage, and cultural tradition and their religious faith. Hence, each region was allowed to keep their beliefs and way of worshipping the heavens. On the other hand, since the commoners preserved their ways, Qing, Yongzheng in particular, highly encouraged that Manchu elites should also preserve their ethnic identity and their distinctive ways of worshipping the heaven as well. The Yongzheng Emperor stated: "The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself.... In the empire we have a temple for honouring Heaven and sacrificing to Him. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honor Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honouring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese, Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honouring Heaven. I have never said that he could not honour heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us." Evidently, the Qing state practiced various religions, which was similar to the previous dynasty, the Ming. During the Ming, in the mid-1580s an Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci not only studied the Chinese language to understand the people and the Chinese culture, he also delved into the Confucian classics and adopted the scholar's official-literati robe during his stay near the Canton trading province. Introducing China to his religious faith was in Matteo Ricci's mission, and he successfully built a church in 1601 at Beijing, called Cathedral of Immaculate Conception. Johann Adam Schall von Bell, who was a German Jesuit, went to China in 1619, learned the Chinese language in 1623 in Macau, and was later appointed into the Imperial Astronomical Bureau in 1630 by the Ming, even after the fall of Ming to the rise of Qing, Schall's presence was welcomed by the Manchu of Qing and he was appointed as the head of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau. The accounts of Matteo establishing the institution of his Church during the Ming dynasty and Jesuits such as Schall who was able to acquire a bureaucratic position in the Qing's court make evident that China at one point did welcome things beyond its borders, such as religious faith that was brought by the missionaries. Even though the Catholic church condemned the practice of the Chinese rites in 1645 throughout China, Catholic missionaries continued their practice until the Rites Controversy was concluded in 1742 CE. The Yongzheng Emperor was firmly against Christian converts among the Manchus. He warned them that the Manchus must follow only the Manchu way of worshipping Heaven since different peoples worshipped Heaven differently. In 1724, the Yongzheng Emperor issued a decree proscribing Catholicism. This was followed by the persecution of Chinese Christians that steadily increased during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor's son, the Qianlong Emperor. Ancestral worship was understood as the Chinese customary tradition rather than as a religious ritual. However, since the Catholic Church condemned the Chinese rites and the decision by the "Church to ban the acceptance of the Chinese rites by the Jesuits" in Qing China, because the Church deemed the practice to be incompatible with the Catholic faith, led to the banishing of missionaries by the Qianlong Emperor in 1742 CE as a response to the Catholic Church's decision. Jan Jakob Maria wrote "Nor did the Islamitic heretics escape the notice of this potentate. It has frequently been reported to me, he writes in a decree of the 7th of the fourth month (May 4) 1729 (Sh. h. 7), that these Mohammedans all follow one doctrine, that they use a peculiar language and dress, and constantly behave contrary to the laws, so that severe measures should be taken for their repression. But I desire that they shall be looked upon as my ordinary subjects, as “babes of the dynasty" (國家之赤子); for although they have their own mosques, and a peculiar language and religion handed down to them by their forefathers, they have the same manners and customs as the rest of the people; for their religion alone it would not do to prosecute them. There are, moreover, several state-servants among them, who are not without their good qualities. They muster strongest in Shensi, and there they are persecuted more than anywhere else, on account of their clubbing together to gamble, their secreting weapons, and for various other illegal acts. There they also unreservedly give expression to their wrath about the Imperial decrees forbidding the slaughter of horned cattle which are so indispensable to agriculture. They should therefore constantly be reminded to be kind and tolerant, not wantonly to oppress the weaker, nor by their greater intelligence to take in the ignorant, nor on the plea of their special religion to further their own interests, etc. Our will in this matter shall be proclaimed by the Viceroys and Governors throughout all the provinces." Destruction of ethnic minority autonomy The Yongzheng Emperor appointed the Manchu official Ortai who violently abolished hereditary ethnic minority states such as those belonging to ethnic minority Miao people across southwest China in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. Death and succession The Yongzheng Emperor ruled the Qing Empire for 13 years before dying suddenly in 1735 at the age of 56. Legend holds that he was assassinated by Lü Siniang, a daughter or granddaughter of Lü Liuliang, whose family was executed for literary crimes against the Qing government. Another theory was that Lü Siniang was the Yongzheng Emperor's lover, and the real mother of the Qianlong Emperor, but he refused to let her become the empress. It is generally accepted that he died while reading court documents, and it is likely that his death was the result of elixir poisoning from an overdose of the elixir of immortality he was consuming in the belief that it would prolong his life. According to Zhang Tingyu, Yongzheng on his deathbed exhibited symptoms of poisoning, and in the wake of his death, his successor the Qianlong Emperor evicted all Taoist priests from the palace, possibly as punishment for this incident. To prevent a succession crisis like he had faced, the Yongzheng Emperor was said to have ordered his third son Hongshi (an ally of Yinsi) to commit suicide. He also devised a system for his successors to choose their heirs in secret. He wrote his chosen successor's name on two scrolls, placed one scroll in a sealed box and had the box stored behind the stele in the Qianqing Palace. He kept the other copy with him or hid it. After his death, the officials would compare the scroll in the box with the copy he had kept. If they were deemed identical, the person whose name was on the paper would be the new emperor. The Yongzheng Emperor was interred in the Western Qing tombs 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Tai (泰) mausoleum complex (known in Manchu as the Elhe Munggan). His fourth son Hongli, then still known as "Prince Bao (of the First Rank)", succeeded him as the Qianlong Emperor. The Qianlong Emperor rehabilitated many figures who had been purged during his father's reign, including restoring honours to many of his uncles who were formerly his father's rivals in the succession struggle. Family See also: Consorts of the Yongzheng Emperor Empress Empress Xiaojingxian (孝敬憲皇后) of the Ula-Nara clan (烏拉那拉氏; 28 June 1681 – 29 October 1731), personal name Duoqimuli (多棋木理) Honghui (弘暉), Prince Duan of the First Rank (端親王; 17 April 1697 – 7 July 1704), first son Empress Xiaoshengxian (孝聖憲皇后) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 12 January 1692 – 2 March 1777) Hongli (弘曆), the Qianlong Emperor (乾隆帝; 25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799), fifth (fourth) son Imperial Noble Consort Imperial Noble Consort Dunsu (敦肅皇貴妃) of the Nian clan (年氏; ? – 23 December 1725) Fourth daughter (15 April 1715 – June/July 1717) Fuyi (福宜; 30 June 1720 – 9 February 1721), seventh son Fuhui (福惠), Prince Huai of the First Rank (懷親王; 27 November 1721 – 11 October 1728), eighth son Fupei (福沛; 12 June 1723 – ?), ninth son Imperial Noble Consort Chunque (純愨皇貴妃) of the Geng clan (耿氏; December 1689/January 1690 – 27 January 1785) Hongzhou (弘晝), Prince Hegong of the First Rank (和恭親王; 5 January 1712 – 2 September 1770), sixth (fifth) son Consort Consort Qi (齊妃) of the Li clan (李氏; 1676 – 31 May 1739) Princess Huaike of the Second Rank (和碩懷恪公主; 15 August 1695 – April/May 1717), second daughter Married Xingde (星德; ? – 1739) of the Manchu Nara clan in September/October 1712 Hongfen (弘昐; 19 July 1697 – 30 March 1699), second son Hongyun (弘昀; 19 September 1700 – 10 December 1710), third (second) son Hongshi (弘時; 18 March 1704 – 20 September 1727), fourth (third) son Consort Ning (寧妃) of the Wu clan (武氏; ? – 25 June 1734), personal name Lingyuan (令媛) Consort Qian (謙妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 1714 – 17 June 1767), personal name Xiangyu (香玉) Hongyan (弘曕), Prince Guogong of the Second Rank (果恭郡王; 9 May 1733 – 27 April 1765), 10th (sixth) son Concubine Concubine Mao (懋嬪) of the Song clan (宋氏; 1677 – October/November 1730) First daughter (10 April 1694 – April/May 1694) Third daughter (8 January 1707 – January/February 1707) Noble Lady Noble Lady Guo (郭貴人) Noble Lady Li (李贵人) Noble Lady An (安贵人) Noble Lady Hai (海贵人) Noble Lady Zhang (张贵人) Noble Lady Lao (老貴人) First Class Attendant First Class Attendant Na (那常在) First Class Attendant Li (李常在) First Class Attendant Ma (馬常在) First Class Attendant Chun (春常在) First Class Attendant Gao (高常在) First Class Attendant Chang (常常在) First Class Attendant Gu (顧常在) Second Class Attendant Second Class Attendant Su (蘇答應) Second Class Attendant Yun (雲答應) Lady Lady of Qixiang Palace (啟祥宮姑娘) Mistress Mistress Yi (伊格格) Mistress Zhang (張格格) Mistress Su (蘇格格) Ancestry Hong Taiji (1592–1643) Shunzhi Emperor (1638–1661) Empress Xiaozhuangwen (1613–1688) Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722) Tulai (1606–1658) Empress Xiaokangzhang (1638–1663) Lady Gioro Yongzheng Emperor (1678–1735) Esen Weiwu Empress Xiaogongren (1660–1723) Lady Saiheli In fiction and popular culture The Yongzheng Emperor appears in the flying guillotine-themed wuxia films and also in Qing gong qi shi lu (The Lady Assassin) produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio. The Yongzheng Emperor is mentioned in the wuxia novel Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan (兒女英雄傳) by Wenkang (文康). It was adapted into the 1983 Hong Kong television series The Legend of the Unknowns (十三妹) and the 1986 Chinese film Lucky 13 (侠女十三妹). A popular legend tells of the Yongzheng Emperor's death at the hands of a female assassin, Lü Siniang (呂四娘), a fictitious granddaughter (or daughter, in some accounts) of Lü Liuliang. She committed the murder to avenge her grandfather (or father), who was wrongly put to death by the emperor. The legend was adapted into many films and television series. There are two legends about the origins of the Yongzheng Emperor's son and successor, Hongli (the Qianlong Emperor). The first, more widely circulated in southern China, says that Hongli is actually the son of Chen Shiguan (陳世倌), an official from Haining, Zhejiang. Shortly after he was born, Hongli switched places with one of the Yongzheng Emperor's daughters, was raised as the emperor's son, and eventually inherited the throne. The wuxia writer Louis Cha adapted this legend for his novel The Book and the Sword. The second legend about the Qianlong Emperor's origins, more popular in northern China, stated that during a trip to the Mulan Hunting Grounds (木蘭圍場) in Rehe Province, the Yongzheng Emperor had an illegitimate affair with a palace maid and they conceived a son, who became the Qianlong Emperor. The Yongzheng Emperor is featured as an important character in Tong Hua's novel Bu Bu Jing Xin and he had a romantic relationship with the protagonist, Ma'ertai Ruoxi. He is referred to as the "Fourth Prince" in the novel. Taiwanese actor Nicky Wu portrayed the Fourth Prince in Scarlet Heart, a 2011 Chinese television series adapted from the novel. The Yongzheng Emperor appears in the romance fantasy novel series Meng Hui Da Qing (梦回大清) by Yaoye (妖叶). The Yongzheng Emperor in film and television Year Region Title Type Yongzheng Emperor actor Notes 1975 Hong Kong The Flying Guillotine血滴子 Film Chiang Yang Produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio 1980 Hong Kong Dynasty大內群英 Television series Alex Man 57 episodes 1988 Hong Kong The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty Season 2滿清十三皇朝2 Television series Wai Lit 50 episodes 1994 Mainland China The Book and the Sword书剑恩仇录 Television series Liu Dagang 32 episodes 1995 Hong Kong Secret Battle of the Majesty九王奪位 Television series Kwong Wa 40 episodes 1996 Taiwan 雍正大帝 Television series Tou Chung-hua 1997 Taiwan Legend of YungChing江湖奇俠傳 Television series Adam Cheng 58 / 59 episodes 1997 Hong Kong The Hitman Chronicles大刺客 Television series Eddie Cheung 35 episodes 1999 Mainland China Yongzheng Dynasty雍正王朝 Television series Tang Guoqiang 44 episodes 2001 Taiwan 玉指環 Television series Chin Han alternative Chinese title 才子佳人乾隆皇 2001 Mainland China Emperor Yong Zheng雍正皇帝 Television series Liu Xinyi 31 episodes 2002 Mainland China Li Wei the Magistrate李卫当官 Television series Tang Guoqiang 30 episodes; also known as Li Wei Becomes an Official 2002 Hong Kong Doomed to Oblivion郑板桥 Television series Savio Tsang 30 episodes 2002 Mainland China Jiangshan Weizhong江山为重 Television series Liu Guanxiong 31 episodes; alternative Chinese title 大清帝国 2003 Mainland China Palace Painter Master Castiglione宫廷画师郎世宁 Television series Kenny Bee 24 episodes 2003 Hong Kong The King of Yesterday and Tomorrow九五至尊 Television series Kwong Wa 20 episodes 2004 Mainland China 36th Chamber of Southern Shaolin南少林三十六房 Television series Zhang Tielin 32 episodes 2004 Mainland China Huang Taizi Mishi皇太子秘史 Television series Zhao Hongfei 32 episodes 2004 Mainland China Li Wei the Magistrate II李卫当官2 Television series Tang Guoqiang 32 episodes 2005 Mainland China Shang Shu Fang上书房 Television series Kou Zhenhai 52 episodes 2005 Mainland China The Juvenile Qianlong Emperor少年宝亲王 Television series Zhang Guoli 40 episodes 2008 Mainland China The Book and the Sword书剑恩仇录 Television series Shen Baoping 40 episodes 2011 Mainland China Palace宫锁心玉 Television series Mickey He 35 episodes Mainland China Scarlet Heart步步惊心 Television series Nicky Wu 35 episodes Mainland China Empresses in the Palace后宫甄嬛传 Television series Chen Jianbin 76 episodes 2012 Mainland China Palace II宫锁珠帘 Television series Mickey He The sequel of Palace 2013 Mainland China The Palace 宮鎖沉香 Film Lu Yi Produced and written by Yu Zheng 2014 Hong Kong Gilded Chopsticks食為奴 Television series Ben Wong 25 episodes 2015 Mainland China Time to Love 新步步驚心 Film Tony Yang Realized by Song Di 2018 Mainland China Story of Yanxi Palace延禧攻略 Television series Wang Huichun Mainland China Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace如懿传 Television series Zhang Fengyi The sequel of Empresses in the Palace, a television series about Emperor Yongzheng. However, this one is about his successor, Emperor Qianlong. TBA Mainland China Dreaming back to Qing Dynasty 梦回大清 Television series Ding Qiao Ding Qiao already played the Yongzheng Emperor's grandson, prince Yonghuang, in Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace. Mainland China The Beauty 美人香 Television series Winston Chao Winston Chao played the Yongzheng Emperor's father, the Kangxi Emperor, in The Palace. Mainland China Tian Si Chuan 填四川 Television series Han Dong Han Dong played Yongzheng's half-brother, prince Yuntang, in Scarlet Heart. See also China portalMonarchy portalHistory portalBiography portal Chinese emperors family tree (late) Treason by the Book Notes ^ Chenhan (宸翰, Chénhàn) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works. ^ Noble Consort Tong was the Kangxi Emperor's cousin. She was made a guifei ("Noble Consort") in 1677 and later promoted to huang guifei, and, after the death of Empress Xiaozhaoren, became the highest-ranked consort in the Kangxi Emperor's harem. ^ The ranks of consorts in the palace were, Empress, Noble Consort (guifei), Consort (fei), pin, guiren, and so on; fei is therefore the third highest rank of the consorts. References Citations ^ a b c d Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2006). A Brief History of Chinese Civilization. Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education. ISBN 0-534-64305-1. ^ Peterson, Willard J. (2002). The Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1. The Ch'ing Empire to 1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521243346. ^ a b c Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 239, 473, 475. ISBN 9780674016842. OCLC 432663642. ^ a b c d Qin, Han Tang (秦漢唐) (2012). 不同於戲裡說的雍正皇帝 (in Traditional Chinese) (Chu ban ed.). Taipei: 广大文事業有限公司. pp. 190–196, Preface. ISBN 9789577135032. OCLC 819654973. ^ a b Rowe, William T. (2009). China's last empire: the great Qing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 68, 40–41. ISBN 9780674066243. OCLC 316327256. ^ Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese emperors: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers of Imperial China. New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 195. ISBN 9780500050903. OCLC 40407732. ^ Feng, Erkang. A Biography of Yongzheng (Chinese: 雍正传) China Publishing Group, People's Publishing House, Beijing: 2004. ISBN 7-01-004192-X ^ a b c d Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 21. ^ 秦, 晖 (2018). "秦晖：从戏说乾隆到胡说雍正_爱思想". www.aisixiang.com. Retrieved 24 February 2024. ^ 戴, 逸. "清史研究泰斗戴逸：雍正继位为何怕康熙亡灵". news.ifeng.com. ^ Weizheng, Zhu (21 April 2015). Rereading Modern Chinese History. BRILL. p. 66. ISBN 978-90-04-29331-1. Retrieved 24 February 2024. ^ 杨, 珍 (1990). "满文档案中所见允禵皇位继承人地位的新证据". 中国史研究, No. 1-4. pp. 158–160. Retrieved 24 February 2024. ^ Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 22. ^ "The best-known inheritance dispute in china". China Daily. 9 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018. ^ a b 康熙遺詔曝光揭傳位雍正真相 . Liaoshen Evening News (via Apple Daily) (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 31 August 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2018. ^ 「康熙遺詔」現身！破解四爺篡改遺詔之謎？ . ETToday (in Traditional Chinese). 4 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2018. ^ Lan, Wenli. 雍正繼統之謎 . Academia Sinica (in Chinese). Taiwan. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2018. ^ "Kangxi Emperor's final will". Academia Sinica (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2018. ^ 张, 星海 (2007). "皇室后裔确认雍正系篡夺皇位". In 文, 欢 (ed.). 历史不忍细看 (in Chinese). 河南文艺出版社. p. 117. ISBN 978-7-80623-792-2. ^ "皇室后裔揭秘：雍正伪造遗诏篡夺皇位真相(图)_cctv.com提供". news.cctv.com. Retrieved 24 February 2024. ^ 金, 恒源. "《康熙遗言与康熙遗诏的关系——雍正帝继位合法性质疑》". 故宫博物院. ^ Dikötter, F., Laaman, L. & Xun, Z. (2004). Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China Archived 2017-02-15 at the Wayback Machine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers p.34 ^ Pierre-Étienne, Will (2002). "Creation, Conflict, and Routinization: The Appointment of Officials by Drawing Lots, 1594–1700". Ming Qing Yanjiu: 73–121. ^ Daniel, Koss (2017). "Political Geography of Empire: Chinese Varieties of Local Government". Journal of Asian Studies. 76: 159–184. doi:10.1017/S0021911816001200. S2CID 164507400. ^ Zhang, Zhengguo (2011). "Qingdai Dao, Fu, Ting, Zhou, Xian Dengji Zhidu De Queding.". A Collection of Essays on the Ming and Qing Dynasties. ^ Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 25. ^ Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 23-24. ^ a b c d e Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 26. ^ a b c d e f g T., Rowe, William (2009). China's last empire : the great Qing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674066243. OCLC 316327256.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Jonathan, Porter (2016). Imperial China, 1350-1900. Lanham. ISBN 9781442222922. OCLC 920818520.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 250. ISBN 9004034420. ^ Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 269. ISBN 9004034420. ^ Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9004034420. ^ Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 268, 269. ISBN 9004034420. ^ Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 249. ISBN 9004034420. ^ Zhao 2006, p. 11. ^ Zhao 2006, p. 7. ^ Zhao 2006, pp. 8-9. ^ Zhao 2006, p. 12. ^ Zhao 2006, p. 9. ^ 大義覺迷錄 . 近代中國史料叢刊 . Vol. 36. Taipei: 文海出版社 . 1966. pp. 351–2. ^ Rowe, William (2009). China's last empire : the great Qing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 76. ISBN 9780674066243. OCLC 316327256. ^ Elliott, Mark T. (2001). The Manchu way : the eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 240. ISBN 0804746842. OCLC 44818294. ^ Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 241. ISBN 0-8047-4684-2. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2016-10-29. The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself. ...In the empire we have a temple for honouring Heaven and sacrificing to Him. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honour Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honouring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese, Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honouring Heaven. I have never said that he could not honour heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us. ^ Porter, Johnathan (2016). Imperial China, 1350–1900. Lanham. p. 90. ISBN 9781442222922. OCLC 920818520.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Porter, Johnathan (2016). Imperial China, 1350-1900. Lanham. p. 91. ISBN 9781442222922. OCLC 920818520.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 240. ISBN 0-8047-4684-2. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-10-29. In his indictment of Sunu and other Manchu nobles who had converted to Christianity, the Yongzheng Emperor reminded the rest of the Manchu elite that each people had its own way of honoring Heaven and that it was incumbent upon Manchus to observe Manchu practice in this regard ^ Thomas H. Reilly (2004), The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, pp. 43ff, 14ff, 150ff, ISBN 0295984309, see , accessed 18 April 2015. ^ Jocelyn M. N. Marinescu (2008). Defending Christianity in China: The Jesuit Defense of Christianity in the "Lettres Edifiantes Et Curieuses" & "Ruijianlu" in Relation to the Yongzheng Proscription of 1724. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-549-59712-4. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia: Brow-Clancy. Appleton. 1908. p. 680. ^ Groot, Jan J. M. de (1973). Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China, Volume 2 (reprint ed.). Irish University Press. p. 269. ISBN 0716520346. ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, Part 3. Encyclopedia Press. 1913. p. 680. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 3. Appleton. 1908. p. 680. ^ Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1904). Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions, Volume 2. J. Müller. p. 269. ^ Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions. J. Miller. 1904. p. 269. ^ Yongzheng, chinaculture.org Sources Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". Modern China. 32 (1). Sage Publications: 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Further reading Bartlett, Beatrice S. (1991). Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520065913. Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Yin-chên" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yongzheng Emperor. Wikiquote has quotations related to Yongzheng Emperor. Yongzheng Emperor House of Aisin-GioroBorn: 13 December 1678 Died: 8 October 1735 Regnal titles Preceded byKangxi Emperor Emperor of the Qing dynastyEmperor of China 1722–1735 Succeeded byQianlong Emperor vteEmperors of the Qing dynastyLater Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors Taizu Taizong Enthroned in 1626 as Khan, Hong Taiji changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.In 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor began to rule over China proper, replacing the Ming dynasty. Taizong Shunzhi Kangxi Yongzheng Qianlong Jiaqing Daoguang Xianfeng Tongzhi Guangxu XuantongXia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC vteQing dynasty qinwangs (first-rank princes)Absorbed into the Crown Prince Yong Prince Bao Prince Jia Prince Zhi Non-downgrading peerages("iron-cap" princes) Prince Li Prince Xun Prince Kang Prince Rui Prince Yu Prince Zheng (Prince Jian) Prince Su (Prince Xian) Prince Chengze (Prince Zhuang) Prince Shuncheng Prince Yi Prince Gong Prince Chun Prince Qing Demoted but non-downgrading peerages Prince Cheng Downgrading peerages Prince Jingjin Prince Ying (穎) Prince Ying (英) Prince Duanzhong Prince An Prince Xiang Prince Yu Prince Gong Prince Chun (純) Prince Li Prince Heng Prince Chun (淳) Prince Lian Prince Lü Prince Guo Prince Xian Prince He Prince Ding Prince Rong Prince Zhi Prince Yi Prince Cheng Prince Dun Prince Rui Prince Hui Posthumous titles Prince Rong Prince Duan Prince Huai Prince Zhe Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists KulturNav ULAN People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yinzhen (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinzhen_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_language"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Manchu"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Manchu alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_alphabet"},{"link_name":"temple name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_name"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schirokauer-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grand Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Outer Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"}],"text":"\"Yinzhen\" redirects here. For others named Yinzhen, see Yinzhen (disambiguation).\"Yongzheng\" redirects here. For places in China, see Yongzheng (disambiguation).This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet.The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizong of Qing, personal name Yinzhen, was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper.The fourth son of the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng ascended the throne following prolonged disputes over succession. A hard-working ruler, he aimed to create a more effective government, cracked down on corruption and reformed the personnel and financial administration.[1][2] His reign also saw the formation of the Grand Council, an institution that had a major impact on the future of the dynasty. Militarily, Yongzheng continued his father's efforts to consolidate Qing's position in Outer Mongolia and Tibet through force.The Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735 at the age of 56 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as the Qianlong Emperor. Although his reign was much shorter than that of both his father and his son, the Yongzheng era was a period of peace and prosperity.","title":"Yongzheng Emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Yongzheng.jpg"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaogongren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaogongren"},{"link_name":"Uya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uya"},{"link_name":"Noble Consort Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaoyiren"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Plain Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Banners"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jao Modo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jao_Modo"},{"link_name":"Dzungar Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Galdan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan"},{"link_name":"beile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"junwang (second-rank prince)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"Yinreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinreng"},{"link_name":"qinwang (first-rank prince)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_language"},{"link_name":"Yinsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinsi"}],"text":"The young Yongzheng Emperor, as Grand Prince YongYinzhen was the eleventh recorded son of the Kangxi Emperor, and the fourth prince to survive into adulthood. His mother, historically known as Empress Xiaogongren, was originally a court attendant from the Manchu Uya clan. Around the time when Yinzhen was born, his mother was of low status and did not have the right to raise her own children. For most of his childhood, Yinzhen was raised by Noble Consort Tong, the daughter of Tong Guowei, the Kangxi Emperor's maternal uncle and an eminent official in the early part of the Kangxi Emperor's reign.[note 2] She died when Yinzhen was just 9 years old. After she gave birth to more children, Yinzhen's mother was promoted to a pin and then to a fei,[note 3] and became known as defei or \"Virtuous Consort\". The Kangxi Emperor did not raise his children only inside the palace. He also exposed his sons (including Yinzhen) to the outside world and gave them a rigorous education. Yinzhen accompanied his father on several inspection trips around the Beijing area, as well as one further south. He became the honorary leader of the Plain Red Banner during the Battle of Jao Modo between the Qing Empire and the Mongol Dzungar Khanate led by Galdan Khan. Yinzhen was made a beile in 1689 along with several brothers and promoted to junwang (second-rank prince) in 1698.In 1709, the Kangxi Emperor stripped his second son Yinreng of his position as crown prince. Yinreng had been the crown prince for his whole life; his removal left the position of heir open to competition among the Emperor's remaining sons (the Kangxi Emperor had 24 sons who reached adulthood). In the same year, the Kangxi Emperor promoted Yinzhen from junwang to qinwang (first-rank prince) under the title \"Prince Yong of the First Rank\" (和硕雍亲王; 和碩雍親王; Héshuò Yōng Qīnwáng; Manchu: hošoi hūwaliyasun cin wang). Yinzhen maintained a low profile during the initial stages of the succession struggle. To appoint a new heir, the Kangxi Emperor decreed that officials in his imperial court would nominate a new crown prince. The Kangxi Emperor's eighth son, Yinsi, was the candidate preferred by the majority of the court as well as many of the Kangxi Emperor's other sons. The Kangxi Emperor, however, opted not to appoint Yinsi as his heir apparent largely due to apprehension that Yinsi's political clout at court was beginning to overshadow that of himself. Thereafter, Yinzhen sensed that his father was in favour of re-instating Yinreng as heir apparent, thus he supported Yinreng and earned the trust of his father.","title":"Birth and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kangxi emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Li Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wei_(Qing_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Grand Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"}],"sub_title":"Yongzheng's quote","text":"Yinzhen (胤禛: 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735) had the highest honor to orchestrate the imperial ceremonies and rituals during the reign of the Kangxi emperor, which illustrated that Yinzhen was well acquainted with the Confucianism traditions and customs. In the imperial court, Yinzhen was also deeply immersed in the state's affairs and heavily engaged in the political debates where he acquired diplomatic skills.[3] As the Yongzheng Emperor (雍正: r. 1723–1735 CE) of Qing China, Yinzhen was indubitably a very diplomatically inclined ruler who created an institution of a \"moral government\" based on the Confucian principles. Yinzhen sought four distinctive qualities: loyalty—忠, fairness—公, sincerity—誠, and capability—能, from his subjects in order to run an effective court and to achieve stability.[4] Li Wei (李衛 : February 2, 1687 – December 3, 1738) was a recruit among the Qing officials to possess the desired virtues, and was regarded highly by Yongzheng.A notable quote from Yinzhen captured during his reign as the Yongzheng Emperor in the 1720s expresses his imperial will:小事小料理,不可因小而忽之·,大事大振作,不可因難處而隱諱。朕意若果能如此實心奉行,以忠正一一字感化,不數年,賊亦人也。見文武大臣實心忠勇為國,屬員清正愛民,營伍整齊,士卒曉勇,而百姓不懷如是德,不畏如是威,仍去成群為匪者,朕想必無此理也。\n— page 190, lines 7–10[4]If it is a trivial matter, do not just simply neglect the issue because it seems insignificant. If it is a complex matter, do not just simply conceal away the issue because it could become a challenge. To have good governance and dissuade seditionists, is all in the ruler's wish. If civilians see a judicious court that is loyal and wholeheartedly for the country, and see that the court embraces its people; and civilians feel the virtue in their court marshalls, then the people would not perceive the court as a threat. Thus, there would be no reason to have seditionaries.[4]In short, after several years of political chaos, Yongzheng earnestly strived to restore a functional court with \"good government\",[3] immediately after he ascended the throne in 1723 CE, to stabilize Qing into a unified and harmonious empire. In 1733 CE, Yongzheng successfully institutionalized the Grand Council, which allows Qing to relay communication effectively and efficiently from region to region,[5] thereby enabling the implementation of his domestic reform policy.With the establishment of his Grand Council, Yongzheng was not only able to discourage corruption, but he was in a position to launch several domestic reforms beneficial to the empire and its people. Canals and irrigation systems were reconstructed to support agriculture and maintain farmlands. During famines, he provided relief to the affected regions by distributing resources.[3] In reparation to the people, who were the backbone of the country, he issued an imperial decree to emancipate slaves under his reign.[6] One of the several tax reform policies Yongzheng introduced was to shift the head taxation to the property taxation on landowners, which greatly reduced the tax burden on civilians. Additionally, Yongzheng was indeed in full support with the construction of orphanages to shelter orphans, in building elementary schools to educate children, and poorhouses to house paupers.[5] Perhaps the Yongzheng era (雍正: r. 1723–1735 CE) may have been overshadowed by his predecessor's accomplishments, the Kangxi Emperor, and his achievements may not have been as glorious as his successor, the Qianlong Emperor; however, the Yongzheng era did serve as a remediation to the people, and resentments began to gradually decrease.[4] Hence the Yongzheng era was a peaceful and prosperous reign of Qing China.","title":"Birth and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor § Succession disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor#Succession_disputes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Yinzhen_(the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor)_Reading_a_Book.jpg"}],"text":"Further information: Kangxi Emperor § Succession disputesArmoured YongzhengPrince Yinzhen (the future Yongzheng Emperor) Reading a Book","title":"Struggle for the crown prince's position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yinreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinreng"},{"link_name":"Yinzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinzhi,_Prince_Zhi"},{"link_name":"Yinsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunsi"},{"link_name":"Yinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunti,_Prince_Xun"},{"link_name":"Mandarins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feng-10"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"a military campaign in northwestern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_War"},{"link_name":"Nian Gengyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_Gengyao"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"},{"link_name":"filial piety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filial_piety"},{"link_name":"Shenyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang"},{"link_name":"winter solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Yongle Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"},{"link_name":"gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"Longkodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longkodo"},{"link_name":"Historian Qin Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Hui_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dai Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Yi"},{"link_name":"Yunli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunli"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Kangxi's choices of the crown princes","text":"In 1712, the Kangxi Emperor deposed Yinreng again, and chose not to designate an heir apparent for the remaining years of his reign. This resulted in competition among his sons for the position of crown prince. Those considered 'frontrunners' were Yinzhi, Yinsi, and Yinti (the third, eighth and 14th princes, respectively). Of these, Yinsi received the most support from the Mandarins, but not from his father. Yinzhen had supported Yinreng as heir, and did not build a large political base for himself until the final years of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Unlike Yinsi's high-profile cultivation of a partisan base of support, Yinzhen did so largely away from the limelight. When the Kangxi Emperor died in December 1722, the field of contenders shrank to three princes after Yinsi pledged his support to the 14th prince, Yinti.[7]At the time of the Kangxi Emperor's death, Yinti, who held the appointment of Border-Pacification General-in-Chief (Chinese: 撫遠大將軍), was leading a military campaign in northwestern China. He was also awarded an apparently grandiose title of \"Fuyuan General-in-chief Prince\" (撫遠大将軍王) and his departure ceremony was solemnly held. Some other princes, such as Yinsi and his clique, interpreted that Yinti might be chosen as heir and, therefore, pledged their support to Yinti and encouraged him to make military achievements to prove his \"worthiness\".However, Yi Zhongtian argued that such a \"promotion\" was Kangxi's way of protecting Yinzhen, Kangxi's secret chosen heir, by distracting the public's attention away from Yinzhen. The court officials, who believed that Yinti would be chosen as the heir, would also no longer pester Kangxi about the crown prince issue. Sending Yinti away to the northwestern border was also meant to separate him from Yinsi, his newly formed ally, and potential flatterers who wanted to curry favour with Yinti. Yinti would also be unable to use his commanded troops to make a coup d'état, since Nian Gengyao, Yinzhen's close aide, controlled the food supply and the return route of Yinti's troops. Promoting Yinti was also a way for Kangxi to control Yinzhen: if Kangxi's \"investment\" to Yinzhen turned out to be a failure, he still had Yinti as alternative choice. With Yinti as a potential competitor, Yinzhen would not fall into self-complacency and turn against Kangxi. Yinsi's clique, clinging to the hope of Yinti's future prospect, would also not do anything reckless. As a result, Yinti's \"General-in-chief Prince\" title appeared grandiose, but was actually hollow and dubious; it was neither \"general\" nor \"prince\" and could be interpreted in various ways, which could be used in favour of either Yinti or Yinzhen should the situation arise. Such dubious words with multiple interpretations was a traditional trick in Chinese politics.[8]There were signs showed that Yinzhen was actually Kangxi's secret choice. First, Kangxi occasionally mentioned that how Yinzhen was raised by Kangxi and how he expressed filial piety to Kangxi. Second, at Kangxi's 60th regnal year (1721) memorial event, Yinzhen was given the task of holding the ritual ceremonies for the royal family's ancestors in Three Great Mausoleums in Shenyang. Shortly after that, Yinzhen was also tasked to organize the Sacrifice to the Heaven (南郊禮), the most sacred ceremony in Confucian tradition, on the day of winter solstice. Moreover, Kangxi also highly favoured Yinzhen's son Hongli (future Qianlong Emperor) and that might also contribute to Kangxi's support for Yinzhen as his heir, similar to how Yongle Emperor chose his heir due to his favour to the crown prince's son.[8]Official court records state that on 20 December 1722 the ailing Kangxi Emperor called seven of his sons and the general commandant of the Beijing gendarmerie, Longkodo, to his bedside. Longkodo read the will and declared that Yinzhen would be the Kangxi Emperor's successor. Some evidence has suggested that Yinzhen contacted Longkodo months before the will was read in preparation for his succession through military means, although in their official capacities frequent encounters were expected.Other scholars continue to believe that Yinzhen seized the throne illegally. Historian Qin Hui writes that it is largely recognized that Yongzheng forged the succession edicts together with Nian Gengyao. Qin Hui criticizes Feng Erkang, who also recognizes the forgery, for failing to explain why Yongzheng would have needed a forged edict if he had truly been the legal heir. Yongzheng also changed his story several times. When he punished Longkodo (who was supposed to be the only person who was informed of Kangxi's succession plan and informed Yongzheng and others about it after Kangxi's death), Yongzheng himself said that Longkodo was not present by the emperor's side on that day. [9] According to historian Dai Yi, a report by Longkodo to Yongzheng also shows that the prince Yunli (who was cited by Yongzheng as one of the witnesses in his later version of the events; this prince did not participate in the fight for the throne but later became Yongzheng's ally during the latter's reign) was not present – when he was rushing to Kangxi's resident after being informed of his father's death, the prince met Longkodo who told him about Yongzheng's ascension and became so horrified that he returned to his house immediately, looking like a mad man.[10]\nDai Yi, Meng Shen, Wang Zhonghan and Yang Zhen are the notable historians who maintain that the fourteenth prince Yinzheng (later renamed Yunti) was Kangxi's intended heir. They point out that the conflict against the Zhungar was of such an existential importance to the Qing dynasty (which threatened to rip half of their territories apart together with the Mongol-Manchu alliance) that it is hard to imagine Kangxi would have sent anyone but his most trusted son to deal with the crisis. Due to this, the \"Fuyuan General-in-chief\" position (which was already bestowed on Kangxi on his trusted generals several times before and carried with it exceptional powers) was raised to an unprecedented level of power and prestige unseen since the beginning of the dynasty. The deposed crown prince, Yinreng, and Yinzhen fought for the position too, but failed to get it. Kangxi even made the apparently longterm investment by sending several young members of the imperial family (some already carried the \"prince of the first rank\" title) to the fourteenth prince so he could raise them as his apprentices. Yang Zhen opines that when Kangxi encouraged his son to engage with the local chiefs, the emperor did not think about their usefulness in the current campaign alone, as he told the prince that their dedication to the person of the prince \"will be of use later\", and that their service would be more valuable to that of the Han. [11][12]","title":"Struggle for the crown prince's position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"}],"sub_title":"Yinzhen's tactics","text":"Yinzhen's tactics during the struggle for crown prince's position were to do practically nothing and to stay out of the limelight. Instead, he focused on filial piety towards Kangxi and dutifully performed the given tasks as a subordinate of the Emperor. Compared to other siblings (Yinzhi, Yinsi, Yinti, Yinreng), Yinzhen had no clear advantage. Unlike Yinsi, Yinzhen had neither a close association nor a good relationship with the majority of court officers and magistrates, he was also shunned due to his cold appearance and the legalist-style harsh treatment for any kinds of moral sin and legal violation of the magistrates. Acknowledging that fact, Yinzhen intentionally showed no ambition to be the heir in order to not attract any unnecessary attention and animosity; he watched as other contenders fought each other to the death, a policy more beneficial for him. Yinzhen even pleaded many times for Kangxi's mercy and pardon for other princes, including the deposed Yinreng, which gained him the praise and favour from Kangxi.[8]As an experienced player in politics, Kangxi himself knew that Yinzhen's humbleness and filial piety was not really sincere and more of a cover to protect himself, nonetheless Kangxi still made lavish praise to Yinzhen and enjoyed the apparently good relationship with his son. In the situation when his offspring openly trampled on family relationships, Yinzhen's \"false\" filial piety and kindness was already a haven for Kangxi. Kangxi also hoped that Yinzhen, despite being pretentious, might not actually mistreat his deceased father and the deposed Yinreng in the future, which was proven to be relatively correct. As a result, Kangxi not only didn't expose Yinzhen, but also became the accomplice with Yinzhen's act.[8]","title":"Struggle for the crown prince's position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Longkodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longkodo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian22-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"十","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Yunti, Prince Xun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunti,_Prince_Xun"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"于","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8E"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppleDaily-18"},{"link_name":"第","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETToday-19"},{"link_name":"Academia Sinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academia-20"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"于","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8E"},{"link_name":"simplified character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"於","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%BC"},{"link_name":"traditional character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_language"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppleDaily-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Disputes over succession","text":"Although Kangxi's meticulous plan enabled Yinzhen later to be crowned as emperor, it also created many disputes about Yinzhen's succession as there was no direct, intuitive way to prove Yinzhen's legitimacy. Kangxi's choice as Yinzhen was a shock to many other princes (even Yinzhen also pretended to be shocked), he was neither the eldest eliglible (Yinzhi) nor the most talented (Yinsi) according to the traditional criteria for the heir apparent. Kangxi also did not make any mention about his choice for the crown prince position, his will was only known via the deceased emperor's testament provided by Longkodo, and there was no decisive evidence proved that the testament was not fabricated. For the contemporary public, there was also no evidence to directly infer, or to explain why, Kangxi thought of Yinzhen as his choice. As a result, Yinzhen's succession faced fierce opposition from former contenders such as Yinti and Yinsi. Purging the dissidents and solidifying his own position occupied much of Yinzhen's initial reign as emperor.[13]There is a widely circulated legend, persisting even to the present day, that Yinzhen was crowned emperor after he modified Kangxi Emperor's final will that detailed who will succeed him.[14] There are two versions of the legend, both of which involves the Chinese character \"十\" (pinyin: shí; lit. 'ten'), and by extension, Yunti, Prince Xun. One version involves changing the \"十\" in the phrase \"transfer the throne to the Fourteenth Prince\" (Chinese: 傳位十四皇子) to \"于\" (pinyin: yú), which changed the phrase to \"pass the throne on to the Fourth Prince\" Chinese: 傳位于四皇子).[15] Another version states the character \"十\" was changed to \"第\" (dì), which means \"sequence number\" (四 = four, 第四 = the fourth / number four), thus changing the phrase to \"transfer the throne to the Fourth Prince\" (Chinese: 傳位第四皇子).[16]Researchers at Academia Sinica have disproved the theory, as official Qing documents, when mentioning sons of the Emperor, always list the son's title, as well as the son's rank amongst the emperor's sons and the son's name.[17] In this case, the will mentions \"Prince Yong, Emperor's Fourth Son, Yinzhen\" (Chinese: 雍親王皇四子胤禛), as well as Kangxi Emperor's high regards for Yinzhen, and his belief that Yinzhen can succeed on the throne.[18] In this case, changing the will becomes impossible without leaving obvious signs of alteration, since Yinti, if referenced in the will, would be shown as the Emperor's fourteenth son (Chinese: 皇十四子), which contains four Chinese characters instead of three for Yinzhen, as the Emperor's fourth son (Chinese: 皇四子). It has also been noted that the Chinese character \"于\" is a simplified character that is written as \"於\" in traditional character, which was exclusively used back in the Qing era. In addition, the will is written in Traditional Chinese, Manchu, and Mongolian. The alteration theory is noted to be based solely on altering the will's Chinese version, as the will, as written in Manchu and Mongolian, is impossible to alter due to different language characteristics.[15]The problem with the will, or at least the Chinese version, as currently preserved, is that it was not Kangxi's creation. It was drafted three days after Kangxi's death by Longkodo under Yongzheng's instruction. Yongzheng's order is still preserved by Museum of the Institute of History & Philology, Academia Sinica[19] There are debates about the authenticity of extant copies of the Manchu version, but not only the part that mentions the heir's name is destroyed, the important sentence that praises Yinzhen's virtues also does not appear at all.[20][21]","title":"Struggle for the crown prince's position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_era_name"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Yinsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunsi"},{"link_name":"Yinxiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxiang_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Zhang Tingyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Tingyu"},{"link_name":"Longkodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longkodo"}],"text":"After ascending the throne in December 1722, Yinzhen adopted the era name \"Yongzheng\" (Chinese: 雍正 lit. \"Harmonious Justice\") in 1723 from his peerage title \"yong\" (Chinese: 雍 lit. \"harmonious\") and \"zheng\" (Chinese: 正 lit. \"just, correct, upright\"). It has been suggested that the second character of his era name was an attempt to cover up his illegal claim to the throne by calling himself \"justified\". Immediately after succeeding to the throne, the Yongzheng Emperor chose his new governing council. It consisted of the eighth prince Yinsi, 13th prince Yinxiang, Zhang Tingyu, Ma Qi, and Longkodo. Yinsi was given the title \"Prince Lian\" while Yinxiang was given the title \"Prince Yi\", and these two held the highest positions in the land.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_painting"},{"link_name":"trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yinzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinzhi,_Prince_Zhi"},{"link_name":"Yintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuntang"},{"link_name":"Yin'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin%27e"},{"link_name":"Yinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunti,_Prince_Xun"},{"link_name":"Lifan Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifan_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(China)"},{"link_name":"Qinghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai"},{"link_name":"Nian Gengyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_Gengyao"},{"link_name":"Shunyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunyi_District"},{"link_name":"imperial tombs in western Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Renshou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaogongren"}],"sub_title":"Continued battle against princes","text":"18th-century Chinese painting of the Yongzheng Emperor wearing a European wig and dress, preparing to strike a tiger with a trident18th-century painting of the Yongzheng Emperor in costumeThe nature of his succession remained a subject of controversy and overshadowed the Yongzheng Emperor's reign. As many of his surviving brothers did not see his succession as legitimate, the Yongzheng Emperor became increasingly paranoid that they would plot to overthrow him. The earlier players in the battle for succession, Yinzhi, the eldest, and Yinreng, the former crown prince, continued to live under house arrest. Yinreng died two years after the Yongzheng Emperor's reign began.The Yongzheng Emperor continued to perceive Yinsi and his party, consisting of the princes Yintang, Yin'e, Yinti, and their associates, as his greatest political challenge in the early years of his reign. To diffuse their political clout, the Yongzheng Emperor undertook a 'divide and conquer' strategy. Immediately after ascending the throne, the emperor bestowed on Yinsi the title \"Prince Lian\", nominally of the highest noble rank. Yinsi was also then appointed as the Minister of the Lifan Yuan (Feudatory Affairs Office) and the top-ranking member of the imperial council assisting the Yongzheng Emperor; some historians believe his position at the time was essentially that of a \"Chancellor or Prime Minister\". By ostensibly elevating Yinsi to a more prominent political role, the Yongzheng Emperor held Yinsi under close watch and kept him busy with affairs of state, reducing the chance of him conducting behind-the-scenes political maneuvers. Yinsi's allies received notably different treatment. Yintang was sent to Qinghai under the pretext of military service, but in reality was watched over by the Yongzheng Emperor's trusted protégé, Nian Gengyao. Yin'e, the tenth prince, was told to leave the capital to send off a departing Mongol prince, but since he refused to complete this trip as the emperor commanded, the Yongzheng Emperor stripped him of all his titles in May 1724 and sent him north to Shunyi to languish in solitude.The 14th prince, Yinti, born to the same mother as the Yongzheng Emperor, was recalled to Beijing from his military post. The emperor selected Nian Gengyao to replace Yinti as the commander of the northwestern expeditionary force. Yinti, who expected to be placed on the throne himself, was reluctant to recognise the Yongzheng Emperor's succession as legitimate. Yinti was accused of violating imperial decorum at the funeral proceedings of the late emperor, and placed under house arrest by the Yongzheng Emperor at the imperial tombs in western Beijing. Historians believe that their mother, Empress Dowager Renshou, favoured Yinti partly because she raised him herself, while she did not raise the Yongzheng Emperor. Nonetheless, the increasingly sharp conflict between her two surviving sons caused their mother great sorrow. She died less than six months after the Kangxi Emperor.By forcibly dispatching Yinsi's party to separate locations geographically, the Yongzheng Emperor made it extremely inconvenient for his rivals to link up and conspire against him. While some of Yinsi's subordinates were appointed to high office, others were demoted or banished, making it difficult for Yinsi's party to maintain the same set of partisan interests. The Yongzheng Emperor publicly reprimanded Yinsi in 1724 for mishandling an assignment, eventually removing him from office and then sending him into house arrest. Yinsi was forced to rename himself \"Acina\", a derogatory slur in the Manchu language. The emperor also confiscated the assets of Yintang and Yin'e.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"imperial family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Zhu"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_tombs"},{"link_name":"Eight Banners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Banners"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Extended Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Extended_Grace"}],"sub_title":"Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family","text":"In 1725, the Yongzheng Emperor bestowed a hereditary marquis title on Zhu Ming in line with his father Kang Xi emperor wish of a Manchu—Han population integration, a descendant of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty. Zhu was also paid by the Qing government to perform rituals at the Ming tombs and induct the Chinese Plain White Banner into the Eight Banners. Later in 1750, during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor's successor, the Qianlong Emperor, Zhu Ming was posthumously honoured as \"Marquis of Extended Grace\". The marquis title was passed on to Zhu's descendants for 12 generations until the end of the Qing dynasty in the early 20th century.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nian Gengyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_Gengyao"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou"},{"link_name":"Longkodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longkodo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schirokauer-2"},{"link_name":"Lü Liuliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Liuliang"},{"link_name":"Yue Fei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Fei"},{"link_name":"madak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madak"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Pax Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana"},{"link_name":"Li Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wei_(Qing_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Tian Wenjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Wenjing"},{"link_name":"Ortai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xiannong Altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiannongtan"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"}],"sub_title":"Nian Gengyao and Longkodo","text":"Nian Gengyao was a supporter of the Yongzheng Emperor long before the latter ascended the throne. In 1722, when he was recalling his brother Yinti from the northwest border in Xinjiang, the Yongzheng Emperor appointed Nian as the commander of the Qing army in Xinjiang. The situation in Xinjiang at the time was volatile, and a strong general was needed in the area. After several military conquests, however, Nian's stature and power grew. Some[who?] said he began seeing himself as equal to the emperor. Seeing Nian as no longer within his control, the Yongzheng Emperor issued an imperial edict demoting Nian to the position of a general of the Hangzhou Command. As Nian continued to remain unrepentant, he was eventually given an ultimatum and forced to commit suicide by consuming poison in 1726.Longkodo was the commander of the militias stationed at the capital at the time of the Yongzheng Emperor's succession. He fell into disgrace in 1728 and died while under house arrest.Portraits of the Yongzheng Emperor Enjoying Himself during the 8th lunar monthAfter taking the throne, the Yongzheng Emperor suppressed writings he deemed unfavorable to his court, particularly those with an anti-Manchu bias.[1] Foremost among these were those of Zeng Jing, an unsuccessful degree candidate heavily influenced by the 17th-century scholar Lü Liuliang. Zeng had been so affected by what he read that he attempted to incite the governor-general of Shaanxi-Sichuan, Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of anti-Jurchen General Yue Fei), to rebel against the Qing government. Yue Zhongqi promptly turned him in, and in 1730 news of the case reached the Yongzheng Emperor. Highly concerned with the implications of the case, the emperor had Zeng Jing brought to Beijing for trial. The emperor's verdict seemed to demonstrate a Confucian sovereign's benevolence: He ascribed Zeng's actions to the gullibility and naïveté of a youth taken in by Lü Liuliang's abusive and overdrawn rhetoric. In addition, the emperor suggested that Lü Liuliang's original attack on the Manchus was misplaced, since they had been transformed by their long-term exposure to the civilising force of Confucianism.The Yongzheng Emperor is also known for establishing a strict autocratic-style rule during his reign. He detested corruption, and punished officials severely when they were found guilty of an offense. In 1729, he issued an edict prohibiting the smoking of madak,[22] a blend of tobacco and opium. The Yongzheng Emperor's reign saw the Qing dynasty further establish itself as a powerful empire in Asia. He was instrumental in extending what became known as a \"Kangqian Period of Harmony\" (Chinese: 康乾盛世; cf. Pax Romana). In response to the tragedy of the succession struggle during his father's reign, the Yongzheng Emperor created a sophisticated procedure for choosing a successor. He was known for his trust in Mandarin officials. Li Wei and Tian Wenjing governed China's southern areas with the assistance of Ortai.\"The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifice at the Xiannong Altar\" in Beijing, Qing dynasty painting","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Yi Zhongtian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Zhongtian"},{"link_name":"Ortai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortai"},{"link_name":"Li Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wei_(Qing_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Tian Wenjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Wenjing"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Rationalization of personnel appointment system","text":"In the early Qing period, the majority of middle-to-low government posts were subject to a mechanical appointment procedure managed by the Board of Personnel, which was a lottery rule. More specifically, candidates would first be classified into three categories, namely degree holders, office purchasers, and officials waiting for promotion, based on their sources of candidature. These candidates or so-called offices-in-waiting were then assigned to different posts by drawing lots on a monthly basis, known as month selection. This random appointment procedure stemmed from the late Ming dynasty. Sun Piyang, a minister of the Board of Personnel during the Wanli emperor's reign of Ming, was said to have invented the method of drawing lots with the intention of introducing fairness into personnel selection when the Ming court was mired in faction politics.[23] It was apparent that this rule-based appointment procedure was conducive to curtailing patronage-network building and rent-seeking, although at the cost of flexibility.Considering the limitation of monthly selection, the Yongzheng Emperor, inspired by a memorial of Jin Hong, the provincial administrative commissioner of Guangxi province, decided to launch a structural reform to the appointment system in 1731. In the new appointment system, local jurisdictions first were classified into two groups according to governance difficulties. More specifically, to prioritize local jurisdictions and allocate appointment power accordingly, the governability of each jurisdiction was decomposed into four elements, or four \"characters\": Chong, Fan, Pi, and Nan. \"Chong\" (thoroughfare) referred to places at busy highways and was designed to capture the characteristics of commercial potential or military significance. “Fan” (troublesome) stood for places with a great deal of onerous official business. “Pi” (wearisome) indicated areas having difficulty collecting taxes. “Nan” (difficult) referred to the places with crime-prone subjects and recurring violent engagement. Moreover, posts of jurisdictions containing all four elements would be ranked as very important positions and posts of places with three elements would be rated as important posts, whereas posts of places having less than two elements would be tagged as middle-level positions (two elements) or easy posts (one-zero element) respectively.[24]In this way, the post designation (Chong, Fan, Pi, and Nan) was linked to the importance rating system hand in hand. The appointment power then was allocated based on the importance rating system; posts marked as very important and important were subject to the discretionary appointment by the emperor or provincial leaders, whereas other less important posts still were assigned by drawing lots. As a result, the high-quality officials were matched to the important positions and in turn promoted local governance.[25]Yi Zhongtian commented that Yongzheng had a very flexible and pragmatic tastes of talent enrollment, based on the advice of Ortai: \"Amongst affairs, there are both essential and trivial, easy and challenging. Amongst people, there are both soft and hard, long and short.\" The emperor, therefore, did not use dogmatic and abstract criteria of \"talents\" and \"morality\", instead he acknowledged that every person has both strengths and defects and the tasks given to him should be tailored to suit his specific traits. For example, Li Wei had a very rude personality, but he was brave and clever, Yongzheng assigned him tasks related to law enforcement, criminal punishment and rebel liquidation. Zhu Shih, a scholar with upright and good personality, was appointed as teacher for the future Qianlong Emperor. Tian Wenjing had many personality defects and was heavily criticized by contemporaries, but was favoured by Yongzheng due to his hard-work, devotion and loyalty. Chang Sanle, Wuqiao district chief, had upright and transparent moral conduct, but lacked fervor in work, hence he was re-assigned to an educational post and removed from administrative work.[26] However, the most critical criterion for the government magistrate was \"sincerity\" towards the emperor. The magistrate's works, reports, criticisms, suggestion, even flattery and blandishment, should be performed with sincere devotion to and sympathy with the emperor's interests and stance. Suggestion and criticism with adequate \"sincerity\", even if they were flawed and incorrect, was usually praised by Yongzheng. On the other hand, suggestions which were considered to only serve the magistrate's selfish interests and fame, or to only curry favour from the emperor, even if the suggestions were accurate and reasonable, would be heavily criticized by Yongzheng and the magistrate could be punished severely. That was the reason behind Yongzheng's apparently \"erratic\" and \"unpredictable\" behaviors in punishing and rewarding his subordinates.[27]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian26-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian26-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian26-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian26-31"}],"sub_title":"Corruption crackdown and financial reform","text":"Emperor Kangxi's long reign left lasting achievements, but also many flaws and maladies, including budget deficit, inadequate tax revenues, and huge debts. Corruption was widespread, and magistrates and aristocrats frequently borrowed money from the national treasure without any sign of returning the money. Therefore, immediately after his enthronement, Yongzheng began a crackdown against corruption and financial issues. Utilizing his experience during the time as a prince, the emperor used an unconventional approach: first he anticipated the counter-measures that corrupt magistrates might employ to evade state punishment, and then devised the emperor's own counter-measures against the magistrates.[28]To counter the local magistrated well-built networks, Yongzheng organized a group of inspectors consisted of independent Imperial Commissioners and \"clean\" local chiefs, assisted with a group of regional officer-to-be. When a regional magistrate was found guilty, he would be replaced by a corresponding member amongst the inspector group who had no connection of interest with the local clique and therefore would naturally do his best to continue the purge. Furthermore, local people were forbidden to lend money to their magistrates, preventing them from temporarily transferring the borrowed money to the local treasure to mask the deficits. Yongzheng also created an independent Inquisition Association to examine all the spending and revenue documents to prevent local officers from bribing the Ministry of Revenue to fabricate financial reports. To prevent the magistrates from fabricating the corruption cases as merely \"deificit spending\", Yongzheng demanded that the case of deficit spending must be investigated first, and punishment, sanction and compensation should be performed first in the case of deficit spending. Equivocation between deficit spending and corruption was strictly prohibited.[28]To prevent the guilty magistrates from further exploiting the people to compensate for their deficit spending, Yongzheng immediately dismissed the magistrate before compensation began. Dismissed magistrates no longer had authority over the people and had no choice but to use their own properties to compensate. As the punished magistrate might use other connections as an alternative for their lost authority, paying compensation on behalf of them was also strictly prohibited. The properties of their families and relatives were also confisticated for the compensation payment if necessary. In the cases of magistrates committing suicide to avoid punishment, Yongzheng demanded that their family and descendants should shoulder the punishment and compensation for the deceased magistrate. The emperor himself admitted that he wanted to see the guilty magistrate's descendants \"live in poverty and misery.\" Yongzheng's drastic punishment earned him the nickname \"Emperor of confiscation\".[28]Beside harsh punishment, Yongzheng also improved the state officer's income to remove their incentive for corruption. He created a \"Fund for transparency nurturing\" from government additional revenues, which was now regulated and controlled by the central government, to provide copious allowance for state magistrate, enabling their daily expenses to be covered without accepting bribes. Magistrates not eligible for the Fund's money also received other kinds of allowances, and officers on business trips were also provide an allowance to cover their essential expenses, which had to be reported to the government. The \"transparency nurturing\" allowances beside removing the corruption incentive, also helped to publicized the magistrate's incomes, enabled the state to monitor, evaluate and detect any potential signs of corruption. Furthermore, all kinds of gifts and \"ritual fees\" was now strictly prohibited.[28]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shunzhi Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yizhongtian26-31"}],"sub_title":"The \"secret report\" system","text":"To effectively grasp the situation of his subordinates, Yongzheng utilized the \"secret report\" system which originated from the Shunzhi Era, which also suited his own tastes of having personal connection separately with each subordinate. The emperor recruited secret informants from the trusted subordinates who had the privilege to privately report to the Emperor whatever they felt suspicious. The components of secret informants was quite varied, including even some low-ranked officers, and was widely distributed all over the empire. To encourage the sincerity and eagerness of informants, their identity and reports' content was kept strictly confidential; even informants did not know each other, and the procedures and writing style requirements were greatly simplified. Such \"secret reporters\" enabled the emperor to maintain an extensive information network without a specialized internal espionage bureau. The secret informants also had no privileges beside the secret reports and the reports had no legal authority, which prevented authority abuse from informants like the Ming internal espionage agents. Also, to avoid false accusation and incorrect reports from informants, Yongzheng collected information from various sources, and the accused person also had a chance to defend their actions and prove their innocence. Under a capable ruler, secret reports actually protected innocent magistrates from wrong accusations, as the reports provided alternative information sources beside the official charges.[28]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"}],"sub_title":"Farming and land tax","text":"During the massive population growth in the Qing dynasty and increasing demand from peasant and military populations for grain, the Yongzheng emperor launched a grain campaign in which he incentivized officials in local and provincial governments to compete in buying land meant specifically for farming. The Yongzheng emperor offered officials 5-10 year tax holidays in which they were free from paying taxes. This campaign led to more than one million new acres of farmable land. While these campaigns led to more food and land for the population to use for farming, it also led to officials lying about the amount of farmable land they were contributing in order to win the tax holidays. These tax holidays also pushed the burden of paying taxes elsewhere.[29]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qing China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Civil Service Examinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"}],"sub_title":"Local charity","text":"Ethnicity in Qing China could vary depending on where one was from even locally in China. This ethnic separation along with the booming population led to reduced access to the Civil Service Examinations based on ethnicity and locality. The Yongzheng emperor, in an attempt to allow as many people to take the Civil Service Examination as possible, set up special exams for people in rural China. These special exams were called Miao exams and were located in Yunnan. In the 1730s, landholding shed people such as the Hakka were still not allowed to take the exams, Yongzheng made it legal for these people to take the exams in an attempt to dispel anger at being excluded from the exams.[29]A growing number of orphaned children or poor families came with the massive Qing population growth. The Yongzheng emperor sought to remedy this by mandating that orphanages (also called poor houses) be built in every county. These were funded not by local, provincial or high level government but privately funded and maintained. These orphanages existed less to help the local population out of poverty and more to model how wealthy officials should act towards the impoverished populations.[29]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"}],"sub_title":"Gentry privileges","text":"The Kangxi Emperor mandated that scholars that had passed the Civil Service Examination at any level were able to bypass punishments from the legal system depending on which level of the exams they had passed. Instead of legal repercussions for crimes, criminal officials were instead recommended to the county education commissioner for counseling. This led to corruption among officials who were no longer bound by law. In an attempt to stop this the Yongzheng emperor made it illegal to offer privileges to officials going through the legal system. This did not last long as the Qianlong Emperor reinstated legal privileges for officials that had passed the Civil Service Examination shortly after becoming emperor after Yongzheng.[29]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"}],"sub_title":"Tax privileges","text":"In the mid-1720s Qing empire, complex levels of tax hierarchies put in place by the Kangxi emperor existed to separate the population into different tax brackets. Households with government officials were in privileged tax brackets that brought with it tax exemptions for not only the immediate family in the household but also for extended family members. The Yongzheng emperor removed these privileged tax brackets as he saw the local gentry as competition to the throne. Just like the legal privileges that passing the Civil Service Examination offered, soon after the end of the Yongzheng emperor's reign, the Qianlong Emperor quickly reinstated the privileged tax brackets.[29]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"}],"sub_title":"Religious policy","text":"Growing distrust of Jesuit missionaries by the Kangxi emperor and later by Yongzheng in the early 1720s led to prohibition and action against the Christian presence in China. The Kangxi emperor had banned foreign missions (outside of Beijing and Guangzhou), and Yongzheng took this one step further by removing all foreign priests from China. All Christian churches were shut down and repurposed as local public offices.[29]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cohong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohong"},{"link_name":"Canton system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_system"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"}],"sub_title":"Cohong","text":"Chinese merchant houses belonging to Canton station were grouped together under a larger organization by Yongzheng called Cohong in 1725. This group was responsible for policing all trade within the Canton system.[29]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Meltage fees and silver","text":"As silver became more widely used as a currency in Qing China, the validity and purity of the currency being exchanged had to be verified. Silver taels were sent to official appraisers to do the job of verification. During the appraisal some silver was lost in the process, this lost silver had to be covered by the payer. This extra charge on the lost silver became known as a meltage fee. These meltage fees were a very important source of income for local governments. It became a practice to bribe appraisers to avoid meltage fees. Yongzheng attempted to ban all bribing to avoid these fees and also officially mandated meltage fees as a source of local income. These mandates helped silver become a major part of the Qing economy.[30]","title":"Cultural and economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qing dynasty in Inner Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine,_la_Tartarie_Chinoise,_et_le_Thibet_(1734).jpg"},{"link_name":"French map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bourguignon_d%27Anville"},{"link_name":"Tartary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartary"},{"link_name":"Outer Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schirokauer-2"},{"link_name":"amban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amban"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schirokauer-2"},{"link_name":"Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Polhané Sönam Topgyé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhan%C3%A9_S%C3%B6nam_Topgy%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Han Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Yue Zhongqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Zhongqi"},{"link_name":"Polhané Sönam Topgyé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhan%C3%A9_S%C3%B6nam_Topgy%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Dzungars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungars"},{"link_name":"taels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tael"},{"link_name":"Khalkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Qinghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai"}],"text":"See also: Qing dynasty in Inner AsiaFrench map of \"China and Chinese Tartary\" from the Yongzheng era (1734)Like his father, the Yongzheng Emperor used military force in order to preserve the Qing Empire's position in Outer Mongolia.[1] When Tibet was torn by civil war in 1727–1728, he intervened. After withdrawing, he left a Qing Resident (the amban) and a military garrison to safeguard the dynasty's interests.[1]On 1 November 1728, after the Qing reconquest of Lhasa in Tibet, several Tibetan rebels were sliced to death by Qing Manchu officers and officials. The Qing Manchu President of the Board of Civil Office, Jalangga, Mongol sub-chancellor Sen-ge and brigadier-general Manchu Mala ordered the Tibetan rebels Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to be sliced to death. They ordered gZims-dpon C'os-ac'ad (Hsi-mu-pen ch'ui-cha-t'e), son of Lum-pa-nas and rNog Tarqan bsKal-bzajn-c'os-adar and dKon-mc'og-lha-sgrub (Kun-ch'u-k'o-la-ku-pu) and dGa'-ldan-p'un-ts'ogs (K'a-erh-tan-p'en-ch'u-k'o), sons of Na-p'od-pa to be beheaded.[31][32] Byams-pa (Cha-mu-pa) and his brother Lhag-gsan (La-k'o-sang) and their brothers, younger and older, daughters, wives and mother were exiled after their father sByar-ra-nas was beheaded. The Manchus wrote that they \"set an example\" by forcing the Tibetans to publicly watch the executions of Tibetan rebels of slicing like Na-p'od-pa since they said it was the Tibetan's nature to be cruel. The exiled Tibetans were given as slaves to soldiers in Ching-chou (Jingzhou), K'ang-zhou (Kangzhou) and Chiang-ning (Jiangning) in the marshall-residences there. The Tibetan rNam-rgyal-grva-ts'an college administrator (gner-adsin) and sKyor'lun Lama were tied together with Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa on 4 scaffolds (k'rims-sin) to be sliced. The Manchus used musket matchlocks to fire 3 salvoes and then the Manchus strangled the 2 Lamas while slacing (Lingchi) Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to death while they beheaded the 13 other rebels leaders. The Tibetan population was depressed by the scene and the writer of MBTJ continued to feel sad as he described it 5 years later. All relatives of the Tibetan rebels including little children were executed by the Qing Manchus except the exiled and deported family of sByar-ra-ba which was condemned to be slaves and most exiles sentenced to deportation died in the process of deportation. The public executions spectacle worked on the Tibetans since they were \"cowed into submission\" by the Qing. Even the Tibetan collaborator with the Qing, Polhané Sönam Topgyé (P'o-lha-nas) felt sad at his fellow Tibetans being executed in this manner and he prayed for them. All of this was included in a report sent to the Qing emperor at the time, the Yongzheng Emperor.[33] Qing Han Chinese general Yue Zhongqi interviewed the Tibetan collaborator with the Qing, Polhané Sönam Topgyé (P'o-lha-nas) concerning his involvement in crushing the Tibetan rebels and sent a report to the Qing Yongzheng emperor on 17 August 1728.[34][35]For the Tibetan campaign, the Yongzheng Emperor sent an army of 230,000 led by Nian Gengyao against the Dzungars and their army of 80,000. Due to geography, the Qing army (although superior in numbers) was at first unable to engage their more mobile enemy. Eventually, they engaged the Dzungars and defeated them. This campaign cost the treasury at least eight million silver taels. Later in the Yongzheng Emperor's reign, he sent a small army of 10,000 to fight the Dzungars again. However, that army was annihilated and the Qing Empire faced the danger of losing control of Mongolia. A Khalkha ally of the Qing Empire would later defeat the Dzungars.Following the reforms of 1729, the treasury's income increased from 32,622,421 taels in 1721 to about 60 million taels in 1730, surpassing the record set during the Kangxi Emperor's reign; but the pacification of the Qinghai area and the defence of border areas were heavy burdens on the treasury. Safeguarding the country's borders cost 100,000 taels per year. The total military budget came up to about 10 million taels a year. By the end of 1735, military spending had depleted half the treasury, leaving 33.95 million taels. It was because of the cost of war that the Yongzheng Emperor considered making peace with the Dzungars.","title":"Expansion in the northwest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Han Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Shun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Shun"},{"link_name":"Eastern Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongyi"},{"link_name":"King Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Since our dynasty began to rule China, the Mongols and other tribes living in extremely remote regions have been integrated into our territory. This is the expansion of China's territory (Zhongguo zhi jiangtu kaituo guangyuan).\n\n\nYongzheng's Dayi juemilu (A Record of Rightness to Dispel Confusion) (Yongzheng emperor, 1983: 5), as translated by Mark Elliott in The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (2001), p. 347, modified by Gang Zhao[36]Since the Shunzhi Emperor's time, the Qing emperors had identified China and the Qing Empire as the same, and in treaties and diplomatic papers the Qing Empire called itself \"China\".[37] During the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors' reigns, \"China\" (Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu) was used as the name of the Qing Empire in official Manchu language documents, identifying the Qing Empire and China as the same entity, with \"Dulimbai Gurun\" appearing in 160 official diplomatic papers between the Qing Empire and the Russian Empire.[38] The term \"China\" was redefined by the Qing emperors to be a multi-ethnic entity which included non-Han Chinese ethnic groups and their territories.[39] China and Qing were noticeably and increasingly equated with each other during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, with the Qianlong Emperor and the Qing government writing poems and documents using both the Chinese name Zhongguo and the Manchu name Dulimbai Gurun. Compared to the reigns of previous Qing emperors such as the Yongzheng and Kangxi emperors, the use of China to refer to the Qing Empire appears most during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, according to scholars who examined documents on Sino-Russian relations.[40]The Yongzheng Emperor spoke out against the claim by anti-Qing rebels that the Qing were only rulers of Manchus and not China, saying \"The seditious rebels claim that we are the rulers of Manchus and only later penetrated central China to become its rulers. Their prejudices concerning the division of their and our country have caused many vitriolic falsehoods. What these rebels have not understood is the fact that it is for the Manchus the same as the birthplace is for the people of the central plain. Shun belonged to the Eastern Yi, and King Wen to the Western Yi. Does this fact diminish their virtues?\" (在逆賊等之意，徒謂本朝以滿洲之君入為中國之主，妄生此疆彼界之私，遂故為訕謗詆譏之說耳，不知本朝之為滿洲，猶中國之有籍貫，舜為東夷之人，文王為西夷之人，曾何損於聖德乎。[41]","title":"Identification of Qing with China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shennong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennong"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"a temple for honouring Heaven and sacrificing to Him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"Johann Adam Schall von Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ic_91-49"},{"link_name":"worshipping Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_worship"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism_in_China"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marinescu2008-52"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ic_91-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"The Yongzheng Emperor offering sacrifices at the altar of the God of Agriculture, ShennongCommoners throughout Qing China were extremely diverse and multi-ethnic because not every region underwent sinification under the Manchu's suzerain. In accordance to the Book of Rites, Manchus of Qing chose to respect the local's cultural heritage and decided not to force their subjects to acculturate and sinicize. Manchus of Qing acknowledged that each region had the prerogative to preserve their identity, heritage, and cultural tradition and their religious faith. Hence, each region was allowed to keep their beliefs and way of worshipping the heavens.[42] On the other hand, since the commoners preserved their ways, Qing, Yongzheng in particular, highly encouraged that Manchu elites should also preserve their ethnic identity and their distinctive ways of worshipping the heaven as well.[43] The Yongzheng Emperor stated: \"The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself.... In the empire we have a temple for honouring Heaven and sacrificing to Him. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honor Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honouring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese, Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honouring Heaven. I have never said that he [Urcen, a son of Sunu] could not honour heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us.\"[44] Evidently, the Qing state practiced various religions, which was similar to the previous dynasty, the Ming. During the Ming, in the mid-1580s an Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci not only studied the Chinese language to understand the people and the Chinese culture, he also delved into the Confucian classics and adopted the scholar's official-literati robe during his stay near the Canton trading province. Introducing China to his religious faith was in Matteo Ricci's mission, and he successfully built a church in 1601 at Beijing, called Cathedral of Immaculate Conception. Johann Adam Schall von Bell, who was a German Jesuit, went to China in 1619, learned the Chinese language in 1623 in Macau, and was later appointed into the Imperial Astronomical Bureau in 1630 by the Ming, even after the fall of Ming to the rise of Qing, Schall's presence was welcomed by the Manchu of Qing and he was appointed as the head of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau.[45] The accounts of Matteo establishing the institution of his Church during the Ming dynasty and Jesuits such as Schall who was able to acquire a bureaucratic position in the Qing's court make evident that China at one point did welcome things beyond its borders, such as religious faith that was brought by the missionaries. Even though the Catholic church condemned the practice of the Chinese rites in 1645 throughout China, Catholic missionaries continued their practice until the Rites Controversy was concluded in 1742 CE.[46]The Yongzheng Emperor was firmly against Christian converts among the Manchus. He warned them that the Manchus must follow only the Manchu way of worshipping Heaven since different peoples worshipped Heaven differently.[47]In 1724, the Yongzheng Emperor issued a decree proscribing Catholicism.[48] This was followed by the persecution of Chinese Christians that steadily increased during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor's son, the Qianlong Emperor.[49]Ancestral worship was understood as the Chinese customary tradition rather than as a religious ritual. However, since the Catholic Church condemned the Chinese rites and the decision by the \"Church to ban the acceptance of the Chinese rites by the Jesuits\" in Qing China, because the Church deemed the practice to be incompatible with the Catholic faith, led to the banishing of missionaries by the Qianlong Emperor in 1742 CE as a response to the Catholic Church's decision.[46]Jan Jakob Maria wrote \"Nor did the Islamitic heretics escape the notice of this potentate. It has frequently been reported to me, he writes in a decree of the 7th of the fourth month (May 4) 1729 (Sh. h. 7), that these Mohammedans all follow one doctrine, that they use a peculiar language and dress, and constantly behave contrary to the laws, so that severe measures should be taken for their repression. But I desire that they shall be looked upon as my ordinary subjects, as “babes of the dynasty\" (國家之赤子); for although they have their own mosques, and a peculiar language and religion handed down to them by their forefathers, they have the same manners and customs as the rest of the people; for their religion alone it would not do to prosecute them. There are, moreover, several state-servants among them, who are not without their good qualities. They muster strongest in Shensi, and there they are persecuted more than anywhere else, on account of their clubbing together to gamble, their secreting weapons, and for various other illegal acts. There they also unreservedly give expression to their wrath about the Imperial decrees forbidding the slaughter of horned cattle which are so indispensable to agriculture. They should therefore constantly be reminded to be kind and tolerant, not wantonly to oppress the weaker, nor by their greater intelligence to take in the ignorant, nor on the plea of their special religion to further their own interests, etc. Our will in this matter shall be proclaimed by the Viceroys and Governors throughout all the provinces.\"[50][51][52][53][54][55]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ortai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortai"},{"link_name":"violently abolished hereditary ethnic minority states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi#Gaitu_Guiliu"},{"link_name":"Miao people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_people"}],"text":"The Yongzheng Emperor appointed the Manchu official Ortai who violently abolished hereditary ethnic minority states such as those belonging to ethnic minority Miao people across southwest China in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi.","title":"Destruction of ethnic minority autonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lü Liuliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Liuliang"},{"link_name":"literary crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_inquisition"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"elixir poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alchemical_elixir_poisoning"},{"link_name":"elixir of immortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_of_immortality"},{"link_name":"Hongshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongshi"},{"link_name":"Qianqing Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianqing_Palace"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Western Qing tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"}],"text":"The Yongzheng Emperor ruled the Qing Empire for 13 years before dying suddenly in 1735 at the age of 56. Legend holds that he was assassinated by Lü Siniang, a daughter or granddaughter of Lü Liuliang, whose family was executed for literary crimes against the Qing government. Another theory was that Lü Siniang was the Yongzheng Emperor's lover, and the real mother of the Qianlong Emperor, but he refused to let her become the empress.It is generally accepted that he died while reading court documents, and it is likely that his death was the result of elixir poisoning from an overdose of the elixir of immortality he was consuming in the belief that it would prolong his life. According to Zhang Tingyu, Yongzheng on his deathbed exhibited symptoms of poisoning, and in the wake of his death, his successor the Qianlong Emperor evicted all Taoist priests from the palace, possibly as punishment for this incident.To prevent a succession crisis like he had faced, the Yongzheng Emperor was said to have ordered his third son Hongshi (an ally of Yinsi) to commit suicide. He also devised a system for his successors to choose their heirs in secret. He wrote his chosen successor's name on two scrolls, placed one scroll in a sealed box and had the box stored behind the stele in the Qianqing Palace. He kept the other copy with him or hid it. After his death, the officials would compare the scroll in the box with the copy he had kept. If they were deemed identical, the person whose name was on the paper would be the new emperor.[56]The Yongzheng Emperor was interred in the Western Qing tombs 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Tai (泰) mausoleum complex (known in Manchu as the Elhe Munggan). His fourth son Hongli, then still known as \"Prince Bao (of the First Rank)\", succeeded him as the Qianlong Emperor. The Qianlong Emperor rehabilitated many figures who had been purged during his father's reign, including restoring honours to many of his uncles who were formerly his father's rivals in the succession struggle.","title":"Death and succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consorts of the Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consorts_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaojingxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaojingxian"},{"link_name":"Ula-Nara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_clan#Ula_Nara"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaoshengxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaoshengxian"},{"link_name":"Niohuru clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niohuru"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Imperial Noble Consort Dunsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Dunsu"},{"link_name":"Imperial Noble Consort Chunque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Chunque"},{"link_name":"Hongzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongzhou_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Prince Hegong of the First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_He"},{"link_name":"Consort Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Qi_(Yongzheng)"},{"link_name":"Nara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_clan"},{"link_name":"Hongshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongshi"},{"link_name":"Consort Ning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Ning"},{"link_name":"Consort Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Qian"},{"link_name":"Hongyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongyan_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Prince Guogong of the Second Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Guo"},{"link_name":"Concubine Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubine_Mao"}],"text":"See also: Consorts of the Yongzheng EmperorEmpressEmpress Xiaojingxian (孝敬憲皇后) of the Ula-Nara clan (烏拉那拉氏; 28 June 1681 – 29 October 1731), personal name Duoqimuli (多棋木理)\nHonghui (弘暉), Prince Duan of the First Rank (端親王; 17 April 1697 – 7 July 1704), first son\nEmpress Xiaoshengxian (孝聖憲皇后) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 12 January 1692 – 2 March 1777)\nHongli (弘曆), the Qianlong Emperor (乾隆帝; 25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799), fifth (fourth) sonImperial Noble ConsortImperial Noble Consort Dunsu (敦肅皇貴妃) of the Nian clan (年氏; ? – 23 December 1725)\nFourth daughter (15 April 1715 – June/July 1717)\nFuyi (福宜; 30 June 1720 – 9 February 1721), seventh son\nFuhui (福惠), Prince Huai of the First Rank (懷親王; 27 November 1721 – 11 October 1728), eighth son\nFupei (福沛; 12 June 1723 – ?), ninth son\nImperial Noble Consort Chunque (純愨皇貴妃) of the Geng clan (耿氏; December 1689/January 1690 – 27 January 1785)\nHongzhou (弘晝), Prince Hegong of the First Rank (和恭親王; 5 January 1712 – 2 September 1770), sixth (fifth) sonConsortConsort Qi (齊妃) of the Li clan (李氏; 1676 – 31 May 1739)\nPrincess Huaike of the Second Rank (和碩懷恪公主; 15 August 1695 – April/May 1717), second daughter\nMarried Xingde (星德; ? – 1739) of the Manchu Nara clan in September/October 1712\nHongfen (弘昐; 19 July 1697 – 30 March 1699), second son\nHongyun (弘昀; 19 September 1700 – 10 December 1710), third (second) son\nHongshi (弘時; 18 March 1704 – 20 September 1727), fourth (third) son\nConsort Ning (寧妃) of the Wu clan (武氏; ? – 25 June 1734), personal name Lingyuan (令媛)\nConsort Qian (謙妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 1714 – 17 June 1767), personal name Xiangyu (香玉)\nHongyan (弘曕), Prince Guogong of the Second Rank (果恭郡王; 9 May 1733 – 27 April 1765), 10th (sixth) sonConcubineConcubine Mao (懋嬪) of the Song clan (宋氏; 1677 – October/November 1730)\nFirst daughter (10 April 1694 – April/May 1694)\nThird daughter (8 January 1707 – January/February 1707)Noble LadyNoble Lady Guo (郭貴人)\nNoble Lady Li (李贵人)\nNoble Lady An (安贵人)\nNoble Lady Hai (海贵人)\nNoble Lady Zhang (张贵人)\nNoble Lady Lao (老貴人)First Class AttendantFirst Class Attendant Na (那常在)\nFirst Class Attendant Li (李常在)\nFirst Class Attendant Ma (馬常在)\nFirst Class Attendant Chun (春常在)\nFirst Class Attendant Gao (高常在)\nFirst Class Attendant Chang (常常在)\nFirst Class Attendant Gu (顧常在)Second Class AttendantSecond Class Attendant Su (蘇答應)\nSecond Class Attendant Yun (雲答應)LadyLady of Qixiang Palace (啟祥宮姑娘)MistressMistress Yi (伊格格)\nMistress Zhang (張格格)\nMistress Su (蘇格格)","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Taiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaozhuangwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Xiaozhuang"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaokangzhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaokangzhang"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaogongren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaogongren"}],"text":"Hong Taiji (1592–1643) Shunzhi Emperor (1638–1661) Empress Xiaozhuangwen (1613–1688) Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722) Tulai (1606–1658) Empress Xiaokangzhang (1638–1663) Lady Gioro Yongzheng Emperor (1678–1735) Esen Weiwu Empress Xiaogongren (1660–1723) Lady Saiheli","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wuxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia"},{"link_name":"Qing gong qi shi lu (The Lady Assassin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Assassin"},{"link_name":"Shaw Brothers Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio"},{"link_name":"Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C3%BC_Yingxiong_Zhuan"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Haining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haining_City"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Louis Cha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Yong"},{"link_name":"The Book and the Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_and_the_Sword"},{"link_name":"Rehe Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehe_Province"},{"link_name":"Tong Hua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Hua_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Bu Bu Jing Xin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_Bu_Jing_Xin_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Nicky Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Wu"},{"link_name":"Scarlet Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_Heart"}],"text":"The Yongzheng Emperor appears in the flying guillotine-themed wuxia films and also in Qing gong qi shi lu (The Lady Assassin) produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio.\nThe Yongzheng Emperor is mentioned in the wuxia novel Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan (兒女英雄傳) by Wenkang (文康). It was adapted into the 1983 Hong Kong television series The Legend of the Unknowns (十三妹) and the 1986 Chinese film Lucky 13 (侠女十三妹).\nA popular legend tells of the Yongzheng Emperor's death at the hands of a female assassin, Lü Siniang (呂四娘), a fictitious granddaughter (or daughter, in some accounts) of Lü Liuliang. She committed the murder to avenge her grandfather (or father), who was wrongly put to death by the emperor. The legend was adapted into many films and television series.\nThere are two legends about the origins of the Yongzheng Emperor's son and successor, Hongli (the Qianlong Emperor). The first, more widely circulated in southern China, says that Hongli is actually the son of Chen Shiguan (陳世倌), an official from Haining, Zhejiang. Shortly after he was born, Hongli switched places with one of the Yongzheng Emperor's daughters, was raised as the emperor's son, and eventually inherited the throne. The wuxia writer Louis Cha adapted this legend for his novel The Book and the Sword. The second legend about the Qianlong Emperor's origins, more popular in northern China, stated that during a trip to the Mulan Hunting Grounds (木蘭圍場) in Rehe Province, the Yongzheng Emperor had an illegitimate affair with a palace maid and they conceived a son, who became the Qianlong Emperor.\nThe Yongzheng Emperor is featured as an important character in Tong Hua's novel Bu Bu Jing Xin and he had a romantic relationship with the protagonist, Ma'ertai Ruoxi. He is referred to as the \"Fourth Prince\" in the novel. Taiwanese actor Nicky Wu portrayed the Fourth Prince in Scarlet Heart, a 2011 Chinese television series adapted from the novel.\nThe Yongzheng Emperor appears in the romance fantasy novel series Meng Hui Da Qing (梦回大清) by Yaoye (妖叶).","title":"In fiction and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"宸翰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B8%E7%BF%B0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaozhaoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaozhaoren"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Chenhan (宸翰, Chénhàn) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works.\n\n^ Noble Consort Tong was the Kangxi Emperor's cousin. She was made a guifei (\"Noble Consort\") in 1677 and later promoted to huang guifei, and, after the death of Empress Xiaozhaoren, became the highest-ranked consort in the Kangxi Emperor's harem.\n\n^ The ranks of consorts in the palace were, Empress, Noble Consort (guifei), Consort (fei), pin, guiren, and so on; fei is therefore the third highest rank of the consorts.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0520065913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520065913"},{"link_name":"Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr."},{"link_name":"\"Yin-chên\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Yin-ch%C3%AAn"},{"link_name":"Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period"},{"link_name":"United States Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_emperors"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_emperors"},{"link_name":"Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Taizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurhaci"},{"link_name":"Taizong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Hong Taiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"China proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Taizong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Kangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Qianlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Jiaqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Daoguang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Xianfeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Tongzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Guangxu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Xuantong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg"},{"link_name":"Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia"},{"link_name":"Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang"},{"link_name":"Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin"},{"link_name":"Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Han_emperors"},{"link_name":"3 Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors"},{"link_name":"Jìn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"16 Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers"},{"link_name":"S. Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors"},{"link_name":"N. Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors"},{"link_name":"Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors"},{"link_name":"5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers"},{"link_name":"Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Song_emperors"},{"link_name":"W. Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors"},{"link_name":"Jīn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)"},{"link_name":"Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors"},{"link_name":"ROC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"PRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_qinwangs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_qinwangs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_qinwangs"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"qinwangs (first-rank princes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China"},{"link_name":"Prince Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Prince Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Prince Jia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Prince Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor"},{"link_name":"\"iron-cap\" princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisin_Gioro#Iron-cap_princes_and_their_descendants"},{"link_name":"Prince Li Prince Xun Prince Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Li_(%E7%A6%AE)"},{"link_name":"Prince Rui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rui_(%E7%9D%BF)"},{"link_name":"Prince Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Yu_(%E8%B1%AB)"},{"link_name":"Prince Zheng (Prince Jian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Zheng"},{"link_name":"Prince Su (Prince Xian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Su"},{"link_name":"Prince Chengze (Prince Zhuang)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Zhuang"},{"link_name":"Prince Shuncheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Shuncheng"},{"link_name":"Prince Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Yi_(%E6%80%A1)"},{"link_name":"Prince Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gong_(peerage)"},{"link_name":"Prince Chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Chun_(%E9%86%87)"},{"link_name":"Prince Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Qing"},{"link_name":"Prince Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Keqin"},{"link_name":"Prince Jingjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Jingjin"},{"link_name":"Prince Ying (穎)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ying_(%E7%A9%8E)"},{"link_name":"Prince Ying (英)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ying_(%E8%8B%B1)"},{"link_name":"Prince Duanzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Duanzhong"},{"link_name":"Prince An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_An"},{"link_name":"Prince Xiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomubogor"},{"link_name":"Prince Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Yu_(%E8%A3%95)"},{"link_name":"Prince Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gong_(peerage)"},{"link_name":"Prince Chun (純)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Chun_(%E7%B4%94)"},{"link_name":"Prince Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Li_(%E7%90%86)"},{"link_name":"Prince Heng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Heng"},{"link_name":"Prince Chun (淳)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Chun_(%E6%B7%B3)"},{"link_name":"Prince Lian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunsi"},{"link_name":"Prince Lü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_L%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Prince Guo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Guo"},{"link_name":"Prince Xian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Xian_(%E8%AB%B4)"},{"link_name":"Prince He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_He"},{"link_name":"Prince Ding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ding"},{"link_name":"Prince Rong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rong"},{"link_name":"Prince Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Shen"},{"link_name":"Prince Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Yi_(%E5%84%80)"},{"link_name":"Prince Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Cheng_(%E6%88%90)"},{"link_name":"Prince Dun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Dun"},{"link_name":"Prince Rui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rui_(%E7%91%9E)"},{"link_name":"Prince Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hui_(first_rank)"},{"link_name":"Prince Rong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor#Sons"},{"link_name":"Prince Duan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honghui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prince Huai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuhui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prince Zhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yongcong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Authority control 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Beatrice S. (1991). Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520065913.\nHummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). \"Yin-chên\" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yongzheng Emperor.Wikiquote has quotations related to Yongzheng Emperor.vteEmperors of the Qing dynastyLater Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors\nTaizu\nTaizong\nEnthroned in 1626 as Khan, Hong Taiji changed the dynastic name to \"Great Qing\" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.In 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor began to rule over China proper, replacing the Ming dynasty.\n\nTaizong\nShunzhi\nKangxi\nYongzheng\nQianlong\nJiaqing\nDaoguang\nXianfeng\nTongzhi\nGuangxu\nXuantongXia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRCvteQing dynasty qinwangs (first-rank princes)Absorbed into the Crown\nPrince Yong\nPrince Bao\nPrince Jia\nPrince Zhi\nNon-downgrading peerages(\"iron-cap\" princes)\nPrince Li Prince Xun Prince Kang\nPrince Rui\nPrince Yu\nPrince Zheng (Prince Jian)\nPrince Su (Prince Xian)\nPrince Chengze (Prince Zhuang)\nPrince Shuncheng\nPrince Yi\nPrince Gong\nPrince Chun\nPrince Qing\nDemoted but non-downgrading peerages\nPrince Cheng\nDowngrading peerages\nPrince Jingjin\nPrince Ying (穎)\nPrince Ying (英)\nPrince Duanzhong\nPrince An\nPrince Xiang\nPrince Yu\nPrince Gong\nPrince Chun (純)\nPrince Li\nPrince Heng\nPrince Chun (淳)\nPrince Lian\nPrince Lü\nPrince Guo\nPrince Xian\nPrince He\nPrince Ding\nPrince Rong\nPrince Zhi\nPrince Yi\nPrince Cheng\nPrince Dun\nPrince Rui\nPrince Hui\nPosthumous titles\nPrince Rong\nPrince Duan\nPrince Huai\nPrince ZheAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPortugal\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nKulturNav\nULAN\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The young Yongzheng Emperor, as Grand Prince Yong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Young_Yongzheng.jpg/220px-Young_Yongzheng.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armoured Yongzheng","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg/220px-Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Yinzhen (the future Yongzheng Emperor) Reading a Book","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prince_Yinzhen_%28the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor%29_Reading_a_Book.jpg/220px-Prince_Yinzhen_%28the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor%29_Reading_a_Book.jpg"},{"image_text":"18th-century Chinese painting of the Yongzheng Emperor wearing a European wig and dress, preparing to strike a tiger with a trident","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg/220px-Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg"},{"image_text":"18th-century painting of the Yongzheng Emperor in costume","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg/220px-Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portraits of the Yongzheng Emperor Enjoying Himself during the 8th lunar month","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg/220px-Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg"},{"image_text":"French map of \"China and Chinese Tartary\" from the Yongzheng era (1734)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine%2C_la_Tartarie_Chinoise%2C_et_le_Thibet_%281734%29.jpg/220px-Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine%2C_la_Tartarie_Chinoise%2C_et_le_Thibet_%281734%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Yongzheng Emperor offering sacrifices at the altar of the God of Agriculture, Shennong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg/220px-The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg"}]	[{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg"},{"title":"Monarchy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Monarchy"},{"title":"History portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Chinese emperors family tree (late)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)"},{"title":"Treason by the Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason_by_the_Book"}]	[{"reference":"Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2006). A Brief History of Chinese Civilization. Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education. ISBN 0-534-64305-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-64305-1","url_text":"0-534-64305-1"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Willard J. (2002). The Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1. The Ch'ing Empire to 1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521243346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243346","url_text":"9780521243346"}]},{"reference":"Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 239, 473, 475. ISBN 9780674016842. OCLC 432663642.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chinamarcheswest00pete/page/239","url_text":"China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chinamarcheswest00pete/page/239","url_text":"239, 473, 475"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674016842","url_text":"9780674016842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/432663642","url_text":"432663642"}]},{"reference":"Qin, Han Tang (秦漢唐) (2012). 不同於戲裡說的雍正皇帝 [A different Yongzheng from the work of fiction] (in Traditional Chinese) (Chu ban ed.). Taipei: 广大文事業有限公司. pp. 190–196, Preface. ISBN 9789577135032. OCLC 819654973.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789577135032","url_text":"9789577135032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819654973","url_text":"819654973"}]},{"reference":"Rowe, William T. (2009). China's last empire: the great Qing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 68, 40–41. ISBN 9780674066243. OCLC 316327256.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chinaslastempire00rowe","url_text":"China's last empire: the great Qing"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chinaslastempire00rowe/page/n76","url_text":"68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674066243","url_text":"9780674066243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316327256","url_text":"316327256"}]},{"reference":"Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese emperors: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers of Imperial China. New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 195. ISBN 9780500050903. OCLC 40407732.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chronicleofchine00palu/page/195","url_text":"Chronicle of the Chinese emperors: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers of Imperial China"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chronicleofchine00palu/page/195","url_text":"195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500050903","url_text":"9780500050903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40407732","url_text":"40407732"}]},{"reference":"秦, 晖 (2018). \"秦晖：从戏说乾隆到胡说雍正_爱思想\". www.aisixiang.com. Retrieved 24 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aisixiang.com/data/114029.html","url_text":"\"秦晖：从戏说乾隆到胡说雍正_爱思想\""}]},{"reference":"戴, 逸. \"清史研究泰斗戴逸：雍正继位为何怕康熙亡灵\". news.ifeng.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.ifeng.com/history/shixueyuan/200911/1106_7183_1423202.shtml","url_text":"\"清史研究泰斗戴逸：雍正继位为何怕康熙亡灵\""}]},{"reference":"Weizheng, Zhu (21 April 2015). Rereading Modern Chinese History. BRILL. p. 66. ISBN 978-90-04-29331-1. Retrieved 24 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fTu2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66","url_text":"Rereading Modern Chinese History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29331-1","url_text":"978-90-04-29331-1"}]},{"reference":"杨, 珍 (1990). \"满文档案中所见允禵皇位继承人地位的新证据\". 中国史研究, No. 1-4. pp. 158–160. Retrieved 24 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vsUwAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"中国史研究, No. 1-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The best-known inheritance dispute in china\". China Daily. 9 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-07/09/content_16751914.htm","url_text":"\"The best-known inheritance dispute in china\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Daily","url_text":"China Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180525141429/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-07/09/content_16751914.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"康熙遺詔曝光揭傳位雍正真相 [Kangxi's final will revealed, casting a light on the truth behind passing the throne to Yongzheng]. Liaoshen Evening News (via Apple Daily) (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 31 August 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hk.news.appledaily.com/international/daily/article/20130831/18402991","url_text":"康熙遺詔曝光揭傳位雍正真相"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Daily","url_text":"Apple Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200623050033/https://hk.news.appledaily.com/international/daily/article/20130831/18402991","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"「康熙遺詔」現身！破解四爺篡改遺詔之謎？ [Kangxi's Final Will revealed! Does it solve the mysteries surrounding the Fourth Lord's changing of the will?]. ETToday (in Traditional Chinese). 4 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ettoday.net/news/20130904/266053.htm","url_text":"「康熙遺詔」現身！破解四爺篡改遺詔之謎？"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ETToday"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210523140653/https://www.ettoday.net/news/20130904/266053.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lan, Wenli. 雍正繼統之謎 [The mystery surrounding Yongzhen's succession of the throne]. Academia Sinica (in Chinese). Taiwan. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ndaip.sinica.edu.tw/content.jsp?option_id=2441&index_info_id=2184","url_text":"雍正繼統之謎"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica","url_text":"Academia Sinica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210523140708/https://ndaip.sinica.edu.tw/content.jsp?option_id=2441&index_info_id=2184","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kangxi Emperor's final will\". Academia Sinica (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://digiarch.sinica.edu.tw/classic/show_img.jsp?img_path=03_wm","url_text":"\"Kangxi Emperor's final will\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica","url_text":"Academia Sinica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518144721/https://digiarch.sinica.edu.tw/classic/show_img.jsp?img_path=03_wm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"张, 星海 (2007). \"皇室后裔确认雍正系篡夺皇位\". In 文, 欢 (ed.). 历史不忍细看 (in Chinese). 河南文艺出版社. p. 117. ISBN 978-7-80623-792-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wlIFAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"历史不忍细看"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80623-792-2","url_text":"978-7-80623-792-2"}]},{"reference":"\"皇室后裔揭秘：雍正伪造遗诏篡夺皇位真相(图)_cctv.com提供\". news.cctv.com. Retrieved 24 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.cctv.com/science/20080619/107991.shtml","url_text":"\"皇室后裔揭秘：雍正伪造遗诏篡夺皇位真相(图)_cctv.com提供\""}]},{"reference":"金, 恒源. \"《康熙遗言与康熙遗诏的关系——雍正帝继位合法性质疑》\". 故宫博物院.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpm.org.cn/court/talk/252838.html?hl=%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E8%AF%8D..","url_text":"\"《康熙遗言与康熙遗诏的关系——雍正帝继位合法性质疑》\""}]},{"reference":"Pierre-Étienne, Will (2002). \"Creation, Conflict, and Routinization: The Appointment of Officials by Drawing Lots, 1594–1700\". Ming Qing Yanjiu: 73–121.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Daniel, Koss (2017). \"Political Geography of Empire: Chinese Varieties of Local Government\". Journal of Asian Studies. 76: 159–184. doi:10.1017/S0021911816001200. S2CID 164507400.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911816001200","url_text":"\"Political Geography of Empire: Chinese Varieties of Local Government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911816001200","url_text":"10.1017/S0021911816001200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164507400","url_text":"164507400"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Zhengguo (2011). \"Qingdai Dao, Fu, Ting, Zhou, Xian Dengji Zhidu De Queding.[Determination of Importance Rating System of Circuit, Prefecture, Subprefecture, Department and County in Qing Dynasty]\". A Collection of Essays on the Ming and Qing Dynasties.","urls":[]},{"reference":"T., Rowe, William (2009). China's last empire : the great Qing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674066243. OCLC 316327256.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674066243","url_text":"9780674066243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316327256","url_text":"316327256"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan, Porter (2016). Imperial China, 1350-1900. Lanham. ISBN 9781442222922. OCLC 920818520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442222922","url_text":"9781442222922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920818520","url_text":"920818520"}]},{"reference":"Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 250. ISBN 9004034420.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260262/page/n263/mode/2up?q=slicing","url_text":"China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420","url_text":"9004034420"}]},{"reference":"Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 269. ISBN 9004034420.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V1GkmBOQLkAC&q=%22mala+and+the+sub-chancellor%22&pg=PA269","url_text":"China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420","url_text":"9004034420"}]},{"reference":"Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9004034420.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260262/page/n148/mode/2up?q=slicing","url_text":"China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420","url_text":"9004034420"}]},{"reference":"Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 268, 269. ISBN 9004034420.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V1GkmBOQLkAC&q=%22mala+and+the+sub-chancellor%22&pg=PA269","url_text":"China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420","url_text":"9004034420"}]},{"reference":"Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 249. ISBN 9004034420.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260262/page/n264/mode/2up?q=slicing","url_text":"China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420","url_text":"9004034420"}]},{"reference":"大義覺迷錄 [Record of how great righteousness awakens the misguided]. 近代中國史料叢刊 [Collectanea of materials on modern Chinese history]. Vol. 36. Taipei: 文海出版社 [Wenhai Publishing Press]. 1966. pp. 351–2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rowe, William (2009). China's last empire : the great Qing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 76. ISBN 9780674066243. OCLC 316327256.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chinaslastempire00rowe","url_text":"China's last empire : the great Qing"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chinaslastempire00rowe/page/n84","url_text":"76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674066243","url_text":"9780674066243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316327256","url_text":"316327256"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Mark T. (2001). The Manchu way : the eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 240. ISBN 0804746842. OCLC 44818294.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manchuwayeightba00elli","url_text":"The Manchu way : the eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manchuwayeightba00elli/page/n265","url_text":"240"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804746842","url_text":"0804746842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44818294","url_text":"44818294"}]},{"reference":"Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 241. ISBN 0-8047-4684-2. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2016-10-29. The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself. ...In the empire we have a temple for honouring Heaven and sacrificing to Him. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honour Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honouring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese, Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honouring Heaven. I have never said that he [Urcen, a son of Sunu] could not honour heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA241","url_text":"The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4684-2","url_text":"0-8047-4684-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231223407/http://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA241","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Johnathan (2016). Imperial China, 1350–1900. Lanham. p. 90. ISBN 9781442222922. OCLC 920818520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442222922","url_text":"9781442222922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920818520","url_text":"920818520"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Johnathan (2016). Imperial China, 1350-1900. Lanham. p. 91. ISBN 9781442222922. OCLC 920818520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442222922","url_text":"9781442222922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920818520","url_text":"920818520"}]},{"reference":"Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 240. ISBN 0-8047-4684-2. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-10-29. In his indictment of Sunu and other Manchu nobles who had converted to Christianity, the Yongzheng Emperor reminded the rest of the Manchu elite that each people had its own way of honoring Heaven and that it was incumbent upon Manchus to observe Manchu practice in this regard","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA240","url_text":"The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4684-2","url_text":"0-8047-4684-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215023949/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA240","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jocelyn M. N. Marinescu (2008). Defending Christianity in China: The Jesuit Defense of Christianity in the \"Lettres Edifiantes Et Curieuses\" & \"Ruijianlu\" in Relation to the Yongzheng Proscription of 1724. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-549-59712-4. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PhoKD1vyfKwC&pg=PA240","url_text":"Defending Christianity in China: The Jesuit Defense of Christianity in the \"Lettres Edifiantes Et Curieuses\" & \"Ruijianlu\" in Relation to the Yongzheng Proscription of 1724"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-59712-4","url_text":"978-0-549-59712-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140704133028/http://books.google.com/books?id=PhoKD1vyfKwC&pg=PA240","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Catholic Encyclopedia: Brow[ns]-Clancy. Appleton. 1908. p. 680.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_B2qrn5BVGcC&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si,+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else,+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble,+their+secreting+weapons,+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA680","url_text":"The Catholic Encyclopedia: Brow[ns]-Clancy"}]},{"reference":"Groot, Jan J. M. de (1973). Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China, Volume 2 (reprint ed.). Irish University Press. p. 269. ISBN 0716520346.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6jIqAQAAMAAJ&q=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si,+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else,+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble,+their+secreting+weapons,+and+various+other+illegal+acts.","url_text":"Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716520346","url_text":"0716520346"}]},{"reference":"The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, Part 3. Encyclopedia Press. 1913. p. 680.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9gIjAQAAIAAJ&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si%2C+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else%2C+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble%2C+their+secreting+weapons%2C+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA680","url_text":"The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, Part 3"}]},{"reference":"Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 3. Appleton. 1908. p. 680.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wFU_AQAAMAAJ&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si%2C+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else%2C+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble%2C+their+secreting+weapons%2C+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA680","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 3"}]},{"reference":"Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1904). Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions, Volume 2. J. Müller. p. 269.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2R9BAQAAMAAJ&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si%2C+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else%2C+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble%2C+their+secreting+weapons%2C+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA269","url_text":"Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions, Volume 2"}]},{"reference":"Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions. J. Miller. 1904. p. 269.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rKxLAAAAYAAJ&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si%2C+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else%2C+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble%2C+their+secreting+weapons%2C+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA269","url_text":"Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions"}]},{"reference":"Zhao, Gang (January 2006). \"Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century\". Modern China. 32 (1). Sage Publications: 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700405282349","url_text":"10.1177/0097700405282349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062627","url_text":"20062627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144587815","url_text":"144587815"}]},{"reference":"Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). \"Yin-chên\" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr.","url_text":"Hummel, Arthur W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)	Blowback (firearms)	["1 Principle of operation","2 History","3 Simple blowback","4 Advanced primer ignition (API) blowback","4.1 Extended chamber blowback","5 Delayed blowback","5.1 Roller-delayed","5.2 Bearing delay","5.3 Lever-delayed","5.4 Gas-delayed","5.5 Chamber-ring delayed","5.6 Hesitation locked","5.7 Flywheel delayed blowback","5.8 Toggle-delayed","5.9 Off-axis bolt travel","5.10 Radial-delayed","5.11 Screw-delayed","6 Other blowback systems","6.1 Floating chamber","6.2 Primer actuated","6.3 Case setback","7 Limited-utility designs","7.1 Blish lock","7.2 Savage rotating barrel","7.3 Headspace actuated unlocking","7.4 Magnet delay","8 Other autoloading systems","9 See also","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]	Type of firearm action Blowback is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gas created by the ignition of the propellant charge. Several blowback systems exist within this broad principle of operation, each distinguished by the methods used to control bolt movement. In most actions that use blowback operation, the breech is not locked mechanically at the time of firing: the inertia of the bolt and recoil spring(s), relative to the weight of the bullet, delay opening of the breech until the bullet has left the barrel. A few locked breech designs use a form of blowback (example: primer actuation) to perform the unlocking function. The blowback principle may be considered a simplified form of gas operation, since the cartridge case behaves like a piston driven by the powder gases. Other operating principles for self-loading firearms include delayed blowback, blow forward, gas operation, and recoil operation. Principle of operation In firearms, a blowback system is generally defined as an operating system in which energy to operate the firearm's various mechanisms, and automate the loading of another cartridge, is derived from the inertia of the spent cartridge case being pushed out the rear of the chamber by rapidly expanding gases produced by a burning propellant, typically gunpowder. When a projectile (e.g. bullet) is still within the gun barrel, the high-pressure propellant gas behind it is contained within what could be seen as a closed system; but at the moment it exits the muzzle, this functional seal is broken, allowing the propellant gas to be suddenly released in an explosive muzzle blast. The expanding gas also creates a jet propulsion effect rearward in the barrel against the spent cartridge case. This "blowback" is the predominant component of the recoil. Some guns use energy from blowback to perform the automatic bolt cycling /reloading process, while others will use a portion of the blowback to operate only certain parts of the cycle or simply use the blowback energy to enhance the operational energy from another system of automatic operation. What is common to all blowback systems is that the cartridge case must move under the direct action of the powder pressure, therefore any gun in which the bolt is not rigidly locked, and permitted to move while there remains gas pressure in the chamber, will undergo a degree of blowback action. The energy from the expansion of gases upon firing appears in the form of kinetic energy transmitted to the bolt mechanism, which is controlled and used to operate the firearm's operation cycle. The extent to which blowback is employed largely depends on the manner used to control the movement of the bolt and the proportion of energy drawn from other systems of operation. How the movement of the bolt is controlled is where blowback systems differ. Blowback operation is most often divided into three categories, all using residual pressure to complete the cycle of operation: "simple blowback" (often just "blowback"), "delayed/retarded blowback", and "advanced primer ignition". Relating blowback to other types of automatic firearm operation, George M. Chinn wrote that: "In the larger sense, blowback might well be considered a special form of gas operation. This is reasonable because the cartridge case may be conceived of as a sort of piston driven by the powder gases. Actually, blowback involves so many special problems that it is best considered to be in a class by itself. The question whether or not it should be included within the more general class of gas operation or recoil operation is purely academic. The important point is that it partakes some of the properties of both classes and, depending on the particular problem at hand, may be considered to be either one." History In 1663 a mention is made in the journal of the Royal Society for that year of an engineer who came to Prince Rupert with an automatic weapon, though how it worked is unknown. In 1854 a hydropneumatically delayed-blowback cannon was patented by Henry Bessemer. In 1856 a crank-operated cannon with a blowback-operated cocking mechanism was patented in the US by Charles E. Barnes. In 1876 a single-shot breech-loading rifle with an automatic breech-opening and cocking mechanism using a form of blowback was patented in Britain and America by the American Bernard Fasoldt. In 1883 Hiram Maxim patented a blowback-operated rifle. In 1884 he would also patent a toggle-lock delayed-blowback-operated rifle. Also in 1884, a few months after Maxim, a British patent for blowback-operated pistols and rifles was filed by Richard Paulson. In 1887 a patent was filed by an American inventor called Carl J. Bjerkness for a blowback-operated rifle. In 1888 a delayed-blowback machine gun known as the Skoda was invented by Grand Duke Karl Salvator and Colonel von Dormus of Austria. Simple blowback Animation of simple blowback operation The .380 ACP Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless uses simple blowback. The mass of the slide is enough to delay opening of the chamber until pressure has dropped. The blowback (sometimes referred to as "simple", "straight" or "pure" blowback) system represents the most basic auto loading operation type. In a blowback mechanism, the bolt rests against the rear of the barrel, but is not locked in place. At the point of ignition, expanding gases push the bullet forward through the barrel while at the same time pushing the case rearward against the bolt. The expanding gases push the bolt assembly to the rear, but the motion is slowed by the mass of the bolt, internal friction, and the force required to compress the action spring. The design must ensure that the delay is long enough that the bullet exits the barrel before the cartridge case clears the chamber. The empty case is ejected as the bolt travels to the rear. The stored energy of the compressed action spring then drives the bolt forward (although not until the trigger is pulled if the weapon fires from an open bolt). A new cartridge is stripped from the magazine and chambered as the bolt returns to its in-battery position. The blowback system is practical for firearms using relatively low-power cartridges with lighter weight bullets. Higher power cartridges require heavier bolts to keep the breech from opening prematurely; at some point, the bolt becomes too heavy to be practical. For an extreme example, a 20 mm cannon using simple blowback and lubricated cartridges would need a 500-pound (230 kg) bolt to keep the cartridge safely in the barrel during the first few milliseconds. Yet the bolt must cycle far enough back to eject the spent casing and load a new round, which would limit the return spring to an average force of 60 pounds-force (270 N). The resulting system, if it could be built, would not have enough energy to cycle reliably or even keep the bolt closed when the gun is tilted up. Due to the required bolt weight, blowback designs in pistols are generally limited to calibers smaller than 9×19mm Parabellum (e.g., .25 ACP, .32 ACP, .380 ACP, 9×18mm Makarov, etc.) There are exceptions such as the simple blowback pistols from Hi-Point Firearms which include models chambered in .40 S&W and .45 ACP. Simple blowback operation can also be found in small-bore (such as .22LR) semi-automatic rifles, carbines and submachine guns. Most simple blowback rifles are chambered for the .22 Long Rifle cartridge. Popular examples include the Marlin Model 60 and the Ruger 10/22. Most blowback carbines and submachine guns are chambered for pistol cartridges such as the 9×19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W and .45 ACP. Examples include the MP 40, Sten and UZI. The bolt can be made bigger and more massive in these weapons than in handguns, as they are intrinsically heavier and designed, ideally at least, to be fired with both hands, often with the aid of a shoulder stock; and these factors help to ameliorate the disruption to the shooter's aim caused by the heavy bolt's movement. Consequently, simple blowback is adequate for somewhat more powerful rounds in submachine guns than in standard pistols. One of the very few known simple blowback firearms capable of firing fully powered rifle cartridges was the Brixia 930 light machine gun, that required a large bolt to handle the pressure of the round as well as a spring buffer shock absorbing butt plate on the stock to handle recoil. There were also a few rifles that chambered cartridges specifically designed for blowback operation. Examples include the Winchester Model 1905, 1907 and 1910. The only known assault rifle to use simple blowback was the Burton Model 1917. Although simple blowback is limited to guns using low-power rounds, it is so efficient that in small-calibre semi-automatic pistols it has become almost ubiquitous. Heavier calibre semiautomatic handguns typically employ a short recoil system, of which by far the most common type are Browning-derived designs which rely on a locking barrel and slide assembly instead of blowback. But blowback guns can be used to fire powerful cartridges if they are of the other two types: API or delayed blowback. Advanced primer ignition (API) blowback MK 108 cannon bolt cycle (part I) MK 108 cannon bolt cycle (part II) In the API blowback design, the primer is ignited when the bolt is still moving forward and before the cartridge is fully chambered (akin to the fire-out-of-battery principle used in some mountain guns like Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906, although there the bolt is locked and whole ordnance is moving at fire). This requires a very careful design to ensure the proper balance and equalization of forces between the projectile weight, propellant charge, barrel length, bolt weight, and return spring strength. In a simple blowback design, the propellant gases have to overcome static inertia to accelerate the bolt rearwards to open the breech. In an API blowback, they first have to do the work of overcoming forward momentum to arrest the forward motion of the bolt. Because the forward and rearward speeds of the bolt tend to be approximately the same, the API blowback allows the weight of the bolt to be halved. Because the momentum of the two opposed bolt motions cancels out over time, the API blowback design results in reduced recoil. Advanced primer ignition (API) was originally developed by Reinhold Becker for use on the Becker Type M2 20 mm cannon. It became a feature of a wide range of designs that can be traced back to Becker's, including the Oerlikon cannon widely used as anti-aircraft weapons during World War II. To increase performance of API blowback firearms, larger calibre APIB guns such as the Becker and Oerlikon use extended chambers, longer than is necessary to contain the round, and ammunition for APIB firearms come with straight-sided cartridges with rebated rims (rims that are smaller in diameter than the cartridge itself). The last part of forward motion and the first part of the rearward motion of the case and bolt happen within the confines of this extended chamber. As long as the gas pressure in the barrel is high, the walls of the case remain supported and the breach sealed, although the case is sliding rearwards. This sliding motion of the case, while it is expanded by a high internal gas pressure, risks tearing it apart, and a common solution is to grease the ammunition to reduce the friction. The case needs to have a rebated rim because the front end of the bolt will enter the chamber, and the extractor claw hooked over the rim therefore has to fit also within the diameter of the chamber. The case generally has very little neck, because this remains unsupported during the firing cycle and is generally deformed; a strongly necked case would be likely to split. The API blowback design permits the use of more powerful ammunition in a lighter gun than would be achieved by using simple blowback, and the reduction of felt recoil results in further weight savings. The original Becker cannon, firing 20×70mmRB ammunition, was developed to be carried by World War I aircraft, and weighed only 30 kg. Oerlikon even produced an anti-tank rifle firing 20×110mmRB ammunition using the API blowback operation, the SSG36. On the other hand, because the design imposes a very close relationship between bolt mass, chamber length, spring strength, ammunition power and rate of fire, in APIB guns high rate of fire and high muzzle velocity tend to be mutually exclusive. API blowback guns also have to fire from an open bolt, which is not conducive to accuracy and also prevents synchronized fire through an aircraft propeller arc. According to a United States Army Materiel Command engineering course from 1970, "The advanced primer ignition gun is superior to the simple blowback because of its higher firing rate and lower recoil momentum. However, favorable performance depends on timing that must be precise. A slight delay in primer function, and the gun reverts to a simple blowback without the benefit of a massive bolt and stiffer driving spring to soften the recoil impact. The exacting requirements in design and construction of gun and ammunition reduce this type almost to the point of academic interest only." API mechanisms are very sensitive to the ammunition used. For example, when the Germans switched their MG FF (an Oerlikon FFF derivative) to their new, lighter mine shell, they had to rebalance the spring strength and bolt weight of the gun, resulting in a new MG FF/M model with ammunition not being interchangeable between the two models. The 30 mm MK 108 cannon was perhaps the apogee of API blowback technology during World War II. The principle is also used in some automatic grenade launchers, for example in the US Mk 19 grenade launcher or Russian AGS-30. Extended chamber blowback A closed bolt firing equivalent of Advanced Primer Ignition that uses straight-sided rebated rim cartridges in an extended deeper chambering to contain the gas pressure slightly longer until it reaches a safe level to extract. This operation is almost similar to a simple blowback operation, API blowback firearms that have fired the round at the point where the cartridge is fully chambered operate in a similar way. Delayed blowback For more powerful rounds that cannot be safely used in simple blowback, or in order to obtain a lighter mechanism than the simple format can provide, the alternative to API is some system of delayed or retarded blowback, in which the bolt is never fully locked, but is initially held in place, sealing the cartridge in the chamber by the mechanical resistance of one of various designs of delaying mechanism. As with the resistance provided by momentum in API, it takes a fraction of a second for the propellant gases to overcome this and start moving cartridge and bolt backwards; this very brief delay is sufficient for the bullet to leave the muzzle and for the internal pressure in the barrel to decrease to a safe level. The bolt and cartridge are then pushed to the rear by the residual gas pressure. Because of high pressures, rifle-caliber delayed blowback firearms, such as the FAMAS, AA-52 and G3, typically have fluted chambers to ease extraction. Below are various forms of delayed-blowback actions: Roller-delayed Roller-delayed blowback-operated breech for automatic weapons A schematic of the G3 roller-delayed blowback mechanism Cutaway model of the chamber with gas relief flutes (left) and roller-delayed action of the G3 battle rifle A schematic of the roller-delayed blowback mechanism used in the MP5 submachine gun. This system had its origins in the late-war StG 45(M) assault rifle prototype. Roller-delayed blowback was first used in Mauser's Gerät 06H prototype. Roller-delayed blowback operation differs from roller-locked recoil operation as seen in the MG 42 and gas operated roller locked, as seen in the Gerät 03 and Gerät 06. Unlike the MG 42, in roller-delayed blowback the barrel is fixed and does not recoil, and unlike the Gerät 03 and Gerät 06 and StG 44, roller-delayed blowback systems lack a gas piston. These omissions are conducive to relatively light construction by significantly reducing the number of parts required and the amount of machining required to produce a rifle. As the bolt head is driven rearward, rollers on the sides of the bolt are driven inward against a tapered bolt carrier extension. This forces the bolt carrier rearward at a much greater velocity and delays movement of the bolt head. The primary advantage of roller-delayed blowback is the simplicity of the design compared to gas or recoil operation. The roller-delayed blowback firearm action was patented by Mauser's Wilhelm Stähle and Ludwig Vorgrimler. Though appearing simple, its development during World War II was a hard technical and personal effort, as German engineering, mathematical and other scientists had to work together on a like-it-or-not basis led by Ott-Helmuth von Lossnitzer, the director of Mauser Werke's Weapons Research Institute and Weapons Development Group. Experiments showed roller-delayed blowback firearms exhibited bolt-bounce as the bolt opened at an extreme velocity of approximately 20 m/s (66 ft/s) during automatic fire. To counter bolt-bounce the perfect angle choice on the nose of the bolt head had to be found to significantly reduce the opening velocity of the bolt. The extremely high bolt carrier velocities problem was not solved by trial and error. Mathematician Karl Maier provided analysis of the components and assemblies in the development project. In December 1943 Maier came up with an equation that engineers used to change the angles in the receiver to 45° and 27° on the locking piece relative to the longitudinal axis reducing the bolt-bounce problem. With these angles the geometrical transmission ratio of the bolt carrier to the bolthead became 3:1, so the rear bolt carrier was forced to move 3 times faster than the bolthead. The rearward forces on the bolt carrier and receiver were 2:1. The force and impulse transmitted to the receiver increases with the force and impulse transmitted to the bolt carrier. Making the bolt carrier heavier lessens the recoil velocity. For Mausers StG 45(M) project Maier assumed a 120 g (4.2 oz) bolt head and 360 g (12.7 oz) bolt carrier (1 to 3 ratio). The prototype StG 45 (M) assault rifle had 18 longitudinal gas relief flutes cut in the chamber wall to assist the bloated cartridge casing from the chamber walls during extraction. Fluting the end of the chamber provides pressure equalization between the front outer surface of the cartridge case and its interior and thus ensures extraction without tearing the case making extraction easier and more reliable. In 1944 other German companies like Großfuß (de), Rheinmetall and C.G. Haenel showed interest in developing roller-delayed blowback small arms. Großfuß worked on a roller-delayed blowback MG 45 general-purpose machine gun that, like the StG 45 (M), had not progressed beyond the prototype stage by the end of World War II. After World War II, former Mauser engineers Ludwig Vorgrimler and Theodor Löffler perfected the mechanism between 1946 and 1950 while working for the French small arms manufacturer Centre d'Etudes et d'Armament de Mulhouse (CEAM). In 1950 Ludwig Vorgrimler was recruited to work for CETME in Spain. The first full-scale production rifle to utilize roller-delay was the Spanish CETME battle rifle, which was closely followed by the Swiss SIG SG 510 and the CETME Model B-based Heckler & Koch G3. The G3 bolt features an anti-bounce mechanism that prevents the bolt from bouncing off the barrel's breech surface. The G3's "bolt head locking lever" is a spring-loaded claw mounted on the bolt carrier that grabs the bolt head as the bolt carrier group goes into battery. The lever essentially ratchets into place with friction, providing enough resistance to being re-opened that the bolt carrier does not rebound. Due to the relative low bolt thrust exhibited by pistol cartridges the anti-bounce mechanism is omitted by Heckler & Koch on their roller-delayed blowback firearms chambered for pistols cartridges. Heckler & Koch's MP5 submachine gun is the most common weapon still in service worldwide using this system. The Heckler & Koch P9 semi-automatic pistol, CETME Ameli light machine gun, SIG MG 710-3, Heckler & Koch HK21 and Ohio Ordnance REAPR general-purpose machine guns also use it. Roller-delayed blowback arms are ammunition specific, since they lack an adjustable gas port or valve to adjust the arm to various propellant and projectile specific pressure behavior. Their reliable functioning is limited by specific ammunition and arm parameters like bullet weight, propellant charge, barrel length and amount of wear. At the moment of cartridge ignition the chamber has to be and remain sealed, until the bullet has exited the barrel and the gas pressure within the bore has dropped to a safe level before the seal is broken and chamber starts to open. For obtaining a proper and safe functioning parameters bandwidth arms manufactures offer a variety of locking pieces with different mass and shoulder angles and cylindrical rollers with different diameters. The angles are critical and determine the unlock timing and gas pressure drop management as the locking piece acts in unison with the bolt head carrier. The bolt gap width determines the headspace and hence the correct positioning of the cartridges in the (closed) chamber. Due to usage wear the bolt gap between the locking piece and bolt head carrier is expected to gradually increase. It can be determined and checked by a feeler gauge measurement and can be altered by changing the cylindrical rollers for rollers with a different diameter. Installing larger diameter rollers will increase the bolt gap and push the locking piece forward. Installing smaller diameter rollers results in the reverse effects. Bearing delay Exploded view of primary components for bearing delay bolt carrier group Bearing delay blowback uses a plurality of ball bearings to delay the movement of the bolt carrier group after firing. MEAN introduced Bearing delay blowback in 2023 with their Bearing Delay Upper Receiver chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum. This system uses the movement of three ball bearings arranged approximately 120° apart from one another that move in a radial direction relative to the center of their bolt. The bearings engage corresponding pockets of the barrel extension when the bolt carrier group is in battery. The bearings are pushed outward due to spring pressure (e.g., a buffer spring) that compresses the carrier into the rear of the bolt. The carrier causes an internal component of the bolt carrier group named the lifter to push the bearings outward. The Lifter has angled grooves that interact with the bearings. Bearing delay is designed to be tuned based on the user's preference or configuration of other components by swapping to a lifter with a different geometry. The bearing delay design is described in U.S. patent 11,371,789, U.S. patent 11,543,195, and U.S. patent 11,781,824. Lever-delayed A schematic of the lever-delayed blowback mechanism used in the FAMAS assault rifle. Lever-delayed blowback utilizes leverage to put the bolt at a mechanical disadvantage, delaying the opening of the breech. When the cartridge pushes against the bolt face, the lever moves the bolt carrier rearward at an accelerated rate relative to the light bolt. Leverage can be applied with a dedicated part or through inclined surfaces interacting with each other. This leverage significantly increases resistance and slows the movement of the lightweight bolt. The reliable functioning of lever-delayed blowback arms is limited by specific ammunition and arm parameters like bullet weight, propellant charge, barrel length and amount of wear. John Pedersen patented one of the first known designs for a lever-delay system. The mechanism was also used by Hungarian arms designer Pál Király in the 1910s and 1930s and used in the Danuvia 39M and 43M submachine guns for the Hungarian Army. After World War II, Király settled in the Dominican Republic and developed the Cristóbal Carbine (or Király-Cristóbal Carbine) employing a similar mechanism. Other weapons to use this system are the Hogue Avenger and Benelli B76 pistols, the FNAB-43 submachine gun, the TKB-517, VAHAN and FAMAS assault rifles, the Sterling 7.62 and AVB-7.62 battle rifles/light machine guns, and the AA-52 general-purpose machine gun. Gas-delayed Gas-delayed blowback should not be confused with gas-operation. In gas-delayed guns the bolt is never locked, and so is pushed rearward by the expanding propellant gases, as in other blowback-based designs. However, propellant gases are vented from the barrel into a cylinder with a piston that delays the opening of the bolt. It was used by some World War II German designs for the 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge, including the Volkssturmgewehr rifle (with little effectiveness) and the Grossfuss Sturmgewehr (with slightly more efficiency), and after the war by the Heckler & Koch P7, Walther CCP, Steyr GB and M-77B pistols. Chamber-ring delayed When a cartridge is fired, the case expands to seal the sides of the chamber. This seal prevents high-pressure gas from escaping into the action of the gun. Because a conventional chamber is slightly oversized, an unfired cartridge will enter freely. In a chamber-ring delayed firearm, the chamber is conventional in every respect except for a concave ring within the chamber wall. When the cartridge is fired, the case expands into this recessed ring and pushes the bolt face rearward. As the case moves to the rear this ring constricts the expanded portion of the case. The energy required to squeeze the walls of the cartridge case slows the rearward travel of the case and slide, reducing their mass requirements. The first known use of the system was on the Fritz Mann pistol in 1920 and later on the High Standard Corp model T3 experimental pistol developed by Ott-Helmuth von Lossnitzer while working for High Standard. Other firearms that used this system were the LWS Seecamp pistol, the AMT Automag II, and the Kimball .30 Carbine pistol. The SIG SG 510 rifle family incorporates a chamber ring near the shoulder which is used to avoid bolt-bounce rather than a delay element. Similar operations exist using a fluted chamber for delay. When the round is fired, the cartridge sticks to the fluted chamber walls making a slight delay of extraction. The prototype 6x45mm SAW caliber Brunswick light machine gun is an example that used this operation. Another example using a ported chamber that uses a barrel chamber with pressure relief ports that allow gas to leak into an annular chamber during extraction. Basically the opposite of a fluted chamber lubrication as it is intended for the cartridge to stick to the chamber wall making a slight delay of extraction. This requires a welded-on sleeve with an internal annular groove to contain the pressure. Hesitation locked Hesitation locked blowback John Pedersen's patented system incorporates a breech block independent of the slide or bolt carrier. When in battery, the breech block rests slightly forward of the locking shoulder located in the frame of the firearm. When the cartridge is fired, the cartridge case, bolt and slide move together a short distance until the breech block strikes the locking shoulder and stops. The slide continues rearward with the momentum it acquired in the initial phase while the breech remains locked. This allows chamber pressure to drop to safe levels once the bullet departs the barrel. The continuing motion of the slide lifts the breech block from its recess and pulls it rearward, continuing the firing cycle. Straight-walled cartridges are used in this operation as they are less prone to rupturing than tapered (conical) cartridges in firearms with bolt operations that instantly retract rounds when under high pressure from the chamber when firing. The Pedersen Remington Model 51 pistol, SIG MKMO submachine gun and R51 pistol are the only production firearms to have used this design. Flywheel delayed blowback This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Flywheel delayed blowback operation is where, during firing, the bolt opening is delayed by the rotational inertia of a flywheel. This is driven by a rack and pinion arrangement on the bolt carrier. The Barnitzke, Kazachok SMG, and the MGD PM-9 uses this operation. Toggle-delayed Operation of the Schwarzlose machine gun. Image from Pedersen patent describing toggle-delayed blowback mechanism as used in his rifle In toggle-delayed blowback firearms, the rearward motion of the breechblock must overcome significant mechanical leverage. The bolt is hinged in the middle, stationary at the rear end and nearly straight at rest. As the breech moves back under blowback power, the hinge joint moves upward. The leverage disadvantage keeps the breech from opening until the bullet has left the barrel and pressures have dropped to a safe level. This mechanism was used on the Pedersen rifle and Schwarzlose MG M.07/12 machine gun. Off-axis bolt travel John Browning developed this simple method whereby the axis of bolt movement was not in line with that of the bore probably during late WWI and patented it in 1921. The result was that a small rearward movement of the bolt in relation to the bore-axis required a greater movement along the axis of bolt movement, essentially magnifying the resistance of the bolt without increasing its mass. The French MAS-38 submachine gun of 1938 utilizes a bolt whose path of recoil is at an angle to the barrel. The Jatimatic and KRISS Vector use modified versions of this concept. Radial-delayed Radial-delayed blowback. CMMG introduced the MkG carbine incorporating a radial-delay in 2017. This system uses the rotation of the bolt head to accelerate the bolt carrier of an AR-15 pattern rifle. The bolt locking lugs are adapted to incorporate 120° angles that rotate the bolt as it travels rearward under conventional blowback power. As the bolt rotates 22.5˚, it must accelerate the bolt carrier to the rear through an adapted 50° angle cam-pin slot. This acceleration amplifies the effective mass of the bolt carrier, slowing the speed of the bolt head. This delay allows pressure to drop prior to extraction without the penalty of a heavier bolt carrier assembly. The system is similar to roller and lever-delayed blowback in that it uses the mass of the bolt carrier moving at a faster rate than the bolt head to delay the action from opening. The design is described in U.S. patent 10,436,530. Screw-delayed First used on the Mannlicher Model 1893 automatic rifle, the bolt in screw-delayed blowback uses a turn bolt that was delayed by angled interrupted threads delayed by a quarter twist to unlock. John T. Thompson designed an autorifle that operated on a similar principle around 1920 and submitted it for trials with the US Army. This rifle, submitted multiple times, competed unsuccessfully against the Pedersen rifle and Garand primer-actuated rifle in early testing to replace the M1903 Springfield rifle. This operation is one of the most simple forms of delayed blowback but unless the ammunition is lubricated or uses a fluted chamber, the recoil can be volatile especially when using full length rifle rounds. Rotation of the bolt should be at least 90° to prevent ruptured cartridges. Another form of this operation using a helical screw to delay rearward movement was the Salvator-Dormus M1893 machine gun and later the prototype Kalashnikov Model 1942 submachine gun in 1942 and the Fox Wasp carbine. Other blowback systems Floating chamber David Marshall Williams (a noted designer for the U.S. Ordnance Office and later Winchester) developed a mechanism to allow firearms designed for full-sized cartridges to fire .22 caliber rimfire ammunition reliably. His system used a small "piston" that incorporates the chamber. When the cartridge is fired, the front of the floating chamber is thrust back by gas pressure impinging on the front of the chamber as in a traditional piston. This, added to the blowback energy imparted on the cartridge, pushes the bolt back with greater energy than either force alone. Often described as "accelerated blowback", this amplifies the otherwise anemic recoil energy of the .22 Rimfire cartridge. Williams designed a training version of the Browning machine gun and the Colt Service Ace .22 long rifle version of the M1911 using his system. The increased recoil produced by the floating chamber made these training guns behave more like their full-power counterparts while still using inexpensive low-power ammunition. The floating chamber is both a blowback and gas operated mechanism. Primer actuated Primer actuated blowback. Primer actuated firearms use the energy of primer setback to unlock and cycle the firearm. John Garand developed the system in an unsuccessful bid to replace the M1903 bolt-action rifle in the early 1920s. Garand's prototypes worked well with US military .30-06 ammunition and uncrimped primers, but then the military changed from a fast burning gunpowder to a progressive burning Improved Military Rifle (IMR) powder. The slower pressure rise made the primer actuated prototypes unreliable, so Garand abandoned the design for a gas operated rifle that became the M1 Garand. AAI Corporation used a primer piston in a rifle submitted for the SPIW competition. Other rifles to use this system were the Postnikov APT and Clarke carbine as described in U.S. patent 2,401,616. A similar system is used in the spotting rifles on the LAW 80 and Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon use a 9mm, .308 Winchester based cartridge with a .22 Hornet blank cartridge in place of the primer. Upon firing, the Hornet case sets back a short distance, unlocking the action. Case setback The case cartridge itself has been used experimentally to actuate the action similar to Garand's primer-actuation. Known prototypes using this method of operation include two 1936 rifle designs, one by Mihail Mamontov and another by Makar Goryainov at TsKB-14, and a 1980s design by A.F. Barishev. The Mamontov and Goryainov rifles are only partially automatic; only the bolt unlocking is powered by the gases pushing the cartridge back, while the rest of the cycle (ejection, reloading) is done manually as in a traditional bolt-action rifle. A major problem with using the case cartridge as piston is that its motion is much faster (about 1 ms) compared to tapping gas further down the bore through a piston—about 5 ms in the Dragunov sniper rifle, which used the same cartridge as Mamontov's rifle. Barishev made a fully automatic, but rather bulky mechanism that used a mechanical delay. In his system, the case cartridge pushed back a tilting bolt face, that upon reaching a certain angle pushes backwards an unlocking lever that continues farther before unlocking the bolt. The GRAU however still gave a negative evaluation of Barishev's gun, pointing out that the main problems with reliability of firearms using the cartridge case as a piston were known since the 1930s and still unsolved. Limited-utility designs Blish lock Main article: Blish lock The Blish Lock is a breech locking mechanism designed by John Bell Blish based upon his observation that under extreme pressures, certain dissimilar metals will resist movement with a force greater than normal friction laws would predict. In modern engineering terminology, it is called static friction, or stiction. His locking mechanism was used in the Thompson submachine gun, Autorifle and Autocarbine designs. This dubious principle was later eliminated as redundant in the M1 and M1A1 versions of the submachine guns at the insistence of the US Army. Lubrication or fouling would completely defeat any delay. Whatever actual advantage a clean, unlubricated Blish system could impart could also be attained by adding a mere ounce of mass to the bolt. Savage rotating barrel The Savage system employed the theory that the rifling in the barrel caused a rotational force that would hold the gun locked until the projectile left the barrel. It was later discovered that the bullet had left the barrel long before any locking could occur. Savage pistols were in fact operating as simple blow back firearms. The French MAB PA-15 and PA-8 9mm pistols feature a similar design and work correctly. Headspace actuated unlocking An unusual operation that uses a bolt head that moves rearwards when firing that allows the cartridge to move backwards or even stretching it until the bolt unlocks. When firing the cartridge moves the bolt head rearwards around 2.5mm until it stops, then rotates the bolt to unlock and cycle the operation. Magnet delay An operation using a "simple blowback" type bolt that has neodymium magnets to delay its operation. A special buffer using this operation has been developed by TACCOM. Other autoloading systems Other autoloading systems are: Blow forward, which is similar to blowback, but with the whole barrel being pushed forward rather than the bolt pushed back. Recoil operation uses the rearward movement of parts of the weapon counter to the ejecta (bullet and propellant) moving forward, as described by Newton's third law of motion. Gas-operated reloading See also List of blow forward firearms List of delayed-blowback firearms List of API blowback firearms References ^ a b c d Chinn 1955, p. 3 ^ Walter H. B. Smith, Rifles, Military Service Publishing Co., 1948, "blowback semiautomatic operation" pp.88-89. ^ a b c d Chinn 1955, p. 11 ^ Birch, Thomas (1756). "The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge, from Its First Rise: In which the Most Considerable of Those Papers Communicated to the Society, which Have Hitherto Not Been Published, are Inserted in Their Proper Order, as a Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions". ^ office, Great Britain Patent; Woodcroft, Bennet (23 December 2017). "Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements: A.D. 1588–1858-Pt. II. A.D. 1858–1866". Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, pub. at the Great seal patent office. p. 174. ^ "HyperWar: The Machine Gun (Vol. /Part )". Ibiblio.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ^ "Improved automatic cannon". ^ "Improvement in breech-loadimx fire-arms". ^ "Hieam stevens maxim". ^ Patents for Inventions. Abridgments of Specifications, Volume 19. Great Britain. 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Williams, Rapid Fire, Airlife UK 2000, pages 63-68 ^ Anthony G. Williams, Flying Gun World War I, Airlife UK 2003, pages 89-90 ^ Automatic Weapons Archived 2013-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, AMC pamphlet no. 706-260, February 1970, page 2-47 ^ Anthony G. Williams, Rapid Fire, Airlife UK 2000, pages 65 and 166 ^ Forgotten Weapons (2012-11-19), Last Ditch Innovation: The Development of the Gerat 06 and Gerat 06H Rifles, archived from the original on 2021-12-12, retrieved 2017-11-30 ^ Stevens, R. Blake, Full Circle: A Treatise on Roller Locking, Collector Grade Publications (2006). ISBN 0-88935-400-6. ^ Do You Know Your HK’s Parents? ^ Woźniak, Ryszard. Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej – tom 2 G-Ł. Bellona. 2001. pp. 7–10. ^ How Does It Work: Roller Delayed Blowback ^ Actions: Blowback Action: Roller Delayed Blowback ^ How Roller-Delayed Firearms Work and Why it Matters ^ "Roller and bearing delayed firearm operating systems". ^ "Bearing Delay Upper Receiver \| Mean Arms". ^ U.S. patent 1,410,270 ^ "Gun automatics: Delayed blowback action". 7 January 2018. ^ Popenker, Maxim (27 October 2010). "GIAT FAMAS assault rifle (France)". Modern Firearms. Archived from the original on 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2017-06-26. ^ French Patent FR949973A Mécanisme de retard à l'ouverture de culasse d'arme à feu, Published 1949-09-14 ^ Пономарёв, Юрий (September 2006), история: малоизвестное оружие второй мировой войны: Автомат Хорна (PDF), КАЛАШНИКОВ. ОРУЖИЕ, БОЕПРИПАСЫ, СНАРЯЖЕНИЕ (Kalasnikov: Weapons, ammunition, equipment) (in Russian): 20–26, archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-04-08, retrieved 2013-08-17 ^ "High Standard T3 Prototype: An American Blowback at James D Julia". 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-04-14. Retrieved 2017-04-13. ^ "The Mann .25 Pistol". Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-29. ^ "L.W. Seecamp Co. - Care & Maintenance". Archived from the original on 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2017-02-27. ^ "AMT Automag II-V". 22 October 2010. Archived from the original on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-03-29. ^ "Detroit's Short-Lived Kimball .30 Carbine Pistol". 29 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-29. ^ "The SG510 Assault Rifle of Switzerland". Archived from the original on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2017-02-23. ^ https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150247694A1/en ^ https://patents.google.com/patent/US9395135B2/en ^ U.S. patent 1,737,974 ^ Cliff Carlisle, Japanese Pedersen Semi Auto Rifles & Carbines Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, www.carbinesforcollectors.com article ^ a b Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2003). How It Works: Science and Technology. Marshall Cavendish. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-7614-7314-5. Archived from the original on 2017-03-28. Retrieved 2016-11-02. ^ Automatic Weapons Archived 2013-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, AMC pamphlet no. 706-260, February 1970, page 2-40 ^ "Система запирания канала оружейных стволов Patent RU2529303". Archived from the original on 2018-10-08. Retrieved 2018-10-07. ^ Hatcher, Julian, Hatcher's Notebook, The Military Service Press Company (1947), pp. 38-44. ISBN 0-8117-0795-4. ^ U.S. patent 1,457,961 ^ "Historical Firearms - the .30-18 Browning Autoloading Rifle the First". ^ Radial delayed blowback operating system, such as for ar 15 platform US20180142972A1 ^ "CMMG MkG45". Archived from the original on 2018-10-08. Retrieved 2018-10-08. ^ Repetier- und Automatische Handfeuer Waffen, Der systeme Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher ^ Hatcher, Julian (1983). Book of the Garand. Gun Room Pr. ISBN 0-88227-014-1. ^ Ordnance, The Thompson Autorifle Caliber .30 by H. E. Hartney, 1921, P150 ^ Ordnance, Volume 3-4, American Defense Preparedness Association 1922. THE PROBLEM OF AN INFANTRY RIFLE. Page 153 ^ Ширяев, Д. (2000). "Кто изобрел автомат Калашникова" . Солдат удачи (in Russian). 9 (72). ^ "Charles E. Petty, Delightful diversion, Guns Magazine, March, 2004". Archived from the original on 2007-09-02. Retrieved 2007-09-06. ^ S. P. Fjestad (1991). Blue Book of Gun Values, 13th Ed. Blue Book Publications, Incorporated. p. 291. ISBN 0-9625943-4-2. ^ a b Julian S. Hatcher (1962). Hatcher's Notebook. Stackpole Books. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-8117-0795-4. Archived from the original on 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2016-11-02. ^ "Experimental semi-automatic rifles by John Garand, 1919-1936". National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-12-28. the primer actuated device was doomed to failure as the .30 caliber cartridge did not lend itself to this type of operation ^ Flirting With Flechettes: The US Army's Search for the Ideal Rifle Projectile Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Cruffler.com May 2000 article ^ "Clarke carbine". 27 October 2010. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-03-13. ^ "9 x 51mm SMAW - International Ammunition Association". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2008-06-30. ^ Р. Чумак, ГИЛЬЗОВЫЙ ДВИГАТЕЛЬ. О необычных системах автоматики Archived May 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Kalashnikov magazine 2012/11, pp. 72-77 ^ Soviet Submachine Guns Of World War II. Chris McNab, Osprey Publishing,2014. ^ Army Ordnance, December 1920 ^ Hatcher, Julian (1947), Hatchers Notebook, The Military Service Press Company, pp. 259–261, ISBN 0-8117-0795-4 ^ "Firearm". ^ "Headspace-Operated Prototype Rifle – Yeah, it's as Weird as it Sounds". 28 December 2020. ^ "TACCOM Delayed Blowback 9mm Recoil System with Neodymium Magnets -". 2 July 2019. Bibliography Bremner, Derek, The MG42V and the Origins of Delayed Blowback Roller Lock: WWII German Equipment (Paperback). ISBN 0-9533792-0-5. Chinn, George M. (1955). The Machine Gun, Volume IV: Design Analysis of Automatic Firing Mechanisms and Related Components. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blowback operation. How Does it Work: Blowback Action Forgotten Weapons How Does it Work: Gas-Delayed Blowback Forgotten Weapons How Does It Work: Lever Delayed Blowback Forgotten Weapons How Does It Work: Roller Delayed Blowback Forgotten Weapons How Does It Work: Toggle Actions Forgotten Weapons Radial Delayed Blowback Radial Delayed Blowback Information about the TZ45 submachine gun and the concept of advanced primer ignition Blowback action, Animation and explanation at howstuffworks.com Heckler and Koch USA now uses the "roller-delayed blowback" terminology Blow-Forward operated submachine gun patent Blow-Forward firearm patent Kewish primer actuated patent (1/4 assigned to Garand) US1603684 Garand patent making reference to earlier primer actuated application in 1919. Burke v US, 67 F.Supp 827 (1947) has comment about Kewish and Garand. 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carry in the U.S. License High-capacity magazine ban Right to bear arms Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW) United States Gun Laws (by U.S. state) Legislation Politics Federal Assault Weapons Ban	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm"},{"link_name":"firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm"},{"link_name":"cartridge case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_case"},{"link_name":"propellant charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellant_charge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn-1"},{"link_name":"bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"breech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"gas operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn-1"},{"link_name":"delayed blowback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_blowback"},{"link_name":"blow forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_forward"},{"link_name":"gas operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading"},{"link_name":"recoil operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil_operation"}],"text":"Blowback is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gas created by the ignition of the propellant charge.[1]Several blowback systems exist within this broad principle of operation, each distinguished by the methods used to control bolt movement. In most actions that use blowback operation, the breech is not locked mechanically at the time of firing: the inertia of the bolt and recoil spring(s), relative to the weight of the bullet, delay opening of the breech until the bullet has left the barrel.[2] A few locked breech designs use a form of blowback (example: primer actuation) to perform the unlocking function.The blowback principle may be considered a simplified form of gas operation, since the cartridge case behaves like a piston driven by the powder gases.[1] Other operating principles for self-loading firearms include delayed blowback, blow forward, gas operation, and recoil operation.","title":"Blowback (firearms)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn_11-3"},{"link_name":"projectile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile"},{"link_name":"bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet"},{"link_name":"gun barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrel"},{"link_name":"closed system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system"},{"link_name":"muzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_(firearm)"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"muzzle blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_blast"},{"link_name":"jet propulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_propulsion"},{"link_name":"recoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn_11-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn_11-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn_11-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn-1"},{"link_name":"George M. Chinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Chinn"},{"link_name":"gas operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_operation"},{"link_name":"recoil operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil_operation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn-1"}],"text":"In firearms, a blowback system is generally defined as an operating system in which energy to operate the firearm's various mechanisms, and automate the loading of another cartridge, is derived from the inertia of the spent cartridge case being pushed out the rear of the chamber by rapidly expanding gases produced by a burning propellant, typically gunpowder.[3] When a projectile (e.g. bullet) is still within the gun barrel, the high-pressure propellant gas behind it is contained within what could be seen as a closed system; but at the moment it exits the muzzle, this functional seal is broken, allowing the propellant gas to be suddenly released in an explosive muzzle blast. The expanding gas also creates a jet propulsion effect rearward in the barrel against the spent cartridge case. This \"blowback\" is the predominant component of the recoil.[3] Some guns use energy from blowback to perform the automatic bolt cycling /reloading process, while others will use a portion of the blowback to operate only certain parts of the cycle or simply use the blowback energy to enhance the operational energy from another system of automatic operation.[3]What is common to all blowback systems is that the cartridge case must move under the direct action of the powder pressure, therefore any gun in which the bolt is not rigidly locked, and permitted to move while there remains gas pressure in the chamber, will undergo a degree of blowback action.[3] The energy from the expansion of gases upon firing appears in the form of kinetic energy transmitted to the bolt mechanism, which is controlled and used to operate the firearm's operation cycle. The extent to which blowback is employed largely depends on the manner used to control the movement of the bolt and the proportion of energy drawn from other systems of operation.[1] How the movement of the bolt is controlled is where blowback systems differ. Blowback operation is most often divided into three categories, all using residual pressure to complete the cycle of operation: \"simple blowback\" (often just \"blowback\"), \"delayed/retarded blowback\", and \"advanced primer ignition\".Relating blowback to other types of automatic firearm operation, George M. Chinn wrote that: \"In the larger sense, blowback might well be considered a special form of gas operation. This is reasonable because the cartridge case may be conceived of as a sort of piston driven by the powder gases. Actually, blowback involves so many special problems that it is best considered to be in a class by itself. The question whether or not it should be included within the more general class of gas operation or recoil operation is purely academic. The important point is that it partakes some of the properties of both classes and, depending on the particular problem at hand, may be considered to be either one.\"[1]","title":"Principle of operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Henry Bessemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hiram Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Maxim"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1663 a mention is made in the journal of the Royal Society for that year of an engineer who came to Prince Rupert with an automatic weapon, though how it worked is unknown.[4] In 1854 a hydropneumatically delayed-blowback cannon was patented by Henry Bessemer.[5] In 1856 a crank-operated cannon with a blowback-operated cocking mechanism was patented in the US by Charles E. Barnes.[6][7] In 1876 a single-shot breech-loading rifle with an automatic breech-opening and cocking mechanism using a form of blowback was patented in Britain and America by the American Bernard Fasoldt.[8] In 1883 Hiram Maxim patented a blowback-operated rifle. In 1884 he would also patent a toggle-lock delayed-blowback-operated rifle.[9] Also in 1884, a few months after Maxim, a British patent for blowback-operated pistols and rifles was filed by Richard Paulson.[10] In 1887 a patent was filed by an American inventor called Carl J. Bjerkness for a blowback-operated rifle.[11][12] In 1888 a delayed-blowback machine gun known as the Skoda was invented by Grand Duke Karl Salvator and Colonel von Dormus of Austria.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firearm_simple_blowback_animation.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammerless380.jpg"},{"link_name":".380 ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.380_ACP"},{"link_name":"Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Model_1903_Pocket_Hammerless"},{"link_name":"slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_slide"},{"link_name":"fires from an open bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_bolt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"9×19mm Parabellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum"},{"link_name":".25 ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.25_ACP"},{"link_name":".32 ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.32_ACP"},{"link_name":".380 ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.380_ACP"},{"link_name":"9×18mm Makarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%C3%9718mm_Makarov"},{"link_name":"Hi-Point Firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Point_Firearms"},{"link_name":".40 S&W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.40_S%26W"},{"link_name":".45 ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.45_ACP"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":".22LR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle"},{"link_name":"rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"carbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbine"},{"link_name":"submachine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_gun"},{"link_name":".22 Long Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle"},{"link_name":"Marlin Model 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_Model_60"},{"link_name":"Ruger 10/22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruger_10/22"},{"link_name":"MP 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP_40"},{"link_name":"Sten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten"},{"link_name":"UZI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UZI"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Winchester Model 1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Model_1905"},{"link_name":"1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Model_1907"},{"link_name":"1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Model_1910"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"semi-automatic pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistols"},{"link_name":"short recoil system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil_operation"},{"link_name":"Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Browning#Products"},{"link_name":"slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_slide"},{"link_name":"powerful cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition"}],"text":"Animation of simple blowback operationThe .380 ACP Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless uses simple blowback. The mass of the slide is enough to delay opening of the chamber until pressure has dropped.The blowback (sometimes referred to as \"simple\", \"straight\" or \"pure\" blowback) system represents the most basic auto loading operation type. In a blowback mechanism, the bolt rests against the rear of the barrel, but is not locked in place. At the point of ignition, expanding gases push the bullet forward through the barrel while at the same time pushing the case rearward against the bolt. The expanding gases push the bolt assembly to the rear, but the motion is slowed by the mass of the bolt, internal friction, and the force required to compress the action spring. The design must ensure that the delay is long enough that the bullet exits the barrel before the cartridge case clears the chamber. The empty case is ejected as the bolt travels to the rear. The stored energy of the compressed action spring then drives the bolt forward (although not until the trigger is pulled if the weapon fires from an open bolt). A new cartridge is stripped from the magazine and chambered as the bolt returns to its in-battery position.The blowback system is practical for firearms using relatively low-power cartridges with lighter weight bullets. Higher power cartridges require heavier bolts to keep the breech from opening prematurely; at some point, the bolt becomes too heavy to be practical. For an extreme example, a 20 mm cannon using simple blowback and lubricated cartridges would need a 500-pound (230 kg) bolt to keep the cartridge safely in the barrel during the first few milliseconds. Yet the bolt must cycle far enough back to eject the spent casing and load a new round, which would limit the return spring to an average force of 60 pounds-force (270 N). The resulting system, if it could be built, would not have enough energy to cycle reliably or even keep the bolt closed when the gun is tilted up.[14]Due to the required bolt weight, blowback designs in pistols are generally limited to calibers smaller than 9×19mm Parabellum (e.g., .25 ACP, .32 ACP, .380 ACP, 9×18mm Makarov, etc.) There are exceptions such as the simple blowback pistols from Hi-Point Firearms which include models chambered in .40 S&W and .45 ACP.[15] Simple blowback operation can also be found in small-bore (such as .22LR) semi-automatic rifles, carbines and submachine guns. Most simple blowback rifles are chambered for the .22 Long Rifle cartridge. Popular examples include the Marlin Model 60 and the Ruger 10/22. Most blowback carbines and submachine guns are chambered for pistol cartridges such as the 9×19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W and .45 ACP. Examples include the MP 40, Sten and UZI. The bolt can be made bigger and more massive in these weapons than in handguns, as they are intrinsically heavier and designed, ideally at least, to be fired with both hands, often with the aid of a shoulder stock; and these factors help to ameliorate the disruption to the shooter's aim caused by the heavy bolt's movement. Consequently, simple blowback is adequate for somewhat more powerful rounds in submachine guns than in standard pistols. One of the very few known simple blowback firearms capable of firing fully powered rifle cartridges was the Brixia 930 light machine gun, that required a large bolt to handle the pressure of the round as well as a spring buffer shock absorbing butt plate on the stock to handle recoil.[16][17] There were also a few rifles that chambered cartridges specifically designed for blowback operation. Examples include the Winchester Model 1905, 1907 and 1910. The only known assault rifle to use simple blowback was the Burton Model 1917.[18]Although simple blowback is limited to guns using low-power rounds, it is so efficient that in small-calibre semi-automatic pistols it has become almost ubiquitous. Heavier calibre semiautomatic handguns typically employ a short recoil system, of which by far the most common type are Browning-derived designs which rely on a locking barrel and slide assembly instead of blowback. But blowback guns can be used to fire powerful cartridges if they are of the other two types: API or delayed blowback.","title":"Simple blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MK108_bolt_cycle_AB.png"},{"link_name":"MK 108 cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_108_cannon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MK108_bolt_cycle_CD.png"},{"link_name":"MK 108 cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_108_cannon"},{"link_name":"out-of-battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-battery"},{"link_name":"Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_65_M_(montagne)_modele_1906"},{"link_name":"inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia"},{"link_name":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn_31-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Becker Type M2 20 mm cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becker_Type_M2_20_mm_cannon"},{"link_name":"Oerlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinn_31-19"},{"link_name":"rebated rims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_(firearms)#Rebated_rim"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_63-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_89-22"},{"link_name":"SSG36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_SSG36"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_63-21"},{"link_name":"synchronized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_gear"},{"link_name":"United States Army Materiel Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"MG FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_FF"},{"link_name":"mine shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_shell"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_166-24"},{"link_name":"MK 108 cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_108_cannon"},{"link_name":"Mk 19 grenade launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk_19_grenade_launcher"},{"link_name":"AGS-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGS-30"}],"text":"MK 108 cannon bolt cycle (part I)\n MK 108 cannon bolt cycle (part II)In the API blowback design, the primer is ignited when the bolt is still moving forward and before the cartridge is fully chambered (akin to the fire-out-of-battery principle used in some mountain guns like Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906, although there the bolt is locked and whole ordnance is moving at fire). This requires a very careful design to ensure the proper balance and equalization of forces between the projectile weight, propellant charge, barrel length, bolt weight, and return spring strength. In a simple blowback design, the propellant gases have to overcome static inertia to accelerate the bolt rearwards to open the breech. In an API blowback, they first have to do the work of overcoming forward momentum to arrest the forward motion of the bolt. Because the forward and rearward speeds of the bolt tend to be approximately the same, the API blowback allows the weight of the bolt to be halved.[19] Because the momentum of the two opposed bolt motions cancels out over time, the API blowback design results in reduced recoil.Advanced primer ignition (API) was originally developed by Reinhold Becker[20] for use on the Becker Type M2 20 mm cannon. It became a feature of a wide range of designs that can be traced back to Becker's, including the Oerlikon cannon widely used as anti-aircraft weapons during World War II.To increase performance of API blowback firearms,[19] larger calibre APIB guns such as the Becker and Oerlikon use extended chambers, longer than is necessary to contain the round, and ammunition for APIB firearms come with straight-sided cartridges with rebated rims (rims that are smaller in diameter than the cartridge itself).[21] The last part of forward motion and the first part of the rearward motion of the case and bolt happen within the confines of this extended chamber. As long as the gas pressure in the barrel is high, the walls of the case remain supported and the breach sealed, although the case is sliding rearwards. This sliding motion of the case, while it is expanded by a high internal gas pressure, risks tearing it apart, and a common solution is to grease the ammunition to reduce the friction. The case needs to have a rebated rim because the front end of the bolt will enter the chamber, and the extractor claw hooked over the rim therefore has to fit also within the diameter of the chamber. The case generally has very little neck, because this remains unsupported during the firing cycle and is generally deformed; a strongly necked case would be likely to split.The API blowback design permits the use of more powerful ammunition in a lighter gun than would be achieved by using simple blowback, and the reduction of felt recoil results in further weight savings. The original Becker cannon, firing 20×70mmRB ammunition, was developed to be carried by World War I aircraft, and weighed only 30 kg.[22] Oerlikon even produced an anti-tank rifle firing 20×110mmRB ammunition using the API blowback operation, the SSG36. On the other hand, because the design imposes a very close relationship between bolt mass, chamber length, spring strength, ammunition power and rate of fire, in APIB guns high rate of fire and high muzzle velocity tend to be mutually exclusive.[21] API blowback guns also have to fire from an open bolt, which is not conducive to accuracy and also prevents synchronized fire through an aircraft propeller arc.According to a United States Army Materiel Command engineering course from 1970, \"The advanced primer ignition gun is superior to the simple blowback because of its higher firing rate and lower recoil momentum. However, favorable performance depends on timing that must be precise. A slight delay in primer function, and the gun reverts to a simple blowback without the benefit of a massive bolt and stiffer driving spring to soften the recoil impact. [...] The exacting requirements in design and construction of gun and ammunition reduce this type almost to the point of academic interest only.\"[23]API mechanisms are very sensitive to the ammunition used. For example, when the Germans switched their MG FF (an Oerlikon FFF derivative) to their new, lighter mine shell, they had to rebalance the spring strength and bolt weight of the gun, resulting in a new MG FF/M model with ammunition not being interchangeable between the two models.[24] The 30 mm MK 108 cannon was perhaps the apogee of API blowback technology during World War II.The principle is also used in some automatic grenade launchers, for example in the US Mk 19 grenade launcher or Russian AGS-30.","title":"Advanced primer ignition (API) blowback"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended chamber blowback","text":"A closed bolt firing equivalent of Advanced Primer Ignition that uses straight-sided rebated rim cartridges in an extended deeper chambering to contain the gas pressure slightly longer until it reaches a safe level to extract. This operation is almost similar to a simple blowback operation, API blowback firearms that have fired the round at the point where the cartridge is fully chambered operate in a similar way.","title":"Advanced primer ignition (API) blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rifle-caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge"},{"link_name":"FAMAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAMAS"},{"link_name":"AA-52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-52"},{"link_name":"G3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3"},{"link_name":"fluted chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluting_(firearms)#In_barrel_chamber"}],"text":"For more powerful rounds that cannot be safely used in simple blowback, or in order to obtain a lighter mechanism than the simple format can provide, the alternative to API is some system of delayed or retarded blowback, in which the bolt is never fully locked, but is initially held in place, sealing the cartridge in the chamber by the mechanical resistance of one of various designs of delaying mechanism. As with the resistance provided by momentum in API, it takes a fraction of a second for the propellant gases to overcome this and start moving cartridge and bolt backwards; this very brief delay is sufficient for the bullet to leave the muzzle and for the internal pressure in the barrel to decrease to a safe level. The bolt and cartridge are then pushed to the rear by the residual gas pressure.Because of high pressures, rifle-caliber delayed blowback firearms, such as the FAMAS, AA-52 and G3, typically have fluted chambers to ease extraction. Below are various forms of delayed-blowback actions:","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roller_delayed_blowback_action.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G3_Bolt.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DCB_Shooting_G3_Roller_system3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Patent_3283435_8-Nov-1966_BREECH_CLOSURE_Theodor_Koch.png"},{"link_name":"MP5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MP5"},{"link_name":"submachine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"StG 45(M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StG_45(M)"},{"link_name":"assault rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_rifle"},{"link_name":"Mauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser"},{"link_name":"Gerät 06H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StG_45(M)"},{"link_name":"roller-locked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_locked"},{"link_name":"recoil operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil_operation"},{"link_name":"MG 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_42"},{"link_name":"Gerät 03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewehr_43#Ger%C3%A4t_03_prototype"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Stähle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_St%C3%A4hle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Vorgrimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Vorgrimler"},{"link_name":"Ott-Helmuth von Lossnitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ott-Helmuth_von_Lossnitzer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mauser Werke's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser"},{"link_name":"Karl Maier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Maier"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"StG 45(M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StG_45(M)"},{"link_name":"chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"Großfuß (de)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall-_und_Lackwarenfabrik_Johannes_Gro%C3%9Ffu%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"Rheinmetall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall"},{"link_name":"C.G. Haenel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.G._Haenel"},{"link_name":"MG 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_45"},{"link_name":"Theodor Löffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_L%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Centre d'Etudes et d'Armament de Mulhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelier_M%C3%A9canique_de_Mulhouse"},{"link_name":"CETME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETME"},{"link_name":"CETME battle rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETME_rifle"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"SIG SG 510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_SG_510"},{"link_name":"Heckler & Koch G3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wo%C5%BAniak-28"},{"link_name":"bolt thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_thrust"},{"link_name":"MP5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MP5"},{"link_name":"submachine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"Heckler & Koch P9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P9"},{"link_name":"CETME Ameli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETME_Ameli"},{"link_name":"SIG MG 710-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_MG_710-3"},{"link_name":"Heckler & Koch HK21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_HK21"},{"link_name":"headspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"feeler gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeler_gauge"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Roller-delayed","text":"Roller-delayed blowback-operated breech for automatic weaponsA schematic of the G3 roller-delayed blowback mechanismCutaway model of the chamber with gas relief flutes (left) and roller-delayed action of the G3 battle rifleA schematic of the roller-delayed blowback mechanism used in the MP5 submachine gun. This system had its origins in the late-war StG 45(M) assault rifle prototype.Roller-delayed blowback was first used in Mauser's Gerät 06H prototype. Roller-delayed blowback operation differs from roller-locked recoil operation as seen in the MG 42 and gas operated roller locked, as seen in the Gerät 03 and Gerät 06.[25] Unlike the MG 42, in roller-delayed blowback the barrel is fixed and does not recoil, and unlike the Gerät 03 and Gerät 06 and StG 44, roller-delayed blowback systems lack a gas piston. These omissions are conducive to relatively light construction by significantly reducing the number of parts required and the amount of machining required to produce a rifle. As the bolt head is driven rearward, rollers on the sides of the bolt are driven inward against a tapered bolt carrier extension. This forces the bolt carrier rearward at a much greater velocity and delays movement of the bolt head. The primary advantage of roller-delayed blowback is the simplicity of the design compared to gas or recoil operation.[26]The roller-delayed blowback firearm action was patented by Mauser's Wilhelm Stähle and Ludwig Vorgrimler. Though appearing simple, its development during World War II was a hard technical and personal effort, as German engineering, mathematical and other scientists had to work together on a like-it-or-not basis led by Ott-Helmuth von Lossnitzer, the director of Mauser Werke's Weapons Research Institute and Weapons Development Group. Experiments showed roller-delayed blowback firearms exhibited bolt-bounce as the bolt opened at an extreme velocity of approximately 20 m/s (66 ft/s) during automatic fire. To counter bolt-bounce the perfect angle choice on the nose of the bolt head had to be found to significantly reduce the opening velocity of the bolt. The extremely high bolt carrier velocities problem was not solved by trial and error. Mathematician Karl Maier provided analysis of the components and assemblies in the development project.[27] In December 1943 Maier came up with an equation that engineers used to change the angles in the receiver to 45° and 27° on the locking piece relative to the longitudinal axis reducing the bolt-bounce problem. With these angles the geometrical transmission ratio of the bolt carrier to the bolthead became 3:1, so the rear bolt carrier was forced to move 3 times faster than the bolthead. The rearward forces on the bolt carrier and receiver were 2:1. The force and impulse transmitted to the receiver increases with the force and impulse transmitted to the bolt carrier. Making the bolt carrier heavier lessens the recoil velocity. For Mausers StG 45(M) project Maier assumed a 120 g (4.2 oz) bolt head and 360 g (12.7 oz) bolt carrier (1 to 3 ratio). The prototype StG 45 (M) assault rifle had 18 longitudinal gas relief flutes cut in the chamber wall to assist the bloated cartridge casing from the chamber walls during extraction. Fluting the end of the chamber provides pressure equalization between the front outer surface of the cartridge case and its interior and thus ensures extraction without tearing the case making extraction easier and more reliable. In 1944 other German companies like Großfuß (de), Rheinmetall and C.G. Haenel showed interest in developing roller-delayed blowback small arms. Großfuß worked on a roller-delayed blowback MG 45 general-purpose machine gun that, like the StG 45 (M), had not progressed beyond the prototype stage by the end of World War II.After World War II, former Mauser engineers Ludwig Vorgrimler and Theodor Löffler perfected the mechanism between 1946 and 1950 while working for the French small arms manufacturer Centre d'Etudes et d'Armament de Mulhouse (CEAM). In 1950 Ludwig Vorgrimler was recruited to work for CETME in Spain. The first full-scale production rifle to utilize roller-delay was the Spanish CETME battle rifle, which was closely followed by the Swiss SIG SG 510 and the CETME Model B-based Heckler & Koch G3. The G3 bolt features an anti-bounce mechanism that prevents the bolt from bouncing off the barrel's breech surface.[28] The G3's \"bolt head locking lever\" is a spring-loaded claw mounted on the bolt carrier that grabs the bolt head as the bolt carrier group goes into battery. The lever essentially ratchets into place with friction, providing enough resistance to being re-opened that the bolt carrier does not rebound. Due to the relative low bolt thrust exhibited by pistol cartridges the anti-bounce mechanism is omitted by Heckler & Koch on their roller-delayed blowback firearms chambered for pistols cartridges. Heckler & Koch's MP5 submachine gun is the most common weapon still in service worldwide using this system. The Heckler & Koch P9 semi-automatic pistol, CETME Ameli light machine gun, SIG MG 710-3, Heckler & Koch HK21 and Ohio Ordnance REAPR general-purpose machine guns also use it.Roller-delayed blowback arms are ammunition specific, since they lack an adjustable gas port or valve to adjust the arm to various propellant and projectile specific pressure behavior. Their reliable functioning is limited by specific ammunition and arm parameters like bullet weight, propellant charge, barrel length and amount of wear. At the moment of cartridge ignition the chamber has to be and remain sealed, until the bullet has exited the barrel and the gas pressure within the bore has dropped to a safe level before the seal is broken and chamber starts to open. For obtaining a proper and safe functioning parameters bandwidth arms manufactures offer a variety of locking pieces with different mass and shoulder angles and cylindrical rollers with different diameters. The angles are critical and determine the unlock timing and gas pressure drop management as the locking piece acts in unison with the bolt head carrier. The bolt gap width determines the headspace and hence the correct positioning of the cartridges in the (closed) chamber. Due to usage wear the bolt gap between the locking piece and bolt head carrier is expected to gradually increase. It can be determined and checked by a feeler gauge measurement and can be altered by changing the cylindrical rollers for rollers with a different diameter. Installing larger diameter rollers will increase the bolt gap and push the locking piece forward. Installing smaller diameter rollers results in the reverse effects.[29][30][31]","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BearingDelay.jpg"},{"link_name":"MEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.meanarms.com/"},{"link_name":"Bearing Delay Upper Receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.meanarms.com/products/detail/bearing-delay-upper-receiver"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 11,371,789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US11371789"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 11,543,195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US11543195"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 11,781,824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US11781824"}],"sub_title":"Bearing delay","text":"Exploded view of primary components for bearing delay bolt carrier groupBearing delay blowback uses a plurality of ball bearings to delay the movement of the bolt carrier group after firing. MEAN introduced Bearing delay blowback in 2023 with their Bearing Delay Upper Receiver chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum. This system uses the movement of three ball bearings arranged approximately 120° apart from one another that move in a radial direction relative to the center of their bolt. The bearings engage corresponding pockets of the barrel extension when the bolt carrier group is in battery. The bearings are pushed outward due to spring pressure (e.g., a buffer spring) that compresses the carrier into the rear of the bolt. The carrier causes an internal component of the bolt carrier group named the lifter to push the bearings outward. The Lifter has angled grooves that interact with the bearings.[32] Bearing delay is designed to be tuned based on the user's preference or configuration of other components by swapping to a lifter with a different geometry. [33] The bearing delay design is described in U.S. patent 11,371,789, U.S. patent 11,543,195, and U.S. patent 11,781,824.","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAMAS_Bolt-gr.PNG"},{"link_name":"John Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pedersen_(arms_designer)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Pál Király","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kir%C3%A1ly"},{"link_name":"Danuvia 39M and 43M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danuvia_43M_submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal Carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Carbine"},{"link_name":"Benelli B76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelli_B76"},{"link_name":"FNAB-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNAB-43"},{"link_name":"TKB-517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKB-517"},{"link_name":"VAHAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAHAN_(firearm)"},{"link_name":"FAMAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAMAS"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Sterling 7.62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_submachine_gun#7.62_NATO_variant"},{"link_name":"AVB-7.62 battle rifles/light machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryshev_AVB-7.62"},{"link_name":"AA-52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-52_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Lever-delayed","text":"A schematic of the lever-delayed blowback mechanism used in the FAMAS assault rifle.Lever-delayed blowback utilizes leverage to put the bolt at a mechanical disadvantage, delaying the opening of the breech. When the cartridge pushes against the bolt face, the lever moves the bolt carrier rearward at an accelerated rate relative to the light bolt. Leverage can be applied with a dedicated part or through inclined surfaces interacting with each other. This leverage significantly increases resistance and slows the movement of the lightweight bolt. The reliable functioning of lever-delayed blowback arms is limited by specific ammunition and arm parameters like bullet weight, propellant charge, barrel length and amount of wear. John Pedersen patented one of the first known designs for a lever-delay system.[34] The mechanism was also used by Hungarian arms designer Pál Király in the 1910s and 1930s and used in the Danuvia 39M and 43M submachine guns for the Hungarian Army.[35] After World War II, Király settled in the Dominican Republic and developed the Cristóbal Carbine (or Király-Cristóbal Carbine) employing a similar mechanism. Other weapons to use this system are the Hogue Avenger and Benelli B76 pistols, the FNAB-43 submachine gun, the TKB-517, VAHAN and FAMAS[36] assault rifles, the Sterling 7.62 and AVB-7.62 battle rifles/light machine guns, and the AA-52 general-purpose machine gun.[37]","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gas-operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading"},{"link_name":"bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"propellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellant"},{"link_name":"7.92×33mm Kurz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.92%C3%9733mm_Kurz"},{"link_name":"Volkssturmgewehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkssturmgewehr"},{"link_name":"Grossfuss Sturmgewehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossfuss_Sturmgewehr"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalash-38"},{"link_name":"Heckler & Koch P7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P7"},{"link_name":"Walther CCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_CCP"},{"link_name":"Steyr GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyr_GB"},{"link_name":"M-77B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_77_pistol#M-77B"}],"sub_title":"Gas-delayed","text":"Gas-delayed blowback should not be confused with gas-operation. In gas-delayed guns the bolt is never locked, and so is pushed rearward by the expanding propellant gases, as in other blowback-based designs. However, propellant gases are vented from the barrel into a cylinder with a piston that delays the opening of the bolt. It was used by some World War II German designs for the 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge, including the Volkssturmgewehr rifle (with little effectiveness) and the Grossfuss Sturmgewehr (with slightly more efficiency),[38] and after the war by the Heckler & Koch P7, Walther CCP, Steyr GB and M-77B pistols.","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Seecamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seecamp"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"SIG SG 510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_SG_510"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Chamber-ring delayed","text":"When a cartridge is fired, the case expands to seal the sides of the chamber. This seal prevents high-pressure gas from escaping into the action of the gun. Because a conventional chamber is slightly oversized, an unfired cartridge will enter freely. In a chamber-ring delayed firearm, the chamber is conventional in every respect except for a concave ring within the chamber wall. When the cartridge is fired, the case expands into this recessed ring and pushes the bolt face rearward. As the case moves to the rear this ring constricts the expanded portion of the case. The energy required to squeeze the walls of the cartridge case slows the rearward travel of the case and slide, reducing their mass requirements. The first known use of the system was on the Fritz Mann pistol in 1920 and later on the High Standard Corp model T3 experimental pistol developed by Ott-Helmuth von Lossnitzer while working for High Standard.[39][40] Other firearms that used this system were the LWS Seecamp pistol, the AMT Automag II, and the Kimball .30 Carbine pistol.[41][42][43] The SIG SG 510 rifle family incorporates a chamber ring near the shoulder which is used to avoid bolt-bounce rather than a delay element.[44]Similar operations exist using a fluted chamber for delay. When the round is fired, the cartridge sticks to the fluted chamber walls making a slight delay of extraction. The prototype 6x45mm SAW caliber Brunswick light machine gun is an example that used this operation.Another example using a ported chamber that uses a barrel chamber with pressure relief ports that allow gas to leak into an annular chamber during extraction. Basically the opposite of a fluted chamber lubrication as it is intended for the cartridge to stick to the chamber wall making a slight delay of extraction. This requires a welded-on sleeve with an internal annular groove to contain the pressure.[45][46]","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinematik_R%C3%BCckdrucklader_Verz%C3%B6gert_Kippblockverschluss_CC_BY-Sa_4.0_Grasyl.svg"},{"link_name":"John Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pedersen_(arms_designer)"},{"link_name":"Remington Model 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Model_51"},{"link_name":"SIG MKMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_MKMO"},{"link_name":"R51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_R51"}],"sub_title":"Hesitation locked","text":"Hesitation locked blowbackJohn Pedersen's patented system incorporates a breech block independent of the slide or bolt carrier. When in battery, the breech block rests slightly forward of the locking shoulder located in the frame of the firearm. When the cartridge is fired, the cartridge case, bolt and slide move together a short distance until the breech block strikes the locking shoulder and stops. The slide continues rearward with the momentum it acquired in the initial phase while the breech remains locked. This allows chamber pressure to drop to safe levels once the bullet departs the barrel. The continuing motion of the slide lifts the breech block from its recess and pulls it rearward, continuing the firing cycle. Straight-walled cartridges are used in this operation as they are less prone to rupturing than tapered (conical) cartridges in firearms with bolt operations that instantly retract rounds when under high pressure from the chamber when firing. The Pedersen Remington Model 51 pistol, SIG MKMO submachine gun and R51 pistol are the only production firearms to have used this design.","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnitzke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnitzke_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"MGD PM-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGD_PM-9"}],"sub_title":"Flywheel delayed blowback","text":"Flywheel delayed blowback operation is where, during firing, the bolt opening is delayed by the rotational inertia of a flywheel. This is driven by a rack and pinion arrangement on the bolt carrier. The Barnitzke, Kazachok SMG, and the MGD PM-9 uses this operation.","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schwarzlose_MG,_Funktion.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PedersenPatentToggle.gif"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedersen_rifle"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corporation2003-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Pedersen rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedersen_rifle"},{"link_name":"Schwarzlose MG M.07/12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzlose_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corporation2003-49"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Toggle-delayed","text":"Operation of the Schwarzlose machine gun.Image from Pedersen patent[47] describing toggle-delayed blowback mechanism as used in his rifleIn toggle-delayed blowback firearms, the rearward motion of the breechblock must overcome significant mechanical leverage.[48][49][50] The bolt is hinged in the middle, stationary at the rear end and nearly straight at rest. As the breech moves back under blowback power, the hinge joint moves upward.[51] The leverage disadvantage keeps the breech from opening until the bullet has left the barrel and pressures have dropped to a safe level. This mechanism was used on the Pedersen rifle and Schwarzlose MG M.07/12 machine gun.[49][52]","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Browning"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"bore-axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore-axis"},{"link_name":"MAS-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAS-38"},{"link_name":"Jatimatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatimatic"},{"link_name":"KRISS Vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRISS_Vector"}],"sub_title":"Off-axis bolt travel","text":"John Browning developed this simple method whereby the axis of bolt movement was not in line with that of the bore probably during late WWI and patented it in 1921.[53][54] The result was that a small rearward movement of the bolt in relation to the bore-axis required a greater movement along the axis of bolt movement, essentially magnifying the resistance of the bolt without increasing its mass. The French MAS-38 submachine gun of 1938 utilizes a bolt whose path of recoil is at an angle to the barrel. The Jatimatic and KRISS Vector use modified versions of this concept.","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinematik_R%C3%BCckdrucklader_%C3%BCbersetzter_Drehkopfverschluss_mit_Schleuderkurve_CY_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg"},{"link_name":"MkG carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMMG_MkG"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_bolt"},{"link_name":"AR-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_AR-15"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 10,436,530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US10436530"}],"sub_title":"Radial-delayed","text":"Radial-delayed blowback.CMMG introduced the MkG carbine incorporating a radial-delay in 2017. This system uses the rotation of the bolt head to accelerate the bolt carrier of an AR-15 pattern rifle. The bolt locking lugs are adapted to incorporate 120° angles that rotate the bolt as it travels rearward under conventional blowback power. As the bolt rotates 22.5˚, it must accelerate the bolt carrier to the rear through an adapted 50° angle cam-pin slot. This acceleration amplifies the effective mass of the bolt carrier, slowing the speed of the bolt head.[55] This delay allows pressure to drop prior to extraction without the penalty of a heavier bolt carrier assembly.[56] The system is similar to roller and lever-delayed blowback in that it uses the mass of the bolt carrier moving at a faster rate than the bolt head to delay the action from opening. The design is described in U.S. patent 10,436,530.","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turn bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_bolt"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"John T. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Thompson"},{"link_name":"autorifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Autorifle"},{"link_name":"Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pedersen_(arms_designer)"},{"link_name":"Garand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garand"},{"link_name":"M1903 Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1903_Springfield"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Salvator-Dormus M1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvator-Dormus_M1893"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Fox Wasp carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demro_TAC-1"}],"sub_title":"Screw-delayed","text":"First used on the Mannlicher Model 1893 automatic rifle, the bolt in screw-delayed blowback uses a turn bolt that was delayed by angled interrupted threads delayed by a quarter twist to unlock.[57] John T. Thompson designed an autorifle that operated on a similar principle around 1920 and submitted it for trials with the US Army. This rifle, submitted multiple times, competed unsuccessfully against the Pedersen rifle and Garand primer-actuated rifle in early testing to replace the M1903 Springfield rifle.[58] This operation is one of the most simple forms of delayed blowback but unless the ammunition is lubricated or uses a fluted chamber, the recoil can be volatile especially when using full length rifle rounds.[59] Rotation of the bolt should be at least 90° to prevent ruptured cartridges.[60] Another form of this operation using a helical screw to delay rearward movement was the Salvator-Dormus M1893 machine gun and later the prototype Kalashnikov Model 1942 submachine gun in 1942[61] and the Fox Wasp carbine.","title":"Delayed blowback"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other blowback systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Marshall Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marshall_Williams"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Repeating_Arms_Company"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moses_Browning"},{"link_name":"Colt Service Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Service_Ace"},{"link_name":"M1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1911"},{"link_name":"gas operated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading#Floating_chamber"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Floating chamber","text":"David Marshall Williams (a noted designer for the U.S. Ordnance Office and later Winchester) developed a mechanism to allow firearms designed for full-sized cartridges to fire .22 caliber rimfire ammunition reliably. His system used a small \"piston\" that incorporates the chamber. When the cartridge is fired, the front of the floating chamber is thrust back by gas pressure impinging on the front of the chamber as in a traditional piston. This, added to the blowback energy imparted on the cartridge, pushes the bolt back with greater energy than either force alone. Often described as \"accelerated blowback\", this amplifies the otherwise anemic recoil energy of the .22 Rimfire cartridge.[62] Williams designed a training version of the Browning machine gun and the Colt Service Ace .22 long rifle version of the M1911 using his system. The increased recoil produced by the floating chamber made these training guns behave more like their full-power counterparts while still using inexpensive low-power ammunition. The floating chamber is both a blowback and gas operated mechanism.[63]","title":"Other blowback systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinematik_Gasdrucklader_mit_Z%C3%BCndh%C3%BCtchenhub_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg"},{"link_name":"primer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_(firearm)"},{"link_name":"John Garand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garand"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatcher1962-64"},{"link_name":"M1 Garand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Garand"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatcher1962-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Postnikov APT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Abakan"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 2,401,616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US2401616"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"LAW 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAW_80"},{"link_name":"Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder-launched_Multipurpose_Assault_Weapon"},{"link_name":".308 Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.308_Winchester"},{"link_name":".22 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.22_Hornet"},{"link_name":"blank cartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_cartridge"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Primer actuated","text":"Primer actuated blowback.Primer actuated firearms use the energy of primer setback to unlock and cycle the firearm. John Garand developed the system in an unsuccessful bid to replace the M1903 bolt-action rifle in the early 1920s.[64] Garand's prototypes worked well with US military .30-06 ammunition and uncrimped primers, but then the military changed from a fast burning gunpowder to a progressive burning Improved Military Rifle (IMR) powder. The slower pressure rise made the primer actuated prototypes unreliable, so Garand abandoned the design for a gas operated rifle that became the M1 Garand.[64][65] AAI Corporation used a primer piston in a rifle submitted for the SPIW competition.[66] Other rifles to use this system were the Postnikov APT and Clarke carbine as described in U.S. patent 2,401,616.[67]A similar system is used in the spotting rifles on the LAW 80 and Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon use a 9mm, .308 Winchester based cartridge with a .22 Hornet blank cartridge in place of the primer. Upon firing, the Hornet case sets back a short distance, unlocking the action.[68]","title":"Other blowback systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TsKB-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TsKB-14&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"a 1980s design by A.F. Barishev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryshev_AVB-7.62"},{"link_name":"Dragunov sniper rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragunov_sniper_rifle"},{"link_name":"GRAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAU"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Case setback","text":"The case cartridge itself has been used experimentally to actuate the action similar to Garand's primer-actuation. Known prototypes using this method of operation include two 1936 rifle designs, one by Mihail Mamontov and another by Makar Goryainov at TsKB-14, and a 1980s design by A.F. Barishev. The Mamontov and Goryainov rifles are only partially automatic; only the bolt unlocking is powered by the gases pushing the cartridge back, while the rest of the cycle (ejection, reloading) is done manually as in a traditional bolt-action rifle. A major problem with using the case cartridge as piston is that its motion is much faster (about 1 ms) compared to tapping gas further down the bore through a piston—about 5 ms in the Dragunov sniper rifle, which used the same cartridge as Mamontov's rifle. Barishev made a fully automatic, but rather bulky mechanism that used a mechanical delay. In his system, the case cartridge pushed back a tilting bolt face, that upon reaching a certain angle pushes backwards an unlocking lever that continues farther before unlocking the bolt. The GRAU however still gave a negative evaluation of Barishev's gun, pointing out that the main problems with reliability of firearms using the cartridge case as a piston were known since the 1930s and still unsolved.[69]","title":"Other blowback systems"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Limited-utility designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiction"},{"link_name":"Thompson submachine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"Autorifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Autorifle"},{"link_name":"Autocarbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Light_Rifle"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Blish lock","text":"The Blish Lock is a breech locking mechanism designed by John Bell Blish based upon his observation that under extreme pressures, certain dissimilar metals will resist movement with a force greater than normal friction laws would predict. In modern engineering terminology, it is called static friction, or stiction. His locking mechanism was used in the Thompson submachine gun, Autorifle and Autocarbine designs. This dubious principle was later eliminated as redundant in the M1 and M1A1 versions of the submachine guns at the insistence of the US Army.[70] Lubrication or fouling would completely defeat any delay. Whatever actual advantage a clean, unlubricated Blish system could impart could also be attained by adding a mere ounce of mass to the bolt.[71]","title":"Limited-utility designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"MAB PA-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAB_PA-15_pistol"}],"sub_title":"Savage rotating barrel","text":"The Savage system employed the theory that the rifling in the barrel caused a rotational force that would hold the gun locked until the projectile left the barrel. It was later discovered that the bullet had left the barrel long before any locking could occur. Savage pistols were in fact operating as simple blow back firearms.[72] The French MAB PA-15 and PA-8 9mm pistols feature a similar design and work correctly.","title":"Limited-utility designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Headspace actuated unlocking","text":"An unusual operation that uses a bolt head that moves rearwards when firing that allows the cartridge to move backwards or even stretching it until the bolt unlocks.[73][74] When firing the cartridge moves the bolt head rearwards around 2.5mm until it stops, then rotates the bolt to unlock and cycle the operation.","title":"Limited-utility designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Magnet delay","text":"An operation using a \"simple blowback\" type bolt that has neodymium magnets to delay its operation.[75] A special buffer using this operation has been developed by TACCOM.","title":"Limited-utility designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blow forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_forward"},{"link_name":"Recoil operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil_operation"},{"link_name":"Newton's third law of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Newton's_third_law"},{"link_name":"Gas-operated reloading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading"}],"text":"Other autoloading systems are:Blow forward, which is similar to blowback, but with the whole barrel being pushed forward rather than the bolt pushed back.\nRecoil operation uses the rearward movement of parts of the weapon counter to the ejecta (bullet and propellant) moving forward, as described by Newton's third law of motion.\nGas-operated reloading","title":"Other autoloading systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9533792-0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9533792-0-5"}],"text":"Bremner, Derek, The MG42V and the Origins of Delayed Blowback Roller Lock: WWII German Equipment (Paperback). ISBN 0-9533792-0-5.\nChinn, George M. (1955). The Machine Gun, Volume IV: Design Analysis of Automatic Firing Mechanisms and Related Components. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Animation of simple blowback operation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Firearm_simple_blowback_animation.gif/221px-Firearm_simple_blowback_animation.gif"},{"image_text":"The .380 ACP Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless uses simple blowback. The mass of the slide is enough to delay opening of the chamber until pressure has dropped.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hammerless380.jpg/220px-Hammerless380.jpg"},{"image_text":"MK 108 cannon bolt cycle (part I)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MK108_bolt_cycle_AB.png/220px-MK108_bolt_cycle_AB.png"},{"image_text":"MK 108 cannon bolt cycle (part II)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/MK108_bolt_cycle_CD.png/220px-MK108_bolt_cycle_CD.png"},{"image_text":"Roller-delayed blowback-operated breech for automatic weapons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Roller_delayed_blowback_action.svg/220px-Roller_delayed_blowback_action.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A schematic of the G3 roller-delayed blowback mechanism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/G3_Bolt.PNG/220px-G3_Bolt.PNG"},{"image_text":"Cutaway model of the chamber with gas relief flutes (left) and roller-delayed action of the G3 battle rifle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DCB_Shooting_G3_Roller_system3.JPG/220px-DCB_Shooting_G3_Roller_system3.JPG"},{"image_text":"A schematic of the roller-delayed blowback mechanism used in the MP5 submachine gun. This system had its origins in the late-war StG 45(M) assault rifle prototype.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/US_Patent_3283435_8-Nov-1966_BREECH_CLOSURE_Theodor_Koch.png/220px-US_Patent_3283435_8-Nov-1966_BREECH_CLOSURE_Theodor_Koch.png"},{"image_text":"Exploded view of primary components for bearing delay bolt carrier group","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BearingDelay.jpg/220px-BearingDelay.jpg"},{"image_text":"A schematic of the lever-delayed blowback mechanism used in the FAMAS assault rifle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/FAMAS_Bolt-gr.PNG/220px-FAMAS_Bolt-gr.PNG"},{"image_text":"Hesitation locked blowback","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kinematik_R%C3%BCckdrucklader_Verz%C3%B6gert_Kippblockverschluss_CC_BY-Sa_4.0_Grasyl.svg/220px-Kinematik_R%C3%BCckdrucklader_Verz%C3%B6gert_Kippblockverschluss_CC_BY-Sa_4.0_Grasyl.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Operation of the Schwarzlose machine gun.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Schwarzlose_MG%2C_Funktion.jpg/220px-Schwarzlose_MG%2C_Funktion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Image from Pedersen patent[47] describing toggle-delayed blowback mechanism as used in his rifle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PedersenPatentToggle.gif/220px-PedersenPatentToggle.gif"},{"image_text":"Radial-delayed blowback.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kinematik_R%C3%BCckdrucklader_%C3%BCbersetzter_Drehkopfverschluss_mit_Schleuderkurve_CY_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg/220px-Kinematik_R%C3%BCckdrucklader_%C3%BCbersetzter_Drehkopfverschluss_mit_Schleuderkurve_CY_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Primer actuated blowback.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kinematik_Gasdrucklader_mit_Z%C3%BCndh%C3%BCtchenhub_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg/220px-Kinematik_Gasdrucklader_mit_Z%C3%BCndh%C3%BCtchenhub_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of blow forward firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blow_forward_firearms"},{"title":"List of delayed-blowback firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_delayed-blowback_firearms"},{"title":"List of API blowback firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_API_blowback_firearms"}]	[{"reference":"Birch, Thomas (1756). \"The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge, from Its First Rise: In which the Most Considerable of Those Papers Communicated to the Society, which Have Hitherto Not Been Published, are Inserted in Their Proper Order, as a Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RSpAAQAAMAAJ&q=%22And+Bullet+Within+Was+Made+To+Charge+The+Piece%22&pg=PA396","url_text":"\"The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge, from Its First Rise: In which the Most Considerable of Those Papers Communicated to the Society, which Have Hitherto Not Been Published, are Inserted in Their Proper Order, as a Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"office, Great Britain Patent; Woodcroft, Bennet (23 December 2017). \"Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements: A.D. 1588–1858-Pt. 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(1955). The Machine Gun, Volume IV: Design Analysis of Automatic Firing Mechanisms and Related Components. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.meanarms.com/","external_links_name":"MEAN"},{"Link":"https://www.meanarms.com/products/detail/bearing-delay-upper-receiver","external_links_name":"Bearing Delay Upper Receiver"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US11371789","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 11,371,789"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US11543195","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 11,543,195"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US11781824","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 11,781,824"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US10436530","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 10,436,530"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2401616","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 2,401,616"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RSpAAQAAMAAJ&q=%22And+Bullet+Within+Was+Made+To+Charge+The+Piece%22&pg=PA396","external_links_name":"\"The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge, from Its First Rise: In which the Most Considerable of Those Papers Communicated to the Society, which Have Hitherto Not Been Published, are Inserted in Their Proper Order, as a Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P1wWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA174","external_links_name":"\"Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements: A.D. 1588–1858-Pt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Ju%C5%A1i%C4%87	Hana Jušić	["1 References","2 External links"]	Croatian film director and screenwriter (born 1983) Hana JušićJušić in 2021Born1983 (age 40–41)NationalityCroatianOccupation(s)Film director and Screenwriter Hana Jušić (born 1983) is a Croatian film director and screenwriter. A native of Šibenik, Jušić moved to Zagreb as a child. She majored in comparative literature and English studies at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. Known earlier in her career for her short films, Jušić received high acclaim for her 2016 feature film debut, Quit Staring at My Plate. References ^ a b "U Tokiju sam bila u šoku kada su me pozvali na pozornicu". Šibenski (in Croatian). 27 December 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2017. ^ a b "Pričali smo s Hanom Jušić, čiji film Ne gledaj mi u pjat uskoro ide u Veneziju, na čuvenu Mostru". Telegram (in Croatian). 23 August 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2017. External links Hana Jušić at IMDb vteGolden Arena for Best DirectorAs Yugoslav Film Awards(1955–90) František Čáp (1955) Branko Bauer (1956) Soja Jovanović (1957) Nikola Tanhofer (1958) Jože Babič (1959) Veljko Bulajić (1960) Branko Bauer / Igor Pretnar (1963) Žika Mitrović / France Štiglic (1964) Aleksandar Petrović (1965) Vatroslav Mimica (1966) Aleksandar Petrović / Puriša Đorđević (1967) Živojin Pavlović (1968) Fedor Škubonja (1969) Krsto Papić (1970) Kiril Cenevski (1971) Aleksandar Petrović (1972) Matjaž Klopčič (1973) Zdravko Velimirović (1974) Matjaž Klopčič (1975) Goran Paskaljević (1976) Živojin Pavlović (1977) Srđan Karanović (1978) Fadil Hadžić (1979) Goran Paskaljević (1980) Miloš Radivojević (1982) Srđan Karanović (1983) Rajko Grlić (1984) Emir Kusturica (1985) Lordan Zafranović (1986) Vladimir Blaževski (1987) Žarko Dragojević (1988) Jože Pogačnik (1989) Filip Robar Dorin (1990) As Croatian Film Awards(1992–present) Krsto Papić (1992) Davor Žmegač (1993) Zrinko Ogresta (1995) Vinko Brešan (1996) Goran Rušinović (1997) Krsto Papić (1998) Zrinko Ogresta (1999) Lukas Nola (2000) Bruno Gamulin (2001) Dalibor Matanić (2002) Vinko Brešan (2003) Antun Vrdoljak (2004) Tomislav Radić (2005) Antonio Nuić (2006) Kristijan Milić (2007) Arsen Anton Ostojić (2008) Zvonimir Jurić & Goran Dević (2009) Rajko Grlić (2010) Dalibor Matanić (2011) Branko Schmidt (2012) Bobo Jelčić (2013) Kristijan Milić (2014) Dalibor Matanić (2015) Zrinko Ogresta (2016) Hana Jušić (2017) Nevio Marasović (2018) Dana Budisavljević (2019) Danilo Šerbedžija (2020) Zrinko Ogresta (2021) Sonja Tarokić (2022) Juraj Lerotić (2023) Authority control databases ISNI VIAF This Croatian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0ibenski-1"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Šibenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences,_University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegram-2"},{"link_name":"Quit Staring at My Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_Staring_at_My_Plate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0ibenski-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegram-2"}],"text":"Hana Jušić (born 1983[1]) is a Croatian film director and screenwriter.A native of Šibenik, Jušić moved to Zagreb as a child. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Curtis	Amelia Curtis	["1 Filmography","2 External links"]	British actress This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Amelia CurtisBorn (1972-08-28) 28 August 1972 (age 51)Stockholm, SwedenOccupationActress Amelia A Curtis (born 28 August 1972) is a British actress who was born in Stockholm, Sweden. She is notable for having played the role of Viki Lovejoy in the final series of Lovejoy, a role that she took over from Amelia Shankley. Filmography Family Style (Short) (1993) The Bill (1994, 1996, 2010) Lovejoy (1994) EastEnders (1995, 2023) Cadfael: The Virgin in the Ice (1995) Pie in the Sky (1996) London Bridge (1996) Staying Alive (1997) The Nine Lives of Tomas Katz (1999) Janice Beard (1999) Kevin & Perry Go Large (2000) Understanding Jane (2001) South West 9 (2001) At Home with the Braithwaites (2002) FeardotCom (2002) Casualty (2003, 2022) P.O.W. (2003) Empire (2005) New Tricks (2005) The Royal (2006–2007) Love Soup (2008) Holby City (2008, 2012) Waterloo Road (2012) The Syndicate (2013) Emmerdale (2014, 2016, 2021) Doctors (2015, 2018) Love, Lies and Records (2017) Coronation Street (2017, 2020) External links Amelia Curtis at IMDb This article about a British actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"Amelia Shankley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Shankley"}],"text":"Amelia A Curtis (born 28 August 1972) is a British actress who was born in Stockholm, Sweden. She is notable for having played the role of Viki Lovejoy in the final series of Lovejoy, a role that she took over from Amelia Shankley.","title":"Amelia Curtis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Cadfael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadfael_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Virgin in the Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_in_the_Ice#Television_adaptation"},{"link_name":"Pie in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_in_the_Sky_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Staying Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staying_Alive_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Nine Lives of Tomas Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nine_Lives_of_Tomas_Katz"},{"link_name":"Janice Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Beard"},{"link_name":"Kevin & Perry Go Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_%26_Perry_Go_Large"},{"link_name":"South West 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_9"},{"link_name":"At Home with the Braithwaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Home_with_the_Braithwaites"},{"link_name":"FeardotCom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FeardotCom"},{"link_name":"Casualty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"P.O.W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.W._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(2005_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"New Tricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Tricks"},{"link_name":"The Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal"},{"link_name":"Love Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Soup"},{"link_name":"Holby City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holby_City"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Road_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"Emmerdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerdale"},{"link_name":"Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love, Lies and Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Lies_and_Records"},{"link_name":"Coronation Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street"}],"text":"Family Style (Short) (1993)\nThe Bill (1994, 1996, 2010)\nLovejoy (1994)\nEastEnders (1995, 2023)\nCadfael: The Virgin in the Ice (1995)\nPie in the Sky (1996)\nLondon Bridge (1996)\nStaying Alive (1997)\nThe Nine Lives of Tomas Katz (1999)\nJanice Beard (1999)\nKevin & Perry Go Large (2000)\nUnderstanding Jane (2001)\nSouth West 9 (2001)\nAt Home with the Braithwaites (2002)\nFeardotCom (2002)\nCasualty (2003, 2022)\nP.O.W. (2003)\nEmpire (2005)\nNew Tricks (2005)\nThe Royal (2006–2007)\nLove Soup (2008)\nHolby City (2008, 2012)\nWaterloo Road (2012)\nThe Syndicate (2013)\nEmmerdale (2014, 2016, 2021)\nDoctors (2015, 2018)\nLove, Lies and Records (2017)\nCoronation Street (2017, 2020)","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1596952/","external_links_name":"Amelia Curtis"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amelia_Curtis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACL_(software)	Galvanize (software company)	["1 History","2 Products and services","2.1 HighBond platform","3 Awards and accolades","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Software as a service company This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Galvanize" software company – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) GalvanizeCompany typePrivateIndustryComputer softwareGovernance, risk management, and compliancePredecessorACL Services Ltd.Founded1987; 37 years ago (1987)HeadquartersVancouver, British Columbia, CanadaKey peopleLaurie Schultz (President and CEO)Dan Zitting (CXO)Keith Cerny (CPO)ProductsHighBond, ACL Robotics, RiskBond, FraudBond, AuditBond, ControlsBond, ComplianceBond, Rsam ITGRCBond, Rsam ThirdPartyBond, Rsam ContinuityBond, Rsam PolicyBond, Rsam IncidentBond, Rsam CyberBondNumber of employees500+ParentDiligent Corp.Websitewww.wegalvanize.com Galvanize (formerly known as ACL Services Ltd. and currently branded as Diligent) is a privately owned software as a service (SaaS) company founded and headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Company builds security, risk management, compliance and audit software for the governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC) market. Diligent's office in Vancouver is where many of the former Galvanize team work. In addition to Diligent offices in the UK, Ireland, Singapore, India, Australia and Mexico, they also have a number of representatives and partners around the world, including throughout Africa, France, Germany, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and China. History While working in the Faculty of Commerce's Division of Accounting at the University of British Columbia in 1972, Hartmut J. Will (Hart Will) developed the first interactive audit software, "Audit Command Language" (ACL) for data bank and model bank audits. In 1987, Will and his son, Harald Will, launched the commercial business ACL Services Ltd. Harald Will grew the company as founder & CEO until inviting Laurie Schultz to assume the role of President and CEO of ACL in 2011. In 2012, ACL expanded into the electronic work papers market with the acquisition of Workpapers.com, led by Dan Zitting. The acquisition signaled the shift by the company towards a cloud-based, SaaS business model. ACL acquired digital design firm Artletic LLC in 2015. ACL took its first outside funding in the form of a $50 million strategic minority investment led by the growth equity team at Norwest in December 2017. In November 2018, the company was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. ACL acquired Rsam in February 2019. In March 2019, the company was named one of "Canada's Best Managed Companies." In May 2019, the company rebranded from ACL to Galvanize. In March 2020, Galvanize was once again named one of "Canada's Best Managed Companies" for the second consecutive year. Galvanize was also named a Leader in The Forrester Wave: Governance, Risk, and Compliance Software for Q1 2020. In February 2021, Galvanize announced that they had been sold to Diligent Corp. Products and services HighBond platform The HighBond platform was designed for security, risk management, compliance, and audit professionals. In 2023, it was rebranded the Diligent One platform. Using an organization's data, these professionals use the platform to: manage threats assess risk measure controls monitor compliance expand assurance coverage. The Diligent One Platform is a cloud-based platform that doesn't rely on third-party vendors and is hosted on Amazon's infrastructure. Awards and accolades In November 2018, the Company was named one of Canada's Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc. In March 2019, the Company was named one of Canada's Best Managed Companies. See also Sarbanes–Oxley Act Financial audit References ^ Orton, Tyler (13 May 2019). "Vancouver tech mainstay ACL rebrands as Galvanize". Business in Vancouver. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "The man who made 'auditing through the computer' possible - Meet the inventor of ACL" (PDF). ^ "Laurie Schultz Named CEO of ACL". Accounting Today. Retrieved 2017-11-23. ^ "Leadership". ACL. 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2017-11-23. ^ Fineberg, Seth (12 December 2011). "ACL Services Acquires Workpapers.com". Accounting Today. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ Bennett, Nelson (4 December 2012). "Laurie Schultz: Class struggle". Business in Vancouver. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ "ACL Invests in GRC Software Usability with Acquisition of Design Firm Artletic". ACL. 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2017-03-02. ^ ACL. "ACL Accelerates Category Consolidation Vision with $50 Million Strategic Investment from Norwest". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2018-03-15. ^ a b "Top Employer: ACL Services Ltd". content.eluta.ca. Retrieved 2017-11-22. ^ "ACL acquires Rsam". Compliance Week. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ a b "ACL Named One of Canada's Best Managed Companies" (Press release). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "Introducing Galvanize: ACL and Rsam Rebrand to Create GRC Category-Defining Company" (Press release). 13 May 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "Galvanize Named One of Canada's Best Managed Companies for Second Consecutive Year". Olean Times Herald. Retrieved 2020-03-05. ^ Releases (2020-03-10). "Galvanize Named a leader in Governance, Risk, and Compliance Software by Independent Research Firm" (Press release). Financial Post. ^ "Vancouver-based risk and compliance software provider Galvanize sold for US$1-billion". theglobeandmail.com. 2021-02-26. ^ "ACL transitions to cloud for broader global reach \| GRC & Fraud Software Journal". www.fraudjournals.com. Retrieved 2017-03-02. External links Official website "2009 IT Audit Benchmarking Study". The Institute of Internal Auditors. March 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 11 December 2012. McCafferty, Dennis (14 January 2010). "U.S. Military Looks to Better Control Costs with Business Analytics, Better BI". Smarter Technology. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Krell, Eric (16 November 2009). "Your Internal Audit's Vital Signs". Business Finance Magazine. Retrieved 11 December 2012. McCann, David (10 November 2009). "Doing the Internal Audit-Management Dance". CFO.com. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Kelly, Susan (2 November 2009). "Monitoring the Monitors". Treasury & Risk. Retrieved 11 December 2012. McCann, David (18 September 2009). "Internal Audit: The Continuous Conundrum". CFO. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Baker, Neil (August 2009). "Software Trend Spotting". Internal Auditor. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012. McCann, David; Stuart, Alix (15 July 2009). "The 24/7 Audit". CFO Magazine. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Krell, Eric (14 July 2009). "Monitoring Matters". Business Finance Magazine. Retrieved 11 December 2012. ACL wins best application of technology at BCTIA's annual Technology Impact Awards (TechVibes) Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"(SaaS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance,_risk_management,_and_compliance"}],"text":"Galvanize (formerly known as ACL Services Ltd. and currently branded as Diligent) is a privately owned software as a service (SaaS) company founded and headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[1] The Company builds security, risk management, compliance and audit software for the governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC) market.Diligent's office in Vancouver is where many of the former Galvanize team work. In addition to Diligent offices in the UK, Ireland, Singapore, India, Australia and Mexico, they also have a number of representatives and partners around the world, including throughout Africa, France, Germany, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and China.","title":"Galvanize (software company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SaaS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Norwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwest_Venture_Partners"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Canada's Top 100 Employers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Top_100_Employers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globenewswire.com-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"While working in the Faculty of Commerce's Division of Accounting at the University of British Columbia in 1972, Hartmut J. Will (Hart Will) developed the first interactive audit software, \"Audit Command Language\" (ACL) for data bank and model bank audits.[2]In 1987, Will and his son, Harald Will, launched the commercial business ACL Services Ltd. Harald Will grew the company as founder & CEO until inviting Laurie Schultz to assume the role of President and CEO of ACL in 2011.[3][4]In 2012, ACL expanded into the electronic work papers market with the acquisition of Workpapers.com, led by Dan Zitting.[5] The acquisition signaled the shift by the company towards a cloud-based, SaaS business model.[6]ACL acquired digital design firm Artletic LLC in 2015.[7]ACL took its first outside funding in the form of a $50 million strategic minority investment led by the growth equity team at Norwest in December 2017.[8]In November 2018, the company was named one of \"Canada's Top 100 Employers\" by Mediacorp Canada Inc.[9]ACL acquired Rsam in February 2019.[10]In March 2019, the company was named one of \"Canada's Best Managed Companies.\"[11]In May 2019, the company rebranded from ACL to Galvanize.[12]In March 2020, Galvanize was once again named one of \"Canada's Best Managed Companies\" for the second consecutive year.[13] Galvanize was also named a Leader in The Forrester Wave: Governance, Risk, and Compliance Software for Q1 2020.[14]In February 2021, Galvanize announced that they had been sold to Diligent Corp.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"HighBond platform","text":"The HighBond platform was designed for security, risk management, compliance, and audit professionals. In 2023, it was rebranded the Diligent One platform. Using an organization's data, these professionals use the platform to:manage threats\nassess risk\nmeasure controls\nmonitor compliance\nexpand assurance coverage.The Diligent One Platform is a cloud-based platform that doesn't rely on third-party vendors and is hosted on Amazon's infrastructure.[16]","title":"Products and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada's Top 100 Employers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Top_100_Employers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globenewswire.com-11"}],"text":"In November 2018, the Company was named one of Canada's Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc.[9]In March 2019, the Company was named one of Canada's Best Managed Companies.[11]","title":"Awards and accolades"}]	[]	[{"title":"Sarbanes–Oxley Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act"},{"title":"Financial audit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_audit"}]	[{"reference":"Orton, Tyler (13 May 2019). \"Vancouver tech mainstay ACL rebrands as Galvanize\". Business in Vancouver. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://biv.com/article/2019/05/vancouver-tech-mainstay-acl-rebrands-galvanize","url_text":"\"Vancouver tech mainstay ACL rebrands as Galvanize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_in_Vancouver","url_text":"Business in Vancouver"}]},{"reference":"\"The man who made 'auditing through the computer' possible - Meet the inventor of ACL\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acl.com/pdfs/IIA_UAE_Hart_Will_Article.pdf","url_text":"\"The man who made 'auditing through the computer' possible - Meet the inventor of ACL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laurie Schultz Named CEO of ACL\". Accounting Today. Retrieved 2017-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/laurie-schultz-named-ceo-of-acl","url_text":"\"Laurie Schultz Named CEO of ACL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leadership\". ACL. 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2017-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acl.com/about-us/leadership/","url_text":"\"Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"Fineberg, Seth (12 December 2011). \"ACL Services Acquires Workpapers.com\". Accounting Today. Retrieved 7 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accountingtoday.com/news/ACL-Services-Acquires-Workpapers-61092-1.html","url_text":"\"ACL Services Acquires Workpapers.com\""}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Nelson (4 December 2012). \"Laurie Schultz: Class struggle\". Business in Vancouver. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131210201207/http://www.biv.com/article/20121204/BIV0201/121209992/-1/BIV/laurie-schultz-class-struggle","url_text":"\"Laurie Schultz: Class struggle\""},{"url":"http://www.biv.com/article/20121204/BIV0201/121209992/-1/BIV/laurie-schultz-class-struggle","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ACL Invests in GRC Software Usability with Acquisition of Design Firm Artletic\". ACL. 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2017-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acl.com/2015/05/acl-invests-in-grc-software-usability-with-acquisition-of-design-firm-artletic/","url_text":"\"ACL Invests in GRC Software Usability with Acquisition of Design Firm Artletic\""}]},{"reference":"ACL. \"ACL Accelerates Category Consolidation Vision with $50 Million Strategic Investment from Norwest\". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2018-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/acl-accelerates-category-consolidation-vision-with-50-million-strategic-investment-from-norwest-300572925.html","url_text":"\"ACL Accelerates Category Consolidation Vision with $50 Million Strategic Investment from Norwest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Employer: ACL Services Ltd\". content.eluta.ca. Retrieved 2017-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.eluta.ca/top-employer-acl-services","url_text":"\"Top Employer: ACL Services Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACL acquires Rsam\". Compliance Week. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complianceweek.com/acl-acquires-rsam/24840.article","url_text":"\"ACL acquires Rsam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compliance_Week","url_text":"Compliance Week"}]},{"reference":"\"ACL Named One of Canada's Best Managed Companies\" (Press release). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/03/07/1749568/0/en/ACL-Named-One-of-Canada-s-Best-Managed-Companies.html","url_text":"\"ACL Named One of Canada's Best Managed Companies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Galvanize: ACL and Rsam Rebrand to Create GRC Category-Defining Company\" (Press release). 13 May 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/introducing-galvanize-acl-rsam-rebrand-090000317.html","url_text":"\"Introducing Galvanize: ACL and Rsam Rebrand to Create GRC Category-Defining Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galvanize Named One of Canada's Best Managed Companies for Second Consecutive Year\". Olean Times Herald. Retrieved 2020-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oleantimesherald.com/business/galvanize-named-one-of-canada-s-best-managed-companies-for/article_f1cc5d8e-8bf6-5232-902f-659725b1e83d.html","url_text":"\"Galvanize Named One of Canada's Best Managed Companies for Second Consecutive Year\""}]},{"reference":"Releases (2020-03-10). \"Galvanize Named a leader in Governance, Risk, and Compliance Software by Independent Research Firm\" (Press release). Financial Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/press-releases-pmn/business-wire-news-releases-pmn/galvanize-named-a-leader-in-governance-risk-and-compliance-software-by-independent-research-firm","url_text":"\"Galvanize Named a leader in Governance, Risk, and Compliance Software by Independent Research Firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vancouver-based risk and compliance software provider Galvanize sold for US$1-billion\". theglobeandmail.com. 2021-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-vancouver-based-risk-and-compliance-software-provider-galvanize-sold/","url_text":"\"Vancouver-based risk and compliance software provider Galvanize sold for US$1-billion\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACL transitions to cloud for broader global reach \| GRC & Fraud Software Journal\". www.fraudjournals.com. Retrieved 2017-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fraudjournals.com/acl-transitions-to-cloud/","url_text":"\"ACL transitions to cloud for broader global reach \| GRC & Fraud Software Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 IT Audit Benchmarking Study\". The Institute of Internal Auditors. March 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120712224800/http://www.theiia.org/download.cfm?file=4974","url_text":"\"2009 IT Audit Benchmarking Study\""},{"url":"http://www.theiia.org/download.cfm?file=4974","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McCafferty, Dennis (14 January 2010). \"U.S. Military Looks to Better Control Costs with Business Analytics, Better BI\". Smarter Technology. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120712224800/http://www.theiia.org/download.cfm?file=4974","url_text":"\"U.S. Military Looks to Better Control Costs with Business Analytics, Better BI\""},{"url":"http://www.theiia.org/download.cfm?file=4974","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krell, Eric (16 November 2009). \"Your Internal Audit's Vital Signs\". Business Finance Magazine. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://businessfinancemag.com/article/your-internal-audits-vital-signs-1116","url_text":"\"Your Internal Audit's Vital Signs\""}]},{"reference":"McCann, David (10 November 2009). \"Doing the Internal Audit-Management Dance\". CFO.com. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/14453909/1/c_14453926?f=home_todayinfinance","url_text":"\"Doing the Internal Audit-Management Dance\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Susan (2 November 2009). \"Monitoring the Monitors\". Treasury & Risk. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.treasuryandrisk.com/2009/11/02/monitoring-the-monitors","url_text":"\"Monitoring the Monitors\""}]},{"reference":"McCann, David (18 September 2009). \"Internal Audit: The Continuous Conundrum\". CFO. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/14440838/c_14440953?f=hometodayinfinance","url_text":"\"Internal Audit: The Continuous Conundrum\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Neil (August 2009). \"Software Trend Spotting\". Internal Auditor. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509202149/http://www.theiia.org/intAuditor/free%2Dfeature/2009/august/software%2Dtrend%2Dspotting/","url_text":"\"Software Trend Spotting\""},{"url":"http://www.theiia.org/intAuditor/free-feature/2009/august/software-trend-spotting","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McCann, David; Stuart, Alix (15 July 2009). \"The 24/7 Audit\". CFO Magazine. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/13983436/c_14020916","url_text":"\"The 24/7 Audit\""}]},{"reference":"Krell, Eric (14 July 2009). \"Monitoring Matters\". Business Finance Magazine. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freon-14	Carbon tetrafluoride	["1 Bonding","2 Preparation","2.1 Laboratory synthesis","3 Reactions","4 Uses","5 Environmental effects","6 Health risks","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Carbon tetrafluoride Names IUPAC names TetrafluoromethaneCarbon tetrafluoride Other names Carbon tetrafluoride, Perfluoromethane, Tetrafluorocarbon, Freon 14, Halon 14, Arcton 0, CFC 14, PFC 14, R 14, UN 1982 Identifiers CAS Number 75-73-0 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:38825 Y ChemSpider 6153 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.000.815 EC Number 200-896-5 PubChem CID 6393 RTECS number FG4920000 UNII 94WG9QG0JN Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID30894934 DTXSID2041757, DTXSID30894934 InChI InChI=1S/CF4/c2-1(3,4)5 YKey: TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/CF4/c2-1(3,4)5 SMILES FC(F)(F)F Properties Chemical formula CF4 Molar mass 88.0043 g/mol Appearance Colorless gas Odor odorless Density 3.72 g/L, gas (15 °C) Melting point −183.6 °C (−298.5 °F; 89.5 K) Boiling point −127.8 °C (−198.0 °F; 145.3 K) Critical point (T, P) −45.55 °C (−50.0 °F; 227.6 K), 36.91 standard atmospheres (3,739.9 kPa; 542.4 psi) Solubility in water 0.005%V at 20 °C0.0038%V at 25 °C Solubility soluble in benzene, chloroform Vapor pressure 106.5 kPa at −127 °C Henry's lawconstant (kH) 5.15 atm-cu m/mole Refractive index (nD) 1.0004823 Viscosity 17.32 μPa·s Structure Coordination geometry Tetragonal Molecular shape Tetrahedral Dipole moment 0 D Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazards Simple asphyxiant and greenhouse gas NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 1 0 0SA Flash point Non-flammable Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0575 Related compounds Other anions TetrachloromethaneTetrabromomethaneTetraiodomethane Other cations Silicon tetrafluorideGermanium tetrafluorideTin tetrafluorideLead tetrafluoride Related fluoromethanes FluoromethaneDifluoromethaneFluoroform Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Tetrafluoromethane, also known as carbon tetrafluoride or R-14, is the simplest perfluorocarbon (CF4). As its IUPAC name indicates, tetrafluoromethane is the perfluorinated counterpart to the hydrocarbon methane. It can also be classified as a haloalkane or halomethane. Tetrafluoromethane is a useful refrigerant but also a potent greenhouse gas. It has a very high bond strength due to the nature of the carbon–fluorine bond. Bonding Because of the multiple carbon–fluorine bonds, and the high electronegativity of fluorine, the carbon in tetrafluoromethane has a significant positive partial charge which strengthens and shortens the four carbon–fluorine bonds by providing additional ionic character. Carbon–fluorine bonds are the strongest single bonds in organic chemistry. Additionally, they strengthen as more carbon–fluorine bonds are added to the same carbon. In the one carbon organofluorine compounds represented by molecules of fluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, and tetrafluoromethane, the carbon–fluorine bonds are strongest in tetrafluoromethane. This effect is due to the increased coulombic attractions between the fluorine atoms and the carbon because the carbon has a positive partial charge of 0.76. Preparation Tetrafluoromethane is the product when any carbon compound, including carbon itself, is burned in an atmosphere of fluorine. With hydrocarbons, hydrogen fluoride is a coproduct. It was first reported in 1926. It can also be prepared by the fluorination of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or phosgene with sulfur tetrafluoride. Commercially it is manufactured by the reaction of hydrogen fluoride with dichlorodifluoromethane or chlorotrifluoromethane; it is also produced during the electrolysis of metal fluorides MF, MF2 using a carbon electrode. Although it can be made from a myriad of precursors and fluorine, elemental fluorine is expensive and difficult to handle. Consequently, CF4 is prepared on an industrial scale using hydrogen fluoride: CCl2F2 + 2 HF → CF4 + 2 HCl Laboratory synthesis Tetrafluoromethane and silicon tetrafluoride can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction of silicon carbide with fluorine. SiC + 4 F2 → CF4 + SiF4 Reactions Tetrafluoromethane, like other fluorocarbons, is very stable due to the strength of its carbon–fluorine bonds. The bonds in tetrafluoromethane have a bonding energy of 515 kJ⋅mol−1. As a result, it is inert to acids and hydroxides. However, it reacts explosively with alkali metals. Thermal decomposition or combustion of CF4 produces toxic gases (carbonyl fluoride and carbon monoxide) and in the presence of water will also yield hydrogen fluoride. It is very slightly soluble in water (about 20 mg⋅L−1), but miscible with organic solvents. Uses Tetrafluoromethane is sometimes used as a low temperature refrigerant (R-14). It is used in electronics microfabrication alone or in combination with oxygen as a plasma etchant for silicon, silicon dioxide, and silicon nitride. It also has uses in neutron detectors. Environmental effects Mauna Loa tetrafluoromethane (CF4) timeseries. PFC-14 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion. Atmospheric concentration of CF4 (PFC-14) vs. similar man-made gases (right graph). Note the log scale. Tetrafluoromethane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect. It is very stable, has an atmospheric lifetime of 50,000 years, and a high greenhouse warming potential 6,500 times that of CO2. Tetrafluoromethane is the most abundant perfluorocarbon in the atmosphere, where it is designated as PFC-14. Its atmospheric concentration is growing. As of 2019, the man-made gases CFC-11 and CFC-12 continue to contribute a stronger radiative forcing than PFC-14. Although structurally similar to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tetrafluoromethane does not deplete the ozone layer because the carbon–fluorine bond is much stronger than that between carbon and chlorine. Main industrial emissions of tetrafluoromethane besides hexafluoroethane are produced during production of aluminium using Hall-Héroult process. CF4 also is produced as product of the breakdown of more complex compounds such as halocarbons. Health risks Due to its density, tetrafluoromethane can displace air, creating an asphyxiation hazard in inadequately ventilated areas. Otherwise, it is normally harmless due to its stability. See also Trifluoromethane Hexafluoroethane Octafluoropropane References ^ Lide, David R.; Kehiaian, Henry V. (1994). CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Themochemical Data (PDF). CRC Press. p. 31. ^ Abjean, R.; A. Bideau-Mehu; Y. Guern (15 July 1990). "Refractive index of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) in the 300-140 nm wavelength range". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 292 (3): 593–594. Bibcode:1990NIMPA.292..593A. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(90)90178-9. ^ Kestin, J.; Ro, S.T.; Wakeham, W.A. (1971). "Reference values of the viscosity of twelve gases at 25°C". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 67: 2308–2313. doi:10.1039/TF9716702308. ^ a b Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2002). "Fluorine Compounds, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349. ISBN 978-3527306732. ^ O'Hagan D (February 2008). "Understanding organofluorine chemistry and in cations. An introduction to the C–F bond". Chemical Society Reviews. 37 (2): 308–19. doi:10.1039/b711844a. PMID 18197347. ^ a b Lemal, D.M. (2004). "Perspective on Fluorocarbon Chemistry". J. Org. Chem. 69 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1021/jo0302556. PMID 14703372. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. ^ K. Williams, K. Gupta, M. Wasilik. Etch Rates for Micromachining Processing – Part II J. Microelectromech. Syst., vol. 12, pp. 761–777, December 2003. ^ Moon, Myung-Kook; Nam, Uk-Won; Lee, Chang-Hee; Em, V.T.; Choi, Young-Hyun; Cheon, Jong-Kyu; Kong, Kyung-Nam (2005). "Low efficiency 2-dimensional position-sensitive neutron detector for beam profile measurement". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 538 (1–3): 592–596. Bibcode:2005NIMPA.538..592M. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2004.09.020. ^ Artaxo, Paulo; Berntsen, Terje; Betts, Richard; Fahey, David W.; Haywood, James; Lean, Judith; Lowe, David C.; Myhre, Gunnar; Nganga, John; Prinn, Ronald; Raga, Graciela; Schulz, Michael; van Dorland, Robert (February 2018). "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. p. 212. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ "Climate change indicators - Atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases - Figure 4". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 2020-09-26. ^ Butler J. and Montzka S. (2020). "The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)". NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories. ^ Cicerone, Ralph J. (1979-10-05). "Atmospheric Carbon Tetrafluoride: A Nearly Inert Gas" (PDF). Science. 206 (4414): 59–61. Bibcode:1979Sci...206...59C. doi:10.1126/science.206.4414.59. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17812452. S2CID 34911990. ^ "Bond Energies". www2.chemistry.msu.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-15. ^ Jubb, Aaron M.; McGillen, Max R.; Portmann, Robert W.; Daniel, John S.; Burkholder, James B. (2015). "An atmospheric photochemical source of the persistent greenhouse gas CF4". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (21): 9505–9511. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.9505J. doi:10.1002/2015GL066193. ISSN 0094-8276. External links International Chemical Safety Card 0575 National Pollutant Inventory – Fluoride and compounds fact sheet Data from Air Liquide Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine Vapor pressure graph at Air Liquide MSDS at Oxford University Protocol for measurement of tetrafluoromethane and hexafluoroethane from primary aluminium production Chemical and physical properties table WebBook page for CF4 vteHalomethanesUnsubstituted CH4 Monosubstituted CH3F CH3Cl CH3Br CH3I CH3At Disubstituted CH2F2 CH2ClF CH2BrF CH2FI CH2Cl2 CH2BrCl CH2ClI CH2Br2 CH2BrI CH2I2 Trisubstituted CHF3 CHClF2 CHBrF2 CHF2I CHCl2F CHBrClF CHClFI CHBr2F CHBrFI CHFI2 CHCl3 CHBrCl2 CHCl2I CHBr2Cl CHBrClI CHClI2 CHBr3 CHBr2I CHBrI2 CHI3 Tetrasubstituted CF4 CClF3 CBrF3 CF3I CCl2F2 CBrClF2 CClF2I CBr2F2 CBrF2I CF2I2 CCl3F CBrCl2F CCl2FI CBr2ClF CBrClFI CClFI2 CBr3F CBr2FI CBrFI2 CFI3 CCl4 CBrCl3 CCl3I CBr2Cl2 CBrCl2I CCl2I2 CBr3Cl CBr2ClI CBrClI2 CClI3 CBr4 CBr3I CBr2I2 CBrI3 CI4 Chiral compound. vteInorganic compounds of carbon and related ionsCompounds CF CO CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 COS CS C2S2 CS2 CSe2 C3O2 C3S2 SiC Carbon ions Carbides 2−, 4−, 4− Cyanide − Cyanate − Thiocyanate − Fulminate − Thiofulminate − Nanostructures Graphite intercalation compounds Fullerides Oxides and related Oxides Nitrides Metal carbonyls Carbonic acid Bicarbonates Carbonates vteFluorine compounds HF He LiF BeF2 BFBF3B2F4 CF4CxFy NF3N2F4 OFOF2O2F2O2F F− Ne NaF MgF2 AlFAlF3 SiF4 P2F4PF3PF5 S2F2SF2S2F4SF4S2F10SF6 ClFClF3ClF5 HArFArF2 KF CaF2 ScF3 TiF3TiF4 VF2VF3VF4VF5 CrF2CrF3CrF4CrF5CrF6 MnF2MnF3MnF4 FeF2FeF3 CoF2CoF3 NiF2NiF3 CuFCuF2 ZnF2 GaF3 GeF4 AsF3AsF5 SeF4SeF6 BrFBrF3BrF5 KrF2KrF4KrF6 RbF SrF2 YF3 ZrF4 NbF4NbF5 MoF4MoF5MoF6 TcF6 RuF3RuF4RuF5RuF6 RhF3RhF5RhF6 PdF2Pd PdF4PdF6 AgFAgF2AgF3Ag2F CdF2 InF3 SnF2SnF4 SbF3SbF5 TeF4TeF6 IFIF3IF5IF7 XeF2XeF4XeF6XeF8 CsF BaF2 * LuF3 HfF4 TaF5 WF4WF6 ReF6ReF7 OsF4OsF5OsF6OsF7OsF8 IrF3IrF5IrF6 PtF2Pt PtF4PtF5PtF6 AuFAuF3Au2F10AuF5·F2 HgF2Hg2F2HgF4 TlFTlF3 PbF2PbF4 BiF3BiF5 PoF4PoF6 At RnF2RnF6 Fr RaF2 ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ * LaF3 CeF3CeF4 PrF3PrF4 NdF3 PmF3 SmF2SmF3 EuF2EuF3 GdF3 TbF3TbF4 DyF3 HoF3 ErF3 TmF2TmF3 YbF2YbF3 ** AcF3 ThF4 PaF4PaF5 UF3UF4UF5UF6 NpF3NpF4NpF5NpF6 PuF3PuF4PuF5PuF6 AmF3AmF4AmF6 CmF3 Bk Cf Es Fm Md No PF6−, AsF6−, SbF6− compounds AgPF6 KAsF6 LiAsF6 NaAsF6 HPF6 HSbF6 NH4PF6 KPF6 KSbF6 LiPF6 NaPF6 NaSbF6 TlPF6 AlF6− compounds Cs2AlF5 Li3AlF6 K3AlF6 Na3AlF6 chlorides, bromides, iodides and pseudohalogenides BaClF SiIBrClF CFN ClFO2 SiF62-, GeF62- compounds BaSiF6 BaGeF6 (NH4)2SiF6 Na2 K2 Li2GeF6 Li2SiF6 Oxyfluorides BrOF3 BrO2F BrO3F LaOF ThOF2 VOF3 TcO3F WOF4 YOF ClOF3 ClO2F3 Organofluorides CBrF3 CBr2F2 CBr3F CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F CF2O CF3I CHF3 CH2F2 CH3F C2Cl3F3 C2H3F C6H5F C7H5F3 C15F33N C3H5F C6H11F with transition metal, lanthanide, actinide, ammonium VOF3 CrOF4 CrF2O2 NH4F (NH4)2ZrF6 CsXeF7 Li2TiF6 Li2ZrF6 K2TiF6 Rb2TiF6 Na2TiF6 Na2ZrF6 K2NbF7 K2TaF7 K2ZrF6 UO2F2 nitric acids FNO FNO2 FNO3 bifluorides KHF2 NaHF2 NH4HF2 thionyl, phosphoryl, and iodosyl F2OS F3OP PSF3 IOF3 IO3F IOF5 IO2F IO2F3 Chemical formulas Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perfluorocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorocarbon"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"haloalkane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkane"},{"link_name":"halomethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halomethane"},{"link_name":"refrigerant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ull-4"},{"link_name":"carbon–fluorine bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93fluorine_bond"}],"text":"Chemical compoundTetrafluoromethane, also known as carbon tetrafluoride or R-14, is the simplest perfluorocarbon (CF4). As its IUPAC name indicates, tetrafluoromethane is the perfluorinated counterpart to the hydrocarbon methane. It can also be classified as a haloalkane or halomethane. Tetrafluoromethane is a useful refrigerant but also a potent greenhouse gas.[4] It has a very high bond strength due to the nature of the carbon–fluorine bond.","title":"Carbon tetrafluoride"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronegativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity"},{"link_name":"fluorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"partial charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_charge"},{"link_name":"ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bond"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hagan-5"},{"link_name":"organofluorine compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organofluorine_compound"},{"link_name":"fluoromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoromethane"},{"link_name":"difluoromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difluoromethane"},{"link_name":"trifluoromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethane"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lemal2004-6"},{"link_name":"coulombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulombic"},{"link_name":"partial charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_charge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lemal2004-6"}],"text":"Because of the multiple carbon–fluorine bonds, and the high electronegativity of fluorine, the carbon in tetrafluoromethane has a significant positive partial charge which strengthens and shortens the four carbon–fluorine bonds by providing additional ionic character. Carbon–fluorine bonds are the strongest single bonds in organic chemistry.[5] Additionally, they strengthen as more carbon–fluorine bonds are added to the same carbon. In the one carbon organofluorine compounds represented by molecules of fluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, and tetrafluoromethane, the carbon–fluorine bonds are strongest in tetrafluoromethane.[6] This effect is due to the increased coulombic attractions between the fluorine atoms and the carbon because the carbon has a positive partial charge of 0.76.[6]","title":"Bonding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrogen fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chemelem-7"},{"link_name":"fluorination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorination"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"phosgene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene"},{"link_name":"sulfur tetrafluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_tetrafluoride"},{"link_name":"hydrogen fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride"},{"link_name":"dichlorodifluoromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane"},{"link_name":"chlorotrifluoromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorotrifluoromethane"},{"link_name":"electrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis"},{"link_name":"fluorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride"},{"link_name":"hydrogen fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ull-4"}],"text":"Tetrafluoromethane is the product when any carbon compound, including carbon itself, is burned in an atmosphere of fluorine. With hydrocarbons, hydrogen fluoride is a coproduct. It was first reported in 1926.[7] It can also be prepared by the fluorination of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or phosgene with sulfur tetrafluoride. Commercially it is manufactured by the reaction of hydrogen fluoride with dichlorodifluoromethane or chlorotrifluoromethane; it is also produced during the electrolysis of metal fluorides MF, MF2 using a carbon electrode.Although it can be made from a myriad of precursors and fluorine, elemental fluorine is expensive and difficult to handle. Consequently, CF4 is prepared on an industrial scale using hydrogen fluoride:[4]CCl2F2 + 2 HF → CF4 + 2 HCl","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silicon tetrafluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_tetrafluoride"},{"link_name":"silicon carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide"}],"sub_title":"Laboratory synthesis","text":"Tetrafluoromethane and silicon tetrafluoride can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction of silicon carbide with fluorine.SiC + 4 F2 → CF4 + SiF4","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bonding energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonding_energy"},{"link_name":"alkali metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal"},{"link_name":"Thermal decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_decomposition"},{"link_name":"carbonyl fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_fluoride"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"hydrogen fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride"}],"text":"Tetrafluoromethane, like other fluorocarbons, is very stable due to the strength of its carbon–fluorine bonds. The bonds in tetrafluoromethane have a bonding energy of 515 kJ⋅mol−1. As a result, it is inert to acids and hydroxides. However, it reacts explosively with alkali metals. Thermal decomposition or combustion of CF4 produces toxic gases (carbonyl fluoride and carbon monoxide) and in the presence of water will also yield hydrogen fluoride.It is very slightly soluble in water (about 20 mg⋅L−1), but miscible with organic solvents.","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"refrigerant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"microfabrication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabrication"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"plasma etchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_etching"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"silicon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"silicon nitride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nitride"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Tetrafluoromethane is sometimes used as a low temperature refrigerant (R-14). It is used in electronics microfabrication alone or in combination with oxygen as a plasma etchant for silicon, silicon dioxide, and silicon nitride.[8] It also has uses in neutron detectors.[9]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_Tetrafluoromethane.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PFC-14_mm.png"},{"link_name":"AGAGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//agage.mit.edu/"},{"link_name":"troposphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposphere"},{"link_name":"parts-per-trillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts-per_notation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halogenated_gas_concentrations_1978-present.png"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"greenhouse effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect"},{"link_name":"atmospheric lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_lifetime"},{"link_name":"greenhouse warming potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_warming_potential"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"perfluorocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorocarbon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"CFC-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethane"},{"link_name":"CFC-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane"},{"link_name":"radiative forcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"chlorofluorocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbons"},{"link_name":"deplete the ozone layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"hexafluoroethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluoroethane"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"Hall-Héroult process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall-H%C3%A9roult_process"},{"link_name":"halocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocarbon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JubbMcGillen2015-15"}],"text":"Mauna Loa tetrafluoromethane (CF4) timeseries.PFC-14 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion.Atmospheric concentration of CF4 (PFC-14) vs. similar man-made gases (right graph). Note the log scale.Tetrafluoromethane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect. It is very stable, has an atmospheric lifetime of 50,000 years, and a high greenhouse warming potential 6,500 times that of CO2.[10]Tetrafluoromethane is the most abundant perfluorocarbon in the atmosphere, where it is designated as PFC-14. Its atmospheric concentration is growing.[11] As of 2019, the man-made gases CFC-11 and CFC-12 continue to contribute a stronger radiative forcing than PFC-14.[12]Although structurally similar to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tetrafluoromethane does not deplete the ozone layer[13] because the carbon–fluorine bond is much stronger than that between carbon and chlorine.[14]Main industrial emissions of tetrafluoromethane besides hexafluoroethane are produced during production of aluminium using Hall-Héroult process. CF4 also is produced as product of the breakdown of more complex compounds such as halocarbons.[15]","title":"Environmental effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asphyxiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxiation"}],"text":"Due to its density, tetrafluoromethane can displace air, creating an asphyxiation hazard in inadequately ventilated areas. Otherwise, it is normally harmless due to its stability.","title":"Health risks"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Carbon-tetrafluoride-2D-dimensions.png/110px-Carbon-tetrafluoride-2D-dimensions.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Carbon-tetrafluoride-3D-balls-B.png/110px-Carbon-tetrafluoride-3D-balls-B.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Mauna Loa tetrafluoromethane (CF4) timeseries.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mauna_Loa_Tetrafluoromethane.jpg/220px-Mauna_Loa_Tetrafluoromethane.jpg"},{"image_text":"PFC-14 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PFC-14_mm.png/220px-PFC-14_mm.png"},{"image_text":"Atmospheric concentration of CF4 (PFC-14) vs. similar man-made gases (right graph). Note the log scale.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Halogenated_gas_concentrations_1978-present.png/260px-Halogenated_gas_concentrations_1978-present.png"}]	[{"title":"Trifluoromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethane"},{"title":"Hexafluoroethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluoroethane"},{"title":"Octafluoropropane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octafluoropropane"}]	[{"reference":"Lide, David R.; Kehiaian, Henry V. (1994). CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Themochemical Data (PDF). CRC Press. p. 31.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781000102574_A40413991/preview-9781000102574_A40413991.pdf","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Themochemical Data"}]},{"reference":"Abjean, R.; A. Bideau-Mehu; Y. Guern (15 July 1990). \"Refractive index of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) in the 300-140 nm wavelength range\". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 292 (3): 593–594. Bibcode:1990NIMPA.292..593A. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(90)90178-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990NIMPA.292..593A","url_text":"1990NIMPA.292..593A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-9002%2890%2990178-9","url_text":"10.1016/0168-9002(90)90178-9"}]},{"reference":"Kestin, J.; Ro, S.T.; Wakeham, W.A. (1971). \"Reference values of the viscosity of twelve gases at 25°C\". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 67: 2308–2313. doi:10.1039/TF9716702308.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FTF9716702308","url_text":"10.1039/TF9716702308"}]},{"reference":"Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2002). \"Fluorine Compounds, Organic\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349. ISBN 978-3527306732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry","url_text":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a11_349","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a11_349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732","url_text":"978-3527306732"}]},{"reference":"O'Hagan D (February 2008). \"Understanding organofluorine chemistry and in cations. An introduction to the C–F bond\". Chemical Society Reviews. 37 (2): 308–19. doi:10.1039/b711844a. 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Retrieved 2020-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases","url_text":"\"Climate change indicators - Atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases - Figure 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency","url_text":"United States Environmental Protection Agency"}]},{"reference":"Butler J. and Montzka S. (2020). \"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)\". NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html","url_text":"\"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"NOAA"}]},{"reference":"Cicerone, Ralph J. (1979-10-05). \"Atmospheric Carbon Tetrafluoride: A Nearly Inert Gas\" (PDF). Science. 206 (4414): 59–61. Bibcode:1979Sci...206...59C. doi:10.1126/science.206.4414.59. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17812452. S2CID 34911990.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt5n81h9fs/qt5n81h9fs.pdf?t=obqs5d","url_text":"\"Atmospheric Carbon Tetrafluoride: A Nearly Inert Gas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...206...59C","url_text":"1979Sci...206...59C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.206.4414.59","url_text":"10.1126/science.206.4414.59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17812452","url_text":"17812452"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34911990","url_text":"34911990"}]},{"reference":"\"Bond Energies\". www2.chemistry.msu.edu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Zhou	Vincent Zhou	["1 Personal life","2 Skating career","2.1 Early years","2.2 2015–2016 season","2.3 2016–2017 season","2.4 2017–2018 season","2.5 2018–2019 season","2.6 2019–2020 season","2.7 2020–2021 season","2.8 2021–2022 season","3 Records and achievements","4 Programs","5 Competitive highlights","6 Detailed results","6.1 Junior","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	American figure skater Vincent ZhouZhou at the 2019 Four Continents ChampionshipsBorn (2000-10-25) October 25, 2000 (age 23)San Jose, CaliforniaHometownPalo Alto, CaliforniaHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Figure skating careerCountry United StatesCoachDrew Meekins, Christy Krall, Tom Zakrajsek, Mie HamadaSkating clubSkating Club of BostonBegan skating2005Highest WS3rd (2018-19) Medal record Representing the United States Men's figure skating Olympic Games 2022 Beijing Team World Championships 2019 Saitama Men's singles 2022 Montpellier Men's singles Four Continents Championships 2019 Anaheim Men's singles World Team Trophy 2019 Fukuoka Team World Junior Championships 2017 Taipei Men's singles Vincent ZhouTraditional Chinese周知方Simplified Chinese周知方TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōu Zhīfāng Vincent Zhou (born October 25, 2000) is an American figure skater. He is a 2022 Olympic Games team event gold medalist, a two-time World bronze medalist (2019, 2022), the 2019 Four Continents bronze medalist, the 2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy champion, the 2021 Skate America champion, the 2018 CS Tallinn Trophy silver medalist, the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy silver medalist, and a three-time U.S. national silver medalist (2017, 2019, 2021). He is also the 2017 World Junior champion, a three-time Junior Grand Prix event silver medalist, and the 2013 U.S. junior national champion. In February 2018, Zhou became the first person to successfully land a quadruple Lutz jump at the Olympics. He finished sixth in PyeongChang. Personal life Vincent Zhou was born in San Jose, California. Both of his parents are originally from China. His older sister, Vivian, is a violinist and diver. His mother, Fei Ge, and his father, Max Zhou, are both computer scientists and worked in Silicon Valley. When Zhou was a baby, his family moved to Palo Alto, California, where they continue to reside. Zhou moved with his mother to Colorado Springs, Colorado in the spring of 2015 and returned to California a year later. He has since returned to Colorado Springs, where he spends most of his time. He had a Siamese tabby cat named Snookie. He volunteers regularly. Zhou attended Capistrano Connections Academy, an online school, to accommodate his training. He received the Presidential Award for Educational Excellence, a recognition awarded at the sole discretion of his school principal. Zhou enrolled at Brown University in the fall of 2019. Skating career Early years Zhou started skating in 2005. As a young child, he had lessons with Julie Lowndes and Charlie Tickner. He was coached by Diana Miro at the juvenile level and represented the Peninsula Skating Club until the 2011–2012 season. When he was nine, Zhou started to be coached by Tammy Gambill and became a member of the All Year Figure Skating Club in Riverside, California. Zhou admires Patrick Chan, Brian Boitano, Michael Weiss, Yuzuru Hanyu, and Richard Dornbush. He won three national titles at different levels in three consecutive years: 2011 U.S. intermediate champion (youngest U.S. intermediate champion) 2012 U.S. novice champion 2013 U.S. junior champion (youngest U.S. junior champion) Zhou intended to skate at the senior level in the 2013–2014 season, but missed the season due to an injury. He was also forced to sit out the entire 2014–15 season because of a torn lateral meniscus in his right knee and a discoid meniscus. Zhou underwent surgery at the UCSF Orthopedic Institute in San Francisco to get his injuries treated. In the spring of 2015, Zhou began training at the Broadmoor Skating Club in Colorado Springs, Colorado with Tom Zakrajsek and Becky Calvin as his new coaches. In May 2015, he returned to competition at the Santa Fe Skatefest. 2015–2016 season Making his ISU Junior Grand Prix debut, Zhou won two silver medals at the 2015 JGP events in Bratislava, Slovakia, and Linz, Austria. These results qualified him for the 2015–16 JGP Final in Barcelona, where he finished fourth. In January 2016, Zhou placed 8th on the senior level at the U.S. Championships and was named in the U.S. team to the World Junior Championships in Debrecen, Hungary. He placed fourth in both segments at the March event and fifth overall. 2016–2017 season Zhou changed coaches ahead of the 2016–2017 season, returning to Tammy Gambill. He has continued to train in Colorado Springs with one of his primary coaches, Drew Meekins and Tom Zakrajsek. Starting his season on the Junior Grand Prix series, he won silver in Yokohama, Japan, having ranked first in the short and second in the free behind South Korea's Cha Jun-hwan, and then bronze in Tallinn, Estonia. In December, he made his senior international debut at the 2016 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb but withdrew after the short program. Competing as a senior, Zhou won the silver medal at the U.S. Championships in January 2017. The following month, he stood on his first senior international podium, taking gold at the Bavarian Open. In March, he won the gold medal at the 2017 World Junior Championships. After placing 5th in the short program, he moved up to win the title with a personal best free skate. 2017–2018 season Zhou opened the season at the Finlandia Trophy, where he scored 6th in the short program, then moved up to a second-place finish behind China's Boyang Jin after winning the free skate. He made his senior Grand Prix debut, having received assignments to the 2017 Cup of China and 2017 Internationaux de France. In China, he scored 8th in the short program and 2nd in the free skate, landing just three points short of the podium; in France, he fell on the quads in his short program, ending up 10th in the short and 9th overall. After intense training and a shoulder dislocation, Zhou headed to the 2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, where he attempted a total of seven quadruple jumps. He took 5th in the short program and 3rd in the free skate, taking the bronze medal. His total score was just 0.68 points behind silver medalist Ross Miner. Alongside Nathan Chen and Adam Rippon, Zhou was named to the U.S. Olympic figure skating team to Pyeongchang, South Korea. During his short program on February 16, he became the first skater to land a quadruple Lutz jump at the Olympics. After the free program, he ultimately placed 6th, behind US national champion Nathan Chen. In April 2018, Zhou announced on Instagram that he and his choreographer Joshua Farris completed a new exhibition program to A-ha's "Take On Me". Zhou noted he had grown fond of the song while reading Ernest Cline's Ready Player One. 2018–2019 season At his first event of the season, the 2018 CS U.S. International Classic, Zhou placed sixth in the short, first in the free, and fourth overall. Zhou's assignments for the 2018-19 Grand Prix series are Skate America and NHK Trophy. At the 2018 Skate America, Zhou placed six in the short, third in the free, and fifth overall. At the 2018 NHK Trophy, Zhou placed fifth in the short, fourth in the free, and fourth overall. In late November, Zhou competed at the 2018 CS Tallinn Trophy, where he won the silver medal. At the 2019 US Championships, he won the silver medal after placing third in the short program and second in the free skate. He said, "I’m happy with the results, but there is still so much room for improvement,” That gives me hope for the future because to achieve what I did this week and still have room for growth is a good thing. I look forward to Four Continents and the World Championships." He was assigned to compete at the 2019 Four Continents Championships in early February and the 2019 World Championships in March. At the 2019 Four Continents Championships, Zhou ranked first in the short with a personal best score of 100.18 and fifth in the free. He won the bronze medal, achieving his first podium finish at an ISU Championship. Speaking afterward, he said, "I thought that I skated great today. The most important thing that I got from today was the love for the sport. The audience was absolutely incredible, and they helped me feel good about how I skated. I think that I did a good job at this competition and I made many improvements upon my previous performances. I did a very good quad Lutz at the beginning, but then my mind got a little blurry going into the quad Salchow, and that could have been better.". At the 2019 World Championships, Zhou scored a new season's best of 186.99, placing third in the free skate, and won the bronze medal. Afterward, he stated, "I do not think there is one stone left unturned when it came to the organization itself; everyone here has been so kind and so supportive. I am super proud that I was able to put together two strong performances, and I built upon what has been made on the nationals and Four Continents. To end the season like this is really incredible. It has been the first time since 1996 since two Americans have been on a podium, and I think it is really noteworthy. I am really honored to compete here and having the opportunity to skate here in Japan." Zhou concluded the season as part of the gold medal-winning Team USA at the 2019 World Team Trophy. 2019–2020 season Zhou left his longtime coach Tom Zakrajsek, announcing that he would train with Tammy Gambill in the United States and also with Japanese coach Mie Hamada, who he had been working with for some time previously. Zhou chose to attend Brown University, stating that the curriculum was flexible enough that it would be viable to both skate and study. Zhou debuted at the 2019 CS U.S. Classic, placing first in the short program but dropping to the bronze medal position after a fourth-place free skate. He withdrew from both of his Grand Prix assignments for the year, stating that they conflicted with adequate preparation for his midterm examinations. In January 2020, Zhou announced that he would take a gap year from Brown University for the following season, and would henceforth be coached by Hamada, Lee Barkell and choreographer Lori Nichol at the Granite Club in Toronto. Only able to train for approximately four weeks before the 2020 U.S. Championships, he nevertheless placed fourth in the short program. Fourth in the free skate as well, he won the pewter medal. Zhou performed only one quadruple jump in each program, saying that he had only started to land them the week of the competition. Despite his fourth place, he was assigned to one of the United States' three men's berths at the 2020 World Championships. The World Championships were subsequently canceled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. 2020–2021 season The pandemic caused Zhou to conclude that his coaching arrangement in Toronto was no longer viable due to restrictions on international travel. He parted ways with Barkell, saying he had been refreshed by his time at the Granite Club. With Japan also not an option, he returned to Colorado Springs and former coaches Krall and Zakrajsek. He was assigned to compete at the 2020 Skate America in Las Vegas, the ISU having made Grand Prix assignments based primarily on training location to minimize travel. Zhou placed second in the short program, despite landing his quad Salchow on the quarter mark. He was second in the free skate as well despite falling on his opening underrotated quad Lutz and underrotating another quad Salchow attempt, taking the silver medal behind Nathan Chen and ahead of Keegan Messing. On winning his first Grand Prix medal, he said, "obviously, there were a few hiccups in the program, but overall, I’m really proud of myself for what I did at this competition." Zhou competed next at the 2021 U.S. Championships, also held in Las Vegas. He placed second in the short program, landing both a quad Lutz and a quad Salchow. Second in the free skate, despite two errors on quad attempts, he won the silver medal. He was assigned to the American team for the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm. At Worlds, Zhou struggled on all three jumping passes in the short program and failed to land a single fully rotated jump. He finished 25th overall and missed qualifying for the free skating segment by less than a quarter of a point. While fellow American skaters Chen and Jason Brown placed first and seventh in the event, Zhou's failure to qualify for the free skate meant that the United States only qualified two men's berths for the 2022 Winter Olympics outright, with the necessity of competing for a third later in the year at the 2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy. 2021–2022 season After winning the Skating Club of Boston's Cranberry Cup event, Zhou was assigned as the American men's entry to the 2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy to secure a third Olympic berth for the United States. Zhou placed first in both programs to win the event. At his first Grand Prix assignment of the season, the 2021 Skate America, Zhou skated two clean programs, including landing five quads in his free skate, to win both segments of competition and take the gold medal overall in what was considered an upset victory over compatriot Nathan Chen, who finished third after numerous mistakes. Chen had been undefeated for over three years prior. Zhou said afterward that he "didn't really expect this result, but what I did expect of myself was to be as well-prepared and well-trained as I possibly could, and I think just focusing on that every single day at home led to making the seemingly impossible become possible." His second assignment, the 2021 NHK Trophy, was widely considered a contest between Zhou and Skate America silver medalist Shoma Uno due to Yuzuru Hanyu having had to withdraw from the event due to injury. Zhou placed narrowly second in the short program, 3.07 points behind Uno, but had a poor free skate, singling a planned quad Lutz to open, underrotating three other jumps, and receiving quarter calls on three others. He pronounced himself "very disappointed and made a lot of mistakes and wish I could have done better and capitalize on this opportunity. This is not representative of my training." Zhou's results qualified him to the Grand Prix Final, but it was subsequently canceled due to restrictions prompted by the Omicron variant. Zhou placed second with a clean skate in the short program at the 2022 U.S. Championships. He struggled in the free skate, making several errors on quadruple jumps and falling on his triple Axel attempt, placing fourth in that segment and narrowly third overall, 0.38 points ahead of pewter medalist Jason Brown. Zhou said, "the simplest answer is that I was just so nervous that my body froze up on me. I'm really disappointed in myself" Despite this personal disappointment, he was named to his second American Olympic team. Beginning the 2022 Winter Olympics as the American entry in the men's free skate segment of the Olympic team event, Zhou popped a planned quadruple flip early in the program but rallied to complete three more quads and three Level 4 spins. With 171.44 points, Zhou ranked third in the segment and added eight team points en route to the gold medal finish for the Americans. Zhou received two positive tests for COVID-19 afterward and announced that he would have to withdraw from the men's event. Zhou called the turn of events "pretty unreal." Zhou was not allowed to participate in the closing ceremony despite testing negative for 14 straight days and having antibodies. Originally the U.S team was awarded the silver medal, however following a positive doping test of Russia's gold medalist Kamila Valieva, the team members were not awarded their medals, pending an investigation. In January 2024, the Court of Arbitration for Sport disqualified her, and the gold medal is projected to be awarded to the U.S. team. Following a disappointing Olympics, Zhou concluded the season at the 2022 World Championships in Montpellier. Zhou placed sixth in the short program but rallied to place fourth in the free skate, securing third place overall in a chaotic event. He said afterward that he was "still very upset over the loss of that opportunity at the Olympics, but I'm very grateful that I still had the chance to compete here at Worlds. I did some great things out there, and there is a lot for me to learn and grow from." Zhou indicated that he would focus "solely on academics" in the fall but did not rule out a comeback. Records and achievements First skater to land the quadruple Lutz jump at the Olympics. Programs Zhou at the 2015–16 Junior Grand Prix Final Season Short program Free skating Exhibition 2021–2022 Vincent by Don McLean performed by Josh Groban choreo. by Lori Nichol Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon by Tan Dun Rising Sun by Kiyoshi Yoshida choreo. by Lori Nichol Lonely by Illenium(feat. Chandler Leighton) choreo. by Vincent Zhou Sign of the Times by Harry Styles 2020–2021 Vincent by Don McLean performed by Josh Groban choreo. by Lori Nichol Algorithm by Muse choreo. by Misha Ge Sign of the Timesby Harry Styles 2019–2020 I Will Wait by Mumford & Sons choreo. by Shae-Lynn Bourne Cloud Atlas by Reinhold Heil, Johnny Klimek, Tom Tykwer choreo. by Lori Nichol Slow Dancing in the Dark by Joji 2018–2019 Exogenesis: Symphony Part 3 by Muse choreo. by Lori Nichol Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon by Tan Dun Rising Sun by Kiyoshi Yoshida choreo. by Jeffrey Buttle Made in China by Higher Brothers, DJ Snake Slow Dancing in the Dark by Joji choreo. by Joshua Farris Take On Me by A-ha choreo. by Joshua Farris 2017–2018 Chasing Cars by Snow Patrol covered by Cinematic Pop choreo. by Jeffrey Buttle Moulin Rouge! Nature Boy by eden ahbez Your Song (instrumental) by Elton John, Bernie Taupin performed by Craig Armstrong Come What May by David Baerwald, Kevin Gilbert choreo. by Jeffrey Buttle Romeo + Juliet by Nellee Hooper, Craig Armstrong, Marius de Vries choreo. by Drew Meekins, Charlie White Chasing Cars by Snow Patrol covered by Cinematic Pop choreo. by Jeffrey Buttle Take On Me by A-ha choreo. by Joshua Farris Sun (from Many Beautiful Things) by Sleeping at Last 2016–2017 Writing's on the Wall by Sam Smith Spectre by Thomas Newman choreo. by Drew Meekins Casablanca by L'Orchestra Cinematique Melody Main Title - Casablanca by Royal Film Orchestra Johnny Staccato by Elmer Bernstein choreo. by David Wilson Sun (from Many Beautiful Things) by Sleeping at Last 2015–2016 Crystallize by Lindsey Stirling choreo. by Yuka Sato The Godfather by Nino Rota choreo. by Justin Dillon 2014–2015 Did not compete this season 2013–2014 The Barber of Seville Overture by Gioachino Rossini The Nutcracker by Pyotr Tchaikovsky 2012–2013 The Sorcerer's Apprentice by Trevor Rabin Casablanca by L'Orchestra Cinematique Melody Main Title - Casablanca by Royal Film Orchestra Go the Distance 2011–2012 Nut Rocker by the Trans-Siberian Orchestra Iron Monkey by James L. Venable Rising Sun by Kiyoshi Yoshida Competitive highlights GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix. Pewter medals (4th place) awarded only at U.S. national, sectional, and regional events. International Event 12–13 15–16 16–17 17–18 18–19 19–20 20–21 21–22 Olympics 6th WD Worlds 14th 3rd C 25th 3rd Four Continents 3rd GP Skate America 5th 2nd 1st GP Cup of China 4th WD GP NHK Trophy 4th 2nd GP France 9th CS U.S. Classic 4th 3rd CS Nebelhorn Trophy 1st CS Finlandia Trophy 2nd CS Tallinn Trophy 2nd Bavarian Open 1st Cranberry Cup 1st International: Junior Junior Worlds 5th 1st JGP Final 4th JGP Austria 2nd JGP Estonia 3rd JGP Japan 2nd JGP Slovakia 2nd National U.S. Champ. 1st J 8th 2nd 3rd 2nd 4th 2nd 3rd Team events Olympics 1st T 3rd P World Team Trophy 1st T 2nd P Japan Open 3rd T 3rd P WD = Withdrew; C = Event cancelled; J = Junior T = Team result; P = Personal result. Medals awarded for team result only. Detailed results Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. 2021–22 season Date Event SP FS Total March 21–27, 2022 2022 World Championships 6 95.84 4 181.54 3 277.38 February 4–7, 2022 2022 Winter Olympics – Team event – 3 171.44 1T January 3–9, 2022 2022 U.S. Championships 2 112.78 4 177.38 3 290.16 November 12–14, 2021 2021 NHK Trophy 2 99.51 6 161.18 2 260.69 October 22–24, 2021 2021 Skate America 1 97.43 1 198.13 1 295.56 September 22–25, 2021 2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy 1 97.35 1 186.88 1 284.23 2020–21 season Date Event SP FS Total March 22–28, 2021 2021 World Championships 25 70.51 - 25 70.51 January 11–21, 2021 2021 U.S. Championships 2 107.79 2 183.59 2 291.38 October 23–24, 2020 2020 Skate America 2 99.36 2 175.47 2 275.10 2019–20 season Date Event SP FS Total January 20–26, 2020 2020 U.S. Championships 4 94.82 4 180.41 4 275.23 September 17–22, 2019 2019 CS U.S. International Classic 1 89.03 4 142.92 3 231.95 2018–19 season Date Event SP FS Total April 11–14, 2019 2019 World Team Trophy 2 100.51 2 198.50 1T/2P 299.01 March 18–24, 2019 2019 World Championships 4 94.17 3 186.99 3 281.16 February 7–10, 2019 2019 Four Continents Championships 1 100.18 5 172.04 3 272.22 January 19–27, 2019 2019 U.S. Championships 3 100.25 2 183.76 2 284.01 Nov. 26 – Dec. 2, 2018 2018 CS Tallinn Trophy 3 77.46 2 156.79 2 234.25 November 9–11, 2018 2018 NHK Trophy 5 75.90 4 147.52 4 223.42 October 19–21, 2018 2018 Skate America 6 76.38 3 149.37 5 225.75 September 12–16, 2018 2018 CS U.S. International Classic 6 61.72 1 142.90 4 204.62 2017–18 season Date Event SP FS Total March 19–25, 2018 2018 World Championships 3 96.78 19 138.46 14 235.24 February 14–23, 2018 2018 Winter Olympics 12 84.53 6 192.16 6 276.69 Dec. 29 – Jan. 8, 2018 2018 U.S. Championships 5 89.02 3 184.81 3 273.83 November 17–19, 2017 2017 Internationaux de France 10 66.12 7 156.09 9 222.21 November 3–5, 2017 2017 Cup of China 8 80.23 2 176.43 4 256.66 October 6–8, 2017 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy 6 76.10 1 173.91 2 250.01 Junior Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. Current ISU world bests highlighted in bold and italic. 2016–17 season Date Event Level SP FS Total March 15–19, 2017 2017 World Junior Championships Junior 5 78.87 1 179.24 1 258.11 February 14–19, 2017 2017 Bavarian Open Senior 1 85.53 1 162.28 1 247.81 January 14–22, 2017 2017 U.S. Championships Senior 3 87.85 2 175.18 2 263.03 Sept. 28 – Oct. 2, 2016 2016 JGP Estonia Junior 1 78.10 3 135.82 3 213.92 September 8–11, 2016 2016 JGP Japan Junior 1 80.53 2 145.86 2 226.39 2015–16 season Date Event Level SP FS Total March 14–20, 2016 2016 World Junior Championships Junior 4 77.37 4 143.88 5 221.19 January 15–24, 2016 2016 U.S. Championships Senior 8 68.10 8 149.13 8 217.23 December 10–13, 2015 2015–16 JGP Final Junior 4 70.48 3 134.08 4 204.56 September 9–13, 2015 JGP Austria Junior 3 66.59 2 145.37 2 211.96 August 19–23, 2015 JGP Slovakia Junior 2 68.07 2 132.78 2 200.85 2012–13 season Date Event Level SP FS Total January 20–22, 2013 2013 U.S. Championships Junior 2 66.31 1 138.95 1 205.26 Notes ^ a b On 29 January 2024 CAS disqualified Valieva for four years retroactive to 25 December 2021 for an anti-doping rule violation. On 30 January 2024 the ISU reallocated medals to upgrade the United States to gold and Japan to silver while downgrading ROC to bronze. ^ This is somewhat debatable. In the men's short program competition at the 2018 Olympic Winter Games, a total of four competitors attempted a combination jump that included a quad lutz. Zhou was the first of the four to compete, and he did not fall on the jump combination. However, his jump combination received an under-rotation call on the second jump of the combination and a negative GOE (-1.03) on the overall element. Two skaters that competed after him in the same competition (Dmitri Aliev, an Olympic Athlete from Russia, and Boyang Jin of China) landed their quad lutz combination jumps with no calls and positive GOEs. In the men's free program competition that antecedes the short program, a total of four competitors attempted quad lutz jumps. Among them, Nathan Chen of the United States was the first to compete, and he landed a quad lutz with no calls and a positive GOE. References ^ "BEIJING 2022 FIGURE SKATING TEAM EVENT RESULTS". International Olympic Committee. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ KEH, ANDREW (February 10, 2022). "亞裔美國人撐起美國花樣滑冰「半邊天」". 紐約時報中文網. ^ a b c "American Zhou lands 1st quad lutz in Olympics". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. January 15, 2018. ^ a b c "Vincent ZHOU: 2018/2019". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. ^ 披龍服報捷周知方鎖定2018冬奧. World Journal (in Chinese). 25 January 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014. ^ a b c d e "Vincent Zhou". U.S. Figure Skating. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. "Earlier versions". IceNetwork.com. September 10, 2018. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c Walker, Elvin (24 June 2012). "U.S. novice champ Zhou hungry for more". Golden Skate. Retrieved 17 April 2014. ^ "Fay Ge". Capistrano Connections Academy. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. ^ a b c d e f Brannen, Sarah S. (June 1, 2015). "Zhou on comeback trail after injury, academic break". IceNetwork.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015. ^ a b c d Brannen, Sarah S. (July 21, 2016). "Zhou returns to his roots, reunites with Gambill". IceNetwork.com. ^ a b c Whetstone, Mimi (August–September 2013). "A Coach's Dream". Skating Magazine. ^ a b "Vincent Zhou". Capistrano Connections Academy. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. ^ "How awards are rewarded for the President's Education Award Program". Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. ^ a b "ビンセント・ゾウが浜田コーチに師事紀平も指導、世界選手権後に正式依頼" (in Japanese). Sankei Sports. June 25, 2019. ^ Brannen, Sarah S. (29 August 2013). "Young Skaters Look to the Future". Boston 2014. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. ^ Flade, Tatjana (16 March 2017). "USA's Zhou jumps to Junior World gold". Golden Skate. ^ "Athlete Profile - Vincent ZHOU". pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c Zhou, Vincent (April 5, 2018). "Josh Farris and I are so excited to have finished my "Take On Me" exhibition program!!" (Instagram). Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. ^ "ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating 2018/19 - Entries - Men". ISU.org. ^ "Chen dominates U.S. men to win third national title". Golden Skate. Retrieved 27 January 2019. ^ "Revived, Uno rallies to capture first Four Continents title". Golden Skate. 2019-02-10. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ Slater, Paula (2019-03-23). "Chen defends World title with record scores". Golden Skate. Retrieved 23 March 2019. ^ Slater, Paula (April 13, 2019). "Team USA wins fourth World Team Trophy gold". Golden Skate. ^ Lutz, Rachel (July 2, 2019). "Vincent Zhou to attend Brown University, details new skating situation". NBC Sports. ^ Pederson, Marissa (October 22, 2019). "Team USA Claims Three Medals to Close U.S. International Classic". U.S. Figure Skating Fanzone. ^ "Vincent Zhou withdraws from 2019 Grand Prix events". NBC Sports. October 22, 2019. ^ "Vincent Zhou changes coaches, to return at U.S. Figure Skating Championships". NBC Sports. January 2, 2020. ^ Slater, Paula (January 25, 2020). "Chen in comfortable lead at U.S. Nationals". Golden Skate. ^ Slater, Paula (January 26, 2020). "Chen wins fourth consecutive U.S. National title". Golden Skate. ^ "U.S Figure Skating Announces Men's, Pairs and Ice Dance Selections for World, Four Continents, World Junior Teams, and World Junior Camp". U.S. Figure Skating. January 26, 2020. ^ Ewing, Lori (March 11, 2020). "World figure skating championships cancelled in Montreal". CBC Sports. ^ a b Rutherford, Lynn (September 21, 2020). "Vincent Zhou: Reimagined, reinvigorated and ready to fight". Team USA. United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. ^ "2020 Skate America". International Figure Skating. October 20, 2020. ^ Slater, Paula (October 24, 2020). "Chen 'sensational' in Short Program at 2020 Skate America". Golden Skate. ^ Slater, Paula (October 26, 2020). "Nathan Chen takes fourth consecutive Skate America title". Golden Skate. ^ Slater, Paula (January 16, 2021). "Nathan Chen leads Men at US Nationals". Golden Skate. ^ Slater, Paula (January 17, 2021). "Nathan Chen wins fifth consecutive US National title". Golden Skate. ^ Almond, Elliott (March 25, 2021). "Palo Alto's Vincent Zhou falls apart at figure skating World Championships". The Mercury News. ^ "Communication No. 2388". International Skating Union. April 1, 2021. ^ "United States to send Liu, Zhou to Nebelhorn Trophy". U.S. Figure Skating. August 30, 2021. ^ Flade, Tatjana (September 24, 2021). "USA's Vincent Zhou reigns at Nebelhorn Trophy". Golden Skate. ^ Capellazzi, Gina (25 October 2021). "Vincent Zhou wins his first-ever Skate America title". Figure Skaters Online. ^ Slater, Paula (November 13, 2021). "Shoma Uno defends NHK Trophy title". Golden Skate. ^ McCarvel, Nick (13 November 2021). "Things we learned at the Japanese Grand Prix: Uno, Sakamoto shine in front of home fans while world champs reign". International Olympic Committee. ^ "Figure skating Grand Prix Final cancelled over travel rules". CBC Sports. December 2, 2021. ^ Slater, Paula (January 9, 2022). "Chen seizes sixth consecutive U.S. national title". Golden Skate. ^ Levinsohn, Dan (January 12, 2022). "Meet the 2022 U.S. Figure Skating Olympic Team". NBC Sports. ^ "Team USA in Podium Position After Second Day of Team Event Competition". U.S. Figure Skating. February 6, 2022. ^ "ROC edges USA for lead on Day Two of the Team Event in Beijing". International Skating Union. February 6, 2022. ^ Carpenter, Les (February 7, 2022). "Vincent Zhou out of men's figure skating event after positive test clouds U.S. team's silver". Washington Post. ^ Slater, Paula (February 7, 2022). "ROC wins Olympic figure skating team event". Golden Skate. ^ Jerome Taylor (February 20, 2022). "Poor Vincent Zhou just can't catch a break at the #WinterOlympics" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Brennan, Christine (2022-02-07). "Olympic team figure skaters are still waiting for medals a year after Beijing Games. Why?". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2023-03-19. Retrieved 2023-02-20. ^ Slater, Paula (February 6, 2022). "ROC overtakes USA on Day 2 of Olympic Figure Skating Team Event". Golden Skate. ^ Slater, Paula (March 24, 2022). "Shoma leads men at Worlds in possible Japanese sweep". Golden Skate. ^ Slater, Paula (March 26, 2022). "Japan's Shoma Uno wins gold in Montpellier". Golden Skate. ^ "Vincent Zhou enjoying Stars on Ice experience after up and down season". Figure Skaters Online. May 11, 2022. ^ "Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang Men Single Skating Short Program Judges Scores" (PDF). International Skating Union. Retrieved 5 Jan 2020. ^ "Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang Men Single Skating Free Skating Judges Scores" (PDF). International Skating Union. Retrieved 5 Jan 2020. ^ "Vincent Zhou (@govincentzhou)". Instagram. May 22, 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved July 18, 2021. ^ "Vincent Zhou (@govincentzhou)". Instagram. June 11, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021. ^ Zhou, Vincent (May 31, 2019). "2019-2020 SP: I Will Wait by Mumford & Sons @mumfordandsons Choreo: Shae-Lynn Bourne @shaechez Thank you so so much for a great week of…" (Instagram). Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. ^ "Off-season news 2019: Retirements, coaching changes, music selections, and more!". Rocker Skating - Analysis by Jackie Wong. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ Almond, Elliott (May 3, 2018). "The lonely road of a teenage Olympic ice skater". The Mercury News. ^ Zhou, Vincent (August 7, 2018). "2018-2019 SP: Exogenesis Symphony Pt. 3, choreographed by Lori Nichol" (Instagram). Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. ^ a b "Music - Stars on Ice" (PDF). Stars on Ice. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Zhou, Vincent (February 21, 2019). "@joshdfarris thank you so much for another amazing exhibition program!! ~ Music: Joji - Slow Dancing in the Dark" (Instagram). Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. ^ Brannen, Sarah S. (June 23, 2017). "Creating the program: Zhou makes music selection". IceNetwork.com. ^ Rutherford, Lynn (August 24, 2017). "Champs Camp Chatter: Zhou gets new free skate". IceNetwork.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ^ Brannen, Sarah S. (August 30, 2017). "Creating the Program: Zhou, team hit reset button". IceNetwork.com. ^ "Vincent ZHOU: 2017/2018". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 23, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b 김, 희준 (April 20, 2018). "올림픽 감동 재현한 봄의 아이스쇼…색다른 매력도 선보인 평창 스타들". Newsis. ^ ISU Grand Prix 2017 Cup of China Exhibition (Television production). Eurosport. November 5, 2017. ^ "Vincent ZHOU: 2016/2017". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Vincent ZHOU: 2015/2016". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b "Competition Results: Vincent ZHOU". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. External links Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 November 2022) Vincent Zhou at the International Skating Union Vincent Zhou at IceNetwork.com at the Wayback Machine (archived July 21, 2016) Vincent Zhou at Team USA (archived) Vincent Zhou at Olympics.com Vincent Zhou at Olympedia vteOlympic figure skating champions (team event) 2014: Evgeni Plushenko, Yulia Lipnitskaya, Tatiana Volosozhar & Maxim Trankov, Ksenia Stolbova & Fedor Klimov, Ekaterina Bobrova & Dmitri Soloviev, Elena Ilinykh & Nikita Katsalapov 2018: Patrick Chan, Kaetlyn Osmond, Gabrielle Daleman, Meagan Duhamel & Eric Radford, Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir 2022: Nathan Chen, Vincent Zhou, Karen Chen, Alexa Knierim & Brandon Frazier, Madison Hubbell & Zachary Donohue, Madison Chock & Evan Bates vteWorld junior figure skating champions (men's singles) 1976: Mark Cockerell 1977: Daniel Beland 1978: Dennis Coi 1979: Vitali Egorov 1980: Alexandre Fadeev 1981: Paul Wylie 1982: Scott Williams 1983: Christopher Bowman 1984: Viktor Petrenko 1985: Erik Larson 1986: Vladimir Petrenko 1987: Rudy Galindo 1988: Todd Eldredge 1989: Viacheslav Zagorodniuk 1990: Igor Pashkevich 1991: Vasili Eremenko 1992: Dmitri Dmitrenko 1993: Evgeni Pliuta 1994: Michael Weiss 1995: Ilia Kulik 1996: Alexei Yagudin 1997: Evgeni Plushenko 1998: Derrick Delmore 1999: Ilia Klimkin 2000: Stefan Lindemann 2001: Johnny Weir 2002: Daisuke Takahashi 2003: Alexander Shubin 2004: Andrei Griazev 2005: Nobunari Oda 2006: Takahiko Kozuka 2007: Stephen Carriere 2008: Adam Rippon 2009: Adam Rippon 2010: Yuzuru Hanyu 2011: Andrei Rogozine 2012: Yan Han 2013: Joshua Farris 2014: Nam Nguyen 2015: Shoma Uno 2016: Daniel Samohin 2017: Vincent Zhou 2018: Alexey Erokhov 2019: Tomoki Hiwatashi 2020: Andrei Mozalev 2022: Ilia Malinin 2023: Kao Miura 2024: Seo Min-kyu vteSkate America champions (men's singles) 1979: Scott Hamilton 1981: Scott Hamilton 1982: Scott Hamilton 1983: Brian Boitano 1985: Jozef Sabovčík 1986: Brian Boitano 1988: Christopher Bowman 1989: Christopher Bowman 1990: Viktor Petrenko 1991: Christopher Bowman 1992: Todd Eldredge 1993: Viktor Petrenko 1994: Todd Eldredge 1995: Todd Eldredge 1996: Todd Eldredge 1997: Todd Eldredge 1998: Alexei Yagudin 1999: Alexei Yagudin 2000: Timothy Goebel 2001: Timothy Goebel 2002: Brian Joubert 2003: Michael Weiss 2004: Brian Joubert 2005: Daisuke Takahashi 2006: Nobunari Oda 2007: Daisuke Takahashi 2008: Takahiko Kozuka 2009: Evan Lysacek 2010: Daisuke Takahashi 2011: Michal Březina 2012: Takahiko Kozuka 2013: Tatsuki Machida 2014: Tatsuki Machida 2015: Max Aaron 2016: Shoma Uno 2017: Nathan Chen 2018: Nathan Chen 2019: Nathan Chen 2020: Nathan Chen 2021: Vincent Zhou 2022: Ilia Malinin 2023: Ilia Malinin vteNebelhorn Trophy figure skating champions (men's singles) 1969: Günter Anderl 1970: Klaus Grimmelt 1971: Erich Reifschneider 1972: Robert Bradshaw 1973: John Carlow 1974: David Santee 1975: Ted Barton 1976: Fumio Igarashi 1977: Robert Wagenhoffer 1978: Allen Schramm 1979: Gordon Forbes 1980: Tom Dickson 1981: Heiko Fischer 1982: Leonardo Azzola 1983: Heiko Fischer 1984: Richard Zander 1985: Richard Zander 1986: Vitali Egorov 1987: Todd Eldredge 1988: Aren Nielsen 1989: Shepherd Clark 1990: Michael Chack 1991: Ryan Hunka 1992: David Liu 1993: Jeffrey Langdon 1994: Ilia Kulik 1995: Takeshi Honda 1996: Michael Weiss 1997: Timothy Goebel 1998: Trifun Zivanovic 1999: Ilia Klimkin 2000: Anton Klykov 2001: Sergei Davydov 2002: Sergei Davydov 2003: Nicholas Young 2004: Marc-André Craig 2005: Stefan Lindemann 2006: Tomáš Verner 2007: Michal Březina 2008: Nobunari Oda 2009: Stéphane Lambiel 2010: Tatsuki Machida 2011: Yuzuru Hanyu 2012: Nobunari Oda 2013: Nobunari Oda 2014: Jason Brown 2015: Elladj Baldé 2016: Alexander Petrov 2017: Jorik Hendrickx 2018: Keegan Messing 2019: Makar Ignatov 2020: Deniss Vasiļjevs 2021: Vincent Zhou 2022: Keegan Messing 2023: Adam Siao Him Fa vteInternational Skating Union (ISU) world No. 1 figure skaters (since 2001–02 season)Season-end No. 1 figure skaters (since 2001–02 season)Men's singles 2001–02: Evgeni Plushenko 2002–03: Evgeni Plushenko 2003–04: Evgeni Plushenko 2004–05: Evgeni Plushenko 2005–06: Jeffrey Buttle 2006–07: Daisuke Takahashi 2007–08: Daisuke Takahashi 2008–09: Tomáš Verner 2009–10: Evan Lysacek 2010–11: Daisuke Takahashi 2011–12: Patrick Chan 2012–13: Patrick Chan 2013–14: Yuzuru Hanyu 2014–15: Yuzuru Hanyu 2015–16: Yuzuru Hanyu 2016–17: Yuzuru Hanyu 2017–18: Yuzuru Hanyu 2018–19: Nathan Chen 2019–20: Nathan Chen 2020–21: Nathan Chen 2021–22: Nathan Chen 2022–23: Shoma Uno Women's singles 2001–02: Irina Slutskaya 2002–03: Michelle Kwan 2003–04: Sasha Cohen 2004–05: Shizuka Arakawa 2005–06: Irina Slutskaya 2006–07: Mao Asada 2007–08: Mao Asada 2008–09: Yuna Kim 2009–10: Yuna Kim 2010–11: Carolina Kostner 2011–12: Carolina Kostner 2012–13: Carolina Kostner 2013–14: Mao Asada 2014–15: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva 2015–16: Satoko Miyahara 2016–17: Evgenia Medvedeva 2017–18: Kaetlyn Osmond 2018–19: Alina Zagitova 2019–20: Rika Kihira 2020–21: Rika Kihira 2021–22: Anna Shcherbakova 2022–23: Kaori Sakamoto Pairs 2001–02: Elena Berezhnaya / Anton Sikharulidze 2002–03: Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo 2003–04: Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo 2004–05: Maria Petrova / Alexei Tikhonov 2005–06: Maria Petrova / Alexei Tikhonov 2006–07: Zhang Dan / Zhang Hao 2007–08: Aliona Savchenko / Robin Szolkowy 2008–09: Aliona Savchenko / Robin Szolkowy 2009–10: Aliona Savchenko / Robin Szolkowy 2010–11: Aliona Savchenko / Robin Szolkowy 2011–12: Aliona Savchenko / Robin Szolkowy 2012–13: Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 2013–14: Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 2014–15: Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford 2015–16: Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford 2016–17: Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford 2017–18: Aljona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 2018–19: Evgenia Tarasova / Vladimir Morozov 2019–20: Evgenia Tarasova / Vladimir Morozov 2020–21: Peng Cheng / Jin Yang 2021–22: Anastasia Mishina / Aleksandr Galliamov 2022–23: Alexa Knierim / Brandon Frazier Ice dance 2001–02: Marina Anissina / Gwendal Peizerat 2002–03: Irina Lobacheva / Ilia Averbukh 2003–04: Albena Denkova / Maxim Staviski 2004–05: Tatiana Navka / Roman Kostomarov 2005–06: Tatiana Navka / Roman Kostomarov 2006–07: Marie-France Dubreuil / Patrice Lauzon 2007–08: Isabelle Delobel / Olivier Schoenfelder 2008–09: Oksana Domnina / Maxim Shabalin 2009–10: Meryl Davis / Charlie White 2010–11: Meryl Davis / Charlie White 2011–12: Meryl Davis / Charlie White 2012–13: Meryl Davis / Charlie White 2013–14: Meryl Davis / Charlie White 2014–15: Kaitlyn Weaver / Andrew Poje 2015–16: Madison Chock / Evan Bates 2016–17: Madison Chock / Evan Bates 2017–18: Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir 2018–19: Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue 2019–20: Victoria Sinitsina / Nikita Katsalapov 2020–21: Victoria Sinitsina / Nikita Katsalapov 2021–22: Madison Chock / Evan Bates 2022–23: Charlène Guignard / Marco Fabbri Season's No. 1 figure skaters (since 2010–11 season)Men's singles 2010–11: Patrick Chan 2011–12: Patrick Chan 2012–13: Patrick Chan 2013–14: Yuzuru Hanyu 2014–15: Javier Fernández 2015–16: Yuzuru Hanyu 2016–17: Yuzuru Hanyu 2017–18: Nathan Chen 2018–19: Nathan Chen 2019–20: Yuzuru Hanyu 2020–21: Nathan Chen 2021–22: Vincent Zhou 2022–23: Shoma Uno Women's singles 2010–11: Carolina Kostner 2011–12: Carolina Kostner 2012–13: Mao Asada 2013–14: Yulia Lipnitskaya 2014–15: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva 2015–16: Evgenia Medvedeva 2016–17: Evgenia Medvedeva 2017–18: Alina Zagitova 2018–19: Rika Kihira 2019–20: Alena Kostornaia 2020–21: Anna Shcherbakova 2021–22: Anna Shcherbakova 2022–23: Kaori Sakamoto Pairs 2010–11: Aliona Savchenko / Robin Szolkowy 2011–12: Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 2012–13: Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 2013–14: Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 2014–15: Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford 2015–16: Ksenia Stolbova / Fedor Klimov 2016–17: Evgenia Tarasova / Vladimir Morozov 2017–18: Aljona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 2018–19: Evgenia Tarasova / Vladimir Morozov 2019–20: Peng Cheng / Jin Yang 2020–21: Anastasia Mishina / Aleksandr Galliamov 2021–22: Evgenia Tarasova / Vladimir Morozov 2022–23: Sara Conti / Niccolò Macii Ice dance 2010–11: Nathalie Péchalat / Fabian Bourzat 2011–12: Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir 2012–13: Meryl Davis / Charlie White 2013–14: Meryl Davis / Charlie White 2014–15: Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 2015–16: Madison Chock / Evan Bates 2016–17: Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir 2017–18: Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 2018–19: Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue 2019–20: Madison Chock / Evan Bates 2020–21: Victoria Sinitsina / Nikita Katsalapov 2021–22: Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 2022–23: Charlène Guignard / Marco Fabbri Highest ranked figure skaters by nation Records and statistics vteHistorical record scores in figure skating Note: These records were achieved in the +3/-3 GOE system prior to the 2018–19 season. Combined total (Total) Short program (SP) Free skating (FS) Short dance (SD) Free dance (FD) Junior level (J) Men Total: Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP: Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS: Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total (J): Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP (J): Shoma Uno 84.87 FS (J): Vincent Zhou 179.24 Women Total: Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP: Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS: Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total (J): Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP (J): Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS (J): Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total: Aljona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP: Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS: Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total (J): Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP (J): Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS (J): Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total: Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD: Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD: Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total (J): Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD (J): R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD (J): R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 See also: List of highest historical scores in figure skatingList of highest historical junior scores in figure skating	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"figure skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skater"},{"link_name":"2022 Olympic Games team event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Team_event"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valieva-1"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2019 Four Continents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2021 Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Skate_America"},{"link_name":"2018 CS Tallinn Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CS_Tallinn_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2017 CS Finlandia Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_CS_Finlandia_Trophy"},{"link_name":"U.S. national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2017 World Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Junior Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2013 U.S. junior national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics"},{"link_name":"PyeongChang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyeongChang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CT180215-4"}],"text":"Vincent Zhou (born October 25, 2000) is an American figure skater. He is a 2022 Olympic Games team event gold medalist,[a] a two-time World bronze medalist (2019, 2022), the 2019 Four Continents bronze medalist, the 2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy champion, the 2021 Skate America champion, the 2018 CS Tallinn Trophy silver medalist, the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy silver medalist, and a three-time U.S. national silver medalist (2017, 2019, 2021).He is also the 2017 World Junior champion, a three-time Junior Grand Prix event silver medalist, and the 2013 U.S. junior national champion.In February 2018, Zhou became the first person to successfully land a quadruple Lutz jump at the Olympics. He finished sixth in PyeongChang.[3]","title":"Vincent Zhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1819-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldJournal-120125-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS-VZ-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoldenSkate-120624-8"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CapoCA-Ge-9"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN150601-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN160721-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkaterMag-1308-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoldenSkate-120624-8"},{"link_name":"Capistrano Connections Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capistrano_Connections_Academy"},{"link_name":"Presidential Award for Educational Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Education_Awards_Program"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CapoCA-Zhou-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PE161018-14"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanspo-062519-15"}],"text":"Vincent Zhou was born in San Jose, California.[4] Both of his parents are originally from China.[5] His older sister, Vivian, is a violinist and diver.[6][7] His mother, Fei Ge, and his father, Max Zhou, are both computer scientists and worked in Silicon Valley.[8] When Zhou was a baby, his family moved to Palo Alto, California, where they continue to reside. Zhou moved with his mother to Colorado Springs, Colorado in the spring of 2015[9] and returned to California a year later.[10] He has since returned to Colorado Springs, where he spends most of his time. He had a Siamese tabby cat named Snookie.[11] He volunteers regularly.[7]Zhou attended Capistrano Connections Academy, an online school, to accommodate his training. He received the Presidential Award for Educational Excellence,[12] a recognition awarded at the sole discretion of his school principal.[13] Zhou enrolled at Brown University in the fall of 2019.[14]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Skating career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1819-5"},{"link_name":"Charlie Tickner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Tickner"},{"link_name":"Tammy Gambill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Gambill"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkaterMag-1308-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN160721-11"},{"link_name":"Riverside, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_California"},{"link_name":"Patrick Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Chan"},{"link_name":"Brian Boitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Boitano"},{"link_name":"Michael Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Weiss_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"Yuzuru Hanyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu"},{"link_name":"Richard Dornbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dornbush"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoldenSkate-120624-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkaterMag-1308-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CapoCA-Zhou-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston-130829-16"},{"link_name":"lateral meniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_meniscus"},{"link_name":"knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee"},{"link_name":"discoid meniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoid_meniscus"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN150601-10"},{"link_name":"Broadmoor Skating Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmoor_Skating_Club"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Tom Zakrajsek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Zakrajsek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN150601-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN150601-10"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Zhou started skating in 2005.[4] As a young child, he had lessons with Julie Lowndes and Charlie Tickner. He was coached by Diana Miro at the juvenile level and represented the Peninsula Skating Club until the 2011–2012 season. When he was nine, Zhou started to be coached by Tammy Gambill[11][10] and became a member of the All Year Figure Skating Club in Riverside, California. Zhou admires Patrick Chan, Brian Boitano, Michael Weiss, Yuzuru Hanyu, and Richard Dornbush.[7][11]He won three national titles at different levels in three consecutive years:[12]2011 U.S. intermediate champion (youngest U.S. intermediate champion)\n2012 U.S. novice champion\n2013 U.S. junior champion (youngest U.S. junior champion)Zhou intended to skate at the senior level in the 2013–2014 season,[15] but missed the season due to an injury. He was also forced to sit out the entire 2014–15 season because of a torn lateral meniscus in his right knee and a discoid meniscus. Zhou underwent surgery at the UCSF Orthopedic Institute in San Francisco to get his injuries treated.[9]In the spring of 2015, Zhou began training at the Broadmoor Skating Club in Colorado Springs, Colorado with Tom Zakrajsek and Becky Calvin as his new coaches.[9] In May 2015, he returned to competition at the Santa Fe Skatefest.[9]","title":"Skating career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISU Junior Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"2015 JGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"2015–16 JGP Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Debrecen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrecen"}],"sub_title":"2015–2016 season","text":"Making his ISU Junior Grand Prix debut, Zhou won two silver medals at the 2015 JGP events in Bratislava, Slovakia, and Linz, Austria. These results qualified him for the 2015–16 JGP Final in Barcelona, where he finished fourth.In January 2016, Zhou placed 8th on the senior level at the U.S. Championships and was named in the U.S. team to the World Junior Championships in Debrecen, Hungary. He placed fourth in both segments at the March event and fifth overall.","title":"Skating career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN160721-11"},{"link_name":"Junior Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Cha Jun-hwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_Jun-hwan"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"2016 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Open"},{"link_name":"2017 World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS170316-17"}],"sub_title":"2016–2017 season","text":"Zhou changed coaches ahead of the 2016–2017 season, returning to Tammy Gambill.[10] He has continued to train in Colorado Springs with one of his primary coaches, Drew Meekins and Tom Zakrajsek. Starting his season on the Junior Grand Prix series, he won silver in Yokohama, Japan, having ranked first in the short and second in the free behind South Korea's Cha Jun-hwan, and then bronze in Tallinn, Estonia. In December, he made his senior international debut at the 2016 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb but withdrew after the short program.Competing as a senior, Zhou won the silver medal at the U.S. Championships in January 2017. The following month, he stood on his first senior international podium, taking gold at the Bavarian Open. In March, he won the gold medal at the 2017 World Junior Championships. After placing 5th in the short program, he moved up to win the title with a personal best free skate.[16]","title":"Skating career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finlandia Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_CS_Finlandia_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Boyang Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyang_Jin"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2017 Cup of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Cup_of_China"},{"link_name":"2017 Internationaux de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Internationaux_de_France"},{"link_name":"2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Ross Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Miner"},{"link_name":"Nathan Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Chen"},{"link_name":"Adam Rippon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Rippon"},{"link_name":"Pyeongchang, South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang,_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oly2018-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CT180215-4"},{"link_name":"Joshua Farris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Farris"},{"link_name":"A-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-ha"},{"link_name":"Take On Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_On_Me"},{"link_name":"Ernest Cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Cline"},{"link_name":"Ready Player One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_Player_One"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VZ180405-19"}],"sub_title":"2017–2018 season","text":"Zhou opened the season at the Finlandia Trophy, where he scored 6th in the short program, then moved up to a second-place finish behind China's Boyang Jin after winning the free skate. He made his senior Grand Prix debut, having received assignments to the 2017 Cup of China and 2017 Internationaux de France. In China, he scored 8th in the short program and 2nd in the free skate, landing just three points short of the podium; in France, he fell on the quads in his short program, ending up 10th in the short and 9th overall.\nAfter intense training and a shoulder dislocation, Zhou headed to the 2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, where he attempted a total of seven quadruple jumps. He took 5th in the short program and 3rd in the free skate, taking the bronze medal. His total score was just 0.68 points behind silver medalist Ross Miner.Alongside Nathan Chen and Adam Rippon, Zhou was named to the U.S. Olympic figure skating team to Pyeongchang, South Korea.[17] During his short program on February 16, he became the first skater to land a quadruple Lutz jump at the Olympics.[3] After the free program, he ultimately placed 6th, behind US national champion Nathan Chen.In April 2018, Zhou announced on Instagram that he and his choreographer Joshua Farris completed a new exhibition program to A-ha's \"Take On Me\". Zhou noted he had grown fond of the song while reading Ernest Cline's Ready Player One.[18]","title":"Skating career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 CS U.S. International Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CS_U.S._International_Figure_Skating_Classic"},{"link_name":"2018-19 Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Skate_America"},{"link_name":"NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GP1819-20"},{"link_name":"2018 Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Skate_America"},{"link_name":"2018 NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2018 CS Tallinn Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CS_Tallinn_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2019 US Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS270119-21"},{"link_name":"2019 Four Continents Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2019 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2019 Four Continents Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"ISU Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS110219-22"},{"link_name":"2019 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS190323-23"},{"link_name":"2019 World Team Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_ISU_World_Team_Trophy_in_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS190413-24"}],"sub_title":"2018–2019 season","text":"At his first event of the season, the 2018 CS U.S. International Classic, Zhou placed sixth in the short, first in the free, and fourth overall.Zhou's assignments for the 2018-19 Grand Prix series are Skate America and NHK Trophy.[19] At the 2018 Skate America, Zhou placed six in the short, third in the free, and fifth overall. At the 2018 NHK Trophy, Zhou placed fifth in the short, fourth in the free, and fourth overall. In late November, Zhou competed at the 2018 CS Tallinn Trophy, where he won the silver medal.At the 2019 US Championships, he won the silver medal after placing third in the short program and second in the free skate. He said, \"I’m happy with the results, but there is still so much room for improvement,” That gives me hope for the future because to achieve what I did this week and still have room for growth is a good thing. I look forward to Four Continents and the World Championships.\"[20] He was assigned to compete at the 2019 Four Continents Championships in early February and the 2019 World Championships in March.At the 2019 Four Continents Championships, Zhou ranked first in the short with a personal best score of 100.18 and fifth in the free. He won the bronze medal, achieving his first podium finish at an ISU Championship. Speaking afterward, he said, \"I thought that I skated great today. The most important thing that I got from today was the love for the sport. The audience was absolutely incredible, and they helped me feel good about how I skated. I think that I did a good job at this competition and I made many improvements upon my previous performances. I did a very good quad Lutz at the beginning, but then my mind got a little blurry going into the quad Salchow, and that could have been better.\".[21]At the 2019 World Championships, Zhou scored a new season's best of 186.99, placing third in the free skate, and won the bronze medal. Afterward, he stated, \"I do not think there is one stone left unturned when it came to the organization itself; everyone here has been so kind and so supportive. I am super proud that I was able to put together two strong performances, and I built upon what has been made on the nationals and Four Continents. To end the season like this is really incredible. It has been the first time since 1996 since two Americans have been on a podium, and I think it is really noteworthy. I am really honored to compete here and having the opportunity to skate here in Japan.\"[22] Zhou concluded the season as part of the gold medal-winning Team USA at the 2019 World Team Trophy.[23]","title":"Skating career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Zakrajsek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Zakrajsek"},{"link_name":"Tammy Gambill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Gambill"},{"link_name":"Mie Hamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Hamada"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanspo-062519-15"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC190702-25"},{"link_name":"2019 CS U.S. Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_CS_U.S._International_Figure_Skating_Classic"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFSF191022-26"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-20_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC191022-27"},{"link_name":"gap year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_year"},{"link_name":"Lee Barkell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Barkell"},{"link_name":"Lori Nichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Nichol"},{"link_name":"the Granite Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Granite_Club"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC200102-28"},{"link_name":"2020 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200125-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200126-30"},{"link_name":"2020 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS200120-31"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-20_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC200311-32"}],"sub_title":"2019–2020 season","text":"Zhou left his longtime coach Tom Zakrajsek, announcing that he would train with Tammy Gambill in the United States and also with Japanese coach Mie Hamada, who he had been working with for some time previously.[14] Zhou chose to attend Brown University, stating that the curriculum was flexible enough that it would be viable to both skate and study.[24]Zhou debuted at the 2019 CS U.S. Classic, placing first in the short program but dropping to the bronze medal position after a fourth-place free skate.[25] He withdrew from both of his Grand Prix assignments for the year, stating that they conflicted with adequate preparation for his midterm examinations.[26] In January 2020, Zhou announced that he would take a gap year from Brown University for the following season, and would henceforth be coached by Hamada, Lee Barkell and choreographer Lori Nichol at the Granite Club in Toronto.[27]Only able to train for approximately four weeks before the 2020 U.S. Championships, he nevertheless placed fourth in the short program.[28] Fourth in the free skate as well, he won the pewter medal. Zhou performed only one quadruple jump in each program, saying that he had only started to land them the week of the competition.[29] Despite his fourth place, he was assigned to one of the United States' three men's berths at the 2020 World Championships.[30] The World Championships were subsequently canceled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.[31]","title":"Skating career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeamUSA200921-33"},{"link_name":"2020 Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Skate_America"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020-21_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFS201020-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS201024-35"},{"link_name":"Nathan Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Chen"},{"link_name":"Keegan Messing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keegan_Messing"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS201026-36"},{"link_name":"2021 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200116-37"},{"link_name":"2021 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200117-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TMN210325-39"},{"link_name":"Jason Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Brown_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"2022 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-2022OWG-40"}],"sub_title":"2020–2021 season","text":"The pandemic caused Zhou to conclude that his coaching arrangement in Toronto was no longer viable due to restrictions on international travel. He parted ways with Barkell, saying he had been refreshed by his time at the Granite Club. With Japan also not an option, he returned to Colorado Springs and former coaches Krall and Zakrajsek.[32] He was assigned to compete at the 2020 Skate America in Las Vegas, the ISU having made Grand Prix assignments based primarily on training location to minimize travel.[33] Zhou placed second in the short program, despite landing his quad Salchow on the quarter mark.[34] He was second in the free skate as well despite falling on his opening underrotated quad Lutz and underrotating another quad Salchow attempt, taking the silver medal behind Nathan Chen and ahead of Keegan Messing. On winning his first Grand Prix medal, he said, \"obviously, there were a few hiccups in the program, but overall, I’m really proud of myself for what I did at this competition.\"[35]Zhou competed next at the 2021 U.S. Championships, also held in Las Vegas. He placed second in the short program, landing both a quad Lutz and a quad Salchow.[36] Second in the free skate, despite two errors on quad attempts, he won the silver medal. He was assigned to the American team for the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm.[37] At Worlds, Zhou struggled on all three jumping passes in the short program and failed to land a single fully rotated jump. He finished 25th overall and missed qualifying for the free skating segment by less than a quarter of a point.[38] While fellow American skaters Chen and Jason Brown placed first and seventh in the event, Zhou's failure to qualify for the free skate meant that the United States only qualified two men's berths for the 2022 Winter Olympics outright, with the necessity of competing for a third later in the year at the 2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy.[39]","title":"Skating career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skating Club of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skating_Club_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"Cranberry Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_Cup_International"},{"link_name":"2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS210830-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS210924-42"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021-22_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2021 Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Skate_America"},{"link_name":"Nathan Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Chen"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FSO211025-43"},{"link_name":"2021 NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Shoma Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoma_Uno"},{"link_name":"Yuzuru Hanyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS211113-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olympics211113-45"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021-22_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final"},{"link_name":"Omicron variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC211202-46"},{"link_name":"2022 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Jason Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Brown_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS220109-47"},{"link_name":"American Olympic team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC220112-48"},{"link_name":"2022 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Olympic team event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Team_event"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS220206-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISUN220206-50"},{"link_name":"men's event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP220207-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS220207-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JT220220-53"},{"link_name":"Kamila Valieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamila_Valieva"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Court of Arbitration for Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS220206-55"},{"link_name":"2022 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS220324-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS220326-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-break-58"}],"sub_title":"2021–2022 season","text":"After winning the Skating Club of Boston's Cranberry Cup event, Zhou was assigned as the American men's entry to the 2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy to secure a third Olympic berth for the United States.[40] Zhou placed first in both programs to win the event.[41]At his first Grand Prix assignment of the season, the 2021 Skate America, Zhou skated two clean programs, including landing five quads in his free skate, to win both segments of competition and take the gold medal overall in what was considered an upset victory over compatriot Nathan Chen, who finished third after numerous mistakes. Chen had been undefeated for over three years prior. Zhou said afterward that he \"didn't really expect this result, but what I did expect of myself was to be as well-prepared and well-trained as I possibly could, and I think just focusing on that every single day at home led to making the seemingly impossible become possible.\"[42] His second assignment, the 2021 NHK Trophy, was widely considered a contest between Zhou and Skate America silver medalist Shoma Uno due to Yuzuru Hanyu having had to withdraw from the event due to injury. Zhou placed narrowly second in the short program, 3.07 points behind Uno, but had a poor free skate, singling a planned quad Lutz to open, underrotating three other jumps, and receiving quarter calls on three others. He pronounced himself \"very disappointed and made a lot of mistakes and wish I could have done better and capitalize on this opportunity. This is not representative of my training.\"[43][44] Zhou's results qualified him to the Grand Prix Final, but it was subsequently canceled due to restrictions prompted by the Omicron variant.[45]Zhou placed second with a clean skate in the short program at the 2022 U.S. Championships. He struggled in the free skate, making several errors on quadruple jumps and falling on his triple Axel attempt, placing fourth in that segment and narrowly third overall, 0.38 points ahead of pewter medalist Jason Brown. Zhou said, \"the simplest answer is that I was just so nervous that my body froze up on me. I'm really disappointed in myself\"[46] Despite this personal disappointment, he was named to his second American Olympic team.[47]Beginning the 2022 Winter Olympics as the American entry in the men's free skate segment of the Olympic team event, Zhou popped a planned quadruple flip early in the program but rallied to complete three more quads and three Level 4 spins. With 171.44 points, Zhou ranked third in the segment and added eight team points en route to the gold medal finish for the Americans.[48][49] Zhou received two positive tests for COVID-19 afterward and announced that he would have to withdraw from the men's event. Zhou called the turn of events \"pretty unreal.\"[50][51] Zhou was not allowed to participate in the closing ceremony despite testing negative for 14 straight days and having antibodies.[52] Originally the U.S team was awarded the silver medal, however following a positive doping test of Russia's gold medalist Kamila Valieva, the team members were not awarded their medals, pending an investigation.[53] In January 2024, the Court of Arbitration for Sport disqualified her, and the gold medal is projected to be awarded to the U.S. team.[54]Following a disappointing Olympics, Zhou concluded the season at the 2022 World Championships in Montpellier. Zhou placed sixth in the short program[55] but rallied to place fourth in the free skate, securing third place overall in a chaotic event. He said afterward that he was \"still very upset over the loss of that opportunity at the Olympics, but I'm very grateful that I still had the chance to compete here at Worlds. I did some great things out there, and there is a lot for me to learn and grow from.\"[56]Zhou indicated that he would focus \"solely on academics\" in the fall but did not rule out a comeback.[57]","title":"Skating career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CT180215-4"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubious-61"}],"text":"First skater to land the quadruple Lutz jump at the Olympics.[3] [b]","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_Final_Vincent_Zhou_IMG_7519.JPG"},{"link_name":"2015–16 Junior Grand Prix Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final"}],"text":"Zhou at the 2015–16 Junior Grand Prix Final","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"Challenger Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Challenger_Series"},{"link_name":"Junior Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"}],"text":"GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix. Pewter medals (4th place) awarded only at U.S. national, sectional, and regional events.","title":"Competitive highlights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISU Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"text":"Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISU Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"sub_title":"Junior","text":"Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. Current ISU world bests highlighted in bold and italic.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Valieva_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Valieva_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dubious_61-0"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Aliev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Aliev"},{"link_name":"Boyang Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyang_Jin"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWGSP2018-59"},{"link_name":"Nathan Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Chen"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWGFS2018-60"}],"text":"^ a b On 29 January 2024 CAS disqualified Valieva for four years retroactive to 25 December 2021 for an anti-doping rule violation. On 30 January 2024 the ISU reallocated medals to upgrade the United States to gold and Japan to silver while downgrading ROC to bronze.\n\n^ This is somewhat debatable. In the men's short program competition at the 2018 Olympic Winter Games, a total of four competitors attempted a combination jump that included a quad lutz. Zhou was the first of the four to compete, and he did not fall on the jump combination. However, his jump combination received an under-rotation call on the second jump of the combination and a negative GOE (-1.03) on the overall element. Two skaters that competed after him in the same competition (Dmitri Aliev, an Olympic Athlete from Russia, and Boyang Jin of China) landed their quad lutz combination jumps with no calls and positive GOEs.[58] In the men's free program competition that antecedes the short program, a total of four competitors attempted quad lutz jumps. Among them, Nathan Chen of the United States was the first to compete, and he landed a quad lutz with no calls and a positive GOE.[59]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/80px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Zhou at the 2015–16 Junior Grand Prix Final","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2015_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_Final_Vincent_Zhou_IMG_7519.JPG/200px-2015_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_Final_Vincent_Zhou_IMG_7519.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"BEIJING 2022 FIGURE SKATING TEAM EVENT RESULTS\". International Olympic Committee. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/beijing-2022/results/figure-skating/team-event","url_text":"\"BEIJING 2022 FIGURE SKATING TEAM EVENT RESULTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"International Olympic Committee"}]},{"reference":"KEH, ANDREW (February 10, 2022). \"亞裔美國人撐起美國花樣滑冰「半邊天」\". 紐約時報中文網.","urls":[{"url":"https://cn.nytimes.com/sports/20220210/figure-skating-chen-asian-americans/zh-hant/","url_text":"\"亞裔美國人撐起美國花樣滑冰「半邊天」\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"紐約時報中文網"}]},{"reference":"\"American Zhou lands 1st quad lutz in Olympics\". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-olympics-vincent-zhou-figure-skating-quad-lutz-20180215-story.html","url_text":"\"American Zhou lands 1st quad lutz in Olympics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent ZHOU: 2018/2019\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034362.htm","url_text":"\"Vincent ZHOU: 2018/2019\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921213422/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034362.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"披龍服報捷周知方鎖定2018冬奧. World Journal (in Chinese). 25 January 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldjournal.com/view/full_news/17282802/article","url_text":"披龍服報捷周知方鎖定2018冬奧"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Journal","url_text":"World Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent Zhou\". U.S. Figure Skating. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://usfigureskatingfanzone.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=51","url_text":"\"Vincent Zhou\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating","url_text":"U.S. Figure Skating"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921212835/https://usfigureskatingfanzone.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=51","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Earlier versions\". IceNetwork.com. September 10, 2018. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180701175313/http://web.icenetwork.com/skaters/profile/vincent_zhou","url_text":"\"Earlier versions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceNetwork.com","url_text":"IceNetwork.com"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Elvin (24 June 2012). \"U.S. novice champ Zhou hungry for more\". Golden Skate. Retrieved 17 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldenskate.com/2012/06/u-s-novice-champ-zhou-hungry-for-more/","url_text":"\"U.S. novice champ Zhou hungry for more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fay Ge\". Capistrano Connections Academy. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013715/http://www.connectionsacademy.com/southern-california-virtual-school/our-school/parents/fay-ge.aspx","url_text":"\"Fay Ge\""},{"url":"http://www.connectionsacademy.com/southern-california-virtual-school/our-school/parents/fay-ge.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brannen, Sarah S. (June 1, 2015). \"Zhou on comeback trail after injury, academic break\". IceNetwork.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150602035425/http://www.icenetwork.com/news/2015/06/01/127901186","url_text":"\"Zhou on comeback trail after injury, academic break\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceNetwork.com","url_text":"IceNetwork.com"},{"url":"http://www.icenetwork.com/news/2015/06/01/127901186","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brannen, Sarah S. (July 21, 2016). \"Zhou returns to his roots, reunites with Gambill\". IceNetwork.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2016/07/21/190863252","url_text":"\"Zhou returns to his roots, reunites with Gambill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceNetwork.com","url_text":"IceNetwork.com"}]},{"reference":"Whetstone, Mimi (August–September 2013). \"A Coach's Dream\". Skating Magazine.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vincent Zhou\". Capistrano Connections Academy. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013438/http://www.connectionsacademy.com/southern-california-virtual-school/our-school/students/vincent-zhou.aspx","url_text":"\"Vincent Zhou\""},{"url":"http://www.connectionsacademy.com/southern-california-virtual-school/our-school/students/vincent-zhou.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How awards are rewarded for the President's Education Award Program\". Archived from the original on 2016-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.ed.gov/programs/presedaward/awards.html","url_text":"\"How awards are rewarded for the President's Education Award Program\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161018035402/http://www2.ed.gov/programs/presedaward/awards.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ビンセント・ゾウが浜田コーチに師事紀平も指導、世界選手権後に正式依頼\" [Vincent Zhou officially requested to study with Mie Hamada, coach of Rika Kihira, after the World Championships] (in Japanese). Sankei Sports. June 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanspo.com/sports/news/20190625/fgr19062519360001-n1.html","url_text":"\"ビンセント・ゾウが浜田コーチに師事紀平も指導、世界選手権後に正式依頼\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankei_Sports","url_text":"Sankei Sports"}]},{"reference":"Brannen, Sarah S. (29 August 2013). \"Young Skaters Look to the Future\". Boston 2014. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140105040348/http://www.boston2014.com/young-skaters-look-to-the-future/","url_text":"\"Young Skaters Look to the Future\""},{"url":"http://www.boston2014.com/young-skaters-look-to-the-future/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Flade, Tatjana (16 March 2017). \"USA's Zhou jumps to Junior World gold\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://goldenskate.com/2017/03/2017-world-junior-men/","url_text":"\"USA's Zhou jumps to Junior World gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athlete Profile - Vincent ZHOU\". pyeongchang2018.com. 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CBC Sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figureskating/canada-figure-skating-world-championships-cancelled-coronavirus-1.5493642","url_text":"\"World figure skating championships cancelled in Montreal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Sports","url_text":"CBC Sports"}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Lynn (September 21, 2020). \"Vincent Zhou: Reimagined, reinvigorated and ready to fight\". Team USA. United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924161826/https://www.teamusa.org/News/2020/September/21/Vincent-Zhou-Reimagined-Reinvigorated-And-Ready-To-Fight","url_text":"\"Vincent Zhou: Reimagined, reinvigorated and ready to fight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_%26_Paralympic_Committee","url_text":"United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee"},{"url":"https://www.teamusa.org/News/2020/September/21/Vincent-Zhou-Reimagined-Reinvigorated-And-Ready-To-Fight","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Skate America\". International Figure Skating. October 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifsmagazine.com/2020-skate-america/","url_text":"\"2020 Skate America\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (October 24, 2020). \"Chen 'sensational' in Short Program at 2020 Skate America\". 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Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2021/09/2021-nebelhorn-trophy-men/","url_text":"\"USA's Vincent Zhou reigns at Nebelhorn Trophy\""}]},{"reference":"Capellazzi, Gina (25 October 2021). \"Vincent Zhou wins his first-ever Skate America title\". Figure Skaters Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://figureskatersonline.com/news/2021/10/25/vincent-zhou-wins-his-first-ever-skate-america-title/","url_text":"\"Vincent Zhou wins his first-ever Skate America title\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (November 13, 2021). \"Shoma Uno defends NHK Trophy title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2021/11/2021-nhk-trophy-men/","url_text":"\"Shoma Uno defends NHK Trophy title\""}]},{"reference":"McCarvel, Nick (13 November 2021). \"Things we learned at the Japanese Grand Prix: Uno, Sakamoto shine in front of home fans while world champs reign\". International Olympic Committee.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/news/things-we-learned-japanese-grand-prix-nhk-trophy-uno-sakamoto-figure-skating","url_text":"\"Things we learned at the Japanese Grand Prix: Uno, Sakamoto shine in front of home fans while world champs reign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"International Olympic Committee"}]},{"reference":"\"Figure skating Grand Prix Final cancelled over travel rules\". CBC Sports. December 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figure-skating/isu-grand-prix-final-cancelled-2021-covid-19-1.6270768","url_text":"\"Figure skating Grand Prix Final cancelled over travel rules\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Sports","url_text":"CBC Sports"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (January 9, 2022). \"Chen seizes sixth consecutive U.S. national title\". 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Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/02/06/team-figure-skating-madison-chock-evan-bates-silver-medal/","url_text":"\"Vincent Zhou out of men's figure skating event after positive test clouds U.S. team's silver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (February 7, 2022). \"ROC wins Olympic figure skating team event\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/02/roc-wins-olympic-figure-skating-team-event/","url_text":"\"ROC wins Olympic figure skating team event\""}]},{"reference":"Jerome Taylor [@JeromeTaylor] (February 20, 2022). \"Poor Vincent Zhou just can't catch a break at the #WinterOlympics\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/JeromeTaylor/status/1495386806099283972","url_text":"\"Poor Vincent Zhou just can't catch a break at the #WinterOlympics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Christine (2022-02-07). \"Olympic team figure skaters are still waiting for medals a year after Beijing Games. Why?\". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2023-03-19. Retrieved 2023-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/columnist/brennan/2023/02/07/olympic-team-skaters-no-medals-beijing-kamila-valieva-drug-test/11205158002/","url_text":"\"Olympic team figure skaters are still waiting for medals a year after Beijing Games. Why?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230319221104/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/columnist/brennan/2023/02/07/olympic-team-skaters-no-medals-beijing-kamila-valieva-drug-test/11205158002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (February 6, 2022). \"ROC overtakes USA on Day 2 of Olympic Figure Skating Team Event\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/02/roc-overtakes-usa-on-day-2-of-olympic-figure-skating-team-event/","url_text":"\"ROC overtakes USA on Day 2 of Olympic Figure Skating Team Event\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (March 24, 2022). \"Shoma leads men at Worlds in possible Japanese sweep\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/03/2022-worlds-men-short-program/","url_text":"\"Shoma leads men at Worlds in possible Japanese sweep\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (March 26, 2022). \"Japan's Shoma Uno wins gold in Montpellier\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/03/2022-worlds-men-free-skate/","url_text":"\"Japan's Shoma Uno wins gold in Montpellier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent Zhou enjoying Stars on Ice experience after up and down season\". Figure Skaters Online. May 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://figureskatersonline.com/news/2022/05/11/vincent-zhou-enjoying-stars-on-ice-experience-after-up-and-down-season/","url_text":"\"Vincent Zhou enjoying Stars on Ice experience after up and down season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang Men Single Skating Short Program Judges Scores\" (PDF). International Skating Union. Retrieved 5 Jan 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/results/season1718/owg2018/OWG2018_MenSingleSkating_SP_Scores.pdf","url_text":"\"Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang Men Single Skating Short Program Judges Scores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skating_Union","url_text":"International Skating Union"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang Men Single Skating Free Skating Judges Scores\" (PDF). International Skating Union. Retrieved 5 Jan 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/results/season1718/owg2018/OWG2018_MenSingleSkating_FS_Scores.pdf","url_text":"\"Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang Men Single Skating Free Skating Judges Scores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skating_Union","url_text":"International Skating Union"}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent Zhou (@govincentzhou)\". Instagram. May 22, 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved July 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CPMDgwyH7we/","url_text":"\"Vincent Zhou (@govincentzhou)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CPMDgwyH7we","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent Zhou (@govincentzhou)\". Instagram. June 11, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/tv/CQATozLHsK-/","url_text":"\"Vincent Zhou (@govincentzhou)\""}]},{"reference":"Zhou, Vincent (May 31, 2019). \"2019-2020 SP: I Will Wait by Mumford & Sons @mumfordandsons Choreo: Shae-Lynn Bourne @shaechez Thank you so so much for a great week of…\" (Instagram). Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/ByIl0CvHL_t","url_text":"\"2019-2020 SP: I Will Wait by Mumford & Sons @mumfordandsons Choreo: Shae-Lynn Bourne @shaechez Thank you so so much for a great week of…\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/ByIl0CvHL_t/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Off-season news 2019: Retirements, coaching changes, music selections, and more!\". Rocker Skating - Analysis by Jackie Wong. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockerskating.com/news/2019/5/17/off-season-news-2019-retirements-coaching-changes-music-selections-and-more","url_text":"\"Off-season news 2019: Retirements, coaching changes, music selections, and more!\""}]},{"reference":"Almond, Elliott (May 3, 2018). \"The lonely road of a teenage Olympic ice skater\". The Mercury News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/03/the-lonely-road-of-a-teenage-olympic-ice-skater/","url_text":"\"The lonely road of a teenage Olympic ice skater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_News","url_text":"The Mercury News"}]},{"reference":"Zhou, Vincent (August 7, 2018). \"2018-2019 SP: Exogenesis Symphony Pt. 3, choreographed by Lori Nichol\" (Instagram). Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BmJJNvUh87w","url_text":"\"2018-2019 SP: Exogenesis Symphony Pt. 3, choreographed by Lori Nichol\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BmJJNvUh87w/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Music - Stars on Ice\" (PDF). Stars on Ice. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190507120229/https://s3.amazonaws.com/busites_www/starsonicecom/content/2019%20Running%20Order%20US_alpha_v1.pdf","url_text":"\"Music - Stars on Ice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_on_Ice","url_text":"Stars on Ice"}]},{"reference":"Zhou, Vincent (February 21, 2019). \"@joshdfarris thank you so much for another amazing exhibition program!! ~ Music: Joji - Slow Dancing in the Dark\" (Instagram). Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BuKrDWhH1dU","url_text":"\"@joshdfarris thank you so much for another amazing exhibition program!! ~ Music: Joji - Slow Dancing in the Dark\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BuKrDWhH1dU/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brannen, Sarah S. (June 23, 2017). \"Creating the program: Zhou makes music selection\". IceNetwork.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2017/06/23/238251138/","url_text":"\"Creating the program: Zhou makes music selection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceNetwork.com","url_text":"IceNetwork.com"}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Lynn (August 24, 2017). \"Champs Camp Chatter: Zhou gets new free skate\". IceNetwork.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170827210359/http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2017/08/24/250373458","url_text":"\"Champs Camp Chatter: Zhou gets new free skate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceNetwork.com","url_text":"IceNetwork.com"},{"url":"http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2017/08/24/250373458","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brannen, Sarah S. (August 30, 2017). \"Creating the Program: Zhou, team hit reset button\". IceNetwork.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2017/08/30/251420134","url_text":"\"Creating the Program: Zhou, team hit reset button\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceNetwork.com","url_text":"IceNetwork.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent ZHOU: 2017/2018\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180523021941/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034362.htm","url_text":"\"Vincent ZHOU: 2017/2018\""}]},{"reference":"김, 희준 (April 20, 2018). \"올림픽 감동 재현한 봄의 아이스쇼…색다른 매력도 선보인 평창 스타들\". Newsis.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20180420_0000287951&cid=10501","url_text":"\"올림픽 감동 재현한 봄의 아이스쇼…색다른 매력도 선보인 평창 스타들\""}]},{"reference":"ISU Grand Prix 2017 Cup of China Exhibition (Television production). Eurosport. November 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport","url_text":"Eurosport"}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent ZHOU: 2016/2017\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170519134022/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034362.htm","url_text":"\"Vincent ZHOU: 2016/2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent ZHOU: 2015/2016\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160528004648/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034362.htm","url_text":"\"Vincent ZHOU: 2015/2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Competition Results: Vincent ZHOU\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00034362.htm","url_text":"\"Competition Results: Vincent ZHOU\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160703155514/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00034362.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/beijing-2022/results/figure-skating/team-event","external_links_name":"\"BEIJING 2022 FIGURE SKATING TEAM EVENT RESULTS\""},{"Link":"https://cn.nytimes.com/sports/20220210/figure-skating-chen-asian-americans/zh-hant/","external_links_name":"\"亞裔美國人撐起美國花樣滑冰「半邊天」\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-olympics-vincent-zhou-figure-skating-quad-lutz-20180215-story.html","external_links_name":"\"American Zhou lands 1st quad lutz in Olympics\""},{"Link":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034362.htm","external_links_name":"\"Vincent ZHOU: 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_14	Mark 14	["1 Text","1.1 Textual witnesses","1.2 Old Testament references","2 Timescale","3 The plot to kill Jesus and his anointing in Bethany","4 The Last Supper","5 The garden of Gethsemane","6 Trial before the Sanhedrin","7 Peter's denials","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Citations","9.3 Sources","10 External links"]	Chapter of the New Testament This article is about the chapter of the Gospel of Mark. For other uses, see Mark XIV. Mark 14← chapter 13chapter 15 →The Latin text of Mark 11:10–14:32 in Codex Gigas (13th century)BookGospel of MarkCategoryGospelChristian Bible partNew TestamentOrder in the Christian part2 Gospel of Mark Chapters Mark 1 Mark 2 Mark 3 Mark 4 Mark 5 Mark 6 Mark 7 Mark 8 Mark 9 Mark 10 Mark 11 Mark 12 Mark 13 Mark 14 Mark 15 Mark 16 Mark 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It contains the plot to kill Jesus, his anointing by a woman, the Last Supper, predictions of his betrayal, and Peter the Apostle's three denials of him. It then begins the Passion of Jesus, with the garden of Gethsemane and Judas Iscariot's betrayal and Jesus' arrest, followed by Jesus' trial before the Sanhedrin and Peter's denials of Jesus. Having 72 verses, this is the longest chapter in Mark's Gospel. The Gospel of Matthew's chapter which covers the same material, Matthew 26, has 75 verses. This chapter's material is presented somewhat differently in Luke 22, which has 71 verses. Jesus' arrest at Gethsemane, his trial, and Peter's denials are found in John 18:1-27. Text The original text was written in Koine Greek. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are: Codex Vaticanus (325–350; complete) Codex Sinaiticus (330–360; complete) Codex Bezae (~400; complete) Codex Alexandrinus (400–440; complete) Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; complete) Old Testament references Mark 14:27: Zechariah 13:7 Mark 14:34: Psalm 42:5. Timescale Mark states at the beginning of this chapter that the Passover was two days away, although Lutheran pietist Johann Bengel argues in his Gnomon of the New Testament that μετὰ δυὸ ἡμέρας (meta duo hēmeras) in Mark 14:1 means "on the following day". If the Passover was on Friday (Good Friday) then the opening events "probably" happened on the Wednesday, the day celebrated by Christians as Holy Wednesday. Verse 12 moves the narrative on to on the first day of Unleavened Bread, the afternoon of the 14th Nisan, and the action continues overnight (verses 27, 30) and concludes the next morning as a rooster crows. Henry Alford notes that "chronological difficulties ... beset this part of the gospel history". The plot to kill Jesus and his anointing in Bethany See also: Anointing of Jesus Mark states that the chief priests were looking for a way "by craft", or "by trickery" to arrest Jesus. They determine not to do this during the feast, because they were afraid that the people would riot. Some translations emphasise the proposed subtlety or trickery in the priests' approach; others emphasise that they were looking for secrecy, to avoid popular knowledge of his arrest. Meanwhile, Jesus was in Bethany at the home of Simon the Leper, who has not appeared in this gospel until now. Simon's relationship to Jesus is not explored, but they must have been friends as this appears to have been a social visit. According to the Markan narrative, Jesus is arrested on the following evening. An unnamed woman, who has a very expensive jar of perfume, made of "pure", "expensive" or "genuine" (πιστικῆς, pistikēs) nard, or nard from some specific place, comes and breaks the alabaster jar containing the perfume and pours it on Jesus' head. Some unnamed people there become angry and say that this is a waste: the perfume could have been sold for 300 denarii and the proceeds given to the poor. Jesus, however, is pleased with her and rebukes her critics: Why are you bothering her? She has done a beautiful thing to me. The poor you will always have with you, and you can help them any time you want. But you will not always have me. She did what she could. She poured perfume on my body beforehand to prepare for my burial. I tell you the truth, wherever the gospel is preached throughout the world, what she has done will also be told, in memory of her.— Mark 14:6–9 This story may originally have had a setting independent of the passion narrative: Luke, for example, places a similar story much earlier in Jesus' ministry, in Luke 7:36–50, where a sinful woman anoints Jesus' feet during a dinner with a local Pharisee. Some writers have objected to the statement that the poor will always exist, although Jesus also says you can help them any time you want. The anticipation of widespread audiences might mean the book was intended for wide distribution and not written solely for a single community. This begins the final section of Mark, which probably originally ended at Mark 16:8 with the two Marys going to anoint Jesus' dead body and finding that they could not, because he had risen from the dead, an anointing by God. There is no time to anoint him when he is taken down from the cross and his body is not there for the women to anoint three days later (Mark 16:1). Jesus foreshadows his death and this is the last anointing, an expensive one at that, that he will receive. Mark states in Mark 1:1 that his book is "the good news of Jesus the anointed one", the word Christ meaning "anointed". The woman understands Jesus' importance more than do the other people there. It is also a signal to the reader that as Jesus is being anointed for burial the plot against him will succeed. (Brown 145) According to John 12:1–11 Jesus' feet were anointed by Lazarus' sister Mary on the previous Saturday before he entered Jerusalem and that it was Judas who objected to her using the perfume because he was stealing from the money they used for the poor. The website "Catholic Online" states that this incident occurred "six days before" the passover, at Simon the Leper's house. Judas then leaves and goes to the priests and gives up Jesus. The priests are so grateful that they pay Judas for his service. Mark then says that Judas looked for the right time to betray Jesus. The planning for Judas' betrayal of Jesus "is told starkly and briefly here. It is elaborated considerably in the other gospels". According to Matthew, the payment was thirty silver coins. Mark does not state Judas' reason for betraying Jesus, but has this occur immediately after the anointing, perhaps showing a causal link. According to Luke's account, Satan took possession of Judas and caused him to do these things. John says Satan "prompted" Judas to do this. The Last Supper The Last Supper (L'Ultima Cena) by Leonardo da Vinci The Cenacle on Mount Zion, claimed to be the location of the Last Supper and Pentecost. Bargil Pixner claims the original Church of the Apostles is located under the current structure. Main article: The Last Supper The next day (Holy Thursday), Jesus' disciples ask him where they should go to eat the Passover feast. Passover is the celebration of God passing over the houses of the Israelite slaves but killing the firstborn son of every Egyptian house in Exodus 12:29 during the Ten Plagues. It was celebrated in tandem with the feast of Unleavened Bread Mark says this is on the first day of the Feast and the day the Jews sacrificed the Passover lamb. The lamb was killed on the fourteenth day of the Hebrew month of Nisan, making Jesus' death the following day on the fifteenth, Passover. Mark states that the lamb was sacrificed on the first day of the feast, having the dinner on the same day as the sacrifice of the lamb. This would be correct from our modern notion of a day beginning at Midnight, but the Jewish day began at sundown and so the Passover dinner from their point of view occurred the day after the sacrifice. Either Mark is using a non-Jewish reckoning of time or is using his method of double time chronology, such as 1:32, where two temporally separated events are sandwiched together. The other synoptic gospels agree with Mark on this chronology. John 19:14 however has Jesus' death occur during the slaughter of the Passover lamb, making his death the fourteenth and thus the Last Supper on the thirteenth and so not the Passover meal. He tells two unnamed disciples to go to the "city": although Mark does not state which city, it was clearly Jerusalem, about two miles from Bethany, as after the meal they go to the Mount of Olives. According to tradition the Last Supper took place in the Room of the Last Supper on Mount Zion just outside Jerusalem. This was an area with a large Essene community, which has led some scholars to speculate about a link between Jesus and that group. Jesus tells them they will be met by "a man carrying a jar of water" (13) and that he will lead them to another man's house. They are to ask the house's owner where "the teacher" has a guest room and that the man will show them the upper room in the house and that is where they are to have dinner. They do as he said and everything happens as he said it would and they "...prepared the Passover." (16) This episode shows Jesus' power over the situation. The owner of the house seems to know Jesus as "teacher", perhaps indicating that he was an unnamed disciple. Jesus and the Twelve Apostles arrive. Mark says it was evening. As the new Jewish day began at sundown, this is now the Passover and this is the Passover meal. This is the day of Jesus' death, Good Friday. Jesus tells the group that one of the Apostles eating dinner with him will betray him. The Apostles are saddened and all of them say one at a time that it is not them. "'It is one of the Twelve,' he replied, 'one who dips bread into the bowl with me. The Son of Man will go just as it is written about him. But woe to that man who betrays the Son of Man! It would be better for him if he had not been born.'" (20-21) In Mark, Jesus does not state who will be the betrayer. According to Matthew, Judas denied it was him, to which Jesus replied that Judas is indeed the one he is talking about. According to John, Jesus gave Judas some bread as a signal that Judas was the betrayer and that Judas was possessed by Satan and that Jesus told him to leave to go and betray him. No passage of the Old Testament speaks of the Son of Man's suffering, so Jesus might be saying his death is somehow the glory predicted for the Son of Man. Jesus also predicted his betrayal in Mark 9:31 and 10:33 By predicting this Jesus says that Judas' betrayal is preordained, but that he will be punished for his behavior nevertheless. This has raised issues of determinism and the justice of God. If Judas had no choice in what he was to do, why should he be punished? What exactly his punishment is not stated, and it does not say in any of the Gospels if Judas is in hell. Both John and Luke have Judas possessed by Satan. The recently released, and still largely unstudied, Gospel of Judas also has Judas betray Jesus to the priests for payment but has this as much more of the divine plan. Later Jesus takes some bread and divides it up and gives thanks and gives the pieces to the disciples. He tells them "Take it; this is my body." (22) He then does the same with a cup of wine and passes it around to everyone. "'This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many,' he said to them. 'I tell you the truth, I will not drink again of the fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it anew in the kingdom of God.'" (24-25) This might be related to Isaiah 53:12 in his description of the suffering servant. The original covenant was a blood sacrifice Moses made to God to seal God's deal with the Israelites before Moses went up to receive the Ten Commandments in Exodus 24:8. Blood was a symbol of life in the Jewish culture. (Kilgallen 267) Jesus does not state that the bread and wine are like him, but are his body and blood. Jesus is asking his disciples to take part in his sacrificial death. (Brown et al. 626) (See also Transubstantiation) Mark uses the term hyper pollōn (for many), based on the Hebrew of Isaiah 53:12 with "many" being all people, not just the disciples (Brown et al. 626). This episode in contrasted with the predictions of his betrayal and Peter's denials, showing the sacrificial nature of his offering. Taking Jesus' body as food shows him as sustainer and a source of strength. (Kilgallen 266) (See also John 6:48–66) They then sing a hymn, "in all probability the concluding portion of the Hallel", and leave and return to the Mount of Olives. The singing of hymns on Passover was a way of giving thanks. (Kilgallen 268) According to Luke, Jesus told everyone to take a purse, a bag, and two swords with them (see also But to bring a sword). During the Passover meal the wine was usually consumed during the eating of the bread, but here it occurs after, probably the third cup of wine, known as the "Cup of Blessing", which the head of the household handed round to each person. Brown suggests this might indicate this is not the official Passover dinner and more in line with John's chronology. On the Mount of Olives, Jesus predicts his abandonment by the Apostles: "'You will all fall away,' Jesus told them, 'for it is written: 'I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered.' But after I have risen, I will go ahead of you into Galilee.'" (27-28) This is what the man dressed in white tells the two Marys when they find him in Jesus' opened tomb in Mark 16:7. The writing that Jesus is quoting is Zechariah 13:7. Peter, "ardent and impulsive as ever", then says he will not desert Jesus, even if all the others do. Jesus tells him that on that very night Peter will disown Jesus three times before the rooster crows twice in the morning. Peter refutes it and says he will follow Jesus even if it means his own death, and the other Apostles do the same. Mark only has the straightforward, unexplained, eucharistic section sandwiched between two predictions of betrayal. This simplicity might indicate Mark's audience already knew the story of the Last Supper in greater detail than Mark relates. (Miller 47) Matthew has almost the same details, but Luke and John give longer accounts of the meal. John has the longest account of the Last Supper in chapters 13–14. John also has Jesus' predictions of his betrayal and Peter's denials but no eucharistic ritual and has Jesus washing his disciples feet and much more of what he told them at dinner. John then has a lengthy prayer and discourse after the dinner in John 15, 16, and 17. Paul also gives a description of the Last Supper in 1 Corinthians 11:23-26, stating that Jesus gave bread as his body and wine as his blood on the night he was betrayed. This is one of the few details of Jesus' life, apart from his crucifixion and resurrection, that Paul gives in his letters. The garden of Gethsemane Gethsemane by Wassilij Grigorjewitsch Perow They travel to Gethsemane, probably an olive grove which is located at the edge of the Kidron Valley on the eastern side of Jerusalem, and Jesus tells the group to wait for him as he goes and prays. According to John and Luke, Jesus and the disciples had met there often. Mark does not say whether or not Judas was with the group at this point but according to John he left the group during dinner at Jesus' request. He takes Peter, James, and John with him. Along the way he says he is so sad he could die and tells them to keep watch and then walks off by himself and prays. He asks God to grant him a reprieve from what he is about to undergo. "'Abba, Father,' he said, 'everything is possible for you. Take this cup from me. Yet not what I will, but what you will.'" (36) He mentioned the cup he had to drink in Mark 10:39. Jesus, after his three predictions of his Passion in Mark 8:31, 9:31, and 10:33-34, now says that he wants to live, but then tells God to do whatever God wants, submitting to God's will. Jesus shows total confidence in God, first seeming to say that God can change his plans even at this point if he wishes, and secondly that whatever God decides is the right decision. (Kilgallen 270) He goes back and finds the three asleep and asks them why they could not even stay awake an hour and tells them to pray to avoid "temptation". Temptation might be tempted to fall asleep. In Matthew 6:13 during the Sermon on the Mount he speaks of the temptation of evil, which might be what he is referring to here. He goes back and asks God the same thing, then returns to find them asleep again. They wake up, say nothing, and Jesus leaves for a third time and returns and tells them to get up because the "hour has come" for him to be betrayed. The number three occurs a significant number of times here. Jesus travels with three disciples, and leaves and prays three times. He has predicted all this will occur three times. Some have seen the occurrence of three a divine symbol, others a sign of Mark's narrative ability. The use of three is perhaps indicative of an oral source for Mark, as three is a common feature of orally transmitted stories, such as jokes (So Jesus, Muhammad, and Buddha walk into a bar...). (Brown 145) Matthew has him leave and return three times but Luke seems to say he only went away once, and that he was visited by an angel and his sweat became "...like drops of blood...", perhaps a symptom of hematidrosis. The Capture of Christ, with Judas and Peter, who cut off the ear of the servant Malchus by Fra Angelico Judas arrives along with a crowd sent by the priests, teachers, and elders. Who exactly this crowd is Mark does not say, but the Sanhedrin did have a Temple police force (Kilgallen 271). According to John, Judas came with soldiers and men from the Sanhedrin. Judas comes and kisses Jesus, which Mark says was a prearranged sign between Judas and the others. A kiss was a traditional greeting given to a teacher (Brown et al. 626) All the other Gospels have Jesus respond to Judas. "The Judas Kiss" (1866) by Gustave Doré. The men grab Jesus and an unnamed person there takes his sword and attacks one of the high priests' men and cuts off his ear. Matthew and Luke say it was done by an unnamed disciple. According to John, Peter was the one who cut off the man's ear, who John says was a servant of the high priest Caiaphas named Malchus. According to Luke Jesus healed the man. All the other Gospels, but not Mark, have Jesus telling his disciples to stop resisting his arrest. "Am I leading a rebellion", said Jesus, "that you have come out with swords and clubs to capture me? Every day I was with you, teaching in the temple courts, and you did not arrest me. But the Scriptures must be fulfilled." Then everyone deserted him and fled. (48-50) Despite the fact that all the disciples swore to never leave him, they all quickly abandon him here. Mark (alone among the evangelists) then relates that there was a young man who was a follower (Greek: τις συνηκολουθει αυτω, tis synēkolouthei autō) of Jesus, who was wearing "nothing but a linen garment", was seized by the crowd and left his clothes behind and fled away naked. Theologian Albert Barnes argues that he was not a disciple, but "he may have been the owner of the garden". Some writers, for example Bishop Tom Wright, think this might be a self-reference to Mark himself. Others think it might refer to the man mentioned in the disputed Secret Gospel of Mark or the man in the white robe found at Jesus' tomb. He could be a metaphor for the disciples, who are now naked in the world after abandoning Jesus. German theologian Paul Schanz suggested that Mark included this incident out of "a desire to exhibit in a concrete instance the danger of the situation, and the ferocity of the enemies of Jesus". Judas is not mentioned again by Mark. According to Matthew 27:5, Judas hanged himself after trying to give back the money to the priests but then putting it in the Temple. According to Acts of the Apostles 1:18 Judas took his money and bought a field, where he "fell" and died, which might or might not be hanging. Trial before the Sanhedrin Main article: Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus Jesus is taken to the chief priests, elders, and teachers. This body was not fixed during Jesus' time, but usually an ad hoc gathering of aristocrats and important religious officials (Brown 146). This occurs in Mark at the high priest's house. There were about eight chief priests and several more elders and teachers and scribes. (Kilgallen 255) Peter follows from a distance and goes into the high priest's courtyard and stands around the fire with the guards. According to Mark, this is a secret trial at night, a rarity, and the high priest's house must have been exceedingly large to house the entire ruling body. Daniel J. Harrington argues that it was more likely that this was a small first preliminary hearing and not a full trial. He also argues that Mark might be trying to increase the perception of Jewish involvement in Jesus' death and lessen the responsibility of Rome. (Brown et al. 627) Matthew also reports this as a full trial at night. John also has this at the high priest's house, though he is questioned by the high priest's father-in-law, Annas, first and whether Caiaphas led a trial of him or not is not stated, only that Caiaphas took Jesus to Pilate. Luke records Jesus being beaten at the high priest's house and the trial starting the following morning. The Sanhedrin tries to find evidence against Jesus but according to Mark does not, only false testimony, including that Jesus claimed he would destroy the Temple building. Mark says that the witnesses did not agree with each other. Multiple witnesses to a crime are required under Jewish law according to Deuteronomy 19:15. The high priest, unnamed in Mark but surely Caiaphas, asks Jesus himself about what people have said about him but he does not answer. He then asks Jesus directly if he is the "...Christ, the Son of the Blessed One?" "'I am', said Jesus, 'and you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven.'" (61-62) According to Matthew, Jesus answered "Yes, it is as you say"; according to Luke, he said "You are right in saying I am". The high priest tears at his clothes and declares that this statement is blasphemy and asks everyone what they think. Blasphemy is defined in Leviticus 24:10-16. They all condemn him and spit on him and then blindfold him and punch him and mock him, telling him to prophesy. The guards then take him and beat him. Jesus has predicted all this will happen so Mark might be using this ironically to have Jesus condemned as a false prophet at the same moment his prophecies are coming true (Brown et al. 627) Mark states the entire group condemned Jesus, but states in 15:43 that Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the council, was perhaps a secret disciple and took possession of Jesus' body. Did he condemn Jesus as well? Luke 23:51 states that he did not. Jesus finally declaring he is the Son of God at the moment it is used to condemn him shows the centrality of the Passion to Jesus' status as messiah. (Kilgallen 274) During this trial and the next, Jesus hardly gives any defense at all except his proclamations he is the messiah and the Son of God and the King of the Jews. Many have seen a link with this and Isaiah 53:7. He gives a short defense and a different less direct declaration of being the messiah in John. The main accusations against Jesus center around the Temple, not Jesus' disagreements with Jewish law. Many scholars believe that it was the incident in the Temple in Mark 11:12-18 that initiated the governmental action against Jesus. Peter's denials Main article: Denial of Peter Peter is in the courtyard below. According to John he was there with another unnamed disciple. One of the high priest's servant girls walks by him and says that Peter too had been with Jesus. He says he does not know what she is talking about. According to John he denied he knew Jesus to her to gain entry to the courtyard. He walks away to the entryway but she yells to those around him that he is one of Jesus' followers, which he denies. The people around him seem to know he is from Galilee and assume he's with Jesus and start to curse him. According to Matthew, they recognized his accent. He denies knowing Jesus a third time as he hears the second crowing of a rooster. Peter remembers what Jesus had told him and he breaks down crying. According to John, he was recognized by a man who was in the garden earlier, who John says was a relative of Malchus. This occurs at the same time as Jesus' proclamations of being the messiah, contrasting Jesus' faithfulness with Peter's lack of it. Peter's denial's, since Jesus had predicted them, only show Jesus' power even more clearly. See also Anointing of Jesus Arrest of Jesus Judas Iscariot Last Supper Naked fugitive Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus Simon Peter References Notes Citations ^ John 18:1–27 ^ Kirkpatrick 1901, p. 838. ^ Bengel, J. A., Gnomon of the New Testament on Mark 14 ^ a b c Tuckett 2001, p. 915. ^ Meyer, H. A. W. (1880), Meyer's NT Commentary on Mark 14, translated from the German 6th edition, accessed 23 March 2023 ^ Alford, H., Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary - Alford on Mark 14, accessed 23 March 2023 ^ Mark 14:2: Geneva Bible wording ^ Mark 14:1: New International Version ^ See range of translations at BibleGateway.com ^ Augustine, see Alford, H., Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary - Alford on Mark 14, accessed 23 March 2023 ^ The Voice translation, cf. Miller 13 ^ Catholic Online, Life of Jesus Christ, accessed 9 December 2017 ^ Pixner 1990, p. 16. ^ Kilgallen, 264 ^ Brown et al. 625 ^ Barnes' Notes on Mark 14, accessed 9 December 2017 ^ Mark 14:26 ^ Kilgallen 265 ^ a b c Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Mark 14, accessed 23 June 2017 ^ Brown et al. 626 ^ Barnes, A., Barnes' Notes on Mark 14, accessed 10 December 2017 ^ Wright, T., (2001) Mark for Everyone, p. 200 ^ Miller, 48 ^ Brown et al. 626 ^ Schanz, P., Commentary on the Gospel according to St. Mark, quoted in Expositor's Greek Testament on Mark 14, accessed 10 December 2017 ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Galilee: "But it is for their faulty pronunciation that the Galileans are especially remembered: 'ayin and alef, and the gutturals generally, were confounded, no distinction being made between words like '"amar" (="ḥamor," uss), "ḥamar" (wine), "'amar" (a garment), "emar" (a lamb: 'Er. 53b); therefore Galileans were not permitted to act as readers of public prayers (Meg. 24b)." Sources Brown, Raymond E. (1997). An Introduction to the New Testament. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-24767-2. Brown, Raymond E. (1990). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-614934-0. Kilgallen, John J. (1989). A Brief Commentary on the Gospel of Mark. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-3059-9. Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: University Press. Miller, Robert J., ed. (1994). The Complete Gospels. Polebridge Press. ISBN 0-06-065587-9. Pixner, Bargil (1990). "Church of the Apostles Found on Mt. Zion". Biblical Archaeology Review. 16 (3). Tuckett, C. (2001). "57. Mark". In Barton, J.; Muddiman, J. (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Archived from the original on 2017-11-22. Retrieved 2021-07-03. External links Mark 14 King James Bible - Wikisource English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gospel of Mark - Chapter 14. Preceded byMark 13 Chapters of the BibleGospel of Mark Succeeded byMark 15 vteGospel of MarkBible chapters(New Testament) Mark 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Events Baptism of Jesus Temptation Galilean ministry Parable of the Growing Seed Calming the storm Feeding the multitude Walking on water Cleansing a leper Transfiguration Great Commandment Olivet Discourse Anointing Passion Last Supper Pilate's court Crucifixion Entombment/Burial Empty tomb Resurrection Phrases Naked fugitive Sayings of Jesus on the cross People Andrew Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mary, mother of James Mary, mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary, sister of Martha Philip Pontius Pilate Rufus Salome Simon of Cyrene Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Places Bethany Bethsaida Capernaum Dalmanutha Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Nazareth Samaria Sea of Galilee Related Mark the Evangelist John Mark Textual variants Marcan priority two-source hypothesis three-source hypothesis Intertextual production Messianic Secret Secret Gospel of Mark In music St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser) St Mark Passion, BWV 247 (J. S. Bach) La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov) St Mark Passion (N. Matthes) Manuscripts Papyrus 45 84 88 137 Fayyum Fragment Minuscule 2427 (forgery) 7Q5 (disputed) Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Matthew (chapter 28) Bible portal Christianity portal Gospel of Luke (chapter 1) →	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_XIV_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"anointing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"predictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction"},{"link_name":"betrayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrayal"},{"link_name":"Peter the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Passion of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Gethsemane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gethsemane"},{"link_name":"Judas Iscariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"},{"link_name":"trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)"},{"link_name":"Sanhedrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin"},{"link_name":"Peter's denials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_Peter"},{"link_name":"verses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Matthew 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_26"},{"link_name":"Luke 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_22"},{"link_name":"John 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the chapter of the Gospel of Mark. For other uses, see Mark XIV.Mark 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It contains the plot to kill Jesus, his anointing by a woman, the Last Supper, predictions of his betrayal, and Peter the Apostle's three denials of him. It then begins the Passion of Jesus, with the garden of Gethsemane and Judas Iscariot's betrayal and Jesus' arrest, followed by Jesus' trial before the Sanhedrin and Peter's denials of Jesus.Having 72 verses, this is the longest chapter in Mark's Gospel. The Gospel of Matthew's chapter which covers the same material, Matthew 26, has 75 verses. This chapter's material is presented somewhat differently in Luke 22, which has 71 verses. Jesus' arrest at Gethsemane, his trial, and Peter's denials are found in John 18:1-27.[1]","title":"Mark 14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"}],"text":"The original text was written in Koine Greek.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Codex Vaticanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"Codex Sinaiticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus"},{"link_name":"Codex Bezae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Bezae"},{"link_name":"Codex Alexandrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus"},{"link_name":"Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus"}],"sub_title":"Textual witnesses","text":"Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:Codex Vaticanus (325–350; complete)\nCodex Sinaiticus (330–360; complete)\nCodex Bezae (~400; complete)\nCodex Alexandrinus (400–440; complete)\nCodex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; complete)","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark 14:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+14:27&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"Zechariah 13:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zechariah+13:7&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"Mark 14:34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#14:34"},{"link_name":"Psalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_42"},{"link_name":"42:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#42:5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkpatrick1901838-2"}],"sub_title":"Old Testament references","text":"Mark 14:27: Zechariah 13:7\nMark 14:34: Psalm 42:5.[2]","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"pietist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietism"},{"link_name":"Johann Bengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Albrecht_Bengel"},{"link_name":"Gnomon of the New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//biblehub.com/commentaries/bengel/mark/14.htm"},{"link_name":"Mark 14:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+14:1&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001915-4"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Holy Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Nisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster"},{"link_name":"Henry Alford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Alford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mark states at the beginning of this chapter that the Passover was two days away, although Lutheran pietist Johann Bengel argues in his Gnomon of the New Testament that μετὰ δυὸ ἡμέρας (meta duo hēmeras) in Mark 14:1 means \"on the following day\".[3] If the Passover was on Friday (Good Friday) then the opening events \"probably\" happened on the Wednesday,[4] the day celebrated by Christians as Holy Wednesday. Verse 12 moves the narrative on to on the first day of Unleavened Bread, the afternoon of the 14th Nisan,[5] and the action continues overnight (verses 27, 30) and concludes the next morning as a rooster crows. Henry Alford notes that \"chronological difficulties ... beset this part of the gospel history\".[6]","title":"Timescale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anointing of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"chief priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen_gadol"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot"},{"link_name":"translations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"secrecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrecy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bethany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany"},{"link_name":"Simon the Leper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_the_Leper"},{"link_name":"perfume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume"},{"link_name":"nard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spikenard"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"alabaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaster"},{"link_name":"denarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denarii"},{"link_name":"poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"Mark 14:6–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Mark%2014:6%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"Luke 7:36–50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+7:36%E2%80%9350&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001915-4"},{"link_name":"sinful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin"},{"link_name":"Pharisee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisee"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mark 16:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_16:8"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Mark 16:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_16:1"},{"link_name":"Mark 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_1:1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"12:1–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#12:1"},{"link_name":"Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_sister_of_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001915-4"},{"link_name":"Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"thirty silver coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possession"}],"text":"See also: Anointing of JesusMark states that the chief priests were looking for a way \"by craft\",[7] or \"by trickery\" to arrest Jesus. They determine not to do this during the feast, because they were afraid that the people would riot. Some translations emphasise the proposed subtlety or trickery in the priests' approach; others emphasise that they were looking for secrecy,[8] to avoid popular knowledge of his arrest. Meanwhile, Jesus was in Bethany at the home of Simon the Leper, who has not appeared in this gospel until now. Simon's relationship to Jesus is not explored, but they must have been friends as this appears to have been a social visit. According to the Markan narrative, Jesus is arrested on the following evening.An unnamed woman, who has a very expensive jar of perfume, made of \"pure\", \"expensive\" or \"genuine\" (πιστικῆς, pistikēs) nard,[9] or nard from some specific place,[10] comes and breaks the alabaster jar containing the perfume and pours it on Jesus' head. Some unnamed people there become angry and say that this is a waste: the perfume could have been sold for 300 denarii and the proceeds given to the poor. Jesus, however, is pleased with her and rebukes her critics:Why are you bothering her? She has done a beautiful thing to me. The poor you will always have with you, and you can help them any time you want. But you will not always have me. She did what she could. She poured perfume on my body beforehand to prepare for my burial. I tell you the truth, wherever the gospel is preached throughout the world, what she has done will also be told, in memory of her.— Mark 14:6–9This story may originally have had a setting independent of the passion narrative: Luke, for example, places a similar story much earlier in Jesus' ministry, in Luke 7:36–50,[4] where a sinful woman anoints Jesus' feet during a dinner with a local Pharisee. Some writers [who?] have objected to the statement that the poor will always exist, although Jesus also says you can help them any time you want.The anticipation of widespread audiences might mean the book was intended for wide distribution and not written solely for a single community.[citation needed]This begins the final section of Mark, which probably originally ended at Mark 16:8 with the two Marys going to anoint Jesus' dead body and finding that they could not, because he had risen from the dead, an anointing by God. There is no time to anoint him when he is taken down from the cross and his body is not there for the women to anoint three days later (Mark 16:1).Jesus foreshadows his death and this is the last anointing, an expensive one at that, that he will receive. Mark states in Mark 1:1 that his book is \"the good news of Jesus the anointed one\",[11] the word Christ meaning \"anointed\". The woman understands Jesus' importance more than do the other people there. It is also a signal to the reader that as Jesus is being anointed for burial the plot against him will succeed. (Brown 145)According to John 12:1–11 Jesus' feet were anointed by Lazarus' sister Mary on the previous Saturday before he entered Jerusalem and that it was Judas who objected to her using the perfume because he was stealing from the money they used for the poor. The website \"Catholic Online\" states that this incident occurred \"six days before\" the passover, at Simon the Leper's house.[12]Judas then leaves and goes to the priests and gives up Jesus. The priests are so grateful that they pay Judas for his service. Mark then says that Judas looked for the right time to betray Jesus. The planning for Judas' betrayal of Jesus \"is told starkly and briefly here. It is elaborated considerably in the other gospels\".[4] According to Matthew, the payment was thirty silver coins. Mark does not state Judas' reason for betraying Jesus, but has this occur immediately after the anointing, perhaps showing a causal link.[according to whom?]According to Luke's account, Satan took possession of Judas and caused him to do these things. John says Satan \"prompted\" Judas to do this.","title":"The plot to kill Jesus and his anointing in Bethany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_(1452-1519)_-_The_Last_Supper_(1495-1498).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cenacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenacle"},{"link_name":"Mount Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zion"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Bargil Pixner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargil_Pixner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPixner199016-13"},{"link_name":"Church of the Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Zion,_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Holy Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_Thursday"},{"link_name":"disciples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"Israelite slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah#Egyptian_domination"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"12:29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=2&chapter=12&version=31"},{"link_name":"Ten Plagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"sacrificed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_lamb"},{"link_name":"Hebrew month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar"},{"link_name":"Nisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisan"},{"link_name":"Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"sundown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology"},{"link_name":"1:32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=1&version=15"},{"link_name":"temporally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"synoptic gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_gospels"},{"link_name":"19:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=50&chapter=19&version=31"},{"link_name":"fourteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartodecimanism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mount of Olives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_of_Olives"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Room of the Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_of_the_Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"Mount Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zion"},{"link_name":"Essene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:13%20;&version=31;"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:16;&version=31;"},{"link_name":"Twelve Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"Son of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Man"},{"link_name":"20-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:20-21;&version=31;"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"9:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=47&chapter=6&version=31"},{"link_name":"10:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=10&version=31"},{"link_name":"determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism"},{"link_name":"justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice"},{"link_name":"hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"possessed by Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possession"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Judas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas"},{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:22%20;&version=31;"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)"},{"link_name":"kingdom of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_God"},{"link_name":"24-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:24-25;&version=31;"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"53:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=29&chapter=53&version=31"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Ten Commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"24:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=2&chapter=24&version=31"},{"link_name":"life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life"},{"link_name":"Transubstantiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transubstantiation"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"John 6:48–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:48%E2%80%9366&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Hallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camb-19"},{"link_name":"Mount of Olives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_of_Olives"},{"link_name":"But to bring a sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/But_to_bring_a_sword"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camb-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"27-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:27-28;&version=31;"},{"link_name":"Mark 16:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16:7&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"Zechariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah"},{"link_name":"13:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechariah_13:7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camb-19"},{"link_name":"refutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refutation"},{"link_name":"eucharistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_13"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_14"},{"link_name":"prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer"},{"link_name":"discourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_15"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=50&chapter=15&version=31"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=50&chapter=16&version=31"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=50&chapter=17&version=31"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"1 Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians"},{"link_name":"11:23-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=53&chapter=11&version=31"},{"link_name":"crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"his letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Epistles"}],"text":"The Last Supper (L'Ultima Cena) by Leonardo da VinciThe Cenacle on Mount Zion, claimed to be the location of the Last Supper and Pentecost. Bargil Pixner[13] claims the original Church of the Apostles is located under the current structure.The next day (Holy Thursday), Jesus' disciples ask him where they should go to eat the Passover feast. Passover is the celebration of God passing over the houses of the Israelite slaves but killing the firstborn son of every Egyptian house in Exodus 12:29 during the Ten Plagues. It was celebrated in tandem with the feast of Unleavened BreadMark says this is on the first day of the Feast and the day the Jews sacrificed the Passover lamb. The lamb was killed on the fourteenth day of the Hebrew month of Nisan, making Jesus' death the following day on the fifteenth, Passover. Mark states that the lamb was sacrificed on the first day of the feast, having the dinner on the same day as the sacrifice of the lamb. This would be correct from our modern notion of a day beginning at Midnight, but the Jewish day began at sundown and so the Passover dinner from their point of view occurred the day after the sacrifice. Either Mark is using a non-Jewish reckoning of time [14] or is using his method of double time chronology, such as 1:32, where two temporally separated events are sandwiched together.[15] The other synoptic gospels agree with Mark on this chronology. John 19:14 however has Jesus' death occur during the slaughter of the Passover lamb, making his death the fourteenth and thus the Last Supper on the thirteenth and so not the Passover meal.He tells two unnamed disciples to go to the \"city\": although Mark does not state which city, it was clearly Jerusalem, about two miles from Bethany,[16] as after the meal they go to the Mount of Olives.[17] According to tradition the Last Supper took place in the Room of the Last Supper on Mount Zion just outside Jerusalem. This was an area with a large Essene community, which has led some scholars to speculate about a link between Jesus and that group.[18]Jesus tells them they will be met by \"a man carrying a jar of water\" (13) and that he will lead them to another man's house. They are to ask the house's owner where \"the teacher\" has a guest room and that the man will show them the upper room in the house and that is where they are to have dinner. They do as he said and everything happens as he said it would and they \"...prepared the Passover.\" (16) This episode shows Jesus' power over the situation. The owner of the house seems to know Jesus as \"teacher\", perhaps indicating that he was an unnamed disciple.Jesus and the Twelve Apostles arrive. Mark says it was evening. As the new Jewish day began at sundown, this is now the Passover and this is the Passover meal. This is the day of Jesus' death, Good Friday. Jesus tells the group that one of the Apostles eating dinner with him will betray him. The Apostles are saddened and all of them say one at a time that it is not them. \"'It is one of the Twelve,' he replied, 'one who dips bread into the bowl with me. The Son of Man will go just as it is written about him. But woe to that man who betrays the Son of Man! It would be better for him if he had not been born.'\" (20-21) In Mark, Jesus does not state who will be the betrayer. According to Matthew, Judas denied it was him, to which Jesus replied that Judas is indeed the one he is talking about. According to John, Jesus gave Judas some bread as a signal that Judas was the betrayer and that Judas was possessed by Satan and that Jesus told him to leave to go and betray him.No passage of the Old Testament speaks of the Son of Man's suffering, so Jesus might be saying his death is somehow the glory predicted for the Son of Man. Jesus also predicted his betrayal in Mark 9:31 and 10:33 By predicting this Jesus says that Judas' betrayal is preordained, but that he will be punished for his behavior nevertheless. This has raised issues of determinism and the justice of God. If Judas had no choice in what he was to do, why should he be punished? What exactly his punishment is not stated, and it does not say in any of the Gospels if Judas is in hell. Both John and Luke have Judas possessed by Satan. The recently released, and still largely unstudied, Gospel of Judas also has Judas betray Jesus to the priests for payment but has this as much more of the divine plan.Later Jesus takes some bread and divides it up and gives thanks and gives the pieces to the disciples. He tells them \"Take it; this is my body.\" (22) He then does the same with a cup of wine and passes it around to everyone. \"'This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many,' he said to them. 'I tell you the truth, I will not drink again of the fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it anew in the kingdom of God.'\" (24-25)This might be related to Isaiah 53:12 in his description of the suffering servant. The original covenant was a blood sacrifice Moses made to God to seal God's deal with the Israelites before Moses went up to receive the Ten Commandments in Exodus 24:8. Blood was a symbol of life in the Jewish culture. (Kilgallen 267) Jesus does not state that the bread and wine are like him, but are his body and blood. Jesus is asking his disciples to take part in his sacrificial death. (Brown et al. 626) (See also Transubstantiation) Mark uses the term hyper pollōn (for many), based on the Hebrew of Isaiah 53:12 with \"many\" being all people, not just the disciples (Brown et al. 626). This episode in contrasted with the predictions of his betrayal and Peter's denials, showing the sacrificial nature of his offering. Taking Jesus' body as food shows him as sustainer and a source of strength. (Kilgallen 266) (See also John 6:48–66) They then sing a hymn, \"in all probability the concluding portion of the Hallel\",[19] and leave and return to the Mount of Olives. The singing of hymns on Passover was a way of giving thanks. (Kilgallen 268) According to Luke, Jesus told everyone to take a purse, a bag, and two swords with them (see also But to bring a sword).During the Passover meal the wine was usually consumed during the eating of the bread, but here it occurs after, probably the third cup of wine, known as the \"Cup of Blessing\", which the head of the household handed round to each person.[19] Brown suggests this might indicate this is not the official Passover dinner and more in line with John's chronology.[20]On the Mount of Olives, Jesus predicts his abandonment by the Apostles: \"'You will all fall away,' Jesus told them, 'for it is written: 'I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered.' But after I have risen, I will go ahead of you into Galilee.'\" (27-28) This is what the man dressed in white tells the two Marys when they find him in Jesus' opened tomb in Mark 16:7. The writing that Jesus is quoting is Zechariah 13:7.Peter, \"ardent and impulsive as ever\", then says he will not desert Jesus, even if all the others do.[19] Jesus tells him that on that very night Peter will disown Jesus three times before the rooster crows twice in the morning. Peter refutes it and says he will follow Jesus even if it means his own death, and the other Apostles do the same.Mark only has the straightforward, unexplained, eucharistic section sandwiched between two predictions of betrayal. This simplicity might indicate Mark's audience already knew the story of the Last Supper in greater detail than Mark relates. (Miller 47) Matthew has almost the same details, but Luke and John give longer accounts of the meal.John has the longest account of the Last Supper in chapters 13–14. John also has Jesus' predictions of his betrayal and Peter's denials but no eucharistic ritual and has Jesus washing his disciples feet and much more of what he told them at dinner. John then has a lengthy prayer and discourse after the dinner in John 15, 16, and 17.Paul also gives a description of the Last Supper in 1 Corinthians 11:23-26, stating that Jesus gave bread as his body and wine as his blood on the night he was betrayed. This is one of the few details of Jesus' life, apart from his crucifixion and resurrection, that Paul gives in his letters.","title":"The Last Supper"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perow_gefsiman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gethsemane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_of_Jesus#Gethsemane_(%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%B8%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9)"},{"link_name":"olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"Kidron Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidron_Valley"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_James_the_Great"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_(Semitic)"},{"link_name":"possible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_possibility"},{"link_name":"will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:36;&version=31;"},{"link_name":"10:39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=10&version=31"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"8:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=8&version=31"},{"link_name":"temptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation"},{"link_name":"6:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=47&chapter=6&version=31"},{"link_name":"Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"},{"link_name":"evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil"},{"link_name":"three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3"},{"link_name":"divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"orally transmitted stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"jokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"hematidrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematidrosis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fra Angelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico"},{"link_name":"Sanhedrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_CXLI,_The_Judas_Kiss.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Caiaphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas"},{"link_name":"Malchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malchus"},{"link_name":"48-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:48-50;&version=31;"},{"link_name":"evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Evangelists"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"fled away naked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_fugitive"},{"link_name":"Albert Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Barnes_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tom Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._T._Wright"},{"link_name":"self-reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reference"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Secret Gospel of Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"27:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=47&chapter=27&version=31"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Acts of the Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles"},{"link_name":"1:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=51&chapter=1&version=31"}],"text":"Gethsemane by Wassilij Grigorjewitsch PerowThey travel to Gethsemane, probably an olive grove which is located at the edge of the Kidron Valley on the eastern side of Jerusalem, and Jesus tells the group to wait for him as he goes and prays. According to John and Luke, Jesus and the disciples had met there often. Mark does not say whether or not Judas was with the group at this point but according to John he left the group during dinner at Jesus' request. He takes Peter, James, and John with him. Along the way he says he is so sad he could die and tells them to keep watch and then walks off by himself and prays.He asks God to grant him a reprieve from what he is about to undergo. \"'Abba, Father,' he said, 'everything is possible for you. Take this cup from me. Yet not what I will, but what you will.'\" (36) He mentioned the cup he had to drink in Mark 10:39. Jesus, after his three predictions of his Passion in Mark 8:31, 9:31, and 10:33-34, now says that he wants to live, but then tells God to do whatever God wants, submitting to God's will. Jesus shows total confidence in God, first seeming to say that God can change his plans even at this point if he wishes, and secondly that whatever God decides is the right decision. (Kilgallen 270)He goes back and finds the three asleep and asks them why they could not even stay awake an hour and tells them to pray to avoid \"temptation\". Temptation might be tempted to fall asleep. In Matthew 6:13 during the Sermon on the Mount he speaks of the temptation of evil, which might be what he is referring to here. He goes back and asks God the same thing, then returns to find them asleep again. They wake up, say nothing, and Jesus leaves for a third time and returns and tells them to get up because the \"hour has come\" for him to be betrayed.The number three occurs a significant number of times here. Jesus travels with three disciples, and leaves and prays three times. He has predicted all this will occur three times. Some have seen the occurrence of three a divine symbol, others a sign of Mark's narrative ability. The use of three is perhaps indicative of an oral source for Mark, as three is a common feature of orally transmitted stories, such as jokes (So Jesus, Muhammad, and Buddha walk into a bar...). (Brown 145) Matthew has him leave and return three times but Luke seems to say he only went away once, and that he was visited by an angel and his sweat became \"...like drops of blood...\", perhaps a symptom of hematidrosis.The Capture of Christ, with Judas and Peter, who cut off the ear of the servant Malchus by Fra AngelicoJudas arrives along with a crowd sent by the priests, teachers, and elders. Who exactly this crowd is Mark does not say, but the Sanhedrin did have a Temple police force (Kilgallen 271). According to John, Judas came with soldiers and men from the Sanhedrin. Judas comes and kisses Jesus, which Mark says was a prearranged sign between Judas and the others. A kiss was a traditional greeting given to a teacher (Brown et al. 626) All the other Gospels have Jesus respond to Judas.\"The Judas Kiss\" (1866) by Gustave Doré.The men grab Jesus and an unnamed person there takes his sword and attacks one of the high priests' men and cuts off his ear. Matthew and Luke say it was done by an unnamed disciple. According to John, Peter was the one who cut off the man's ear, who John says was a servant of the high priest Caiaphas named Malchus. According to Luke Jesus healed the man. All the other Gospels, but not Mark, have Jesus telling his disciples to stop resisting his arrest.\"Am I leading a rebellion\", said Jesus, \"that you have come out with swords and clubs to capture me? Every day I was with you, teaching in the temple courts, and you did not arrest me. But the Scriptures must be fulfilled.\" Then everyone deserted him and fled. (48-50)Despite the fact that all the disciples swore to never leave him, they all quickly abandon him here. Mark (alone among the evangelists) then relates that there was a young man who was a follower (Greek: τις συνηκολουθει αυτω, tis synēkolouthei autō) of Jesus, who was wearing \"nothing but a linen garment\", was seized by the crowd and left his clothes behind and fled away naked. Theologian Albert Barnes argues that he was not a disciple, but \"he may have been the owner of the garden\".[21] Some writers, for example Bishop Tom Wright, think this might be a self-reference to Mark himself.[22] Others think it might refer to the man mentioned in the disputed Secret Gospel of Mark or the man in the white robe found at Jesus' tomb.[23] He could be a metaphor for the disciples, who are now naked in the world after abandoning Jesus.[24] German theologian Paul Schanz suggested that Mark included this incident out of \"a desire to exhibit in a concrete instance the danger of the situation, and the ferocity of the enemies of Jesus\".[25]Judas is not mentioned again by Mark. According to Matthew 27:5, Judas hanged himself after trying to give back the money to the priests but then putting it in the Temple. According to Acts of the Apostles 1:18 Judas took his money and bought a field, where he \"fell\" and died, which might or might not be hanging.","title":"The garden of Gethsemane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aristocrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Annas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annas"},{"link_name":"Caiaphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas"},{"link_name":"Pilate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy"},{"link_name":"19:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=5&chapter=19&version=31"},{"link_name":"Son of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Man"},{"link_name":"heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven"},{"link_name":"61-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:61-62;&version=31;"},{"link_name":"blasphemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy"},{"link_name":"Leviticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviticus"},{"link_name":"24:10-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=3&chapter=24&version=31"},{"link_name":"ironically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony"},{"link_name":"false prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_prophet"},{"link_name":"prophecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy"},{"link_name":"15:43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=15&version=31"},{"link_name":"Joseph of Arimathea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea"},{"link_name":"23:51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=49&chapter=23&version=31"},{"link_name":"Son of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God"},{"link_name":"messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"King of the Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRI"},{"link_name":"53:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=29&chapter=53&version=31"},{"link_name":"incident in the Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_and_the_Money_Changers"},{"link_name":"11:12-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=11&version=31"}],"text":"Jesus is taken to the chief priests, elders, and teachers. This body was not fixed during Jesus' time, but usually an ad hoc gathering of aristocrats and important religious officials (Brown 146). This occurs in Mark at the high priest's house. There were about eight chief priests and several more elders and teachers and scribes. (Kilgallen 255) Peter follows from a distance and goes into the high priest's courtyard and stands around the fire with the guards.According to Mark, this is a secret trial at night, a rarity, and the high priest's house must have been exceedingly large to house the entire ruling body. Daniel J. Harrington argues that it was more likely that this was a small first preliminary hearing and not a full trial. He also argues that Mark might be trying to increase the perception of Jewish involvement in Jesus' death and lessen the responsibility of Rome. (Brown et al. 627)Matthew also reports this as a full trial at night. John also has this at the high priest's house, though he is questioned by the high priest's father-in-law, Annas, first and whether Caiaphas led a trial of him or not is not stated, only that Caiaphas took Jesus to Pilate. Luke records Jesus being beaten at the high priest's house and the trial starting the following morning.The Sanhedrin tries to find evidence against Jesus but according to Mark does not, only false testimony, including that Jesus claimed he would destroy the Temple building. Mark says that the witnesses did not agree with each other. Multiple witnesses to a crime are required under Jewish law according to Deuteronomy 19:15.The high priest, unnamed in Mark but surely Caiaphas, asks Jesus himself about what people have said about him but he does not answer. He then asks Jesus directly if he is the \"...Christ, the Son of the Blessed One?\" \"'I am', said Jesus, 'and you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven.'\" (61-62) According to Matthew, Jesus answered \"Yes, it is as you say\"; according to Luke, he said \"You are right in saying I am\".The high priest tears at his clothes and declares that this statement is blasphemy and asks everyone what they think. Blasphemy is defined in Leviticus 24:10-16. They all condemn him and spit on him and then blindfold him and punch him and mock him, telling him to prophesy. The guards then take him and beat him.Jesus has predicted all this will happen so Mark might be using this ironically to have Jesus condemned as a false prophet at the same moment his prophecies are coming true (Brown et al. 627) Mark states the entire group condemned Jesus, but states in 15:43 that Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the council, was perhaps a secret disciple and took possession of Jesus' body. Did he condemn Jesus as well? Luke 23:51 states that he did not.Jesus finally declaring he is the Son of God at the moment it is used to condemn him shows the centrality of the Passion to Jesus' status as messiah. (Kilgallen 274) During this trial and the next, Jesus hardly gives any defense at all except his proclamations he is the messiah and the Son of God and the King of the Jews. Many have seen a link with this and Isaiah 53:7. He gives a short defense and a different less direct declaration of being the messiah in John.The main accusations against Jesus center around the Temple, not Jesus' disagreements with Jewish law. Many scholars believe that it was the incident in the Temple in Mark 11:12-18 that initiated the governmental action against Jesus.","title":"Trial before the Sanhedrin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(dialect)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Peter is in the courtyard below. According to John he was there with another unnamed disciple. One of the high priest's servant girls walks by him and says that Peter too had been with Jesus. He says he does not know what she is talking about. According to John he denied he knew Jesus to her to gain entry to the courtyard. He walks away to the entryway but she yells to those around him that he is one of Jesus' followers, which he denies. The people around him seem to know he is from Galilee and assume he's with Jesus and start to curse him. According to Matthew, they recognized his accent.[26] He denies knowing Jesus a third time as he hears the second crowing of a rooster. Peter remembers what Jesus had told him and he breaks down crying.According to John, he was recognized by a man who was in the garden earlier, who John says was a relative of Malchus. This occurs at the same time as Jesus' proclamations of being the messiah, contrasting Jesus' faithfulness with Peter's lack of it. Peter's denial's, since Jesus had predicted them, only show Jesus' power even more clearly.","title":"Peter's denials"}]	[{"image_text":"The Last Supper (L'Ultima Cena) by Leonardo da Vinci","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg/500px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cenacle on Mount Zion, claimed to be the location of the Last Supper and Pentecost. Bargil Pixner[13] claims the original Church of the Apostles is located under the current structure.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gethsemane by Wassilij Grigorjewitsch Perow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Perow_gefsiman.jpg/375px-Perow_gefsiman.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Capture of Christ, with Judas and Peter, who cut off the ear of the servant Malchus by Fra Angelico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fra_Angelico_020.jpg/260px-Fra_Angelico_020.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Judas Kiss\" (1866) by Gustave Doré.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_CXLI%2C_The_Judas_Kiss.jpg/300px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_CXLI%2C_The_Judas_Kiss.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Anointing of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus"},{"title":"Arrest of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus"},{"title":"Judas Iscariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"},{"title":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper"},{"title":"Naked fugitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_fugitive"},{"title":"Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin_Trial_of_Jesus"},{"title":"Simon Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Peter"}]	[{"reference":"Brown, Raymond E. (1997). An Introduction to the New Testament. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2","url_text":"0-385-24767-2"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Raymond E. (1990). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-614934-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Jerome_Biblical_Commentary","url_text":"The New Jerome Biblical Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-614934-0","url_text":"0-13-614934-0"}]},{"reference":"Kilgallen, John J. (1989). A Brief Commentary on the Gospel of Mark. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-3059-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3059-9","url_text":"0-8091-3059-9"}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kirkpatrick","url_text":"Kirkpatrick, A. F."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SLJzlHElr6cC","url_text":"The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robert J., ed. (1994). The Complete Gospels. Polebridge Press. ISBN 0-06-065587-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-065587-9","url_text":"0-06-065587-9"}]},{"reference":"Pixner, Bargil (1990). \"Church of the Apostles Found on Mt. Zion\". Biblical Archaeology Review. 16 (3).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/16/3/1","url_text":"\"Church of the Apostles Found on Mt. Zion\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+14:27&version=nkjv","external_links_name":"Mark 14:27"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zechariah+13:7&version=nkjv","external_links_name":"Zechariah 13:7"},{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/commentaries/bengel/mark/14.htm","external_links_name":"Gnomon of the New Testament"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+14:1&version=nkjv","external_links_name":"Mark 14:1"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Mark%2014:6%E2%80%939","external_links_name":"Mark 14:6–9"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+7:36%E2%80%9350&version=nkjv","external_links_name":"Luke 7:36–50"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=2&chapter=12&version=31","external_links_name":"12:29"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=1&version=15","external_links_name":"1:32"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=50&chapter=19&version=31","external_links_name":"19:14"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:13%20;&version=31;","external_links_name":"13"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:16;&version=31;","external_links_name":"16"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:20-21;&version=31;","external_links_name":"20-21"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=47&chapter=6&version=31","external_links_name":"9:31"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=10&version=31","external_links_name":"10:33"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:22%20;&version=31;","external_links_name":"22"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:24-25;&version=31;","external_links_name":"24-25"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=29&chapter=53&version=31","external_links_name":"53:12"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=2&chapter=24&version=31","external_links_name":"24:8"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:48%E2%80%9366&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 6:48–66"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:27-28;&version=31;","external_links_name":"27-28"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16:7&version=nkjv","external_links_name":"Mark 16:7"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=50&chapter=15&version=31","external_links_name":"15"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=50&chapter=16&version=31","external_links_name":"16"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=50&chapter=17&version=31","external_links_name":"17"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=53&chapter=11&version=31","external_links_name":"11:23-26"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:36;&version=31;","external_links_name":"36"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=10&version=31","external_links_name":"10:39"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=8&version=31","external_links_name":"8:31"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=47&chapter=6&version=31","external_links_name":"6:13"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:48-50;&version=31;","external_links_name":"48-50"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=47&chapter=27&version=31","external_links_name":"27:5"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=51&chapter=1&version=31","external_links_name":"1:18"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=5&chapter=19&version=31","external_links_name":"19:15"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2014:61-62;&version=31;","external_links_name":"61-62"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=3&chapter=24&version=31","external_links_name":"24:10-16"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=15&version=31","external_links_name":"15:43"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=49&chapter=23&version=31","external_links_name":"23:51"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=29&chapter=53&version=31","external_links_name":"53:7"},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&chapter=11&version=31","external_links_name":"11:12-18"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:1%E2%80%9327&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 18:1–27"},{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/commentaries/bengel/mark/14.htm","external_links_name":"Gnomon of the New Testament"},{"Link":"https://biblehub.com/commentaries/meyer/mark/14.htm","external_links_name":"Meyer's NT Commentary"},{"Link":"https://biblehub.com/commentaries/alford/mark/14.htm","external_links_name":"Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_(2012_film)	Forgotten (2012 film)	["1 Cast","2 Plot summary","3 Production","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]	Taiwanese TV series or program ForgottenPromotional posterWritten byLi Xiao PingDirected byLien Yi ChiStarringRuby LinChristopher LeeChang Pen-yuTing Yeh-tienCountry of originTaiwanOriginal languageMandarinProductionProducerRuby LinRunning time110 minutesProduction companyRuby Lin StudioBudgetNTD 5 millionOriginal releaseReleaseJune 23, 2012 (2012-06-23) Forgotten, (simplified Chinese: 遗忘; traditional Chinese: 遺忘; pinyin: Yí Wàng) is a 2012 Taiwanese television film directed by Lien Yi Chi. Starring Ruby Lin alongside Christopher Lee, it is the first television film produced by Lin. It first aired on the Public Television Service (PTS) on 26 May 2012. Cast Cast Role Ruby Lin He Wei'an Christopher Lee Luo Pinzhong Chang Pen-yu Zhao Min Ting Yeh-tien Pinzhong's mother Hung Hsiao-lei Yang Xinxin Chang Shao-huai Doctor Plot summary Wei'an (Ruby Lin) and Pinzhong (Christopher Lee)'s marriage start to fall apart due to the lack of communication and personality differences. Wei'an goes to meet Pinzhong for the couple's divorce negotiation, only to find his former lover there. She storms out and gets hit in a traffic accident. Wei'an survives with some unexpected side effects: she has lost her memory, and reverted to the simple, endearing woman she was 10 years ago, reminding Pinzhong why he loved her in the first place... Production Because of budget limitations, production started with only one-month preparation and a three-man team. Some of the scenes were shot in Lin Sun Hospital, Yang Ming Hospital, and an enclosed section of Siwei Road. The television film was produced and was aiming for the Taiwan Golden Bell Awards. Awards and nominations Awards Award Category Name Outcome 47th Golden Bell Awards Best actor Christopher Lee Nominated Best director Lien Yi Chi Best Lighting Mei Shu Hai References ^ 林心如自掏500万拍电影 NG连连险崩溃 Sina entertainment August 17, 2012 ^ Chris Lee films Taiwanese drama with Ruby Lin Archived 2013-12-16 at the Wayback Machine Chris Lee films Taiwanese drama with Ruby Lin April 27, 2012 ^ TFC Spotlights-Behind the scenes Taipei Film Commission June 1, 2012 ^ 林心如哀怨没电李铭顺有情趣不搞外遇 Archived 2012-05-30 at the Wayback Machine Taiwan Yes Entertainment April 27, 2012 ^ Christopher Lee nominated for prestigious award AsiaOne June 19, 2013 External links Forgotten at IMDb (in Chinese) official site on Tudou vteRuby Lin Discography Filmography Awards and nominations Studio albums Heartbeat (1999) Double Faced Ruby Lin (2001) Pala Pala (2001) Eighteen Springs (2004) Possessing Ruby Lin (2004) New Rubyology (2008) Film produced Forgotten (2012) Mother Mother (2014) Phantom of the Theatre (2016) Miss Andy (2020) Television produced The Glamorous Imperial Concubine (2011) Drama Go! Go! Go! (2012) The Way We Were (2014) Singing All Along (2016) My Dear Boy (2017) The Arc of Life (2021) Light the Night (2021) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"Ruby Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Lin"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee_(Malaysian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Public Television Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Television_Service"}],"text":"Forgotten, (simplified Chinese: 遗忘; traditional Chinese: 遺忘; pinyin: Yí Wàng) is a 2012 Taiwanese television film directed by Lien Yi Chi. Starring Ruby Lin alongside Christopher Lee, it is the first television film produced by Lin. It first aired on the Public Television Service (PTS) on 26 May 2012.","title":"Forgotten (2012 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruby Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Lin"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee_(Malaysian_actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Wei'an (Ruby Lin) and Pinzhong (Christopher Lee)'s marriage start to fall apart due to the lack of communication and personality differences.[2] Wei'an goes to meet Pinzhong for the couple's divorce negotiation, only to find his former lover there. She storms out and gets hit in a traffic accident. Wei'an survives with some unexpected side effects: she has lost her memory, and reverted to the simple, endearing woman she was 10 years ago, reminding Pinzhong why he loved her in the first place...","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Golden Bell Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bell_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Because of budget limitations, production started with only one-month preparation and a three-man team. Some of the scenes were shot in Lin Sun Hospital, Yang Ming Hospital, and an enclosed section of Siwei Road.[3] The television film was produced and was aiming for the Taiwan Golden Bell Awards.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2012-08-17/03283713946.shtml","external_links_name":"林心如自掏500万拍电影 NG连连险崩溃"},{"Link":"https://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/celebrity/buzz/asia/chris-lee-films-taiwanese-drama-with-ruby-lin","external_links_name":"Chris Lee films Taiwanese drama with Ruby Lin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182825/http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/celebrity/buzz/asia/chris-lee-films-taiwanese-drama-with-ruby-lin","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.taipeifilmcommission.org/en/MessageNotice/SpecialRegionDet/2219","external_links_name":"TFC Spotlights-Behind the scenes"},{"Link":"http://twent.chinayes.com/Content/20120427/kfjtt7hdqj5os.shtml","external_links_name":"林心如哀怨没电李铭顺有情趣不搞外遇"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120530011146/http://twent.chinayes.com/Content/20120427/kfjtt7hdqj5os.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Showbiz/Story/A1Story20121005-375813.html","external_links_name":"Christopher Lee nominated for prestigious award"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2255474/","external_links_name":"Forgotten"},{"Link":"http://zone.tudou.com/2012yiwang","external_links_name":"official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibooting	Multi-booting	["1 Usage","2 Technical issues","2.1 Number of operating systems per volume (logical drive)","2.2 Number of operating systems per storage device","2.3 Partitioning","2.4 MBR loader","2.5 Linux boot loaders","2.6 OS/2 Boot Manager","2.7 Microsoft Windows and Linux","2.8 Neutral MBR","2.9 Apple's Boot Camp","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Act of installing multiple operating systems on a single computer "Multiboot" redirects here. For the multiboot specification, see Multiboot specification. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Multi-booting" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) GRUB, with entries for Ubuntu and Windows Vista, an example of dual booting Multi-booting is the act of installing multiple operating systems on a single computer, and being able to choose which one to boot. The term dual-booting refers to the common configuration of specifically two operating systems. Multi-booting may require a custom boot loader. Usage Multi-booting allows more than one operating system to reside on one computer; for example, if a user has a primary operating system that they use most frequently and an alternate operating system that they use less frequently. Multi-booting allows a new operating system to configure all applications needed and migrate data before removing the old operating system, if desired. Another reason for multi-booting can be to investigate or test a new operating system without switching completely. Multi-booting is also useful in situations where different software requires different operating systems. A multi-boot configuration allows a user to use all of their software on one computer. This is often accomplished by using a boot loader such as NTLDR, LILO, or GRUB which can boot more than one operating system. Multi-booting is also used by software developers when multiple operating systems are required for development or testing purposes. Having these systems on one machine is a way to reduce hardware costs. Multi-booting also allows a user to switch between private and work dedicated systems to maintain access integrity and separation between the two user environments, even if the same operating system is used for each of them. A possible alternative to multi-booting is virtualization, where a hypervisor is used to host one or more virtual machines running guest operating systems. Technical issues Number of operating systems per volume (logical drive) In an OS/2 dual-boot configuration, the C drive can contain both DOS and OS/2. The user issues the BOOT command from the DOS or OS/2 command line to do the necessary copy, move and rename operations and then reboot to the specified system on C:. Other systems provide similar mechanisms for alternate systems on the same logical drive. Number of operating systems per storage device In a multi-boot computer each of the multiple operating systems can reside on its own storage device, or some storage devices might contain more than one operating system in different partitions. The boot loader in or loaded by the MBR displays a menu of logical drives and loads the selected boot loader from the PBR of that drive. An example of a computer with one operating system per storage device is a dual-booting computer that stores Windows on one disk drive and Linux on another disk drive. In this case a multi-booting boot loader is not strictly necessary because the user can choose to enter BIOS configuration immediately after power-up and make the desired drive first in the boot-order list. However, it is more convenient to have a multi-booting boot loader on one of the drives, set BIOS once to always start booting from (i.e. load the boot loader from) that drive, and then allow the user to choose an operating system from that boot loader's menu. No special disk partitioning is necessary when each operating system has its own dedicated disk drive. An example of a computer with multiple operating systems per storage device is a dual-booting computer that stores both Windows and Linux on the same disk drive but where the BIOS in the system does not let the user boot individual drives and partitions. In this case a multi-booting boot loader is necessary. Also, the disk must be partitioned to give each operating system its own partition on the disk drive. This is necessary because each system has its own set of files and operating instructions. Also, when a completely separate operating system is used partitions may need to be formatted to a different format. For example, if a user intends to install both Windows and Linux, then the Windows partition will be most likely formatted in the NTFS format as Windows cannot run off of ext4, and the Linux partition will most likely be formatted in the ext4 file format as Linux cannot run off of NTFS. However, if a user intends to dual-boot two versions of Windows (i.e. Windows 7 and Windows Vista) or two versions of Linux (i.e. Linux Mint and Ubuntu Linux), then the same file system (e.g. NTFS or ext4) can be used across both drives and partitions. Partitioning Further information: Disk partitioning The basic concept involves partitioning a disk to accommodate each planned installation, usually including separate partitions for boot, root, data storage and backups. MBR loader An MBR loader, such as Air-Boot, replaces the standard boot code in track 0 with code that displays a selection menu and loads the selected system. Some, e.g., Air-Boot, can be configured either automatically or by the user at boot time, rather than requiring an external configuration menu. Linux boot loaders Linux loaders such as GRUB and LILO, can reside in the MBR or in a PBR. They use configuration files in /boot to control their selection menus, OS/2 Boot Manager The OS/2 Boot Manager must be installed in a primary partition. The OS/2 partitioning utilities can configure up to four systems in the menu, each of which can be either in a primary partition or in a logical volume within the extended logical partition. It is possible to include a boot loader such as GRUB in the OS/2 Boot Manager menu, and it is possible to include the OS/2 Boot Manager in the menu for another boot loader. Newer loaders such as Air-Boot, GRUB and LILO offer more flexibility. Microsoft Windows and Linux Further information: Disk partitioning § Multi-boot and mixed-boot systems One popular multi-boot configuration is to dual-boot Linux and Windows operating systems, each contained within its own partition. Windows does not facilitate or support multi-boot systems, other than allowing for partition-specific installations, and no choice of boot loader is offered. However, most current Linux installers accommodate dual-booting (although some knowledge of partitions is desirable). Commonly installations proceed without incident but upon restart, the boot loader will recognize only one of the two operating systems. There are some advantages to installing a Linux boot manager/loader (usually GRUB) as the primary bootloader pointed to by the master boot record. Windows operating systems will be found by properly installed Linux bootloaders, but Windows boot managers do not recognize Linux installations (nor does Windows deal natively with Linux file systems). The MBR boot code can be backed up and restored with dd, available on System Rescue CD. It is often recommended that Windows be installed to the first primary partition. The boot loaders of both Windows and Linux identify partitions with a number derived by counting the partitions. (Note, both Windows and Linux count the partitions according to the ordering of the partitions in the partition table, which may be different from the order of the partitions on the disk.) Adding or deleting a partition at the end of a hard drive will have no effect on any partitions prior to it. However, if a partition is added or deleted at the beginning or middle of a hard drive, the numbering of subsequent partitions may change. If the number of the system partition changes, it requires boot loader reconfiguration in order for an operating system to boot and function properly. Windows must be installed into a primary partition (and in older systems this must be the first partition). Linux can be installed into a partition in any position on the hard drive and can also be installed into logical partitions (within the extended partition). If Linux is installed into a logical partition within the extended partition, it is unaffected by changes in the primary partitions. Neutral MBR An alternative to storing GRUB in the MBR is keeping Windows' or other generic PC boot code in the MBR, and installing GRUB or another bootloader into a primary partition other than that of Windows, thus keeping the MBR neutral. Operating system selection at boot time consequently depends on the bootloader configured within the primary partition that has the boot or "active" flag set on its partition table entry, which could be a bootloader of DOS, OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS or BSD, in addition to Linux or Windows. With the boot flag set on the Windows primary, the Windows Boot Manager can be used to chainload another installed bootloader through use of a program like EasyBCD. This means the active partition's boot manager will first prompt the user for selection what OS to boot, then load another if necessary, such as GRUB, even a bootloader installed to a logical partition, and then GRUB will load the Linux kernel as it normally would were GRUB installed to the MBR. The active partition could also be one that exists for no purpose other than choosing an operating system to boot, such as the boot manager that shipped with IBM's OS/2 Warp and its derivatives. Apple's Boot Camp Main article: Boot Camp (software) Boot Camp allows owners of Intel-based Apple Macintosh computers to install Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10 on their Macs. The software was initially available in beta version as a download from Apple's website (which was compatible with Mac OS X version 10.4 (Tiger)), and later came bundled with Mac OS X since version 10.5 (Leopard). Boot Camp allows non-destructive disk partitioning and resizing of HFS+ filesystems, boot menu options, and an option to burn a CD with necessary device drivers. Since Windows XP is incompatible with Extensible Firmware Interface (the successor to legacy BIOS), the firmware on early Intel Macs needs to be updated to support BIOS emulation first. BIOS emulation is achieved with a compatibility support module (CSM). Apple does not support non-Windows partition formats or drivers so therefore configuring other operating systems is not directly possible through Boot Camp itself. However, any operating system which can utilize the BIOS emulation of Intel Macintosh can be made to work, including non-XP versions of Windows. The Ubuntu Linux distribution is particularly popular for this purpose because they provide an option to use proprietary device drivers along with open source drivers. See also Booting Comparison of boot loaders GNU GRUB EasyBCD – NeoSmart technologies' free program to configure multi-booting on Windows Ext2Fsd support for ext2/3/4 under Microsoft Windows Multiboot Specification Virtualization Windows To Go XOSL – a free, graphical, open source boot loader References ^ "OS/2 commands by name", OS/2 command reference (First ed.), IBM, 1999, Switches between the DOS and OS/2 operating systems that are on the same hard disk (drive C). ^ "Booting problem of Linux in Windows boot loader - - Open source software". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "openSUSE Bugs/grub". openSUSE Bugs/grub. 28 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2017. ^ "ArcaOS". Blue Lion, by Arca Noae. 13 November 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017. ^ "How to add an entry for a Linux distribution in Windows' boot menu". Linux BSD OS. 21 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2016. External links "Multiboot Specification". "Dual, triple, quad boot a Macbook with Mac OS X, Ubuntu Linux, Windows XP, and Windows Vista". Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. "Installing Windows XP:Dual-booting versus single booting". "YUMI Multiboot USB Creator ▷ Make Multi Bootable USB Drives".	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For the multiboot specification, see Multiboot specification.GRUB, with entries for Ubuntu and Windows Vista, an example of dual bootingMulti-booting is the act of installing multiple operating systems on a single computer, and being able to choose which one to boot. The term dual-booting refers to the common configuration of specifically two operating systems. Multi-booting may require a custom boot loader.","title":"Multi-booting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software"},{"link_name":"boot loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting#Second-stage_boot_loader"},{"link_name":"NTLDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTLDR"},{"link_name":"LILO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(boot_loader)"},{"link_name":"GRUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB"},{"link_name":"software developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developer"},{"link_name":"virtualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization"},{"link_name":"hypervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor"},{"link_name":"virtual machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"}],"text":"Multi-booting allows more than one operating system to reside on one computer; for example, if a user has a primary operating system that they use most frequently and an alternate operating system that they use less frequently. Multi-booting allows a new operating system to configure all applications needed and migrate data before removing the old operating system, if desired. Another reason for multi-booting can be to investigate or test a new operating system without switching completely.Multi-booting is also useful in situations where different software requires different operating systems. A multi-boot configuration allows a user to use all of their software on one computer. This is often accomplished by using a boot loader such as NTLDR, LILO, or GRUB which can boot more than one operating system.Multi-booting is also used by software developers when multiple operating systems are required for development or testing purposes. Having these systems on one machine is a way to reduce hardware costs.Multi-booting also allows a user to switch between private and work dedicated systems to maintain access integrity and separation between the two user environments, even if the same operating system is used for each of them.A possible alternative to multi-booting is virtualization, where a hypervisor is used to host one or more virtual machines running guest operating systems.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Number of operating systems per volume (logical drive)","text":"In an OS/2 dual-boot configuration, the C drive can contain both DOS and OS/2. The user issues the BOOT command[1] from the DOS or OS/2 command line to do the necessary copy, move and rename operations and then reboot to the specified system on C:. Other systems provide similar mechanisms for alternate systems on the same logical drive.","title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record"},{"link_name":"PBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_boot_record"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"NTFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS"},{"link_name":"ext4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"Linux Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Mint"},{"link_name":"Ubuntu Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Linux"}],"sub_title":"Number of operating systems per storage device","text":"In a multi-boot computer each of the multiple operating systems can reside on its own storage device, or some storage devices might contain more than one operating system in different partitions. The boot loader in or loaded by the MBR displays a menu of logical drives and loads the selected boot loader from the PBR of that drive.An example of a computer with one operating system per storage device is a dual-booting computer that stores Windows on one disk drive and Linux on another disk drive. In this case a multi-booting boot loader is not strictly necessary because the user can choose to enter BIOS configuration immediately after power-up and make the desired drive first in the boot-order list. However, it is more convenient to have a multi-booting boot loader on one of the drives, set BIOS once to always start booting from (i.e. load the boot loader from) that drive, and then allow the user to choose an operating system from that boot loader's menu. No special disk partitioning is necessary when each operating system has its own dedicated disk drive.An example of a computer with multiple operating systems per storage device is a dual-booting computer that stores both Windows and Linux on the same disk drive but where the BIOS in the system does not let the user boot individual drives and partitions. In this case a multi-booting boot loader is necessary. Also, the disk must be partitioned to give each operating system its own partition on the disk drive. This is necessary because each system has its own set of files and operating instructions. Also, when a completely separate operating system is used partitions may need to be formatted to a different format. For example, if a user intends to install both Windows and Linux, then the Windows partition will be most likely formatted in the NTFS format as Windows cannot run off of ext4, and the Linux partition will most likely be formatted in the ext4 file format as Linux cannot run off of NTFS. However, if a user intends to dual-boot two versions of Windows (i.e. Windows 7 and Windows Vista) or two versions of Linux (i.e. Linux Mint and Ubuntu Linux), then the same file system (e.g. NTFS or ext4) can be used across both drives and partitions.","title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disk partitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Partitioning","text":"Further information: Disk partitioningThe basic concept involves partitioning a disk to accommodate each planned installation, usually including separate partitions for boot, root, data storage and backups.[citation needed]","title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MBR loader","text":"An MBR loader, such as Air-Boot, replaces the standard boot code in track 0 with code that displays a selection menu and loads the selected system. Some, e.g., Air-Boot, can be configured either automatically or by the user at boot time, rather than requiring an external configuration menu.","title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Linux boot loaders","text":"Linux loaders such as GRUB and LILO, can reside in the MBR or in a PBR. They use configuration files in /boot to control their selection menus,","title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GRUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB"},{"link_name":"LILO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(boot_loader)"}],"sub_title":"OS/2 Boot Manager","text":"The OS/2 Boot Manager must be installed in a primary partition. The OS/2 partitioning utilities can configure up to four systems in the menu, each of which can be either in a primary partition or in a logical volume within the extended logical partition. It is possible to include a boot loader such as GRUB in the OS/2 Boot Manager menu, and it is possible to include the OS/2 Boot Manager in the menu for another boot loader. Newer loaders such as Air-Boot, GRUB and LILO offer more flexibility.","title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disk partitioning § Multi-boot and mixed-boot systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning#Multi-boot_and_mixed-boot_systems"},{"link_name":"boot loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"boot manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_manager"},{"link_name":"GRUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB"},{"link_name":"master boot record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record"},{"link_name":"file systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_systems"},{"link_name":"dd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"System Rescue CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Rescue_CD"},{"link_name":"primary partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_partition"},{"link_name":"extended partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_partition"}],"sub_title":"Microsoft Windows and Linux","text":"Further information: Disk partitioning § Multi-boot and mixed-boot systemsOne popular multi-boot configuration is to dual-boot Linux and Windows operating systems, each contained within its own partition. Windows does not facilitate or support multi-boot systems, other than allowing for partition-specific installations, and no choice of boot loader is offered. However, most current Linux installers accommodate dual-booting (although some knowledge of partitions is desirable). Commonly installations proceed without incident but upon restart, the boot loader will recognize only one of the two operating systems.[2]There are some advantages to installing a Linux boot manager/loader (usually GRUB) as the primary bootloader pointed to by the master boot record. Windows operating systems will be found by properly installed Linux bootloaders, but Windows boot managers do not recognize Linux installations (nor does Windows deal natively with Linux file systems). The MBR boot code can be backed up and restored with dd, available on System Rescue CD.It is often recommended that Windows be installed to the first primary partition. The boot loaders of both Windows and Linux identify partitions with a number derived by counting the partitions. (Note, both Windows and Linux count the partitions according to the ordering of the partitions in the partition table, which may be different from the order of the partitions on the disk.) Adding or deleting a partition at the end of a hard drive will have no effect on any partitions prior to it. However, if a partition is added or deleted at the beginning or middle of a hard drive, the numbering of subsequent partitions may change. If the number of the system partition changes, it requires boot loader reconfiguration in order for an operating system to boot and function properly.Windows must be installed into a primary partition (and in older systems this must be the first partition). Linux can be installed into a partition in any position on the hard drive and can also be installed into logical partitions (within the extended partition). If Linux is installed into a logical partition within the extended partition, it is unaffected by changes in the primary partitions.","title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"OS/2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2"},{"link_name":"eComStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EComStation"},{"link_name":"ArcaOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcaOS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"BSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD"},{"link_name":"Windows Boot Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager"},{"link_name":"chainload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainload"},{"link_name":"EasyBCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EasyBCD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Neutral MBR","text":"An alternative to storing GRUB in the MBR is keeping Windows' or other generic PC boot code in the MBR, and installing GRUB or another bootloader into a primary partition other than that of Windows, thus keeping the MBR neutral.[3] Operating system selection at boot time consequently depends on the bootloader configured within the primary partition that has the boot or \"active\" flag set on its partition table entry, which could be a bootloader of DOS, OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS[4] or BSD, in addition to Linux or Windows.With the boot flag set on the Windows primary, the Windows Boot Manager can be used to chainload another installed bootloader through use of a program like EasyBCD.[5] This means the active partition's boot manager will first prompt the user for selection what OS to boot, then load another if necessary, such as GRUB, even a bootloader installed to a logical partition, and then GRUB will load the Linux kernel as it normally would were GRUB installed to the MBR.The active partition could also be one that exists for no purpose other than choosing an operating system to boot, such as the boot manager that shipped with IBM's OS/2 Warp and its derivatives.","title":"Technical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intel-based Apple Macintosh computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%E2%80%93Intel_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X"},{"link_name":"HFS+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS%2B"},{"link_name":"filesystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystems"},{"link_name":"device drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_drivers"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"Extensible Firmware Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface"},{"link_name":"BIOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Ubuntu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"proprietary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software"}],"sub_title":"Apple's Boot Camp","text":"Boot Camp allows owners of Intel-based Apple Macintosh computers to install Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10 on their Macs. The software was initially available in beta version as a download from Apple's website (which was compatible with Mac OS X version 10.4 (Tiger)), and later came bundled with Mac OS X since version 10.5 (Leopard).Boot Camp allows non-destructive disk partitioning and resizing of HFS+ filesystems, boot menu options, and an option to burn a CD with necessary device drivers. Since Windows XP is incompatible with Extensible Firmware Interface (the successor to legacy BIOS), the firmware on early Intel Macs needs to be updated to support BIOS emulation first. BIOS emulation is achieved with a compatibility support module (CSM). Apple does not support non-Windows partition formats or drivers so therefore configuring other operating systems is not directly possible through Boot Camp itself. However, any operating system which can utilize the BIOS emulation of Intel Macintosh can be made to work, including non-XP versions of Windows. The Ubuntu Linux distribution is particularly popular for this purpose because they provide an option to use proprietary device drivers along with open source drivers.","title":"Technical issues"}]	[{"image_text":"GRUB, with entries for Ubuntu and Windows Vista, an example of dual booting","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/GRUB_with_ubuntu_and_windows_vista.png/300px-GRUB_with_ubuntu_and_windows_vista.png"}]	[{"title":"Booting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting"},{"title":"Comparison of boot loaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_boot_loaders"},{"title":"GNU GRUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB"},{"title":"EasyBCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EasyBCD"},{"title":"Ext2Fsd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2Fsd"},{"title":"Multiboot Specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiboot_Specification"},{"title":"Virtualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization"},{"title":"Windows To Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_To_Go"},{"title":"XOSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOSL"}]	[{"reference":"\"OS/2 commands by name\", OS/2 command reference (First ed.), IBM, 1999, Switches between the DOS and OS/2 operating systems that are on the same hard disk (drive C).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Booting problem of Linux in Windows boot loader - [Solved] - Open source software\". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tomshardware.com/answers/id-2106559/booting-problem-linux-windows-boot-loader.html","url_text":"\"Booting problem of Linux in Windows boot loader - [Solved] - Open source software\""}]},{"reference":"\"openSUSE Bugs/grub\". openSUSE Bugs/grub. 28 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://old-en.opensuse.org/Bugs/grub#How_does_a_PC_boot_.2F_How_can_I_set_up_a_working_GRUB.3F","url_text":"\"openSUSE Bugs/grub\""}]},{"reference":"\"ArcaOS\". Blue Lion, by Arca Noae. 13 November 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcanoae.com/blue-lion/","url_text":"\"ArcaOS\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to add an entry for a Linux distribution in Windows' boot menu\". Linux BSD OS. 21 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://linuxbsdos.com/2012/07/21/how-to-add-an-entry-for-a-linux-distribution-in-windows-boot-menu/","url_text":"\"How to add an entry for a Linux distribution in Windows' boot menu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Multiboot Specification\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/multiboot/multiboot.html","url_text":"\"Multiboot Specification\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dual, triple, quad boot a Macbook with Mac OS X, Ubuntu Linux, Windows XP, and Windows Vista\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818045054/http://hydtechblog.com/2009/01/26/dual-triple-quad-boot-a-macbook-with-mac-os-x-ubuntu-linux-windows-xp-and-windows-vista/","url_text":"\"Dual, triple, quad boot a Macbook with Mac OS X, Ubuntu Linux, Windows XP, and Windows Vista\""},{"url":"http://hydtechblog.com/2009/01/26/dual-triple-quad-boot-a-macbook-with-mac-os-x-ubuntu-linux-windows-xp-and-windows-vista/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Installing Windows XP:Dual-booting versus single booting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=30680","url_text":"\"Installing Windows XP:Dual-booting versus single booting\""}]},{"reference":"\"YUMI Multiboot USB Creator ▷ Make Multi Bootable USB Drives\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pendrivelinux.com/yumi-multiboot-usb-creator/","url_text":"\"YUMI Multiboot USB Creator ▷ Make Multi Bootable USB Drives\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi-booting&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Multi-booting%22","external_links_name":"\"Multi-booting\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Multi-booting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Multi-booting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Multi-booting%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Multi-booting%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Multi-booting%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.tomshardware.com/answers/id-2106559/booting-problem-linux-windows-boot-loader.html","external_links_name":"\"Booting problem of Linux in Windows boot loader - [Solved] - Open source software\""},{"Link":"https://old-en.opensuse.org/Bugs/grub#How_does_a_PC_boot_.2F_How_can_I_set_up_a_working_GRUB.3F","external_links_name":"\"openSUSE Bugs/grub\""},{"Link":"https://www.arcanoae.com/blue-lion/","external_links_name":"\"ArcaOS\""},{"Link":"http://linuxbsdos.com/2012/07/21/how-to-add-an-entry-for-a-linux-distribution-in-windows-boot-menu/","external_links_name":"\"How to add an entry for a Linux distribution in Windows' boot menu\""},{"Link":"https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/multiboot/multiboot.html","external_links_name":"\"Multiboot Specification\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818045054/http://hydtechblog.com/2009/01/26/dual-triple-quad-boot-a-macbook-with-mac-os-x-ubuntu-linux-windows-xp-and-windows-vista/","external_links_name":"\"Dual, triple, quad boot a Macbook with Mac OS X, Ubuntu Linux, Windows XP, and Windows Vista\""},{"Link":"http://hydtechblog.com/2009/01/26/dual-triple-quad-boot-a-macbook-with-mac-os-x-ubuntu-linux-windows-xp-and-windows-vista/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=30680","external_links_name":"\"Installing Windows XP:Dual-booting versus single booting\""},{"Link":"https://pendrivelinux.com/yumi-multiboot-usb-creator/","external_links_name":"\"YUMI Multiboot USB Creator ▷ Make Multi Bootable USB Drives\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikomba	Chikomba District	["1 Notable people","2 Villages and townships","3 Places","4 References"]	Coordinates: 18°53′S 31°06′E / 18.883°S 31.100°E / -18.883; 31.100District in Zimbabwe This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2009) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chikomba District" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Second-level administrative subdivision in Mashonaland East, ZimbabweChikomba Districtsecond-level administrative subdivisionCountryZimbabweProvinceMashonaland EastArea • Total6,503 km2 (2,511 sq mi)Population (2022 census) • Total123,932 • Density19/km2 (49/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (CEST) Chikomba is a district of Zimbabwe. It was previously part of Midlands Province, but was delimited to fall under Mashonaland East Province in the 1990s. Notable people Chenjerai Hunzvi, politician and war veterans leader Solomon Mujuru, army general and politician Tichaona Jokonya, politician Charles Mungoshi, writer Grace Mugabe (nee Marufu), politician and former First Lady of the Republic of Zimbabwe Charles Utete, former Chief Secretary to the President and Cabinet in the Zimbabwean government under Robert Mugabe. Mike Bimha, politician and former Cabinet Minister in the Zimbabwean government under Robert Mugabe. Antony Itayi Jongwe, academic, writer, religious, entrepreneur, and philanthropist James Chimombe, Musician Tadios Kudzedzereka, politician, former Member of Parliament for Chikomba Constituency Villages and townships Bhunu Village Mwedzi village Chandiwana Village Chafa/Musoni Village Mwerenga Village Chirisa hu Village Mungonhi Village Chirasauta Township Chisango Village Kudzedzereka Village Mukarati Village Mtekedza Township Masasa Township Warikandwa Township Kwenda (Manunure) Village Ruzvidzo Village Nyamande Village Nyuke Village Hokonya Village Mukandatsama Village Matandirotya Village Mudoti Village Mujuru Village Mafukidze Village Nhidza Village Nharira Chivasa Village Muvavarirwa village Towindo village Mhavasha Village Guvakuva Magamba Madamombe Township Mudavanhu Madziire Manyere Mutoredzanwa Dandara Maronda Mashanu Rupere-Musonza Sadza Tsuro Village Wada Village Sengwe Masasa Masvaure Gandami Kadye Village Majumba Mboe Majoi Gamanya Zabe Matirige Mutoro Mupatsi Chikasha Mudeyi Daramombe Wazvaremhaka Govere Zvamatobwe Govere Chisangano Maware Township Shumba Township Gava village Unyetu Mutusva village Chandiwana Village Mbiru township Musvibe Village Mashinge Village Mtengwa Village Mbera/Kakono village Chisango village Nyakwava Village Godzi Village Manyonga Village Muchembere Village Magwenzi Village Chirara Village Matafi Village Chigumira Village Magomo Village Mupandasekwa Village Masarakufa Village Makumbe Village Nyevhe village/Gwavava Mutara village Zimbizi] Village Gwekwerere village Chimani village Rundofa village Pokoteke Kapita Masinire Makwezva Village Places Chivhu Mudzimundateura Gandachibvuva Jemedza Nhidza Maware business centre Chikara Township Nharira business centre St Pauls Kuimba Chikasha business centre Zvichemo Business Centre Gokomere Business Centre Chirasavana township Sadza growth point Munyora Business center Kadye enterprise/Tatenda Night club Kumanhika Pokoteke Clinic & Township Chirasavana Township Mutsinze Village Ndoro Village mupatsi town ship chitsvuku town ship Chiguvare homestead Warikandwa Zai Rimwe Sengwe References ^ "Zimbabwe: Administrative Division (Provinces and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 17 February 2024. ^ 1994 Delimitation Commission. Zimbabwe Delimitation Commission. 2000. p. 105. ^ Tendi, Blessing-Miles (2020). The Army and Politics in Zimbabwe: Mujuru, the Liberation Fighter and Kingmaker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108561600. ISBN 978-1-108-47289-0. S2CID 243675045. vteSubdivisions of ZimbabweProvinces Bulawayo Harare Manicaland Mashonaland Central Mashonaland East Mashonaland West Masvingo Matabeleland North Matabeleland South Midlands Districts Beitbridge Bikita Bindura Binga Bubi Buhera Bulawayo Bulilima Chegutu Chikomba Chimanimani Chipinge Chiredzi Chirumhanzu Chivi Gokwe North Gokwe South Goromonzi Guruve Gutu Gwanda Gweru Harare Hwange Insiza Kariba Karoi Kwekwe Lupane Makonde Makoni Mangwe Marondera Masvingo Matobo Mazowe Mberengwa Mbire Mhondoro–Ngezi Mount Darwin Mudzi Murehwa Mutare Mutasa Mutoko Muzarabani Mwenezi Nkayi Nyanga Rushinga Sanyati Seke Shamva Shurugwi Tsholotsho Umguza Umzingwane Uzumba–Maramba–Pfungwe Wedza Zaka Zvimba Zvishavane Wards Wards of Zimbabwe Largest cities Harare Bulawayo Chitungwiza Mutare Gweru Kwekwe Kadoma Masvingo Chinhoyi Marondera Beitbridge Rusape Kariba Victoria Falls 18°53′S 31°06′E / 18.883°S 31.100°E / -18.883; 31.100 This Zimbabwe location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Midlands Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_Province"},{"link_name":"Mashonaland East Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashonaland_East_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"District in ZimbabweSecond-level administrative subdivision in Mashonaland East, ZimbabweChikomba is a district of Zimbabwe. It was previously part of Midlands Province, but was delimited to fall under Mashonaland East Province in the 1990s.[2]","title":"Chikomba District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chenjerai Hunzvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenjerai_Hunzvi"},{"link_name":"Solomon Mujuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Mujuru"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tichaona Jokonya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tichaona_Jokonya"},{"link_name":"Charles Mungoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mungoshi"},{"link_name":"Grace Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"Charles Utete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Utete"},{"link_name":"Mike Bimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Bimha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"Antony Itayi Jongwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antony_Itayi_Jongwe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Chimombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chimombe"},{"link_name":"Tadios Kudzedzereka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadios_Kudzedzereka&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Chenjerai Hunzvi, politician and war veterans leader\nSolomon Mujuru,[3] army general and politician\nTichaona Jokonya, politician\nCharles Mungoshi, writer\nGrace Mugabe (nee Marufu), politician and former First Lady of the Republic of Zimbabwe\nCharles Utete, former Chief Secretary to the President and Cabinet in the Zimbabwean government under Robert Mugabe.\nMike Bimha, politician and former Cabinet Minister in the Zimbabwean government under Robert Mugabe.\nAntony Itayi Jongwe, academic, writer, religious, entrepreneur, and philanthropist\nJames Chimombe, Musician\nTadios Kudzedzereka, politician, former Member of Parliament for Chikomba Constituency","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bhunu Village\nMwedzi village\nChandiwana Village\nChafa/Musoni Village\nMwerenga Village\nChirisa hu Village\nMungonhi Village\nChirasauta Township\nChisango Village\nKudzedzereka Village\nMukarati Village\nMtekedza Township\nMasasa Township\nWarikandwa Township\nKwenda (Manunure) Village\nRuzvidzo Village\nNyamande Village\nNyuke Village\nHokonya Village\nMukandatsama Village\nMatandirotya Village\nMudoti Village\nMujuru Village\nMafukidze Village\nNhidza Village\nNharira\nChivasa Village\nMuvavarirwa village\nTowindo village\nMhavasha Village\nGuvakuva\nMagamba\nMadamombe Township\nMudavanhu\nMadziire\nManyere\nMutoredzanwa\nDandara\nMaronda Mashanu\nRupere-Musonza\nSadza\nTsuro Village\nWada Village\nSengwe\nMasasa\nMasvaure\nGandami\nKadye Village\nMajumba\nMboe\nMajoi\nGamanya\nZabe\nMatirige\nMutoro\nMupatsi\nChikasha\nMudeyi\nDaramombe\nWazvaremhaka\nGovere\nZvamatobwe\nGovere\nChisangano\nMaware Township\nShumba Township\nGava village\nUnyetu\nMutusva village\nChandiwana Village\nMbiru township\nMusvibe Village\nMashinge Village\nMtengwa Village\nMbera/Kakono village\nChisango village\nNyakwava Village\nGodzi Village\nManyonga Village\nMuchembere Village\nMagwenzi Village\nChirara Village\nMatafi Village\nChigumira Village\nMagomo Village\nMupandasekwa Village\nMasarakufa Village\nMakumbe Village\nNyevhe village/Gwavava\nMutara village\nZimbizi] Village\nGwekwerere village\nChimani village\nRundofa village\nPokoteke\nKapita\nMasinire\nMakwezva Village","title":"Villages and townships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nhidza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhidza&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Chivhu\nMudzimundateura\nGandachibvuva\nJemedza\nNhidza\nMaware business centre\nChikara Township\nNharira business centre\nSt Pauls Kuimba\nChikasha business centre\nZvichemo Business Centre\nGokomere Business Centre\nChirasavana township\nSadza growth point\nMunyora Business center\nKadye enterprise/Tatenda Night club\nKumanhika\nPokoteke Clinic & Township\nChirasavana Township\nMutsinze Village\nNdoro Village\nmupatsi town ship\nchitsvuku town ship\nChiguvare homestead\nWarikandwa\nZai Rimwe\nSengwe","title":"Places"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Zimbabwe: Administrative Division (Provinces and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map\". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/zimbabwe/admin/","url_text":"\"Zimbabwe: Administrative Division (Provinces and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map\""}]},{"reference":"1994 Delimitation Commission. Zimbabwe Delimitation Commission. 2000. p. 105.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xaUSt3B6_xEC","url_text":"1994 Delimitation Commission"}]},{"reference":"Tendi, Blessing-Miles (2020). The Army and Politics in Zimbabwe: Mujuru, the Liberation Fighter and Kingmaker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108561600. ISBN 978-1-108-47289-0. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunaria	Lunaria	["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References"]	Genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family Brassicaceae For the astrological genre, see Lunary. For the asteroid, see 1067 Lunaria. For the 2021 Japanese video game, see Lunaria: Virtualized Moonchild. Lunaria L. annua Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: LunariaL. Species Lunaria annua - annual honesty Lunaria rediviva - perennial honesty Lunaria telekiana Lunaria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America and elsewhere. Species include: L. annua (syn. L. biennis), annual or biennial L. rediviva, perennial L. telekiana. rare Balkan species The Latin name Lunaria means "moon-like" and refers to the plants' decorative seedpods. They have hairy toothed leaves and terminal racemes of white or violet flowers in Spring and Summer, followed by prominent, translucent, disc-shaped seedpods, which are frequently seen in flower arrangements. They are widely grown as ornamental plants in gardens, and have become naturalised in many temperate areas away from their native habitat. Gallery L. annua, with seeds L. annua, without seeds L. annua, unripe seedpod in July Detail of flower,L. annua White-flowered form,L. annua Storage roots at the end of first growth period,L. annua L. rediviva L. rediviva L. rediviva See also Money plant References ^ "Lunaria Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 22 April 2023. ^ a b RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5. ^ Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of plant names. USA: Timber Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2. OCLC 741564356. Taxon identifiersLunaria Wikidata: Q842030 Wikispecies: Lunaria APDB: 192280 APNI: 84059 CoL: 62XQX EoL: 71299 EPPO: 1LUNG FNA: 119096 FoC: 119096 GBIF: 3040750 GRIN: 7033 iNaturalist: 55326 IPNI: 106280-3 ITIS: 23237 NBN: NHMSYS0000460482 NCBI: 153658 NZOR: e53b6663-51d4-48ec-a9c7-379d8665bcf3 Open Tree of Life: 464803 PLANTS: LUNAR POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12755-1 Tropicos: 40009788 VASCAN: 1374 VicFlora: 15545473-18dd-4011-9416-8a39fcf943a8 WFO: wfo-4000022427	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lunary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunary"},{"link_name":"1067 Lunaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1067_Lunaria"},{"link_name":"Lunaria: Virtualized Moonchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunaria:_Virtualized_Moonchild"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant"},{"link_name":"introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_plant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"L. annua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunaria_annua"},{"link_name":"syn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant"},{"link_name":"biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_plant"},{"link_name":"L. rediviva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunaria_rediviva"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"L. telekiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunaria_telekiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSAZ-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZPLA-3"},{"link_name":"racemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceme"},{"link_name":"flower arrangements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_arrangement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSAZ-2"},{"link_name":"ornamental plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden"},{"link_name":"naturalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperateness"}],"text":"For the astrological genre, see Lunary. For the asteroid, see 1067 Lunaria. For the 2021 Japanese video game, see Lunaria: Virtualized Moonchild.Lunaria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America and elsewhere.[1] Species include:L. annua (syn. L. biennis), annual or biennial\nL. rediviva, perennial\nL. telekiana. rare Balkan species[2]The Latin name Lunaria means \"moon-like\" and refers to the plants' decorative seedpods.[3]They have hairy toothed leaves and terminal racemes of white or violet flowers in Spring and Summer, followed by prominent, translucent, disc-shaped seedpods, which are frequently seen in flower arrangements.[2]They are widely grown as ornamental plants in gardens, and have become naturalised in many temperate areas away from their native habitat.","title":"Lunaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunaria_annua,_seeds.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunaria_annua,_without_seeds.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunaria_annua_seeds_J3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunaria_annua_detail.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunaria_annua_chile.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunaria_annua_storage_roots.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunaria_rediviva_251202.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunaria_rediviva_2015-06-01_OB_122.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunaria_rediviva_2015-06-01_OB_120.jpg"}],"text":"L. annua, with seeds\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tL. annua, without seeds\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tL. annua, unripe seedpod in July\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetail of flower,L. annua\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhite-flowered form,L. annua\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStorage roots at the end of first growth period,L. annua\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tL. rediviva\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tL. rediviva\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tL. rediviva","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Money plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_plant"}]	[{"reference":"\"Lunaria Tourn. ex L.\" Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 22 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/12755-1","url_text":"\"Lunaria Tourn. ex L.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online","url_text":"Plants of the World Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3296-5","url_text":"978-1-4053-3296-5"}]},{"reference":"Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of plant names. USA: Timber Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinger_missiles	FIM-92 Stinger	["1 Description","2 History","2.1 Replacement","3 Variants","4 Service","4.1 Falklands War","4.2 Soviet War in Afghanistan","4.3 Angolan civil war","4.4 Libyan invasion of Chad","4.5 Tajik civil war","4.6 Chechen War","4.7 Sri Lankan civil war","4.8 United States","4.9 Syrian civil war","4.10 Russo-Ukrainian War","5 Operators","5.1 Countries","5.2 Organizations","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	U.S. man-portable surface-to-air missile FIM-92 Stinger FIM-92 Stinger launcherTypeMan-portable surface-to-air missilePlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1981–presentUsed bySee OperatorsWarsFalklands WarSoviet–Afghan WarIran–Iraq WarGulf WarAngolan Civil WarSri Lankan Civil WarChadian–Libyan conflict Tajikistani Civil WarKargil WarYugoslav WarsInvasion of GrenadaSecond Chechen WarWar in AfghanistanIraq WarSyrian Civil WarWar in Iraq (2013–2017)Russo-Ukrainian WarProduction historyDesignerGeneral DynamicsDesigned1967ManufacturerRaytheon Missiles & DefenseUnit costFIM-92A: U.S.$38,000 (missile only, 1980 FY)($119,320 2020 FY)Produced1978–presentVariantsFIM-92A, FIM-92B, FIM-92C, FIM-92D, FIM-92GSpecificationsMassMissile – 22 lb (10.1 kg)System – 35 lb (15.7 kg)LengthAt launch – 5 ft (1.53 m)In flight – 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m)Diameter2.8 in (70 mm)Wingspan6.3 in (160 mm)Crew1Effective firing range0.1–3 mi (0.16–4.83 km)WarheadHE-FRAGWarhead weight6.6 lb (3 kg)DetonationmechanismImpactEngineSolid-fuel rocket motorMaximum speed Mach 2.2 (2,440 ft/s; 745 m/s)GuidancesystemInfrared homingLaunchplatformMANPADS, M6 Linebacker, Multi-Mission Launcher, Eurocopter Tiger, AN/TWQ-1 Avenger, MQ-1 Predator, AH-64 Apache, T129 ATAKReferencesJanes The FIM-92 Stinger is an American man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS) that operates as an infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM). It can be adapted to fire from a wide variety of ground vehicles, and from helicopters and drones as the Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS). It entered service in 1981 and is used by the militaries of the United States and 29 other countries. It is principally manufactured by Raytheon Missiles & Defense and is produced under license by Airbus Defence and Space in Germany and by Roketsan in Turkey. Description This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "FIM-92 Stinger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The FIM-92 Stinger is a passive surface-to-air missile that can be shoulder-fired by a single operator (although standard military procedure calls for two operators – team chief and gunner). The Stinger was intended to supplant the FIM-43 Redeye system, the principal difference being that, unlike the Redeye, the Stinger can acquire the target from head-on, giving much more time to acquire and destroy the target. The FIM-92B missile can also be fired from the M1097 Avenger and the M6 Linebacker. The missile is also capable of being deployed from a Humvee Stinger rack and can be used by airborne troops. A helicopter launched version exists and is called Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS). The missile is 5.0 ft (1.52 m) long and 2.8 in (70 mm) in diameter, with 3.9 in (100 mm) fins. The missile itself weighs 22 lb (10.1 kg), while the missile with its launch tube and integral sight, fitted with a gripstock and identification friend or foe (IFF) antenna, weighs approximately 34 lb (15.2 kg). It has a targeting range of up to 15,700 feet (4,800 m) and can engage low-altitude enemy threats at up to 12,500 feet (3,800 m). The Stinger is launched by a small ejection motor that pushes it a safe distance from the operator before engaging the main two-stage solid-fuel sustainer, which accelerates it to a maximum speed of Mach 2.54 (1,930 mph; 864 m/s). The warhead contains 2.25 lb (1.02 kg) of HTA-3 (a mix of HMX, TNT, and aluminium powder) explosive with an impact fuze and a self-destruct timer that functions 17 seconds after launch. M134 Stinger Tracking Trainer with IFF antenna unfolded A paratrooper with E Battery, 3rd Battalion, 4th Air Defense Artillery Regiment practices jumping from a 34-foot tower with the FIM-92 Stinger Launcher with IFF antenna folded To fire the missile, a BCU (Battery Coolant Unit) is inserted into the gripstock. This device consists of a supply of high-pressure gaseous argon, which is injected into the seeker to cryogenically cool it to operating temperature, and a thermal battery, which provides power for target acquisition: a single BCU provides power and coolant for roughly 45 seconds, after which another must be inserted if the missile has not been fired. The BCUs are somewhat sensitive to abuse and have a limited shelf life due to argon leakage. The IFF system receives power from a rechargeable battery, which is part of the IFF interrogator box, which plugs into the base of the gripstock's pistol grip. Guidance to the target is initially through proportional navigation, then switches to another mode that directs the missile towards the target airframe instead of its exhaust plume. There are three main variants in use: the Stinger Basic, Stinger-Passive Optical Seeker Technique (POST), and Stinger-Reprogrammable Microprocessor (RMP). These correspond to the FIM-92A, FIM-92B, and FIM-92C and later variants respectively. The POST and RMP variants have a dual-detector seeker: IR and UV. This allows it to distinguish targets from countermeasures much better than the Redeye and FIM-92A, which have IR-only. While modern flares can have an IR signature that is closely matched to the launching aircraft's engine exhaust, there is a readily distinguishable difference in UV signature between flares and jet engines. The Stinger-RMP is so-called because of its ability to load a new set of software via ROM chip inserted in the grip at the depot. If this download to the missile fails during power-up, basic functionality runs off the onboard ROM. The four-processor RMP has 4 KB of RAM for each processor. Since the downloaded code runs from RAM, there is little space to spare, particularly for processors dedicated to seeker input processing and target analysis. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A U.S. Marine fires a FIM-92 Stinger missile during a July 2009 training exercise in California. 4 Stinger missiles on a Dutch Army Fennek reconnaissance vehicle. The missile began as a program by General Dynamics to produce an improved variant of their 1967 FIM-43 Redeye. Production of the Redeye ran from 1969 to 1982, with a total production of around 85,000 missiles. The program was accepted for further development as Redeye II by the U.S. Army in 1971 and designated FIM-92; the Stinger appellation was chosen in 1972. Because of technical difficulties that dogged testing, the first shoulder launch was not until mid-1975. Production of the FIM-92A began in 1978. An improved Stinger with a new seeker, the FIM-92B, was produced from 1983 alongside the FIM-92A. Production of both the A and B types ended in 1987 with around 16,000 missiles produced. The replacement FIM-92C began development in 1984, and production began in 1987. The first examples were delivered to frontline units in 1989. C-type missiles were fitted with a reprogrammable microprocessor, allowing for incremental firmware updates. Later missiles designated D received improvements to improve their ability to defeat countermeasures, and later upgrades to the D were designated G. The FIM-92E or Stinger RMP Block I was developed from 1992 and delivered from 1995 (certain sources state that the FIM-92D is also part of the Block I development). The main changes were again in the sensor and the software, improving the missile's performance against low-signature targets. A software upgrade in 2001 was designated FIM-92F. The development of the Stinger RMP Block II began in 1996 using a new focal plane array sensor to improve the missile's effectiveness in "high clutter" environments and increase the engagement range to about 25,000 feet (7,600 m). Production was scheduled for 2004, but was cancelled due to budget cuts. Since 1984 the Stinger has been issued to many U.S. Navy warships for point defense, particularly in Middle Eastern waters, with a three-man team that can perform other duties when not conducting Stinger training or maintenance. Until it was decommissioned in September 1993, the U.S. Navy had at least one Stinger Gunnery Detachment attached to Beachmaster Unit Two in Little Creek Virginia. The sailors of this detachment would deploy to carrier battlegroups in teams of two to four sailors per ship as requested by Battle Group Commanders. Replacement The original Stinger's reprogrammable microprocessor has become obsolete in 2023, and a service life extension will keep the Block I in service until 2030. With the arsenal declining from obsolescence, on 10 November 2020 the U.S. Army issued a request for information for a replacement MANPADS. The new system will be compatible with the Stinger Vehicle Universal Launcher used on the IM-SHORAD and be able to defeat fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, as well as Group 2 and 3 UAS as well as or better than the Stinger. A contract for up to 8,000 missiles is planned to be awarded by 2026. The request for information to interested firms only went out in April 2022, and RTX and Lockheed Martin were selected to competitively develop the Stinger replacement in September 2023. According to Reuters, the U.S. government has signed a contract for 1,468 Stingers worth a total of $687 million, to replenish stock sent to Ukraine. Raytheon Chief Executive Greg Hayes said on 26 April 2022: "Some of the components are no longer commercially available, and so we're going to have to go out and redesign some of the electronics in the missile of the seeker head. That's going to take us a little bit of time". In January 2023, the U.S. Army said it expected to increase Stinger production to 60 missiles per month by 2025, an increase of 50% from the current rate. The Dual Detector Assembly (DDA) will be redesigned because a previous DDA part is no longer being made. The old DDA will continue to be used in production up until stocks are exhausted, which is expected by 2026 when deliveries of Stingers with the new component are expected to begin. Variants Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS): Used as short range air-to-air missile. The system is mainly designed for attack helicopters. FIM-92A: Stinger Basic: The basic model. FIM-92B: Stinger POST: In this version, the infrared seeker head was replaced by a combined IR/UV seeker that utilized rosette scanning. This resulted in achieving significantly higher resistance to enemy countermeasures (flares) and natural disturbances. Production ran from 1981 to 1987; a total of 600 missiles were produced. FIM-92C: Stinger RMP: The resistance to interference was increased again by adding more powerful digital computer components. Moreover, the software of the missile could now be reconfigured in a short time in order to respond quickly and efficiently to new types of countermeasures. Until 1991, some 20,000 units were produced for the U.S. Army alone. FIM-92D: Various modifications were continued with this version in order to increase the resistance to interference. FIM-92E: Stinger—RMP Block I: By adding a new rollover sensor and revised control software, the flight behavior was significantly improved. Additionally, the performance against small targets such as drones, cruise missiles and light reconnaissance helicopters was improved. The first deliveries began in 1995. Almost the entire stock of U.S. Stinger missiles was replaced by this version. FIM-92F: A further improvement of the E version and the current production version. FIM-92G: An unspecified upgrade for the D variant. FIM-92H: Indicates a D variant that has been upgraded to the E standard. Stinger—RMP Block II: This variant was a planned developed based on the E version. The improvements included an imaging infrared seeker head from the AIM-9X. With this modification, the detection distance and the resistance to jamming was to be greatly increased. Changes to the airframe would furthermore enable a significant increase in range. Although the missile reached the testing phase, the program was dropped in 2002 for budgetary reasons. FIM-92J: Block I missile upgrade to replace aging components to extend service life an additional 10 years. Upgrades include a proximity fuze warhead section, equipped with a target detection device to increase effectiveness against unmanned aerial vehicles, a new flight motor and gas generator cartridge, as well as new designs for the o-rings and integral desiccant cartridge. FIM-92K: Variant of FIM-92J designed to use a vehicle datalink rather than the missile's own seeker for targeting. ADSM: Air Defense Suppression Missile: Cancelled experiment variant fitted with a passive radar seeker, designed to be used against radar wave transmitters. The program began in FY 1983 and a final report was issued 3 December 1986. Service U.S. Army soldiers from the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade stand next to a FIM-92 Stinger portable missile launcher during the Persian Gulf War. A Stinger missile being launched from a U.S. Marine Corps AN/TWQ-1 Avenger in April 2000. Falklands War The Stinger's combat debut occurred during the Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas) fought between the United Kingdom and Argentina. At the onset of the conflict soldiers of the British Army's Special Air Service (SAS) had been clandestinely equipped with six missiles, although they had received little instruction in their use. The sole SAS trooper who had received training on the system, and was due to train other troops, was killed in a helicopter crash on 19 May. Nonetheless, on 21 May 1982 an SAS soldier engaged and shot down an Argentine Pucará ground attack aircraft with a Stinger. On 30 May, at about 11:00 a.m., an Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma helicopter was brought down by another missile, also fired by the SAS, in the vicinity of Mount Kent. Six Argentine National Gendarmerie Special Forces troops were killed and eight more wounded. The main MANPADS used by both sides during the Falklands War was the Blowpipe missile. Soviet War in Afghanistan See also: List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan War In late 1985, several groups, such as Free the Eagle, began arguing the CIA was not doing enough to support the Mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War. Michael Pillsbury, Vincent Cannistraro, and others put enormous bureaucratic pressure on the CIA to provide the Stinger to the rebels. The idea was controversial because up to that point, the CIA had been operating with the pretense that the United States was not involved in the war directly, for various reasons. All weapons supplied up to that point were non-U.S. sourced weapons, including Kalashnikov style assault rifles made in China and Egypt. The final say-so came down to President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan, through whom the CIA had to pass all of its funding and weapons to the Mujahideen. President Zia constantly had to gauge how much he could "make the pot boil" in Afghanistan without provoking a Soviet invasion of his own country. According to George Crile III, U.S. Representative Charlie Wilson's relationship with Zia was instrumental in the final go-ahead for the Stinger introduction. Wilson and his associates at first viewed the Stinger as "just adding another component to the lethal mix we were building." Their increasingly successful Afghanistan strategy, formed largely by Michael G. Vickers, was based on a broad mix of weapons, tactics, and logistics, not a 'silver bullet solution' of a single weapon. Furthermore, the previous attempts to provide MANPADs to the Mujahideen, namely the SA-7 and Blowpipe, hadn't worked very well. Engineer Ghaffar, of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i-Islami, brought down the first Hind gunship with a Stinger on 25 September 1986 near Jalalabad. As part of Operation Cyclone, the CIA eventually supplied nearly 500 Stingers (some sources claim 1,500–2,000) to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, and 250 launchers. The impact of the Stinger on the outcome of the war is contested, particularly in the translation between the impact on the tactical battlefield to the strategic level withdrawal, and the influence the first had on the second. Dr. Robert F. Baumann (of the Staff College at Fort Leavenworth) described its impact on "Soviet tactical operations" as "unmistakable". This opinion was shared by Yossef Bodansky. Soviet, and later, Russian, accounts give little significance to the Stinger for strategically ending the war. According to the 1993 U.S. Air Defense Artillery Yearbook, the Mujahideen gunners used the supplied Stingers to score approximately 269 total aircraft kills in about 340 engagements, a 79% kill probability. If this report is accurate, Stingers would be responsible for over half of the 451 Soviet aircraft losses in Afghanistan. But these statistics are based on Mujahideen self-reporting, which is of unknown reliability. Selig Harrison rejects such figures, quoting a Russian general who claims the United States "greatly exaggerated" Soviet and Afghan aircraft losses during the war. According to Soviet figures, in 1987–1988, only 35 aircraft and 63 helicopters were destroyed by all causes. The Pakistan Army fired 28 Stingers at enemy aircraft with no kill. According to Soviet figures, by 25 December 1987, only 38 aircraft (airplanes, helicopters) were lost and 14 more were damaged by MANPADS (Blowpipe or Stinger), or 10.2% kill probability. According to Crile, who includes information from Alexander Prokhanov, the Stinger was a "turning point". Milt Bearden saw it as a "force multiplier" and morale booster. Representative Charlie Wilson, the politician behind Operation Cyclone, described the first Stinger Mi-24 shootdowns in 1986 as one of the three crucial moments of his experience in the war, saying "we never really won a set-piece battle before September 26, and then we never lost one afterwards." He was given the first spent Stinger tube as a gift and kept it on his office wall. That launch tube is now on exhibit at the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Other military analysts tend to be dismissive of the impact of the Stinger. According to Alan J. Kuperman, the Stingers did make an impact at first but within a few months flares, beacons, and exhaust baffles were installed to disorient the missiles, along with night operation and terrain-hugging tactics to prevent the rebels from getting a clear shot. By 1988, Kuperman states, the Mujahideen had all but stopped firing them. Another source (Jonathan Steele) states that Stingers forced Soviet helicopters and ground attack planes to bomb from higher altitudes with less accuracy, but did not bring down many more aircraft than Chinese heavy machine guns and other less sophisticated anti-aircraft weaponry. The last Stingers were supplied in 1988 after increasing reports of fighters selling them to Iran and thawing relations with Moscow. After the 1989 Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, the U.S. attempted to buy back the Stinger missiles, with a $55 million program launched in 1990 to buy back around 300 missiles (US$183,300 each). The U.S. government collected most of the Stingers it had delivered, but by 1996 around 600 were unaccounted for and some found their way into Croatia, Iran, Sri Lanka, Qatar, and North Korea. According to the CIA, already in August 1988 the U.S. had demanded from Qatar the return of Stinger missiles. Wilson later told CBS he "lived in terror" that a civilian airliner would be shot down by a Stinger, but he did not have misgivings about having provided Stingers to defeat the Soviets. The story of the Stingers in Afghanistan was popularly told in the media by Western sources primarily, notably in Charlie Wilson's War by George Crile, and Ghost Wars by Steve Coll. Angolan civil war The Reagan administration provided 310 Stingers to Jonas Savimbi's UNITA movement in Angola between 1986 and 1989. As in Afghanistan, efforts to recover missiles after the end of hostilities proved incomplete. The battery of a Stinger lasts for four or five years, so any battery supplied in the 1980s would now be inoperative but during the Syrian Civil War, insurgents showed how easily they switched to different batteries, including common car batteries, as power sources for several MANPADS models. Libyan invasion of Chad The French army used 15 firing positions and 30 missiles purchased in 1983 for operations in Chad. The 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment made an unsuccessful fire during a Libyan bombardment on 10 September 1987 and shot down a Hercules transport aircraft on 7 July 1988. The Chadian government received Stinger missiles from the United States, when Libya invaded the northern part of the African country. On 8 October 1987, a Libyan Su-22MK was shot down by a FIM-92A fired by Chadian forces. The pilot, Capt. Diya al-Din, ejected and was captured. He was later granted political asylum by the French government. During the recovery operation, a Libyan MiG-23MS was shot down by a FIM-92A. Tajik civil war Tajik Islamist opposition forces operating from Afghanistan during the 1992–97 Tajik civil war encountered a heavy air campaign launched by Russia and Uzbekistan to prop up the government in Dushanbe that included border and cross-border raids. During one of these operations, a Sukhoi Su-24M was shot down on 3 May 1993 with a Stinger fired by the opposition. Both Russian pilots were rescued. Chechen War Russian officials claimed several times that the Chechen militia and insurgents possessed US-made Stinger missiles. They attributed a few of their aerial losses to the American MANPADS. The presence of such missiles was confirmed by photo evidence, and were said to originate from Afghan smuggling routes that passed through Georgia. It is believed one Sukhoi Su-24 was shot down by a Stinger missile during the Second Chechen War. Sri Lankan civil war The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam also managed to acquire one or several Stingers, possibly from former Mujahideen stocks, and used at least one to down a Sri Lanka Air Force Mi-24 on 10 November 1997. United States In 2000, the U.S. inventory contained 13,400 missiles. The total cost of the program is $7,281,000,000. It is rumored that the United States Secret Service has Stinger missiles to defend the President, a notion that has never been dispelled; however, U.S. Secret Service plans favor moving the President to a safer place in the event of an attack rather than shooting down the plane, lest the missile (or the wreckage of the target aircraft) hit innocents. During the 1980s, the Stinger was used to support different US-aligned guerrilla forces, notably the Afghan Mujahidins, the Chad government against the Libyan invasion and the Angolan UNITA. The Nicaraguan contras were not provided with Stingers due to the lack of fixed wing aircraft of the Sandinista government, as such the previous generation FIM-43 Redeye was considered adequate. Syrian civil war In the Syrian civil war, Turkey reportedly helped to transport a limited amount of FIM-92 Stingers to the Free Syrian Army. On 27 February 2020, during the northwestern offensive launched in December 2019 by the Syrian regime (backed by Russia, Iran and Hezbollah), Russian and Syrian aircraft (variously reportedly as Russian Su-34s and Syrian Su-22) attacked a Turkish military convoy near Idlib, killing 36 Turkish soldiers. That day, video footage emerged of alleged Turkish soldiers (backing Syrian opposition fighters) firing what apparently looks like a Roketsan-made Stinger against either Russian or Syrian aircraft (or possibly against both). Russo-Ukrainian War Ukrainian soldier of the 30th Mechanized Brigade Anti-Air Battalion with a FIM-92 Stinger during the Russian invasion of Ukraine In February 2022, several countries announced that they were providing Stinger missiles to Ukrainian forces defending against the Russian invasion. Germany announced that it would provide 500 missiles. Denmark said that it will provide parts for 300 missiles, to be assembled in the United States. The Netherlands stated they would supply 200 units. Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, and the United States each stated that they would provide undisclosed amounts. By 7 March, the U.S. reported that it and its NATO allies had together sent more than 2,000 Stinger missiles to Ukraine. In late April 2022, Raytheon Technologies CEO Greg Hayes told investors that the company was experiencing supply chain issues and would not be able to ramp up production of Stinger missiles until 2023. This delay was in part due to the fact the Stinger was scheduled to be replaced in the 2020s and thus contained obsolete components, which have to be redesigned for modern procurement. As of 11 May, the U.S. had sent a quarter of its aging Stinger missile stockpile to Ukraine. On 20 August 2022, Russia supplied a single Stinger to Iran, for them to attempt reverse engineering the modern version of it. Operators Map with FIM-92 operators in blue Taiwanese multiple Stinger missile launcher demonstration in Taipei's old Air Force base Countries Afghanistan: used by Afghan Mujahideen. Angola Australia: formerly used by SASR in Afghanistan. Bahrain: 318 Bosnia and Herzegovina Chad: limited use. Chile Colombia Croatia Denmark: 85 Egypt: 321 Finland France Georgia Germany: 96 Greece: 98 India Iran Iraq Kurdistan Israel: 332 Italy: Used by the Army and Marines.: 105–106 Japan Kuwait: 336 Latvia: Used by the Air Force.: 108 Lithuania: Used by the Air Force.: 111 Morocco: Part of a $4.25 billion AH-64E deal Netherlands: Used by the Army and Marines.: 117 North Korea Norway Pakistan: 350 in service with the Pakistan Army. Portugal: In 2021 Portuguese Army acquired new missiles and sights. Qatar: Used by the Air Force.: 350 Saudi Arabia: 352 Slovenia South Korea Switzerland: 140 Taiwan: Republic of China Navy, Republic of China Marine Corps, Republic of China Army Turkey: Stingers made under license by Roketsan. 4,800+ Stinger missiles were supplied under "Stinger Air Defense Guided Missile System European Common Production Program". Additional 1,000 Stinger needs were identified in July 2000 and the deliveries were completed in 2003. Ukraine: Lithuania and Latvia have transferred unknown quantities of Stinger missiles from their inventory to Ukraine after receiving an approval from the U.S. State Department. The Netherlands will supply Ukraine with 200 Stinger missiles. Germany will supply 500 Stingers. On 16 March 2022, the U.S. announced that an additional 800 Stinger missiles would be transferred, following an earlier transfer of over 600 missiles. Italy sent an undisclosed number of Stinger missiles since spring 2022. 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Retrieved 10 February 2022. Further reading O'Halloran, James C.; Christopher F. Foss, eds. (2005). Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 2005–2006. Couldson, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0710626975. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: FIM-92 Stinger (category) Raytheon (General Dynamics) FIM-92 Stinger – Designation Systems Defense Update: Stinger VSHORAD Missile Stinger missiles in Syrian Civil War on YouTube FIM-92A Stinger Weapons System: RMP & Basic at the Federation of American Scientists Military Analysis Network vteRaytheon CompanySubsidiaries A.C. 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Defense JLENS Lectron Long-Range Engagement Weapon Mark 48 torpedo Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo MIM-23 Hawk MIM-104 Patriot Network Centric Airborne Defense Element Paveway Paveway IV Phalanx CIWS Pyros RAYDAC RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile RIM-66 Standard RIM-67 Standard RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 Sea-based X-band Radar Sentinel SLAMRAAM Space Fence Vigilant Eagle XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System Related RTX Raytheon 9 Vannevar Bush vteCurrent U.S. infantry service weapons and cartridgesHandguns M1911 M9 M11 P229R DAK M17 – M18 MHS MK 23 MK 24 MK 25 MK 26 MK 27 RiflesAssault, battle M16 M4 MK 18 CQBR XM177 GAU-5/A M231 FPW M27 IAR HK416 MK 16 MK 17 MK 14 EBR M14 Designated marksman Mk 14 EBR M39 EMR M14 M21 SWS M25 SWS M38 DMR M110A1 SDMR SDM-R MK 12 SPR SEAL Recon Rifle Sniper, anti-materiel M110 SASS MK 11 M110A1 CSASS MK 20 SSR M107 M40 M2010 ESR M24 SWS MK 21 PSR MK 22 ASR – PSR MK 13 MK 15 Shotguns M870 M590 M26 MASS M1014 Submachine guns MP5 MP7 Colt 9mm SMG MPX SCW Machine guns M2 M249 SAW (MK 46) M27 IAR M240 MK 48 M60 (MK 43) OrdnanceGrenade launchers M203 M320 GLM MK 13 EGLM M79 M32 MGL MK 19 MK 47 Mortars M224 LWCMS M252 M120 Recoilless rifle M3E1 MAAWS M136 AT4 Rockets M72 LAW MK 153 SMAW M141 BDM M202 FLASH Missiles BGM-71 TOW FGM-148 Javelin FIM-92 Stinger Cartridges 12 Gauge 9×19mm NATO .45 ACP 5.56×45mm NATO 6.5mm Creedmoor 7.62×51mm NATO .300 Norma Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum .338 Norma Magnum .50 BMG 40×46mm–40x51mm–40x53mm vte1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations, 1963–present1–50 MGM-1 RIM-2 MIM-3 AIM-4 MGM-5 RGM-6 AIM-7 RIM-7 RIM-8 AIM-9 CIM-10 PGM-11 AGM-12 CGM-13/MGM-13 MIM-14 RGM-15 CGM-16 PGM-17 MGM-18 PGM-19 ADM-20 MGM-21 AGM-22 MIM-23 RIM-24 HGM-25A LGM-25C AIM-26 UGM-27 AGM-28 MGM-29 LGM-30 MGM-31A/B (MGM-31C) MGM-32 MQM-33 AQM-34 AQM-35 (I) LGM-35 (II) MQM-36 AQM-37 AQM-38 MQM-39 MQM-40 AQM-41 MQM-42 FIM-43 UUM-44 AGM-45 MIM-46 AIM-47 AGM-48 XLIM-49 LIM-49 RIM-50 51–100 MGM-51 MGM-52 AGM-53 AIM-54 RIM-55 PQM-56 MQM-57 MQM-58 RGM-59 AQM-60 MQM-61 AGM-62 AGM-63 AGM-64 AGM-65 RIM-66 RIM-67 AIM-68 AGM-69 LEM-70 BGM-71 MIM-72 UGM-73 BQM-74 BGM-75 AGM-76 FGM-77 AGM-78 AGM-79 AGM-80 AQM-81 AIM-82 AGM-83 AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84 AGM-84E AGM-84H/K RIM-85 AGM-86 AGM-87 AGM-88 UGM-89 BQM-90 AQM-91 FIM-92 "AIM-92" XQM-93 YQM-94 AIM-95 UGM-96 AIM-97 YQM-98 LIM-99 LIM-100 101–150 RIM-101 PQM-102 AQM-103 MIM-104 MQM-105 BQM-106 MQM-107 BQM-108 BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109 BGM-109G BGM-110 BQM-111 AGM-112 RIM-113 AGM-114 MIM-115 RIM-116 FQM-117 LGM-118 AGM-119 AIM-120 CQM-121/CGM-121 AGM-122 AGM-123 AGM-124 RUM-125/UUM-125 BQM-126 AQM-127 AQM-128 AGM-129 AGM-130 AGM-131 AIM-132 UGM-133 MGM-134 ASM-135 AGM-136 AGM-137 CEM-138 RUM-139 MGM-140 ADM-141 AGM-142 MQM-143 ADM-144 BQM-145 MIM-146 BQM-147 FGM-148 PQM-149 PQM-150 151–200 FQM-151 AIM-152 AGM-153 AGM-154 BQM-155 RIM-156 MGM-157 AGM-158A/B AGM-158C AGM-159 ADM-160 RIM-161 RIM-162 GQM-163 MGM-164 RGM-165 MGM-166 BQM-167 MGM-168 AGM-169 MQM-170 MQM-171 FGM-172 GQM-173 RIM-174 MQM-175 AGM-176 BQM-177 MQM-178 AGM-179 AGM-180 AGM-181 LGM-182 AGM-183 RGM-184 MQM-185 MQM-186 AGM-187 201– AIM-260 MIM-401 Undesignated Aequare ASALM Brazo Common Missile GBI HALO HACM Have Dash JSM KEI LREW LRHW MA-31 MSDM NCADE NLOS OpFires PrSM Senior Prom Sprint Wagtail M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U GLSDB See also: United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963 Drones designated in UAV sequence Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"man-portable air-defense system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system"},{"link_name":"infrared homing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"Air-to-Air Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-Air_Stinger"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Raytheon Missiles & Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon_Missiles_%26_Defense"},{"link_name":"Airbus Defence and Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Roketsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roketsan"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"}],"text":"The FIM-92 Stinger is an American man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS) that operates as an infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM). It can be adapted to fire from a wide variety of ground vehicles, and from helicopters and drones as the Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS). It entered service in 1981 and is used by the militaries of the United States and 29 other countries. It is principally manufactured by Raytheon Missiles & Defense and is produced under license by Airbus Defence and Space in Germany and by Roketsan in Turkey.","title":"FIM-92 Stinger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"FIM-43 Redeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye"},{"link_name":"M1097 Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/TWQ-1_Avenger"},{"link_name":"M6 Linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2/M3_Bradley_Fighting_Vehicle#M6_Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Humvee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee"},{"link_name":"Air-to-Air Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-92_Stinger"},{"link_name":"identification friend or foe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"HMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMX"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT"},{"link_name":"impact fuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_fuze"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staff_Sgt._Warren_Jackson_points_out_a_target_to_Stinger_anti-aircraft_guided_missile_gunner_Sgt._Gary_Cross_during_the_air_base_ground_defense_Exercise_Foal_Eagle_%2789_DF-ST-90-12024.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_Paratrooper_Jumps_with_FIM-92_from_34_foot_tower.png"},{"link_name":"4th Air Defense Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Air_Defense_Artillery_Regiment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1-7_repels_enemy_assault_at_Lava_Training_Area_140203-M-OM885-094.jpg"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"thermal battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molten-salt_battery"},{"link_name":"shelf life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_life"},{"link_name":"rechargeable battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_battery"},{"link_name":"proportional navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_navigation"},{"link_name":"airframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframe"},{"link_name":"exhaust plume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_plume"},{"link_name":"IR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"UV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)"},{"link_name":"Redeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"}],"text":"The FIM-92 Stinger is a passive surface-to-air missile that can be shoulder-fired by a single operator (although standard military procedure calls for two operators – team chief and gunner).[4] The Stinger was intended to supplant the FIM-43 Redeye system, the principal difference being that, unlike the Redeye, the Stinger can acquire the target from head-on, giving much more time to acquire and destroy the target. The FIM-92B missile can also be fired from the M1097 Avenger and the M6 Linebacker. The missile is also capable of being deployed from a Humvee Stinger rack and can be used by airborne troops. A helicopter launched version exists and is called Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS).The missile is 5.0 ft (1.52 m) long and 2.8 in (70 mm) in diameter, with 3.9 in (100 mm) fins. The missile itself weighs 22 lb (10.1 kg), while the missile with its launch tube and integral sight, fitted with a gripstock and identification friend or foe (IFF) antenna, weighs approximately 34 lb (15.2 kg). It has a targeting range of up to 15,700 feet (4,800 m) and can engage low-altitude enemy threats at up to 12,500 feet (3,800 m).The Stinger is launched by a small ejection motor that pushes it a safe distance from the operator before engaging the main two-stage solid-fuel sustainer, which accelerates it to a maximum speed of Mach 2.54 (1,930 mph; 864 m/s). The warhead contains 2.25 lb (1.02 kg) of HTA-3[5] (a mix of HMX, TNT, and aluminium powder) explosive with an impact fuze and a self-destruct timer that functions 17 seconds after launch.M134 Stinger Tracking Trainer with IFF antenna unfoldedA paratrooper with E Battery, 3rd Battalion, 4th Air Defense Artillery Regiment practices jumping from a 34-foot tower with the FIM-92 StingerLauncher with IFF antenna foldedTo fire the missile, a BCU (Battery Coolant Unit) is inserted into the gripstock. This device consists of a supply of high-pressure gaseous argon, which is injected into the seeker to cryogenically cool it to operating temperature, and a thermal battery, which provides power for target acquisition: a single BCU provides power and coolant for roughly 45 seconds, after which another must be inserted if the missile has not been fired. The BCUs are somewhat sensitive to abuse and have a limited shelf life due to argon leakage. The IFF system receives power from a rechargeable battery, which is part of the IFF interrogator box, which plugs into the base of the gripstock's pistol grip. Guidance to the target is initially through proportional navigation, then switches to another mode that directs the missile towards the target airframe instead of its exhaust plume.There are three main variants in use: the Stinger Basic, Stinger-Passive Optical Seeker Technique (POST), and Stinger-Reprogrammable Microprocessor (RMP). These correspond to the FIM-92A, FIM-92B, and FIM-92C and later variants respectively.The POST and RMP variants have a dual-detector seeker: IR and UV. This allows it to distinguish targets from countermeasures much better than the Redeye and FIM-92A, which have IR-only. While modern flares can have an IR signature that is closely matched to the launching aircraft's engine exhaust, there is a readily distinguishable difference in UV signature between flares and jet engines. The Stinger-RMP is so-called because of its ability to load a new set of software via ROM chip inserted in the grip at the depot. If this download to the missile fails during power-up, basic functionality runs off the onboard ROM. The four-processor RMP has 4 KB of RAM for each processor. Since the downloaded code runs from RAM, there is little space to spare, particularly for processors dedicated to seeker input processing and target analysis.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fennek_reconnaissance_vehicle_of_340th_ASELSAN_MFR_C0415,_pic1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fennek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennek"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"FIM-43 Redeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye"},{"link_name":"firmware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"warships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"point defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_defense"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"carrier battlegroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_battlegroup"}],"text":"A U.S. Marine fires a FIM-92 Stinger missile during a July 2009 training exercise in California.4 Stinger missiles on a Dutch Army Fennek reconnaissance vehicle.The missile began as a program by General Dynamics to produce an improved variant of their 1967 FIM-43 Redeye. Production of the Redeye ran from 1969 to 1982, with a total production of around 85,000 missiles. The program was accepted for further development as Redeye II by the U.S. Army in 1971 and designated FIM-92; the Stinger appellation was chosen in 1972. Because of technical difficulties that dogged testing, the first shoulder launch was not until mid-1975. Production of the FIM-92A began in 1978. An improved Stinger with a new seeker, the FIM-92B, was produced from 1983 alongside the FIM-92A. Production of both the A and B types ended in 1987 with around 16,000 missiles produced.The replacement FIM-92C began development in 1984, and production began in 1987. The first examples were delivered to frontline units in 1989. C-type missiles were fitted with a reprogrammable microprocessor, allowing for incremental firmware updates. Later missiles designated D received improvements to improve their ability to defeat countermeasures, and later upgrades to the D were designated G.The FIM-92E or Stinger RMP Block I was developed from 1992 and delivered from 1995 (certain sources state that the FIM-92D is also part of the Block I development). The main changes were again in the sensor and the software, improving the missile's performance against low-signature targets. A software upgrade in 2001 was designated FIM-92F. The development of the Stinger RMP Block II began in 1996 using a new focal plane array sensor to improve the missile's effectiveness in \"high clutter\" environments and increase the engagement range to about 25,000 feet (7,600 m). Production was scheduled for 2004, but was cancelled due to budget cuts.[6]Since 1984 the Stinger has been issued to many U.S. Navy warships for point defense, particularly in Middle Eastern waters, with a three-man team that can perform other duties when not conducting Stinger training or maintenance. Until it was decommissioned in September 1993, the U.S. Navy had at least one Stinger Gunnery Detachment attached to Beachmaster Unit Two in Little Creek Virginia. The sailors of this detachment would deploy to carrier battlegroups in teams of two to four sailors per ship as requested by Battle Group Commanders.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IM-SHORAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker#SHORAD"},{"link_name":"Group 2 and 3 UAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._military_UAS_groups"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023refill-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023refill-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Replacement","text":"The original Stinger's reprogrammable microprocessor has become obsolete in 2023, and a service life extension will keep the Block I in service until 2030. With the arsenal declining from obsolescence, on 10 November 2020 the U.S. Army issued a request for information for a replacement MANPADS. The new system will be compatible with the Stinger Vehicle Universal Launcher used on the IM-SHORAD and be able to defeat fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, as well as Group 2 and 3 UAS as well as or better than the Stinger. A contract for up to 8,000 missiles is planned to be awarded by 2026.[7][8] The request for information to interested firms only went out in April 2022,[9] and RTX and Lockheed Martin were selected to competitively develop the Stinger replacement in September 2023.[10]According to Reuters, the U.S. government has signed a contract for 1,468 Stingers worth a total of $687 million, to replenish stock sent to Ukraine.[11] Raytheon Chief Executive Greg Hayes said on 26 April 2022: \"Some of the components are no longer commercially available, and so we're going to have to go out and redesign some of the electronics in the missile of the seeker head. That's going to take us a little bit of time\".[11]In January 2023, the U.S. Army said it expected to increase Stinger production to 60 missiles per month by 2025, an increase of 50% from the current rate. The Dual Detector Assembly (DDA) will be redesigned because a previous DDA part is no longer being made. The old DDA will continue to be used in production up until stocks are exhausted, which is expected by 2026 when deliveries of Stingers with the new component are expected to begin.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air-to-Air Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-Air_Stinger"},{"link_name":"air-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"attack helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter"},{"link_name":"UV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation"},{"link_name":"rosette scanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing#Rosette_seekers"},{"link_name":"flares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"cruise missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"AIM-9X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder"},{"link_name":"proximity fuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_fuze"},{"link_name":"warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhead"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"o-rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-ring"},{"link_name":"desiccant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccant"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"datalink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datalink"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalinterest18may18-16"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS): Used as short range air-to-air missile. The system is mainly designed for attack helicopters.\nFIM-92A: Stinger Basic: The basic model.\nFIM-92B: Stinger POST: In this version, the infrared seeker head was replaced by a combined IR/UV seeker that utilized rosette scanning. This resulted in achieving significantly higher resistance to enemy countermeasures (flares) and natural disturbances. Production ran from 1981 to 1987; a total of 600 missiles were produced.\nFIM-92C: Stinger RMP: The resistance to interference was increased again by adding more powerful digital computer components. Moreover, the software of the missile could now be reconfigured in a short time in order to respond quickly and efficiently to new types of countermeasures. Until 1991, some 20,000 units were produced for the U.S. Army alone.\nFIM-92D: Various modifications were continued with this version in order to increase the resistance to interference.\nFIM-92E: Stinger—RMP Block I: By adding a new rollover sensor and revised control software, the flight behavior was significantly improved. Additionally, the performance against small targets such as drones, cruise missiles and light reconnaissance helicopters was improved. The first deliveries began in 1995. Almost the entire stock of U.S. Stinger missiles was replaced by this version.\nFIM-92F: A further improvement of the E version and the current production version.\nFIM-92G: An unspecified upgrade for the D variant.\nFIM-92H: Indicates a D variant that has been upgraded to the E standard.\nStinger—RMP Block II: This variant was a planned developed based on the E version. The improvements included an imaging infrared seeker head from the AIM-9X. With this modification, the detection distance and the resistance to jamming was to be greatly increased. Changes to the airframe would furthermore enable a significant increase in range. Although the missile reached the testing phase, the program was dropped in 2002 for budgetary reasons.\nFIM-92J: Block I missile upgrade to replace aging components to extend service life an additional 10 years. Upgrades include a proximity fuze warhead section, equipped with a target detection device to increase effectiveness against unmanned aerial vehicles,[13][14] a new flight motor and gas generator cartridge, as well as new designs for the o-rings and integral desiccant cartridge.[15]\nFIM-92K: Variant of FIM-92J designed to use a vehicle datalink rather than the missile's own seeker for targeting.[16]\nADSM: Air Defense Suppression Missile: Cancelled experiment variant fitted with a passive radar seeker, designed to be used against radar wave transmitters.[citation needed] The program began in FY 1983[17] and a final report was issued 3 December 1986.[18]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg"},{"link_name":"11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Air_Defense_Artillery_Brigade_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War#Operation_Desert_Shield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avenger_Stinger_Missile.JPEG"},{"link_name":"AN/TWQ-1 Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/TWQ-1_Avenger"}],"text":"U.S. Army soldiers from the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade stand next to a FIM-92 Stinger portable missile launcher during the Persian Gulf War.A Stinger missile being launched from a U.S. Marine Corps AN/TWQ-1 Avenger in April 2000.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pucará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMA_IA_58_Pucar%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma"},{"link_name":"SAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Mount Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kent"},{"link_name":"Argentine National Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_National_Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Blowpipe missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowpipe_missile"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Falklands War","text":"The Stinger's combat debut occurred during the Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas) fought between the United Kingdom and Argentina. At the onset of the conflict soldiers of the British Army's Special Air Service (SAS) had been clandestinely equipped with six missiles, although they had received little instruction in their use. The sole SAS trooper who had received training on the system, and was due to train other troops, was killed in a helicopter crash on 19 May.[19]Nonetheless, on 21 May 1982 an SAS soldier engaged and shot down an Argentine Pucará ground attack aircraft with a Stinger.[20] On 30 May, at about 11:00 a.m., an Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma helicopter was brought down by another missile, also fired by the SAS, in the vicinity of Mount Kent. Six Argentine National Gendarmerie Special Forces troops were killed and eight more wounded.[21]The main MANPADS used by both sides during the Falklands War was the Blowpipe missile.[citation needed]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_aircraft_losses_during_the_Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Free the Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_the_Eagle"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Michael Pillsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pillsbury"},{"link_name":"Vincent Cannistraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Cannistraro"},{"link_name":"Kalashnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKM"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_56"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crile-22"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq"},{"link_name":"Charlie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Texas_politician)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crile-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crile-22"},{"link_name":"Michael G. Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_G._Vickers"},{"link_name":"silver bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_bullet"},{"link_name":"MANPADs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANPAD"},{"link_name":"SA-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-7"},{"link_name":"Blowpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowpipe_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crile-22"},{"link_name":"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar"},{"link_name":"Hezb-i-Islami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezb-i-Islami"},{"link_name":"Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-24"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crile-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stripes1-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homeland1-24"},{"link_name":"Operation Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malley-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic.mil-27"},{"link_name":"Staff College at Fort Leavenworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic.mil-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malley-25"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Defense Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Artillery_Branch_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"the 451 Soviet aircraft losses in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_aircraft_losses_during_the_Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic.mil-27"},{"link_name":"Selig Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selig_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic.mil-27"},{"link_name":"Blowpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowpipe_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Alexander Prokhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crile-22"},{"link_name":"Milt Bearden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt_Bearden"},{"link_name":"force multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplier"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crile-22"},{"link_name":"Mi-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-24"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rose1-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sixty1-36"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crile-22"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sixty1-36"},{"link_name":"Alan J. Kuperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_J._Kuperman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuperman-2002-CFR-37"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Steele_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steele-2010-38"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homeland1-24"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"attempted to buy back the Stinger missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_MIAS"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA0000258681-43"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sixty1-36"},{"link_name":"Charlie Wilson's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Wilson%27s_War:_The_Extraordinary_Story_of_the_Largest_Covert_Operation_in_History"},{"link_name":"George Crile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crile_III"},{"link_name":"Ghost Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Wars"},{"link_name":"Steve Coll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll"}],"sub_title":"Soviet War in Afghanistan","text":"See also: List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan WarIn late 1985, several groups, such as Free the Eagle, began arguing the CIA was not doing enough to support the Mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War. Michael Pillsbury, Vincent Cannistraro, and others put enormous bureaucratic pressure on the CIA to provide the Stinger to the rebels. The idea was controversial because up to that point, the CIA had been operating with the pretense that the United States was not involved in the war directly, for various reasons. All weapons supplied up to that point were non-U.S. sourced weapons, including Kalashnikov style assault rifles made in China and Egypt.[22]The final say-so came down to President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan, through whom the CIA had to pass all of its funding and weapons to the Mujahideen. President Zia constantly had to gauge how much he could \"make the pot boil\" in Afghanistan without provoking a Soviet invasion of his own country. According to George Crile III, U.S. Representative Charlie Wilson's relationship with Zia was instrumental in the final go-ahead for the Stinger introduction.[22]Wilson and his associates at first viewed the Stinger as \"just adding another component to the lethal mix we were building.\"[22] Their increasingly successful Afghanistan strategy, formed largely by Michael G. Vickers, was based on a broad mix of weapons, tactics, and logistics, not a 'silver bullet solution' of a single weapon. Furthermore, the previous attempts to provide MANPADs to the Mujahideen, namely the SA-7 and Blowpipe, hadn't worked very well.[22]Engineer Ghaffar, of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i-Islami, brought down the first Hind gunship with a Stinger on 25 September 1986 near Jalalabad.[22][23][24] As part of Operation Cyclone, the CIA eventually supplied nearly 500 Stingers (some sources claim 1,500–2,000) to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan,[25] and 250 launchers.[26]The impact of the Stinger on the outcome of the war is contested, particularly in the translation between the impact on the tactical battlefield to the strategic level withdrawal, and the influence the first had on the second.[27] Dr. Robert F. Baumann (of the Staff College at Fort Leavenworth) described its impact on \"Soviet tactical operations\" as \"unmistakable\".[28] This opinion was shared by Yossef Bodansky.[29][27] Soviet, and later, Russian, accounts give little significance to the Stinger for strategically ending the war.[25][30][31]According to the 1993 U.S. Air Defense Artillery Yearbook, the Mujahideen gunners used the supplied Stingers to score approximately 269 total aircraft kills in about 340 engagements, a 79% kill probability.[32] If this report is accurate, Stingers would be responsible for over half of the 451 Soviet aircraft losses in Afghanistan.[27] But these statistics are based on Mujahideen self-reporting, which is of unknown reliability. Selig Harrison rejects such figures, quoting a Russian general who claims the United States \"greatly exaggerated\" Soviet and Afghan aircraft losses during the war. According to Soviet figures, in 1987–1988, only 35 aircraft and 63 helicopters were destroyed by all causes.[33] The Pakistan Army fired 28 Stingers at enemy aircraft with no kill.[27] According to Soviet figures, by 25 December 1987, only 38 aircraft (airplanes, helicopters) were lost and 14 more were damaged by MANPADS (Blowpipe or Stinger), or 10.2% kill probability.[34]According to Crile, who includes information from Alexander Prokhanov, the Stinger was a \"turning point\".[22] Milt Bearden saw it as a \"force multiplier\" and morale booster.[22] Representative Charlie Wilson, the politician behind Operation Cyclone, described the first Stinger Mi-24 shootdowns in 1986 as one of the three crucial moments of his experience in the war, saying \"we never really won a set-piece battle before September 26, and then we never lost one afterwards.\"[35][36] He was given the first spent Stinger tube as a gift and kept it on his office wall.[22][36] That launch tube is now on exhibit at the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.Other military analysts tend to be dismissive of the impact of the Stinger. According to Alan J. Kuperman, the Stingers did make an impact at first but within a few months flares, beacons, and exhaust baffles were installed to disorient the missiles, along with night operation and terrain-hugging tactics to prevent the rebels from getting a clear shot. By 1988, Kuperman states, the Mujahideen had all but stopped firing them.[37] Another source (Jonathan Steele) states that Stingers forced Soviet helicopters and ground attack planes to bomb from higher altitudes with less accuracy, but did not bring down many more aircraft than Chinese heavy machine guns and other less sophisticated anti-aircraft weaponry.[38]The last Stingers were supplied in 1988 after increasing reports of fighters selling them to Iran and thawing relations with Moscow.[24][39] After the 1989 Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, the U.S. attempted to buy back the Stinger missiles, with a $55 million program launched in 1990 to buy back around 300 missiles (US$183,300 each).[40] The U.S. government collected most of the Stingers it had delivered, but by 1996 around 600 were unaccounted for and some found their way into Croatia, Iran, Sri Lanka, Qatar, and North Korea.[41][42] According to the CIA, already in August 1988 the U.S. had demanded from Qatar the return of Stinger missiles.[43] Wilson later told CBS he \"lived in terror\" that a civilian airliner would be shot down by a Stinger, but he did not have misgivings about having provided Stingers to defeat the Soviets.[36]The story of the Stingers in Afghanistan was popularly told in the media by Western sources primarily, notably in Charlie Wilson's War by George Crile, and Ghost Wars by Steve Coll.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reagan administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Jonas Savimbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi"},{"link_name":"UNITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITA"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trade-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Angolan civil war","text":"The Reagan administration provided 310 Stingers to Jonas Savimbi's UNITA movement in Angola between 1986 and 1989.[44] As in Afghanistan, efforts to recover missiles after the end of hostilities proved incomplete. The battery of a Stinger lasts for four or five years, so any battery supplied in the 1980s would now be inoperative[45] but during the Syrian Civil War, insurgents showed how easily they switched to different batteries, including common car batteries, as power sources for several MANPADS models.[46]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35th Parachute Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Parachute_Artillery_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arn-47"},{"link_name":"Libya invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict"},{"link_name":"Libyan Su-22MK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17"},{"link_name":"Libyan MiG-23MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Libyan invasion of Chad","text":"The French army used 15 firing positions and 30 missiles purchased in 1983 for operations in Chad. The 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment made an unsuccessful fire during a Libyan bombardment on 10 September 1987 and shot down a Hercules transport aircraft on 7 July 1988.[47]The Chadian government received Stinger missiles from the United States, when Libya invaded the northern part of the African country.\nOn 8 October 1987, a Libyan Su-22MK was shot down by a FIM-92A fired by Chadian forces. The pilot, Capt. Diya al-Din, ejected and was captured. He was later granted political asylum by the French government. During the recovery operation, a Libyan MiG-23MS was shot down by a FIM-92A.[48]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1992–97 Tajik civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war_in_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Tajik civil war","text":"Tajik Islamist opposition forces operating from Afghanistan during the 1992–97 Tajik civil war encountered a heavy air campaign launched by Russia and Uzbekistan to prop up the government in Dushanbe that included border and cross-border raids. During one of these operations, a Sukhoi Su-24M was shot down on 3 May 1993 with a Stinger fired by the opposition. Both Russian pilots were rescued.[49]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24"},{"link_name":"Second Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Chechen War","text":"Russian officials claimed several times that the Chechen militia and insurgents possessed US-made Stinger missiles. They attributed a few of their aerial losses to the American MANPADS. The presence of such missiles was confirmed by photo evidence, and were said to originate from Afghan smuggling routes that passed through Georgia.[50]\nIt is believed one Sukhoi Su-24 was shot down by a Stinger missile during the Second Chechen War.[51]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-42"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Sri Lankan civil war","text":"The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam also managed to acquire one or several Stingers, possibly from former Mujahideen stocks, and used at least one to down a Sri Lanka Air Force Mi-24 on 10 November 1997.[42][52]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"United States Secret Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"FIM-43 Redeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-30"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In 2000, the U.S. inventory contained 13,400 missiles. The total cost of the program is $7,281,000,000.[53]\nIt is rumored that the United States Secret Service has Stinger missiles to defend the President, a notion that has never been dispelled; however, U.S. Secret Service plans favor moving the President to a safer place in the event of an attack rather than shooting down the plane, lest the missile (or the wreckage of the target aircraft) hit innocents.[54]During the 1980s, the Stinger was used to support different US-aligned guerrilla forces, notably the Afghan Mujahidins, the Chad government against the Libyan invasion and the Angolan UNITA. The Nicaraguan contras were not provided with Stingers due to the lack of fixed wing aircraft of the Sandinista government, as such the previous generation FIM-43 Redeye was considered adequate.[30]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"northwestern offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Su-34s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-34"},{"link_name":"Su-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-22"},{"link_name":"attacked a Turkish military convoy near Idlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes"},{"link_name":"Roketsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roketsan"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Syrian civil war","text":"In the Syrian civil war, Turkey reportedly helped to transport a limited amount of FIM-92 Stingers to the Free Syrian Army.[55]On 27 February 2020, during the northwestern offensive launched in December 2019 by the Syrian regime (backed by Russia, Iran and Hezbollah), Russian and Syrian aircraft (variously reportedly as Russian Su-34s and Syrian Su-22) attacked a Turkish military convoy near Idlib, killing 36 Turkish soldiers. That day, video footage emerged of alleged Turkish soldiers (backing Syrian opposition fighters) firing what apparently looks like a Roketsan-made Stinger against either Russian or Syrian aircraft (or possibly against both).[56]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UA_anti-air_battalion_of_30th_bgd_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"30th Mechanized Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Mechanized_Brigade_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Raytheon Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Greg Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hayes"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dh-67"}],"sub_title":"Russo-Ukrainian War","text":"Ukrainian soldier of the 30th Mechanized Brigade Anti-Air Battalion with a FIM-92 Stinger during the Russian invasion of UkraineIn February 2022, several countries announced that they were providing Stinger missiles to Ukrainian forces defending against the Russian invasion.\nGermany announced that it would provide 500 missiles.[57]\nDenmark said that it will provide parts for 300 missiles, to be assembled in the United States.[58]\nThe Netherlands stated they would supply 200 units.[59]\nItaly,[60]\nLatvia,[61]\nLithuania,[62]\nand the United States[63] each stated that they would provide undisclosed amounts.By 7 March, the U.S. reported that it and its NATO allies had together sent more than 2,000 Stinger missiles to Ukraine.[64] In late April 2022, Raytheon Technologies CEO Greg Hayes told investors that the company was experiencing supply chain issues and would not be able to ramp up production of Stinger missiles until 2023. This delay was in part due to the fact the Stinger was scheduled to be replaced in the 2020s and thus contained obsolete components, which have to be redesigned for modern procurement. As of 11 May, the U.S. had sent a quarter of its aging Stinger missile stockpile to Ukraine.[65][66]On 20 August 2022, Russia supplied a single Stinger to Iran, for them to attempt reverse engineering the modern version of it.[67]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIM-92_operators_w_Ukraine.png"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAF,_Taipei,_Taiwan,_%E9%9B%99%E8%81%AF%E8%A3%9D%E5%88%BA%E9%87%9D%E9%A3%9B%E5%BD%88%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1,_%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E7%B8%BD%E9%83%A8%E8%88%8A%E5%9D%80,_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97,_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3_(19588120724).jpg"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"}],"text":"Map with FIM-92 operators in blue[citation needed]Taiwanese multiple Stinger missile launcher demonstration in Taipei's old Air Force base","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Afghan Mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JanesDefense-68"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"SASR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JanesDefense-68"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arn-47"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weapon-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2023-70"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Roketsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roketsan"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JanesDefense-68"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Countries","text":"Afghanistan: used by Afghan Mujahideen.[68]\n Angola\n Australia: formerly used by SASR in Afghanistan.[69]\n Bahrain[70]: 318 \n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n Chad: limited use.[68]\n Chile\n Colombia[71]\n Croatia[72]\n Denmark[70]: 85 \n Egypt[70]: 321 \n Finland[73]\n France[47]\n Georgia\n Germany[70]: 96 \n Greece[70]: 98 \n India\n Iran[74][75][76]\n Iraq\n Kurdistan[77]\n Israel[70]: 332 \n Italy: Used by the Army and Marines.[70]: 105–106 \n Japan\n Kuwait[70]: 336 \n Latvia: Used by the Air Force.[70]: 108 \n Lithuania: Used by the Air Force.[70]: 111 \n Morocco: Part of a $4.25 billion AH-64E deal[78]\n Netherlands: Used by the Army and Marines.[70]: 117 \n North Korea[79][80]\n Norway\n Pakistan: 350 in service with the Pakistan Army.[81][82]\n Portugal: In 2021 Portuguese Army acquired new missiles and sights.[83]\n Qatar: Used by the Air Force.[70]: 350 \n Saudi Arabia[70]: 352 \n Slovenia\n South Korea[84]\n Switzerland[70]: 140 \n Taiwan: Republic of China Navy, Republic of China Marine Corps, Republic of China Army[85]\n Turkey: Stingers made under license by Roketsan.[86] 4,800+ Stinger missiles were supplied under \"Stinger Air Defense Guided Missile System European Common Production Program\". Additional 1,000 Stinger needs were identified in July 2000 and the deliveries were completed in 2003.[87]\n Ukraine: Lithuania and Latvia have transferred unknown quantities of Stinger missiles from their inventory to Ukraine after receiving an approval from the U.S. State Department.[88] The Netherlands will supply Ukraine with 200 Stinger missiles.[89] Germany will supply 500 Stingers.[90] On 16 March 2022, the U.S. announced that an additional 800 Stinger missiles would be transferred, following an earlier transfer of over 600 missiles.[91] Italy sent an undisclosed number of Stinger missiles since spring 2022.[92][93]\n United Kingdom[68]\n United States[94]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITA"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trade-44"}],"sub_title":"Organizations","text":"UNITA[44]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0710626975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710626975"}],"text":"O'Halloran, James C.; Christopher F. Foss, eds. (2005). Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 2005–2006. Couldson, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0710626975.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"M134 Stinger Tracking Trainer with IFF antenna unfolded","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Staff_Sgt._Warren_Jackson_points_out_a_target_to_Stinger_anti-aircraft_guided_missile_gunner_Sgt._Gary_Cross_during_the_air_base_ground_defense_Exercise_Foal_Eagle_%2789_DF-ST-90-12024.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"A paratrooper with E Battery, 3rd Battalion, 4th Air Defense Artillery Regiment practices jumping from a 34-foot tower with the FIM-92 Stinger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US_Army_Paratrooper_Jumps_with_FIM-92_from_34_foot_tower.png/220px-US_Army_Paratrooper_Jumps_with_FIM-92_from_34_foot_tower.png"},{"image_text":"Launcher with IFF antenna folded","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1-7_repels_enemy_assault_at_Lava_Training_Area_140203-M-OM885-094.jpg/220px-1-7_repels_enemy_assault_at_Lava_Training_Area_140203-M-OM885-094.jpg"},{"image_text":"A U.S. Marine fires a FIM-92 Stinger missile during a July 2009 training exercise in California.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg/220px-Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg"},{"image_text":"4 Stinger missiles on a Dutch Army Fennek reconnaissance vehicle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fennek_reconnaissance_vehicle_of_340th_ASELSAN_MFR_C0415%2C_pic1.JPG/220px-Fennek_reconnaissance_vehicle_of_340th_ASELSAN_MFR_C0415%2C_pic1.JPG"},{"image_text":"U.S. Army soldiers from the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade stand next to a FIM-92 Stinger portable missile launcher during the Persian Gulf War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg/220px-Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Stinger missile being launched from a U.S. Marine Corps AN/TWQ-1 Avenger in April 2000.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Avenger_Stinger_Missile.JPEG/220px-Avenger_Stinger_Missile.JPEG"},{"image_text":"Ukrainian soldier of the 30th Mechanized Brigade Anti-Air Battalion with a FIM-92 Stinger during the Russian invasion of Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/UA_anti-air_battalion_of_30th_bgd_05.jpg/220px-UA_anti-air_battalion_of_30th_bgd_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map with FIM-92 operators in blue[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/FIM-92_operators_w_Ukraine.png/400px-FIM-92_operators_w_Ukraine.png"},{"image_text":"Taiwanese multiple Stinger missile launcher demonstration in Taipei's old Air Force base","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TAF%2C_Taipei%2C_Taiwan%2C_%E9%9B%99%E8%81%AF%E8%A3%9D%E5%88%BA%E9%87%9D%E9%A3%9B%E5%BD%88%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%2C_%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E7%B8%BD%E9%83%A8%E8%88%8A%E5%9D%80%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3_%2819588120724%29.jpg/220px-TAF%2C_Taipei%2C_Taiwan%2C_%E9%9B%99%E8%81%AF%E8%A3%9D%E5%88%BA%E9%87%9D%E9%A3%9B%E5%BD%88%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%2C_%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E7%B8%BD%E9%83%A8%E8%88%8A%E5%9D%80%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3_%2819588120724%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"9K38 Igla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K38_Igla"},{"title":"9K333 Verba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K333_Verba"},{"title":"AIM-92 Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-Air_Stinger"},{"title":"Anza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anza_(missile)"},{"title":"FN-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN-6"},{"title":"Grom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grom_(missile)"},{"title":"Misagh-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misagh-2"},{"title":"Mistral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_(missile)"},{"title":"Piorun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piorun_(missile)"},{"title":"Qaem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaem#Qaem_ground_to_air_missile"},{"title":"QW-1 Vanguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QW_missile"},{"title":"Type 91 surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_91_surface-to-air_missile"}]	[{"reference":"\"$1 in 1980 → 2020\". in2013dollars.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1980?amount=1","url_text":"\"$1 in 1980 → 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"T129 ATAK\" (PDF). Turkish Aerospace. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tusas.com/content/files/uploads/1890/TUSAS_2020_Genel_Flyer_T129Atak_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"T129 ATAK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210714183406/https://www.tusas.com/content/files/uploads/1890/TUSAS_2020_Genel_Flyer_T129Atak_EN.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Janes (14 June 2022), \"Stinger family of MANPADS\", Janes Land Warfare Platforms: Artillery & Air Defence, Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Group UK Limited., retrieved 17 September 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janes_Information_Services","url_text":"Janes"},{"url":"https://customer.janes.com/Janes/Display/JLAD0030-JAAD","url_text":"\"Stinger family of MANPADS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulsdon","url_text":"Coulsdon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey","url_text":"Surrey"}]},{"reference":"\"FM-44-18-1: STINGER TEAM OPERATIONS\". U.S. Army. 31 December 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ost-military-doctrine-fm44_18_1/","url_text":"\"FM-44-18-1: STINGER TEAM OPERATIONS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army","url_text":"U.S. Army"}]},{"reference":"\"FM 3-04.140 Helicopter Gunnery\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fm-3-04.140-06-helicopter-gunnery","url_text":"\"FM 3-04.140 Helicopter Gunnery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raytheon FIM-92 Stinger\". www.designation-systems.net. Retrieved 10 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-92.html","url_text":"\"Raytheon FIM-92 Stinger\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Army Opens 5-Year Search For Stinger Missile Replacement\". Aviation Week. 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviationweek.com/special-topics/air-dominance/us-army-opens-5-year-search-stinger-missile-replacement","url_text":"\"U.S. Army Opens 5-Year Search For Stinger Missile Replacement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Week","url_text":"Aviation Week"}]},{"reference":"\"The Army is hunting for a replacement for its man-portable Stinger missile\". Task & Purpose. 14 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://taskandpurpose.com/military-tech/army-stringer-missile-replacement","url_text":"\"The Army is hunting for a replacement for its man-portable Stinger missile\""}]},{"reference":"Saballa, Joe (8 April 2022). \"US Army Seeks Aging Stinger Missiles Replacement\". The Defense Post. Retrieved 16 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/04/08/us-army-stinger-replacement/","url_text":"\"US Army Seeks Aging Stinger Missiles Replacement\""}]},{"reference":"Judson, Jen (9 October 2023). \"US Army pursues faster, more survivable Stinger missile replacement\". Defense News. Retrieved 13 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defensenews.com/industry/techwatch/2023/10/09/us-army-pursues-faster-more-survivable-stinger-missile-replacement/","url_text":"\"US Army pursues faster, more survivable Stinger missile replacement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_News","url_text":"Defense News"}]},{"reference":"\"US buys more Stingers to refill stock sent to Ukraine: Report\". Al Jazeera. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/27/us-buys-more-stingers-to-refill-stock-sent-to-ukraine-reuters","url_text":"\"US buys more Stingers to refill stock sent to Ukraine: Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stinger missile production to rise 50% by 2025, US Army says\". Janes Information Services. 25 January 2023. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/stinger-missile-production-to-rise-50-by-2025-us-army-says","url_text":"\"Stinger missile production to rise 50% by 2025, US Army says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janes_Information_Services","url_text":"Janes Information Services"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125194111/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/stinger-missile-production-to-rise-50-by-2025-us-army-says","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US Army starts upgrade of FIM-92E Stinger Block I missiles\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Life_(In_the_Ghetto)	All My Life (In the Ghetto)	["1 Background","2 Music video","3 Remixes","4 Critical reception","5 Charts","6 References"]	2008 single by Jay Rock featuring Lil Wayne and will.i.am"All My Life (In the Ghetto)"Single by Jay Rock featuring Lil Wayne and will.i.amfrom the album Follow Me Home ReleasedOctober 16, 2008 (2008-10-16)GenreWest Coast hip hopLength3:48Label Top Dawg Asylum Warner Bros. Songwriter(s) Johnny McKinzie Andre Lyon Dwayne Carter, Jr. Marcello Valenzano William Adams, Jr. Producer(s)Cool & DreJay Rock singles chronology "All My Life (In the Ghetto)" (2008) "Hood Gone Love It" (2011) Lil Wayne singles chronology "I'm So Paid"(2008) "All My Life (In the Ghetto)"(2008) "Turnin Me On"(2008) will.i.am singles chronology "What's Your Name"(2008) "All My Life (In the Ghetto)"(2008) "3 Words"(2009) "All My Life (In the Ghetto)" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Jay Rock, released October 16, 2008, as his commercial debut single and the lead single from his debut studio album, Follow Me Home (2011). The song, which was released under Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE) and Warner Bros. Records, was produced by American production team Cool & Dre and features vocals from fellow American rappers, Lil Wayne and will.i.am. Background The song originally leaked online featuring a different chorus sung by West Coast rapper K. Dot (now known as Kendrick Lamar) and Dre (of production team Cool & Dre). Lil Wayne's appearance came after he listened to one of Jay Rock's mixtapes. Music video The music video was filmed in Rock's hometown of Watts, Los Angeles. The music video features Jay Rock walking around his old neighborhood or on a billboard, rapping alongside Lil Wayne. will.i.am does not appear in the video, however, despite this, the video features cameo appearances from Rock's TDE label-mates and then-unknown fellow West Coast rappers, Ab-Soul and Kendrick Lamar. Remixes The official remix was released on February 18, 2010, and features rappers Game, Gorilla Zoe and Busta Rhymes. A "West Coast Mega Remix" begins with a new verse by Jay Rock, followed by guest verses in the following order: Eastwood, Omar Cruz, Schoolboy Q, Ab-Soul, Glasses Malone, Crooked I, Nipsey Hussle, Sinful, Ya Boy, Roccett, Terry Kennedy, Problem, Keno, Spider Loc, 2 Eleven, Bangloose, Mistah F.A.B. and Roscoe Umali (K-Dot is listed but does not actually appear). Nipsey Hussle freestyled over the beat for his mixtape Bullets Ain't Got No Name, Vol. 3, as well as Wiz Khalifa for his Burn After Rolling mixtape. Critical reception "All My Life (In the Ghetto)" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Nathan Slavik of DJBooth called the song, "a soulful yet street oriented single that still serves as the best indication of heights Rock is capable of reaching." Charts Chart (2008) Peakposition US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (Billboard) 10 References ^ "Jay Rock ft. Lil' Wayne & will.i.am - All My Life". Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-02. ^ "All My Life (In the Ghetto) by Jay Rock Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2012-01-08. ^ "All My Life Video \| Jay Rock \| Contactmusic.com". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-27. ^ "Jay Rock - All My Life ft. Lil' Wayne & will.i.am ft. Lil Wayne, will.i.am - Hip Hop Songs - DJBooth". Djbooth.net. Retrieved 20 May 2017. ^ "Jay Rock Feat. Lil Wayne, 'All My Life (Ghetto)' — New Video". Theboombox.com. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2017. ^ "Jay Rock ft. The Game, Gorilla Zoe & Busta Rhymes - All My Life (Remix) - Listen Now". Djbooth.net. Archived from the original on 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2012-01-08. ^ "Jay Rock - All My Life (WestCoast Super Remix)". YouTube. 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2012-01-08. ^ Slavik, Nathan. "Jay Rock - Follow Me Home". DJBooth. The DJBooth LLC. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013. vteJay RockDiscographyStudio albums Follow Me Home (2011) 90059 (2015) Redemption (2018) Mixtapes Black Friday (2010) Singles "All My Life (In the Ghetto)" "Hood Gone Love It" "Money Trees Deuce" "King's Dead" "Win" Promotional singles "Parental Advisory" "Easy Bake" Other songs "Money Trees" "Vice City" Related articles Black Hippy vteLil Wayne singles Discography Tha Block Is Hot "Tha Block Is Hot" 500 Degreez "Way of Life" Tha Carter "Go D.J." Tha Carter II "Fireman" "Hustler Musik" "Shooter" Like Father, Like Son "Stuntin' Like My Daddy" "Leather So Soft" The Leak "Gossip" "I'm Me" Tha Carter III "Lollipop" "A Milli" "Got Money" "Mrs. Officer" "You Ain't Got Nuthin" "Mr. Carter" We Are Young Money "Every Girl" "BedRock" "Roger That" Rebirth "Prom Queen" "On Fire" "Drop the World" "Knockout" I Am Not a Human Being "I'm Single" "Right Above It" "Gonorrhea" Tha Carter IV "6 Foot 7 Foot" "John" "How to Love" "She Will" "It's Good" "Mirror" "Blunt Blowin" "MegaMan" I Am Not a Human Being II "My Homies Still" "No Worries" "Love Me" "Rich As Fuck" Rich Gang "Tapout" Tha Carter V "Uproar" "Don't Cry" Funeral "I Do It" Featured singles1999 "Back That Azz Up" "Bling Bling" 2000 "#1 Stunna" 2002 "Neva Get Enuf" 2004 "Hot Boys, Hot Girls" 2005 "Soldier" 2006 "Gimme That" "Holla at Me" "You Know What" "Make It Rain" "Hollywood Divorce" "You" 2007 "We Takin' Over" "Lock U Down" "Pop Bottles" "Duffle Bag Boy" "Uh-Ohhh!" "Sweetest Girl (Dollar Bill)" "100 Million" 2008 "Push" "Love in This Club Part II" "Girls Around the World" "I Run This" "My Life" "Can't Believe It" "Let It Rock" "Shawty Say" "Swagga Like Us" "Cuddy Buddy" "Official Girl" "I'm So Paid" "Lost" "All My Life (In the Ghetto)" "Turnin Me On" "Make a Toast" 2009 "Unstoppable" "Always Strapped" "Respect My Conglomerate" "So Good" "Maybach Music 2" "Down" "Successful" "I'm Goin' In" "Money to Blow" "Heard 'em All" "I Can Transform Ya" "Give It Up to Me" "4 My Town (Play Ball)" "Revolver" "Women Lie, Men Lie" 2010 "I Made It (Cash Money Heroes)" "Miss Me" "Loyalty" "No Love" "Fire Flame" 2011 "Welcome to My Hood" "Look at Me Now" "Bow Chicka Wow Wow" "Hit the Lights" "Someone to Love Me (Naked)" "This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like" "Motivation" "Red Nation" "9 Piece" "I'm on One" "I'm Into You" "Dirty Dancer" "Ballin'" "Dedication to My Ex (Miss That)" "Y.U. Mad" "Strange Clouds" "Sweat" "The Motto" 2012 "Faded" "All Aboard" "Take It to the Head" "HYFR (Hell Ya Fucking Right)" "I Can Only Imagine" "Pop That" "Enough of No Love" "Ice" "Bandz a Make Her Dance" "Celebration" "She Don't Put It Down" "Ball" "Hello" 2013 "Karate Chop" "All That (Lady)" "Ready to Go" "High School" "No New Friends" "Wit' Me" "We Outchea" "Beware" "Good Time" "Thank You" "Loyal" 2014 "We Alright" "Thug Cry" "Only" 2015 "Truffle Butter" "How Many Times" "Just Right for Me" "Bottom of the Bottle" "Switch Up" 2016 "Pillowtalk" (Remix) "Order More" (Remix) "No Problem" "Gold" (Remix) 2017 "Running Back" "Light My Body Up" "I'm the One" "The Way I Are (Dance with Somebody)" "Love U Better" "Like a Man" "Codeine Dreaming" 2018 "Good Form" 2019 "Genius" (Lil Wayne Remix) "Be Like Me" 2020 "Whats Poppin" (Remix) "Iced Out Audemars" (Remix) Other singles "Hot Revolver" "Forever" "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" "Roman's Revenge" "Sleazy Remix 2.0: Get Sleazier" "Roman Reloaded" "Scream & Shout" (Remix) "Believe Me" "Start a Fire" "Nothing but Trouble" "Let Me Love You" "Sucker for Pain" "No Frauds" "Changed It" "Rich Sex" "Gang Gang" "Lose" "Lonely" "Feelin' Like Tunechi" "Ay!" "Sunshine" "Kant Nobody" "Ain't Gonna Answer" "Kat Food" "Brand New" "Presha" "Long Story Short" "Wassam Baby" Other songs "See You in My Nightmares" "Martians vs. Goblins" "I Do It" "M's" "Smuckers" "My Window" "I Heard You're Married" "God Did" "Annihilate" "Transparency" vtewill.i.am Discography Production discography Studio albums Lost Change Must B 21 Songs About Girls #willpower Soundtrack albums Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa Singles "I Got It from My Mama" "Heartbreaker" "One More Chance" "Check It Out" "T.H.E. (The Hardest Ever)" "Great Times" "This Is Love" "Scream & Shout" "#thatPOWER" "Fall Down" "Bang Bang" "Feelin' Myself" "It's My Birthday" "Boys & Girls" "Mind Your Business" Featured singles "Beep" "I Love My Bitch" "Fergalicious" "Hip Hop Is Dead" "A Dream" "Baby Love" "Wait a Minute (Just a Touch)" "Be OK" "I Want You" "In the Ayer" "What's Your Name" "All My Life (In the Ghetto)" "3 Words" "I'm in the House" "OMG" "Wavin' Flag" (Celebration Mix) "Forever" "Free" "Hall of Fame" "In My City" "Crazy Kids" "Something Really Bad" "It Should Be Easy" "Home" "Ew!" "I'm So Excited" "The Girl Is Mine 2008" Promotional singles "Here I Come" "Yes We Can" "It's a New Day" "America's Song" "I Wanna Go Crazy" "Reach for the Stars (Mars Edition)" Other songs "I Like to Move It" "Big Fat Bass" "Let's Go" Related articles Black Eyed Peas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Jay Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Rock"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Follow Me Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_Me_Home_(Jay_Rock_album)"},{"link_name":"Top Dawg Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Dawg_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. 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Records, was produced by American production team Cool & Dre and features vocals from fellow American rappers, Lil Wayne and will.i.am.[1]","title":"All My Life (In the Ghetto)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leaked online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_leak"},{"link_name":"K. Dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The song originally leaked online featuring a different chorus sung by West Coast rapper K. Dot (now known as Kendrick Lamar) and Dre (of production team Cool & Dre). Lil Wayne's appearance came after he listened to one of Jay Rock's mixtapes.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Watts, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard"},{"link_name":"cameo appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"Ab-Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab-Soul"},{"link_name":"Kendrick Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The music video was filmed in Rock's hometown of Watts, Los Angeles. The music video features Jay Rock walking around his old neighborhood or on a billboard, rapping alongside Lil Wayne. will.i.am does not appear in the video, however, despite this, the video features cameo appearances from Rock's TDE label-mates and then-unknown fellow West Coast rappers, Ab-Soul and Kendrick Lamar.[3][4][5]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Gorilla Zoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Zoe"},{"link_name":"Busta Rhymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busta_Rhymes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Schoolboy Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolboy_Q"},{"link_name":"Ab-Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab-Soul"},{"link_name":"Glasses Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses_Malone"},{"link_name":"Crooked I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_I"},{"link_name":"Nipsey Hussle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipsey_Hussle"},{"link_name":"Ya Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya_Boy"},{"link_name":"Terry Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Kennedy_(skateboarder)"},{"link_name":"Problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Spider Loc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_Loc"},{"link_name":"Mistah F.A.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistah_F.A.B."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"freestyled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_rap"},{"link_name":"mixtape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtape"},{"link_name":"Wiz Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa"}],"text":"The official remix was released on February 18, 2010, and features rappers Game, Gorilla Zoe and Busta Rhymes.[6] A \"West Coast Mega Remix\" begins with a new verse by Jay Rock, followed by guest verses in the following order: Eastwood, Omar Cruz, Schoolboy Q, Ab-Soul, Glasses Malone, Crooked I, Nipsey Hussle, Sinful, Ya Boy, Roccett, Terry Kennedy, Problem, Keno, Spider Loc, 2 Eleven, Bangloose, Mistah F.A.B. and Roscoe Umali (K-Dot is listed but does not actually appear).[7] Nipsey Hussle freestyled over the beat for his mixtape Bullets Ain't Got No Name, Vol. 3, as well as Wiz Khalifa for his Burn After Rolling mixtape.","title":"Remixes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_criticism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"\"All My Life (In the Ghetto)\" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Nathan Slavik of DJBooth called the song, \"a soulful yet street oriented single that still serves as the best indication of heights Rock is capable of reaching.\"[8]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jay Rock ft. Lil' Wayne & will.i.am - All My Life\". Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/tracks/review/jay-rock-ft-lil-wayne-all-my-life/","url_text":"\"Jay Rock ft. Lil' Wayne & will.i.am - All My Life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080702232445/http://www.djbooth.net/index/tracks/review/jay-rock-ft-lil-wayne-all-my-life/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"All My Life (In the Ghetto) by Jay Rock Songfacts\". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2012-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=15138","url_text":"\"All My Life (In the Ghetto) by Jay Rock Songfacts\""}]},{"reference":"\"All My Life [Ghetto] [feat. Lil Wayne] Video \| Jay Rock \| Contactmusic.com\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192237/http://www.contactmusic.com/video/jay-rock-all-my-life-ghetto-feat-lil-wayne","url_text":"\"All My Life [Ghetto] [feat. Lil Wayne] Video \| Jay Rock \| Contactmusic.com\""},{"url":"http://www.contactmusic.com/video/jay-rock-all-my-life-ghetto-feat-lil-wayne","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jay Rock - All My Life ft. Lil' Wayne & will.i.am ft. Lil Wayne, will.i.am - Hip Hop Songs - DJBooth\". Djbooth.net. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/tracks/review/jay-rock-ft-lil-wayne-all-my-life/","url_text":"\"Jay Rock - All My Life ft. Lil' Wayne & will.i.am ft. Lil Wayne, will.i.am - Hip Hop Songs - DJBooth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jay Rock Feat. Lil Wayne, 'All My Life (Ghetto)' — New Video\". Theboombox.com. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://theboombox.com/jay-rock-feat-lil-wayne-all-my-life-ghetto-new-video/","url_text":"\"Jay Rock Feat. Lil Wayne, 'All My Life (Ghetto)' — New Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jay Rock ft. The Game, Gorilla Zoe & Busta Rhymes - All My Life (Remix) - Listen Now\". Djbooth.net. Archived from the original on 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2012-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110922085416/http://www.djbooth.net/index/tracks/review/jay-rock-ft.-the-game-gorilla-zoe-busta-rhymes-all-my-life-remix/","url_text":"\"Jay Rock ft. The Game, Gorilla Zoe & Busta Rhymes - All My Life (Remix) - Listen Now\""},{"url":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/tracks/review/jay-rock-ft.-the-game-gorilla-zoe-busta-rhymes-all-my-life-remix/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jay Rock - All My Life (WestCoast Super Remix)\". YouTube. 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2012-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=885q5uZ6LQE","url_text":"\"Jay Rock - All My Life (WestCoast Super Remix)\""}]},{"reference":"Slavik, Nathan. \"Jay Rock - Follow Me Home\". DJBooth. The DJBooth LLC. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022032742/http://www.djbooth.net/index/albums/review/jay-rock-follow-me-home-08011101/","url_text":"\"Jay Rock - Follow Me Home\""},{"url":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/albums/review/jay-rock-follow-me-home-08011101/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/tracks/review/jay-rock-ft-lil-wayne-all-my-life/","external_links_name":"\"Jay Rock ft. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimaldi_Man	Grimaldi man	["1 History","2 Finding Grimaldi man","3 Age","4 Physical characteristics","5 Restoration work and interpretation","5.1 The need for reconstruction","5.2 Reconstructing the face","5.3 Museum display","6 History of classification","6.1 Eurocentrism","6.2 Classification as Cro-Magnon","6.3 Afrocentrism","7 References"]	Hominin fossil The Grimaldi find as displayed in the Musée d'Anthropologie in Monaco Grimaldi man is the name formerly given to two human skeletons of the Upper Paleolithic discovered in Italy in 1901. The remains are now recognized as representing two individuals, and are dated to ca. 26,000 to 22,000 years ago (i.e. c. 24000–20000 BC) and classified as part of the wider Early European modern humans population of the late Aurignacian to early Gravettian. History Grotte dei Balzi Rossi (Rochers Rouges) where the Grimaldi skeletons were found. Picture from Nouvelle géographie universelle, 1877 In the late 19th century, several Stone Age finds of extreme age had been made in the caves and rock shelters around the "Balzi Rossi" (the Red Cliff) near Ventimiglia in Italy. One of the more dramatic was that of two children with snail-shell belts in what was named as "Grotte dei fanciulli" (Cave of the Children) as well as stone tools and several Venus figurines. Around the turn of the 19th century, Albert I, Prince of Monaco financed the archaeological exploration of the seven most important caves. These were named "Caves of Grimaldi" in honour of the House of Grimaldi, of which Albert was a member. The find is on display in Le Musée d'anthropologie préhistorique in Monaco. The caves yielded several finds. The remains from one of the caves, the "Barma Grande", have in recent time been radiocarbon dated to 25,000 years old, which places it in the Upper Paleolithic. Finding Grimaldi man The Grotte dei fanciulli held Aurignacian artifacts and reindeer remains in the upper layers, while the lower layers exhibited a more tropical fauna with Merck's rhinoceros, hippopotamus and straight-tusked elephant. The lowermost horizon held Mousterian tools, associated with Neanderthals. The Grimaldi skeletons were found in the lower Aurignacian layer in June 1901, by the Canon de Villeneuve. The two skeletons appeared markedly different from the Cro-Magnon skeletons found higher in the cave and in other caves around Balzi Rossi, and were named "Grimaldi man" in honour of the Prince. One of the two skeletons belonged to a woman past 50, the other an adolescent boy of 16 or 17. The skeletons were in remarkably good shape, though the weight of some 8 metres (26 ft) of sediments had crushed the skulls somewhat, particularly the fine bones of the face. Yet, de Villeneuve was reportedly struck by the prognathism of the skulls. With the crushed nature of the skulls, such observation would have been tentative at best. It was however later established that the old woman was indeed prognathic, though from a pathologic condition. Age The dating techniques of the day were limited, but the Grimaldi people were believed to be of the late Palaeolithic period. An inference of the true age can be made from the layering. The more tropical fauna of the lower levels below the Grimaldi man skeletons had rhinoceros, hippopotamus and elephants, are known from the Mousterian Pluvial, a moist period from 50,000 to 30,000 years before present. The Aurignacian is 47,000 to 41,000 years old using the most recent calibration of the radiocarbon timescale. With the Grimaldi skeletons situated at the lowest Aurignacian layer, the true age is likely in the earlier range. Physical characteristics The Grimaldi skeletons were very different from the finds that had been unearthed in Europe until then. Unlike the robust Neanderthals, the Grimaldi skeletons were slender and gracile, even more so than the Cro-Magnon finds from the same cave system. The Grimaldi people were small. While an adult Cro-Magnon generally stood over 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall (large males could reach 190 cm or 6 ft 3 in), neither of the two skeletons stood over 160 cm (5 ft 3 in). The boy was smallest at a mere 155 cm (5 ft 1 in). The two skulls had rather tall braincases, unlike the long, low skulls found in Neanderthals and to a lesser extent in Cro-Magnons. The faces had wide nasal openings and lacked the rectangular orbitae and broad complexion so characteristic of Cro-Magnons. These traits, combined with what de Villeneuve interpreted as prognathism led the discoverers to the conclusion that the Grimaldi man had been of a "negroid" type. Some traits did not fit the picture though. The nasal bone had a high nasal bridge, like that of Cro-Magnons and modern Europeans, and was very unlike those of more tropical groups. The two rises of the frontal bone in the forehead were separate rather than forming a single median rise, another European trait. The cranial capacity was also quite large for their size. Restoration work and interpretation 1916 photo The need for reconstruction The skulls had been damaged by the weight of the overlying sediments, and some reconstruction, particularly of the lower face was necessary. It has been established that the old woman suffered from a phenomenon known in orthodontics. Having lost all her molars of the lower jaw, the upper jaw had been progressively translated forward and the lower part of the face had become more protruding. Reconstructing the face The adolescent had all his teeth, but these were manipulated by the anthropologists M. Boule and R. Verneau, when trying to reconstruct the skull and the face. M. Boule drilled the maxillaries in order to release the wisdom teeth that were still inside them. By doing this, he changed the face, as the natural growth of the wisdom teeth would have remodeled the dental arc in a natural way. Having then too many teeth to fit the jawline, he reconstructed a very prognathic jaw, possibly bearing in mind the jaw of the woman. The diagnosis of "prognathism" in the adolescent is hence speculative. Museum display When the Grimaldi skeletons were found, the adolescent lay on his back and the woman face-down. The positions were changed when they were prepared for display. In order to make the prognathism visible, the skeletons were laid out on their side, which also suggested a ritual burial contrary to the original positions. Photos of this display can be found in textbooks. It is clear that Verneau did not intend to create a hoax. He documented his manipulations (at least partially), and his intention was to accentuate a feature he really believed to be present. His honesty is further corroborated as he also made and published photos of the excavation, where one can see the woman lying in a face-down position. Such photos were quite rare for that time. History of classification Eurocentrism The finding of the first Cro-Magnon in 1868 led to the idea that modern man had arisen in Europe. Some French archaeologists at the time were even ready to declare France the cradle of humanity. Craniometric characteristics of the Grimaldi remains shared certain similarities to tropical African but also European features. Sir Arthur Keith pointed out that the Grimaldi man may be of an "intermediate race" between Africans and Europeans. He suggested Grimaldi man might have found his way to Europe over a land bridge from Northern Africa. Both the Strait of Gibraltar and a route from Algeria via Sicily was thought to have been fordable in the late Paleolithic. Others have suggested the Grimaldi people may have been related to Bushmen (Khoisan people). Classification as Cro-Magnon By the 1970s, new finds from Jebel Qafzeh in Israel, Combe-Capelle in Southern France, Minatogawa in Japan, the Kabwe skull from Zambia and several Paleo-Indians had considerably broadened the knowledge of early man. The old term "Cro-Magnon" was replaced with "anatomically modern human" to encompass the expanding population out of Africa, including the Grimaldi remains. Afrocentrism Cheikh Anta Diop (1981) insisted that the Grimaldi man represent a distinct "black race", different from the Cro-Magnon found in other parts of Europe and previously argued this classification in his 1974 work, "The African Origin of Civilizations" 1974. Diop had defended his use of the terminology as a set of criteria "established by anthropologists to characterise the Negro: black skin, facial prognathism, crinkly hair, flat nose (the facial and nasal indicators being very arbitrarily selected by different anthro-pologists) negritic bone structure (ratio between upper and lower limbs)". Traditional racial categories have now been abandoned by scholars with the advent of modern genetics. References ^ Bisson, M.S. & Bolduc, P. (1994): Previously Undescribed Figurines From the Grimaldi Caves. Current Anthropology no 35(4), pages 458-468. ^ Émile Rivière (1887): Paléoethnologie : De l'Antiquité de L'Homme dans les Alpes-Maritimes, Paris: J.B. Baillère ^ a b c d Bishop, C.W., Abbot, C.G. & Hrdlicka, A. (1930): Man from the Farthest Past, Volume VII from the Smithsonian Institution Series. original text from American Libraries ^ "La plus riche collection des Grottes des Balzi Rossi". Le Musée d'anthropologie préhistorique. Retrieved 26 November 2013. ^ Bisson, M.S., Tisnerat, N., & Whit, R. (1996): Radiocarbon Dates From the Upper Paleolithic of the Barma Grande. Current Anthropology no 37(1), pages 156- 162. ^ a b c Keith, A. (1911): Ancient Types of Man. Harper and Brothers Read book online, (Grimaldi man covered on pages 58-63) ^ a b c Verneau, R. (1909): Les fouilles du Prince de Monaco aux Baoussé Roussé. Un nouveau type humain. L'anthropologie no 13, pages 561-585 ^ a b c d e Masset, C. (1989): Grimaldi : une imposture honnête et toujours jeune, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, vol. 86, n° 8, pp. 228-243. ^ Wells, H.G. (1920). "The Later Postglacial Palæolithic Men, the First True Men". The Outline of History, Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind. pp. 65–76. But at the Grimaldi cave, near Mentone, were discovered two skeletons also af the later Palaeolithic Period, ... ^ Stewart, J.T. (1 May 2007). "Neanderthal extinction as part of the faunal change in Europe during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 50 (1): 93–124. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.470.825. doi:10.3409/000000007783995372. ^ P.Mellars, Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe: Deconstructing the Aurignacian, Evolutionary Anthropology, vol. 15 (2006), pp. 167–182. ^ Human Evolution: Interpreting Evidence Cro-Magnon 1 Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, from Museum of Science ^ a b c Legoux, P. (1966): Détermination de l'âge dentaire de fossiles de la lignée humaine, Paris, Maloine ^ Henry Fairfield Osborn (1916): Men of the old stone age, their environment, life and art, New York : C. Scribner's sons ^ a b Prediaux, T. (1974): Cro-Magnon Man, book III in the series The Emergence of Man, Time–Life ^ Leo Testut, in Recherches anthropologiques sur le Squelette quaternaire de Chancelade, Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop. de Lyon, 1889. ^ Marianne Cornevin, M. & Leclant, J. (1981): Secrets du continent noir révélés par l'archéologie, Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris, p. 40. ISBN 2-7068-1251-6 ^ Brace, C. Loring (1996). Haeussler, Alice M.; Bailey, Shara E. (eds.). "Cro-Magnon and Qafzeh — vive la Difference". Dental Anthropology Newsletter. 10 (3): 2–9. doi:10.26575/daj.v10i3.225. ISSN 1096-9411. OCLC 34148636. ^ Diop, Cheikh Anta (1974). The African origin of civilization: myth or reality (1st ed.). New York: L. Hill. p. 266. ISBN 1556520727. ^ Cheikh Anta Diop, Civilization or Barbarism: An Authentic Anthropology (1981) ^ The peopling of ancient Egypt and the deciphering of Meroitic script : proceedings of the symposium held in Cairo from 28 January to 3 February 1974. Paris: Unesco. 1978. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9231016059. ^ Templeton, A. (2016). "Evolution and Notions of Human Race". In Losos, J.; Lenski, R. (eds.). How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. ^ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020. Authority control databases National France BnF data Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monaco.Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Anthropologie002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"Early European modern humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans"},{"link_name":"Aurignacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurignacian"},{"link_name":"Gravettian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravettian"}],"text":"The Grimaldi find as displayed in the Musée d'Anthropologie in MonacoGrimaldi man is the name formerly given to two human skeletons of the Upper Paleolithic discovered in Italy in 1901. The remains are now recognized as representing two individuals, and are dated to ca. 26,000 to 22,000 years ago (i.e. c. 24000–20000 BC) and classified as part of the wider Early European modern humans population of the late Aurignacian to early Gravettian.","title":"Grimaldi man"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grotte_des_Baouss%C3%A9_Ross%C3%A9_(Rochers_Rouges)_%C3%A0_l%27est_de_Menton_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"rock shelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"Ventimiglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventimiglia,_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Venus figurines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_figurines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Albert I, Prince of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"House of Grimaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Grotte dei Balzi Rossi (Rochers Rouges) where the Grimaldi skeletons were found. Picture from Nouvelle géographie universelle, 1877In the late 19th century, several Stone Age finds of extreme age had been made in the caves and rock shelters around the \"Balzi Rossi\" (the Red Cliff) near Ventimiglia in Italy.[1] One of the more dramatic was that of two children with snail-shell belts in what was named as \"Grotte dei fanciulli\" (Cave of the Children) as well as stone tools and several Venus figurines.[2] Around the turn of the 19th century, Albert I, Prince of Monaco financed the archaeological exploration of the seven most important caves. These were named \"Caves of Grimaldi\" in honour of the House of Grimaldi, of which Albert was a member.[3] The find is on display in Le Musée d'anthropologie préhistorique in Monaco.[4]The caves yielded several finds. The remains from one of the caves, the \"Barma Grande\", have in recent time been radiocarbon dated to 25,000 years old, which places it in the Upper Paleolithic.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurignacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurignacian"},{"link_name":"reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"link_name":"Merck's rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanorhinus"},{"link_name":"hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"straight-tusked elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-tusked_Elephant"},{"link_name":"Mousterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousterian"},{"link_name":"Neanderthals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop-3"},{"link_name":"Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Cro-Magnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keith-6"},{"link_name":"prognathism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verneau-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masset-8"}],"text":"The Grotte dei fanciulli held Aurignacian artifacts and reindeer remains in the upper layers, while the lower layers exhibited a more tropical fauna with Merck's rhinoceros, hippopotamus and straight-tusked elephant. The lowermost horizon held Mousterian tools, associated with Neanderthals.[3] The Grimaldi skeletons were found in the lower Aurignacian layer in June 1901, by the Canon de Villeneuve. The two skeletons appeared markedly different from the Cro-Magnon skeletons found higher in the cave and in other caves around Balzi Rossi, and were named \"Grimaldi man\" in honour of the Prince.One of the two skeletons belonged to a woman past 50, the other an adolescent boy of 16 or 17.[6] The skeletons were in remarkably good shape, though the weight of some 8 metres (26 ft) of sediments had crushed the skulls somewhat, particularly the fine bones of the face. Yet, de Villeneuve was reportedly struck by the prognathism of the skulls.[7] With the crushed nature of the skulls, such observation would have been tentative at best. It was however later established that the old woman was indeed prognathic, though from a pathologic condition.[8]","title":"Finding Grimaldi man"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palaeolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mousterian Pluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousterian_Pluvial"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon timescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MellarsArcheology-11"}],"text":"The dating techniques of the day were limited, but the Grimaldi people were believed to be of the late Palaeolithic period.[9] An inference of the true age can be made from the layering. The more tropical fauna of the lower levels below the Grimaldi man skeletons had rhinoceros, hippopotamus and elephants, are known from the Mousterian Pluvial, a moist period from 50,000 to 30,000 years before present.[10] The Aurignacian is 47,000 to 41,000 years old using the most recent calibration of the radiocarbon timescale.[11] With the Grimaldi skeletons situated at the lowest Aurignacian layer, the true age is likely in the earlier range.","title":"Age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neanderthals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthals"},{"link_name":"Cro-Magnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verneau-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keith-6"},{"link_name":"braincases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braincase"},{"link_name":"orbitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mos-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verneau-7"},{"link_name":"nasal bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_bone"},{"link_name":"frontal bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_bone"}],"text":"The Grimaldi skeletons were very different from the finds that had been unearthed in Europe until then. Unlike the robust Neanderthals, the Grimaldi skeletons were slender and gracile, even more so than the Cro-Magnon finds from the same cave system.[7] The Grimaldi people were small. While an adult Cro-Magnon generally stood over 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall (large males could reach 190 cm or 6 ft 3 in), neither of the two skeletons stood over 160 cm (5 ft 3 in). The boy was smallest at a mere 155 cm (5 ft 1 in).[6]The two skulls had rather tall braincases, unlike the long, low skulls found in Neanderthals and to a lesser extent in Cro-Magnons. The faces had wide nasal openings and lacked the rectangular orbitae and broad complexion so characteristic of Cro-Magnons.[12] These traits, combined with what de Villeneuve interpreted as prognathism led the discoverers to the conclusion that the Grimaldi man had been of a \"negroid\" type.[7] Some traits did not fit the picture though. The nasal bone had a high nasal bridge, like that of Cro-Magnons and modern Europeans, and was very unlike those of more tropical groups. The two rises of the frontal bone in the forehead were separate rather than forming a single median rise, another European trait. The cranial capacity was also quite large for their size.","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grimaldi_Man.jpg"}],"text":"1916 photo","title":"Restoration work and interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orthodontics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontics"},{"link_name":"molars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molars"},{"link_name":"lower jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mandible"},{"link_name":"upper jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legoux-13"}],"sub_title":"The need for reconstruction","text":"The skulls had been damaged by the weight of the overlying sediments, and some reconstruction, particularly of the lower face was necessary. It has been established that the old woman suffered from a phenomenon known in orthodontics. Having lost all her molars of the lower jaw, the upper jaw had been progressively translated forward and the lower part of the face had become more protruding.[13]","title":"Restoration work and interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthropologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"M. Boule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Boule"},{"link_name":"R. Verneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Verneau"},{"link_name":"maxillaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_bone"},{"link_name":"wisdom teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_teeth"},{"link_name":"prognathism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legoux-13"}],"sub_title":"Reconstructing the face","text":"The adolescent had all his teeth, but these were manipulated by the anthropologists M. Boule and R. Verneau, when trying to reconstruct the skull and the face. M. Boule drilled the maxillaries in order to release the wisdom teeth that were still inside them. By doing this, he changed the face, as the natural growth of the wisdom teeth would have remodeled the dental arc in a natural way. Having then too many teeth to fit the jawline, he reconstructed a very prognathic jaw, possibly bearing in mind the jaw of the woman. The diagnosis of \"prognathism\" in the adolescent is hence speculative.[13]","title":"Restoration work and interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"ritual burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_burial"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legoux-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masset-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masset-8"},{"link_name":"excavation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masset-8"}],"sub_title":"Museum display","text":"When the Grimaldi skeletons were found, the adolescent lay on his back and the woman face-down. The positions were changed when they were prepared for display. In order to make the prognathism visible, the skeletons were laid out on their side, which also suggested[to whom?] a ritual burial contrary to the original positions.Photos of this display can be found in textbooks.[14]It is clear that Verneau did not intend to create a hoax.[13] He documented his manipulations (at least partially), and his intention was to accentuate a feature he really believed to be present.[8] His honesty is further corroborated[8] as he also made and published photos of the excavation, where one can see the woman lying in a face-down position.[8] Such photos were quite rare for that time.","title":"Restoration work and interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the first Cro-Magnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon_1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prediaux-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masset-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornevin-17"},{"link_name":"Arthur Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Keith"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keith-6"},{"link_name":"land bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridge"},{"link_name":"Northern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Strait of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop-3"},{"link_name":"Bushmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen"},{"link_name":"Khoisan people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisan_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop-3"}],"sub_title":"Eurocentrism","text":"The finding of the first Cro-Magnon in 1868 led to the idea that modern man had arisen in Europe. Some French archaeologists at the time were even ready to declare France the cradle of humanity.[15]Craniometric characteristics of the Grimaldi remains shared certain similarities to tropical African but also European features.[16][8][17] Sir Arthur Keith pointed out that the Grimaldi man may be of an \"intermediate race\" between Africans and Europeans.[6] He suggested Grimaldi man might have found his way to Europe over a land bridge from Northern Africa. Both the Strait of Gibraltar and a route from Algeria via Sicily was thought to have been fordable in the late Paleolithic.[3] Others have suggested the Grimaldi people may have been related to Bushmen (Khoisan people).[3]","title":"History of classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jebel Qafzeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Qafzeh_remains"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Combe-Capelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe-Capelle"},{"link_name":"Southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_France"},{"link_name":"Minatogawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minatogawa_Man"},{"link_name":"Kabwe skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabwe_skull"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Paleo-Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brace-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prediaux-15"}],"sub_title":"Classification as Cro-Magnon","text":"By the 1970s, new finds from Jebel Qafzeh in Israel, Combe-Capelle in Southern France, Minatogawa in Japan, the Kabwe skull from Zambia and several Paleo-Indians had considerably broadened the knowledge of early man.[18] The old term \"Cro-Magnon\" was replaced with \"anatomically modern human\" to encompass the expanding population out of Africa, including the Grimaldi remains.[15]","title":"History of classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheikh Anta Diop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diop-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAPARace-23"}],"sub_title":"Afrocentrism","text":"Cheikh Anta Diop (1981) insisted that the Grimaldi man represent a distinct \"black race\", different from the Cro-Magnon found in other parts of Europe and previously argued this classification in his 1974 work, \"The African Origin of Civilizations\" 1974.[19][20] Diop had defended his use of the terminology as a set of criteria \"established by anthropologists to characterise the Negro: black skin, facial prognathism, crinkly hair, flat nose (the facial and nasal indicators being very arbitrarily selected by different anthro-pologists) negritic bone structure (ratio between upper and lower limbs)\".[21] Traditional racial categories have now been abandoned by scholars with the advent of modern genetics.[22][23]","title":"History of classification"}]	[{"image_text":"The Grimaldi find as displayed in the Musée d'Anthropologie in Monaco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Monaco.Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Anthropologie002.jpg/170px-Monaco.Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Anthropologie002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grotte dei Balzi Rossi (Rochers Rouges) where the Grimaldi skeletons were found. Picture from Nouvelle géographie universelle, 1877","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Grotte_des_Baouss%C3%A9_Ross%C3%A9_%28Rochers_Rouges%29_%C3%A0_l%27est_de_Menton_2.jpg/200px-Grotte_des_Baouss%C3%A9_Ross%C3%A9_%28Rochers_Rouges%29_%C3%A0_l%27est_de_Menton_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"1916 photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grimaldi_Man.jpg/170px-Grimaldi_Man.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"La plus riche collection des Grottes des Balzi Rossi\". Le Musée d'anthropologie préhistorique. Retrieved 26 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hominides.com/html/lieux/musee-anthropologie-monaco.php","url_text":"\"La plus riche collection des Grottes des Balzi Rossi\""}]},{"reference":"Wells, H.G. (1920). \"The Later Postglacial Palæolithic Men, the First True Men\". The Outline of History, Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind. pp. 65–76. But at the Grimaldi cave, near Mentone, were discovered two skeletons also af the later Palaeolithic Period, ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells","url_text":"Wells, H.G."}]},{"reference":"Stewart, J.T. (1 May 2007). \"Neanderthal extinction as part of the faunal change in Europe during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3\". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 50 (1): 93–124. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.470.825. doi:10.3409/000000007783995372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.470.825","url_text":"10.1.1.470.825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3409%2F000000007783995372","url_text":"10.3409/000000007783995372"}]},{"reference":"Brace, C. Loring (1996). Haeussler, Alice M.; Bailey, Shara E. (eds.). \"Cro-Magnon and Qafzeh — vive la Difference\". Dental Anthropology Newsletter. 10 (3): 2–9. doi:10.26575/daj.v10i3.225. ISSN 1096-9411. OCLC 34148636.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26575%2Fdaj.v10i3.225","url_text":"\"Cro-Magnon and Qafzeh — vive la Difference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26575%2Fdaj.v10i3.225","url_text":"10.26575/daj.v10i3.225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1096-9411","url_text":"1096-9411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34148636","url_text":"34148636"}]},{"reference":"Diop, Cheikh Anta (1974). The African origin of civilization: myth or reality (1st ed.). New York: L. Hill. p. 266. ISBN 1556520727.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556520727","url_text":"1556520727"}]},{"reference":"The peopling of ancient Egypt and the deciphering of Meroitic script : proceedings of the symposium held in Cairo from 28 January to 3 February 1974. Paris: Unesco. 1978. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9231016059.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231016059","url_text":"9231016059"}]},{"reference":"Templeton, A. (2016). \"Evolution and Notions of Human Race\". In Losos, J.; Lenski, R. (eds.). How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv7h0s6j.26","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26"}]},{"reference":"American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). \"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism\". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/","url_text":"\"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/manfromfarthestp07bish/manfromfarthestp07bish_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"original text"},{"Link":"http://www.hominides.com/html/lieux/musee-anthropologie-monaco.php","external_links_name":"\"La plus riche collection des Grottes des Balzi Rossi\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/ancienttypesofma00keit#page/n11/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Read book online, (Grimaldi man covered on pages 58-63)"},{"Link":"http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bspf_0249-7638_1989_num_86_8_9389","external_links_name":"Grimaldi : une imposture honnête et toujours jeune"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.470.825","external_links_name":"10.1.1.470.825"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3409%2F000000007783995372","external_links_name":"10.3409/000000007783995372"},{"Link":"http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=55","external_links_name":"Cro-Magnon 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927140456/http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=55","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VCVm6PQ2jLYC&pg=PA40","external_links_name":"Secrets du continent noir révélés par l'archéologie"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26575%2Fdaj.v10i3.225","external_links_name":"\"Cro-Magnon and Qafzeh — vive la Difference\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26575%2Fdaj.v10i3.225","external_links_name":"10.26575/daj.v10i3.225"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1096-9411","external_links_name":"1096-9411"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34148636","external_links_name":"34148636"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv7h0s6j.26","external_links_name":"10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26"},{"Link":"https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/","external_links_name":"\"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14647260p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14647260p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/088706982","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Colorado)	Mount Adams (Colorado)	["1 Climbing","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°00′27″N 105°36′17″W / 38.0074996°N 105.6047306°W / 38.0074996; -105.6047306Mountain in Colorado, United States of America Mount AdamsView of Mount Adams from the southHighest pointElevation13,937 ft (4,248 m)Prominence871 ft (265 m)Isolation1.86 mi (2.99 km)Coordinates38°00′27″N 105°36′17″W / 38.0074996°N 105.6047306°W / 38.0074996; -105.6047306GeographyMount AdamsColorado LocationCuster and Saguache counties, Colorado, United StatesParent rangeSangre de Cristo Range, CrestonesTopo mapUSGS 7.5' topographic mapHorn Peak, ColoradoClimbingEasiest routeScramble Class 3 Mount Adams is a high mountain summit of the Crestones in the Sangre de Cristo Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 13,937-foot (4,248 m) thirteener is located in the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness, 5.1 miles (8.2 km) east by north (bearing 81°) of the Town of Crestone, Colorado, United States, on the drainage divide separating San Isabel National Forest and Custer County from Rio Grande National Forest and Saguache County. Climbing Mount Adams can be climbed using Class 3 routes via the west ridge (Willow Lake), via the southeast face (Horn Creek Trailhead), or via the north west ridge (North Crestone Lake Trailhead). See also Geology portalGeography portalNorth America portalUnited States portalColorado portalMountains portal List of Colorado mountain ranges List of Colorado mountain summits List of Colorado fourteeners List of Colorado 4000 meter prominent summits List of the most prominent summits of Colorado List of Colorado county high points References ^ a b The elevation of Mount Adams includes an adjustment of +1.821 m (+5.97 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88. ^ a b c d e "Mount Adams, Colorado". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved November 5, 2014. ^ a b c d "Mount Adams". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 5, 2014. External links Mount Adams (Colorado) at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity SummitPost.org, Mount Adams Rio Grande National Forest: North Crestone Lake Trailhead vte Mountains of ColoradoBook Cliffs Mount Garfield Elk Mountains Aspen Mountain Capitol Peak Castle Peak Cathedral Peak Chair Mountain Crested Butte Gothic Mountain Italian Mountain Maroon Bells Mount Emmons Mount Owen Mount Sopris Pyramid Peak Snowmass Mountain Snowmass Peak Treasure Mountain Elkhead Mountains Black Mountain (Moffat County) Columbus Mountain Elk Mountain (Routt County) Hahns Peak Flat Tops Flat Top Mountain Sleepy Cat Peak Front RangeKenosha Mountains Buffalo Peak Green Mountain (Jefferson County) Shawnee Peak Windy Peak Mummy Range Fairchild Mountain Hagues Peak Mount Chiquita Mount McConnel Mummy Mountain Ypsilon Mountain Never Summer Mountains Braddock Peak Iron Mountain (Jackson/Larimer Counties) Mount Cirrus Mount Cumulus Mount Nimbus Mount Richthofen Nokhu Crags Seven Utes Mountain Static Peak Rampart Range Blodgett Peak Devils Head Others Argentine Peak Badger Mountain Bald Mountain Bard Peak Bear Peak (Boulder County) Berrian Mountain Black Mountain (Park County) Byers Peak Cheyenne Mountain Chief Cheley Peak Eldorado Mountain Engelmann Peak Flagstaff Mountain Grays Peak Green Mountain (Boulder County) Green Mountain (Jefferson County) Grizzly Peak (Summit County) Hallett Peak Horsetooth Mountain James Peak Jones Mountain Lone Eagle Peak Long Scraggy Peak Longs Peak Lookout Mountain McCurdy Mountain Mount Alice Mount Audubon Mount Bailey Mount Bancroft Mount Bierstadt Mount Edwards Mount Blue Sky Mount Guyot Mount Ida Mount Julian Mount Meeker Mount Morrison Mount Parnassus Mount Rosa Mount Silverheels Mount Sniktau Mount Zion North Arapaho Peak North Table Mountain Parry Peak Petit Grepon Pikes Peak Ptarmigan Peak South Table Mountain Specimen Mountain Taylor Peak (Grand County) Thirtynine Mile Mountain Torreys Peak Twin Sisters Peaks Waugh Mountain Williams Peak Gore Range Eagles Nest Jacque Peak Meridian Peak Mount Powell The Spider Grand Mesa Crater Peak North Mamm Peak Laramie Mountains Greyrock Mountain South Bald Mountain Medicine Bow Mountains Clark Peak Mosquito Range Arkansas Hills Clinton Peak Dyer Mountain Gemini Peak Horseshoe Mountain Mount Arkansas Mount Bross Mount Buckskin Mount Democrat Mount Lincoln Mount Sheridan Mount Sherman Pacific Peak West Buffalo Peak Park Range Mount Werner Mount Zirkel Rabbit Ears Range Elk Mountain (Grand County) Parkview Mountain Radial Mountain Whiteley Peak Raton Mesa Fishers Peak San Juan MountainsLa Garita Mountains Phoenix Peak La Plata Mountains Hesperus Mountain Lavender Peak Mount Moss Spiller Peak Needle Mountains Arrow Peak Electric Peak Mount Eolus Mount Garfield Jagged Mountain Jupiter Mountain Pigeon Peak Snowdon Peak Sunlight Peak Turret Peak Twilight Peak Vestal Peak Windom Peak Sneffels Range Cirque Mountain Dallas Peak Gilpin Peak Mears Peak Potosi Peak Mount Emma Mount Sneffels Teakettle Mountain Others Baldy Cinco Bennett Peak Calf Creek Plateau Cannibal Plateau Cimarron Ridge Cochetopa Dome Conejos Peak Coxcomb Peak Dolores Peak El Diente Peak Elliott Mountain Engineer Mountain Gladstone Peak Graham Peak Half Peak Handies Peak HD Mountains Horse Mountain Little Cone Lizard Head Lone Cone Matterhorn Peak Menefee Peak Middle Peak Mount Oso Mount Wilson Niagara Peak Red Mountain (Ouray County) Redcloud Peak Rio Grande Pyramid San Luis Peak Sharkstooth Peak South River Peak Stewart Peak Sultan Mountain Summit Peak Sunshine Peak Tower Mountain Uncompahgre Peak Vermilion Peak Wetterhorn Peak Wilson Peak Sangre de Cristo MountainsSangre de Cristo Range Blanca Peak Bushnell Peak California Peak Challenger Point Columbia Point Crestone Needle Crestone Peak Ellingwood Point Hardscrabble Mountain Horn Peak Humboldt Peak Hunts Peak Iron Mountain (Costilla/Huerfano Counties) Kit Carson Peak Little Bear Peak Methodist Mountain Mount Adams Mount Herard Mount Lindsey Mount Mestas Mount Zwischen Rito Alto Peak Silver Mountain Tijeras Peak Wet Mountains Greenhorn Mountain Lead Mountain (Custer County) Others Culebra Peak Red Mountain (Costilla County) Trinchera Peak Sawatch RangeCollegiate Peaks Emerald Peak Garfield Peak Grizzly Peak (Chaffee/Pitkin Counties) Huron Peak Ice Mountain La Plata Peak Missouri Mountain Mount Belford Mount Blaurock Mount Columbia Mount Harvard Mount Hope Mount Oxford Mount Yale Peak 13,762 Winfield Peak Others Antora Peak Bill Williams Peak Carbonate Mountain Casco Peak Castle Peak Chipeta Mountain Cronin Peak Fairview Peak French Mountain Henry Mountain Mount Antero Mount Elbert Mount of the Holy Cross Mount Jackson Mount Massive Mount Oklahoma Mount Ouray Mount Shavano Ouray Peak Park Cone Red Table Mountain Tabeguache Peak Tomichi Dome Spanish Peaks East Spanish Peak Huerfano Butte West Spanish Peak Tenmile Range Crystal Peak Fletcher Mountain Peak 10 Peak One Quandary Peak Tenmile Peak Uinta Mountains Tanks Peak Zenobia Peak West Elk Mountains Anthracite Range Carbon Peak East Beckwith Mountain Marcellina Mountain Mount Guero Mount Gunnison Mount Lamborn Needle Rock West Beckwith Mountain West Elk Peak Whetstone Mountain Others Bear Mountain Blair Mountain Chalk Mountains Cochetopa Hills Dawson Butte Diamond Peak Flirtation Peak Granite Peak Grand Hogback Grannys Nipple Horsefly Peak Lead Mountain (Grand County) Mount Neva Powell Peak San Luis Hills Storm King Mountain Terrible Mountain Two Buttes Ute Mountain vteState of ColoradoDenver (capital)Topics Bibliography Index Outline Climate change Colleges Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Historic places History Images Indian reservations Law Lists Military Mountains Municipalities Museums National Forests National Parks Paleontology Prehistoric sites Prehistory Protected areas Railroads Rivers Slavery Statistical areas Symbols Timeline Tourist attractions Towns Trails Transportation Wildernesses Society Abortion Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Religion Sports Cities Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Black Hawk Boulder Brighton Broomfield Brush Burlington Cañon City Castle Pines Centennial Central City Cherry Hills Village Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Cripple Creek Dacono Delta Denver Durango Edgewater Englewood Evans Federal Heights Florence Fort Collins Fort Lupton Fort Morgan Fountain Fruita Glendale Glenwood Springs Golden Grand Junction Greeley Greenwood Village Gunnison Holyoke Idaho Springs La Junta Lafayette Lakewood Lamar Las Animas Leadville Littleton Lone Tree Longmont Louisville Loveland Manitou Springs Monte Vista Montrose Northglenn Ouray Pueblo Rifle Rocky Ford Salida Sheridan Steamboat Springs Sterling Thornton Trinidad Victor Walsenburg Westminster Wheat Ridge Woodland Park Wray Yuma Counties Adams Alamosa Arapahoe Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Broomfield Chaffee Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Costilla Crowley Custer Delta Denver Dolores Douglas Eagle El Paso Elbert Fremont Garfield Gilpin Grand Gunnison Hinsdale Huerfano Jackson Jefferson Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer Las Animas Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral Moffat Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park Phillips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande Routt Saguache San Juan San Miguel Sedgwick Summit Teller Washington Weld Yuma Regions Central Colorado Eastern Plains Colorado Mineral Belt Colorado Piedmont Colorado Plateau Colorado Western Slope Denver Metropolitan Area Four Corners Region Front Range Urban Corridor High Plains North Central Colorado Urban Area Northwestern Colorado San Luis Valley South-Central Colorado South Central Colorado Urban Area Southern Rocky Mountains Southwest Colorado Colorado portal vte Protected areas of ColoradoFederal4 National Parks Black Canyon of the Gunnison Great Sand Dunes Mesa Verde Rocky Mountain 9 National Monuments Browns Canyon (BLM-USFS) Camp Hale-Continental Divide (USFS) Canyons of the Ancients (BLM) Chimney Rock (USFS) Colorado Dinosaur Florissant Fossil Beds Hovenweep Yucca House 3 National Historic Sites Amache Bent's Old Fort Sand Creek Massacre 2 National Recreation Areas Arapaho (USFS) Curecanti 1 Wild and Scenic River Cache la Poudre River 4 National Historic Trails California Trail Old Spanish Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail 1 National Scenic Trail Continental Divide Trail 11 National Forests Arapaho Grand Mesa Gunnison Medicine Bow–Routt Pike Rio Grande Roosevelt San Isabel San Juan Uncompahgre White River 2 National Grasslands Comanche Pawnee 44 National Wildernesses Black Canyon of the Gunnison Black Ridge Canyons Buffalo Peaks Byers Peak Cache La Poudre Collegiate Peaks Comanche Peak Dominguez Canyon Eagles Nest Flat Tops Fossil Ridge Great Sand Dunes Greenhorn Mountain Gunnison Gorge Hermosa Creek Holy Cross Hunter–Fryingpan Indian Peaks James Peak La Garita Lizard Head Lost Creek Maroon Bells-Snowmass Mesa Verde Mount Evans Mount Massive Mount Sneffels Mount Zirkel Neota Never Summer Platte River Powderhorn Ptarmigan Peak Raggeds Rawah Rocky Mountain National Park Sangre de Cristo Sarvis Creek South San Juan Spanish Peaks Uncompahgre Vasquez Peak Weminuche West Elk 3 National Conservation Areas Dominguez–Escalante Gunnison Gorge McInnis Canyons 8 National Wildlife Refuges Alamosa Arapaho Baca Browns Park Monte Vista Rocky Flats Rocky Mountain Arsenal Two Ponds 3 National Heritage Areas Cache la Poudre River Corridor Sangre de Cristo South Park 28 National Historic Landmarks Beaver Meadows Visitor Center Bent's Old Fort Central City/Black Hawk Historic District Colorado Chautauqua Cripple Creek Historic District Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad Denver Civic Center Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad Elitch Gardens Carousel Georgetown–Silver Plume Historic District Granada War Relocation Center Leadville Historic District Lindenmeier site Lowry Pueblo Ludlow Tent Colony Site Mesa Verde Administrative District Minnequa Steel Works Pikes Peak Pike's Stockade Raton Pass Red Rocks Park Shenandoah-Dives Mill Silverton Historic District Telluride Historic District Temple Aaron Trujillo Homesteads United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area Winks Panorama 16 National Natural Landmarks Big Spring Creek Garden of the Gods Garden Park Fossil Area Hanging Lake Indian Springs Trace Fossil Natural Area Lost Creek Scenic Area Morrison-Golden Fossil Areas Raton Mesa Roxborough Russell Lakes Sand Creek Slumgullion Earthflow Spanish Peaks Sulphur Cave and Spring Summit Lake West Bijou Site National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado State43 State Parks Arkansas Headwaters Barr Lake Boyd Lake Castlewood Canyon Chatfield Cherry Creek Cheyenne Mountain Crawford Eldorado Canyon Eleven Mile Elkhead Fishers Peak Golden Gate Canyon Harvey Gap Highline Lake Jackson Lake James M. Robb - Colorado River John Martin Reservoir Lake Pueblo Lathrop Lone Mesa Lory Mancos Mueller Navajo North Sterling Paonia Pearl Lake Ridgway Rifle Falls Rifle Gap Roxborough Spinney Mountain St. Vrain Stagecoach State Forest Staunton Steamboat Lake Sweetwater Lake Sweitzer Lake Sylvan Lake Trinidad Lake Vega Yampa River 1 State Forest State Forest 307 State Wildlife Areas List of Colorado state wildlife areas 96 State Natural Areas Aiken Canyon Antero-Salt Creek Arikaree River Badger Wash Blacks Gulch Blue Mountain-Little Thompson Fault Bonny Prairie Boulder Mountain Park Brush Creek Fen California Park Castlewood Canyon Chalk Bluffs Coal Creek Tallgrass Prairie Colorado Tallgrass Prairie Comanche Grassland Copeland Willow Carr Corral Bluffs Cross Mountain Canyon Dakota Hogback Deer Gulch Dome Rock Droney Gulch Duck Creek Dudley Bluffs East Lost Park East Sand Dunes Elephant Rocks Escalante Canyon Fairview Fourmile Creek Fruita Paleontological Garden Park Fossil Gateway Palisade Geneva Basin Iron Fens Gothic Gunnison Gravels Haviland Lake High Creek Fen High Mesa Grassland Hoosier Ridge Hurricane Canyon Indian Spring Indian Springs Trace Fossil Irish Canyon Jimmy Creek Ken-Caryl Ranch Kremmling Cretaceous Ammonite Limestone Ridge Lookout Mountain Lower Greasewood Creek McElmo Mexican Cut Mini-Wheeler Miramonte Reservoir Mishak Lakes Mount Callahan & Logan Wash Mine Mount Emmons Iron Bog Mount Goliath Narraguinnep Needle Rock North Park Phacelia Orient Mine Owl Canyon Pagosa Skyrocket Paradise Park Park Creek Hogback Pyramid Rock Rabbit Valley Rajadero Canyon Raven Ridge Redcloud Peak Rough Canyon Roxborough Ryan Gulch Saddle Mountain San Miguel River Sand Creek Shell Duck Creek Shell Rock Slumgullion Earthflow South Beaver Creek South Boulder Creek South Cathedral Bluffs Specimen Mountain Staunton Tamarack Ranch Treasurevault Mountain Trinidad K-T Boundary Two Buttes Unaweep Seep Wacker Ranch West Creek Wheeler Geologic White Rocks Yanks Gulch/Upper Greasewood Creek Natural Area Zapata Falls 26 Scenic and Historic Byways Alpine Loop Cache la Poudre-North Park Collegiate Peaks Colorado River Headwaters Dinosaur Diamond Flat Tops Trail Frontier Pathways Gold Belt Tour Grand Mesa Guanella Pass Highway of Legends Lariat Loop Los Caminos Antiguos Mount Evans Pawnee Pioneer Trails Peak to Peak San Juan Skyway Santa Fe Trail Silver Thread South Platte River Trail Top of the Rockies Tracks Across Borders Trail of the Ancients Trail Ridge Road/Beaver Meadow Unaweep Tabeguache West Elk Loop Trails28 National Recreation Trails Apex Barr Bear Creek Big Dry Creek Calico Crag Crest Devils Head Fish Creek Falls Grays Peak Greyrock Mountain High Line Canal Highline Loop Lake Fork Mineral Belt Mount Evans Mount McConnel Petroglyph Point Platte River Greenway Poudre River Rocky Mountain Arsenal Round Mountain Swamp Park Two Elk Two Ponds Vail Pass West Lost Trail Creek Wheeler Ten Mile White House Ranch 6 Regional Trails American Discovery Trail Colorado Trail Great Divide Mountain Bike Route Kokopelli's Trail Paradox Trail Tabeguache Trail Colorado Department of Natural Resources This Colorado state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit"},{"link_name":"Crestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestones"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Range"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"thirteener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteener"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_bearing"},{"link_name":"Town of Crestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestone,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"drainage divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"link_name":"San Isabel National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isabel_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Custer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custer_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Saguache County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguache_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAVD88-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNIS-3"}],"text":"Mountain in Colorado, United States of AmericaMount Adams is a high mountain summit of the Crestones in the Sangre de Cristo Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 13,937-foot (4,248 m) thirteener is located in the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness, 5.1 miles (8.2 km) east by north (bearing 81°) of the Town of Crestone, Colorado, United States, on the drainage divide separating San Isabel National Forest and Custer County from Rio Grande National Forest and Saguache County.[1][2][3]","title":"Mount Adams (Colorado)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Class 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"Willow Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Lake_(Saguache_County,_Colorado)"}],"text":"Mount Adams can be climbed using Class 3 routes via the west ridge (Willow Lake), via the southeast face (Horn Creek Trailhead), or via the north west ridge (North Crestone Lake Trailhead).","title":"Climbing"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg"},{"title":"Geology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geology"},{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"},{"title":"Mountains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains"},{"title":"List of Colorado mountain ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Colorado"},{"title":"List of Colorado mountain summits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States#Colorado"},{"title":"List of Colorado fourteeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_fourteeners"},{"title":"List of Colorado 4000 meter prominent summits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Colorado#Highest_major_summits"},{"title":"List of the most prominent summits of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_most_prominent_summits_of_Colorado"},{"title":"List of Colorado county high points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_county_high_points"}]	[{"reference":"\"Mount Adams, Colorado\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved November 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5901","url_text":"\"Mount Adams, Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Adams\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/192289","url_text":"\"Mount Adams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Adams_(Colorado)&params=38.0074996_N_105.6047306_W_type:mountain_region:US-CO_scale:100000","external_links_name":"38°00′27″N 105°36′17″W / 38.0074996°N 105.6047306°W / 38.0074996; -105.6047306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Adams_(Colorado)&params=38.0074996_N_105.6047306_W_type:mountain_region:US-CO_scale:100000","external_links_name":"38°00′27″N 105°36′17″W / 38.0074996°N 105.6047306°W / 38.0074996; -105.6047306"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5901","external_links_name":"\"Mount Adams, Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/192289","external_links_name":"\"Mount Adams\""},{"Link":"http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150608/adams-mount.html","external_links_name":"SummitPost.org, Mount Adams"},{"Link":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/riogrande/recreation/recarea/?recid=29390","external_links_name":"Rio Grande National Forest: North Crestone Lake Trailhead"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Adams_(Colorado)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/357th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)	357th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)	["1 History","2 Commanding officers","3 References"]	357th Infantry DivisionActiveMarch 1944-1945Country Nazi GermanyBranch Heer (Wehrmacht)TypeInfantrySizeDivisionEngagementsWorld War II Proskurov–Chernovtsy Offensive Battle of the Dukla Pass Operation Southwind Bratislava–Brno Offensive Military unit The 357th Infantry Division (German: 357. Infanterie-Division) was a German infantry division in World War II. History It was formed on 11 November 1943 in Radom, General Government (Poland) from personnel of the 327. Infantry-Division and new recruits born in 1926, as part of the 21. Welle (21st wave of mobilization). After her training, in March 1944, she was transferred to the Eastern Front. It fought near Tarnopol and Mukachevo and suffered heavy casualties. It was reorganized in August 1944 as part of the 31. Welle (31st wave of mobilization) from the Schatten-Division Breslau. The unit was deployed again on the Eastern Front against the Red Army and fought in Hungary, Slovakia and later in the South Moravian region. On May 8, 1945, the unit surrendered to the Red Army in the Deutsch-Brod area in Bohemia. Commanding officers Generalleutnant Wolfgang von Kluge, (1 December 1943 – 1 April 1944) Generalmajor Knut Eberding, (1 April 1944 - 10 May 1944) Generalmajor Norbert Holm, (10 May 1944 - 12 September 1944) Generalleutnant Josef Rintelen. (12 September 1944 - 8 May 1945). References Lexikon der Wehrmacht vteNumbered infantry divisions of the German Army (1935–1945)1st – 99th1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 29th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30th – 39th 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40th – 49th 41 44 45 46 47 48 49 50th – 59th 50 52 56 57 58 59 60th – 69th 60 61 62 63 64 65 68 69 70th – 79th 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80th – 89th 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90th – 99th 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 100th – 199th100th – 119th 102 106 110 111 112 113 121st – 129th 121 122 123 125 126 129 130th – 149th 131 132 134 137 148 150th – 159th 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160th – 169th 160 161 162 162nd (Turk.) 163 164 166 167 168 169 170th – 189th 170 174 176 180 181 182 183 189 190th – 199th 190 196 197 198 199 200th – 299th200th – 209th 201 203 205 206 207 208 209 210th – 219th 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220th – 229th 221 223 225 226 227 228 230th – 239th 230 231 232 237 239 240th – 249th 240 242 243 244 245 246 249 250th – 259th 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 260th – 269th 260 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270th – 279th 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280th – 289th 280 281 282 286 290th – 299th 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300th – 399th300th – 309th 301 302 303 304 305 306 309 310th – 329th 311 319 320 321 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330th – 339th 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340th – 349th 340 342 343 344 346 347 348 349 350th – 359th 351 352 353 355 356 357 358 359 360th – 369th 361 362 363 364 365 367 369 370th – 379th 370 371 372 373 376 377 379 380th – 389th 383 384 385 387 389 390th – 399th 392 393 395 399 400th – 719th400th – 499th 416 430 462 500th – 599th 521 526 554 555 556 557 600th – 699th 600 606 650 700th – 709th 702 703 704 707 708 709 710th – 719th 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 See also: List of German divisions in World War II, Aufstellungswelle	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Military unitThe 357th Infantry Division (German: 357. Infanterie-Division) was a German infantry division in World War II.","title":"357th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"Tarnopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnopol"},{"link_name":"Mukachevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukachevo"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Deutsch-Brod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-Brod"}],"text":"It was formed on 11 November 1943 in Radom, General Government (Poland) from personnel of the 327. Infantry-Division and new recruits born in 1926, as part of the 21. Welle (21st wave of mobilization).After her training, in March 1944, she was transferred to the Eastern Front.\nIt fought near Tarnopol and Mukachevo and suffered heavy casualties.It was reorganized in August 1944 as part of the 31. Welle (31st wave of mobilization) from the Schatten-Division Breslau.\nThe unit was deployed again on the Eastern Front against the Red Army and fought in Hungary, Slovakia and later in the South Moravian region. \nOn May 8, 1945, the unit surrendered to the Red Army in the Deutsch-Brod area in Bohemia.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolfgang von Kluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Kluge"},{"link_name":"Norbert Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Holm"},{"link_name":"Josef Rintelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Rintelen"}],"text":"Generalleutnant Wolfgang von Kluge, (1 December 1943 – 1 April 1944)\nGeneralmajor Knut Eberding, (1 April 1944 - 10 May 1944)\nGeneralmajor Norbert Holm, (10 May 1944 - 12 September 1944)\nGeneralleutnant Josef Rintelen. (12 September 1944 - 8 May 1945).","title":"Commanding officers"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/Infanteriedivisionen/357ID-R.htm","external_links_name":"Lexikon der Wehrmacht"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyan_Devadoss	Satyan Devadoss	["1 Academia","2 Awards","3 Works","4 Artworks","5 References","6 External links"]	American mathematician Satyan DevadossNationalityAmericanAlma materNorth Central College Johns Hopkins UniversityAwardsHaimo national teaching award Alder national teaching award Fellow of the AMSScientific careerFieldsMathematics, topology, geometryInstitutionsUniversity of San DiegoWilliams CollegeThesisTesselations of moduli spaces and the mosaic operad (1999)Doctoral advisorJack Morava Websitesatyandevadoss.org Satyan L. Devadoss is the Fletcher Jones Professor of Applied Mathematics and Professor of Computer Science at the University of San Diego. His research concerns topology and geometry, mostly seen through a discrete and computational lens, with inspiration coming from theoretical physics, phylogenetics, and scientific visualization. Academia Devadoss graduated as valedictorian from North Central College in 1993. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1999 from Johns Hopkins University, under the supervision of Jack Morava. He was a Ross assistant professor at the Ohio State University under Ruth Charney and Mike Davis before joining the faculty at Williams College, receiving tenure and promotion to full-professor. He has held visiting positions at the University of California, Berkeley, the Ohio State University, Harvey Mudd College, the University of California, San Diego, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, and Stanford University. Awards Devadoss is a recipient of the Henry Alder National Teaching Award (2007), the Northeastern Sectional Award for Distinguished Teaching (2014), and the Deborah and Franklin Haimo National Teaching Award (2016), all awarded by the Mathematical Association of America. In 2012, he became an inaugural Fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Devadoss has also received the Nelson Bushnell Prize (2012) from Williams College, the Young Alumni Award (2008) from North Central College, and the inaugural William Kelso Morrill Award (1995) from the Johns Hopkins University. Works In 2017, Devadoss led a team at the University of San Diego to receive a $1M grant from the Fletcher Jones Foundation for the renovation of his mathematics department. The centerpiece of this renovation was his Math Studio, a laboratory that focuses on the physical questions surrounding mathematics research. With Joseph O'Rourke, Devadoss is a coauthor of the textbook Discrete and Computational Geometry (Princeton University Press, 2011). With Matt Harvey, he is a coauthor of the tradebook Mage Merlin's Unsolved Mathematical Mysteries (MIT Press, 2020). Devadoss was also recruited by the Great Courses to create the Shape of Nature, a 36-lecture video course focusing on the applications of geometry and topology to the natural world. He was a cofounder of CereusData, a data visualization company that focuses on storytelling of institutional data. Devadoss wrote opinion editorials published by the Chicago Tribune (2023) on mathematics and the machines and by the Los Angeles Times (2021) on the tension between the usefulness and wonder of mathematics. He also wrote an opinion editorial in the Washington Post (2018) on the nature of mathematics related to the humanities and the arts. It was chosen by the staff editors as one of their favorite opeds of the year. Artworks In 2018, he co-led a team in designing, creating, and showcasing a two-ton metal, wood, and acrylic interactive sculpture titled "Unfolding Humanity" for Burning Man. This sculpture made a return appearance to Burning Man in 2023 as a special Arts Honoraria project. The 12-foot tall dodecahedral artwork, externally skinned with black panels containing 2240 acrylic windows, with the interior lined with mirrors and large enough to hold 15 people, dealt with unsolved questions in mathematics (unfolding polyhedra) and physics (cosmological shape of the universe). His collection of paintings, titled "Cartography of Tree Space" (jointly created with San Francisco-based artist Owen Schuh) has been on gallery shows in Berlin and Pasadena. As of 2023, the triptych of paintings is in the permanent collection of the Flaten Art Museum. References ^ a b c d e f Curriculum vitae, retrieved September 1, 2021. ^ Satyan Devadoss at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ Henry L. Alder Award, MAA, retrieved January 16, 2015. ^ MathFest 2007 Prizes and Awards, MAA, retrieved January 16, 2015. ^ List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved January 16, 2015. ^ NCC Alumni award winners ^ William Kelso Morrill Award winners ^ Fletcher Jones Foundation ^ USD news ^ USD news ^ Times of San Diego, 09-10-2017 ^ Fasy, Brittany Terese; Millman, David L. (March 2014), "Review of Discrete and Computational Geometry by Satyan L. Devadoss and Joseph O'Rourke", SIGACT News, 45 (1), New York, NY, USA: ACM: 27–30, doi:10.1145/2596583.2596591, S2CID 9912838. ^ Wood, Bill (December 29, 2011), Discrete and Computational Geometry, MAA Reviews, Mathematical Association of America. ^ MIT Press ^ Great Courses ^ CereusData, retrieved January 16, 2015. ^ Chicago Tribune oped, 09-21-2023 ^ LA Times oped, 08-22-2021 ^ "Opinion \| Our favorite Washington Post op-eds of 2018". The Washington Post. December 18, 2018. ^ A math problem for Pi day ^ Making of "Unfolding Humanity", retrieved February 13, 2019. ^ Burning Man Arts Grants, retrieved January 18, 2024. ^ Notices of the AMS cover article, retrieved April 25, 2019. ^ SatelliteBerlin Archived March 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved January 15, 2016. ^ Williamson Gallery, retrieved January 15, 2017. ^ Leonardo Uncertainty Review, retrieved February 1, 2016. External links Home page Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel Czech Republic Academics DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fletcher Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Jones_(American_entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"University of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-1"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"theoretical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"phylogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"scientific visualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_visualization"}],"text":"Satyan L. Devadoss is the Fletcher Jones Professor of Applied Mathematics and Professor of Computer Science at the University of San Diego.[1] His research concerns topology and geometry, mostly seen through a discrete and computational lens, with inspiration coming from theoretical physics, phylogenetics, and scientific visualization.","title":"Satyan Devadoss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Central College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-1"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Jack Morava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Morava"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"Ruth 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valedictorian from North Central College in 1993.[1] He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1999 from Johns Hopkins University, under the supervision of Jack Morava.[1][2] He was a Ross assistant professor at the Ohio State University under Ruth Charney and Mike Davis before joining the faculty at Williams College, receiving tenure and promotion to full-professor.[1] He has held visiting positions at the University of California, Berkeley, the Ohio State University, Harvey Mudd College, the University of California, San Diego, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, and Stanford University.[1]","title":"Academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deborah and Franklin Haimo National Teaching Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_and_Franklin_Haimo_Awards_for_Distinguished_College_or_University_Teaching_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Devadoss is a recipient of the Henry Alder National Teaching Award (2007), the Northeastern Sectional Award for Distinguished Teaching (2014), and the Deborah and Franklin Haimo National Teaching Award (2016), all awarded by the Mathematical Association of America.[3][4]In 2012, he became an inaugural Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[5]Devadoss has also received the Nelson Bushnell Prize (2012) from Williams College, the Young Alumni Award (2008) from North Central College, and the inaugural William Kelso Morrill Award (1995) from the Johns Hopkins University.[1][6][7]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Joseph O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Rourke_(professor)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Great Courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Courses"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In 2017, Devadoss led a team at the University of San Diego to receive a $1M grant from the Fletcher Jones Foundation[8] for the renovation of his mathematics department. The centerpiece of this renovation was his Math Studio, a laboratory that focuses on the physical questions surrounding mathematics research.[9][10][11]With Joseph O'Rourke, Devadoss is a coauthor of the textbook Discrete and Computational Geometry (Princeton University Press, 2011).[12][13] With Matt Harvey, he is a coauthor of the tradebook Mage Merlin's Unsolved Mathematical Mysteries (MIT Press, 2020).[14] Devadoss was also recruited by the Great Courses to create the Shape of Nature, a 36-lecture video course focusing on the applications of geometry and topology to the natural world.[15]He was a cofounder of CereusData, a data visualization company that focuses on storytelling of institutional data.[16]Devadoss wrote opinion editorials published by the Chicago Tribune (2023) on mathematics and the machines[17] and by the Los Angeles Times (2021) on the tension between the usefulness and wonder of mathematics.[18] He also wrote an opinion editorial in the Washington Post (2018) on the nature of mathematics related to the humanities and the arts. It was chosen by the staff editors as one of their favorite opeds of the year.[19][20]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burning Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Man"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In 2018, he co-led a team in designing, creating, and showcasing a two-ton metal, wood, and acrylic interactive sculpture titled \"Unfolding Humanity\" for Burning Man.[21] This sculpture made a return appearance to Burning Man in 2023 as a special Arts Honoraria project.[22] The 12-foot tall dodecahedral artwork, externally skinned with black panels containing 2240 acrylic windows, with the interior lined with mirrors and large enough to hold 15 people, dealt with unsolved questions in mathematics (unfolding polyhedra) and physics (cosmological shape of the universe).[23]His collection of paintings, titled \"Cartography of Tree Space\" (jointly created with San Francisco-based artist Owen Schuh) has been on gallery shows in Berlin[24] and Pasadena.[25][26] As of 2023, the triptych of paintings is in the permanent collection of the Flaten Art Museum.","title":"Artworks"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fasy, Brittany Terese; Millman, David L. (March 2014), \"Review of Discrete and Computational Geometry by Satyan L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Christiansen_(critic)	Richard Christiansen (critic)	["1 References"]	American theatre and film critic (1931–2022) Richard Christiansen (August 1, 1931 – January 28, 2022) was an American theatre and film critic, who was "the chief theatre reviewer of the Chicago Tribune" from 1978 to 2002 and the "leading critical voice in Chicago theatre for more than three decades". He was born on August 1, 1931, in Berwyn, Illinois, to William Edward, an electrical engineer and Louise Christine (Dethlefs) Christiansen. He became the chief critic and senior writer of the newspaper. He previously worked for the Chicago Daily News from 1957 to 1978. He joined the staff of The Chicago Tribune immediately following the demise of the Chicago Daily News in 1978. The second-floor studio theatre at the Victory Gardens Theater was named after him in 2010. Christiansen is the author of the book A Theater of Our Own: A History and a Memoir of 1,001 Nights in Chicago, which was published by Northwestern University Press in 2004. Christiansen was also noted for being instrumental in the development of Chicago's grassroots theatre movement starting in the 1960s. He died in Chicago on January 28, 2022, at the age of 90. References ^ "Richard Christiansen, Dean of Chicago Theatre Critics, to Retire in 2002". Playbill.com. April 30, 2001. Retrieved August 30, 2015. ^ "Christiansen, Richard 1931-". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-01-30. ^ Fischer, Heinz-D; Fischer, Erika J. (1 January 2003). Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917-2000: Decision-Making Processes in all Award Categories based on unpublished Sources. Walter de Gruyter. p. 434. ISBN 978-3-11-093912-5 – via Google Books. ^ "About Richard Christensen". Carleton College. Retrieved August 15, 2021. ^ Fodsick, Scott D. (March 2002). "Newspaper Critic Shapes Chicago Style of Theater" (PDF). Newspaper Research Journal. 23 (2–3): 114–128. doi:10.1177/073953290202300210. S2CID 107818472 – via Open University. ^ Jones, Chris (January 28, 2022). "Richard Christiansen has died at 90 — a critic who sparked a glorious theatrical fire in a city he loved". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 29, 2022. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (2022-02-11). "Richard Christiansen, Influential Chicago Theater Critic, Dies at 90". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-11. This biographical article about an American film critic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Berwyn, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwyn,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FischerFischer2003-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Victory Gardens Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Gardens_Theater"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Richard Christiansen (August 1, 1931 – January 28, 2022) was an American theatre and film critic, who was \"the chief theatre reviewer of the Chicago Tribune\" from 1978 to 2002 and the \"leading critical voice in Chicago theatre for more than three decades\".[1] He was born on August 1, 1931, in Berwyn, Illinois, to William Edward, an electrical engineer and Louise Christine (Dethlefs) Christiansen.[2] He became the chief critic and senior writer of the newspaper.[3] He previously worked for the Chicago Daily News from 1957 to 1978. He joined the staff of The Chicago Tribune immediately following the demise of the Chicago Daily News in 1978. The second-floor studio theatre at the Victory Gardens Theater was named after him in 2010. Christiansen is the author of the book A Theater of Our Own: A History and a Memoir of 1,001 Nights in Chicago, which was published by Northwestern University Press in 2004.[4]Christiansen was also noted for being instrumental in the development of Chicago's grassroots theatre movement starting in the 1960s.[5] He died in Chicago on January 28, 2022, at the age of 90.[6][7]","title":"Richard Christiansen (critic)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Richard Christiansen, Dean of Chicago Theatre Critics, to Retire in 2002\". Playbill.com. April 30, 2001. Retrieved August 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/richard-christiansen-dean-of-chicago-theatre-critics-to-retire-in-2002-96346","url_text":"\"Richard Christiansen, Dean of Chicago Theatre Critics, to Retire in 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christiansen, Richard 1931-\". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/christiansen-richard-1931","url_text":"\"Christiansen, Richard 1931-\""}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Heinz-D; Fischer, Erika J. (1 January 2003). Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917-2000: Decision-Making Processes in all Award Categories based on unpublished Sources. Walter de Gruyter. p. 434. ISBN 978-3-11-093912-5 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w3CdrctE80IC&pg=PA434","url_text":"Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917-2000: Decision-Making Processes in all Award Categories based on unpublished Sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-093912-5","url_text":"978-3-11-093912-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"About Richard Christensen\". Carleton College. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carleton.edu/honorary-degrees/recipients/christensen/","url_text":"\"About Richard Christensen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_College","url_text":"Carleton College"}]},{"reference":"Fodsick, Scott D. (March 2002). \"Newspaper Critic Shapes Chicago Style of Theater\" (PDF). 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Retrieved January 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/chris-jones/ct-ent-richard-christiansen-obituary-chicago-tribune-20220128-gfoajq32ffdntpsnxt2qgc34cq-story.html","url_text":"\"Richard Christiansen has died at 90 — a critic who sparked a glorious theatrical fire in a city he loved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Genzlinger, Neil (2022-02-11). \"Richard Christiansen, Influential Chicago Theater Critic, Dies at 90\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/11/theater/richard-christiansen-dead.html","url_text":"\"Richard Christiansen, Influential Chicago Theater Critic, Dies at 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/richard-christiansen-dean-of-chicago-theatre-critics-to-retire-in-2002-96346","external_links_name":"\"Richard Christiansen, Dean of Chicago Theatre Critics, to Retire in 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/christiansen-richard-1931","external_links_name":"\"Christiansen, Richard 1931-\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w3CdrctE80IC&pg=PA434","external_links_name":"Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917-2000: Decision-Making Processes in all Award Categories based on unpublished Sources"},{"Link":"https://www.carleton.edu/honorary-degrees/recipients/christensen/","external_links_name":"\"About Richard Christensen\""},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145692052.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Newspaper Critic Shapes Chicago Style of Theater\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F073953290202300210","external_links_name":"10.1177/073953290202300210"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:107818472","external_links_name":"107818472"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/chris-jones/ct-ent-richard-christiansen-obituary-chicago-tribune-20220128-gfoajq32ffdntpsnxt2qgc34cq-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Richard Christiansen has died at 90 — a critic who sparked a glorious theatrical fire in a city he loved\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/11/theater/richard-christiansen-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Richard Christiansen, Influential Chicago Theater Critic, Dies at 90\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Christiansen_(critic)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_High_School_(Philadelphia)	Abraham Lincoln High School (Philadelphia)	["1 Overview","2 History","3 School uniforms","4 Campus","5 Popular culture","6 Feeder patterns","7 Alumni","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°02′39″N 75°02′31″W / 40.04418°N 75.04191°W / 40.04418; -75.04191Public high school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United StatesAbraham Lincoln High SchoolAddress3201 Ryan AvenuePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19136United StatesCoordinates40°02′39″N 75°02′31″W / 40.04418°N 75.04191°W / 40.04418; -75.04191InformationTypePublic High SchoolMottoWith Malice Towards NoneStatusOpenSchool districtSchool District of PhiladelphiaCEEB code393205PrincipalJack Nelson Faculty90.80 (on an FTE basis)Grades9–12, with Pre-K Day CareGenderCoeducationalEnrollment1,661 (2017–18) • Grade 9575 • Grade 10405 • Grade 11334 • Grade 12308 • Pre-kindergarten39Student to teacher ratio18.29Hours in school day7Campus typeUrbanColor(s) MascotAbraham Lincoln, The RailsplitterTeam nameRail SplittersYearbookRailsplitterWebsitelincoln.philasd.org Abraham Lincoln High School, a public school located in the Mayfair section of Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its main entrance is located at Ryan and Rowland Avenues. The principal is Jack Nelson. It serves Mayfair, Holmesburg, and Torresdale. Overview Abraham Lincoln is widely known as Philadelphia's "All-Academy" high school. Students can choose from a variety of academies, including law, business, environmental science, health, and fine and performing arts. Lincoln offers an academy for students who speak a language other than traditional American English, including a program for the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Students may choose from sports such as football, soccer, cheerleading, track, baseball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, golf, swimming, softball, bowling and wrestling. The school has a band and a choir, both of which perform a Christmas concert and a spring musical annually, in addition to performances for the local community, and city. The school is also staffed with Non-Teaching Assistants ("NTA's") and a school police group supplemented by the Philadelphia Police Department to ensure that all students are provided a safe school environment. History This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016) Lincoln was originally scheduled to be named Mayfair High School, but opposition from other neighborhoods, including Holmesburg, meant that the school was instead named after Abraham Lincoln. Mayfair residents had a negative reception to this change. In 1949 the school's cornerstone was laid. Its current campus opened in 2009. The current building has a capacity of 1,586. In 2024 there were over 2,000 students. School uniforms Students wear school uniforms. Students wear a gold, white or black polo shirt and any sort of black pants. Campus In 2024, the school library was shut down and converted into six classrooms; the classrooms were formed to accommodate students. The library books were sent off to a company for destruction. Popular culture Lincoln's Marching Band was featured in '"Rocky III"' in a scene in which he was honored in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; this is the scene where the still-iconic Rocky Balboa statue was first unveiled. A scene for Rocky II was filmed in the Lincoln High School auditorium, but the scene was not used in the film. In the cut scene, Rocky Balboa was awarded an honorary high school diploma. Like his fictional character, Sylvester Stallone attended Lincoln but did not graduate, due to his boxing career, though his brother Frank did. Feeder patterns Feeder middle schools and K-8 schools into Lincoln: Ethan Allen School Hamilton Disston School Mayfair School Austin Meehan Middle School Feeder elementary schools: Joseph H. Brown Elementary School T. Holme Elementary School E. Forrest Elementary School R. B. Pollock Elementary School W. H. Ziegler Elementary School Alumni Glenn Brenner, Washington, D.C., sportscaster Larry Cannon, former professional basketball player Gia Carangi, supermodel George H. Heilmeier, engineer who was contributor to the invention of LCDs Ed Neilson, Pennsylvania State Representative Jerry Reitman, author, businessman, and advertising executive Frank Stallone, actor and younger brother of Sylvester Stallone Sylvester Stallone, actor Mark Margolis, actor References ^ "Abraham Lincoln High School". The School District of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved August 20, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h "Lincoln HS". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ "Who we are". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011. Four of the staff are listed as "Day Care" ^ a b "Abraham Lincoln High School Geographic Boundaries Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine." School District of Philadelphia. Retrieved on December 10, 2016. ^ "Philadelphia Police Department" Philadelphia Police department. Retrieved July 6, 2010. ^ Loftus, John (2015-01-28). "Changes in the classroom". Northeast Times. Archived from the original on 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2016-12-10. ^ a b Graham, Kristen A. (2024-01-07). "Some schools in Northeast Philly are bursting at the seams. Here's what that looks like inside Lincoln High". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2024-01-24. - Alternate title: "Lincoln High School in Northeast Philly is overcrowded and learning is tough" (HTML title) ^ "Dress Code/School Uniform Archived April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Abraham Lincoln High School. Retrieved on March 21, 2009. ^ "High School Directory Fall 2017 Admissions" (Archive). School District of Philadelphia. p. 42/70. Retrieved on December 10, 2016. ^ Bradley, Rich (January 15, 1992). "Brenner, 44, Succumbs to Brain Tumor". Philadelphia Daily News. External links Abraham Lincoln High School Abraham Lincoln High School at the Wayback Machine (archive index) (2000-2009) vteSchools in PhiladelphiaSchool District of Philadelphia5-12 schools Girard Academic Music Program Julia R. Masterman School 6-12 schools Penn Treaty School (neighborhood) 7-12 schools Carver Engineering and Science Neighborhoodhigh schools Bartram Edison/Fareira Samuel S. Fels Frankford Benjamin Franklin Furness George Washington Kensington Martin Luther King Abraham Lincoln Northeast Olney Overbrook Roxborough Sayre South Philadelphia Strawberry Mansion West Philadelphia Alternativehigh schools Bodine for International Affairs The U School (Building 21) Central Constitution Dobbins Vocational Franklin Learning Center High School for the Creative and Performing Arts (CAPA) High School for Girls Lankenau Jules E. Mastbaum Technical Microsoft's School of the Future Motivation Academy at Palumbo Parkway Center City Parkway West (Mayer Sulzberger) Philadelphia Military Academy Robeson for Human Services Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush W.B. Saul (Saul of Agricultural Sciences) Swenson Arts and Technology U School K-8 schools Alcorn Ethan Allen Bache-Martin Rudolph Blankenburg F. Amadee Bregy G.W. Childs (Barratt Junior High) Hamilton Disston James Dobson D. Newlin Fell Thomas K. Finletter Academics Plus Edwin Fitler Academics Plus Benjamin Franklin Academics Plus Charles W. Henry Francis Hopkinson Henry H. Houston Andrew Jackson John Story Jenks Eliza Butler Kirkbride Henry C. Lea George A. McCall Delaplaine McDaniel General George G. Meade William M. Meredith Thomas Mifflin S. Weir Mitchell Andrew J. Morrison George W. Nebinger Olney Roosevelt George Sharswood Southwark Spring Garden Edwin M. Stanton Vare-Washington Middle schools A.M.Y. at James Martin AMY Northwest Castor Gardens Conwell Middle Magnet Dimner Beeber (Science Leadership Academy at Beeber) Paul Lawrence Dunbar Warren G. Harding M.Y.A. for the Humanities William T. Tilden Gen. Louis Wagner Elementary schools Joseph H. Brown Laura H. Carnell Lewis C. Cassidy Academics Plus Joseph W. Catharine Kennedy Crossan Academics Plus Emlen Edwin Forrest Julia Ward Howe Francis Scott Key James Logan James R. Lowell Ludlow John Marshall Alexander K. McClure Overbrook John M. Patterson Joseph Pennell Samuel W. Pennypacker Richmond William Rowen Philip H. Sheridan James J. Sullivan Bayard Taylor Frances E. Willard Former high schools/6-12 schools Edward W. Bok Technical Charles Carroll Communications Technology (George Wolf) Stephen A. Douglas Thomas FitzSimons Germantown Robert E. Lamberton William Penn Thaddeus Stevens University City Roberts Vaux Promise Academy Young Women's Leadership School at Rhodes Former K-8/middle/elementary schools Charles Y. Audenried William W. Axe George L. Brooks George W. Childs (former building) Watson Comly Mary Disston Francis M. Drexel Thomas Dunlap Joseph C. Ferguson Robert Fulton Germantown Grammar Elizabeth Duane Gillespie William B. Hanna Nathaniel Hawthorne Holmes George L. Horn (Sheridan West Academy) John L. Kinsey David Landreth Henry Longfellow Mechanicsville Thomas Meehan William S. Peirce Anna B. Pratt Thomas Powers Robert Ralston Samuel J. Randall Thomas Buchanan Read General John F. Reynolds Charles Schaeffer Walter G. Smith Spring Garden School No. 1 M. Hall Stanton Abigail Vare Rudolph Walton George Washington Anthony Wayne John G. Whittier David Wilmot Alexander Wilson Mary Channing Wister Richardson L. Wright Other schoolsRoman Catholic Archdiocese Archbishop Ryan Father Judge J. W. Hallahan Little Flower Mercy Career & Technical Nazareth Academy Roman Catholic St. Hubert St. Joseph's Preparatory St. Malachy Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti West Catholic Other private schools Al-Aqsa Islamic Cedar Grove Christian Friends Select Germantown Friends Girard College Greene Street Friends Overbrook School for the Blind William Penn Pennsylvania School for the Deaf Philadelphia Free School Philadelphia Mennonite Politz Hebrew Springside Chestnut Hill St. Peter's Former private schools St. Anthony de Padua Parish Public charter schools Arts and Sciences Belmont Boys' Latin Simon Gratz Hope Imhotep Institute MaST Community Mastery Mann Elementary (William B. Mann) Mastery Shoemaker Campus (William Shoemaker) Mastery Thomas Campus (George C. Thomas) Mathematics, Civics and Sciences Memphis Street Smedley Universal Alcorn Universal Audenried Universal Creighton Universal Vare Hardy Williams (Anna Howard Shaw) Authority control databases International ISNI Geographic NCES	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Northeast Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Holmesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmesburg,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Torresdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torresdale,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lincolnmap-4"}],"text":"Public high school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United StatesAbraham Lincoln High School, a public school located in the Mayfair section of Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its main entrance is located at Ryan and Rowland Avenues. The principal is Jack Nelson.It serves Mayfair, Holmesburg, and Torresdale.[4]","title":"Abraham Lincoln High School (Philadelphia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Abraham Lincoln is widely known as Philadelphia's \"All-Academy\" high school. Students can choose from a variety of academies, including law, business, environmental science, health, and fine and performing arts.Lincoln offers an academy for students who speak a language other than traditional American English, including a program for the deaf and hard-of-hearing.Students may choose from sports such as football, soccer, cheerleading, track, baseball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, golf, swimming, softball, bowling and wrestling. The school has a band and a choir, both of which perform a Christmas concert and a spring musical annually, in addition to performances for the local community, and city.The school is also staffed with Non-Teaching Assistants (\"NTA's\") and a school police group supplemented by the Philadelphia Police Department[5] to ensure that all students are provided a safe school environment.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holmesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmesburg,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grahamseams-7"}],"text":"Lincoln was originally scheduled to be named Mayfair High School, but opposition from other neighborhoods, including Holmesburg, meant that the school was instead named after Abraham Lincoln. Mayfair residents had a negative reception to this change. In 1949 the school's cornerstone was laid. Its current campus opened in 2009.[6]The current building has a capacity of 1,586. In 2024 there were over 2,000 students.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_uniform"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Students wear school uniforms.[8] Students wear a gold, white or black polo shirt and any sort of black pants.","title":"School uniforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grahamseams-7"}],"text":"In 2024, the school library was shut down and converted into six classrooms; the classrooms were formed to accommodate students. The library books were sent off to a company for destruction. [7]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rocky III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_III"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Rocky Balboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Balboa"},{"link_name":"Rocky II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_II"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"}],"text":"Lincoln's Marching Band was featured in '\"Rocky III\"' in a scene in which he was honored in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; this is the scene where the still-iconic Rocky Balboa statue was first unveiled. A scene for Rocky II was filmed in the Lincoln High School auditorium, but the scene was not used in the film. In the cut scene, Rocky Balboa was awarded an honorary high school diploma. Like his fictional character, Sylvester Stallone attended Lincoln but did not graduate, due to his boxing career, though his brother Frank did.","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017admissions-9"},{"link_name":"Ethan Allen School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Allen_School"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Disston School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Disston_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lincolnmap-4"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Brown Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Brown_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"E. Forrest Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Forrest_School"}],"text":"Feeder middle schools and K-8 schools into Lincoln:[9]Ethan Allen School\nHamilton Disston School\nMayfair School\nAustin Meehan Middle SchoolFeeder elementary schools:[4]Joseph H. Brown Elementary School\nT. Holme Elementary School\nE. Forrest Elementary School\nR. B. Pollock Elementary School\nW. H. Ziegler Elementary School","title":"Feeder patterns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glenn Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Brenner"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradley-10"},{"link_name":"Larry Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Cannon_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Gia Carangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Carangi"},{"link_name":"George H. Heilmeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier"},{"link_name":"LCDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD"},{"link_name":"Ed Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Neilson"},{"link_name":"Jerry Reitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Reitman"},{"link_name":"Frank Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Mark Margolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Margolis"}],"text":"Glenn Brenner, Washington, D.C., sportscaster[10]\nLarry Cannon, former professional basketball player\nGia Carangi, supermodel\nGeorge H. Heilmeier, engineer who was contributor to the invention of LCDs\nEd Neilson, Pennsylvania State Representative\nJerry Reitman, author, businessman, and advertising executive\nFrank Stallone, actor and younger brother of Sylvester Stallone\nSylvester Stallone, actor\nMark Margolis, actor","title":"Alumni"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Abraham Lincoln High School\". The School District of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved August 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725134938/http://webgui.phila.k12.pa.us/schools/l/lincoln","url_text":"\"Abraham Lincoln High School\""},{"url":"http://webgui.phila.k12.pa.us/schools/l/lincoln","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln HS\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved January 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=4218990&SchoolPageNum=8&ID=421899003845","url_text":"\"Lincoln HS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who we are\". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011. Four of the staff are listed as \"Day Care\"","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725141323/http://webgui.phila.k12.pa.us/schools/l/lincoln/our-faculty--staff","url_text":"\"Who we are\""},{"url":"http://webgui.phila.k12.pa.us/schools/l/lincoln/our-faculty--staff","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Loftus, John (2015-01-28). \"Changes in the classroom\". Northeast Times. Archived from the original on 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2016-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150801004051/http://www.northeasttimes.com/2015/jan/28/changes-classroom/#.WEuEfX1gMWc","url_text":"\"Changes in the classroom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Times","url_text":"Northeast Times"},{"url":"http://www.northeasttimes.com/2015/jan/28/changes-classroom/#.WEuEfX1gMWc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Graham, Kristen A. (2024-01-07). \"Some schools in Northeast Philly are bursting at the seams. Here's what that looks like inside Lincoln High\". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/education/lincoln-high-school-crowding-class-size-northeast-20240107.html","url_text":"\"Some schools in Northeast Philly are bursting at the seams. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Rum	Blackwell Rum	["1 History of the company","2 Recipe and distillation process","3 Awards and recognition","4 In popular culture","5 References","6 External links"]	Jamaican rum brand Blackwell RumTypeRumManufacturerJ. Wray and Nephew Ltd.Country of origin JamaicaIntroduced2008Alcohol by volume 40% (UK)40% (US & Export)ColourDarkWebsitehttp://www.blackwellrum.com/ Blackwell Rum (marketed as Blackwell Black Gold Rum) is a Jamaican brand of rum, manufactured by J. Wray & Nephew Ltd. History of the company The company was established by the Island Records founder Chris Blackwell and the advertising executive and entrepreneur Richard Kirshenbaum in 2008. Blackwell's son, Chris Blackwell Jr., is also closely involved in the enterprise. The rum is distilled and blended by J.Wray and Nephew and distributed throughout the Caribbean and in other markets, including North America and the United Kingdom. Recipe and distillation process The blend developed by Blackwell and the master blender Joy Spence is based on a traditional recipe from the days when Blackwell's mother's family, the Lindo's, owned J. Wray and Nephew and Appleton Estate. Blackwell Rum is produced from Jamaican sugar cane, water and yeast to produce a blend between a traditional ‘heavy’ pot and a lighter column still rum. Once distilled, it is aged in American oak barrels for enhanced richness. Awards and recognition Finalist, with 92/100 – Ultimate Spirits Challenge 2012 Gold Medal, with 94/100 – Beverage Testing Institute 2012 International Spirits Challenge 2012 - Silver Medal for Design; Bronze Medal for Tasting Gold Medal – Global Rum Masters 2015 Gold Medal Gold/Dark Rum – Festival Rum Bahamas In popular culture Blackwell Rum appeared in the 2012 American comedy series Anger Management. It was also featured in the 2021 James Bond film No Time to Die and the reality competition show 007: Road to a Million. References ^ a b "Rum Journal: Jamaica's Blackwell Rum". Caribjournal.com. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ Edward Helmore (8 May 2012). "Chris Blackwell: the original trustafarian". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 May 2013.- "Mangrove to distribute Blackwell rum". Harpers. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.- "Blackwell Enters US Market". Rum Connection. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ "Blackwell Rum: The Black Gold of Jamaica \| Société Perrier". Societeperrier.com. 17 October 2012. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ Kahle, Laurie. "Worldwise: Rock & Roll Hall of Famer Chris Blackwell's Favorite Things". Barron's. ^ "Ultimate Beverage Challenge — 2012 Spirits Certificates". Ultimate-beverage.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ Beverage Testing Institute, [email protected]. "Spirits Review for Blackwell Fine Jamaican Rum $30". Tastings.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ "International Spirits Challenge". International Spirits Challenge. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ "The Spirit Business". The Spirit Business. Retrieved 3 November 2015. ^ "The Rum Connection". The Rum Connection. Retrieved 2015-03-11. ^ "Explore Chris Blackwell, Island Records and more!". Pinterest.com. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ "He Once Scouted Jamaican Beaches for 'Dr. No.' Now, His 007 Rum Will Appear in 'No Time to Die.'". Esquire. 2020-11-20. Retrieved 2024-04-06. ^ "TAKE THE SPY ROAD – Reviewing Bond's fun new sidebar series, 007 – ROAD TO A MILLION – MARK O'CONNELL". Retrieved 2024-04-06. External links Blackwell Rum website Review and Chris Blackwell interview on The Floating Rum Shack Diffords Guide tasting notes Portal: Liquor	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamaican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"rum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum"},{"link_name":"J. 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Wray & Nephew Ltd.","title":"Blackwell Rum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"Chris Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Blackwell"},{"link_name":"Chris Blackwell Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Blackwell_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caribjournal-1"},{"link_name":"distilled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The company was established by the Island Records founder Chris Blackwell and the advertising executive and entrepreneur Richard Kirshenbaum in 2008. Blackwell's son, Chris Blackwell Jr., is also closely involved in the enterprise.[1] The rum is distilled and blended by J.Wray and Nephew and distributed throughout the Caribbean and in other markets, including North America and the United Kingdom.[2]","title":"History of the company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"master blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_blender"},{"link_name":"Joy Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Spence"},{"link_name":"the Lindo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindo_family"},{"link_name":"Appleton Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appleton_Estate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caribjournal-1"},{"link_name":"sugar cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cane"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The blend developed by Blackwell and the master blender Joy Spence is based on a traditional recipe from the days when Blackwell's mother's family, the Lindo's, owned J. Wray and Nephew and Appleton Estate.[1]Blackwell Rum is produced from Jamaican sugar cane, water and yeast to produce a blend between a traditional ‘heavy’ pot and a lighter column still rum. Once distilled, it is aged in American oak barrels for enhanced richness.[3][4]","title":"Recipe and distillation process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Finalist, with 92/100 – Ultimate Spirits Challenge 2012[5]\nGold Medal, with 94/100 – Beverage Testing Institute 2012[6]\nInternational Spirits Challenge 2012 - Silver Medal for Design; Bronze Medal for Tasting[7]\nGold Medal – Global Rum Masters 2015[8]\nGold Medal Gold/Dark Rum – Festival Rum Bahamas[9]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anger Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger_Management_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"No Time to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Time_to_Die"},{"link_name":"007: Road to a Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/007:_Road_to_a_Million"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Blackwell Rum appeared in the 2012 American comedy series Anger Management.[10] It was also featured in the 2021 James Bond film No Time to Die and the reality competition show 007: Road to a Million.[11][12]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rum Journal: Jamaica's Blackwell Rum\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rossiter	Edward Rossiter	["1 Personal details","2 First English Civil War","3 Second English Civil War","4 Inter-regnum and Restoration","5 References","6 Sources"]	English Parliamentarian soldier and politician (1619–1683) SirEdward RossiterSt Margaret's, Somerby where Rossiter was buriedDeputy Lieutenant of LincolnshireIn officeAugust 1660 – January 1669Member of Parliamentfor LincolnshireIn officeApril 1660 – December 1660Member of Parliamentfor Great GrimsbyIn officeMarch 1646 – December 1648 (excluded in Pride's Purge) Personal detailsBorn1 January 1618Somerby, EnglandDied9 January 1669(1669-01-09) (aged 51)Somerby, EnglandResting placeSt Margaret's, SomerbyPolitical partyParliamentarianSpouse(s)(1) Jane Samwell (1646–?) (2) Arabella Holles (1660–1669)Children(1) Mary and Elizabeth (2) John, Edward, Horatio, Richard and VereAlma materSidney Sussex College, CambridgeOccupationSoldier and politicianMilitary serviceAllegiance EnglandYears of service1642 to 1648RankColonelBattles/wars Wars of the Three Kingdoms Gainsborough Relief of Newark Battle of Melton Mowbray Naseby Siege of Newark Battle of Willoughby Siege of Pontefract Castle Sir Edward Rossiter (1 January 1618 – 9 January 1669) was an English landowner, soldier and politician from Lincolnshire. He fought with the Parliamentarian army in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and sat as an MP at various times between 1646 and 1660. When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, Rossiter joined the Eastern Association army, then transferred to the New Model Army in April 1645. He also played a prominent role in the civil administration of the East Midlands, and was nominated MP for Grimsby in March 1646. From February to July 1647, he commanded the garrison of Holdenby House, where Charles I was being held. Rossiter was subsequently dismissed by the Army Council, who viewed him as an ally of their opponents in Parliament. Restored to the army during the 1648 Second English Civil War, he suppressed Royalist revolts in South Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. However, he was among those MPs excluded from the Commons by Pride's Purge in December 1648, and opposed the Execution of Charles I in January 1649, unlike his grandfather Sir John Bourchier. During The Protectorate, Rossiter was elected MP for Lincolnshire in 1654, 1656 and 1659, but prevented from taking his seat as a suspected Royalist. In return for supporting the Stuart Restoration, he was knighted in May 1660 and appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire. However, he retired from politics and died in January 1669. Personal details Edward Rossiter was born on 1 January 1618, second son of Richard (died before 1620) and Elizabeth Rossiter of Somerby by Bigby, Lincolnshire. He had two brothers, Richard (1616–1636) and John (before 1620-after 1634). His mother was a daughter of Sir John Bourchier (1595–1660), a devout Puritan who acted as a judge at the trial of Charles I in 1649. Following the 1660 Stuart Restoration, he escaped execution as a regicide by dying of illness while awaiting trial. Rossiter became heir to Somerby when his elder brother Richard died in 1636, and in 1646 married Jane Samwell (1615-before 1660); they had two daughters, Mary and Elizabeth (ca 1650 to 1706). He re-married in 1660, this time to Arabella Holles, daughter of John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare and niece of Denzil Holles, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest in January 1642 was a key point on the road to civil war. At his death in 1669 they had five children still living, John, Edward, Horatio, Richard and Vere; the last may have been disabled in some way as a legal guardian was appointed for her in 1689. First English Civil War The Rossiters ranked as middle to lower members of the Lincolnshire gentry, with an estimated annual income of £1,000 in 1640 compared to £5,000 to £8,000 for the upper levels. After his father died in 1620, Elizabeth apparently took her children to live with their grandfather in Yorkshire, as Rossiter was educated at Kirton and Beverley Grammar School, before attending Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in 1636. When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, Rossiter joined the Parliamentarian army as captain in a regiment of cavalry raised by the Earl of Lincoln. The unit was restricted to service in Lincolnshire until April 1643, when Rossiter was promoted colonel and it became part of the Eastern Association army, commanded by Lord Willoughby. At the beginning of 1643, Royalists based in Newark captured Gainsborough, which was retaken on 16 July by the Eastern Association. On 28 July, Rossiter was with a detachment led by Oliver Cromwell which repulsed a Royalist relief force outside Gainsborough, although the Parliamentarian garrison surrendered a few days later. SomerbyLincolnHolmbyWilloughbyGainsboroughGranthamGrimsbyNewarkPontefractMelton MowbrayNasebyDoncasterclass=notpageimage\| East Midlands and Lincolnshire; key locations Newark was a key strategic position linking the Royalist capital of Oxford with their armies in the north, and Rossiter spent the next two years based in Melton Mowbray as part of the Parliamentarian blockade. In March 1644, he was part of a force commanded by Sir John Meldrum defeated outside Newark by Prince Rupert. While this ensured Royalists held the town until the end of the war, the capture of Lincoln in May meant Parliament controlled the surrounding areas. Near Melton Mowbray on 25 February 1645, Rossiter intercepted Royalist cavalry under Sir Marmaduke Langdale, on their way to lift the siege of Pontefract Castle. After a short struggle, his men retreated and although Rossiter occupied the bridge near Doncaster, he was too late to stop Langdale crossing. In April, his unit was transferred to the New Model Army as the 5th Regiment of Horse, the only unit made up of men who had not previously served in the field armies of either Essex, Manchester, or William Waller. Although its main purpose remained securing Lincolnshire, It arrived on the morning of the Battle of Naseby in June, a victory that reduced the Royalist presence in the region to a few scattered garrisons, chiefly Oxford and Newark. Rossiter did not participate in the New Model's 1645 Western Campaign, but remained in the region. He played a prominent part in the administration of the Eastern Association, and on 6 October 1645, he captured letters outlining Royalist attempts to win support from the Irish Confederacy. Claims that Charles wanted to employ Irish Catholics in England had been a recurring element in Parliamentarian propaganda, and they were published as proof he could not be trusted. Another of his functions was negotiating with Royalists who wanted to surrender; when Prince Rupert and his brother Maurice were dismissed by Charles in October, they applied to Rossiter for passes to leave England, a request quickly granted by Parliament. In March 1646, Rossiter was nominated MP for Great Grimsby in place of Gervase Holles, excluded Royalist cousin of Denzil Holles. Now close to defeat, Charles left Oxford in disguise on 27 April and joined the Scots Covenanter army outside Newark, which surrendered the next day. Despite furious objections from Parliament, the Scots withdrew north to Newcastle, taking the king with them. Second English Civil War Parliament went to war to achieve a political settlement with the king, not remove him, but arguments over the terms divided mostly Presbyterian moderates in Parliament from radicals within the New Model. At the end of January 1647 the Committee of Both Kingdoms that had governed England and Scotland since February 1644 was dissolved and replaced by the Derby House Committee, led by Holles and dominated by moderate MPs, including Rossiter. They paid the Scots £400,000 to return to Scotland and hand over Charles, who was escorted to Holdenby House, near Holmby in Northamptonshire, where Rossiter's regiment formed part of his guard. Holdenby House, where Charles was held from February to June 1647; Rossiter formed part of his guard Divisions between Parliament and the Army Council were exacerbated by financial issues and by March 1647, the New Model was owed more than £2.5 million in unpaid wages. Parliament ordered it to Ireland, stating only those who agreed would be paid; when their representatives demanded full payment for all in advance, it was disbanded, but the Army Council refused to comply. In early June, troops from the New Model removed Charles from Holdenbury House; viewed by the Army Council as unreliable, Rossiter was dismissed in August. When the Second English Civil War broke out in April 1648, the New Model faced multiple risings throughout England and South Wales, as well as a Scottish invasion. This left them short of men and on 6 June, Rossiter was recalled and sent to Lincoln to secure the Midlands. The Parliamentarian garrison of Pontefract defected to the Royalists and were joined by other insurgents, who sent a force of around 1,000 men into Lincolnshire to seize provisions. They were pursued by Rossiter, who defeated them near Willoughby on 5 July. John Lambert, Parliamentarian commander in the north, left Rossiter to oversee the siege of Pontefract, while he supervised the campaign that ended with the Battle of Preston in August. The Second Civil War was notably more brutal than the first and captured Royalists previously released on parole were often executed. Prisoners taken at Willoughby included Sir Philip Monckton and Gilbert Byron, youngest brother of the Royalist general Sir John Byron; Rossiter reportedly persuaded Sir Thomas Fairfax to set them free. Inter-regnum and Restoration Moderates like Holles grew increasingly desperate to reach agreement with Charles, who refused meaningful concessions, leading Cromwell and his supporters to conclude further talks were pointless. As one of the MPs who backed Holles and voted in favour of continuing negotiations, Rossiter was among those excluded by Pride's Purge on 6 December 1648. Unlike his grandfather, he opposed the Execution of Charles I in January 1649 and spent much of the 1649 to 1660 Interregnum in obscurity. Although elected MP for Lincolnshire in 1654, 1656 and 1659, he was prevented from sitting as a suspected Royalist. This claim had some merit, as he was allegedly involved in co-ordinating the 1659 Booth's Uprising. He supported the Restoration of Charles II and in April 1660 was elected for Lincolnshire in the Convention Parliament. Part of the delegation sent to welcome Charles on his arrival in England, he was knighted on 27 May and appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire in August. However, he did not stand for re-election to Parliament in 1661, and died of cancer at home in Somerby on 9 January 1669. References ^ a b c Maddison 1907, p. 834. ^ Scott 2004. ^ Royle 2004, p. 165. ^ Newton 2016, p. 389. ^ a b c d Helms & Crosette 1983. ^ Roberts 2017. ^ West 1993, pp. 10–11. ^ Young & Holmes 2000, p. 178. ^ Young & Holmes 2000, p. 179. ^ Barratt 1975, p. 161. ^ Temple 1986, p. 64. ^ Royle 2004, pp. 335–336. ^ Charles I 1645. ^ HMSO 1830, pp. 671–674. ^ Royle 2004, p. 385. ^ Hensman 1923, p. 140. ^ Royle 2004, p. 391. ^ Morrill 1972, p. 49. ^ Rees 2016, pp. 173–174. ^ Barton 2008. ^ Hensman 1923, p. 141. ^ Beardsley 1908. ^ Royle 2004, pp. 469–470. ^ Hensman 1923, p. 155. ^ Gentles 2004. Sources Barratt, John (1975). "A Royalist Account of the Relief of Pontefract, 1st March 1645". Society for Army Historical Research. 53 (215): 159–169. JSTOR 44225367. Barton, Tony (2008). Colonel Edward Rossiter's Regiment of Horse. Retrieved 11 February 2021. Beardsley, WF (1908). The Battle of Willoughby Field (PDF). Leicestershire Architectural Society. Charles I (1645). The Kings packet of letters taken by Colonell Rossiter, as they were carrying from Newark to Belvoyr, on Munday last, Octob. 6. 1645. Retrieved 12 February 2021. Gentles, Ian (2004). "Pride, Thomas, appointed Lord Pride under the protectorate". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22781. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Helms, MW; Crosette, JS (1983). Rossiter, Edward (1618-69), of Somerby, Lincs in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690. Boydell & Brewer. Retrieved 8 February 2021. Hensman, EW (1923). "The East Midlands and the Second Civil War, May to July, 1648". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 6. doi:10.2307/3678430. JSTOR 3678430. S2CID 159909834. HMSO (1830). House of Lords Journal Volume 7: 1 November 1645. HMSO. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Maddison, Rev A (1907). Lincolnshire pedigrees, Volume III. Publications of the Harleian society ...vol. L-LII, LV. p. 834. hdl:2027/njp.32101072878687. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Morrill, John (1972). "Mutiny and discontent in English provincial armies 1645-1647". Past and Present. 56 (1): 49–74. doi:10.1093/past/56.1.49. Newton, Russell (2016). The Social Production of Gentility and Capital in Early Modern England: The Newtons of Lincolnshire (PDF) (PHD). Durham University. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Rees, John (2016). The Leveller Revolution. Verso. ISBN 978-1784783907. Roberts, Stephen K (2017). 'Edward Rossiter in The Cromwell Association Online Directory of Parliamentarian Army Officers. British History Online. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Royle, Trevor (2004). Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660. Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11564-1. Scott, David (2004). "Bourchier, Sir John (1595-1660". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2991. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Temple, Robert KG (1986). "The Original Officer List of the New Model Army". Historical Research. 59 (139): 50–77. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1986.tb01179.x. Young, Peter; Holmes, Richard (2000). The English Civil War. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-84022-222-0. West, John (1993). Gaunt, Peter (ed.). "Oliver Cromwell and the Battle of Gainsborough, July 1643" (PDF). Cromwelliana 1993. The Cromwell Association. ISBN 0-905729-04-8. Retrieved 11 February 2021.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Parliamentarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundheads"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"First English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Eastern Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association"},{"link_name":"New Model Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army"},{"link_name":"East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Grimsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Grimsby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Holdenby House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdenby_House"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Army Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Council_(1647)"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"Second English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Pride's Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge"},{"link_name":"Execution of Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"Sir John Bourchier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bourchier_(regicide)"},{"link_name":"The Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1654","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Protectorate_Parliament"},{"link_name":"1656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Protectorate_Parliament"},{"link_name":"1659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Protectorate_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Stuart Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Lincolnshire"}],"text":"Sir Edward Rossiter (1 January 1618 – 9 January 1669) was an English landowner, soldier and politician from Lincolnshire. He fought with the Parliamentarian army in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and sat as an MP at various times between 1646 and 1660.When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, Rossiter joined the Eastern Association army, then transferred to the New Model Army in April 1645. He also played a prominent role in the civil administration of the East Midlands, and was nominated MP for Grimsby in March 1646. From February to July 1647, he commanded the garrison of Holdenby House, where Charles I was being held.Rossiter was subsequently dismissed by the Army Council, who viewed him as an ally of their opponents in Parliament. Restored to the army during the 1648 Second English Civil War, he suppressed Royalist revolts in South Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. However, he was among those MPs excluded from the Commons by Pride's Purge in December 1648, and opposed the Execution of Charles I in January 1649, unlike his grandfather Sir John Bourchier.During The Protectorate, Rossiter was elected MP for Lincolnshire in 1654, 1656 and 1659, but prevented from taking his seat as a suspected Royalist. In return for supporting the Stuart Restoration, he was knighted in May 1660 and appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire. However, he retired from politics and died in January 1669.","title":"Edward Rossiter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somerby by Bigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerby_(Juxta_Bigby)"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddison1907834-1"},{"link_name":"Sir John Bourchier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bourchier_(regicide)"},{"link_name":"Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"trial of Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"Stuart Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"regicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2004-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddison1907834-1"},{"link_name":"John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holles,_2nd_Earl_of_Clare"},{"link_name":"Denzil Holles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denzil_Holles,_1st_Baron_Holles"},{"link_name":"Five Members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Members"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004165-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddison1907834-1"}],"text":"Edward Rossiter was born on 1 January 1618, second son of Richard (died before 1620) and Elizabeth Rossiter of Somerby by Bigby, Lincolnshire. He had two brothers, Richard (1616–1636) and John (before 1620-after 1634).[1] His mother was a daughter of Sir John Bourchier (1595–1660), a devout Puritan who acted as a judge at the trial of Charles I in 1649. Following the 1660 Stuart Restoration, he escaped execution as a regicide by dying of illness while awaiting trial.[2]Rossiter became heir to Somerby when his elder brother Richard died in 1636, and in 1646 married Jane Samwell (1615-before 1660); they had two daughters, Mary and Elizabeth (ca 1650 to 1706).[1]He re-married in 1660, this time to Arabella Holles, daughter of John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare and niece of Denzil Holles, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest in January 1642 was a key point on the road to civil war.[3] At his death in 1669 they had five children still living, John, Edward, Horatio, Richard and Vere; the last may have been disabled in some way as a legal guardian was appointed for her in 1689.[1]","title":"Personal details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton2016389-4"},{"link_name":"Kirton and Beverley Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmsCrosette1983-5"},{"link_name":"First English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Parliamentarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundheads"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain"},{"link_name":"Earl of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Clinton,_4th_Earl_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Eastern Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association"},{"link_name":"Lord Willoughby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Willoughby,_5th_Baron_Willoughby_of_Parham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2017-6"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199310%E2%80%9311-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Midlands_districts_2011_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Midlands_districts_2011_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Melton Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungHolmes2000178-8"},{"link_name":"John Meldrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meldrum"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Newark"},{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"capture of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungHolmes2000179-9"},{"link_name":"Sir Marmaduke Langdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaduke_Langdale,_1st_Baron_Langdale_of_Holme"},{"link_name":"Pontefract Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontefract_Castle"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarratt1975161-10"},{"link_name":"New Model Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"William Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waller"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple198664-11"},{"link_name":"Battle of Naseby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004335%E2%80%93336-12"},{"link_name":"Irish Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_I1645-13"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_of_the_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMSO1830671%E2%80%93674-14"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Great Grimsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Grimsby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gervase Holles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervase_Holles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmsCrosette1983-5"},{"link_name":"Charles left Oxford in disguise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I%27s_journey_from_Oxford_to_the_Scottish_army_camp_near_Newark"},{"link_name":"Covenanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanter"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004385-15"}],"text":"The Rossiters ranked as middle to lower members of the Lincolnshire gentry, with an estimated annual income of £1,000 in 1640 compared to £5,000 to £8,000 for the upper levels.[4] After his father died in 1620, Elizabeth apparently took her children to live with their grandfather in Yorkshire, as Rossiter was educated at Kirton and Beverley Grammar School, before attending Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in 1636.[5]When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, Rossiter joined the Parliamentarian army as captain in a regiment of cavalry raised by the Earl of Lincoln. The unit was restricted to service in Lincolnshire until April 1643, when Rossiter was promoted colonel and it became part of the Eastern Association army, commanded by Lord Willoughby.[6] At the beginning of 1643, Royalists based in Newark captured Gainsborough, which was retaken on 16 July by the Eastern Association. On 28 July, Rossiter was with a detachment led by Oliver Cromwell which repulsed a Royalist relief force outside Gainsborough, although the Parliamentarian garrison surrendered a few days later.[7]SomerbyLincolnHolmbyWilloughbyGainsboroughGranthamGrimsbyNewarkPontefractMelton MowbrayNasebyDoncasterclass=notpageimage\| East Midlands and Lincolnshire; key locationsNewark was a key strategic position linking the Royalist capital of Oxford with their armies in the north, and Rossiter spent the next two years based in Melton Mowbray as part of the Parliamentarian blockade.[8] In March 1644, he was part of a force commanded by Sir John Meldrum defeated outside Newark by Prince Rupert. While this ensured Royalists held the town until the end of the war, the capture of Lincoln in May meant Parliament controlled the surrounding areas.[9]Near Melton Mowbray on 25 February 1645, Rossiter intercepted Royalist cavalry under Sir Marmaduke Langdale, on their way to lift the siege of Pontefract Castle. After a short struggle, his men retreated and although Rossiter occupied the bridge near Doncaster, he was too late to stop Langdale crossing.[10]In April, his unit was transferred to the New Model Army as the 5th Regiment of Horse, the only unit made up of men who had not previously served in the field armies of either Essex, Manchester, or William Waller.[11] Although its main purpose remained securing Lincolnshire, It arrived on the morning of the Battle of Naseby in June, a victory that reduced the Royalist presence in the region to a few scattered garrisons, chiefly Oxford and Newark.[12]Rossiter did not participate in the New Model's 1645 Western Campaign, but remained in the region. He played a prominent part in the administration of the Eastern Association, and on 6 October 1645, he captured letters outlining Royalist attempts to win support from the Irish Confederacy. Claims that Charles wanted to employ Irish Catholics in England had been a recurring element in Parliamentarian propaganda, and they were published as proof he could not be trusted.[13]Another of his functions was negotiating with Royalists who wanted to surrender; when Prince Rupert and his brother Maurice were dismissed by Charles in October, they applied to Rossiter for passes to leave England, a request quickly granted by Parliament.[14] In March 1646, Rossiter was nominated MP for Great Grimsby in place of Gervase Holles, excluded Royalist cousin of Denzil Holles.[5] Now close to defeat, Charles left Oxford in disguise on 27 April and joined the Scots Covenanter army outside Newark, which surrendered the next day. Despite furious objections from Parliament, the Scots withdrew north to Newcastle, taking the king with them.[15]","title":"First English Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"Committee of Both Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Both_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensman1923140-16"},{"link_name":"Holdenby House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdenby_House"},{"link_name":"Holmby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmby"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004391-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holdenby_hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holdenby House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdenby_House"},{"link_name":"Army Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Council_(1647)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrill197249-18"},{"link_name":"representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agitators"},{"link_name":"Army Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Council_(1647)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2016173%E2%80%93174-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton2008-20"},{"link_name":"Second English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Scottish invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensman1923141-21"},{"link_name":"Willoughby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_on_the_Wolds"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeardsley1908-22"},{"link_name":"John Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambert_(general)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1648)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004469%E2%80%93470-23"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"Sir John Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byron,_1st_Baron_Byron"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensman1923155-24"}],"text":"Parliament went to war to achieve a political settlement with the king, not remove him, but arguments over the terms divided mostly Presbyterian moderates in Parliament from radicals within the New Model. At the end of January 1647 the Committee of Both Kingdoms that had governed England and Scotland since February 1644 was dissolved and replaced by the Derby House Committee, led by Holles and dominated by moderate MPs, including Rossiter.[16] They paid the Scots £400,000 to return to Scotland and hand over Charles, who was escorted to Holdenby House, near Holmby in Northamptonshire, where Rossiter's regiment formed part of his guard.[17]Holdenby House, where Charles was held from February to June 1647; Rossiter formed part of his guardDivisions between Parliament and the Army Council were exacerbated by financial issues and by March 1647, the New Model was owed more than £2.5 million in unpaid wages.[18] Parliament ordered it to Ireland, stating only those who agreed would be paid; when their representatives demanded full payment for all in advance, it was disbanded, but the Army Council refused to comply.[19] In early June, troops from the New Model removed Charles from Holdenbury House; viewed by the Army Council as unreliable, Rossiter was dismissed in August.[20]When the Second English Civil War broke out in April 1648, the New Model faced multiple risings throughout England and South Wales, as well as a Scottish invasion. This left them short of men and on 6 June, Rossiter was recalled and sent to Lincoln to secure the Midlands.[21] The Parliamentarian garrison of Pontefract defected to the Royalists and were joined by other insurgents, who sent a force of around 1,000 men into Lincolnshire to seize provisions. They were pursued by Rossiter, who defeated them near Willoughby on 5 July.[22] John Lambert, Parliamentarian commander in the north, left Rossiter to oversee the siege of Pontefract, while he supervised the campaign that ended with the Battle of Preston in August.[23]The Second Civil War was notably more brutal than the first and captured Royalists previously released on parole were often executed. Prisoners taken at Willoughby included Sir Philip Monckton and Gilbert Byron, youngest brother of the Royalist general Sir John Byron; Rossiter reportedly persuaded Sir Thomas Fairfax to set them free.[24]","title":"Second English Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pride's Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGentles2004-25"},{"link_name":"Execution of Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Interregnum"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1654","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Protectorate_Parliament"},{"link_name":"1656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Protectorate_Parliament"},{"link_name":"1659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Protectorate_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Booth's Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth%27s_Uprising"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmsCrosette1983-5"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Convention Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmsCrosette1983-5"}],"text":"Moderates like Holles grew increasingly desperate to reach agreement with Charles, who refused meaningful concessions, leading Cromwell and his supporters to conclude further talks were pointless. As one of the MPs who backed Holles and voted in favour of continuing negotiations, Rossiter was among those excluded by Pride's Purge on 6 December 1648.[25] Unlike his grandfather, he opposed the Execution of Charles I in January 1649 and spent much of the 1649 to 1660 Interregnum in obscurity. Although elected MP for Lincolnshire in 1654, 1656 and 1659, he was prevented from sitting as a suspected Royalist. This claim had some merit, as he was allegedly involved in co-ordinating the 1659 Booth's Uprising.[5]He supported the Restoration of Charles II and in April 1660 was elected for Lincolnshire in the Convention Parliament. Part of the delegation sent to welcome Charles on his arrival in England, he was knighted on 27 May and appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire in August. However, he did not stand for re-election to Parliament in 1661, and died of cancer at home in Somerby on 9 January 1669.[5]","title":"Inter-regnum and Restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44225367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/44225367"},{"link_name":"Colonel Edward Rossiter's Regiment of Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wiki.bcw-project.org/new-model-army/horse-regiments/edward-rossiter"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Willoughby Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/WilloughbySmPagesfromvolumeXparts1-2-3.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Kings packet of letters taken by Colonell Rossiter, as they were carrying from Newark to Belvoyr, on Munday last, Octob. 6. 1645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12024/A78823/A78823.html?sequence=5&isAllowed=y"},{"link_name":"Oxford 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1660-1690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/rossiter-edward-1618-69"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3678430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3678430"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3678430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3678430"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"159909834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159909834"},{"link_name":"House of Lords Journal Volume 7: 1 November 1645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol7/pp671-674#h3-0013"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire pedigrees, Volume 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Society for Army Historical Research. 53 (215): 159–169. JSTOR 44225367.\nBarton, Tony (2008). Colonel Edward Rossiter's Regiment of Horse. Retrieved 11 February 2021.\nBeardsley, WF (1908). The Battle of Willoughby Field (PDF). Leicestershire Architectural Society.\nCharles I (1645). The Kings packet of letters taken by Colonell Rossiter, as they were carrying from Newark to Belvoyr, on Munday last, Octob. 6. 1645. Retrieved 12 February 2021.\nGentles, Ian (2004). \"Pride, Thomas, appointed Lord Pride under the protectorate\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22781. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nHelms, MW; Crosette, JS (1983). Rossiter, Edward (1618-69), of Somerby, Lincs in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690. Boydell & Brewer. Retrieved 8 February 2021.\nHensman, EW (1923). \"The East Midlands and the Second Civil War, May to July, 1648\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 6. doi:10.2307/3678430. JSTOR 3678430. S2CID 159909834.\nHMSO (1830). House of Lords Journal Volume 7: 1 November 1645. HMSO. Retrieved 10 February 2021.\nMaddison, Rev A (1907). Lincolnshire pedigrees, Volume III. Publications of the Harleian society ...vol. L-LII, LV. p. 834. hdl:2027/njp.32101072878687. Retrieved 10 February 2021.\nMorrill, John (1972). \"Mutiny and discontent in English provincial armies 1645-1647\". Past and Present. 56 (1): 49–74. doi:10.1093/past/56.1.49.\nNewton, Russell (2016). The Social Production of Gentility and Capital in Early Modern England: The Newtons of Lincolnshire (PDF) (PHD). Durham University. Retrieved 10 February 2021.\nRees, John (2016). The Leveller Revolution. Verso. ISBN 978-1784783907.\nRoberts, Stephen K (2017). 'Edward Rossiter in The Cromwell Association Online Directory of Parliamentarian Army Officers. British History Online. Retrieved 10 February 2021.\nRoyle, Trevor (2004). Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660. Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11564-1.\nScott, David (2004). \"Bourchier, Sir John (1595-1660\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2991. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nTemple, Robert KG (1986). \"The Original Officer List of the New Model Army\". Historical Research. 59 (139): 50–77. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1986.tb01179.x.\nYoung, Peter; Holmes, Richard (2000). The English Civil War. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-84022-222-0.\nWest, John (1993). Gaunt, Peter (ed.). \"Oliver Cromwell and the Battle of Gainsborough, July 1643\" (PDF). Cromwelliana 1993. The Cromwell Association. ISBN 0-905729-04-8. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_L._Rudenstine	Neil Rudenstine	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 President of Harvard","2.2 Retirement","2.3 Bibliography","3 Memberships and affiliations","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]	American scholar and college administrator Neil Rudenstine26th President of Harvard UniversityIn office1991–2001Preceded byDerek C. BokSucceeded byLawrence Summers Personal detailsBornNeil Leon Rudenstine (1935-01-21) January 21, 1935 (age 89)Danbury, Connecticut, U.S.SpouseAngelica ZanderChildren3Academic backgroundEducationPrinceton University (BA)New College, Oxford (MA)Harvard University (PhD)ThesisSir Philip Sidney: The styles of love (1964)Doctoral advisorDouglas BushAcademic workDisciplineEnglish and American LiteratureSub-disciplineRenaissance literature Neil Leon Rudenstine (born January 21, 1935) is an American scholar, educator, and administrator. He served as president of Harvard University from 1991 to 2001. Early life and education Rudenstine was born in Danbury, Connecticut, the son of Mae (née Esperito) and Harry Rudenstine, a prison guard. His father was a Ukrainian Jew who emigrated from Kyiv, his mother a Roman Catholic and the daughter of immigrants from Campobasso, Italy. Rudenstine was raised as a Roman Catholic and grew up speaking Italian with his mother’s family. Later in life, he said, he began to understand more about his Jewish heritage. He also pointed out that he had attended an Episcopalian boarding school and a university with Presbyterian roots. "One way or another, I’ve become extremely ecumenical", he said. He attended the Wooster School in Danbury on a scholarship and was selected to participate in Camp Rising Sun, the Louis August Jonas Foundation's international summer scholarship program. Rudenstine graduated with an A.B. in English from Princeton University in 1956 after completing his senior thesis, "The Burden of Poetry: A Study in the Art of John Keats, Matthew Arnold and Thomas Stearns Eliot". At Princeton, he participated in Army R.O.T.C. After serving in the U.S. Army as an artillery officer, he attended New College, Oxford, on a Rhodes Scholarship and earned an M.A. In 1964, Rudenstine received a Ph.D. in English literature from Harvard; his dissertation, Sir Philip Sidney: The Styles of Love, directed by Douglas Bush, treated Sidney's poetic development. Career Most of Rudenstine's career has been dedicated to educational administration. He taught at Harvard from 1964 to 1968 as an instructor and then assistant professor in the Department of English and American Literature and Language. From 1968 to 1988, Rudenstine was a faculty member and senior administrator at Princeton. A scholar of Renaissance literature, he was an associate professor and then full professor of English. He also held a series of administrative posts at Princeton: Dean of students (1968–1972) Dean of the college (1972–1977) Provost (1977–1988) After his time at Princeton, he served as executive vice-president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation from 1988 to 1991. President of Harvard Rudenstine served as president of Harvard from 1991 to 2001. He gained a reputation as an effective fundraiser, overseeing a period of highly successful growth in Harvard's endowment. Rudenstine led Harvard's first university-wide fundraising campaign in modern history, raising more than $2.6 billion, surpassing the goal of $2.1 billion. With the funds, Harvard increased student financial aid, supported new educational and research programs, and allowed for the creation of new buildings, as well as renovation of existing spaces. Rudenstine's tenure at Harvard also oversaw an endowment growth of $4.7 billion in 1991 to more than $15 billion. Rudenstine was a strong supporter of university-based research during his presidency as he helped to institute the Science Coalition in the mid-1990s and oversaw the university's federally sponsored research support grow to about $320 million in 2000 from $200 million in 1991. During his tenure, Rudenstine worked extensively to bring together Harvard’s diverse schools in a way that prompted more effective collaboration. To cultivate inter-school unity, Rudenstine developed many interdisciplinary programs such as the Mind, Brain and Behavior Interfaculty Initiative, the University Committee on the Environment, and the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. He reorganized the university’s administrative structure so that the school deans worked also as a consultative cabinet, and he recreated the provost position to oversee the interfaculty initiatives created during his presidency. Rudenstine’s leadership oversaw the establishment of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, which merged Radcliffe College with Harvard. Its creation was successful and ambitious as it created a community of faculty and fellows across a wide span of the arts and sciences, as well as a specific commitment to the study of women, gender, and society. At the time the Dean of Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study, Drew Faust said of Rudenstine, “He made it possible and continues to offer me and the Institute support in ways too varied to enumerate. The Institute would not exist without him”. Rudenstine was a staunch advocate of universities viewing race and ethnicity as one of many factors in the admissions process and advocated extensively on the importance of a diverse student body. In April 2000 during the thirtieth-anniversary celebration of the Department of Afro-American Studies, he stated, “Harvard will continue to take ethnicity and race into account, along with many other factors, as it admits students”. Rudenstine also was committed to providing increased financial aid and scholarships to students from a range of financial circumstances. Student scholarships and fellowship grants increased from $59 million in 1991 to $132 million in 2000, a year before his departure from the presidency. He was known as a very mild-mannered president, supporting the arts and humanities and generally avoiding internal controversy, usually taking a hands-off approach to leading the university. He is also known for his initially hostile response to the Harvard Living Wage Campaign of 1998–2001, an initiative that drew the active support of thousands of students, faculty, and alumni, including the late Senator Ted Kennedy. Some of Rudenstine’s frustration stemmed from a sit-in organized by students and alumni, which occupied administrative offices, including his, for more than two weeks, slowing University business. Listening to the community, Rudenstine formed an Ad Hoc Committee on Employment Policies at Harvard, which surveyed employment practices and delivered a report to the President. The committee cited the university’s strong record as an employer and recommended additional measures to build on the University’s offerings for employees, which Rudenstine endorsed and advocated for during the remainder of his tenure. In November 1994, the University announced that Rudenstine would take a medical leave of absence on the advice of doctors, who noted that he was suffering from severe fatigue and exhaustion. At the time, Rudenstine described the decision to take a leave as one he made with “the greatest reluctance.” He took a three-month leave of absence, during which provost Albert Carnesale served as acting president. Rudenstine returned from his absence in February 1994 and went on to serve seven more years until stepping down in 2001. Retirement Rudenstine now chairs the Advisory Board for ARTstor and teaches a yearly freshman seminar in 20th-century poetry at Harvard. Bibliography Pointing Our Thoughts: Reflections on Harvard and Higher Education, 1991–2001 (2001) The House of Barnes: The Man, the Collection, the Controversy (2012) Ideas of Order: A Close Reading of Shakespeare's Sonnets (2014) Memberships and affiliations Rudenstine is an honorary Fellow of New College, Oxford and Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, and Provost Emeritus at Princeton University. In 1998, as president of Harvard University, Rudenstine was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Oxford, in a ceremony in which the president of Yale University, Richard Levin, was also honored. Rudenstine is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a former director of the American Council on Education, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the American Philosophical Society, and the Committee for Economic Development. Rudenstine has been a member of various advisory groups, including the National Commission on Preservation and Access and the Council on Library Resources. He has also served as a trustee of the College Entrance Examination Board and the Wooster School, of which he is a graduate. He serves on the boards of the New York Public Library, the Goldman Sachs Foundation, the Barnes Foundation, and many others in the United States and in Europe. Personal life Rudenstine is married to Angelica Zander, an art historian. They have three children and four grandchildren. References ^ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press. 2012. ^ Butterfield, Fox (March 25, 1991). "MAN IN THE NEWS; Top Man at Harvard: Neil Leon Rudenstine". New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ "The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search". ^ https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/6377061.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+04%2C+1992&author=Anderson%2C+Peter&pub=Boston+Globe&desc=Harvard's+Commoner+King&pqatl=google ^ Schoffman, Stuart (7 November 2006). "Jerusalem at Harvard". JUF News. Retrieved 23 October 2013. ^ Rudenstine, Neil Leon (1956). "The Burden of Poetry: A Study in the Art of John Keats, Matthew Arnold and Thomas Stearns Eliot". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Rudenstine, Neil Leon (1964). Sir Philip Sidney: The styles of love (Ph.D.). Harvard University. OCLC 76996224 – via ProQuest. ^ Liz McMillen, "For the Harvard Presidency, an American Success Story", Chronicle of Higher Education, 3 April 1991, Accessed August 29, 2008. ^ "Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001". Harvard Gazette. 2000-05-25. Retrieved 2022-11-10. ^ "Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001". Harvard Gazette. 2000-05-25. Retrieved 2022-11-10. ^ "A Mild-Mannered Man: President Rudenstine's First Year \| News \| The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2022-11-14. ^ "The Final Word on Neil Rudenstine \| News \| The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2022-11-14. ^ "Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001". Harvard Gazette. 2000-05-25. Retrieved 2022-11-14. ^ "The Final Word on Neil Rudenstine \| News \| The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2022-11-14. ^ "Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001". Harvard Gazette. 25 May 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ Rosenberg, John (1 July 2001). "A Rudenstine Retrospective". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ "Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001". Harvard Gazette. 25 May 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ Ferdin, Pamela (5 May 2001). "Harvard Sit-In For 'Living Wage' Divides Campus". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ "Rudenstine praises far-reaching recommendations". The Harvard Gazette. 4 May 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ The Crimson Staff (29 November 1994). "Rudenstine Takes Leave". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ Braunstein, Todd (16 February 1995). "President to Return in a Week \| News \| the Harvard Crimson". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ "Harvard Presidents & Inaugurations". Harvard Library Archives. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ "Freshman Seminars \| Arts & Humanities Division". Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. ^ "Yale Bulletin and Calendar - News". Archived from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-10-12. ^ "List by Class & Section: All Active Members as of October 2007", American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Accessed August 29, 2008 ^ Hale, Frank W. (2004). What Makes Racial Diversity Work in Higher Education: Academic Leaders Present Successful Policies and Strategies. Stylus Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9781579220679. External links Appearances on C-SPAN Academic offices Preceded byDerek C. Bok President of Harvard University 1991–2001 Succeeded byLawrence Summers vtePresidents of Harvard University Eaton† (1637–1639) Dunster (1640–1654) Chauncy (1654–1672) Hoar (1672–1675) Oakes (1675–1681) Rogers (1682–1684) Mather (1685–1701) S. Willard* (1701–1707) Leverett (1708–1724) Wadsworth (1725–1737) Holyoke (1737–1769) Winthrop* (1769) Locke (1770–1773) Winthrop* (1773-1774) Langdon (1774–1780) Wigglesworth* (1780-1781) J. Willard (1781–1804) Pearson* (1804–1806) Webber (1806–1810) Ware* (1810) Kirkland (1810–1828) Ware* (1828-1829) Quincy (1829–1845) Everett (1846–1849) Sparks (1849–1853) Walker (1853–1860) Felton (1860–1862) Peabody* (1860–1862) Hill (1862-1868) Peabody* (1868–1869) Eliot (1869–1909) Lowell (1909–1933) Conant (1933–1953) Pusey (1953–1971) Bok (1971–1991) Rudenstine (1991–2001) Summers (2001–2006) Bok* (2006–2007) Faust (2007–2018) Bacow (2018–2023) Gay (2023–2024) Garber* (2024–present) † – Eaton was known as the Schoolmaster; * indicates acting or interim president Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neil_American_scholar,-1"},{"link_name":"administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_administration"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neilbasicbio-2"}],"text":"Neil Leon Rudenstine (born January 21, 1935) is an American scholar,[1] educator, and administrator. He served as president of Harvard University from 1991 to 2001.[2]","title":"Neil Rudenstine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Campobasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campobasso"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wooster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooster_School"},{"link_name":"Camp Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Rising_Sun_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-juf-5"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"John Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats"},{"link_name":"Matthew Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stearns Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge_MA"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Sir Philip Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Philip_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Douglas Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Bush"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesis-rudenstine-1964-7"}],"text":"Rudenstine was born in Danbury, Connecticut, the son of Mae (née Esperito) and Harry Rudenstine, a prison guard.[3] His father was a Ukrainian Jew who emigrated from Kyiv, his mother a Roman Catholic and the daughter of immigrants from Campobasso, Italy.[4]Rudenstine was raised as a Roman Catholic and grew up speaking Italian with his mother’s family. Later in life, he said, he began to understand more about his Jewish heritage. He also pointed out that he had attended an Episcopalian boarding school and a university with Presbyterian roots. \"One way or another, I’ve become extremely ecumenical\", he said. He attended the Wooster School in Danbury on a scholarship and was selected to participate in Camp Rising Sun, the Louis August Jonas Foundation's international summer scholarship program.[5]Rudenstine graduated with an A.B. in English from Princeton University in 1956 after completing his senior thesis, \"The Burden of Poetry: A Study in the Art of John Keats, Matthew Arnold and Thomas Stearns Eliot\".[6] At Princeton, he participated in Army R.O.T.C. After serving in the U.S. Army as an artillery officer, he attended New College, Oxford, on a Rhodes Scholarship and earned an M.A. In 1964, Rudenstine received a Ph.D. in English literature from Harvard; his dissertation, Sir Philip Sidney: The Styles of Love, directed by Douglas Bush, treated Sidney's poetic development.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature"},{"link_name":"Renaissance literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_literature"},{"link_name":"Andrew W. Mellon Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation"}],"text":"Most of Rudenstine's career has been dedicated to educational administration. He taught at Harvard from 1964 to 1968 as an instructor and then assistant professor in the Department of English and American Literature and Language.From 1968 to 1988, Rudenstine was a faculty member and senior administrator at Princeton. A scholar of Renaissance literature, he was an associate professor and then full professor of English. He also held a series of administrative posts at Princeton:Dean of students (1968–1972)\nDean of the college (1972–1977)\nProvost (1977–1988)After his time at Princeton, he served as executive vice-president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation from 1988 to 1991.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"president of Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"fundraiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundraiser"},{"link_name":"Harvard's endowment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_endowment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Harvard Living Wage Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_wage#Harvard_Living_Wage_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Albert Carnesale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Carnesale"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"President of Harvard","text":"Rudenstine served as president of Harvard from 1991 to 2001. He gained a reputation as an effective fundraiser, overseeing a period of highly successful growth in Harvard's endowment.[8]Rudenstine led Harvard's first university-wide fundraising campaign in modern history, raising more than $2.6 billion, surpassing the goal of $2.1 billion. With the funds, Harvard increased student financial aid, supported new educational and research programs, and allowed for the creation of new buildings, as well as renovation of existing spaces. Rudenstine's tenure at Harvard also oversaw an endowment growth of $4.7 billion in 1991 to more than $15 billion.[9]Rudenstine was a strong supporter of university-based research during his presidency as he helped to institute the Science Coalition in the mid-1990s and oversaw the university's federally sponsored research support grow to about $320 million in 2000 from $200 million in 1991.[10]During his tenure, Rudenstine worked extensively to bring together Harvard’s diverse schools in a way that prompted more effective collaboration. To cultivate inter-school unity, Rudenstine developed many interdisciplinary programs such as the Mind, Brain and Behavior Interfaculty Initiative, the University Committee on the Environment, and the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies.[11] He reorganized the university’s administrative structure so that the school deans worked also as a consultative cabinet, and he recreated the provost position to oversee the interfaculty initiatives created during his presidency.[12]Rudenstine’s leadership oversaw the establishment of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, which merged Radcliffe College with Harvard. Its creation was successful and ambitious as it created a community of faculty and fellows across a wide span of the arts and sciences, as well as a specific commitment to the study of women, gender, and society.[13] At the time the Dean of Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study, Drew Faust said of Rudenstine, “He made it possible and continues to offer me and the Institute support in ways too varied to enumerate. The Institute would not exist without him”.[14]Rudenstine was a staunch advocate of universities viewing race and ethnicity as one of many factors in the admissions process and advocated extensively on the importance of a diverse student body.[15] In April 2000 during the thirtieth-anniversary celebration of the Department of Afro-American Studies, he stated, “Harvard will continue to take ethnicity and race into account, along with many other factors, as it admits students”.[16] Rudenstine also was committed to providing increased financial aid and scholarships to students from a range of financial circumstances. Student scholarships and fellowship grants increased from $59 million in 1991 to $132 million in 2000, a year before his departure from the presidency.[17]He was known as a very mild-mannered president, supporting the arts and humanities and generally avoiding internal controversy, usually taking a hands-off approach to leading the university. He is also known for his initially hostile response to the Harvard Living Wage Campaign of 1998–2001, an initiative that drew the active support of thousands of students, faculty, and alumni, including the late Senator Ted Kennedy. Some of Rudenstine’s frustration stemmed from a sit-in organized by students and alumni, which occupied administrative offices, including his, for more than two weeks, slowing University business.[18] Listening to the community, Rudenstine formed an Ad Hoc Committee on Employment Policies at Harvard, which surveyed employment practices and delivered a report to the President. The committee cited the university’s strong record as an employer and recommended additional measures to build on the University’s offerings for employees, which Rudenstine endorsed and advocated for during the remainder of his tenure.[19]In November 1994, the University announced that Rudenstine would take a medical leave of absence on the advice of doctors, who noted that he was suffering from severe fatigue and exhaustion. At the time, Rudenstine described the decision to take a leave as one he made with “the greatest reluctance.”[20] He took a three-month leave of absence, during which provost Albert Carnesale served as acting president. Rudenstine returned from his absence in February 1994 and went on to serve seven more years until stepping down in 2001.[21][22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARTstor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARTstor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"Rudenstine now chairs the Advisory Board for ARTstor and teaches a yearly freshman seminar in 20th-century poetry at Harvard.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Pointing Our Thoughts: Reflections on Harvard and Higher Education, 1991–2001 (2001)\nThe House of Barnes: The Man, the Collection, the Controversy (2012)\nIdeas of Order: A Close Reading of Shakespeare's Sonnets (2014)","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmanuel College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Richard Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Levin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Council on Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_on_Education"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"Committee for Economic Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Economic_Development"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"College Entrance Examination Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Entrance_Examination_Board"},{"link_name":"New York Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Barnes Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_Foundation"}],"text":"Rudenstine is an honorary Fellow of New College, Oxford and Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, and Provost Emeritus at Princeton University. In 1998, as president of Harvard University, Rudenstine was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Oxford, in a ceremony in which the president of Yale University, Richard Levin, was also honored.[24]Rudenstine is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a former director of the American Council on Education, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the American Philosophical Society, and the Committee for Economic Development.[25]Rudenstine has been a member of various advisory groups, including the National Commission on Preservation and Access and the Council on Library Resources. He has also served as a trustee of the College Entrance Examination Board and the Wooster School, of which he is a graduate. He serves on the boards of the New York Public Library, the Goldman Sachs Foundation, the Barnes Foundation, and many others in the United States and in Europe.","title":"Memberships and affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelica Zander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelica_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Rudenstine is married to Angelica Zander, an art historian. They have three children and four grandchildren.[26]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/rudenstine-neil-leon.html","url_text":"The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed"}]},{"reference":"Butterfield, Fox (March 25, 1991). \"MAN IN THE NEWS; Top Man at Harvard: Neil Leon Rudenstine\". New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/25/us/man-in-the-news-top-man-at-harvard-neil-leon-rudenstine.html","url_text":"\"MAN IN THE NEWS; Top Man at Harvard: Neil Leon Rudenstine\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bWdKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1ZMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6527,3683520&dq=neil+rudenstine+father+mother&hl=en","url_text":"\"The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"Schoffman, Stuart (7 November 2006). \"Jerusalem at Harvard\". JUF News. Retrieved 23 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juf.org/news/local.aspx?id=10582","url_text":"\"Jerusalem at Harvard\""}]},{"reference":"Rudenstine, Neil Leon (1956). \"The Burden of Poetry: A Study in the Art of John Keats, Matthew Arnold and Thomas Stearns Eliot\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/handle/88435/dsp01k3569582d","url_text":"\"The Burden of Poetry: A Study in the Art of John Keats, Matthew Arnold and Thomas Stearns Eliot\""}]},{"reference":"Rudenstine, Neil Leon (1964). Sir Philip Sidney: The styles of love (Ph.D.). Harvard University. OCLC 76996224 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/302132211/","url_text":"Sir Philip Sidney: The styles of love"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76996224","url_text":"76996224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest","url_text":"ProQuest"}]},{"reference":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\". Harvard Gazette. 2000-05-25. Retrieved 2022-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2000/05/rudenstine-leaving-presidency-in-2001/","url_text":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\". Harvard Gazette. 2000-05-25. Retrieved 2022-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2000/05/rudenstine-leaving-presidency-in-2001/","url_text":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Mild-Mannered Man: President Rudenstine's First Year \| News \| The Harvard Crimson\". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2022-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/5/22/rudenstine-first-year-1992/","url_text":"\"A Mild-Mannered Man: President Rudenstine's First Year \| News \| The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Final Word on Neil Rudenstine \| News \| The Harvard Crimson\". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2022-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/5/9/the-final-word-on-neil-rudenstine/","url_text":"\"The Final Word on Neil Rudenstine \| News \| The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\". Harvard Gazette. 2000-05-25. Retrieved 2022-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2000/05/rudenstine-leaving-presidency-in-2001/","url_text":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Final Word on Neil Rudenstine \| News \| The Harvard Crimson\". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2022-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/5/9/the-final-word-on-neil-rudenstine/","url_text":"\"The Final Word on Neil Rudenstine \| News \| The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\". Harvard Gazette. 25 May 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2000/05/rudenstine-leaving-presidency-in-2001/","url_text":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, John (1 July 2001). \"A Rudenstine Retrospective\". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2001/07/a-rudenstine-retrospecti-html","url_text":"\"A Rudenstine Retrospective\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\". Harvard Gazette. 25 May 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2000/05/rudenstine-leaving-presidency-in-2001/","url_text":"\"Rudenstine leaving presidency in 2001\""}]},{"reference":"Ferdin, Pamela (5 May 2001). \"Harvard Sit-In For 'Living Wage' Divides Campus\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/05/05/harvard-sit-in-for-living-wage-divides-campus/8a5ede05-73d9-47ed-abae-ddd44658507f/","url_text":"\"Harvard Sit-In For 'Living Wage' Divides Campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rudenstine praises far-reaching recommendations\". The Harvard Gazette. 4 May 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2000/05/rudenstine-praises-far-reaching-recommendations/","url_text":"\"Rudenstine praises far-reaching recommendations\""}]},{"reference":"The Crimson Staff (29 November 1994). \"Rudenstine Takes Leave\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1994/11/29/rudenstine-takes-leave-pin-an-unexpected/#:~:text=In%20an%20unexpected%20move%2C%20the,for%20at%20least%20several%20weeks.","url_text":"\"Rudenstine Takes Leave\""}]},{"reference":"Braunstein, Todd (16 February 1995). \"President to Return in a Week \| News \| the Harvard Crimson\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1995/2/16/president-to-return-in-a-week/","url_text":"\"President to Return in a Week \| News \| the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Presidents & Inaugurations\". Harvard Library Archives. Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://guides.library.harvard.edu/hua/harvardpresidentsandinaugurations","url_text":"\"Harvard Presidents & Inaugurations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freshman Seminars \| Arts & Humanities Division\". Archived from the original on 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171006154241/https://artsandhumanities.fas.harvard.edu/freshmen-seminar","url_text":"\"Freshman Seminars \| Arts & Humanities Division\""},{"url":"https://artsandhumanities.fas.harvard.edu/freshmen-seminar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yale Bulletin and Calendar - News\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018033039/http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v27.n15/story6.html","url_text":"\"Yale Bulletin and Calendar - News\""},{"url":"http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v27.n15/story6.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hale, Frank W. (2004). What Makes Racial Diversity Work in Higher Education: Academic Leaders Present Successful Policies and Strategies. Stylus Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9781579220679.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YS8hx__Q7V8C&q=Angelica+Zander++Rudenstine&pg=PA60","url_text":"What Makes Racial Diversity Work in Higher Education: Academic Leaders Present Successful Policies and Strategies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579220679","url_text":"9781579220679"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/302132211/","external_links_name":"Sir Philip Sidney: The styles of love"},{"Link":"http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/rudenstine-neil-leon.html","external_links_name":"The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/25/us/man-in-the-news-top-man-at-harvard-neil-leon-rudenstine.html","external_links_name":"\"MAN IN THE NEWS; Top Man at Harvard: Neil Leon Rudenstine\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bWdKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1ZMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6527,3683520&dq=neil+rudenstine+father+mother&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"The Telegraph - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwal_and_Leck	Conwal and Leck	["1 Places of worship","2 Burial grounds","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Parish in County Donegal, Ireland St Eunan's Cathedral Conwal and Leck (Irish: Conbháil agus Leac) is a parish located in north-east County Donegal, Province of Ulster, Ireland. It covers west Letterkenny and the surrounding hinterland. The parish has approximately 10,000 inhabitants and 1,000 families. Early records of ecclesiastical settlement at Conwal are dated in the Annals of Ulster around 914 AD. New Zealand politician John Chilton Lambton Carter was born in Conwal. Places of worship New Leck Cemetery The Cathedral of St Eunan and St Columba, the only Catholic cathedral in the county, is located in the parish. The parish priests are The Very Reverend Eamonn Kelly; Monsignor Kevin Gillespie and The Reverend Philip Kemmy, CC. Conwal Parish Church is the Anglican church in the parish and Trinity Hall is the Presbyterian church in the parish. Burial grounds Conwal Cemetery There are two cemeteries in the parish. Conwal Cemetery dates from 1795 and is located on the Letterkenny to Churchill road. New Leck cemetery, located in the Oldtown area, dates from 1978 and is a relatively modern cemetery. Old Leck cemetery is located not too far away and contains a ruined church and has been in existence since 1797. Godfrey O'Donnell, who is buried in old Conwal Cemetery, died as a result of wounds inflicted in battle around 1256. See also List of towns in the Republic of Ireland References ^ "Contact Us \| St. Eunan's Cathedral, Letterkenny Co. Donegal". ^ Diocese of Raphoe homepage ^ "Church Ruins". Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2008. External links Conwal and Leck on CatholicIreland.net This article related to the geography of County Donegal, Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LetterkennyCathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Eunan's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Eunan_and_St_Columba"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"County Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"Province of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Letterkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterkenny"},{"link_name":"Annals of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"John Chilton Lambton Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chilton_Lambton_Carter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"St Eunan's CathedralConwal and Leck (Irish: Conbháil agus Leac) is a parish located in north-east County Donegal, Province of Ulster, Ireland. It covers west Letterkenny and the surrounding hinterland. The parish has approximately 10,000 inhabitants and 1,000 families.Early records of ecclesiastical settlement at Conwal are dated in the Annals of Ulster around 914 AD. New Zealand politician John Chilton Lambton Carter was born in Conwal.[citation needed]","title":"Conwal and Leck"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leck_Graveyard.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St Eunan and St Columba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Eunan_and_St_Columba"},{"link_name":"The Very Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Very_Reverend"},{"link_name":"Monsignor Kevin Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Gillespie_(Monsignor)"},{"link_name":"The Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reverend"},{"link_name":"Conwal Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwal_Parish_Church_(Church_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"New Leck CemeteryThe Cathedral of St Eunan and St Columba, the only Catholic cathedral in the county, is located in the parish. The parish priests are The Very Reverend Eamonn Kelly; Monsignor Kevin Gillespie and The Reverend Philip Kemmy, CC. Conwal Parish Church is the Anglican church in the parish and Trinity Hall is the Presbyterian church in the parish.[1]","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conwal_Graveyard_Letterkenny.JPG"},{"link_name":"Conwal Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwal_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Conwal Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwal_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill,_County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oldtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtown,_Letterkenny"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Conwal CemeteryThere are two cemeteries in the parish. Conwal Cemetery dates from 1795 and is located on the Letterkenny to Churchill road.[2] New Leck cemetery, located in the Oldtown area, dates from 1978 and is a relatively modern cemetery. Old Leck cemetery is located not too far away and contains a ruined church and has been in existence since 1797.[3]Godfrey O'Donnell, who is buried in old Conwal Cemetery, died as a result of wounds inflicted in battle around 1256.[citation needed]","title":"Burial grounds"}]	[{"image_text":"St Eunan's Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/LetterkennyCathedral.jpg/180px-LetterkennyCathedral.jpg"},{"image_text":"New Leck Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Leck_Graveyard.JPG/200px-Leck_Graveyard.JPG"},{"image_text":"Conwal Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Conwal_Graveyard_Letterkenny.JPG/200px-Conwal_Graveyard_Letterkenny.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of towns in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]	[{"reference":"\"Contact Us \| St. Eunan's Cathedral, Letterkenny Co. Donegal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.steunanscathedral.ie/contact-us/","url_text":"\"Contact Us \| St. Eunan's Cathedral, Letterkenny Co. Donegal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church Ruins\". Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080504173631/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~donegal/oldleckgy.htm","url_text":"\"Church Ruins\""},{"url":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~donegal/oldleckgy.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.steunanscathedral.ie/contact-us/","external_links_name":"\"Contact Us \| St. Eunan's Cathedral, Letterkenny Co. Donegal\""},{"Link":"http://www.raphoediocese.com/","external_links_name":"Diocese of Raphoe homepage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080504173631/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~donegal/oldleckgy.htm","external_links_name":"\"Church Ruins\""},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~donegal/oldleckgy.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071117104713/http://www.catholicireland.net/parishes/parishdetails.php?ID=1162","external_links_name":"Conwal and Leck on CatholicIreland.net"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conwal_and_Leck&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)	Warmians (ethnic group)	["1 History","2 Notes","3 References"]	Ethnic group from Warmia, Poland Not to be confused with Warmians. For the village, see Warmiak, Masovian Voivodeship. Ethnic group WarmiansWarmiacy (Polish)Ermländer (German)Group of women in 1920s, wearing traditional Warmian clothesRegions with significant populationsPoland (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship), GermanyLanguagesPolish (Warmian subdialect)GermanReligionRoman CatholicismRelated ethnic groupsPoles Warmians are a Polish ethnic group from Warmia. Most of them are Roman Catholic and speak in the Warmian subdialect of Polish or the High Prussian or Low Prussian dialects of German. History Between the 14th and 17th centuries, settlers from northern, Mazovia moved to former territories of Old Prussians, following conquests by the Teutonic Order, and the erection of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. The bishopric of Warmia became in 1466 an autonomous part of Royal Prussia, and remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772 when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia (see: Partitions of Poland). While the Mazurs in the neighboring Ducal Prussia became Protestants when Duchy adopted Lutheranism in the 16th century, most Warmiaks, populating the areas around Olsztyn, remained Catholics. During World War II, the Warmiaks were persecuted by the Nazi German government, which wanted to erase all aspects of Polish culture and Polish language in Warmia. After the war, due to their Polish roots, they were not victims of the large-scale expulsion of Germans, but over the course of time, large numbers of Warmiaks decided to leave their native land and settle in more prosperous West Germany, exercising their right to German citizenship granted by the Basic Law as citizens or their descendants of inhabitants of Germany in the borders of 1937. Notes ^ Polish: Warmiacy, singular: Warmiak; German: Ermlander References ^ Łukasz Ruch: Moja i ich gwara, in: Variart, March 2016. p. 4-5. ^ a b c d S. Achremczyk: Warmia, Olsztyn 2000. ^ a b c d S. Achremczyk: Historia Warmii i Mazur, Olsztyn 1997 vteSlavic ethnic groupsEast Slavs Alaskan Creoles Belarusians Belarusian Latvians Belarusian Lithuanians Belarusian Poles Belarusian Russians Karyms Gurans Molokans Podlashuks Poleshuks Russians Albazinians Cossacks Albazinians Baikal Cossacks Don Cossacks Kuban Cossacks Nekrasov Cossacks Siberian Cossacks Terek Cossacks Greben Cossacks Doukhobors Goryuns Harbin Russians Kamchadals Kamenschiks Lipovans Polekhs Pomors Semeiskie Siberians Starozhily Rus’ people Rusyns Lemkos Boykos Hutsuls Pannonian Rusyns Rusyn Romanians Ukrainians Zaporozhian Cossacks → Kuban Cossacks Hutsuls Boykos Podolyans Volga Bulgarians Litvins West Slavs Chodové Czechs Gorals Silesian Gorals Kashubians Gochans Krubans Slovincians Lechites Masurians Moravians Poles Bambers Borderlands Poles Bug River Poles Greater Poland people Kaliszans Taśtaks Kociewians Kurpies Lasovians Łęczycans Lesser Poland people Masovians Łowiczans Międzyrzec Boyars Poborzans Polish Uplanders Russian Poles Sącz Lachs Sieradzans Warmians Obotrites Ruhrpolen Silesians Cieszyn Vlachs Slovaks Sorbs Lower Sorbs Wends Texas Wends Upper Sorbs South Slavs Bosniaks Bosniak Albanians Bosniak Croatians Bosniak Kosovars Bosniak Montenegrins Bosniak Serbians Bulgarians Anatolian Bulgarians Banat Bulgarians Bessarabian Bulgarians Bulgarian Albanians Bulgarian Croatians Bulgarian Hungarians Bulgarian Italians Macedonian Bulgarians Pomaks Thracian Bulgarians Croats Bunjevci Burgenland Croats Croat Muslims Janjevci Krashovani Molise Croats Šokci Gorani Macedonians Albanian Macedonians Bulgarian Macedonians Mijaks Torbeši Montenegrins Ethnic Muslims Resians Serbs Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs Kosovo Serbs Macedonian Serbs Montenegrin Serbs Croatian Serbs Vojvodina Serbs Serb Muslims Shopi Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia Slovenes Carinthian Slovenes Croatian Slovenes Hungarian Slovenes Italian Slovenes Prekmurje Slovenes Venetian Slavs Yugoslavs vteEthnic groups in PolandPolesGreater Poland people Kaliszans Kuyavians Kuyavian Borowiaks Taśtaks Lesser Poland people Cracovians Lasovians Lublinians Sandomierzans Masovians Łowiczans Kurpie Masurians Międzyrzec Boyars Poborzans Podlachians Borderlands Poles Bug River Poles Others Bambers Kociewians Łęczycans Polish Uplanders Sieradzans Warmians Gorals Sącz Lachs Silesian Gorals Kashubians Gochs Krubans Slovincians Silesians Cieszyn Vlachs Other Slavic Belarusians Czechs Lemkos Macedonians Podlashuks Poleshuks Rusyns Boykos Russians Sorbs Ukrainians Germanic Dutch Olenders English Germans Galician Germans Pomeranians Vistula Germans Walddeutsche Vilamovians Others Africans Armenians Bangladeshis Circassians Crimean Karaites Filipinos Georgians Greeks Hungarians Indians Italians Jews Koreans Lithuanians Locals Nepalis Romani Bergitka Roma Polska Roma Scots Tatars Turks Vietnamese This Polish history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This German history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warmians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmians"},{"link_name":"Warmiak, Masovian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmiak,_Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Warmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmia"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Warmian subdialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmian_subdialect"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"High Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Low Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Warmians.For the village, see Warmiak, Masovian Voivodeship.Ethnic groupWarmians[a] are a Polish ethnic group from Warmia. Most of them are Roman Catholic and speak in the Warmian subdialect of Polish or the High Prussian or Low Prussian dialects of German.[1]","title":"Warmians (ethnic group)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mazovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazovia"},{"link_name":"Old Prussians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Prussians"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order"},{"link_name":"Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_state_of_the_Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa2-4"},{"link_name":"bishopric of Warmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Warmia"},{"link_name":"Royal Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Mazurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazurian_ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"Ducal Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducal_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Olsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsztyn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa2-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Warmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa2-4"},{"link_name":"expulsion of Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Basic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa2-4"}],"text":"Between the 14th and 17th centuries, settlers from northern, Mazovia moved to former territories of Old Prussians, following conquests by the Teutonic Order, and the erection of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights.[2][3]The bishopric of Warmia became in 1466 an autonomous part of Royal Prussia, and remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772 when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia (see: Partitions of Poland). While the Mazurs in the neighboring Ducal Prussia became Protestants when Duchy adopted Lutheranism in the 16th century, most Warmiaks, populating the areas around Olsztyn, remained Catholics.[2][3]During World War II, the Warmiaks were persecuted by the Nazi German government, which wanted to erase all aspects of Polish culture and Polish language in Warmia.[2][3]After the war, due to their Polish roots, they were not victims of the large-scale expulsion of Germans, but over the course of time, large numbers of Warmiaks decided to leave their native land and settle in more prosperous West Germany, exercising their right to German citizenship granted by the Basic Law as citizens or their descendants of inhabitants of Germany in the borders of 1937.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"^ Polish: Warmiacy, singular: Warmiak; German: Ermlander","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://archiwum.wbp.olsztyn.pl/publikacje/variart/variart032016.pdf","external_links_name":"Moja i ich gwara"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warmians_(ethnic_group)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warmians_(ethnic_group)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydisheh	Aydisheh	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 36°53′10″N 46°16′42″E / 36.88611°N 46.27833°E / 36.88611; 46.27833Village in West Azerbaijan, IranAydisheh ايديشهvillageAydishehCoordinates: 36°53′10″N 46°16′42″E / 36.88611°N 46.27833°E / 36.88611; 46.27833Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyMiandoabBakhshBaruqRural DistrictBaruqPopulation (2006) • Total831Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Aydisheh (Persian: ايديشه, also Romanized as Āydīsheh) is a village in Baruq Rural District, Baruq District, Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 831, in 185 families. References ^ Aydisheh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3849350" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Miandoab CountyCapital Miandoab DistrictsCentralCities Miandoab Rural Districts and villagesMarhemetabad Agricultural Station Gug Tappeh-ye Khaleseh Gug Tappeh-ye Laleh Hasan Kandi Hasel Qubi-ye Afshar Hasel Qubi-ye Amirabad Kaniyeh Sar Shahrak-e Uch Tappeh-ye Kord Tazeh Kand-e Hasel-e Qubi Uch Tappeh-ye Kord Uch Tappeh-ye Qaleh Yaqin Ali Tappeh Zanjirabad Marhemetabad-e Jonubi(South Marhemetabad) Chelik Chughanlu Dash Tappeh Gerdeh Rash Heyran Ilanlu Tappeh Jafarabad-e Chelik Kurabad Lalaklu Malekabad Marvan Kandi Nabikandi Nezamabad Qaleh Bozorg Qareh Papaq Shakur Kandi Tappeh Rash Tappeh Saremi Tazeh Kand-e Lalaklu Mokriyan-e Shomali(North Mokriyan) Armanak-e Olya Armanak-e Sofla Bafarvan Dalek Dash Deh Mansur Deh-e Veys Aqa Dowlatabad Esmail Kandi Ganjabad Gerdeh Qol Gezelan Hajji Hasan Howbeh-ye Kukhan Jafarabad Kheyrabad Kukhan Mahabad Agricultural Training Camp Mansur Kandi Marjanabad Molla Kandi Qeshlaq-e Hajji Hasan Qeshlaq-e Talkhab Qeshlaq-e Zeynal Kandi Qez Qaleh Qol Hasan Rasulabad Shirin Ab Sistak-e Olya Talkhab Tazeh Kand Zangiabad Zeynal Kandi Zarrineh Rud Ali Beyglu Bagtash Davahchi Eslam Tappeh Hajji Hasan-e Khaleseh Hajji Hasan-e Olya Jarchelu Javad Hesari Kusehlar-e Olya Kusehlar-e Sofla Qermez Khalifeh-ye Olya Qermez Khalifeh-ye Sofla Qodrat Kandi Satelmish-e Mohammadabad Satelmish-e Mohammadlu Satelmish-e Tupkhaneh Tazeh Kand-e Hajj Hasan Yarijan-e Khaleseh Yarijan-e Olya Yarijan-e Sofla Zarrineh Rud-e Jonubi (South Zarrineh Rud) Asgarabad Ebrahimabad Gavmish Goli Gug Jalu Hoseynabad-e Qaleh Khan Kandi Mahargan Brick Company Moshirabad Qabagh Kandi Sabzi Sarchenar Shahrak-e Sadd-e Nowruzlu Shinabad Sowgoli Tappeh Zarrineh Rud-e Shomali (North Zarrineh Rud) Hajji Behzad Hasanabad Heydarabad Jafarabad Mamahdel Miandoab Industrial Estate Molla Shahab ol Din Mozaffarabad Nasir Kandi Qareh Tappeh Qaryaghdi Shabiluy-e Olya Shabiluy-e Sofla Valiabad BaruqCities Baruq Rural Districts and villagesAjorluy-ye Gharbi(West Ajorluy) Agh Bolagh Ahmadabad-e Qashqaguz Bash Achiq Bash Bolagh Chakher Ahmad Esmail Kandi Eyshgeh Gowzluy-e Olya Gowzluy-e Sofla Jabiglu Jan Aqa Malhamlu Masjed Qareh Bughaz Qatar Dash Qavaqlu Qoroqchi Sowghanchi Tak Aghaj Yalaklu Yeli Bolagh Yengejeh Zaranji Ajorluy-ye Sharqi(East Ajorluy) Aman Kandi Aqkand Arbat-e Olya Arbat-e Sofla Atdarrahsi Badamlu Boyuk Bolagh Gowzalli Guy Kharabeh Hajji Kandi Hesarlu Heydar Baghi Mameh Kandi Mohammadqoli Qeshlaq Nokhtalu Owlamchi Petaklu Qamishlu Quri Daraq Tazeh Kand Urta Daraq Yasti Kand Yengi Kand Zagheh Baruq Ali Bolaghi Ali Yar Kandi Amirabad Aq Kand-e Baruq Aydisheh Chali Khamaz Dash Alti Gol Soleymanabad Hamid Mirza Nezam Nader Goli Nowruzlu Qareh Saqqal Qatar Qermezi Bolagh Qeshlaq-e Nowruzlu Sayenjeq Shurjeh Baruq Shurjeh Kord MarhemetabadCities Chahar Borj Rural Districts and villagesMarhemetabad-e Miyani(Central Marhemetabad) Eslamabad Fesenduz Firuzabad Kord Kandi Moradkhanlu Qareh Qowzlu Marhemetabad-e Shomali(North Marhemetabad) Aghdash Ebrahim Hesari Khazineh Anbar-e Jadid Khazineh Anbar-e Qadim Mansurabad Qepchaq Shabanlu Uzun Owbeh Iran portal This Miandoab County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Baruq Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruq_Rural_District_(West_Azerbaijan_Province)"},{"link_name":"Baruq District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruq_District"},{"link_name":"Miandoab County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miandoab_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranAydisheh (Persian: ايديشه, also Romanized as Āydīsheh)[1] is a village in Baruq Rural District, Baruq District, Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 831, in 185 families.[2]","title":"Aydisheh"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aydisheh&params=36_53_10_N_46_16_42_E_region:IR_type:city(831)","external_links_name":"36°53′10″N 46°16′42″E / 36.88611°N 46.27833°E / 36.88611; 46.27833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aydisheh&params=36_53_10_N_46_16_42_E_region:IR_type:city(831)","external_links_name":"36°53′10″N 46°16′42″E / 36.88611°N 46.27833°E / 36.88611; 46.27833"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aydisheh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Hurley	Katie Hurley	["1 Early life","2 Political and civic life","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	American politician (1921–2021) Katie HurleyKatie Hurley speaking at the University of Alaska Fairbanks in March 2013 as part of a panel discussing the history of the Alaska Legislature.Member of the Alaska House of Representativesfrom the 16-A districtIn officeJanuary 21, 1985 – January 18, 1987Preceded byBarbara LacherSucceeded byCurtis D. Menard Personal detailsBornOlga Katherine Torkelsen(1921-03-30)March 30, 1921Juneau, AlaskaDiedFebruary 21, 2021(2021-02-21) (aged 99)Portland, OregonPolitical partyDemocraticSpouse(s)Joe Alexander (m. 1944), Jim Hurley (m. 1960)ChildrenDavid Alexander, Susan Alexander Derrera, Mary Hurley HilowitzAlma materBehnke-Walker Business College Olga Katherine Torkelsen Hurley (March 30, 1921 – February 21, 2021) was the secretary to Alaska Territorial Governor Ernest Gruening from 1944 until his departure from office in 1953. She was Chief Clerk to the Alaska Constitutional Convention from 1955 to 1956 and the secretary to the State Senate for five terms. In 1984, she was elected to seat 16-A in the Alaska House, serving until January 1987. Early life Hurley was born in Juneau, the daughter of Norwegian immigrants, her father was a fisherman and a carpenter. She attended Juneau High School and she was the salutatorian of her class. She attended Behnke-Walker Business College in Portland, Oregon. She joined the staff of Territorial Governor Ernest Gruening as a stenographer/clerk in 1940, when she was 19. She became a governor's assistant in 1941. She was married in 1944 and then became the executive secretary to the governor that year, even working while she was pregnant, until Gruening's departure from his post in 1953. Political and civic life Hurley, then known as Katherine T. Alexander, is seen at right front as part of a greeting party at Juneau Municipal Airport, meeting arriving delegates to the 1956 territorial convention of the Alaska Federation of Women's Clubs. Mildred Hermann, at left rear, was also a member of the welcoming group. Hurley became the Secretary of the Territorial Senate, then the Chief Clerk to Alaska's Constitutional Convention in 1955–1956. After Alaska became a state, she became the Secretary of the State Senate for five sessions. Hurley served as the president of the State Board of Education for seven years and was the executive director of the Alaska Women's Commission for three years. She was the president of the National Federation of Federal Employees. She was on the Statehood Transitional Staff of Governor William A. Egan in 1959–1960. Hurley won the Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor in 1978, the first woman ever to win a statewide election in Alaska, joining the ticket of Democratic gubernatorial candidate, Anchorage attorney Chancy Croft. In 1984, she won Mat-Su valley House seat 16-A, chaired the State Affairs Committee, and, was a member of the House Education Committee. She served on the Alaska Judicial Council. She was elected to the Matanuska Electric Association board. She was the Chair of the Alaska Commission for Human Rights, the state Personnel Board and, for nine years, the Matanuska Telephone Association's board of directors. She lost her state house seat to Republican Curtis Menard in 1986. In 2006, at 85 years old, rather than allow Vic Kohring, a Republican suspected of a felony, to run unopposed, she ran again for the Alaska house but lost, despite Kohring's burgeoning legal problems. She also was the executive director of the Alaska Commission on the Status of Women and the President of the State Board of Education for seven years. She was inducted into the Alaska Women's Hall of Fame in 2009. Personal life Hurley was married to Joe Alexander in 1944; they had two children, David and Susan. In 1960, she married Jim Hurley, a delegate to the Alaska Constitutional Convention and a member of the first state legislature. They had a daughter, Mary. They moved to Palmer in 1960, purchased the office of the Alaska Title Guaranty company and later moved to the shore of Wasilla Lake in 1963. They divorced some time after that. Katie Hurley was the organist for St. David's Episcopal Church in Wasilla for decades. In 2001, she received the Dot Jones award, named for the first woman mayor of the Mat-Su Borough. In 2009, she was inducted into the Alaska Women's Hall of Fame. She died near family in a private memory care facility in Portland, Oregon where she lived the final years of her life. Her passage left delegate and former Alaska state senator Vic Fischer as the only living participant in the state's Constitutional Convention. References ^ Committee Member Information, Alaska Legislature, 1985. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ Hurley Creating Alaska Oral History Interview Katie Hurley, University of Alaska, Office of Public History, Dr. Terrence Cole, February 4, 2004. Retrieved September 8, 2020. ^ 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature – Katie Hurley, Alaska Legislature. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ FBI surveillance audio: Vic Kohring trial, Anchorage Daily News, David Hulen, October 29, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ Alaska Women's Hall of Fame, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2019. ^ Katie Hurley, Alaska Public Media and had another daughter, Mary. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ^ Flags Lowered Thursday For James Hurley, Stories in the news – Ketchikan, June 6, 2002. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ^ Award named after exceptional leader, The Frontiersman, Sammy Pokryfki, October 30, 2001. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ^ Katie Hurley, Alaska Women's Hall of Fame, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ^ Katie Hurley, Alaska political figure dating back to territorial days, has died at age 99, Anchorage Daily News, Tess Williams, February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021. ^ Vic Fischer – delegate to Alaska’s constitutional convention, Alaska Magazine, Alexander Deedy, October 9, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2021. External links Katie Hurley at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature Katie Hurley interview 360 North – Alaska Pioneers – Katie Video vteAlaska Women's Hall of FameClassof 2009 Changunak Antisarlook Andrewuk (Sinrock Mary) Evangeline Atwood Lydia Black Rita (Pitka) Blumenstein Tikasuk "Emily" Brown (Ivanoff) Thelma Buchholdt Edith Bullock Susan Butcher Ellen "Nellie" Cashman Orah Dee Clark Carol Comeau Marvel Crosson Mahala Ashley Dickerson Neva Egan Dana Fabe Kay Fanning Helen Fischer Lucy Frey Nora Venes Guinn Dorothy Awes Haaland Lorene Harrison Cornelia Hatcher Mildred Robinson Hermann Frances Howard Celia Hunter Katie Hurley Sarah Agnes James Ruth Jefford Della Keats Lena Morrow Lewis Wilda Marston Blanche L. McSmith Rie Muñoz Lisa Murkowski Sadie Neakok Katherine Nordale Sarah Palin Elizabeth Peratrovich Sisters of Providence Mary Louise Rasmuson Irene Ryan Grace Berg Schaible Nell Scott Lidia Selkregg Natalya Shelikof Arliss Sturgulewski Dora M. Sweeney Fran Ulmer Ada Wien Esther Wunnicke Classof 2010 Alberta Daisy Schenck Adams Alice Brown Nora Marks Dauenhauer (Keixwnéi) Bettye J. Davis Hazel P. Heath Shirley Holloway Marlene Johnson (Slath Jaa Klaa Lákooti) Georgianna Lincoln Ethel Lund (Aan Wugeex’) Marge Mullen Helen Nienhueser Jo Ryman Scott Mary Taylor "Tay" Pryor Thomas Elizabeth Ann "Betsy" Tower Virginia "Ginny" Hill Wood Classof 2011 Elaine Abraham Katharine "Kit" Crittenden Betti Cuddy Nan Elaine "Lanie" Fleischer Joerene Savikko Hout Lael Morgan Ruth Elin Hall Ost Leah Webster Peterson Martha M. Roderick Clare Swan Peg Tileston Helen Stoddard Whaley Caroline Wohlforth Patricia B. Wolf Classof 2012 Audrey Aanes Gretchen T. Bersch Connie Boochever Carolyn Floyd Wilda G. "Burch" Hudson Carolyn E. Jones Louise Kellogg Ellen Evak Paneok Sharon Richards Irene Sparks Rowan Lisa Howell Starr Rudd Susan L. Ruddy Hannah Paul Solomon Pauline Utter Rosita Worl Leonie von Meusebach–Zesch Classof 2013 Arne (Buckley) Beltz Judith "Judy" (King) Brady Daphne Elizabeth Brown Carolyn (Huntsman) Covington Diddy R. M. (Seyd) Hitchins Karen L. (Lueck) Hunt Joan Hurst Dorothy M. (Knee) Jones Jewel Jones Mary Joyce Thelma (Perse) Langdon Emily Morgan Ruth E. Moulton Marie (Matsuno) Nash S. Anne Newell Classof 2014 Eleanor Andrews Jane Ruth Angvik Beverly D. Dunham Mary Jane (Evans) Fate Katie John V. Kay Lahdenpera Janie Leask (Gyetm Wilgoosk) Kay Muriel (Townsend) Linton Jane Vallett Sutherland Niebergall Verna E. Pratt Barbara Sweetland Smith Francine Conat Lastufka Taylor Gertrude M. Wolfe Classof 2015 Laura Mae (Beltz) Bergt Daisy Lee (Andersen) Bitter L. Arlene "Buddy" Clay Lucy Evelyn (Huie Hon) Cuddy Marie (Hanna) Darlin Dolly Farnsworth Alice Johnstone Alice Dove (Montgomery) Kull Marie (Nick) Meade (Arnaq) Ramona Gail (McIver) Phillips Ruth Anne Marie Schmidt Ann Mary (Cherrington) Stevens Elvera Voth Classof 2016 Annie Aghnaqa (Akeya) Alowa Kathleen Dalton Sandy Harper Juanita Lou Helms Crystal Brilliant Jenne Margy K. Johnson Eliza Peter Jones Anne P. Lanier Janet McCabe Jo Michalski Alice Petrivelli Shirley Mae Staten Nancy Sydnam Classof 2017 Dixie Johnson Belcher Katheryn Brown Paula Easly Elizabeth Fuller Elsner Kay Muriel Townsend Linton Tennys Thornton Bowers Owens Elizabeth Parent Cathryn Robertson Rasmuson Teri May Laws Rokfar Elsa Saladino Malapit Sargento Kathryn Dyakanoff Seller Ann Mary Cherrington Stevens Carol Swartz Classof 2018 Poldine Carlo Jeanmarie Larson Crumb Frederica de Laguna Mary Laurie Espinosa Epperson Alice Stevenson Green Lorrie Louise Angelo Horning Mary Lou King Margaret Lowe Edna Ahgeak MacLean Dorothy G. Page Michelle Ridgeway Beatrice Rose Classof 2019 Virginia Blanchard Marie Qaqaun Carroll Heather Flynn Abigale Hensley Beverly Hoffman Mary K. Hughes Roxanna Lawer Vera Metcalf Mary Pete Margaret Pugh Classof 2020 Monica M Anderson Reyne Marie Athanas Sarah Eliassen April S. Ferguson Maragret Norma (Campbell) Goodman Ann “Nancy” (Desmond) Gross Karleen (Alstead) Grummett Jennifer “Jane” Wainwright Mears Peggy Mullen Sandy Poulson Frances Helaine Rose Judith “Judi” Anne Slajer Classof 2021 Agnes Coyle Brideen Crawford Milner Linda Curda Lynn E. Hartz Ermalee Hickel Barbara Hood Lucille Hope Margaret Murie Cindy Roberts Mary Ann Warden Classof 2022 Barbara Berner Pat Branson Etheldra Davis Shirley Fraser Brenda Itta-Lee DeeDee Ann Stout Jonrowe Becky Parker Karen Perdue Sheila Toomey Roxy Wright Classof 2023 Adelheid Becker carolyn V. Brown Victoria D'Amico Hiroko Harada Dorothy Isabell Ada Johnson Diane Kaplan Mary Navitsky Esther Petrie Libby Riddles Martha Rutherford	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernest Gruening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gruening"},{"link_name":"Alaska Constitutional Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Constitutional_Convention"}],"text":"Olga Katherine Torkelsen Hurley (March 30, 1921 – February 21, 2021) was the secretary to Alaska Territorial Governor Ernest Gruening from 1944 until his departure from office in 1953. She was Chief Clerk to the Alaska Constitutional Convention from 1955 to 1956 and the secretary to the State Senate for five terms. In 1984, she was elected to seat 16-A in the Alaska House, serving until January 1987.","title":"Katie Hurley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"Juneau High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneau-Douglas_High_School"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ernest Gruening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gruening"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hurley was born in Juneau, the daughter of Norwegian immigrants, her father was a fisherman and a carpenter. She attended Juneau High School and she was the salutatorian of her class. She attended Behnke-Walker Business College in Portland, Oregon.[1] She joined the staff of Territorial Governor Ernest Gruening as a stenographer/clerk in 1940, when she was 19. She became a governor's assistant in 1941. She was married in 1944 and then became the executive secretary to the governor that year, even working while she was pregnant, until Gruening's departure from his post in 1953.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greeting_party_from_Juneau_and_Douglas_delegations,_1956_Alaska_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs_convention.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juneau Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneau_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Women's Clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs"},{"link_name":"Mildred Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Hermann"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Chancy Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancy_Croft"},{"link_name":"Mat-Su valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanuska-Susitna_Valley"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vic Kohring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Kohring"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alaska Women's Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hurley, then known as Katherine T. Alexander, is seen at right front as part of a greeting party at Juneau Municipal Airport, meeting arriving delegates to the 1956 territorial convention of the Alaska Federation of Women's Clubs. Mildred Hermann, at left rear, was also a member of the welcoming group.Hurley became the Secretary of the Territorial Senate, then the Chief Clerk to Alaska's Constitutional Convention in 1955–1956. After Alaska became a state, she became the Secretary of the State Senate for five sessions. Hurley served as the president of the State Board of Education for seven years and was the executive director of the Alaska Women's Commission for three years. She was the president of the National Federation of Federal Employees. She was on the Statehood Transitional Staff of Governor William A. Egan in 1959–1960.Hurley won the Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor in 1978, the first woman ever to win a statewide election in Alaska, joining the ticket of Democratic gubernatorial candidate, Anchorage attorney Chancy Croft. In 1984, she won Mat-Su valley House seat 16-A, chaired the State Affairs Committee, and, was a member of the House Education Committee. She served on the Alaska Judicial Council. She was elected to the Matanuska Electric Association board. She was the Chair of the Alaska Commission for Human Rights, the state Personnel Board and, for nine years, the Matanuska Telephone Association's board of directors. She lost her state house seat to Republican Curtis Menard in 1986.[3] In 2006, at 85 years old, rather than allow Vic Kohring, a Republican suspected of a felony, to run unopposed, she ran again for the Alaska house but lost, despite Kohring's burgeoning legal problems.[4]She also was the executive director of the Alaska Commission on the Status of Women and the President of the State Board of Education for seven years. She was inducted into the Alaska Women's Hall of Fame in 2009.[5]","title":"Political and civic life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Hurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Hurley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Wasilla Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasilla_Lake"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dot Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Swanda_Jones"},{"link_name":"Mat-Su Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanuska-Susitna_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vic Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Fischer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Hurley was married to Joe Alexander in 1944; they had two children, David and Susan. In 1960, she married Jim Hurley,[6] a delegate to the Alaska Constitutional Convention and a member of the first state legislature. They had a daughter, Mary. They moved to Palmer in 1960, purchased the office of the Alaska Title Guaranty company and later moved to the shore of Wasilla Lake in 1963. They divorced some time after that.[7]Katie Hurley was the organist for St. David's Episcopal Church in Wasilla for decades. In 2001, she received the Dot Jones award, named for the first woman mayor of the Mat-Su Borough.[8] In 2009, she was inducted into the Alaska Women's Hall of Fame.[9] She died near family in a private memory care facility in Portland, Oregon where she lived the final years of her life.[10] Her passage left delegate and former Alaska state senator Vic Fischer as the only living participant in the state's Constitutional Convention.[11]","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Hurley, then known as Katherine T. Alexander, is seen at right front as part of a greeting party at Juneau Municipal Airport, meeting arriving delegates to the 1956 territorial convention of the Alaska Federation of Women's Clubs. Mildred Hermann, at left rear, was also a member of the welcoming group.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Greeting_party_from_Juneau_and_Douglas_delegations%2C_1956_Alaska_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs_convention.jpg/180px-Greeting_party_from_Juneau_and_Douglas_delegations%2C_1956_Alaska_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs_convention.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/mbr_bio.asp?id=1189","external_links_name":"Committee Member Information"},{"Link":"https://www.alaska.edu/creatingalaska/statehood-files/oral-history-transcripts/","external_links_name":"Hurley Creating Alaska Oral History Interview Katie Hurley"},{"Link":"http://akleg.gov/100years/bio.php?id=1189","external_links_name":"100 Years of Alaska's Legislature – Katie Hurley"},{"Link":"https://www.adn.com/politics/2018/04/01/fbi-surveillance-audio-vic-kohring-trial/","external_links_name":"FBI surveillance audio: Vic Kohring trial"},{"Link":"http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/alumnae/char/H/","external_links_name":"Alaska Women's Hall of Fame"},{"Link":"https://www.360north.org/shop/katie-hurley/","external_links_name":"Katie Hurley"},{"Link":"http://www.sitnews.org/0602news/060602_hurley.html","external_links_name":"Flags Lowered Thursday For James Hurley"},{"Link":"https://www.frontiersman.com/award-named-after-exceptional-leader/article_0efabff9-7ca9-5c10-baa7-b282169c9cea.html","external_links_name":"Award named after exceptional leader"},{"Link":"http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/alumnae/char/H/","external_links_name":"Katie Hurley"},{"Link":"https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/mat-su/2021/02/22/katie-hurley-alaska-political-figure-dating-back-to-territorial-days-has-died-at-age-99/","external_links_name":"Katie Hurley, Alaska political figure dating back to territorial days, has died at age 99"},{"Link":"https://alaskamagazine.com/authentic-alaska/vic-fischer-delegate-to-alaskas-constitutional-convention/","external_links_name":"Vic Fischer – delegate to Alaska’s constitutional convention"},{"Link":"http://akleg.gov/100years/bio.php?id=1189","external_links_name":"Katie Hurley"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1mjV8kYC5Q","external_links_name":"Katie Hurley interview"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Corder	Philip Corder	["1 Biography","1.1 Excavations","2 Publications","3 References"]	British archaeologist and curator Philip Corder (c. 1891–29 May 1961) was a British archaeologist and curator, and president (1954-1957) of the Royal Archaeological Institute. Plaque recording the excavations of the Roman fort at Malton in 1927-1930 by Philip Corder Biography Corder was Master of Bootham School, where he taught English, before becoming the curator of Verulamium Museum. Corder was elected as an Honorary member of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society in 1940. He served as the Assistant Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of London from 1943-1961, with which he was a Fellow. Corder appeared in four episodes of the 1950s panel show Animal, Vegetable, Mineral between 1955 and 1957. Excavations Corder undertook the first excavations at the Roman fort at Malton (Derventio) in 1927–1930, along with his colleague Dr John Kirk. The material from this excavation formed the core collection of the Malton Museum in Malton, North Yorkshire. Corder and Kirk also undertook a series of excavation at the Roman Villa at Langton. In 1928 Corder published the results of his major excavations of a kiln site at Crambeck in North Yorkshire. The Crambeck excavations, undertaken in autumn 1926 and summer and autumn of 1927 with students of Bootham School, identified three types of pottery uniquely produced at the site, now known as Crambeck Ware. Pedestal beaker jar in Crambeck Parchment Ware. In the Yorkshire Museum Publications Corder, P. 1928. The Roman Pottery at Crambeck, Castle Howard. Roman Malton and District Report 1 Corder, P. 1930. The Defences of the Roman Fort at Malton. Roman Malton and District Report 2 Corder, P. and Kirk, J. L. 1932. A Roman villa at Langton, E. Yorkshire. Roman Malton and District Report 4 Corder, P. 1941. Verulamium, 1930-40. Verulamium Museum Publications No. 2 References ^ "Past Presidents of the RAI". Royal Archaeological Institute. Retrieved 27 October 2013. ^ a b c Ian Richmond (1961). "Philip Corder MA Litt.D". Antiquaries Journal. 41 (3–4): 274. doi:10.1017/S000358150002388X. S2CID 246042461. ^ Annual Report of the Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society (Report). 1941. p. 9. ^ Philip Corder at IMDb ^ Jones, R. 2009. Roman Malton. Malton: Malton Museum ^ Corder, P. and Kirk, J. L. 1932. A Roman villa at Langton, E. Yorkshire. Roman Malton and District Report 4 ^ Historic England. "Monument No. 61982". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 21 July 2014. ^ a b Corder, P. 1928. The Roman Pottery at Crambeck, Castle Howard (Roman Malton and District Report no.1). York: William Sessions Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands This biographical article about a British archaeologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Archaeological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Archaeological_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaltonRomanPlaque.jpg"}],"text":"Philip Corder (c. 1891–29 May 1961) was a British archaeologist and curator, and president (1954-1957) of the Royal Archaeological Institute.[1][2]Plaque recording the excavations of the Roman fort at Malton in 1927-1930 by Philip Corder","title":"Philip Corder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bootham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootham_School"},{"link_name":"Verulamium Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verulamium_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Society of Antiquaries of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Animal, Vegetable, Mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal,_Vegetable,_Mineral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Corder was Master of Bootham School, where he taught English, before becoming the curator of Verulamium Museum.[2] Corder was elected as an Honorary member of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society in 1940.[3] He served as the Assistant Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of London from 1943-1961, with which he was a Fellow.[2]Corder appeared in four episodes of the 1950s panel show Animal, Vegetable, Mineral between 1955 and 1957.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derventio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derventio_(Malton)"},{"link_name":"John Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kirk_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"Malton Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malton_Museum"},{"link_name":"Malton, North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malton,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Crambeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crambeck"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corder-8"},{"link_name":"Bootham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootham_School"},{"link_name":"Crambeck Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crambeck_Ware"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corder-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crambeck_Ware_Beaker_YORYM_H182.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum"}],"sub_title":"Excavations","text":"Corder undertook the first excavations at the Roman fort at Malton (Derventio) in 1927–1930, along with his colleague Dr John Kirk. The material from this excavation formed the core collection of the Malton Museum in Malton, North Yorkshire.[5] Corder and Kirk also undertook a series of excavation at the Roman Villa at Langton.[6][7]In 1928 Corder published the results of his major excavations of a kiln site at Crambeck in North Yorkshire.[8] The Crambeck excavations, undertaken in autumn 1926 and summer and autumn of 1927 with students of Bootham School, identified three types of pottery uniquely produced at the site, now known as Crambeck Ware.[8]Pedestal beaker jar in Crambeck Parchment Ware. In the Yorkshire Museum","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Corder, P. 1928. The Roman Pottery at Crambeck, Castle Howard. Roman Malton and District Report 1\nCorder, P. 1930. The Defences of the Roman Fort at Malton. Roman Malton and District Report 2\nCorder, P. and Kirk, J. L. 1932. A Roman villa at Langton, E. Yorkshire. Roman Malton and District Report 4\nCorder, P. 1941. Verulamium, 1930-40. Verulamium Museum Publications No. 2","title":"Publications"}]	[{"image_text":"Plaque recording the excavations of the Roman fort at Malton in 1927-1930 by Philip Corder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MaltonRomanPlaque.jpg/220px-MaltonRomanPlaque.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pedestal beaker jar in Crambeck Parchment Ware. In the Yorkshire Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Crambeck_Ware_Beaker_YORYM_H182.jpg/220px-Crambeck_Ware_Beaker_YORYM_H182.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Past Presidents of the RAI\". Royal Archaeological Institute. Retrieved 27 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalarchinst.org/about/presidents","url_text":"\"Past Presidents of the RAI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Archaeological_Institute","url_text":"Royal Archaeological Institute"}]},{"reference":"Ian Richmond (1961). \"Philip Corder MA Litt.D\". Antiquaries Journal. 41 (3–4): 274. doi:10.1017/S000358150002388X. S2CID 246042461.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000358150002388X","url_text":"\"Philip Corder MA Litt.D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000358150002388X","url_text":"10.1017/S000358150002388X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246042461","url_text":"246042461"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report of the Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society (Report). 1941. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/264075#page/15/mode/1up","url_text":"Annual Report of the Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Monument No. 61982\". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 21 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=61982&resourceID=19191","url_text":"\"Monument No. 61982\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.royalarchinst.org/about/presidents","external_links_name":"\"Past Presidents of the RAI\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000358150002388X","external_links_name":"\"Philip Corder MA Litt.D\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000358150002388X","external_links_name":"10.1017/S000358150002388X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246042461","external_links_name":"246042461"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/264075#page/15/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Annual Report of the Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7728055/","external_links_name":"Philip Corder"},{"Link":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=61982&resourceID=19191","external_links_name":"\"Monument No. 61982\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000013167038","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5299715","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdh6VmXJRjpHR3CgQDg8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2012003586","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131648160","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Corder&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Eisenhour	Kelly Eisenhour	["1 Early life and career","2 Discography","3 References","4 Sources"]	Kelly EisenhourBirth nameKelly ConellyBorn (1960-04-17) April 17, 1960 (age 64)Tucson, ArizonaGenresJazz, vocal jazzOccupation(s)SingerYears active1980–presentLabelsBlujazzWebsitekellyeisenhourmusic.comMusical artist Kelly Eisenhour (April 17, 1960, Tucscon, Arizona) is a jazz vocalist. Early life and career Eisenhour heard jazz at an early age from listening to her father's record collection. In 1986 she graduated from Berklee School of Music. She performed in Las Vegas shows, then was hired on tour to backup Gladys Knight. As assistant choir director for Knight, she assembled the Saints Unified Choir and recorded with the choir on the album One Voice (1986). In 1997 she moved to Utah and was later guest soloist with the Utah Symphony and the Boston Pops. She has performed at the Salt Lake City Jazz Festival and has taught vocal jazz at Brigham Young University. Her album Seek and Find, which featured Bob Mintzer, went high on the jazz charts. The album includes vocalese treatments of solos by J. J. Johnson and Lester Young. Eisenhour teaches at Green River College in Auburn, Washington. Discography Now You Know (2000) Seek and Find (Blujazz, 2007) Invitation (Pony Boy, 2016) I Just Found Out About Love (Blujazz, 2020) References ^ a b c d e f Yanow, Scott (2008). The Jazz Singers. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-87930-825-4. ^ a b "Famous Mormons". Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012. ^ "Official site". kellyeisenhourmusic.com. Retrieved 30 September 2023. Sources Official site Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Musical artistKelly Eisenhour (April 17, 1960, Tucscon, Arizona) is a jazz vocalist.","title":"Kelly Eisenhour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanow-1"},{"link_name":"Berklee School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanow-1"},{"link_name":"Gladys Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Knight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanow-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanow-1"},{"link_name":"Utah Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Symphony"},{"link_name":"Boston Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Pops"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanow-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Famous-2"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Bob Mintzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mintzer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Famous-2"},{"link_name":"vocalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalese"},{"link_name":"J. 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J. Johnson and Lester Young.[1]Eisenhour teaches at Green River College in Auburn, Washington.[3]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Now You Know (2000)\nSeek and Find (Blujazz, 2007)\nInvitation (Pony Boy, 2016)\nI Just Found Out About Love (Blujazz, 2020)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Official site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kellyeisenhourmusic.com/.com/"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6386018#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/bb4265d9-f2f6-4dce-9200-a7784b971826"}],"text":"Official siteAuthority control databases: Artists \nMusicBrainz","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Yanow, Scott (2008). The Jazz Singers. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-87930-825-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-825-4","url_text":"978-0-87930-825-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Famous Mormons\". Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120512052841/http://famousmormons.net/ent3.html","url_text":"\"Famous Mormons\""},{"url":"http://www.famousmormons.net/ent3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official site\". kellyeisenhourmusic.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Threshold_Logic	High-threshold logic	["1 Operation","2 Advantages","3 Disadvantage","4 Usage","5 Similar circuits","6 See also","7 References"]	Schematic of basic unbuffered three-input HTL NAND gate High-threshold logic (HTL), also known as low-speed logic (LSL) or high-level logic (HLL), is a variant of diode–transistor logic used in environments where noise is very high. FZH251, four two-input HTL AND Operation The threshold values at the input to a logic gate determine whether a particular input is interpreted as a logic 0 or a logic 1 (e.g. anything less than 1 V is a logic 0, and anything above 3 V is a logic 1; in this example, the threshold values are 1 V and 3 V). HTL incorporates Zener diodes to create a large offset between logic 1 and logic 0 voltage levels. These devices usually ran off a 15 V power supply and were found in industrial control, where the high differential was intended to minimize the effect of noise. Schematic of a real buffered two-input HTL NAND gate FZH101A; PV = 180 mW; tpd = 175 ns. Advantages Increased noise margin High noise threshold value Disadvantage Slow speed due to increased supply voltage resulting in use of high value resistors. High power drawn Usage It is used extensively in industrial environments. e.g. Logic controllers with heavy noise Heavy-process machinery Similar circuits The buffer in this device is exactly the same of what was used in RGB video output stages in TV circuits in the way that the upper NPN transistor quickly rises a cathode capacitance with a relatively high load resistor on the lower NPN transistor, while the lower NPN transistor controls the turning on of the output voltage. The principle of improving charge–discharge parasitic capacitances used here is the same as in high-threshold logic circuits. See also Diode logic (DL) Diode-transistor logic (DTL) Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) Integrated injection logic (I2L) Resistor–transistor logic (RTL) Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) References This electronics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vteLogic familiesMOS technology PMOS logic NMOS logic Depletion-load NMOS logic (including HMOS) Complementary MOS (CMOS) Pass transistor logic (PTL) Bipolar–CMOS (BiCMOS) Other technologies Diode logic Diode–transistor logic (DTL) Open collector (OC) Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL) Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) Gunning transceiver logic (GTL) Integrated injection logic (I2L) Resistor–transistor logic (RTL) Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) Current mode logic / Source-coupled logic (CML/SCL) Types Static Dynamic Domino logic Four-phase logic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diode–transistor logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode%E2%80%93transistor_logic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LSL_Logikbaustein_FZH251_IMGP5364.jpg"}],"text":"High-threshold logic (HTL), also known as low-speed logic (LSL) or high-level logic (HLL), is a variant of diode–transistor logic used in environments where noise is very high.FZH251, four two-input HTL AND","title":"High-threshold logic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"logic gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate"},{"link_name":"Zener diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode"},{"link_name":"industrial control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FZH101A_Circuit.svg"}],"text":"The threshold values at the input to a logic gate determine whether a particular input is interpreted as a logic 0 or a logic 1 (e.g. anything less than 1 V is a logic 0, and anything above 3 V is a logic 1; in this example, the threshold values are 1 V and 3 V). HTL incorporates Zener diodes to create a large offset between logic 1 and logic 0 voltage levels. These devices usually ran off a 15 V power supply and were found in industrial control, where the high differential was intended to minimize the effect of noise.Schematic of a real buffered two-input HTL NAND gate FZH101A; PV = 180 mW; tpd = 175 ns.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Increased noise margin\nHigh noise threshold value","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high value resistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_value_resistors_(electronics)"}],"text":"Slow speed due to increased supply voltage resulting in use of high value resistors.\nHigh power drawn","title":"Disadvantage"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It is used extensively in industrial environments. e.g.Logic controllers with heavy noise\nHeavy-process machinery","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The buffer in this device is exactly the same of what was used in RGB video output stages in TV circuits in the way that the upper NPN transistor quickly rises a cathode capacitance with a relatively high load resistor on the lower NPN transistor, while the lower NPN transistor controls the turning on of the output voltage.The principle of improving charge–discharge parasitic capacitances used here is the same as in high-threshold logic circuits.","title":"Similar circuits"}]	[{"image_text":"Schematic of basic unbuffered three-input HTL NAND gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High_Threshold_Logic_circuit_diagram.jpg/250px-High_Threshold_Logic_circuit_diagram.jpg"},{"image_text":"FZH251, four two-input HTL AND","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LSL_Logikbaustein_FZH251_IMGP5364.jpg/220px-LSL_Logikbaustein_FZH251_IMGP5364.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schematic of a real buffered two-input HTL NAND gate FZH101A; PV = 180 mW; tpd = 175 ns.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FZH101A_Circuit.svg/250px-FZH101A_Circuit.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Diode logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_logic"},{"title":"Diode-transistor logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode-transistor_logic"},{"title":"Emitter-coupled logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic"},{"title":"Integrated injection logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_injection_logic"},{"title":"Resistor–transistor logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic"},{"title":"Transistor–transistor logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-threshold_logic&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maxson	John Maxson	["1 Professional","2 Personal","3 References"]	Audio and recording engineer (1940–2016) John DeGolyer (Jack) Maxson (1940–2016) was one of the most noted audio and recording engineers of his generation. Professional Maxson is best known for co-creating Showco in his garage in 1970. Led by Maxson, Jack Calmes, and Rusty Brutsche, Showco would become one of the world's premier live sound providers. The company's client list included most major rock bands of the era, including the Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Sir Paul McCartney, Three Dog Night, Led Zeppelin, Steppenwolf, and James Taylor. In 2000, Showco was purchased by and merged with a competitor, Lititz (now known as Clair Global). As described by Brutsche, Showco's success was predicated on the problem that rock concerts faced: "most public address systems were built for the amplification of a single announcer over crowd noise. The dynamics of live music and the power required to generate the sounds we hear at concerts today were almost unthinkable at that time." Maxson later co-founded Vari*Lite, which was one of the first automated changeable color lighting systems for the stage. Through his co-ownership of that company, Maxson won Primetime Emmy Awards for technical achievement in 1991, 1994 and 2001. Prior to developing Showco, Maxson had been president of the Delta Recording Company and Spot Productions. Personal Maxson was the eldest child of John and Virginia DeGolyer Maxson. A grandfather was Everett Lee DeGolyer. An uncle was George C. McGhee. Maxson graduated from the St. Mark's School of Texas in 1958 and attended the University of Oklahoma. Maxson was married to Margaret Paulson and then to Sally Stocker. He had one daughter, Margaret DeGolyer (Peggy) Maxson. While he is best known for his work in the development of the modern rock concert, his own preference was for classical music, about which he had an encyclopedic knowledge. He was active philanthropically with the Museum of the American Railroad in Frisco, Texas and the Dallas Arboretum. References ^ "John Maxson's Obituary on Dallas Morning News". Legacy.com. ^ "RE/P Files: Showco Doing The Audio For The Rolling Stones At The LA Coliseum - ProSoundWeb". 19 November 2013. ^ "Jack Maxson - ANTIQUES FOR THE AGES". 19 March 2015. ^ "Jack Maxson, Showco Founder, Dead at 76". 20 May 2024. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"John DeGolyer (Jack) Maxson (1940–2016) was one of the most noted audio and recording engineers of his generation.","title":"John Maxson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Showco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showco"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Sir Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Three Dog Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Steppenwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Clair Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clair_Global"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"VariLite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VariLite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Maxson is best known for co-creating Showco in his garage in 1970. Led by Maxson, Jack Calmes, and Rusty Brutsche, Showco would become one of the world's premier live sound providers. The company's client list included most major rock bands of the era, including the Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Sir Paul McCartney, Three Dog Night, Led Zeppelin, Steppenwolf, and James Taylor. In 2000, Showco was purchased by and merged with a competitor, Lititz (now known as Clair Global).[1][2]As described by Brutsche, Showco's success was predicated on the problem that rock concerts faced: \"most public address systems were built for the amplification of a single announcer over crowd noise. The dynamics of live music and the power required to generate the sounds we hear at concerts today were almost unthinkable at that time.\"[3]Maxson later co-founded Vari*Lite, which was one of the first automated changeable color lighting systems for the stage. Through his co-ownership of that company, Maxson won Primetime Emmy Awards for technical achievement in 1991, 1994 and 2001.[4]Prior to developing Showco, Maxson had been president of the Delta Recording Company and Spot Productions.","title":"Professional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everett Lee DeGolyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Lee_DeGolyer"},{"link_name":"George C. McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._McGhee"},{"link_name":"St. Mark's School of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mark%27s_School_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Museum of the American Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Frisco, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dallas Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Arboretum"}],"text":"Maxson was the eldest child of John and Virginia DeGolyer Maxson. A grandfather was Everett Lee DeGolyer. An uncle was George C. McGhee. Maxson graduated from the St. Mark's School of Texas in 1958 and attended the University of Oklahoma. Maxson was married to Margaret Paulson and then to Sally Stocker. He had one daughter, Margaret DeGolyer (Peggy) Maxson. While he is best known for his work in the development of the modern rock concert, his own preference was for classical music, about which he had an encyclopedic knowledge. He was active philanthropically with the Museum of the American Railroad in Frisco, Texas and the Dallas Arboretum.","title":"Personal"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"John Maxson's Obituary on Dallas Morning News\". Legacy.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dallasmorningnews/obituary.aspx?n=john-maxson&pid=182370779","url_text":"\"John Maxson's Obituary on Dallas Morning News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy.com","url_text":"Legacy.com"}]},{"reference":"\"RE/P Files: Showco Doing The Audio For The Rolling Stones At The LA Coliseum - ProSoundWeb\". 19 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prosoundweb.com/channels/live-sound/re_p_files_showco_doing_the_audio_for_the_rolling_stones_at_the_la_coliseum/","url_text":"\"RE/P Files: Showco Doing The Audio For The Rolling Stones At The LA Coliseum - ProSoundWeb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Maxson - ANTIQUES FOR THE AGES\". 19 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://antiquesroadshowinsider.wordpress.com/tag/jack-maxson/","url_text":"\"Jack Maxson - ANTIQUES FOR THE AGES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Maxson, Showco Founder, Dead at 76\". 20 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prosoundnetwork.com/business/showco-founder-jack-maxson-dead-at-76/46784","url_text":"\"Jack Maxson, Showco Founder, Dead at 76\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dallasmorningnews/obituary.aspx?n=john-maxson&pid=182370779","external_links_name":"\"John Maxson's Obituary on Dallas Morning News\""},{"Link":"http://www.prosoundweb.com/channels/live-sound/re_p_files_showco_doing_the_audio_for_the_rolling_stones_at_the_la_coliseum/","external_links_name":"\"RE/P Files: Showco Doing The Audio For The Rolling Stones At The LA Coliseum - ProSoundWeb\""},{"Link":"https://antiquesroadshowinsider.wordpress.com/tag/jack-maxson/","external_links_name":"\"Jack Maxson - ANTIQUES FOR THE AGES\""},{"Link":"http://www.prosoundnetwork.com/business/showco-founder-jack-maxson-dead-at-76/46784","external_links_name":"\"Jack Maxson, Showco Founder, Dead at 76\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d01a53a1-dca0-420f-b841-007e0c6ffb5b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophageal_stricture	Esophageal stricture	["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 Epidemiology","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Medical conditionEsophageal strictureOther namesPeptic strictureEndoscopic image of a benign peptic strictureSpecialtyGastroenterologyGeneral surgery A benign esophageal stricture, or peptic stricture, is a narrowing or tightening of the esophagus that causes swallowing difficulties. Signs and symptoms Symptoms of esophageal strictures include heartburn, bitter or acid taste in the mouth, choking, coughing, shortness of breath, frequent burping or hiccups, pain or trouble swallowing, throwing up blood, or weight loss. Causes It can be caused by or associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, a dysfunctional lower esophageal sphincter, disordered motility, lye ingestion, or a hiatal hernia. Strictures can form after esophageal surgery and other treatments such as laser therapy or photodynamic therapy. While the area heals, a scar forms, causing the tissue to pull and tighten, leading to difficulty in swallowing. Diagnosis It can be diagnosed with an X-ray while the patient swallows barium (called a barium study of the esophagus), by a computerized tomography scan, a biopsy, or by an endoscopy. Treatment If it is caused by esophagitis, in turn caused by an underlying infection, it is commonly treated by treating the infection (typically with antibiotics). In order to open the stricture, a surgeon can insert a bougie – a weighted tube used to dilate the constricted areas in the esophagus. It can sometimes be treated with other medications. For example, an H2 antagonist (e.g. ranitidine) or a proton-pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole) can treat underlying acid reflux disease. Epidemiology Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects approximately 40% of adults. Strictures occur in 7–23% of patients with GERD who are untreated. See also Esophageal cancer Esophageal diseases Esophageal spasm Helicobacter pylori References ^ a b Shaker, Reza; Belafsky, Peter C.; Postma, Gregory N.; Easterling, Caryn, eds. (27 September 2012). Principles of Deglutition. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 746. ISBN 978-1-4614-3794-9. Retrieved 26 June 2016. Chronic GERD is the most common etiology of benign esophageal strictures, referred to as peptic strictures. ^ PDRhealth – Esophageal Stricture: (http://www.pdrhealth.com/disease/disease-mono.aspx?contentFileName=ND7417G.xml&contentName=Esophageal+Stricture&contentId=506&TypeId=2) ^ a b Ginex, Pamela K., Manjit S. Bains, Jacqueline Hanson, and Bart L. Frazzitta. 100 Questions & Answers About Esophageal Cancer (100 Questions & Answers). New York: Jones and Bartlett, Inc., 2005. Print. ^ Craner, David J. "Esophageal Strictue". Discovery Health. ^ Esophageal Stricture at eMedicine External links ClassificationDICD-10: K22.2ICD-9-CM: 530.3MeSH: D004940DiseasesDB: 31502External resourcesMedlinePlus: 000207eMedicine: article/175098 MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Esophageal Stricture vteDiseases of the human digestive systemUpper GI tractEsophagus Esophagitis Candidal Eosinophilic Herpetiform Rupture Boerhaave syndrome Mallory–Weiss syndrome Zenker's diverticulum Barrett's esophagus Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus Achalasia Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction Diffuse esophageal spasm Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Esophageal stricture Inlet patch Megaesophagus Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis Acute esophageal necrosis Stomach Gastritis Atrophic Ménétrier's disease Gastroenteritis Peptic (gastric) ulcer Cushing ulcer Dieulafoy's lesion Dyspepsia Functional dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastroparesis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome Gastric volvulus Buried bumper syndrome Gastrinoma Zollinger–Ellison syndrome Lower GI tract EnteropathySmall intestine (Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum) Enteritis Duodenitis Jejunitis Ileitis Peptic (duodenal) ulcer Curling's ulcer Malabsorption: Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Whipple's Short bowel syndrome Steatorrhea Milroy disease Bile acid malabsorption Large intestine (Appendix/Colon) Appendicitis Colitis Pseudomembranous Ulcerative Ischemic Microscopic Collagenous Lymphocytic Dysentery Functional colonic disease IBS Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon / Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis/SCAD Large and/or small Enterocolitis Necrotizing Gastroenterocolitis IBD Crohn's disease Vascular: Abdominal angina Mesenteric ischemia Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction: Ileus Intussusception Volvulus Fecal impaction Constipation Functional Diarrhea Infectious Intestinal adhesions Rectum Proctitis Radiation proctitis Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anismus Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome Anal canal Anal fissure/Anal fistula Anal abscess Hemorrhoid Anal dysplasia Pruritus ani GI bleeding Blood in stool Upper Hematemesis Melena Lower Hematochezia AccessoryLiver Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis PBC Fatty liver MASLD Vascular Budd–Chiari syndrome Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Portal hypertension Nutmeg liver Alcoholic liver disease Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy Acute liver failure Liver abscess Pyogenic Amoebic Hepatorenal syndrome Peliosis hepatis Metabolic disorders Wilson's disease Hemochromatosis Gallbladder Cholecystitis Gallstone / Cholelithiasis Cholesterolosis Adenomyomatosis Postcholecystectomy syndrome Porcelain gallbladder Bile duct/ Other biliary tree Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Secondary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome Biliary fistula Haemobilia Common bile duct Choledocholithiasis Biliary dyskinesia Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Pancreatic Pancreatitis Acute Chronic Hereditary Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic pseudocyst Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic fistula OtherHernia Diaphragmatic Congenital Hiatus Inguinal Indirect Direct Umbilical Femoral Obturator Spigelian Lumbar Petit's Grynfeltt–Lesshaft Undefined location Incisional Internal hernia Richter's Peritoneal Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShakerBelafsky2012-1"},{"link_name":"esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"}],"text":"A benign esophageal stricture, or peptic stricture,[1] is a narrowing or tightening of the esophagus that causes swallowing difficulties.","title":"Esophageal stricture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heartburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartburn"},{"link_name":"throwing up blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematemesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Symptoms of esophageal strictures include heartburn, bitter or acid taste in the mouth, choking, coughing, shortness of breath, frequent burping or hiccups, pain or trouble swallowing, throwing up blood, or weight loss.[2]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gastroesophageal reflux disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShakerBelafsky2012-1"},{"link_name":"esophagitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagitis"},{"link_name":"lower esophageal sphincter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardia"},{"link_name":"disordered motility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder"},{"link_name":"lye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lye"},{"link_name":"hiatal hernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiatal_hernia"},{"link_name":"photodynamic therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodynamic_therapy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ginex05-3"}],"text":"It can be caused by or associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease,[1] esophagitis, a dysfunctional lower esophageal sphincter, disordered motility, lye ingestion, or a hiatal hernia. Strictures can form after esophageal surgery and other treatments such as laser therapy or photodynamic therapy. While the area heals, a scar forms, causing the tissue to pull and tighten, leading to difficulty in swallowing.[3]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barium study of the esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_swallow"},{"link_name":"computerized tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized_tomography"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"endoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy"}],"text":"It can be diagnosed with an X-ray while the patient swallows barium (called a barium study of the esophagus), by a computerized tomography scan, a biopsy,[4] or by an endoscopy.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bougie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_dilatation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ginex05-3"},{"link_name":"H2 antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2_antagonist"},{"link_name":"ranitidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranitidine"},{"link_name":"proton-pump inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"omeprazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeprazole"}],"text":"If it is caused by esophagitis, in turn caused by an underlying infection, it is commonly treated by treating the infection (typically with antibiotics). In order to open the stricture, a surgeon can insert a bougie – a weighted tube used to dilate the constricted areas in the esophagus.[3] It can sometimes be treated with other medications. For example, an H2 antagonist (e.g. ranitidine) or a proton-pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole) can treat underlying acid reflux disease.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects approximately 40% of adults. Strictures occur in 7–23% of patients with GERD who are untreated.[5]","title":"Epidemiology"}]	[]	[{"title":"Esophageal cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer"},{"title":"Esophageal diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_disease"},{"title":"Esophageal spasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_spasm"},{"title":"Helicobacter pylori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori"}]	[{"reference":"Shaker, Reza; Belafsky, Peter C.; Postma, Gregory N.; Easterling, Caryn, eds. (27 September 2012). Principles of Deglutition. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 746. ISBN 978-1-4614-3794-9. Retrieved 26 June 2016. Chronic GERD is the most common etiology of benign esophageal strictures, referred to as peptic strictures.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tWVQPJsbbLsC&pg=PA746","url_text":"Principles of Deglutition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3794-9","url_text":"978-1-4614-3794-9"}]},{"reference":"Craner, David J. \"Esophageal Strictue\". Discovery Health.","urls":[{"url":"http://health.discovery.com/encyclopedias/illnesses.html?chrome=None&article=220&page=1","url_text":"\"Esophageal Strictue\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tWVQPJsbbLsC&pg=PA746","external_links_name":"Principles of Deglutition"},{"Link":"http://www.pdrhealth.com/disease/disease-mono.aspx?contentFileName=ND7417G.xml&contentName=Esophageal+Stricture&contentId=506&TypeId=2","external_links_name":"http://www.pdrhealth.com/disease/disease-mono.aspx?contentFileName=ND7417G.xml&contentName=Esophageal+Stricture&contentId=506&TypeId=2"},{"Link":"http://health.discovery.com/encyclopedias/illnesses.html?chrome=None&article=220&page=1","external_links_name":"\"Esophageal Strictue\""},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175098-overview","external_links_name":"Esophageal Stricture"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/K22.2","external_links_name":"K22.2"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=530.3","external_links_name":"530.3"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004940","external_links_name":"D004940"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb31502.htm","external_links_name":"31502"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000207.htm","external_links_name":"000207"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175098-overview","external_links_name":"article/175098"},{"Link":"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000207.htm","external_links_name":"Esophageal Stricture"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popstars_Live	Popstars Live	["1 Origins","2 Format","3 Cast","4 Finalists","5 Reception and controversies","6 Album","6.1 Sales Performance","6.2 Track listing","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Popstars Live" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Popstars Live was an Australian music talent show television program similar to Australian Idol that aired on the Seven Network in early 2004. It was an evolution of the original Popstars TV show which aired between 2000 and 2002 on Seven. The show spawned a single and album that made the ARIA charts in April that year. Popstars Live premiered on the Seven Network in February 2004. It was scheduled to run for 16 weeks and was originally slated to air on Sunday and Wednesday nights. During its short run Popstars Live had a troubled history, with two key personnel, Christine Anu and John Paul Young, leaving the program in April 2004 while others have publicly expressed their own concerns about the show. The show was also a ratings failure. Origins Popstars Live was based on the original Popstars, a reality television program that was broadcast on the Seven Network between 2000 and 2002. The aim of that program was to select members for a group or a solo singer and follow the process of recording a single and/or album and the subsequent promotion of the record made by the artists. The Australian TV show saw the creation of three acts which enjoyed initial success: Bardot (2000) a girl group number one single and album; Scandal'us (2001) a mixed pop group, number one single, number two album; Scott Cain (2002) a male singer, number one single. While the first season of Popstars was one of the most popular programs on Australian television in 2000, its popularity steadily declined in later seasons. In 2003, the Seven Network rested the concept. However, the success of Australian Idol, a show that became the most popular program on Australian television that year, soon led to the Seven Network revisiting the Popstars format. Record sales for Idol contestants also played a role in the resurrection of Popstars with Australian Idol winner Guy Sebastian releasing an album Just as I Am that went six times platinum in Australia and runner up Shannon Noll's That's What I'm Talking About striking up sales of five times platinum. Hoping to emulate the success of BMG Records, which had signed on Sebastian and Noll, Universal Music quickly signed up for the new series. Format The first five episodes featured the selection of the finalists by the judges. The finalists would then sing live in front of an audience with one finalist being eliminated each week until the final winner is selected. The program aimed to attract a large proportion of voters under 25, a similar as Australian Idol. Cast The Popstars Team consisted of: Luke Jacobz host; Ian "Molly" Meldrum judge; Christine Anu judge; Shauna Jensen judge; Tania Doko artist mentor; John Paul Young artist mentor; The judges initially said that they would offer constructive criticism to the contestants unlike the strong and sometimes personal criticism offered by Mark Holden and Ian "Dicko" Dickson of rival series Australian Idol. Finalists The finalists were (in order of elimination): Tarryn Wall Renee Simone Kiki Courtidis Don Pancho Daniel Hamill Arrnott Olssen Eleven (Luke and Nick) Sarah Gardner - who made it into the top 63 in Australian Idol 2007 - see image 10 of the top 63 at http://www.australianidol.com.au/photos.html?xmlFile=830.xml Miranda Murphy, from Perth, Western Australia. On 12 July 2004, her debut single, "That Girl" debuted at number 19 on the Australian singles charts on 22 July 2004. After an unusually lengthy hiatus from the music scene, and a general lack of activity, it is widely suspected she has been dropped by her record company, due to poor single sales, and a national declining interest in 'bubblegum pop' products of talent quest programs. She now works at "Jaanz school of singing". Kayne Taylor, from Melbourne, Victoria who won the 2004 Australian season. Contestants Bunny and Xy were axed from the program in controversial circumstances. Kayne Taylor ended up winning altogether, defeating Miranda Murphy in the final. Reception and controversies The first live performance attracted disappointing ratings when broadcast, attracting only 850,000 in Australian mainland capitals, finishing behind American Idol on Network Ten and shows on the Nine Network. David Leckie, the managing director of the Seven Network, blamed the disappointing ratings on what he considered to be the bland comments of the judges and pressured the producers to ensure that the judges made stronger comments. Christine Anu refused to offer harsh criticism of the contestants resigning in April 2004. In a statement issued on her departure, she said: "I chose to play a positive role model and wanted to encourage these young people in their endeavours, rather than criticise them. Although leaving Popstars Live was a difficult decision for me to make, I do feel somewhat relieved that I can now focus on my music." John Paul Young was sacked although the producers claimed that his contract had finished. Ian "Molly" Meldrum and Tania Doko were also criticising elements of the program in the media in early April. Trevor Steel, a UK record producer and the former lead singer of eighties pop group The Escape Club, was brought in by Universal Music as a replacement judge to offer stronger criticism of contestants. Ratings for Popstars Live continued to decline for the next episode. With 2003 Australian ratings blockbuster The Block due to commence its 2004 season on the Nine Network and American Idol performing well on Network Ten, the Seven Network executives shifted the program from Sunday night to Saturday night and scheduled wildlife documentaries to fill the slot. As Saturday night is the night of the week when the fewest people watch television in Australia and when members of the target audience for Popstars Live are most likely to go out, this shift was widely perceived as an admission of defeat by network executives. The Saturday night program was dropped altogether a few episodes later, leaving only the Wednesday program. Album Universal Music released an album Popstars Live: The Finalists featuring the finalists singing versions of well-known songs. The first single "Stand Up Next to Me" features the finalists singing on the track. Sales Performance In their first week of sales from 5 April 2004, the single barely made the Australian Top 50 and the album could only debut at number 61. Although Universal Music shipped enough copies of both the single and the album to stores to achieve gold status in Australia (35,000 copies), the single and the album only sold one thousand copies. The single eventually reached #29 on the charts and the album reached the ARIA Top 50. Kayne Taylor's debut single Heartbreaker debuted in the top 10 of the Australian charts at the end of June 2004. Runner-up Miranda Murphy also had a debut single That Girl released, and it debuted in the top 20 a few weeks after. However, this didn't seem to boost the success of Popstars Live nor its contestants, with no others releasing singles, nor have Kayne or Miranda released a second single as of November 2004. This contrasts with the sales success of artists appearing on Australian Idol and to a lesser extent the original Popstars. With the television program being moved to a different timeslot less likely to catch the eyes of potential record buyers and the single failing to attract support of radio, it seems as though the album will disappoint the hopes of Universal Music who would have been hoping to match the success of BMG Records from Australian Idol contestants. Track listing The track listing for the album is: "Stand Up Next To Me" (all finalists) "Don't Dream It's Over" - Kiki (hit for Crowded House) "Jealous Guy" - Kayne Taylor (hit for John Lennon and later Roxy Music) "Killing Me Softly with His Song" - Miranda Murphy (hit for Roberta Flack and later the Fugees) "Tainted Love" - Don Pancho (hit for Gloria Jones and later Soft Cell) "Truly Madly Deeply" - Tarryn (originally a hit for Savage Garden) "Beautiful" - Arrnott Olssen (hit for Christina Aguilera) "Nothing Compares 2 U" - Renee Simone (originally by Prince, hit for Sinéad O'Connor) "The Air That I Breathe" - Daniel Hamill (originally a hit for The Hollies) "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" - Luke Parry and Nick de Silwa (originally a hit for Tears for Fears) "Everlasting Love" - Sarah Gardner (originally a hit for a variety of artists including U2 and Gloria Estefan) "You Will Always Shine" - Bunny and Xy written by Willie Allen See also Television portalAustralia portalMusic portal List of Australian music television shows References External links Popstar Live webpage Popstars Live at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"talent show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_show"},{"link_name":"Australian Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Idol"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"Popstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popstars"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"Christine Anu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Anu"},{"link_name":"John Paul Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Young"}],"text":"Popstars Live was an Australian music talent show television program similar to Australian Idol that aired on the Seven Network in early 2004. It was an evolution of the original Popstars TV show which aired between 2000 and 2002 on Seven. The show spawned a single and album that made the ARIA charts in April that year.Popstars Live premiered on the Seven Network in February 2004. It was scheduled to run for 16 weeks and was originally slated to air on Sunday and Wednesday nights. During its short run Popstars Live had a troubled history, with two key personnel, Christine Anu and John Paul Young, leaving the program in April 2004 while others have publicly expressed their own concerns about the show. The show was also a ratings failure.","title":"Popstars Live"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popstars"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Bardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardot_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"girl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"Scandal'us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal%27us"},{"link_name":"pop group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Scott Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cain"},{"link_name":"Guy Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"Just as I Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_as_I_Am_(Guy_Sebastian_album)"},{"link_name":"Shannon Noll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Noll"},{"link_name":"That's What I'm Talking About","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_I%27m_Talking_About"},{"link_name":"BMG Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Universal Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"}],"text":"Popstars Live was based on the original Popstars, a reality television program that was broadcast on the Seven Network between 2000 and 2002. The aim of that program was to select members for a group or a solo singer and follow the process of recording a single and/or album and the subsequent promotion of the record made by the artists.The Australian TV show saw the creation of three acts which enjoyed initial success:Bardot (2000) a girl group number one single and album;\nScandal'us (2001) a mixed pop group, number one single, number two album;\nScott Cain (2002) a male singer, number one single.While the first season of Popstars was one of the most popular programs on Australian television in 2000, its popularity steadily declined in later seasons. In 2003, the Seven Network rested the concept. However, the success of Australian Idol, a show that became the most popular program on Australian television that year, soon led to the Seven Network revisiting the Popstars format.Record sales for Idol contestants also played a role in the resurrection of Popstars with Australian Idol winner Guy Sebastian releasing an album Just as I Am that went six times platinum in Australia and runner up Shannon Noll's That's What I'm Talking About striking up sales of five times platinum. Hoping to emulate the success of BMG Records, which had signed on Sebastian and Noll, Universal Music quickly signed up for the new series.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The first five episodes featured the selection of the finalists by the judges. The finalists would then sing live in front of an audience with one finalist being eliminated each week until the final winner is selected. The program aimed to attract a large proportion of voters under 25, a similar as Australian Idol.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luke Jacobz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Jacobz"},{"link_name":"Ian \"Molly\" Meldrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Meldrum"},{"link_name":"Christine Anu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Anu"},{"link_name":"Shauna Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shauna_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Tania Doko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_Girl"},{"link_name":"John Paul Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Young"},{"link_name":"Mark Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Holden"},{"link_name":"Ian \"Dicko\" Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dickson_(TV_personality)"},{"link_name":"Australian Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Idol"}],"text":"The Popstars Team consisted of:Luke Jacobz host;\nIan \"Molly\" Meldrum judge;\nChristine Anu judge;\nShauna Jensen judge;\nTania Doko artist mentor;\nJohn Paul Young artist mentor;The judges initially said that they would offer constructive criticism to the contestants unlike the strong and sometimes personal criticism offered by Mark Holden and Ian \"Dicko\" Dickson of rival series Australian Idol.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Hamill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Hamill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australian Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Idol"},{"link_name":"http://www.australianidol.com.au/photos.html?xmlFile=830.xml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.australianidol.com.au/photos.html?xmlFile=830.xml"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"That Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Girl_(Miranda_Murphy_song)"},{"link_name":"Kayne Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayne_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"text":"The finalists were (in order of elimination):Tarryn Wall\nRenee Simone\nKiki Courtidis\nDon Pancho\nDaniel Hamill\nArrnott Olssen\nEleven (Luke and Nick)\nSarah Gardner - who made it into the top 63 in Australian Idol 2007 - see image 10 of the top 63 at http://www.australianidol.com.au/photos.html?xmlFile=830.xml\nMiranda Murphy, from Perth, Western Australia. On 12 July 2004, her debut single, \"That Girl\" debuted at number 19 on the Australian singles charts on 22 July 2004. After an unusually lengthy hiatus from the music scene, and a general lack of activity, it is widely suspected she has been dropped by her record company, due to poor single sales, and a national declining interest in 'bubblegum pop' products of talent quest programs. She now works at \"Jaanz school of singing\".\nKayne Taylor, from Melbourne, Victoria who won the 2004 Australian season.Contestants Bunny and Xy were axed from the program in controversial circumstances. Kayne Taylor ended up winning altogether, defeating Miranda Murphy in the final.","title":"Finalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"David Leckie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leckie"},{"link_name":"Trevor Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Steel"},{"link_name":"The Escape Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Escape_Club"},{"link_name":"Universal Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music"},{"link_name":"The Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Block_(Australian_TV_series)"}],"text":"The first live performance attracted disappointing ratings when broadcast, attracting only 850,000 in Australian mainland capitals, finishing behind American Idol on Network Ten and shows on the Nine Network. David Leckie, the managing director of the Seven Network, blamed the disappointing ratings on what he considered to be the bland comments of the judges and pressured the producers to ensure that the judges made stronger comments.Christine Anu refused to offer harsh criticism of the contestants resigning in April 2004. In a statement issued on her departure, she said: \"I chose to play a positive role model and wanted to encourage these young people in their endeavours, rather than criticise them. Although leaving Popstars Live was a difficult decision for me to make, I do feel somewhat relieved that I can now focus on my music.\" John Paul Young was sacked although the producers claimed that his contract had finished.Ian \"Molly\" Meldrum and Tania Doko were also criticising elements of the program in the media in early April. Trevor Steel, a UK record producer and the former lead singer of eighties pop group The Escape Club, was brought in by Universal Music as a replacement judge to offer stronger criticism of contestants.Ratings for Popstars Live continued to decline for the next episode. With 2003 Australian ratings blockbuster The Block due to commence its 2004 season on the Nine Network and American Idol performing well on Network Ten, the Seven Network executives shifted the program from Sunday night to Saturday night and scheduled wildlife documentaries to fill the slot. As Saturday night is the night of the week when the fewest people watch television in Australia and when members of the target audience for Popstars Live are most likely to go out, this shift was widely perceived as an admission of defeat by network executives. The Saturday night program was dropped altogether a few episodes later, leaving only the Wednesday program.","title":"Reception and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stand Up Next to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stand_Up_Next_to_Me&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Universal Music released an album Popstars Live: The Finalists featuring the finalists singing versions of well-known songs. The first single \"Stand Up Next to Me\" features the finalists singing on the track.","title":"Album"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sales Performance","text":"In their first week of sales from 5 April 2004, the single barely made the Australian Top 50 and the album could only debut at number 61. Although Universal Music shipped enough copies of both the single and the album to stores to achieve gold status in Australia (35,000 copies), the single and the album only sold one thousand copies. The single eventually reached #29 on the charts and the album reached the ARIA Top 50. Kayne Taylor's debut single Heartbreaker debuted in the top 10 of the Australian charts at the end of June 2004. Runner-up Miranda Murphy also had a debut single That Girl released, and it debuted in the top 20 a few weeks after. However, this didn't seem to boost the success of Popstars Live nor its contestants, with no others releasing singles, nor have Kayne or Miranda released a second single as of November 2004.This contrasts with the sales success of artists appearing on Australian Idol and to a lesser extent the original Popstars. With the television program being moved to a different timeslot less likely to catch the eyes of potential record buyers and the single failing to attract support of radio, it seems as though the album will disappoint the hopes of Universal Music who would have been hoping to match the success of BMG Records from Australian Idol contestants.","title":"Album"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don't Dream It's Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Dream_It%27s_Over"},{"link_name":"Crowded House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowded_House"},{"link_name":"Jealous Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealous_Guy"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Roxy Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Music"},{"link_name":"Killing Me Softly with His Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Me_Softly_with_His_Song"},{"link_name":"Roberta Flack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Flack"},{"link_name":"Fugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugees"},{"link_name":"Tainted Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainted_Love"},{"link_name":"Gloria Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Jones"},{"link_name":"Soft Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Cell"},{"link_name":"Truly Madly Deeply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truly_Madly_Deeply_(song)"},{"link_name":"Savage Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Garden"},{"link_name":"Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_(Christina_Aguilera_song)"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Nothing Compares 2 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Compares_2_U"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sinéad O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"The Air That I Breathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_That_I_Breathe"},{"link_name":"The Hollies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollies"},{"link_name":"Everybody Wants to Rule the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Wants_to_Rule_the_World"},{"link_name":"Luke Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Parry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nick de Silwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_de_Silwa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tears for Fears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_for_Fears"},{"link_name":"Everlasting Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everlasting_Love"},{"link_name":"You Will Always Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Will_Always_Shine&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"The track listing for the album is:\"Stand Up Next To Me\" (all finalists)\n\"Don't Dream It's Over\" - Kiki (hit for Crowded House)\n\"Jealous Guy\" - Kayne Taylor (hit for John Lennon and later Roxy Music)\n\"Killing Me Softly with His Song\" - Miranda Murphy (hit for Roberta Flack and later the Fugees)\n\"Tainted Love\" - Don Pancho (hit for Gloria Jones and later Soft Cell)\n\"Truly Madly Deeply\" - Tarryn (originally a hit for Savage Garden)\n\"Beautiful\" - Arrnott Olssen (hit for Christina Aguilera)\n\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" - Renee Simone (originally by Prince, hit for Sinéad O'Connor)\n\"The Air That I Breathe\" - Daniel Hamill (originally a hit for The Hollies)\n\"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\" - Luke Parry and Nick de Silwa (originally a hit for Tears for Fears)\n\"Everlasting Love\" - Sarah Gardner (originally a hit for a variety of artists including U2 and Gloria Estefan)\n\"You Will Always Shine\" - Bunny and Xy written by Willie Allen","title":"Album"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg"},{"title":"Television portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Television"},{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"title":"List of Australian music television shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_music_television_shows"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Popstars+Live%22","external_links_name":"\"Popstars Live\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Popstars+Live%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Popstars+Live%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Popstars+Live%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Popstars+Live%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Popstars+Live%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.australianidol.com.au/photos.html?xmlFile=830.xml","external_links_name":"http://www.australianidol.com.au/photos.html?xmlFile=830.xml"},{"Link":"http://www.popstarslive.com.au/finalists.aspx/","external_links_name":"Popstar Live webpage"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0243082/","external_links_name":"Popstars Live"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Khan_Qashqai	Ismail Khan Qashqai	["1 Sources"]	Qashqai chieftain in 18th-century Iran Ismail Khan Qashqai (Persian: اسماعیل خان قشقایی) was a Qashqai chieftain in 18th-century Iran. He was the son of a certain Jani Agha, whom he succeeded as chief of the Qashqai tribe. He was executed in 1779 by the Zand prince Ali-Morad Khan Zand, and was succeeded as chieftain by his only son, Jani Mohammad Khan. Sources Oberling, Pierre (2003). "QAŠQĀʾI TRIBAL CONFEDERACY i. HISTORY". Encyclopaedia Iranica.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Qashqai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashqai_people"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Zand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ali-Morad Khan Zand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Morad_Khan_Zand"}],"text":"Ismail Khan Qashqai (Persian: اسماعیل خان قشقایی) was a Qashqai chieftain in 18th-century Iran. He was the son of a certain Jani Agha, whom he succeeded as chief of the Qashqai tribe. He was executed in 1779 by the Zand prince Ali-Morad Khan Zand, and was succeeded as chieftain by his only son, Jani Mohammad Khan.","title":"Ismail Khan Qashqai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasqai-tribal-confederacy-i"}],"text":"Oberling, Pierre (2003). \"QAŠQĀʾI TRIBAL CONFEDERACY i. HISTORY\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Oberling, Pierre (2003). \"QAŠQĀʾI TRIBAL CONFEDERACY i. HISTORY\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasqai-tribal-confederacy-i","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasqai-tribal-confederacy-i","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkillo	Sinestro Corps	["1 Publication history","2 Fictional history","2.1 Before the Corps","2.2 Recruitment drive","2.3 The prophecy","2.4 The Sinestro Corps War","2.5 Blackest Night","2.6 The New 52","2.7 DC Rebirth","3 Prominent members","3.1 Leadership","3.2 Ring bearers","4 Oath","5 Entity","6 Book of Parallax","7 Weapons and equipment","8 Other versions","9 In other media","9.1 Television","9.2 Film","9.3 Video games","9.4 Miscellaneous","10 References","11 External links"]	Comics villains Sinestro CorpsCover to Green Lantern vol. 4 #21. Art by Ivan Reis.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceGreen Lantern vol. 4 #10 (May 2006)Created byGeoff Johns (writer)Ethan Van Sciver (artist)In-story informationBase(s)QwardRosterSee: (below) The Sinestro Corps, occasionally known as the Yellow Lantern Corps, is a supervillainous group and analog to the Green Lantern Corps in the DC Universe. They are led by Sinestro, and derive power from the emotional electromagnetic spectrum of fear. Publication history The Sinestro Corps first appeared in Green Lantern vol. 4 #10 and was created by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver. Fictional history Before the Corps Main articles: Parallax (comics), Sinestro, and Green Lantern: Rebirth The Parallax entity is a space parasite that is the embodiment of fear that was imprisoned within the Central Power Battery on Oa. This caused green power rings to be weak to the color yellow, and Parallax subsequently became known as the "yellow impurity" over time. Thaal Sinestro, at the time the universe's greatest Green Lantern, was sent to Earth by Supernova in a plot to erase Guy Gardner from history. Booster Gold was assigned to prevent this from happening. To do so, he convinced Sinestro to leave Earth, claiming that he was an admirer from the future, and that his yellow Legion of Super-Heroes flight ring was a tribute to Sinestro. When asked what Corps he belongs to, Booster ad-libbed, "The...Sinestro Corps", leading Sinestro to twirl his mustache in thought while mumbling, "Of course...Of course." After Sinestro went rogue, he was banished by the Guardians of the Universe to Qward in the antimatter universe. When he returned, he wielded a power ring which used yellow energy. After various encounters with Earth's Green Lantern, Hal Jordan, he was imprisoned within the Central Power Battery. There he was able to use his ring, which uses fear, as opposed to willpower, as a power source, to awaken Parallax from hibernation. From there, Parallax and Sinestro were able to influence the fall of Hal Jordan and instigate the fall of the Green Lantern Corps, leaving one last Green Lantern: Kyle Rayner. Recruitment drive The Sinestro Corps gathers on Qward. After the Green Lantern Corps was restarted with the return of Hal Jordan, the Sinestro Corps began actively recruiting members, offering yellow power rings and a role in the Corps to those who can "instill great fear". Members of the Corps are immediately taken to Qward to "...be subjected to psychological and physical reconditioning". The members of the Sinestro Corps work in sectors, like the Green Lantern Corps. Qward also has a huge yellow Central Battery on its surface like the one used on Oa. Although the Sinestro Corps uses fear, and opposes the Green Lantern Corps and the Guardians, Sinestro has stated their goal is to bring order to the universe, which he claims the Guardians have failed to do. Arkillo, a large and muscular vicious alien, is enslaving all the Qwardian Weaponers and forcing them to continuously build new yellow rings which are programmed to breach the barrier between the antimatter and matter universes to find and recruit new ring-wielders. Arkillo also serves as the Sinestro Corps' drill sergeant, similar to Kilowog's role in the GLC. Members recruited include Karu-Sil, raised by animals; Despotellis, a sentient virus capable of attacking Lanterns from the inside; and Bedovian, the sniper of the Corps, capable of taking out a target from three sectors away. During this time, the Sinestro Corps attempted to recruit Batman, known even to some alien races for his formidable ability to instill fear in others. However, Batman's willpower combined with his previous brief exposure to a power ring allowed him to reject the yellow ring before it took him to be properly trained and molded into one of Sinestro's soldiers. The yellow ring then sought a replacement and selected Amon Sur, the disgruntled son of Abin Sur, who was on Earth attempting to steal Hal Jordan's ring. The prophecy It was revealed that after untold millennia, the Weaponers of Qward, Ranx the Sentient City, the Children of the White Lobe, and the Empire of Tears will rise united against the Green Lantern Corps. This was largely ignored up until upgraded Manhunters started to appear throughout the universe. Hal Jordan encountered one on Earth and, with Guy Gardner, followed their trail to Sector 3601. Hal and Guy found several Green Lanterns, all of whom were assumed to have been killed during the Emerald Twilight saga, and the Manhunters' new grandmaster Hank Henshaw, the Cyborg Superman. The Manhunters were defeated and Henshaw's head was brought to Oa. The Book of Oa has a forbidden chapter on cosmic prophecies, which includes the following: A face of metal and flesh shall speak of the secrets of the 52. Fear will rise. Willpower will gather. And a war of light will unleash the truth behind the power of the ring. — Book Of Oa, Green Lantern vol. 4 #20 After his interrogation, the Guardians learned that Henshaw is aware of the main fifty-two parallel universes focused on in the New 52 era and that if New Earth was destroyed, the new Multiverse would collapse and the Antimatter universe would take its place. Two of the Guardians, Ganthet and Sayd, warn the other Guardians not to ignore the prophecy because it could destroy the Green Lantern Corps. The Sinestro Corps War Main article: Sinestro Corps War Following his defeat in Green Lantern: Rebirth, the events of Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps Special #1 Sinestro retreats to the planet Qward in the antimatter universe. There he amasses an army, the Sinestro Corps, that he selects based upon their ability to "inspire great fear". Each member is armed with a yellow power ring, mirroring the green ones of the Green Lantern Corps. Amongst Sinestro's allies are Parallax and the resurrected Anti-Monitor. The Sinestro Corps then launches an all-out assault against the Green Lantern Corps and the universe itself. During the assault on Oa, the Sinestro Corps manages to inflict heavy casualties and free Superman-Prime and the Cyborg Superman from their imprisonment. Kyle Rayner is captured and transported to Qward, where Sinestro manages to separate Rayner from the symbiote Ion allowing Parallax to possess him. Hal Jordan, John Stewart, and Guy Gardner return to Earth to warn the Justice League of the Anti-Monitor's return. As the Sinestro Corps spreads out to ambush Green Lanterns across the universe, Green Lantern vol. 4 #23 sees the Guardians deciding to rewrite their sacred text, the Book of Oa. They add 10 new laws, the first of which authorizes the use of lethal force against the Sinestro Corps. As the Green Lanterns gather on Oa in preparation for a Sinestro Corps assault, the Sinestro Corps teleport themselves and their Central Power Battery instead to a new Warworld, their objective revealed to be Earth. Events in Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #16 show Hal informing the Green Lantern Corps of Sinestro's plans. Green Lantern vol. 4 #24 continues the story, with Green Lanterns and Sinestro Corps members battling across Earth. Hal manages to free Kyle from Parallax before the entity is imprisoned in their power batteries by Ganthet and Sayd. After John and Guy arrive, the former Guardians reveal to them the prophecy of the "Blackest Night", seen in Green Lantern vol. 4 #25. It foretells of five more Corps arising, each based on a different color and emotion. After the five corps are established, a "War of Light" will ensue, in which all the corps are destroyed, leading to the "Blackest Night". The Guardians arrive on Earth and appoint Sodam Yat to be the new Ion. After a lengthy struggle in New York City, the Sinestro Corps are defeated by the overwhelming numbers against them. One of the Guardians sacrifices himself to send Superman-Prime to an alternate universe, while Hal and Kyle subdue and arrest Sinestro in Coast City. In the aftermath of the battle, seen in Green Lantern vol. 4 #25, the Guardians decide to bring the second of the new laws into effect. After realizing that the "Blackest Night" prophecy will come to pass, Ganthet and Sayd depart after creating a blue power ring with the intention of creating their own Corps, based on the spreading of Hope to the rest of the universe. The Anti-Monitor, having been blown across the vacuum of space at the battle's climax, finds itself on a dark planet. There it is transformed by an unknown force into a Black Power Battery. Blackest Night Main article: Blackest Night Following the Sinestro Corps War, the Green Lantern Corps tracked down the abandoned Sinestro rings and prevented them from finding new bearers. Among these is Amon Sur's ring, which attempts to recruit the self-proclaimed "Master of Fear", Jonathan Crane. The surviving members of the Sinestro Corps continue to try to bring fear to the Green Lanterns, in part by murdering the family members of Green Lanterns. Meanwhile, Mongul (who had since obtained a yellow ring in the aftermath of the war) begins his quest to take command of the Sinestro Corps in their namesake's absence. After obtaining an additional five rings by killing corpsmen who refused to follow him, Mongul takes over the planet Daxam and then a large contingent of the Sinestro Corps, after besting Arkillo in one-on-one combat, he becomes the new leader of the Sinestro Corps. In "Rage of the Red Lanterns" #1, a group of rogue Sinestro Corps members still loyal to Sinestro release him from Green Lantern custody as he is being transferred for execution. Their rescue attempt is temporarily spoiled by an attack from Atrocitus and his newly formed Red Lantern Corps. Sinestro is abducted by Atrocitus' forces and brought to the Red Lantern base planet: Ysmault. Planning to use Sinestro's blood for their own means, Sinestro's faction of the Sinestro Corps eventually arrive and liberate him from the Red Lanterns. After their escape, Sinestro and his faction of the Sinestro Corps return to Qward, revealing that there is a backup Central Power Battery. Sinestro orders his men to free the Sinestro Corps members imprisoned on Zamaron by the Star Sapphires and meet him on the darkside of Daxam's moon. After Sinestro attends to "family business", they will retake the Sinestro Corps from Mongul. In addition to those members imprisoned on Zamaron, Sinestro Corps members are also being held prisoner on Oa. Their power rings are held in containment along with other rings (abandoned due to casualty in war) that were prevented from finding new bearers. When Red Lantern Vice is freed from confinement in his sciencell, he attacks the Green Lantern jailer. Though the imprisoned members of the Sinestro Corps initially cheer him on, they find that he is just as likely of attacking them in his rage. During the jail break, Scar frees the yellow power rings and they find their bearers in the sciencells. Upon being reunited with her ring, Lyssa Drak claims to once again be able to feel the Book of Parallax. Now armed with their rings the Sinestro Corps join in the battle with the Green Lanterns and Vice. The faction of the Sinestro Corps led by Sinestro are planning an invasion of Zamaron, homeworld of the Star Sapphires, in order to retake the female Corps members being held prisoner there. After being repelled from Daxam, Mongul's faction (which he has renamed as "The Mongul Corps") invades Korugar. Sinestro's rescue attempt is interrupted by a Black Lantern attack, which he only survives through the arrival of Hal Jordan and Indigo-1, leader of the Indigo Tribe. Indigo-1 brings Sinestro to Korugar, so that he may finally confront Mongul. After a fierce battle, Sinestro activates the override systems in Mongul's rings, using them to imprison him inside the Sinestro Corps Central Power Battery, thus overthrowing Mongul, taking control of the Mongul Corps, and renaming it "The Sinestro Corps" after himself. When he departs with Hal Jordan's group of light-wielders, he commands his Corps to gather at Korugar and protect it while he is away. In the aftermath of Blackest Night, the Sinestro Corps and Green Lantern Corps maintain a fragile truce where neither will attack each other. However, while helping Hal Jordan and the ring-wielders of the other five corps investigate the abduction of the emotional entities, Sinestro is separated from his ring and imprisoned in the Book of the Black, along with the other five members of the group, with Hal only just managing to escape with their rings. When Sinestro and the others escape, renegade Guardian Krona takes command of their rings, prompting Sinestro to attack Krona on his own, with the unexpected result that he is once again chosen as a Green Lantern. The New 52 Returning to Korugar after the Guardians decide to leave him with the ring, Sinestro learns that his Corps have reverted to their brutal methods, terrorising and slaughtering the people of Korugar rather than ruling it, Sinestro creating a new Green Lantern ring for Hal Jordan albeit one that he can shut off at will so that Jordan can help him retake control of the Sinestro Corps, who now want him dead in the belief that his killer will become the new Sinestro Corps leader. After turning various Korugarian prisoners into a temporary Green Lantern Corps using short-lived duplicates of Sinestro's ring, Sinestro and Hal are able to hold off the Sinestro Corps long enough to drain the power away from the Central Power Battery of the Sinestro Corps, de-powering all of the Corps members on Korugar, although those more distant from the battery will still have access to their own power supplies. Later all Lanterns' rings registered that the Sinestro Corps have disbanded with 98% of all known Corpsmen dead or incarcerated, requiring Arkillo, who was cut off from the other Corps in the Orrery with the New Guardians during this attack, to use a new, independent power battery forged by the Weaponer from the fear of the Korugarians. It has since been revealed that the Guardians were responsible for Sinestro acquiring a Green Lantern ring in an attempt to undermine the Sinestro Corps as part of their future plans to destroy all seven Corps. During the conclusion of the "Wrath of the First Lantern" storyline, Sinestro becomes once again a member of the Sinestro Corps and after bonding with Parallax, he reactivates the yellow rings and releases all the Sinestro Corps members who were incarcerated on Oa. During the events of Forever Evil after the Crime Syndicate had taken control of much of Earth, Batman revealed that he harbored a Sinestro Corps ring since the organization's attack on Earth as one of his weapons to deploy against the Justice League should they ever go rogue. When Batman and his allies at the time are attacked by Power Ring, Batman puts the Sinestro Corps ring on in an attempt to counterattack him. However, the ring's power is heavily depleted and Power Ring manages to get it off Batman's finger before ultimately being attacked by Sinestro himself, who was summoned to the planet by Batman's use of the ring. In a brief ensuing battle, Sinestro severs Power Ring's arm from his body, causing his ring to deem him unworthy and leave. As Power Ring thanks Sinestro for freeing him from the curse of the ring, Sinestro incinerates him. In the aftermath of the war with the New Gods of New Genesis, Sinestro has created Warworld into the new base and headquarters of the Sinestro Corps, after the Green Lantern Corps have vanished into another universe. DC Rebirth This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017) Subsequently, in DC Rebirth, Sinestro uses the opportunity to establish the Sinestro Corps as the new force of 'order' in the universe, imposing fear rather than inspiring faith, with Soranik joining her father out of a lack of perceived options. However, as they establish a presence where Oa was once located, Hal Jordan forges a new ring for himself as the rest of the Corps return to this universe. Sinestro then sends out his enforcers of his Corps to control the new order of the universe. The Sinestro Corps attacks a planet, but soon Hal Jordan arrives with his restored Green Lantern powers and drives the Sinestro Corp back. Hal causes the Sinestro Corps members to flee and pursues them. He follows them to the planet, where all the Sinestro Corps are ambush and restrain him. In order to defeat Hal Jordan the Sinestro Corps used the full power of fear throughout the universe, and were ordered by Sinestro to bring Hal to him alive. The Sinestro Corps return to the Sinestro with the captured Green Lantern, who they thought was Hal, but it's actually Guy Gardner instead. Furious, Sinestro demands to know where Hal is. A Corps member named Strafe mistook a rebel to be Soranik Natu, who has secured Hal safely, though he was killed by Sinestro (this whole sentence makes no sense and I don't have the knowledged to correct it accurately). The Sinestro Corps then begin capturing people and imprisoning them in Warworld's engine to increase the power of fear. When Hal has recovered he invades Warworld and attacks the Sinestro Corps. As they were about to attack Sinestro appears and orders his Corps to stop so that he and Hal can go face to face in battle. Before Sinestro attacks him, he discovers too late his powers are decreased due to Soranik rescuing people from being imprisoned and escaping with them. Hal then uses his energies as a living construct to incinerate the Fear Warlord, apparently destroying Sinestro and Ranx for good. Prominent members Prominent members of the Corps, including (clockwise from top left): the Cyborg Superman (Hank Henshaw), Superman-Prime, the Anti-Monitor, Parallax (Kyle Rayner), and Sinestro. Art by Ethan Van Sciver. Like the Green Lantern Corps, the Sinestro Corps has 7200 ring bearers, two for each of the 3600 sectors of space. Leadership Thaal Sinestro (of Sector 1417): An anthropologist from the planet Korugar who was specializing in reconstructing the ruins of long-dead civilization when indoctrinated into the Green Lantern Corps by the Green Lantern Phrohl Gosgotha, who crash-landed in one of the ruins and died giving his green power ring to Sinestro, advising him to use it to defend himself from a Weaponer of Qward who pursued the Lantern. Taking Gosgotha's post, Sinestro became one of the greatest Green Lanterns alongside Abin Sur because of his desire for order, which eventually led him to the idea of secretly becoming a dictator on Korugar. However, this rule over his own planet was exposed to Sur's successor, Hal Jordan, who was helping him stop an attempted Khund invasion on Korugar. As a result, Sinestro was brought before the Guardians and banished to Qward. There, he plotted his revenge by allying himself with the Weaponers of Qward who created a yellow power ring for so he can face and outnumber the Guardians and the Green Lanterns as the leader and namesake of the Sinestro Corps. Mongul (of Sector 2811): The son of a longtime foe of Superman also named Mongul. After the end of the war, he found a downed Sinestro Corps member and broke his neck, taking his ring for himself. Defeated by the Green Lantern Bzzd when he attacked him from within, flying out through his eye. Mongul was then thrown to the planet of the Black Mercys, where Mother Mercy intended to use his body as food for her children. He later broke free, and escaped the planet. He later took charge of the Sinestro Corps, attempting to turn Daxam, and later, Korugar into their new homeworld. However, Sinestro confronted him, and overrode his ring control, trapping him within the Sinestro Corps' central power battery. Arkillo (of Sector 674): A feared warrior from the planet Vorn who became one of Sinestro's first recruits, acting as both drill sergeant and carnivore. Arkillo fought Mongul for control of the Sinestro Corps and lost, having his tongue ripped out and forced to wear it around his neck. His tongue was later restored by Saint Walker of the Blue Lantern Corps, who Arkillo grows somewhat attached to. Described by Geoff Johns as the "Kilowog of the Sinestro Corps." Arkillo appears in Green Lantern: New Guardians, acting as the representative of the Sinestro Corps. For a time Arkillo was the only active Sinestro Corps member prior to its rebirth. Ring bearers Anti-Monitor (of Sector -1): A supreme being titled 'The Guardian of Fear' who was responsible for the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Anti-Monitor is an almost infinitely powerful threat. Returning in the wake of the events of Infinite Crisis and 52, he allies with Sinestro to form the Sinestro Corps. His agenda is the same as it was in the Crisis - to become sole overlord of the Antimatter Universe upon the destruction of all Matter universes. The Anti-Monitor is later discharged from the Corps. Karu-Sil (of Sector 2815): A village girl from the planet Graxos III whose family was killed during a raid on her village, leaving her to fend for herself in the bordering jungle while being raised by animals. While helping her pack attack a boy from neighboring village, the Green Lantern Blish stopped them and delivered Karu-Sil (who he thought the pack was also attacking) to an institute on Graxos IV. However, it was the act of killing one of her psychologists there that she was bailed out of the orphanage by a yellow power ring and became a member of the Sinestro Corps. Karu-Sil was at one time captured by the Zamarons and trapped in a power ring conversion crystal. Before Fatality was released from her crystal, Karu-Sil's conversion was still shown as being incomplete. She has since been freed. Despotellis (of Sector 119): A sentient virus created in a medical lab on the planet Khondra that can kill from within, responsible for the death of 85% of space sector 119 in addition to Kyle Rayner's mother. Despotellis was also responsible for infecting Mogo with a disease that drove several Green Lanterns (including Kilowog) mad when exposed to Mogo that got Guy Gardner framed for murder, though Isamot Kol gave Guy the benefit of the doubt having noticed earlier that something was strange on Mogo when he was seeking counseling and with Soranik Natu's help they were able to cure Mogo. Despotellis was defeated by Leezle Pon, a Green Lantern Smallpox Virus shortly after infecting Guy. It was last heard he was imprisoned on Oa. Amon Sur (of Sector 2814): The son of deceased Green Lantern Abin Sur who became leader of the Black Circle Crime Syndicate until a battle against Kyle Rayner had him overthrown. Afterwards, he journeyed to Earth, plotting to steal his father's Green Lantern ring from Hal Jordan by hiring bounty hunters to find him. When he met the hunter who captured Jordan met up with Amon in the desert where Abin was buried, he betrayed Amon and revealed himself as John Stewart in disguise when Amon was about to use his weapon on Jordan in disgust to the fact that he was not worthy to have the ring. In the middle of the fight that followed, a yellow power ring appeared and welcomed Amon as a member of the Sinestro Corps, transporting him away from Earth. This yellow power ring had previously tried to recruit Batman as the Corps member for this sector, and following Amon Sur's death, it sought out the Scarecrow as its new bearer, but it was destroyed by the Guardians. He was recently revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. Through the combined attack of Hal Jordan and Indigo-1, his ring was destroyed, and his body reduced to ash. Kryb (of Sector 3599): A hag from the planet Vora who kills Green Lanterns who are parents and stores their children in a cage growing out of her back. The other members of Rayner's team then attacked Kryb in the Sector House, causing an explosion which caused the Sector House's orbit to begin to decay and fall into the planet. Kryb was taken by Miri Riam to Zamaron and imprisoned in a power ring conversion crystal. She was freed during Sinestro's assault on Zamaron, and convinced Miri Riam to help her find her children, whose voices she could no longer hear. They discover that the children have become "Black Lantern Corphans", and are attacking the Oan Central Power Battery. When Red Lantern Guy Gardner attacked the children, Kryb attacked him, but he ripped off her arm and shoved it down her throat. She is later seen with the rest of the lanterns descending to protect the Earth from Nekron. Tekik (of Sector 3281): A robot created on the planet Potter-59-3 that rebelled against its life of servitude, creating a "fear program" that infected every other robot on the planet. The planet never recovered from Tekik's attack, and has since been abandoned and renamed "the lost world". As a result, Tekik came to the attention of a yellow power ring that welcomed him into the Sinestro Corps. Murr the Melting Man (Austin Snow) (of Sector 3490): A scientist from the asteroid outpost DW-426 who was changed by an accident with a power source into a mindless being whose touch can melt any other lifeform. Romat-Ru (of Sector 2813): A Xudarian who is regarded to be one of the vilest creatures in the universe. Ampa Nnn (of Sector 3517): A serial killer from the planet Lythyl, who has a habit of removing the organs of his victims and meticulously cleaning them. Superboy-Prime (of Sector 2813): A younger, alternate dimension version of Superman from Earth Prime and a main antagonist from Infinite Crisis. Bedovian (of Sector 3): a hermit crab-like cannibalistic sniper who can kill from three space sectors away. He was located and injured by John Stewart. He is shown in Green Lanterns Corp #46, helping to shoot a giant bullet with Dove inside to the Anti-monitor. Low (of Sector 3308): The most dangerous parasite in the universe. Can drain every drop of blood out of nearly any being in seconds. Replicates by laying "eggs" in the bodies he kills, birthing up to a thousand parasitic slugs from a single carcass. Enkafos (of Sector 2981): A strategist who coordinated the Sinestro Corps attack on Mogo and was ultimately killed by Sodam Yat. Ethan Van Sciver described Enkafos as an analogue to the Green Lantern Corps' Salaak. Recently revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. Batman (Bruce Wayne) (of Sector 2814): A yellow power ring attempted to induct him into the Sinestro Corps during the Sinestro Corps War but Batman managed to remove the ring from his finger causing the ring to fly off. Batman put on a Sinestro Corps power ring during the Forever Evil storyline in order to fight Power Ring thus becoming the Sinestro Corps member of Sector 2814 as a result. Borialosaurus (of Sector 3001): The oldest member of the Sinestro Corps and one of the only surviving members of a race of carnivorous sea animals from the Guardian's homeworld of Maltus that were hunted down after killing dozens of Guardians of the Universe. Braach (of Sector 3064): A Selachian who feeds on the endangered space dolphins, attracting the attention of space dolphin lover Lobo. Bur'Gunza (of Sector 3561): a seemingly model prisoner on Takron-Galtos. When his restraints were removed, he slaughtered forty-two guards before being brought down. He was killed by Bolphunga during the Sciencell riots. Recently revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. Clark Kent / Superman (of Sector 2814) Superman became a Yellow Lantern for a while in the Injustice comics. Devildog (of Sector 1567): A convicted murderer on at least 17 planets. Duel Eknham (of Sector 3550): A Siamese-twin-like pair of doctors from the planet Sedas with two faces and personalities. One side wishes to kill and maim in the most gruesome ways possible, while the other prefers more sophisticated methods of murder. The Sinestro Corps Ring places itself on the hand of the violent side. The two are forced to serve Mongul in Green Lantern Corps #23. Annoyed with their constant bickering, Mongul uses his ring to separate the two. The violent side is killed by Guy Gardner, and the other side is torn apart by the other Lanterns' attack. Both sides are later seen reunited as members of the Black Lantern Corps. Their ring and body are destroyed by a joint attack from Hal Jordan and Carol Ferris. His name is derived from the reverse spelling of artist Doug Mahnke's last name. Fatality (of Sector 1313): A longtime enemy of the Green Lantern Corps, Fatality was captured by the Zamarons and encased in a violet crystal designed to convert her power ring into a Star Sapphire ring. Fatality's conversion recently completed, and she is now a member of the Star Sapphires. Feena Sik (of Sector 2897): A famous artist who discovered a ritual to bring her creations to life and slaughtered any living thing that's blood the ritual required, including her husband, earning her the attention of a yellow power ring. Flash (of Sector 2814): After the Flash was possessed by Parallax during the Brightest Day he temporarily became the Sinestro Corps member of Sector 2814. Flayt (of Sector 2751): A Power-ray from the planet Tristram, known for draining the power out of hundreds of passing starships, rendering them stranded. Gleen (of Sector 312): One of the Kroloteans responsible for the transformations of Hector Hammond, Black Hand, and the Shark, and has tampered with the evolutionary patterns of over a thousand species. Amongst his species, Gleen is considered the cruelest and most twisted. He is annihilated by Alpha Lantern Varix when he attempts to break Sinestro out of his prison transport. Gorgor (of Sector 3215) An expert tracker who tracked Sinestro to Earth after his leaders apparent "betrayal". Claimed he would get to rule the Sinestro Corps for killing Sinestro. Was killed and his ring destroyed. Haasp the Hunter (of Sector 3492): Murderous brother of the Green Lantern Harvid. Imprisoned by his brother for illegal hunting, Haasp has made Harvid his next "big game". Hal Jordan (of Sector 2814): A Green Lantern officer given a couple of yellow power rings during the Sinestro Corps War since his own ring had run low on power and he was unable to recharge it at the time, though it did not work out as planned. During the War of the Green Lanterns storyline, after being forced to remove his Green Lantern ring to prevent him from becoming the host of by Parallax again during the "War of the Green Lanterns", he chose Sinestro's ring due to his previous experience with using a Sinestro Corps ring. Cyborg-Superman (Hank Henshaw) (of Sector 2814): The man-machine hybrid who destroyed Coast City, and eventual Grandmaster of the Manhunters. Although he works with the Sinestro Corps, he does so solely so that he can die; he is loyal to the Anti-Monitor alone knowing that he can kill him for once and for all. Henshaw is believed to be killed at the end of the Sinestro Corps War storyline only to have the Manhunters find him once again. Horku (of Sector 2): Member of the same race as the Green Lantern Honnu. He was later killed by his counterpart near Mount Rushmore. Revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. Imecsub: Purple-skinned, bug-eyed alien, captured by Sodam Yat and Arisia. While in a holding cell in Sector House 2815, he was crushed to death by the arrival of Sodam's mother's spacecraft. His name and appearance are derived from actor Steve Buscemi. Kiriazis (of Sector 1771): A Sinestro Corps member who "blinds and tortures, splintering the Ring's beams with her prisms." She was later said to be able to use her spider-like physiology to metabolize the ring's energy and produce spider web out of it. Kiriazis was captured by the Zamarons and trapped in a power ring conversion crystal, but has since been freed. Kretch (of Sector 3545): A demonic being from the planet Soh. Able to erupt into a massive supernova capable of engulfing entire cities. Lex Luthor (of Sector 2814): After he stole the Scarecrow's Sinestro Corps power ring during the Blackest Night he temporarily becomes a member of the Sinestro Corps. Lyssa Drak (of Sector 3500): Keeper of the Book of Parallax. After being imprisoned by the Green Lantern Corps, she goes searching for her Book. In her search, she finds the Book of the Black and (for lusting over it) is trapped inside its pages by Scar. She has since been freed, and defected the Sinestro Corps to join Krona Lobo (of Sector 3500): In the New 52, after being given a bounty to kill Sinestro, he's given the opportunity to use his skills for the yellow lanterns Maash (of Sector 863): Conceived as triplets, Maash was later fused into one body, with three faces stacked one on top of the other. The top head is an innocent personality, unable to stop the two more vicious personalities from controlling their shared body. Mallow (of Sector 614): Head of a bloodthirsty group of marauders, whose hideout is in the centre of the worst asteroid storm in the universe. Moose (of Sector 3333): A mammoth-like alien. His real name is unpronounceable, so his ring chose the closest approximation. Narok (of Sector 2449): An alien with an Octopus-like lower body who, prior to joining the Corps, imprisoned his own sister and forced her to devour her children. He was killed by the Black Lantern Harbinger. Peacemaker (of Sector 2) (the home sector of the Reach): Selected from Earth to join the Sinestro Corps, the alien Reach place a beetle scarab in his spine to make him a joint agent with the intention of assassinating Jaime Reyes, the Blue Beetle. However, with Blue Beetle's help, Peacemaker is able to resist the ring and the scarab, removing both. The Quintet Squad: Five siblings (Ena, Pente, Tessera, Theo, and Tria), whose species cannot be identified by the Green Lantern's rings. They attacked the families of Green Lanterns, raining the eyes of their victims over Oa. Four of them were brought in by the Green Lanterns, except for Ena, one of the female siblings, who killed herself to avoid capture. Ranx the Sentient City (of Sector 3272): An intelligent, free-floating robotic city that is prophesied to kill Mogo. Scarecrow (Jonathan Crane) (of Sector 2814): A criminally insane college psychiatrist and recurring opponent of Batman who is selected by a duplicate of Sinestro's ring as a deputy to the Sinestro Corps during the Blackest Night crisis. Lex Luthor, overwhelmed by the orange light of greed, steals his ring. Scivor (of Sector 3106): Once posed as a torture god of Aplic-Toh, influencing thousands to murder on his behalf. Possesses unmatched powers of persuasion. Schlagg-Man (of Sector 3493) A native of the planet Bismoll, who had his teeth removed after biting through a policeman's neck. He has since had them replaced with Bismollian steel, allowing him to bite through anything. He was executed by the Alpha Lanterns and later revived as a Black Lantern. Seer Ruggle (of Sector 2700): The Bomb Mistress of the planet Rorc, who is responsible for the construction of six blink bombs throughout the universe, one of which she gave to the Children of the White Lobe to destroy Mogo. Setag Retss (of Sector 1155): Member of a race of under-reptiles that dwell in the dark waters of planets in the Rexulus system. His ring allows him to breathe outside of water. Sirket (of Sector 1110): An insect that lives in the Bleed known as the space between dimensions. Slushh (of Sector 3376): An acidic polymorphous globular being. His insides are composed of a corrosive fluid that liquifies flesh instantly. During the attack on Zamaron, black power rings revive the skeletal remains within Slushh, causing them to burst out, badly damaging his membrane. Sn'Hoj (of Sector 3201): Known for attacking starships, assimilating their technology, and killing the crew. Snap Trap (of Sector 3189): A humanoid crocodile who uses his hypnotic eyes to lure in his prey. He then devours the victim's spines, leaving them alive and in agony. Smithwick (of Sector 1418): Belongs to the same race as Salaak, whom he has sworn to kill. Stanch (of Sector 3560): A once benevolent being who was corrupted in body and mind through the pollution of his world, becoming a monstrous killer of the skies. Starro: an alien parasite that creates copies of itself which take possession of sentient organisms and take control of their minds. Tri-Eye (of Sector 3145): A fearsome traveling creature who uses his three mouths to tear his victims to pieces and devour them, leaving no trace left. He is executed by the Alpha Lanterns following the Sciencell riots and later revived as a Black Lantern. However, another virtually identical member of his species has been shown with the Sinestro Corps during and since the Blackest Night. Ugg-I (of Sector 53): A female alien with an eye placed where a human mouth would be located and two mouths where human eyes would be located. She is killed by the Alpha Lanterns during the mass execution of the sciencell prisoners on Oa. She was recently revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. Vril Dox (of Sector 1287): While battling the Black Lantern version of his wife, Stealth, Dox was chosen by the slain Narok's ring to be his successor. He is later discharged from the Corps, following his repeated refusal to follow Sinestro's orders and go to Korugar. The Weaponer (of Sector -1): The Weaponer created Sinestro's original yellow ring. He later lured Sinestro to Qward to destroy him. After he was defeated he accepted Sinestro's invitation to join his corps. Yellow Lantern (of Sector 1284, an anagram of Sector 2814): A citizen of Bizarro World who is selected as a member of the Sinestro Corps. He ignores the ring's commands until the ring overrides his free will and takes him to the battlefield. Made a cameo in Green Lantern #25. This ring bearer is actually a Bizarro-version of Hal Jordan. A Bizarro version Kyle Rayner appeared in the first page of the 2009 DC Universe Halloween Special. Bekka, of the New Gods: A warrior of New Genesis, having encountered Sinestro in Sector 1014 and given an invitation. Several characters have been shown in preview art and mentioned by creators Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver, but have yet to appear. Ethan van Sciver has also stated that there will be a 'Frankenstein'-inspired member who is two aliens cut in half and sewn together (with each one bearing a power ring, so that they are two bodies acting as one), and "Strange Little Robots". The "'Frankenstein'-inspired member" made a small appearance in the Sinestro Corps Special, appearing behind Sinestro. In the final installment of "The Sinestro Corps War", many unnamed members were seen during the fight scenes. Two resembled a Xenomorph and a Predator. Another resembled the Legion of Super-Heroes villain Validus, and another was of the Dominator race. Oath When recharging their power rings, members of the Sinestro Corps recite the following oath: :In blackest day, in brightest night, Beware your fears made into light Let those who try to stop what's right, Burn like my power()... Sinestro's might()!— Sinestro, Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps Special #1 (June 2007) () "My power" becomes "his power" when recited by other members of the Corps. (**) "Sinestro's might" became for a time "Arkillo's might", when Arkillo was the only active Sinestro Corps member prior to its rebirth. Entity Main article: Parallax (comics) As the embodiment of fear which is connected to the yellow light of the Emotional Spectrum, Parallax is revealed to be the emotional entity for the Sinestro Corps. Born when one of the earliest life forms first felt terror, it is insect-like in appearance. Parallax was the first of the seven entities to be captured by a still unknown person and currently is held captive in Ryut. The Sinestro Corps insignia is based on drawings created by life forms who looked into the mouth of Parallax, and lived to tell the tale. Book of Parallax This book apparently holds in its pages all the history of the greatest Sinestro Corpsmen histories. For unknown reasons the book was chained to Lyssa Drak with yellow energy from Sinestro himself. This was possibly for the need to have a historian for his Corps and a way for Sinestro to revisit his Corps' success. Lyssa Drak is quite loyal to Sinestro and highly devoted to updating the Book and keeping it safe. A power ring is needed to translate the Book's text into words familiar to the ring wielder. Before a candidate of the corps enters a fear lodge, their power rings are drained by the Book of Parallax. Recently, Lyssa Drak has become the embodiment of the book. Weapons and equipment Main article: Power ring A Yellow Power Ring Members of the Sinestro Corps use yellow power rings built on Qward. Though functionally similar to a Green Lantern's power ring, yellow power rings are fueled by fear instead of willpower. Members are selected for their skill at intimidation and terror. The ring amplifies the aggressive tendencies of the wearer. The yellow rings are charged by yellow power batteries, which are in turn linked to a yellow Central Power Battery based on Korugar. Aside from the recharging limitations common among the various Corps, their only known weakness is that their power can be drained by a Blue Lantern's power ring. Other versions The Lightsmiths: In the universe prior to the current one, groups managed to tap into the wellspring of power created by the Emotional Spectrum. In this universe those who tapped into the yellow light were known as the Lightsmiths of the Yellow Light of Terror. In "Scooby-Doo Team-Up #12," The Mystery Inc gang battle the Legion of Doom and attempt to rescue the Superfriends. They fight multiple members of the legions including Lex Luthor, Gorilla Grodd, Bizarro, Cheetah, and Sinestro. Sinestro attempts to use his ring on Scooby-Doo and Shaggy; however, the ring leaves Sinestro and goes to Shaggy and Scooby, causing their costumes to change into those similar to the Sinestro Corps, due to their ability to instill great fear in themselves. Shaggy then uses his ring to rescue the heroes and defeat the villains. In other media Television The Sinestro Corps appear in the Justice League Action episode "The Ringer", consisting of Sinestro and Despotellis. Film The Sinestro Corps appear in a future prophecy depicted in the "Abin Sur" segment of Green Lantern: Emerald Knights, consisting of Sinestro, Arkillo, Lyssa Drak, Kryb, Maash, Karu-Sil, Romat-Ru, Slussh and Tri-eye. The Sinestro Corps appear in Green Lantern: Beware My Power, consisting of Lyssa Drak and Sinestro as prominent members and two minor unnamed members. Video games The Sinestro Corps make a cameo appearance in Green Lantern's ending in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. The Sinestro Corps appear in DC Universe Online. An alternate universe incarnation of the Sinestro Corps appear in Injustice: Gods Among Us, consisting of Sinestro and Hal Jordan. Additionally, Damian Wayne becomes a Yellow Lantern in his non-canonical arcade mode ending. The Sinestro Corps appear in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, with Sinestro and Arkillo appearing as playable characters while Batman's Sinestro Corps uniform appears as a downloadable alternate skin. Miscellaneous The Sinestro Corps appear in Smallville Season 11. This version of the group was created by Parallax and is served by the Manhunters as heralds. In the "Lantern" arc, Parallax possesses John Stewart and sends yellow power rings to Earth, where they choose Arkham Asylum inmates, such as Man-Bat, Firefly, Bane, Mr. Freeze, and Poison Ivy, before they are all defeated by Superman and the Green Lantern Corps and depowered by Dr. Emil Hamilton. In the "Chaos" arc, Lex Luthor employs a security force empowered by yellow power rings until they are defeated and depowered by Booster Gold and Skeets. References ^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Korte, Steve; Manning, Matt; Wiacek, Win; Wilson, Sven (2016). The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe. DK Publishing. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-4654-5357-0. ^ Green Lantern: Rebirth #3 (2005) ^ Booster Gold #2 (2007) ^ Green Lantern vol. 3 #50 (1994) ^ Green Lantern: Rebirth #4 (2005) ^ Green Lantern: Rebirth #6 (2005) ^ Rogers, Vaneta (2006-08-08). "CATCHING UP WITH GEOFF JOHNS". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 2007-02-07. Retrieved 2007-03-20. ^ Green Lantern vol. 4 #11 ^ Wizard Magazine #184 (February 2007), 2007 Preview, Sinestro Corps. ^ Green Lantern vol. 4 #17 (April 2007) ^ a b Tales of the Green Lanterns Corps Annual #2 (1986) ^ Green Lantern vol. 4 #15 (2005) ^ Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps Special #1 (2007) ^ Geoff Johns (w), Ethan Van Sciver (a), Moose Baumann (col), Rob Leigh (let). "Sinestro Corps, Prologue: The Second Rebirth". Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps Special #1 (Aug 2007), DC Comics. ^ Geoff Johns (w), Ivan Reis (p), Oclair Albert (i), Moose Baumann (col). "Broken Laws". Green Lantern vol. 4 #23, DC Comics. ^ Dave Gibbons (w), Patrick Gleason (p), Prentiss Rollins (i), Guy Major (col). "The Battle of Ranx". Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #16, DC Comics. ^ Geoff Johns (w), Ivan Reis (p), Oclair Albert & Julio Ferreira (i). "Home Invasion". Green Lantern vol. 4 #24 (Dec 2007), DC Comics. ^ a b Geoff Johns (w), Ivan Reis & Ethan Van Sciver (p), Oclair Albert, Julio Feirreira, & Ivan Reis (i), Moose Baumann & Rod Reis (col). "The Sinestro Corps War part 11". Green Lantern vol. 4 #25, DC Comics. ^ a b Geoff Johns (w), Mike McKone (p), Andy Lanning, Marco Alquiza, and Mark Farmer (i), Jo smith (col). "The Alpha Lanterns Part II". Green Lantern vol. 4 #27, DC Comics. ^ a b Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #28 ^ Final Crisis: Rage of the Red Lanterns #1 (December 2008) ^ a b Green Lantern vol. 4 #38 (February 2009) ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #34 (March 2009) ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #35 (April 2009) ^ Green Lantern vol. 4 #41 (June 2009) ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #39 (October 2009) ^ a b c d e Green Lantern vol. 4 #46 ^ Green Lantern vol. 4 #47 ^ Green Lantern vol. 5, #1 (September 2011) ^ Green Lantern vol. 5, #2 (October 2011) ^ Green Lantern vol. 5, #4 (December 2011) ^ Green Lantern vol. 5, #5 (January 2012) ^ a b Green Lantern: New Guardians #8 (April 2012) ^ Green Lantern (vol. 5) #12 (August 2012) ^ Green Lantern vol. 5, #20 (May 2013) ^ Forever Evil #4 ^ Forever Evil #5 ^ Sinestro #14 (August 2015) ^ Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps: Rebirth one-shot (July 2016) ^ Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #1 (July 2016) ^ Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #2 (August 2016) ^ Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #3 (August 2016) ^ Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #4 (September 2016) ^ Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #6 (October 2016) ^ Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #7 (October 2016) ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #20 ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #26 ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #27 ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #33 ^ a b Rogers, Vaneta (2006-04-11). "TAPPING IN TO EVIL: ETHAN VAN SCIVER ON SINESTRO CORPS". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-04-29. ^ a b c Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #30 ^ a b Green Lantern vol. 4 #36 (January 2009) ^ Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps one-shot ^ Green Lantern Corps (Vol. 2) #12-13 ^ "Green Lantern" vol. 4 #26 ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #31 ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #32 ^ Green Lantern vol. 4 #45 ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #43 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Green Lantern/Sinestro Corps: Secret Files and Origins one-shot (2007) ^ "Green Lantern" vol. 4 #20 (2007) ^ Newsarama Tapping in to Evil: Ethan Van Sciver on Sinestro Corps Archived 2007-07-16 at the Wayback Machine ^ Green Lantern Vol. 4 #23 ^ Green Lantern vol. 4 #65 (April 2011) ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #17 ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #37 (June 2009) ^ Untold Tales of Blackest Night #01 ^ Green Lantern/Sinestro Corps Special #1 ^ a b R.E.B.E.L.S. (2009) #10 ^ Blue Beetle #20 ^ Blue Beetle #21 ^ Blackest Night #6 (December 2009) ^ Blackest Night #7 (2010) ^ Teen Titans vol. 3 #51-54 ^ Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #35 (July 2009) ^ R.E.B.E.L.S. #11 ^ Green Lantern Corps #57 ^ Action Comics #857 ^ Green Lantern: The Sinestro Corps Secret Files ^ New Gods: Godhead #1 ^ Green Lantern vol. 4 #50 ^ Green Lantern #23.1 ^ "Green Lantern: Beware My Power Producer Explains How the Sinestro Corps Ended up in the DC Movie". 18 July 2022. ^ Smallville Season 11: Lantern #2-3 ^ Smallville Season 11: Chaos #4 External links Sinestro Corps at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Wizard Article on the members of the Sinestro Corps Newsarama Sinestro Corp Preview Portals: Speculative fiction 2000s vteGreen Lantern Bill Finger Martin Nodell John Broome Gil Kane Dennis O'Neil Neal Adams Gerard Jones Ron Marz Darryl Banks Geoff Johns Doug Mahnke Ethan Van Sciver N. K. Jemisin Jamal Campbell Other contributors Green Lantern CorpsEarth's Green Lanterns Alan Scott Hal Jordan Guy Gardner John Stewart Kyle Rayner Simon Baz Jessica Cruz Sojourner Mullein Foreign Green Lanterns Abin Sur Arisia Rrab Boodikka Ch'p Earth-Man G'nort Green Man Ion Isamot Kol Jack T. Chance Katma Tui Ke'Haan Kilowog Kreon Lar Gand Mogo the Living Planet Salaak Sodam Yat Soranik Natu Stel Tomar-Re Tomar-Tu Turytt Universo and many others Supporting characters Alexandra DeWitt Blue Lantern Corps Saint Walker Doiby Dickles Guardians of the Universe Ganthet Sayd Indigo Tribe Jade Justice League Superman Batman Wonder Woman The Flash/Barry Allen Aquaman Martian Manhunter Cyborg Green Arrow Justice Society of America The Atom/Al Pratt Dr Fate/Kent Nelson The Flash/Jay Garrick Hawkman/Carter Hall Hourman/Rex Tyler Sandman/Wesley Dodds Spectre/Jim Corrigan Thomas Kalmaku Obsidian Olivia Reynolds Star Sapphires Carol Ferris Jillian Pearlman Donna Troy White Lantern Corps EnemiesGolden Age villains Gambler Harlequin Icicle Solomon Grundy Sportsmaster Vandal Savage General Anti-Monitor Controllers Demolition Team Doctor Polaris Doctor Ub'x Effigy Evil Star Fatality Grayven Hector Hammond Kroloteans Krona Legion Major Disaster Major Force Manhunters Power Ring Professor Ojo Sonar Tattooed Man Thorn Sinestro Corps Amon Sur Lyssa Drak Hank Henshaw Mongul Parallax Scarecrow Sinestro Superboy-Prime Red Lanterns Atrocitus Bleez Orange Lanterns Larfleeze Black Lanterns Black Hand Nekron Star Sapphires Carol Ferris Jillian Pearlman Comics All-American Comics Green Lantern "Snowbirds Don't Fly" "Emerald Twilight" "Emerald Knights" "Circle of Fire" Rebirth "Sinestro Corps War" "Secret Origin" Blackest Night Brightest Day "War of the Green Lanterns" Batman: In Darkest Knight Comic Cavalcade 1001 Emerald Nights The Green Lantern Chronicles Emerald Dawn Evil's Might Mosaic New Guardians Green Lantern Corps: Recharge Green Lantern/Superman: Legend of the Green Flame Green Lantern Versus Aliens Willworld Planet of the Apes/Green Lantern Star Trek/Green Lantern Star Trek/Green Lantern: Stranger Worlds Wrath of the First Lantern Far Sector In other mediaFilm First Flight Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Emerald Knights 2011 film Beware My Power TV series The Animated Series Lanterns Video games Rise of the Manhunters Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham Locations Coast City Mogo the Living Planet Oa Qward Related Power ring (equipment) Darkstars Alien races Source Wall Green Lantern (Great Adventure) Green Lantern Coaster (Warner Bros. Movie World) Green Lantern: First Flight (Magic Mountain) Category vteJustice League charactersFounding membersPre-New 52/Rebirth Aquaman Batman Flash / Barry Allen Green Lantern / Hal Jordan Martian Manhunter Superman Wonder Woman Post-New 52/Rebirth Aquaman Batman Cyborg Flash / Barry Allen Green Lantern / Hal Jordan Superman Wonder Woman Recurring members Adam Strange Agent Liberty Amazing-Man / Will Everett III Ambush Bug Animal Man Aqualad Atom Ray Palmer Ryan Choi Atom Smasher Aztek Batgirl/Oracle Batwing Batwoman Big Barda Black Adam Black Canary / Dinah Laurel Lance Black Condor Black Lightning Black Orchid Bloodwynd Booster Gold Blue Beetle Ted Kord Jaime Reyes Blue Devil Blue Jay Bulleteer Captain Atom Captain Marvel / Shazam Catwoman Commander Steel / Hank Heywood III Congorilla Crimson Fox Detective Chimp Dr Fate Dr Light Donna Troy Element Girl Elongated Man Etrigan the Demon Fire Firestorm Flash Jay Garrick Wally West General Glory Geo-Force Godiva Green Arrow Green Lantern Guy Gardner Jade John Stewart Kyle Rayner Simon Baz Jessica Cruz Guardian Gypsy Harley Quinn Hawkman Carter Hall Katar Hol Hawkgirl and Hawkwoman Shiera Sanders Hall Shayera Hol Kendra Saunders Hourman Rick Tyler Matthew Tyler (Android) Huntress Ice Glacier Jesse Quick John Constantine Kasumi Katana Lightray Lobo Madame Xanadu Manitou Dawn Manitou Raven Maxima Maya Mera Metamorpho Mr Miracle Mr Terrific Moon Maiden Mystek Naomi Obsidian Orion Pandora Phantom Stranger Plastic Man Power Girl Question Raven Ray Red Arrow Red Tornado Robin/Nightwing Rocket Red Shade, the Changing Man Silver Sorceress Snapper Carr Starfire Stargirl Starman Mikaal Tomas Prince Gavyn Will Payton Jack Knight Steel Super-Chief Superboy Supergirl Swamp Thing Tasmanian Devil Tomorrow Woman Triumph Vibe Vixen Wonder Girl Zatanna Zauriel OthercharactersSupportingcharacters Alfred Pennyworth Arella A.R.G.U.S. Carol Ferris Highfather Iris West James Gordon Jimmy Olsen Lois Lane Lucius Fox Pariah Perry White Queen Hippolyta Steve Trevor Sue Dibny Allies Amazonians Atlanteans Birds of Prey Doom Patrol GCPD Justice League Dark John Constantine Deadman Detective Chimp Etrigan the Demon Swamp Thing Zatanna Justice Society of America Lantern Corps Guardians of the Universe Zamarons Blue Lantern Corps Green Lantern Corps Indigo Tribe White Lantern Corps Legion of Super-Heroes Marvel/Shazam Family New Gods Outsiders S.T.A.R. Labs Teen Titans Robin Starfire Beast Boy Cyborg Raven Young Justice Neutral allies Amanda Waller Black Adam Captain Cold Frankenstein Jonah Hex Killer Frost Larfleeze Lobo Harley Quinn Poison Ivy Star Sapphire Suicide Squad EnemiesCentral rogues Amazo Anti-Monitor Black Adam Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Darkseid Deathstroke Despero Doctor Destiny Doctor Light Doomsday Eclipso Felix Faust Gorilla Grodd Joker Kanjar Ro Lex Luthor Libra Mongul Nekron Neron Professor Ivo Prometheus Queen Bee Queen of Fables Sinestro Starro Steppenwolf T. O. Morrow Trigon Ultra-Humanite Vandal Savage Other supervillains Amos Fortune Black Hand Blockbuster Brain Storm Circe David Graves Doctor Polaris Doctor Sivana Epoch Funky Flashman Gamemnae General Wade Eiling Gentleman Ghost Gog Hyathis Imperiex Key King Kull Ma'alefa'ak Magog Manchester Black Manga Khan Manhunter Matter Master Maxwell Lord Merlyn Morgaine le Fey Nebula Man OMAC Paragon Per Degaton Ra's al Ghul Rama Khan Red King Reverse-Flash Shaggy Man Siren Solaris Solomon Grundy Sonar Starbreaker Weapons Master Weather Wizard Wizard Organizations Aryan Brigade Axis Amerika Brotherhood of Evil Cadre Crime Syndicate of America Darkseid's Elite Fearsome Five Female Furies Injustice League Kobra Lantern Corps Black Lantern Corps Orange Lantern Corps Red Lantern Corps Sinestro Corps League of Assassins Legion of Doom Manhunters Parademons Phantom Zone Villains Rogues Royal Flush Gang Secret Six Secret Society of Super Villains White Martians AlternativeversionsAlternate versionsof the Justice League Extreme Justice Just'a Lotta Animals Justice Guild of America Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Queer Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Legion Alpha Justice Lords Super Buddies Super Jrs. Young Justice Others Superman Wonder Woman In other mediaDC Extended Universe Superman Batman Wonder Woman Flash Aquaman Cyborg Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"Sinestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinestro"}],"text":"The Sinestro Corps, occasionally known as the Yellow Lantern Corps, is a supervillainous group and analog to the Green Lantern Corps in the DC Universe. They are led by Sinestro, and derive power from the emotional electromagnetic spectrum of fear.","title":"Sinestro Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern"},{"link_name":"Geoff Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Johns"},{"link_name":"Ethan Van Sciver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Van_Sciver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-1"}],"text":"The Sinestro Corps first appeared in Green Lantern vol. 4 #10 and was created by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver.[1]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear"},{"link_name":"Oa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oa_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rebirth3-2"},{"link_name":"Supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Guy Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Gardner_(character)"},{"link_name":"Booster Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booster_Gold"},{"link_name":"Legion of Super-Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Super-Heroes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booster2-3"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"Qward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qward"},{"link_name":"power ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ring_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern"},{"link_name":"Hal Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear"},{"link_name":"willpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kyle Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Rayner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl50-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rebirth4-5"}],"sub_title":"Before the Corps","text":"The Parallax entity is a space parasite that is the embodiment of fear that was imprisoned within the Central Power Battery on Oa. This caused green power rings to be weak to the color yellow, and Parallax subsequently became known as the \"yellow impurity\" over time.[2]Thaal Sinestro, at the time the universe's greatest Green Lantern, was sent to Earth by Supernova in a plot to erase Guy Gardner from history. Booster Gold was assigned to prevent this from happening. To do so, he convinced Sinestro to leave Earth, claiming that he was an admirer from the future, and that his yellow Legion of Super-Heroes flight ring was a tribute to Sinestro. When asked what Corps he belongs to, Booster ad-libbed, \"The...Sinestro Corps\", leading Sinestro to twirl his mustache in thought while mumbling, \"Of course...Of course.\"[3]After Sinestro went rogue, he was banished by the Guardians of the Universe to Qward in the antimatter universe. When he returned, he wielded a power ring which used yellow energy. After various encounters with Earth's Green Lantern, Hal Jordan, he was imprisoned within the Central Power Battery. There he was able to use his ring, which uses fear, as opposed to willpower, as a power source, to awaken Parallax from hibernation. From there, Parallax and Sinestro were able to influence the fall of Hal Jordan and instigate the fall of the Green Lantern Corps, leaving one last Green Lantern: Kyle Rayner.[4][5]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinestro_corps_gather.jpg"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Hal Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rebirth6-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arkillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ring_bearers"},{"link_name":"Kilowog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowog"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl11-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Amon Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Sur"},{"link_name":"Abin Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abin_Sur"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Recruitment drive","text":"The Sinestro Corps gathers on Qward.After the Green Lantern Corps was restarted with the return of Hal Jordan,[6] the Sinestro Corps began actively recruiting members, offering yellow power rings and a role in the Corps to those who can \"instill great fear\". Members of the Corps are immediately taken to Qward to \"...be subjected to psychological and physical reconditioning\". The members of the Sinestro Corps work in sectors, like the Green Lantern Corps. Qward also has a huge yellow Central Battery on its surface like the one used on Oa.[7] Although the Sinestro Corps uses fear, and opposes the Green Lantern Corps and the Guardians, Sinestro has stated their goal is to bring order to the universe, which he claims the Guardians have failed to do.Arkillo, a large and muscular vicious alien, is enslaving all the Qwardian Weaponers and forcing them to continuously build new yellow rings which are programmed to breach the barrier between the antimatter and matter universes to find and recruit new ring-wielders. Arkillo also serves as the Sinestro Corps' drill sergeant, similar to Kilowog's role in the GLC.[8]Members recruited include Karu-Sil, raised by animals; Despotellis, a sentient virus capable of attacking Lanterns from the inside; and Bedovian, the sniper of the Corps, capable of taking out a target from three sectors away.[9]During this time, the Sinestro Corps attempted to recruit Batman, known even to some alien races for his formidable ability to instill fear in others. However, Batman's willpower combined with his previous brief exposure to a power ring allowed him to reject the yellow ring before it took him to be properly trained and molded into one of Sinestro's soldiers. The yellow ring then sought a replacement and selected Amon Sur, the disgruntled son of Abin Sur, who was on Earth attempting to steal Hal Jordan's ring.[10]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glca2-11"},{"link_name":"Manhunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunters_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Guy Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Gardner_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Emerald Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Twilight"},{"link_name":"Hank Henshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Henshaw"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl15-12"},{"link_name":"A face of metal and flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Henshaw"},{"link_name":"the 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Willpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"New 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_52"},{"link_name":"Ganthet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganthet"},{"link_name":"Sayd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayd"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glsc-13"}],"sub_title":"The prophecy","text":"It was revealed that after untold millennia, the Weaponers of Qward, Ranx the Sentient City, the Children of the White Lobe, and the Empire of Tears will rise united against the Green Lantern Corps.[11] This was largely ignored up until upgraded Manhunters started to appear throughout the universe. Hal Jordan encountered one on Earth and, with Guy Gardner, followed their trail to Sector 3601. Hal and Guy found several Green Lanterns, all of whom were assumed to have been killed during the Emerald Twilight saga, and the Manhunters' new grandmaster Hank Henshaw, the Cyborg Superman. The Manhunters were defeated and Henshaw's head was brought to Oa.[12] The Book of Oa has a forbidden chapter on cosmic prophecies, which includes the following:A face of metal and flesh shall speak of the secrets of the 52.\nFear will rise.\nWillpower will gather.\nAnd a war of light will unleash the truth behind the power of the ring.\n\n— Book Of Oa, Green Lantern vol. 4 #20After his interrogation, the Guardians learned that Henshaw is aware of the main fifty-two parallel universes focused on in the New 52 era and that if New Earth was destroyed, the new Multiverse would collapse and the Antimatter universe would take its place. Two of the Guardians, Ganthet and Sayd, warn the other Guardians not to ignore the prophecy because it could destroy the Green Lantern Corps.[13]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Lantern: Rebirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern:_Rebirth"},{"link_name":"Sinestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinestro"},{"link_name":"Qward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qward"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Anti-Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Monitor"},{"link_name":"Superman-Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy-Prime"},{"link_name":"Cyborg Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Henshaw"},{"link_name":"Kyle Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Rayner"},{"link_name":"symbiote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis"},{"link_name":"Ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hal Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"John Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Guy Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Gardner_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League"},{"link_name":"Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"Warworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Universe_locations#Planetary_systems"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc16-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl24-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl25-18"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"blue power ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ring_(DC_Comics)#Blue"},{"link_name":"Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope"},{"link_name":"Black Power Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ring_(DC_Comics)#Black"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl25-18"}],"sub_title":"The Sinestro Corps War","text":"Following his defeat in Green Lantern: Rebirth, the events of Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps Special #1 Sinestro retreats to the planet Qward in the antimatter universe. There he amasses an army, the Sinestro Corps, that he selects based upon their ability to \"inspire great fear\". Each member is armed with a yellow power ring, mirroring the green ones of the Green Lantern Corps. Amongst Sinestro's allies are Parallax and the resurrected Anti-Monitor. The Sinestro Corps then launches an all-out assault against the Green Lantern Corps and the universe itself. During the assault on Oa, the Sinestro Corps manages to inflict heavy casualties and free Superman-Prime and the Cyborg Superman from their imprisonment. Kyle Rayner is captured and transported to Qward, where Sinestro manages to separate Rayner from the symbiote Ion allowing Parallax to possess him.[14] Hal Jordan, John Stewart, and Guy Gardner return to Earth to warn the Justice League of the Anti-Monitor's return.As the Sinestro Corps spreads out to ambush Green Lanterns across the universe, Green Lantern vol. 4 #23 sees the Guardians deciding to rewrite their sacred text, the Book of Oa. They add 10 new laws, the first of which authorizes the use of lethal force against the Sinestro Corps. As the Green Lanterns gather on Oa in preparation for a Sinestro Corps assault, the Sinestro Corps teleport themselves and their Central Power Battery instead to a new Warworld, their objective revealed to be Earth.[15] Events in Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #16 show Hal informing the Green Lantern Corps of Sinestro's plans.[16]Green Lantern vol. 4 #24 continues the story, with Green Lanterns and Sinestro Corps members battling across Earth. Hal manages to free Kyle from Parallax before the entity is imprisoned in their power batteries by Ganthet and Sayd.[17] After John and Guy arrive, the former Guardians reveal to them the prophecy of the \"Blackest Night\", seen in Green Lantern vol. 4 #25. It foretells of five more Corps arising, each based on a different color and emotion. After the five corps are established, a \"War of Light\" will ensue, in which all the corps are destroyed, leading to the \"Blackest Night\".[18]The Guardians arrive on Earth and appoint Sodam Yat to be the new Ion. After a lengthy struggle in New York City, the Sinestro Corps are defeated by the overwhelming numbers against them. One of the Guardians sacrifices himself to send Superman-Prime to an alternate universe, while Hal and Kyle subdue and arrest Sinestro in Coast City. In the aftermath of the battle, seen in Green Lantern vol. 4 #25, the Guardians decide to bring the second of the new laws into effect. After realizing that the \"Blackest Night\" prophecy will come to pass, Ganthet and Sayd depart after creating a blue power ring with the intention of creating their own Corps, based on the spreading of Hope to the rest of the universe. The Anti-Monitor, having been blown across the vacuum of space at the battle's climax, finds itself on a dark planet. There it is transformed by an unknown force into a Black Power Battery.[18]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl27-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc28-20"},{"link_name":"Mongul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongul#Son_of_Mongul"},{"link_name":"Daxam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxam"},{"link_name":"Atrocitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrocitus"},{"link_name":"Red Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcrrl-21"},{"link_name":"Star Sapphires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Sapphire_(comics)#Star_Sapphires"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl38-22"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lantern_Corps#Prominent_members"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc34-23"},{"link_name":"Scar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lyssa Drak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyssa_Drak"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc35-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl41-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc39-26"},{"link_name":"Black Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Indigo Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_Tribe"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl46-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Blackest Night","text":"Following the Sinestro Corps War, the Green Lantern Corps tracked down the abandoned Sinestro rings and prevented them from finding new bearers. Among these is Amon Sur's ring, which attempts to recruit the self-proclaimed \"Master of Fear\", Jonathan Crane.[19] The surviving members of the Sinestro Corps continue to try to bring fear to the Green Lanterns, in part by murdering the family members of Green Lanterns.[20] Meanwhile, Mongul (who had since obtained a yellow ring in the aftermath of the war) begins his quest to take command of the Sinestro Corps in their namesake's absence. After obtaining an additional five rings by killing corpsmen who refused to follow him, Mongul takes over the planet Daxam and then a large contingent of the Sinestro Corps, after besting Arkillo in one-on-one combat, he becomes the new leader of the Sinestro Corps. In \"Rage of the Red Lanterns\" #1, a group of rogue Sinestro Corps members still loyal to Sinestro release him from Green Lantern custody as he is being transferred for execution. Their rescue attempt is temporarily spoiled by an attack from Atrocitus and his newly formed Red Lantern Corps.[21]Sinestro is abducted by Atrocitus' forces and brought to the Red Lantern base planet: Ysmault. Planning to use Sinestro's blood for their own means, Sinestro's faction of the Sinestro Corps eventually arrive and liberate him from the Red Lanterns. After their escape, Sinestro and his faction of the Sinestro Corps return to Qward, revealing that there is a backup Central Power Battery. Sinestro orders his men to free the Sinestro Corps members imprisoned on Zamaron by the Star Sapphires and meet him on the darkside of Daxam's moon. After Sinestro attends to \"family business\", they will retake the Sinestro Corps from Mongul.[22] In addition to those members imprisoned on Zamaron, Sinestro Corps members are also being held prisoner on Oa. Their power rings are held in containment along with other rings (abandoned due to casualty in war) that were prevented from finding new bearers. When Red Lantern Vice is freed from confinement in his sciencell, he attacks the Green Lantern jailer.[23] Though the imprisoned members of the Sinestro Corps initially cheer him on, they find that he is just as likely of attacking them in his rage. During the jail break, Scar frees the yellow power rings and they find their bearers in the sciencells. Upon being reunited with her ring, Lyssa Drak claims to once again be able to feel the Book of Parallax. Now armed with their rings the Sinestro Corps join in the battle with the Green Lanterns and Vice.[24]The faction of the Sinestro Corps led by Sinestro are planning an invasion of Zamaron, homeworld of the Star Sapphires, in order to retake the female Corps members being held prisoner there.[25] After being repelled from Daxam, Mongul's faction (which he has renamed as \"The Mongul Corps\") invades Korugar.[26] Sinestro's rescue attempt is interrupted by a Black Lantern attack, which he only survives through the arrival of Hal Jordan and Indigo-1, leader of the Indigo Tribe. Indigo-1 brings Sinestro to Korugar, so that he may finally confront Mongul. After a fierce battle, Sinestro activates the override systems in Mongul's rings, using them to imprison him inside the Sinestro Corps Central Power Battery, thus overthrowing Mongul, taking control of the Mongul Corps, and renaming it \"The Sinestro Corps\" after himself.[27] When he departs with Hal Jordan's group of light-wielders, he commands his Corps to gather at Korugar and protect it while he is away.[28]In the aftermath of Blackest Night, the Sinestro Corps and Green Lantern Corps maintain a fragile truce where neither will attack each other. However, while helping Hal Jordan and the ring-wielders of the other five corps investigate the abduction of the emotional entities, Sinestro is separated from his ring and imprisoned in the Book of the Black, along with the other five members of the group, with Hal only just managing to escape with their rings. When Sinestro and the others escape, renegade Guardian Krona takes command of their rings, prompting Sinestro to attack Krona on his own, with the unexpected result that he is once again chosen as a Green Lantern.","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"New Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern:_New_Guardians"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glng8-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl12-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Forever Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Evil"},{"link_name":"Crime Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Syndicate_of_America"},{"link_name":"attack on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinestro_Corps_War"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Power Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Ring_(character)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"The New 52","text":"Returning to Korugar after the Guardians decide to leave him with the ring, Sinestro learns that his Corps have reverted to their brutal methods, terrorising and slaughtering the people of Korugar rather than ruling it, Sinestro creating a new Green Lantern ring for Hal Jordan albeit one that he can shut off at will so that Jordan can help him retake control of the Sinestro Corps, who now want him dead in the belief that his killer will become the new Sinestro Corps leader.[29][30] After turning various Korugarian prisoners into a temporary Green Lantern Corps using short-lived duplicates of Sinestro's ring,[31] Sinestro and Hal are able to hold off the Sinestro Corps long enough to drain the power away from the Central Power Battery of the Sinestro Corps, de-powering all of the Corps members on Korugar, although those more distant from the battery will still have access to their own power supplies.[32] Later all Lanterns' rings registered that the Sinestro Corps have disbanded with 98% of all known Corpsmen dead or incarcerated, requiring Arkillo, who was cut off from the other Corps in the Orrery with the New Guardians during this attack, to use a new, independent power battery forged by the Weaponer from the fear of the Korugarians.[33] It has since been revealed that the Guardians were responsible for Sinestro acquiring a Green Lantern ring in an attempt to undermine the Sinestro Corps as part of their future plans to destroy all seven Corps.[34] During the conclusion of the \"Wrath of the First Lantern\" storyline, Sinestro becomes once again a member of the Sinestro Corps and after bonding with Parallax, he reactivates the yellow rings and releases all the Sinestro Corps members who were incarcerated on Oa.[35]During the events of Forever Evil after the Crime Syndicate had taken control of much of Earth, Batman revealed that he harbored a Sinestro Corps ring since the organization's attack on Earth as one of his weapons to deploy against the Justice League should they ever go rogue. When Batman and his allies at the time are attacked by Power Ring, Batman puts the Sinestro Corps ring on in an attempt to counterattack him. However, the ring's power is heavily depleted and Power Ring manages to get it off Batman's finger before ultimately being attacked by Sinestro himself, who was summoned to the planet by Batman's use of the ring.[36] In a brief ensuing battle, Sinestro severs Power Ring's arm from his body, causing his ring to deem him unworthy and leave. As Power Ring thanks Sinestro for freeing him from the curse of the ring, Sinestro incinerates him.[37]In the aftermath of the war with the New Gods of New Genesis, Sinestro has created Warworld into the new base and headquarters of the Sinestro Corps, after the Green Lantern Corps have vanished into another universe.[38]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Rebirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Rebirth"},{"link_name":"Hal Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Guy Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Gardner_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Soranik Natu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soranik_Natu"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"DC Rebirth","text":"Subsequently, in DC Rebirth, Sinestro uses the opportunity to establish the Sinestro Corps as the new force of 'order' in the universe, imposing fear rather than inspiring faith, with Soranik joining her father out of a lack of perceived options. However, as they establish a presence where Oa was once located, Hal Jordan forges a new ring for himself as the rest of the Corps return to this universe.[39]Sinestro then sends out his enforcers of his Corps to control the new order of the universe. The Sinestro Corps attacks a planet, but soon Hal Jordan arrives with his restored Green Lantern powers and drives the Sinestro Corp back.[40] Hal causes the Sinestro Corps members to flee and pursues them. He follows them to the planet, where all the Sinestro Corps are ambush and restrain him.[41] In order to defeat Hal Jordan the Sinestro Corps used the full power of fear throughout the universe, and were ordered by Sinestro to bring Hal to him alive.[42] The Sinestro Corps return to the Sinestro with the captured Green Lantern, who they thought was Hal, but it's actually Guy Gardner instead. Furious, Sinestro demands to know where Hal is. A Corps member named Strafe mistook a rebel to be Soranik Natu, who has secured Hal safely, though he was killed by Sinestro (this whole sentence makes no sense and I don't have the knowledged to correct it accurately). The Sinestro Corps then begin capturing people and imprisoning them in Warworld's engine to increase the power of fear.[43]When Hal has recovered he invades Warworld and attacks the Sinestro Corps. As they were about to attack Sinestro appears and orders his Corps to stop so that he and Hal can go face to face in battle.[44] Before Sinestro attacks him, he discovers too late his powers are decreased due to Soranik rescuing people from being imprisoned and escaping with them. Hal then uses his energies as a living construct to incinerate the Fear Warlord, apparently destroying Sinestro and Ranx for good.[45]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GL14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ethan Van Sciver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Van_Sciver"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern_Corps"}],"text":"Prominent members of the Corps, including (clockwise from top left): the Cyborg Superman (Hank Henshaw), Superman-Prime, the Anti-Monitor, Parallax (Kyle Rayner), and Sinestro. Art by Ethan Van Sciver.Like the Green Lantern Corps, the Sinestro Corps has 7200 ring bearers, two for each of the 3600 sectors of space.","title":"Prominent members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thaal Sinestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinestro"},{"link_name":"Abin Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abin_Sur"},{"link_name":"Hal Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Khund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khund"},{"link_name":"Qward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qward"},{"link_name":"namesake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesake"},{"link_name":"Mongul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongul#Son_of_Mongul"},{"link_name":"longtime foe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongul"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Bzzd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Green_Lanterns#Bzzd"},{"link_name":"Mother Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Green_Lanterns#Mother_Mercy"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Daxam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxam"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl46-27"},{"link_name":"Mongul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongul"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Saint Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Walker"},{"link_name":"Blue Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Kilowog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowog"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Schiver_Newsarama-50"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern: New Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern:_New_Guardians"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glng8-33"}],"sub_title":"Leadership","text":"Thaal Sinestro (of Sector 1417): An anthropologist from the planet Korugar who was specializing in reconstructing the ruins of long-dead civilization when indoctrinated into the Green Lantern Corps by the Green Lantern Phrohl Gosgotha, who crash-landed in one of the ruins and died giving his green power ring to Sinestro, advising him to use it to defend himself from a Weaponer of Qward who pursued the Lantern. Taking Gosgotha's post, Sinestro became one of the greatest Green Lanterns alongside Abin Sur because of his desire for order, which eventually led him to the idea of secretly becoming a dictator on Korugar. However, this rule over his own planet was exposed to Sur's successor, Hal Jordan, who was helping him stop an attempted Khund invasion on Korugar. As a result, Sinestro was brought before the Guardians and banished to Qward. There, he plotted his revenge by allying himself with the Weaponers of Qward who created a yellow power ring for so he can face and outnumber the Guardians and the Green Lanterns as the leader and namesake of the Sinestro Corps.\nMongul (of Sector 2811): The son of a longtime foe of Superman also named Mongul. After the end of the war, he found a downed Sinestro Corps member and broke his neck, taking his ring for himself.[46] Defeated by the Green Lantern Bzzd when he attacked him from within, flying out through his eye. Mongul was then thrown to the planet of the Black Mercys, where Mother Mercy intended to use his body as food for her children.[47] He later broke free, and escaped the planet.[48] He later took charge of the Sinestro Corps, attempting to turn Daxam, and later, Korugar into their new homeworld. However, Sinestro confronted him, and overrode his ring control, trapping him within the Sinestro Corps' central power battery.[27]\nArkillo (of Sector 674): A feared warrior from the planet Vorn who became one of Sinestro's first recruits, acting as both drill sergeant and carnivore. Arkillo fought Mongul for control of the Sinestro Corps and lost, having his tongue ripped out and forced to wear it around his neck.[49] His tongue was later restored by Saint Walker of the Blue Lantern Corps, who Arkillo grows somewhat attached to. Described by Geoff Johns as the \"Kilowog of the Sinestro Corps.\"[50] Arkillo appears in Green Lantern: New Guardians, acting as the representative of the Sinestro Corps. For a time Arkillo was the only active Sinestro Corps member prior to its rebirth.[33]","title":"Prominent members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anti-Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Monitor"},{"link_name":"Crisis on Infinite Earths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths"},{"link_name":"Infinite Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Crisis"},{"link_name":"52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Karu-Sil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karu-Sil"},{"link_name":"Zamarons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamaron"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc30-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl36-52"},{"link_name":"Kyle Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Rayner"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Kilowog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowog"},{"link_name":"Guy Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Gardner_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Isamot Kol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamot_Kol"},{"link_name":"Soranik Natu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soranik_Natu"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Leezle Pon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080320071125/http://www.glcorps.org/leezle_p.html"},{"link_name":"Amon Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Sur"},{"link_name":"Abin Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abin_Sur"},{"link_name":"Kyle Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Rayner"},{"link_name":"Scarecrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl27-19"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl26-55"},{"link_name":"Black Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Indigo-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_Tribe"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl46-27"},{"link_name":"hag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hag"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc31-56"},{"link_name":"Miri Riam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Sapphire_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc32-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Superboy-Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy-Prime"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Earth Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Prime"},{"link_name":"Infinite Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Crisis"},{"link_name":"hermit crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab"},{"link_name":"cannibalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl20-61"},{"link_name":"John Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Mogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogo"},{"link_name":"Sodam Yat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodam_Yat"},{"link_name":"Salaak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaak"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Batman (Bruce Wayne)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Forever Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Evil"},{"link_name":"Power Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Ring_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Black Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Clark Kent / Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kent"},{"link_name":"Injustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice:_Gods_Among_Us_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Siamese-twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoined_twins"},{"link_name":"Black Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Carol Ferris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Ferris"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl46-27"},{"link_name":"Doug Mahnke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Mahnke"},{"link_name":"Fatality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatality_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Zamarons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamaron"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc30-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl36-52"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"Brightest Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightest_Day"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Kroloteans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroloteans"},{"link_name":"Hector Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Black Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hand_(comics)"},{"link_name":"the Shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Hal Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Cyborg-Superman (Hank Henshaw)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Henshaw"},{"link_name":"Coast City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_City"},{"link_name":"Manhunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunters_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Mount Rushmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rushmore"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Steve Buscemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Buscemi"},{"link_name":"Zamarons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamaron"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc30-51"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Scarecrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Blackest Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackest_Night"},{"link_name":"Lyssa Drak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyssa_Drak"},{"link_name":"Scar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc37-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Krona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krona_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Octopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus"},{"link_name":"Harbinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinger_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R.E.B.E.L.S._2009_#10-69"},{"link_name":"Peacemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacemaker_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Reach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_(comics)"},{"link_name":"beetle scarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Beetle#The_scarab"},{"link_name":"Jaime Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Beetle_(Jaime_Reyes)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glc28-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glca2-11"},{"link_name":"Scarecrow (Jonathan Crane)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Blackest Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackest_Night"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"orange light of greed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larfleeze"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl46-27"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"Starro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starro"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glscsf-60"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Black Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Vril Dox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vril_Dox"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R.E.B.E.L.S._2009_#10-69"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Bizarro World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarro_World"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Bizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarro"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Bekka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekka"},{"link_name":"New Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gods"},{"link_name":"New Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Geoff Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Johns"},{"link_name":"Ethan Van Sciver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Van_Sciver"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Schiver_Newsarama-50"},{"link_name":"Xenomorph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenomorph_(Alien)"},{"link_name":"Predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator_(alien)"},{"link_name":"Legion of Super-Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Super-Heroes"},{"link_name":"Validus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validus"},{"link_name":"Dominator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominators_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Ring bearers","text":"Anti-Monitor (of Sector -1): A supreme being titled 'The Guardian of Fear' who was responsible for the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Anti-Monitor is an almost infinitely powerful threat. Returning in the wake of the events of Infinite Crisis and 52, he allies with Sinestro to form the Sinestro Corps. His agenda is the same as it was in the Crisis - to become sole overlord of the Antimatter Universe upon the destruction of all Matter universes. The Anti-Monitor is later discharged from the Corps.\nKaru-Sil (of Sector 2815): A village girl from the planet Graxos III whose family was killed during a raid on her village, leaving her to fend for herself in the bordering jungle while being raised by animals. While helping her pack attack a boy from neighboring village, the Green Lantern Blish stopped them and delivered Karu-Sil (who he thought the pack was also attacking) to an institute on Graxos IV. However, it was the act of killing one of her psychologists there that she was bailed out of the orphanage by a yellow power ring and became a member of the Sinestro Corps. Karu-Sil was at one time captured by the Zamarons and trapped in a power ring conversion crystal.[51] Before Fatality was released from her crystal, Karu-Sil's conversion was still shown as being incomplete.[52] She has since been freed.\nDespotellis (of Sector 119): A sentient virus created in a medical lab on the planet Khondra that can kill from within, responsible for the death of 85% of space sector 119 in addition to Kyle Rayner's mother.[53] Despotellis was also responsible for infecting Mogo with a disease that drove several Green Lanterns (including Kilowog) mad when exposed to Mogo that got Guy Gardner framed for murder, though Isamot Kol gave Guy the benefit of the doubt having noticed earlier that something was strange on Mogo when he was seeking counseling and with Soranik Natu's help they were able to cure Mogo.[54] Despotellis was defeated by Leezle Pon, a Green Lantern Smallpox Virus shortly after infecting Guy. It was last heard he was imprisoned on Oa.\nAmon Sur (of Sector 2814): The son of deceased Green Lantern Abin Sur who became leader of the Black Circle Crime Syndicate until a battle against Kyle Rayner had him overthrown. Afterwards, he journeyed to Earth, plotting to steal his father's Green Lantern ring from Hal Jordan by hiring bounty hunters to find him. When he met the hunter who captured Jordan met up with Amon in the desert where Abin was buried, he betrayed Amon and revealed himself as John Stewart in disguise when Amon was about to use his weapon on Jordan in disgust to the fact that he was not worthy to have the ring. In the middle of the fight that followed, a yellow power ring appeared and welcomed Amon as a member of the Sinestro Corps, transporting him away from Earth. This yellow power ring had previously tried to recruit Batman as the Corps member for this sector, and following Amon Sur's death, it sought out the Scarecrow as its new bearer, but it was destroyed by the Guardians.[19][55] He was recently revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. Through the combined attack of Hal Jordan and Indigo-1, his ring was destroyed, and his body reduced to ash.[27]\nKryb (of Sector 3599): A hag from the planet Vora who kills Green Lanterns who are parents and stores their children in a cage growing out of her back. The other members of Rayner's team then attacked Kryb in the Sector House, causing an explosion which caused the Sector House's orbit to begin to decay and fall into the planet.[56] Kryb was taken by Miri Riam to Zamaron and imprisoned in a power ring conversion crystal.[57] She was freed during Sinestro's assault on Zamaron, and convinced Miri Riam to help her find her children, whose voices she could no longer hear.[58] They discover that the children have become \"Black Lantern Corphans\", and are attacking the Oan Central Power Battery. When Red Lantern Guy Gardner attacked the children, Kryb attacked him, but he ripped off her arm and shoved it down her throat.[59] She is later seen with the rest of the lanterns descending to protect the Earth from Nekron.\nTekik (of Sector 3281):[60] A robot created on the planet Potter-59-3 that rebelled against its life of servitude, creating a \"fear program\" that infected every other robot on the planet. The planet never recovered from Tekik's attack, and has since been abandoned and renamed \"the lost world\". As a result, Tekik came to the attention of a yellow power ring that welcomed him into the Sinestro Corps.\nMurr the Melting Man (Austin Snow) (of Sector 3490): A scientist from the asteroid outpost DW-426 who was changed by an accident with a power source into a mindless being whose touch can melt any other lifeform.[60]\nRomat-Ru (of Sector 2813):[60] A Xudarian who is regarded to be one of the vilest creatures in the universe.\nAmpa Nnn (of Sector 3517): A serial killer from the planet Lythyl, who has a habit of removing the organs of his victims and meticulously cleaning them.[60]\nSuperboy-Prime (of Sector 2813): A younger, alternate dimension version of Superman from Earth Prime and a main antagonist from Infinite Crisis.\nBedovian (of Sector 3): a hermit crab-like cannibalistic sniper who can kill from three space sectors away.[61] He was located and injured by John Stewart. He is shown in Green Lanterns Corp #46, helping to shoot a giant bullet with Dove inside to the Anti-monitor.\nLow (of Sector 3308): The most dangerous parasite in the universe. Can drain every drop of blood out of nearly any being in seconds. Replicates by laying \"eggs\" in the bodies he kills, birthing up to a thousand parasitic slugs from a single carcass.[60]\nEnkafos (of Sector 2981): A strategist who coordinated the Sinestro Corps attack on Mogo and was ultimately killed by Sodam Yat. Ethan Van Sciver described Enkafos as an analogue to the Green Lantern Corps' Salaak.[62] Recently revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps.\nBatman (Bruce Wayne) (of Sector 2814): A yellow power ring attempted to induct him into the Sinestro Corps during the Sinestro Corps War but Batman managed to remove the ring from his finger causing the ring to fly off. Batman put on a Sinestro Corps power ring during the Forever Evil storyline in order to fight Power Ring thus becoming the Sinestro Corps member of Sector 2814 as a result.\nBorialosaurus (of Sector 3001): The oldest member of the Sinestro Corps and one of the only surviving members of a race of carnivorous sea animals from the Guardian's homeworld of Maltus that were hunted down after killing dozens of Guardians of the Universe.[60]\nBraach (of Sector 3064): A Selachian who feeds on the endangered space dolphins, attracting the attention of space dolphin lover Lobo.[60]\nBur'Gunza (of Sector 3561): a seemingly model prisoner on Takron-Galtos. When his restraints were removed, he slaughtered forty-two guards before being brought down. He was killed by Bolphunga during the Sciencell riots. Recently revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps.\nClark Kent / Superman (of Sector 2814) Superman became a Yellow Lantern for a while in the Injustice comics.\nDevildog (of Sector 1567): A convicted murderer on at least 17 planets.[60]\nDuel Eknham (of Sector 3550): A Siamese-twin-like pair of doctors from the planet Sedas with two faces and personalities. One side wishes to kill and maim in the most gruesome ways possible, while the other prefers more sophisticated methods of murder. The Sinestro Corps Ring places itself on the hand of the violent side. The two are forced to serve Mongul in Green Lantern Corps #23. Annoyed with their constant bickering, Mongul uses his ring to separate the two. The violent side is killed by Guy Gardner, and the other side is torn apart by the other Lanterns' attack. Both sides are later seen reunited as members of the Black Lantern Corps. Their ring and body are destroyed by a joint attack from Hal Jordan and Carol Ferris.[27] His name is derived from the reverse spelling of artist Doug Mahnke's last name.\nFatality (of Sector 1313): A longtime enemy of the Green Lantern Corps, Fatality was captured by the Zamarons and encased in a violet crystal designed to convert her power ring into a Star Sapphire ring.[51] Fatality's conversion recently completed, and she is now a member of the Star Sapphires.[52]\nFeena Sik (of Sector 2897): A famous artist who discovered a ritual to bring her creations to life and slaughtered any living thing that's blood the ritual required, including her husband, earning her the attention of a yellow power ring.[60]\nFlash (of Sector 2814): After the Flash was possessed by Parallax during the Brightest Day he temporarily became the Sinestro Corps member of Sector 2814.\nFlayt (of Sector 2751): A Power-ray from the planet Tristram, known for draining the power out of hundreds of passing starships, rendering them stranded.[60]\nGleen (of Sector 312): One of the Kroloteans responsible for the transformations of Hector Hammond, Black Hand, and the Shark, and has tampered with the evolutionary patterns of over a thousand species. Amongst his species, Gleen is considered the cruelest and most twisted.[60] He is annihilated by Alpha Lantern Varix when he attempts to break Sinestro out of his prison transport.\nGorgor (of Sector 3215) An expert tracker who tracked Sinestro to Earth after his leaders apparent \"betrayal\". Claimed he would get to rule the Sinestro Corps for killing Sinestro. Was killed and his ring destroyed.\nHaasp the Hunter (of Sector 3492):[60] Murderous brother of the Green Lantern Harvid. Imprisoned by his brother for illegal hunting, Haasp has made Harvid his next \"big game\".\nHal Jordan (of Sector 2814): A Green Lantern officer given a couple of yellow power rings during the Sinestro Corps War since his own ring had run low on power and he was unable to recharge it at the time, though it did not work out as planned.[63] During the War of the Green Lanterns storyline, after being forced to remove his Green Lantern ring to prevent him from becoming the host of by Parallax again during the \"War of the Green Lanterns\", he chose Sinestro's ring due to his previous experience with using a Sinestro Corps ring.[64]\nCyborg-Superman (Hank Henshaw) (of Sector 2814): The man-machine hybrid who destroyed Coast City, and eventual Grandmaster of the Manhunters. Although he works with the Sinestro Corps, he does so solely so that he can die; he is loyal to the Anti-Monitor alone knowing that he can kill him for once and for all. Henshaw is believed to be killed at the end of the Sinestro Corps War storyline only to have the Manhunters find him once again.\nHorku (of Sector 2): Member of the same race as the Green Lantern Honnu. He was later killed by his counterpart near Mount Rushmore.[65] Revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps.\nImecsub: Purple-skinned, bug-eyed alien, captured by Sodam Yat and Arisia. While in a holding cell in Sector House 2815, he was crushed to death by the arrival of Sodam's mother's spacecraft. His name and appearance are derived from actor Steve Buscemi.\nKiriazis (of Sector 1771): A Sinestro Corps member who \"blinds and tortures, splintering the Ring's beams with her prisms.\" She was later said to be able to use her spider-like physiology to metabolize the ring's energy and produce spider web out of it. Kiriazis was captured by the Zamarons and trapped in a power ring conversion crystal,[51] but has since been freed.\nKretch (of Sector 3545): A demonic being from the planet Soh. Able to erupt into a massive supernova capable of engulfing entire cities.[60]\nLex Luthor (of Sector 2814): After he stole the Scarecrow's Sinestro Corps power ring during the Blackest Night he temporarily becomes a member of the Sinestro Corps.\nLyssa Drak (of Sector 3500): Keeper of the Book of Parallax. After being imprisoned by the Green Lantern Corps, she goes searching for her Book. In her search, she finds the Book of the Black and (for lusting over it) is trapped inside its pages by Scar.[66] She has since been freed,[67] and defected the Sinestro Corps to join Krona\nLobo (of Sector 3500): In the New 52, after being given a bounty to kill Sinestro, he's given the opportunity to use his skills for the yellow lanterns\nMaash (of Sector 863): Conceived as triplets, Maash was later fused into one body, with three faces stacked one on top of the other. The top head is an innocent personality, unable to stop the two more vicious personalities from controlling their shared body.[60]\nMallow (of Sector 614): Head of a bloodthirsty group of marauders, whose hideout is in the centre of the worst asteroid storm in the universe.[60]\nMoose (of Sector 3333): A mammoth-like alien. His real name is unpronounceable, so his ring chose the closest approximation.[68]\nNarok (of Sector 2449): An alien with an Octopus-like lower body who, prior to joining the Corps, imprisoned his own sister and forced her to devour her children. He was killed by the Black Lantern Harbinger.[69]\nPeacemaker (of Sector 2) (the home sector of the Reach): Selected from Earth to join the Sinestro Corps, the alien Reach place a beetle scarab in his spine to make him a joint agent with the intention of assassinating Jaime Reyes, the Blue Beetle.[70] However, with Blue Beetle's help, Peacemaker is able to resist the ring and the scarab, removing both.[71]\nThe Quintet Squad: Five siblings (Ena, Pente, Tessera, Theo, and Tria), whose species cannot be identified by the Green Lantern's rings. They attacked the families of Green Lanterns, raining the eyes of their victims over Oa. Four of them were brought in by the Green Lanterns, except for Ena, one of the female siblings, who killed herself to avoid capture.[20]\nRanx the Sentient City (of Sector 3272): An intelligent, free-floating robotic city that is prophesied to kill Mogo.[11]\nScarecrow (Jonathan Crane) (of Sector 2814): A criminally insane college psychiatrist and recurring opponent of Batman who is selected by a duplicate of Sinestro's ring as a deputy to the Sinestro Corps during the Blackest Night crisis.[72] Lex Luthor, overwhelmed by the orange light of greed, steals his ring.[73]\nScivor (of Sector 3106):[60] Once posed as a torture god of Aplic-Toh, influencing thousands to murder on his behalf. Possesses unmatched powers of persuasion.\nSchlagg-Man (of Sector 3493)[60] A native of the planet Bismoll, who had his teeth removed after biting through a policeman's neck. He has since had them replaced with Bismollian steel, allowing him to bite through anything. He was executed by the Alpha Lanterns and later revived as a Black Lantern.\nSeer Ruggle (of Sector 2700): The Bomb Mistress of the planet Rorc, who is responsible for the construction of six blink bombs throughout the universe, one of which she gave to the Children of the White Lobe to destroy Mogo.[60]\nSetag Retss (of Sector 1155): Member of a race of under-reptiles that dwell in the dark waters of planets in the Rexulus system. His ring allows him to breathe outside of water.[60]\nSirket (of Sector 1110): An insect that lives in the Bleed known as the space between dimensions.[60]\nSlushh (of Sector 3376):[60] An acidic polymorphous globular being. His insides are composed of a corrosive fluid that liquifies flesh instantly. During the attack on Zamaron, black power rings revive the skeletal remains within Slushh, causing them to burst out, badly damaging his membrane.[27]\nSn'Hoj (of Sector 3201): Known for attacking starships, assimilating their technology, and killing the crew.[60]\nSnap Trap (of Sector 3189):[60] A humanoid crocodile who uses his hypnotic eyes to lure in his prey. He then devours the victim's spines, leaving them alive and in agony.\nSmithwick (of Sector 1418):[60] Belongs to the same race as Salaak, whom he has sworn to kill.\nStanch (of Sector 3560): A once benevolent being who was corrupted in body and mind through the pollution of his world, becoming a monstrous killer of the skies.[60]\nStarro: an alien parasite that creates copies of itself which take possession of sentient organisms and take control of their minds.[74]\nTri-Eye (of Sector 3145): A fearsome traveling creature who uses his three mouths to tear his victims to pieces and devour them, leaving no trace left.[60] He is executed by the Alpha Lanterns following the Sciencell riots and later revived as a Black Lantern. However, another virtually identical member of his species has been shown with the Sinestro Corps during and since the Blackest Night.\nUgg-I (of Sector 53): A female alien with an eye placed where a human mouth would be located and two mouths where human eyes would be located. She is killed by the Alpha Lanterns during the mass execution of the sciencell prisoners on Oa.[75] She was recently revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps.\nVril Dox (of Sector 1287): While battling the Black Lantern version of his wife, Stealth, Dox was chosen by the slain Narok's ring to be his successor.[69] He is later discharged from the Corps, following his repeated refusal to follow Sinestro's orders and go to Korugar.[76]\nThe Weaponer (of Sector -1): The Weaponer created Sinestro's original yellow ring. He later lured Sinestro to Qward to destroy him. After he was defeated he accepted Sinestro's invitation to join his corps.[77]\nYellow Lantern (of Sector 1284, an anagram of Sector 2814): A citizen of Bizarro World who is selected as a member of the Sinestro Corps. He ignores the ring's commands until the ring overrides his free will and takes him to the battlefield.[78] Made a cameo in Green Lantern #25. This ring bearer is actually a Bizarro-version of Hal Jordan.[79] A Bizarro version Kyle Rayner appeared in the first page of the 2009 DC Universe Halloween Special.\nBekka, of the New Gods: A warrior of New Genesis, having encountered Sinestro in Sector 1014 and given an invitation.[80]\nSeveral characters have been shown in preview art and mentioned by creators Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver, but have yet to appear. Ethan van Sciver has also stated that there will be a 'Frankenstein'-inspired member who is two aliens cut in half and sewn together (with each one bearing a power ring, so that they are two bodies acting as one), and \"Strange Little Robots\".[50] The \"'Frankenstein'-inspired member\" made a small appearance in the Sinestro Corps Special, appearing behind Sinestro. In the final installment of \"The Sinestro Corps War\", many unnamed members were seen during the fight scenes. Two resembled a Xenomorph and a Predator. Another resembled the Legion of Super-Heroes villain Validus, and another was of the Dominator race.[81]","title":"Prominent members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"When recharging their power rings, members of the Sinestro Corps recite the following oath::In blackest day, in brightest night,\nBeware your fears made into light\nLet those who try to stop what's right,\nBurn like my power()... Sinestro's might()!— Sinestro, Green Lantern: Sinestro Corps Special #1 (June 2007)() \"My power\" becomes \"his power\" when recited by other members of the Corps.\n(**) \"Sinestro's might\" became for a time \"Arkillo's might\", when Arkillo was the only active Sinestro Corps member prior to its rebirth.","title":"Oath"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As the embodiment of fear which is connected to the yellow light of the Emotional Spectrum, Parallax is revealed to be the emotional entity for the Sinestro Corps. Born when one of the earliest life forms first felt terror, it is insect-like in appearance. Parallax was the first of the seven entities to be captured by a still unknown person and currently is held captive in Ryut. The Sinestro Corps insignia is based on drawings created by life forms who looked into the mouth of Parallax, and lived to tell the tale.","title":"Entity"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This book apparently holds in its pages all the history of the greatest Sinestro Corpsmen histories. For unknown reasons the book was chained to Lyssa Drak with yellow energy from Sinestro himself. This was possibly for the need to have a historian for his Corps and a way for Sinestro to revisit his Corps' success. Lyssa Drak is quite loyal to Sinestro and highly devoted to updating the Book and keeping it safe. A power ring is needed to translate the Book's text into words familiar to the ring wielder. Before a candidate of the corps enters a fear lodge, their power rings are drained by the Book of Parallax. Recently, Lyssa Drak has become the embodiment of the book.","title":"Book of Parallax"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinestro_Corps_power_ring.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blue Lantern's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gl38-22"}],"text":"A Yellow Power RingMembers of the Sinestro Corps use yellow power rings built on Qward. Though functionally similar to a Green Lantern's power ring, yellow power rings are fueled by fear instead of willpower. Members are selected for their skill at intimidation and terror. The ring amplifies the aggressive tendencies of the wearer. The yellow rings are charged by yellow power batteries, which are in turn linked to a yellow Central Power Battery based on Korugar. Aside from the recharging limitations common among the various Corps, their only known weakness is that their power can be drained by a Blue Lantern's power ring.[22]","title":"Weapons and equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Mystery Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo,_Where_Are_You!"},{"link_name":"Legion of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Doom_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Superfriends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfriends"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Gorilla Grodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Grodd"},{"link_name":"Bizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarro"},{"link_name":"Cheetah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Sinestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinestro"},{"link_name":"Scooby-Doo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo"},{"link_name":"Shaggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaggy_Rogers"}],"text":"The Lightsmiths: In the universe prior to the current one, groups managed to tap into the wellspring of power created by the Emotional Spectrum. In this universe those who tapped into the yellow light were known as the Lightsmiths of the Yellow Light of Terror.[82]\nIn \"Scooby-Doo Team-Up #12,\" The Mystery Inc gang battle the Legion of Doom and attempt to rescue the Superfriends. They fight multiple members of the legions including Lex Luthor, Gorilla Grodd, Bizarro, Cheetah, and Sinestro. Sinestro attempts to use his ring on Scooby-Doo and Shaggy; however, the ring leaves Sinestro and goes to Shaggy and Scooby, causing their costumes to change into those similar to the Sinestro Corps, due to their ability to instill great fear in themselves. Shaggy then uses his ring to rescue the heroes and defeat the villains.","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Action"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"The Sinestro Corps appear in the Justice League Action episode \"The Ringer\", consisting of Sinestro and Despotellis.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Lantern: Emerald Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern:_Emerald_Knights"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern: Beware My Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern:_Beware_My_Power"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"The Sinestro Corps appear in a future prophecy depicted in the \"Abin Sur\" segment of Green Lantern: Emerald Knights, consisting of Sinestro, Arkillo, Lyssa Drak, Kryb, Maash, Karu-Sil, Romat-Ru, Slussh and Tri-eye.\nThe Sinestro Corps appear in Green Lantern: Beware My Power, consisting of Lyssa Drak and Sinestro as prominent members and two minor unnamed members.[83]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_vs._DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"DC Universe Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe_Online"},{"link_name":"Injustice: Gods Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice:_Gods_Among_Us"},{"link_name":"Hal Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Damian Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Batman_3:_Beyond_Gotham"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"The Sinestro Corps make a cameo appearance in Green Lantern's ending in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe.\nThe Sinestro Corps appear in DC Universe Online.\nAn alternate universe incarnation of the Sinestro Corps appear in Injustice: Gods Among Us, consisting of Sinestro and Hal Jordan. Additionally, Damian Wayne becomes a Yellow Lantern in his non-canonical arcade mode ending.\nThe Sinestro Corps appear in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, with Sinestro and Arkillo appearing as playable characters while Batman's Sinestro Corps uniform appears as a downloadable alternate skin.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smallville Season 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_Season_11"},{"link_name":"Parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax_(character)"},{"link_name":"Manhunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunters_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"John Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart_(character)"},{"link_name":"Arkham Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_Asylum"},{"link_name":"Man-Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Bat"},{"link_name":"Firefly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Bane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bane_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Freeze"},{"link_name":"Poison Ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Ivy_(character)"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kent_(Smallville)"},{"link_name":"Emil Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor_(Smallville)"},{"link_name":"Booster Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booster_Gold"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"The Sinestro Corps appear in Smallville Season 11. This version of the group was created by Parallax and is served by the Manhunters as heralds. In the \"Lantern\" arc, Parallax possesses John Stewart and sends yellow power rings to Earth, where they choose Arkham Asylum inmates, such as Man-Bat, Firefly, Bane, Mr. Freeze, and Poison Ivy, before they are all defeated by Superman and the Green Lantern Corps and depowered by Dr. Emil Hamilton.[84] In the \"Chaos\" arc, Lex Luthor employs a security force empowered by yellow power rings until they are defeated and depowered by Booster Gold and Skeets.[85]","title":"In other media"}]	[{"image_text":"The Sinestro Corps gathers on Qward.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Sinestro_corps_gather.jpg/225px-Sinestro_corps_gather.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prominent members of the Corps, including (clockwise from top left): the Cyborg Superman (Hank Henshaw), Superman-Prime, the Anti-Monitor, Parallax (Kyle Rayner), and Sinestro. Art by Ethan Van Sciver.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/GL14.jpg/200px-GL14.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Yellow Power Ring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Sinestro_Corps_power_ring.jpg/150px-Sinestro_Corps_power_ring.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Korte, Steve; Manning, Matt; Wiacek, Win; Wilson, Sven (2016). The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe. DK Publishing. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-4654-5357-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5357-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-5357-0"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Vaneta (2006-08-08). \"CATCHING UP WITH GEOFF JOHNS\". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 2007-02-07. Retrieved 2007-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070207062700/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=79802","url_text":"\"CATCHING UP WITH GEOFF JOHNS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsarama","url_text":"Newsarama"},{"url":"http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=79802","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Vaneta (2006-04-11). \"TAPPING IN TO EVIL: ETHAN VAN SCIVER ON SINESTRO CORPS\". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716162609/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=108339","url_text":"\"TAPPING IN TO EVIL: ETHAN VAN SCIVER ON SINESTRO CORPS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsarama","url_text":"Newsarama"},{"url":"http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=108339","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Lantern: Beware My Power Producer Explains How the Sinestro Corps Ended up in the DC Movie\". 18 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/green-lantern-beware-my-power-producer-explains-how-the-sinestro-corps-ended-up-in-the-dc-movie","url_text":"\"Green Lantern: Beware My Power Producer Explains How the Sinestro Corps Ended up in the DC Movie\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinestro_Corps&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080320071125/http://www.glcorps.org/leezle_p.html","external_links_name":"Leezle Pon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070207062700/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=79802","external_links_name":"\"CATCHING UP WITH GEOFF JOHNS\""},{"Link":"http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=79802","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716162609/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=108339","external_links_name":"\"TAPPING IN TO EVIL: ETHAN VAN SCIVER ON SINESTRO CORPS\""},{"Link":"http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=108339","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=108339","external_links_name":"Newsarama Tapping in to Evil: Ethan Van Sciver on Sinestro Corps"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716162609/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=108339","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/green-lantern-beware-my-power-producer-explains-how-the-sinestro-corps-ended-up-in-the-dc-movie","external_links_name":"\"Green Lantern: Beware My Power Producer Explains How the Sinestro Corps Ended up in the DC Movie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/team.php?ID=597","external_links_name":"Sinestro Corps"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/team.php?ID=597","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027070834/http://www.wizarduniverse.com/magazine/wizard/003000991.cfm","external_links_name":"Wizard Article on the members of the Sinestro Corps"},{"Link":"http://www.newsarama.com/dcnew/Aprl07/previews/apr25th.html","external_links_name":"Newsarama Sinestro Corp Preview"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Court_(1941%E2%80%931946)	Stone Court	["1 Membership","1.1 Timeline","2 Other branches","3 Rulings of the Court","4 Judicial philosophy","5 References","6 Further reading","6.1 Works centering on the Stone Court","6.2 Works centering on Stone Court justices","6.3 Other relevant works"]	Period of the US Supreme Court from 1941 to 1946 Supreme Court of the United StatesStone CourtHughes Court ← → Vinson CourtChief Justice Harlan F. StoneJuly 3, 1941 – April 22, 1946(4 years, 293 days)SeatSupreme Court BuildingWashington, D.C.No. of positions9Stone Court decisions The Stone Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1941 to 1946, when Harlan F. Stone served as Chief Justice of the United States. Stone succeeded the retiring Charles Evans Hughes in 1941, and served as Chief Justice until his death, at which point Fred Vinson was nominated and confirmed as Stone's replacement. He was the fourth chief justice to have previously served as an associate justice and the second to have done so without a break in tenure (after Edward Douglass White). Presiding over the country during World War II, the Stone Court delivered several important war-time rulings, such as in Ex parte Quirin, where it upheld the President's power to try Nazi saboteurs captured on American soil by military tribunals. It also supported the federal government's policy of relocating Japanese Americans into internment camps. Membership The Stone Court began in 1941, when Associate Justice Stone was confirmed to replace Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice. Stone had served as an Associate Justice since 1925, when President Calvin Coolidge nominated him to the bench. During the Court's 1932–37 terms, Stone and justices Brandeis and Cardozo formed a liberal bloc called the Three Musketeers that generally voted to uphold the constitutionality of the New Deal. At the beginning of Stone's chief-justiceship, the Court consisted of Stone, Owen Roberts, Hugo Black, Stanley F. Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, James F. Byrnes, and Robert H. Jackson (the latter two joined the court days after Stone's elevation to Chief Justice). In October 1942, Byrnes resigned from the court to become the war-time Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization; Roosevelt appointed Wiley Blount Rutledge as his replacement. Owen Roberts retired in July 1945, and President Harry Truman appointed Harold Hitz Burton to replace him. Shortly before V-E Day, Truman named Justice Jackson to serve as U.S. Chief of Counsel for the prosecution of high-ranking German officials accused of war crimes at the 1945–46 Nuremberg trials. As a result, Jackson was absent for one entire Court term, and his fellow justices had to do an extra amount of work during the term. Stone died on April 22, 1946, after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. Truman subsequently appointed Fred Vinson as Stone's successor. Timeline Bar key: Hoover appointee F. Roosevelt appointee Truman appointee Other branches Presidents during this court included Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. Congresses during this court included 77th through the 79th United States Congresses. Rulings of the Court See also: List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court Major rulings of the Stone Court include: Glasser v. United States (1942): In a 7–2 decision written by Justice Murphy, the court reversed a criminal conviction on the basis that the defense attorney had a conflict of interest. The court also ruled that the exclusion of women from the jury pool violated the Sixth Amendment's Impartial Jury Clause. The court held that jury pools should be a "cross-section of the community." Betts v. Brady (1942): In a 6–3 decision written by Justice Roberts, the court ruled that indigent defendants did not have the right to an appointed counsel in state courts under the Due Process Clause. The case was overruled by Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). Wickard v. Filburn (1942): In a unanimous decision written by Justice Jackson, the court upheld wheat production quotas established by the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. The appellant argued that the production quotas overstepped the powers granted to Congress by the Interstate Commerce Clause, as the appellant used the wheat to feed his own animals. However, the court ruled that the farmer would have bought more wheat had he not grown his own, thus affecting interstate commerce. West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943): In a 6–3 decision written by Justice Jackson, the court held that the Free Speech Clause protected students from being forced to salute the American flag or recite the Pledge of Allegiance. The case overruled Minersville School District v. Gobitis, which had been decided just three years earlier by many of the same justices. Smith v. Allwright (1944): In an 8–1 decision written by Justice Reed, the court struck down a Texas law that allowed white primaries. The case overruled Grovey v. Townsend (1935), which had held white primaries to be constitutional on the basis that political parties are private organizations. Korematsu v. United States (1944): In a 6–3 decision written by Justice Black, the court upheld Executive Order 9066, which ordered the internment of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans living in the West Coast, many of whom were United States citizens. The court accepted the government's argument that the order was a matter of "military urgency". Legal scholars have denounced the ruling as one of the worst and most racist in American history, the other being Dred Scott v. Sandford and Plessy v. Ferguson. In 2011, the Solicitor General's Office publicly disavowed the ruling. The case was overruled by Trump v. Hawaii (2018). International Shoe Co. v. Washington (1945): In an 8–0 decision written by Justice Black, the court held that parties could be subject to the personal jurisdiction of a state court if said parties have "minimum contacts" with the state. The court rejected the appellant's argument that the company should not fall under the jurisdiction of the state of Washington since it did not maintain a permanent "situs" of business in the state, despite doing business in the state. Judicial philosophy Stone had largely sided with the government's position when the Hughes Court struck down several pieces of New Deal legislation, and the Stone Court (with the addition of several Roosevelt appointees) consistently upheld Congressional power pursuant to the Commerce Clause. The Stone Court also upheld broad war-time powers for the government. The Stone Court was less deferential in the area of civil liberties, striking down laws in cases such as Barnett, although Korematsu was a major exception to this trend. Despite Roosevelt's appointment of seven of the nine justices (and the elevation of Stone), the justices held independent views and often found each other at odds in regard to civil liberties. Stone himself received criticism for presiding over a divided and quarrelsome court. Justice Frankfurter often took a position supporting judicial restraint in which the court took deference to the decisions of elected officials, while Justices Black and Douglas were more willing to strike down laws and precedents for what they saw as violations of constitutional rights. Murphy and Rutledge joined Black and Douglas as part of the more liberal bloc, while Jackson, Reed, and Stone tended to side with Frankfurter. Roberts often sided with the Frankfurter bloc, but was more conservative than the other eight justices. Though outnumbered, the more liberal bloc led by Black and Douglas often took the majority in cases by peeling off the votes from the moderate bloc, and the two groupings of justices did not form as tight of blocs as they did in later decades. The short length of the Stone Court gave it little chance to establish a definitive legacy. However, the Stone Court continued the Constitutional Revolution of 1937 that had started during the Hughes Court and foreshadowed the liberal rulings of the Warren Court. References ^ Ex Parte Quirin, 317 U. S. 1 (1942) ^ a b c d e Renstrom, Peter (2001). The Stone Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. ABC-CLIO. pp. 179–180. ISBN 9781576071533. Retrieved 2 March 2016. ^ a b "Harlan Fiske Stone: Supreme Court Justice (1872–1946)". A&E Television Networks. April 2, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2018. ^ "Remarks of the Chief Justice, American Law Institute Annual Meeting, May 17, 2004". www.supremecourt.gov. Retrieved January 20, 2018. ^ a b Savage, David G. (24 March 2011). "U.S. official cites misconduct in Japanese American internment cases". LA Times. Retrieved 2 March 2016. ^ a b Urofsky, Melvin (1988). "CONFLICT AMONG THE BRETHREN". Duke Law Journal. 37 (1): 81–84. Retrieved 2 March 2016. ^ Renstrom, 40-42 ^ Urofsky, 85, 87, 92 ^ a b Galloway, Russell Jr. (1 January 1983). "The Roosevelt Court: The Liberals Conquer (1937-1947) and Divide (1941-1946)". Santa Clara Law Review. 23 (2): 513–515. Retrieved 4 March 2016. ^ Galloway, Jr., 516-520 ^ Finkelman, Paul (15 January 2014). The Supreme Court: Controversies, Cases, and Characters from John Jay to John Roberts . ABC-CLIO. pp. 819–821. ISBN 9781610693950. Retrieved 2 March 2016. ^ Galloway, Jr., 527-531 Further reading Works centering on the Stone Court Renstrom, Peter G. (2001). The Stone Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576071533. Urofsky, Melvin I. (1997). Division and Discord: The Supreme Court Under Stone and Vinson, 1941-1953. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570031205. Works centering on Stone Court justices Fassett, John D. (1994). New Deal justice: the life of Stanley Reed of Kentucky. Vantage Press. ISBN 9780533107070. Feldman, Noah (2010). Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR's Great Supreme Court Justices. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 9780446580571. Ferren, John M. (2006). Salt of the Earth, Conscience of the Court: The Story of Justice Wiley Rutledge. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807876619. Howard, J. Woodford (2015) . Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400875641. Murphy, Bruce Allen (2003). Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas. Random House. ISBN 9780394576282. Newman, Roger K. (1994). Hugo Black: A Biography. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0679431800. Urofsky, Melvin I. (1991). Felix Frankfurter: Judicial Restraint and Individual Liberties. Twayne. ISBN 9780805777741. Other relevant works Abraham, Henry Julian (2008). Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742558953. Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7. Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L., eds. (1995). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4. Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W. Jr.; Grossman, Joel B., eds. (2005). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195176612. Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W. Jr., eds. (2009). The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195379396. Hall, Timothy L. (2001). Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438108179. Hoffer, Peter Charles; Hoffer, WilliamJames Hull; Hull, N. E. H. (2018). The Supreme Court: An Essential History (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2681-6. Howard, John R. (1999). The Shifting Wind: The Supreme Court and Civil Rights from Reconstruction to Brown. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791440896. Irons, Peter (2006). A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution (Revised ed.). Penguin. ISBN 9781101503133. Kennedy, David M. (1999). Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195038347. Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3. Schwarz, Bernard (1995). A History of the Supreme Court. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195093872. Tomlins, Christopher, ed. (2005). The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0618329694. Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1. vteJustices of the Supreme Court of the United StatesChief justices John Jay (1789–1795, cases) John Rutledge (1795, cases) Oliver Ellsworth (1796–1800, cases) John Marshall (1801–1835, cases) Roger B. Taney (1836–1864, cases) Salmon P. Chase (1864–1873, cases) Morrison Waite (1874–1888, cases) Melville Fuller (1888–1910, cases) Edward Douglass White (1910–1921, cases) William Howard Taft (1921–1930, cases) Charles Evans Hughes (1930–1941, cases) Harlan F. Stone (1941–1946, cases) Fred M. Vinson (1946–1953, cases) Earl Warren (1953–1969, cases) Warren E. Burger (1969–1986, cases) William Rehnquist (1986–2005, cases) John Roberts (2005–present, cases) Associate justices J. Rutledge* (1790–1791) Cushing (1790–1810) Wilson (1789–1798) Blair (1790–1795) Iredell (1790–1799) T. Johnson (1792–1793) Paterson (1793–1806) S. Chase (1796–1811) Washington (1798–1829) Moore (1800–1804) W. Johnson (1804–1834) Livingston (1807–1823) Todd (1807–1826) Duvall (1811–1835) Story (1812–1845) Thompson (1823–1843) Trimble (1826–1828) McLean (1829–1861) Baldwin (1830–1844) Wayne (1835–1867) Barbour (1836–1841) Catron (1837–1865) McKinley (1838–1852) Daniel (1842–1860) Nelson (1845–1872) Woodbury (1845–1851) Grier (1846–1870) Curtis (1851–1857) Campbell (1853–1861) Clifford (1858–1881) Swayne (1862–1881) Miller (1862–1890) Davis (1862–1877) Field (1863–1897) Strong (1870–1880) Bradley (1870–1892) Hunt (1873–1882) J. M. Harlan (1877–1911) Woods (1881–1887) Matthews (1881–1889) Gray (1882–1902) Blatchford (1882–1893) L. Lamar (1888–1893) Brewer (1890–1910) Brown (1891–1906) Shiras (1892–1903) H. Jackson (1893–1895) E. White* (1894–1910) Peckham (1896–1909) McKenna (1898–1925) Holmes (1902–1932) Day (1903–1922) Moody (1906–1910) Lurton (1910–1914) Hughes* (1910–1916) Van Devanter (1911–1937) J. Lamar (1911–1916) Pitney (1912–1922) McReynolds (1914–1941) Brandeis (1916–1939) Clarke (1916–1922) Sutherland (1922–1938) Butler (1923–1939) Sanford (1923–1930) Stone* (1925–1941) O. Roberts (1930–1945) Cardozo (1932–1938) Black (1937–1971) Reed (1938–1957) Frankfurter (1939–1962) Douglas (1939–1975) Murphy (1940–1949) Byrnes (1941–1942) R. Jackson (1941–1954) W. Rutledge (1943–1949) Burton (1945–1958) Clark (1949–1967) Minton (1949–1956) J. M. Harlan II (1955–1971) Brennan (1956–1990) Whittaker (1957–1962) Stewart (1958–1981) B. White (1962–1993) Goldberg (1962–1965) Fortas (1965–1969) T. Marshall (1967–1991) Blackmun (1970–1994) Powell (1972–1987) Rehnquist* (1972–1986) Stevens (1975–2010) O'Connor (1981–2006) Scalia (1986–2016) Kennedy (1988–2018) Souter (1990–2009) Thomas (1991–present) Ginsburg (1993–2020) Breyer (1994–2022) Alito (2006–present) Sotomayor (2009–present) Kagan (2010–present) Gorsuch (2017–present) Kavanaugh (2018–present) Barrett (2020–present) K. Jackson (2022–present) *Also served as Chief Justice of the United States vteSupreme Court of the United StatesThe court Lists of cases Court demographics Ideological leanings Nomination and confirmation Procedures Amicus curiae brief Certiorari Cert. before judgment Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted Grant, vacate, remand Shadow docket In-chambers opinion Current members Chief justice: John Roberts Associate justices: Clarence Thomas Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Amy Coney Barrett Ketanji Brown Jackson Retired justices Anthony Kennedy David Souter Stephen Breyer History Jay Court (1789–1795) Rutledge Court (1795) Ellsworth Court (1796–1800) Marshall Court (1801–1835) Taney Court (1836–1864) Chase Court (1864–1873) Waite Court (1874–1888) Fuller Court (1888–1910) White Court (1910–1921) Taft Court (1921–1930) Hughes Court (1930–1941) Stone Court (1941–1946) Vinson Court (1946–1953) Warren Court (1953–1969) Burger Court (1969–1986) Rehnquist Court (1986–2005) Roberts Court (2005–present) Lists of justicesand nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court education seat time in office All nominations unsuccessful Justices who served in Congress Burial places of justices Statutes affectingcourt size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Law clerk lists: Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 Location Supreme Court Building Former: Royal Exchange, New York City Old City Hall, Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol Related Article III, U.S. Constitution original jurisdiction Camera policy Code of Conduct for Justices Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 Lochner era Impeachment of Samuel Chase Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court Supreme Court in fiction Supreme Court leaks United States Reports Lawyers' Edition United States Solicitor General Other countries United States portal Law portal vteStone Court (1941–1946) Freedom of Speech Clause case law1st Amendment to the United States ConstitutionUnprotectedspeechFighting words andthe heckler's veto Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) Content-neutralrestrictionsIn thepublic forum Martin v. City of Struthers (1943) Compelled subsidyof others' speechCompelled representation Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co (1944) School speech West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) Licensing andrestriction of speech Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942) State action Marsh v. Alabama (1946)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harlan F. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Charles Evans Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Fred Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Vinson"},{"link_name":"Edward Douglass White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Ex parte Quirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Quirin"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"military tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribunals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renstrom-2"},{"link_name":"federal government's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"relocating Japanese Americans into internment camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StoneA&E-3"}],"text":"The Stone Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1941 to 1946, when Harlan F. Stone served as Chief Justice of the United States. Stone succeeded the retiring Charles Evans Hughes in 1941, and served as Chief Justice until his death, at which point Fred Vinson was nominated and confirmed as Stone's replacement. He was the fourth chief justice to have previously served as an associate justice and the second to have done so without a break in tenure (after Edward Douglass White). Presiding over the country during World War II, the Stone Court delivered several important war-time rulings, such as in Ex parte Quirin, where it upheld the President's power to try Nazi saboteurs captured on American soil by military tribunals.[1][2] It also supported the federal government's policy of relocating Japanese Americans into internment camps.[3]","title":"Stone Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Brandeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brandeis"},{"link_name":"Cardozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo"},{"link_name":"Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Musketeers_(Supreme_Court)"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Owen Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Hugo Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Black"},{"link_name":"Stanley F. Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_F._Reed"},{"link_name":"Felix Frankfurter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter"},{"link_name":"William O. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O._Douglas"},{"link_name":"Frank Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Murphy"},{"link_name":"James F. Byrnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes"},{"link_name":"Robert H. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Office of Economic Stabilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Stabilization"},{"link_name":"Wiley Blount Rutledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_Blount_Rutledge"},{"link_name":"Owen Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman"},{"link_name":"Harold Hitz Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hitz_Burton"},{"link_name":"V-E Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cerebral hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StoneA&E-3"},{"link_name":"Fred Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Vinson"}],"text":"The Stone Court began in 1941, when Associate Justice Stone was confirmed to replace Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice. Stone had served as an Associate Justice since 1925, when President Calvin Coolidge nominated him to the bench. During the Court's 1932–37 terms, Stone and justices Brandeis and Cardozo formed a liberal bloc called the Three Musketeers that generally voted to uphold the constitutionality of the New Deal.At the beginning of Stone's chief-justiceship, the Court consisted of Stone, Owen Roberts, Hugo Black, Stanley F. Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, James F. Byrnes, and Robert H. Jackson (the latter two joined the court days after Stone's elevation to Chief Justice). In October 1942, Byrnes resigned from the court to become the war-time Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization; Roosevelt appointed Wiley Blount Rutledge as his replacement. Owen Roberts retired in July 1945, and President Harry Truman appointed Harold Hitz Burton to replace him.Shortly before V-E Day, Truman named Justice Jackson to serve as U.S. Chief of Counsel for the prosecution of high-ranking German officials accused of war crimes at the 1945–46 Nuremberg trials. As a result, Jackson was absent for one entire Court term, and his fellow justices had to do an extra amount of work during the term.[4] Stone died on April 22, 1946, after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage.[3] Truman subsequently appointed Fred Vinson as Stone's successor.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"Bar key: Hoover appointee F. Roosevelt appointee Truman appointee","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"77th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"79th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"Presidents during this court included Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. Congresses during this court included 77th through the 79th United States Congresses.","title":"Other branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court"},{"link_name":"Glasser v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasser_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"jury pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_selection"},{"link_name":"Sixth Amendment's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Betts v. Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betts_v._Brady"},{"link_name":"indigent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigent"},{"link_name":"Due Process Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_Process_Clause"},{"link_name":"Gideon v. Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Wickard v. Filburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickard_v._Filburn"},{"link_name":"Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act_of_1938"},{"link_name":"Interstate Commerce Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Clause"},{"link_name":"West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette"},{"link_name":"Free Speech Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Speech_Clause"},{"link_name":"Pledge of Allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Minersville School District v. Gobitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis"},{"link_name":"Smith v. Allwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v._Allwright"},{"link_name":"white primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_primaries"},{"link_name":"Grovey v. Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grovey_v._Townsend"},{"link_name":"Korematsu v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 9066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9066"},{"link_name":"internment of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans living in the West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"United States citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dred Scott v. Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford"},{"link_name":"Plessy v. Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsavage-5"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsavage-5"},{"link_name":"Trump v. Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._Hawaii"},{"link_name":"International Shoe Co. v. Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Shoe_Co._v._Washington"},{"link_name":"personal jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction"}],"text":"See also: List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone CourtMajor rulings of the Stone Court include:Glasser v. United States (1942): In a 7–2 decision written by Justice Murphy, the court reversed a criminal conviction on the basis that the defense attorney had a conflict of interest. The court also ruled that the exclusion of women from the jury pool violated the Sixth Amendment's Impartial Jury Clause. The court held that jury pools should be a \"cross-section of the community.\"\nBetts v. Brady (1942): In a 6–3 decision written by Justice Roberts, the court ruled that indigent defendants did not have the right to an appointed counsel in state courts under the Due Process Clause. The case was overruled by Gideon v. Wainwright (1963).\nWickard v. Filburn (1942): In a unanimous decision written by Justice Jackson, the court upheld wheat production quotas established by the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. The appellant argued that the production quotas overstepped the powers granted to Congress by the Interstate Commerce Clause, as the appellant used the wheat to feed his own animals. However, the court ruled that the farmer would have bought more wheat had he not grown his own, thus affecting interstate commerce.\nWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943): In a 6–3 decision written by Justice Jackson, the court held that the Free Speech Clause protected students from being forced to salute the American flag or recite the Pledge of Allegiance. The case overruled Minersville School District v. Gobitis, which had been decided just three years earlier by many of the same justices.\nSmith v. Allwright (1944): In an 8–1 decision written by Justice Reed, the court struck down a Texas law that allowed white primaries. The case overruled Grovey v. Townsend (1935), which had held white primaries to be constitutional on the basis that political parties are private organizations.\nKorematsu v. United States (1944): In a 6–3 decision written by Justice Black, the court upheld Executive Order 9066, which ordered the internment of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans living in the West Coast, many of whom were United States citizens. The court accepted the government's argument that the order was a matter of \"military urgency\". Legal scholars have denounced the ruling as one of the worst and most racist in American history, the other being Dred Scott v. Sandford and Plessy v. Ferguson.[5] In 2011, the Solicitor General's Office publicly disavowed the ruling.[5] The case was overruled by Trump v. Hawaii (2018).\nInternational Shoe Co. v. Washington (1945): In an 8–0 decision written by Justice Black, the court held that parties could be subject to the personal jurisdiction of a state court if said parties have \"minimum contacts\" with the state. The court rejected the appellant's argument that the company should not fall under the jurisdiction of the state of Washington since it did not maintain a permanent \"situs\" of business in the state, despite doing business in the state.","title":"Rulings of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hughes Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Court"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renstrom-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renstrom-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renstrom-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renstrom-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urosfky-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renstrom2-7"},{"link_name":"judicial restraint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_restraint"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urosfky-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gal1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gal1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfink-11"},{"link_name":"Warren Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Court"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Stone had largely sided with the government's position when the Hughes Court struck down several pieces of New Deal legislation, and the Stone Court (with the addition of several Roosevelt appointees) consistently upheld Congressional power pursuant to the Commerce Clause.[2] The Stone Court also upheld broad war-time powers for the government.[2] The Stone Court was less deferential in the area of civil liberties, striking down laws in cases such as Barnett, although Korematsu was a major exception to this trend.[2] Despite Roosevelt's appointment of seven of the nine justices (and the elevation of Stone), the justices held independent views and often found each other at odds in regard to civil liberties.[2][6] Stone himself received criticism for presiding over a divided and quarrelsome court.[7] Justice Frankfurter often took a position supporting judicial restraint in which the court took deference to the decisions of elected officials, while Justices Black and Douglas were more willing to strike down laws and precedents for what they saw as violations of constitutional rights.[6] Murphy and Rutledge joined Black and Douglas as part of the more liberal bloc, while Jackson, Reed, and Stone tended to side with Frankfurter.[8][9] Roberts often sided with the Frankfurter bloc, but was more conservative than the other eight justices.[9] Though outnumbered, the more liberal bloc led by Black and Douglas often took the majority in cases by peeling off the votes from the moderate bloc, and the two groupings of justices did not form as tight of blocs as they did in later decades.[10] The short length of the Stone Court gave it little chance to establish a definitive legacy.[11] However, the Stone Court continued the Constitutional Revolution of 1937 that had started during the Hughes Court and foreshadowed the liberal rulings of the Warren Court.[12]","title":"Judicial philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Court&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781576071533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576071533"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781570031205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570031205"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Court&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780533107070","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780533107070"},{"link_name":"Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR's Great Supreme Court 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justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States#List_of_chief_justices"},{"link_name":"Associate justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#list_of_associate_justices"},{"link_name":"All justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_court_composition"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_schools_attended_by_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices"},{"link_name":"seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_seat"},{"link_name":"time in office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office"},{"link_name":"All nominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"unsuccessful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Justices who served in Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Supreme_Court_justices_who_also_served_in_the_U.S._Congress"},{"link_name":"Burial places of justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1802"},{"link_name":"Seventh Circuit Act of 1807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Circuit_Act_of_1807"},{"link_name":"Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_and_Ninth_Circuits_Act_of_1837"},{"link_name":"Tenth Circuit Act of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Circuit_Act_of_1863"},{"link_name":"Judicial Circuits Act of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Circuits_Act"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1869"},{"link_name":"Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police"},{"link_name":"Reporter of Decisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Law clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_clerk_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Chief_Justice)"},{"link_name":"Seat 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_1)"},{"link_name":"Seat 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_2)"},{"link_name":"Seat 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_3)"},{"link_name":"Seat 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_4)"},{"link_name":"Seat 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_6)"},{"link_name":"Seat 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_8)"},{"link_name":"Seat 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_9)"},{"link_name":"Seat 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_10)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building"},{"link_name":"Royal Exchange, New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Old City Hall, Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Article III, U.S. Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"original jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Camera policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameras_in_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Code of Conduct for Justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Conduct_for_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937"},{"link_name":"Lochner era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochner_era"},{"link_name":"Impeachment of Samuel Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Samuel_Chase"},{"link_name":"Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court in fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court leaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_leaks"},{"link_name":"United States Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"Lawyers' Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyers%27_Edition"},{"link_name":"United States Solicitor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Other countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_supreme_courts"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"link_name":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US1stAmendment_Freedom_of_Speech_Clause_Stone_Court_case_law"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US1stAmendment_Freedom_of_Speech_Clause_Stone_Court_case_law"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US1stAmendment_Freedom_of_Speech_Clause_Stone_Court_case_law"},{"link_name":"Stone Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Speech Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1st Amendment to the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Unprotectedspeech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions"},{"link_name":"Fighting words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_words"},{"link_name":"heckler's veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto"},{"link_name":"Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplinsky_v._New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"public forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_forum"},{"link_name":"Martin v. City of Struthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_v._City_of_Struthers"},{"link_name":"Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steele_v._Louisville_%26_N.R._Co&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"School speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_schools_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette"},{"link_name":"Murdock v. Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Commercial speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_speech"},{"link_name":"Valentine v. Chrestensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_v._Chrestensen"},{"link_name":"Marsh v. Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama"}],"text":"Works centering on the Stone Court[edit]\nRenstrom, Peter G. (2001). The Stone Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576071533.\nUrofsky, Melvin I. (1997). Division and Discord: The Supreme Court Under Stone and Vinson, 1941-1953. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570031205.\nWorks centering on Stone Court justices[edit]\nFassett, John D. (1994). New Deal justice: the life of Stanley Reed of Kentucky. Vantage Press. ISBN 9780533107070.\nFeldman, Noah (2010). Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR's Great Supreme Court Justices. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 9780446580571.\nFerren, John M. (2006). Salt of the Earth, Conscience of the Court: The Story of Justice Wiley Rutledge. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807876619.\nHoward, J. Woodford (2015) [1968]. Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400875641.\nMurphy, Bruce Allen (2003). Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas. Random House. ISBN 9780394576282.\nNewman, Roger K. (1994). Hugo Black: A Biography. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0679431800.\nUrofsky, Melvin I. (1991). Felix Frankfurter: Judicial Restraint and Individual Liberties. Twayne. ISBN 9780805777741.\nOther relevant works[edit]\nAbraham, Henry Julian (2008). Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742558953.\nCushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.\nFriedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L., eds. (1995). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.\nHall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W. Jr.; Grossman, Joel B., eds. (2005). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195176612.\nHall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W. Jr., eds. (2009). The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195379396.\nHall, Timothy L. (2001). Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438108179.\nHoffer, Peter Charles; Hoffer, WilliamJames Hull; Hull, N. E. H. (2018). The Supreme Court: An Essential History (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2681-6.\nHoward, John R. (1999). The Shifting Wind: The Supreme Court and Civil Rights from Reconstruction to Brown. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791440896.\nIrons, Peter (2006). A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution (Revised ed.). Penguin. ISBN 9781101503133.\nKennedy, David M. (1999). Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195038347.\nMartin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.\nSchwarz, Bernard (1995). A History of the Supreme Court. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195093872.\nTomlins, Christopher, ed. (2005). The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0618329694.\nUrofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.vteJustices of the Supreme Court of the United StatesChief justices\nJohn Jay (1789–1795, cases)\nJohn Rutledge (1795, cases)\nOliver Ellsworth (1796–1800, cases)\nJohn Marshall (1801–1835, cases)\nRoger B. Taney (1836–1864, cases)\nSalmon P. Chase (1864–1873, cases)\nMorrison Waite (1874–1888, cases)\nMelville Fuller (1888–1910, cases)\nEdward Douglass White (1910–1921, cases)\nWilliam Howard Taft (1921–1930, cases)\nCharles Evans Hughes (1930–1941, cases)\nHarlan F. Stone (1941–1946, cases)\nFred M. Vinson (1946–1953, cases)\nEarl Warren (1953–1969, cases)\nWarren E. Burger (1969–1986, cases)\nWilliam Rehnquist (1986–2005, cases)\nJohn Roberts (2005–present, cases)\nAssociate justices\nJ. Rutledge* (1790–1791)\nCushing (1790–1810)\nWilson (1789–1798)\nBlair (1790–1795)\nIredell (1790–1799)\nT. Johnson (1792–1793)\nPaterson (1793–1806)\nS. Chase (1796–1811)\nWashington (1798–1829)\nMoore (1800–1804)\nW. Johnson (1804–1834)\nLivingston (1807–1823)\nTodd (1807–1826)\nDuvall (1811–1835)\nStory (1812–1845)\nThompson (1823–1843)\nTrimble (1826–1828)\nMcLean (1829–1861)\nBaldwin (1830–1844)\nWayne (1835–1867)\nBarbour (1836–1841)\nCatron (1837–1865)\nMcKinley (1838–1852)\nDaniel (1842–1860)\nNelson (1845–1872)\nWoodbury (1845–1851)\nGrier (1846–1870)\nCurtis (1851–1857)\nCampbell (1853–1861)\nClifford (1858–1881)\nSwayne (1862–1881)\nMiller (1862–1890)\nDavis (1862–1877)\nField (1863–1897)\nStrong (1870–1880)\nBradley (1870–1892)\nHunt (1873–1882)\nJ. M. Harlan (1877–1911)\nWoods (1881–1887)\nMatthews (1881–1889)\nGray (1882–1902)\nBlatchford (1882–1893)\nL. Lamar (1888–1893)\nBrewer (1890–1910)\nBrown (1891–1906)\nShiras (1892–1903)\nH. Jackson (1893–1895)\nE. White* (1894–1910)\nPeckham (1896–1909)\nMcKenna (1898–1925)\nHolmes (1902–1932)\nDay (1903–1922)\nMoody (1906–1910)\nLurton (1910–1914)\nHughes* (1910–1916)\nVan Devanter (1911–1937)\nJ. Lamar (1911–1916)\nPitney (1912–1922)\nMcReynolds (1914–1941)\nBrandeis (1916–1939)\nClarke (1916–1922)\nSutherland (1922–1938)\nButler (1923–1939)\nSanford (1923–1930)\nStone* (1925–1941)\nO. Roberts (1930–1945)\nCardozo (1932–1938)\nBlack (1937–1971)\nReed (1938–1957)\nFrankfurter (1939–1962)\nDouglas (1939–1975)\nMurphy (1940–1949)\nByrnes (1941–1942)\nR. Jackson (1941–1954)\nW. Rutledge (1943–1949)\nBurton (1945–1958)\nClark (1949–1967)\nMinton (1949–1956)\nJ. M. Harlan II (1955–1971)\nBrennan (1956–1990)\nWhittaker (1957–1962)\nStewart (1958–1981)\nB. White (1962–1993)\nGoldberg (1962–1965)\nFortas (1965–1969)\nT. Marshall (1967–1991)\nBlackmun (1970–1994)\nPowell (1972–1987)\nRehnquist* (1972–1986)\nStevens (1975–2010)\nO'Connor (1981–2006)\nScalia (1986–2016)\nKennedy (1988–2018)\nSouter (1990–2009)\nThomas (1991–present)\nGinsburg (1993–2020)\nBreyer (1994–2022)\nAlito (2006–present)\nSotomayor (2009–present)\nKagan (2010–present)\nGorsuch (2017–present)\nKavanaugh (2018–present)\nBarrett (2020–present)\nK. Jackson (2022–present)\n\n*Also served as Chief Justice of the United StatesvteSupreme Court of the United StatesThe court\nLists of cases\nCourt demographics\nIdeological leanings\nNomination and confirmation\nProcedures\nAmicus curiae brief\nCertiorari\nCert. before judgment\nCert. dismissed as improvidently granted\nGrant, vacate, remand\nShadow docket\nIn-chambers opinion\nCurrent members\nChief justice: John Roberts\nAssociate justices: Clarence Thomas\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nAmy Coney Barrett\nKetanji Brown Jackson\nRetired justices\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\nStephen Breyer\nHistory\nJay Court (1789–1795)\nRutledge Court (1795)\nEllsworth Court (1796–1800)\nMarshall Court (1801–1835)\nTaney Court (1836–1864)\nChase Court (1864–1873)\nWaite Court (1874–1888)\nFuller Court (1888–1910)\nWhite Court (1910–1921)\nTaft Court (1921–1930)\nHughes Court (1930–1941)\nStone Court (1941–1946)\nVinson Court (1946–1953)\nWarren Court (1953–1969)\nBurger Court (1969–1986)\nRehnquist Court (1986–2005)\nRoberts Court (2005–present)\nLists of justicesand nominees\nChief justices\nAssociate justices\nAll justices\ncourt\neducation\nseat\ntime in office\nAll nominations\nunsuccessful\nJustices who served in Congress\nBurial places of justices\nStatutes affectingcourt size\nJudiciary Act of 1789\nJudiciary Act of 1801\nJudiciary Act of 1802\nSeventh Circuit Act of 1807\nEighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837\nTenth Circuit Act of 1863\nJudicial Circuits Act of 1866\nJudiciary Act of 1869\nFunctionaries\nClerk\nMarshal\nSupreme Court Police\nReporter of Decisions\nLaw clerk\nlists: Chief Justice\nSeat 1\nSeat 2\nSeat 3\nSeat 4\nSeat 6\nSeat 8\nSeat 9\nSeat 10\nLocation\nSupreme Court Building\nFormer: Royal Exchange, New York City\nOld City Hall, Philadelphia\nOld Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol\nOld Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol\nRelated\nArticle III, U.S. Constitution\noriginal jurisdiction\nCamera policy\nCode of Conduct for Justices\nJudicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937\nLochner era\nImpeachment of Samuel Chase\nPresidential Commission on the Supreme Court\nSupreme Court in fiction\nSupreme Court leaks\nUnited States Reports\nLawyers' Edition\nUnited States Solicitor General\n\n Other countries\n United States portal\n Law portalvteStone Court (1941–1946) Freedom of Speech Clause case law1st Amendment to the United States ConstitutionUnprotectedspeechFighting words andthe heckler's veto\nChaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)\nContent-neutralrestrictionsIn thepublic forum\nMartin v. City of Struthers (1943)\nCompelled subsidyof others' speechCompelled representation\nSteele v. Louisville & N.R. Co (1944)\nSchool speech\nWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)\nLicensing andrestriction of speech\nMurdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)\nCommercial speech\nValentine v. Chrestensen (1942)\nState action\nMarsh v. Alabama (1946)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Renstrom, Peter (2001). The Stone Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. ABC-CLIO. pp. 179–180. ISBN 9781576071533. Retrieved 2 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9g-ZfWRioTcC","url_text":"The Stone Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576071533","url_text":"9781576071533"}]},{"reference":"\"Harlan Fiske Stone: Supreme Court Justice (1872–1946)\". A&E Television Networks. April 2, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biography.com/people/harlan-fiske-stone-9495917","url_text":"\"Harlan Fiske Stone: Supreme Court Justice (1872–1946)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remarks of the Chief Justice, American Law Institute Annual Meeting, May 17, 2004\". www.supremecourt.gov. Retrieved January 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/speeches/sp_05-17-04a.html","url_text":"\"Remarks of the Chief Justice, American Law Institute Annual Meeting, May 17, 2004\""}]},{"reference":"Savage, David G. (24 March 2011). \"U.S. official cites misconduct in Japanese American internment cases\". LA Times. Retrieved 2 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/24/nation/la-na-japanese-americans-20110525","url_text":"\"U.S. official cites misconduct in Japanese American internment cases\""}]},{"reference":"Urofsky, Melvin (1988). \"CONFLICT AMONG THE BRETHREN\". Duke Law Journal. 37 (1): 81–84. Retrieved 2 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3022&context=dlj","url_text":"\"CONFLICT AMONG THE BRETHREN\""}]},{"reference":"Galloway, Russell Jr. (1 January 1983). \"The Roosevelt Court: The Liberals Conquer (1937-1947) and Divide (1941-1946)\". Santa Clara Law Review. 23 (2): 513–515. Retrieved 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1995&context=lawreview","url_text":"\"The Roosevelt Court: The Liberals Conquer (1937-1947) and Divide (1941-1946)\""}]},{"reference":"Finkelman, Paul (15 January 2014). The Supreme Court: Controversies, Cases, and Characters from John Jay to John Roberts [4 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 819–821. ISBN 9781610693950. Retrieved 2 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JZB_AwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Supreme Court: Controversies, Cases, and Characters from John Jay to John Roberts [4 Volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610693950","url_text":"9781610693950"}]},{"reference":"Renstrom, Peter G. (2001). The Stone Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576071533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576071533","url_text":"9781576071533"}]},{"reference":"Urofsky, Melvin I. (1997). Division and Discord: The Supreme Court Under Stone and Vinson, 1941-1953. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570031205.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570031205","url_text":"9781570031205"}]},{"reference":"Fassett, John D. (1994). New Deal justice: the life of Stanley Reed of Kentucky. Vantage Press. ISBN 9780533107070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780533107070","url_text":"9780533107070"}]},{"reference":"Feldman, Noah (2010). Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR's Great Supreme Court Justices. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Wolf_(A-ha_song)	Cry Wolf (A-ha song)	["1 Background","2 Commercial performance","3 Music video","4 Track listings","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 References"]	1986 single by A-ha"Cry Wolf"Single by A-hafrom the album Scoundrel Days B-side"Maybe, Maybe"Released24 November 1986Recorded1986Genre Pop rock synth-pop Length4:05LabelWarner Bros.Songwriter(s) Pål Waaktaar Magne Furuholmen Producer(s)Alan TarneyA-ha singles chronology "I've Been Losing You" (1986) "Cry Wolf" (1986) "Manhattan Skyline" (1987) "Cry Wolf" is a song by Norwegian band A-ha, released as the second single from their second studio album, Scoundrel Days (1986). Background The lyrics "Night I left the city I dreamt of a Wolf..." are credited to Lauren Savoy, who was later married to the band's guitarist Paul Waaktaar-Savoy. Commercial performance "Cry Wolf" was the most successful single from the Scoundrel Days album in the United States, where it peaked at number 14 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts and number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100, though it would be the band's last entry on that chart. The single reached the top 40 in various other countries, including top-five placings in the United Kingdom and Ireland, as well as number two in Norway. The single was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 1 January 1987. Music video The video was directed by Steve Barron in Couches at the Chateau de Couches, Burgundy, France. The theme of the video was taken from the fable The Boy Who Cried Wolf, which was also the inspiration for the song. Track listings UK 7-inch single (Warner Bros. / W 8500) "Cry Wolf" (Album Version) - 4:05 "Maybe, Maybe" - 2:34 UK 12-inch single (Warner Bros. / W 8500T) "Cry Wolf" (Extended Version) - 8:12 "Cry Wolf" (Album Version) - 4:05 "Maybe, Maybe" - 2:34 Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for "Cry Wolf" Chart (1986–1987) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 45 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 15 Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 10 France (SNEP) 35 Ireland (IRMA) 4 Italy (Musica e dischi) 13 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 16 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 12 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 10 Norway (VG-lista) 2 South Africa (Springbok Radio) 13 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 27 UK Singles (OCC) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 50 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 14 US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) 30 US Cash Box Top 100 Singles 51 West Germany (Official German Charts) 20 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for "Cry Wolf" Chart (1987) Position Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 93 Certifications Certifications for "Cry Wolf" Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 250,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ Smith, Robin (22 November 1986). "News Digest". Record Mirror. p. 18. ISSN 0144-5804. ^ a b "British single certifications – A Ha – Cry Wolf". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "Château de Couches". 8 October 2010. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 13. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "a-ha – Cry Wolf" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "European Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 4, no. 4. 31 January 1987. p. 16. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History. ^ "a-ha – Cry Wolf" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Cry Wolf". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "Classifiche". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Set "Tipo" on "Singoli". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "A-Ha". ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – a-ha" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "a-ha – Cry Wolf" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "a-ha – Cry Wolf". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "a-ha – Cry Wolf". VG-lista. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "SA Charts 1965–1989 (As presented on Springbok Radio/Radio Orion) – Acts A". The South African Rock Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "a-ha – Cry Wolf". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "a-ha: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "a-ha Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "a-ha Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "a-ha Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending March 7, 1987". Cash Box. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – a-ha – Cry Wolf" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "European Charts of the Year 1987 – Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 4, no. 51/52. 26 December 1987. p. 34. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History. vteA-ha Magne Furuholmen Morten Harket Paul Waaktaar-Savoy Studio albums Hunting High and Low Scoundrel Days Stay on These Roads East of the Sun, West of the Moon Memorial Beach Minor Earth Major Sky Lifelines Analogue Foot of the Mountain Cast in Steel True North Compilation albums Headlines and Deadlines: The Hits of A-ha The Definitive Singles Collection 1984–2004 25 Time and Again: The Ultimate A-ha Live albums Live at Vallhall: Homecoming How Can I Sleep with Your Voice in My Head Ending on a High Note: The Final Concert MTV Unplugged: Summer Solstice Extended plays 45 R.P.M. Club Twelve Inch Club Scoundrel Club Road Club Box sets Minor Earth Major Box Singles "Take On Me" "Love Is Reason" "The Sun Always Shines on T.V." "Train of Thought" "Hunting High and Low" "I've Been Losing You" "Cry Wolf" "Manhattan Skyline" "The Living Daylights" "Stay on These Roads" "The Blood That Moves the Body" "Touchy!" "You Are the One" "Crying in the Rain" "I Call Your Name" "Early Morning" "Move to Memphis" "Dark Is the Night" "Angel in the Snow" "Shapes That Go Together" "Summer Moved On" "Minor Earth Major Sky" "Velvet" "Forever Not Yours" "Lifelines" "Did Anyone Approach You?" "Celice" "Analogue (All I Want)" "Cosy Prisons" "Foot of the Mountain" "Nothing Is Keeping You Here" "Shadowside" "Butterfly, Butterfly (The Last Hurrah)" "You Have What It Takes" Tours Ending on a High Note Tour Related articles Discography Awards Bridges Savoy Apparatjik The Swing of Things / The Demo Tapes Category vteThe Boy Who Cried Wolf from Aesop's Fables by AesopSongs "Boy Who Cried Wolf" (1985) "Cry Wolf" (1986) "Cry Wolf" (1987) Adaptations Three Little Wolves (1936) Westward Whoa (1936) "Marge Gets a Job" (1992) Muppet Classic Theater (1994) The Pig Who Cried Werewolf (2011) Related Big Bad Wolf (character) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-ha"},{"link_name":"Scoundrel Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoundrel_Days"}],"text":"1986 single by A-ha\"Cry Wolf\" is a song by Norwegian band A-ha, released as the second single from their second studio album, Scoundrel Days (1986).","title":"Cry Wolf (A-ha song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lauren Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Paul Waaktaar-Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Waaktaar-Savoy"}],"text":"The lyrics \"Night I left the city I dreamt of a Wolf...\" are credited to Lauren Savoy, who was later married to the band's guitarist Paul Waaktaar-Savoy.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Dance Music/Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Music/Club_Play"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPI-2"}],"text":"\"Cry Wolf\" was the most successful single from the Scoundrel Days album in the United States, where it peaked at number 14 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts and number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100, though it would be the band's last entry on that chart. The single reached the top 40 in various other countries, including top-five placings in the United Kingdom and Ireland, as well as number two in Norway. The single was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 1 January 1987.[2]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Barron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgogne"},{"link_name":"The Boy Who Cried Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Cried_Wolf"}],"text":"The video was directed by Steve Barron in Couches at the Chateau de Couches,[3] Burgundy, France. 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Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_a-ha-16"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_a-ha-17"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_a-ha-18"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_a-ha-19"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_West_Germany_a-ha-21"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cry_Wolf_(A-ha_song)&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Cry Wolf\"\n\n\nChart (1986–1987)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[4]\n\n45\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[5]\n\n15\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[6]\n\n10\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[7]\n\n35\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[8]\n\n4\n\n\nItaly (Musica e dischi)[9]\n\n13\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[10]\n\n16\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[11]\n\n12\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[12]\n\n10\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[13]\n\n2\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok Radio)[14]\n\n13\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[15]\n\n27\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[16]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[17]\n\n50\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[18]\n\n14\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[19]\n\n30\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100 Singles[20]\n\n51\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[21]\n\n20\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Cry Wolf\"\n\n\nChart (1987)\n\nPosition\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[22]\n\n93","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Smith, Robin (22 November 1986). \"News Digest\". Record Mirror. p. 18. ISSN 0144-5804.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0144-5804","url_text":"0144-5804"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – A Ha – Cry Wolf\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/1586-993-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – A Ha – Cry Wolf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Château de Couches\". 8 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://montjoye.net/chateau-de-couches","url_text":"\"Château de Couches\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 13. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 4, no. 4. 31 January 1987. p. 16. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1987/M&M-1987-01-31.pdf","url_text":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifiche\". Musica e dischi (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","url_text":"\"Classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi","url_text":"Musica e dischi"}]},{"reference":"\"SA Charts 1965–1989 (As presented on Springbok Radio/Radio Orion) – Acts A\". The South African Rock Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517120214/http://rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(A).html","url_text":"\"SA Charts 1965–1989 (As presented on Springbok Radio/Radio Orion) – Acts A\""},{"url":"http://rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(A).html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending March 7, 1987\". Cash Box. Retrieved 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/19870307.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending March 7, 1987\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"}]},{"reference":"\"European Charts of the Year 1987 – Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 4, no. 51/52. 26 December 1987. p. 34. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1987/M&M-1987-12-26.pdf","url_text":"\"European Charts of the Year 1987 – Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0144-5804","external_links_name":"0144-5804"},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/1586-993-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – A Ha – Cry Wolf\""},{"Link":"https://montjoye.net/chateau-de-couches","external_links_name":"\"Château de Couches\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=a-ha&titel=Cry+Wolf&cat=s","external_links_name":"a-ha – Cry Wolf\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1987/M&M-1987-01-31.pdf","external_links_name":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","external_links_name":"29800226"},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=a-ha&titel=Cry+Wolf&cat=s","external_links_name":"a-ha – Cry Wolf\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Cry+Wolf","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Cry Wolf\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","external_links_name":"\"Classifiche\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40-artiesten/a-ha","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – a-ha\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=a-ha&titel=Cry+Wolf&cat=s","external_links_name":"a-ha – Cry Wolf\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=a-ha&titel=Cry+Wolf&cat=s","external_links_name":"a-ha – Cry Wolf\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=a-ha&titel=Cry+Wolf&cat=s","external_links_name":"a-ha – Cry Wolf\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517120214/http://rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(A).html","external_links_name":"\"SA Charts 1965–1989 (As presented on Springbok Radio/Radio Orion) – Acts A\""},{"Link":"http://rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(A).html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=a-ha&titel=Cry+Wolf&cat=s","external_links_name":"a-ha – Cry Wolf\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/26315/a-ha","external_links_name":"\"a-ha: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/a-ha/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"a-ha Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/a-ha/chart-history/DSI","external_links_name":"\"a-ha Chart History (Dance Club Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/a-ha/chart-history/DSA","external_links_name":"\"a-ha Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)\""},{"Link":"https://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/19870307.html","external_links_name":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending March 7, 1987\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-1558","external_links_name":"Offiziellecharts.de – a-ha – Cry Wolf\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1987/M&M-1987-12-26.pdf","external_links_name":"\"European Charts of the Year 1987 – Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","external_links_name":"29800226"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/0b2b3db3-4708-4b2f-a611-eb211f308401","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/a0e0feea-39d8-4907-9fc5-36a5d41f064a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Holiday_of_1933	Emergency Banking Act of 1933	[]	Great Depression-era U.S. legislation to stabilize the banking system Emergency Banking ActOther short titlesBank Conservation Act of 1933Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933Long titleAn Act to provide relief in the existing national emergency in banking, and for other purposes.Enacted bythe 73rd United States CongressCitationsPublic lawPub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 73–1Statutes at Large48 Stat. 1Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 1491 by Henry B. Steagall (D-AL) on March 9, 1933Passed the House on March 9, 1933 (Passed (435-0))Passed the Senate on March 9, 1933 (Passed (96-0))Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 9, 1933 The Emergency Banking Act (EBA) (the official title of which was the Emergency Banking Relief Act), Public Law 73-1, 48 Stat. 1 (March 9, 1933), was an act passed by the United States Congress in March 1933 in an attempt to stabilize the banking system. Bank holiday Beginning on February 14, 1933, Michigan, an industrial state that had been hit particularly hard by the Great Depression in the United States, declared an eight-day bank holiday. Fears of other bank closures spread from state to state as people rushed to withdraw their deposits while they still could do so. Within weeks, all other states held their own bank holidays in an attempt to stem the bank runs, with Delaware becoming the 48th and last state to close its banks on March 4. Following his inauguration on March 4, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt set out to rebuild confidence in the nation's banking system and to stabilize America's banking system. On March 6, he declared a four-day national banking holiday that kept all banks shut until Congress could act. During this time, the federal government would inspect all banks, re-open those that were sufficiently solvent, re-organize those that could be saved, and close those that were beyond repair. Passage of the Emergency Banking Act Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis Roosevelt's first fireside chat on the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933) Problems playing this file? See media help. A draft law, prepared by the Treasury staff during Herbert Hoover's administration, was passed on March 9, 1933. The new law allowed the twelve Federal Reserve Banks to issue additional currency on good assets so that banks that reopened would be able to meet every legitimate call. The Emergency Banking Act, an amendment to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, was introduced on March 9, 1933, to a joint session of Congress, and was passed the same evening amid an atmosphere of chaos and uncertainty as over 100 new Democratic members of Congress swept into power determined to take radical steps to address banking failures and other economic malaise. The EBA was one of President Roosevelt's first projects in the first 100 days of his presidency. The sense of urgency was such that the act was passed with only a single copy available on the floor of the House of Representatives and legislators voted on it after the bill was read aloud to them by Chairman of the House Banking Committee Henry Steagall. Copies were made available to senators as the bill was being proposed in the Senate, after it had passed in the House. According to William L. Silber: "The Emergency Banking Act of 1933, passed by Congress on March 9, 1933, three days after FDR declared a nationwide bank holiday, combined with the Federal Reserve's commitment to supply unlimited amounts of currency to reopened banks, created 100 percent deposit insurance". On March 12, the evening before banks began to reopen, FDR gave his first fireside chat, a national radio address explaining the alterations made by the federal government on the banking industry. Due to confidence in FDR and the proposed alterations, Americans returned $1 billion to bank vaults in the following week. Public reaction Much to everyone's relief, when the institutions reopened for business on March 13, 1933, depositors stood in line to return their stashed cash to neighborhood banks. Within two weeks, Americans had redeposited more than half of the currency that they had legally withdrawn before the bank suspension. The stock market registered its approval as well. On March 15, 1933, the first day of stock trading after the extended closure of Wall Street, the Dow Jones Industrial Average gaining 8.26 points to close at 62.10; a gain of 15.34%. As of October 2020, the gain still stands as the largest one-day percentage price increase ever. In hindsight, the nationwide Bank Holiday and the Emergency Banking Act of March 1933 are seen to have ended the bank runs that plagued the Great Depression. Possession of monetary gold becomes a crime One month later, on April 5, 1933, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 criminalizing the possession of monetary gold by any individual, partnership, association or corporation and Congress passed a similar resolution in June 1933. 1933 Banking Act This act was a temporary response to a major problem and remains in effect to this day. The 1933 Banking Act passed later that year presented elements of longer-term response, including the formation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). See also Banks portalMoney portal Causes of the Great Depression Executive Order 6102 Gold Clause Cases Great Contraction References ^ "Eight-Day Banking Holiday in Michigan Proclaimed by Governor in "Emergency"". The New York Times. AP. February 14, 1933. Retrieved January 5, 2024. ^ Bryan, Dan. "The 1933 Banking Crisis – from Detroit's Collapse to Roosevelt's Bank Holiday". American History USA. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Uncurrent Events: The Bank Holiday of 1933". Inside FRASER Blog. May 12, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2024. ^ a b Silber, William L. (July 2009). "Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?". Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review. 15 (1): 19–30. Retrieved 22 February 2020. ^ Leuchtenburg, William (4 October 2016). "Professor Emeritus of History University of North Carolina". Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ Christian Science Monitor. April 5, 1933. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ "Hoarding of Gold". New York Times. April 6, 1933. p. 16. Retrieved October 9, 2020. ^ Gold Repeal Joint Resolution, 48 Stat. 112, Chapter 48, H.J.Res. 192, enacted June 5, 1933 Further reading Dighe, Ranjit S. "Saving private capitalism: The US bank holiday of 1933." Essays in Economic & Business History 29 (2011). 42–57. online Edwards, Sebastian. "Gold, the Brains Trust, and Roosevelt." History of Political Economy 49.1 (2017): 1–30. online Kennedy, Susan Estabrook. The Banking Crisis of 1933 (U Press of Kentucky, 1973). Silber, William L. “Why Did FDR’s Bank Holiday Succeed?” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, (July 2009), pp 19–30 online Taylor, Jason E., and Todd C. Neumann. "Recovery spring, faltering fall: March to November 1933." Explorations in Economic History 61#1 (2016): 54–67. Wicker, Elmus. The Banking Panics of the Great Depression (Cambridge UP, 1996). Wigmore, Barrie. “Was the Bank Holiday of 1933 Caused by a Run on the Dollar?” Journal of Economic History 47#3 (1987): 739–755. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Emergency Banking Relief Act Full Text of the Emergency Banking Act Documents on the Banking Emergency of 1933 available on FRASER vteFranklin D. 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Stone Supreme Court nomination Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination Cabinet "Brain Trust" March of Dimes Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Presidentialforeign policy Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) Montevideo Convention (1933) Second London Naval Treaty (1936) ABCD line (1940) Export Control Act Four Policemen Destroyers-for-bases deal Lend-Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Hull note Atlantic Charter (1941) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations (1942) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgenthau Plan support Presidentialspeeches 1932 Acceptance speech Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech "Four Freedoms" Day of Infamy speech Arsenal of Democracy "...is fear itself" Fireside chats "Look to Norway" Quarantine Speech "The More Abundant Life" State of the Union Address (1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 (Four Freedoms) 1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 1945) Other events Early life, education, career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt Elections 1928 New York state election 1930 Democratic National Convention, 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 1920 United States presidential election 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944 Life and homes Early life and education Groton School Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite Adams House FDR Suite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia Legacy Bibliography Statues Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Institute for American Studies USS Franklin D. 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Investment Co. Institute (1981) Great Moderation/Great Regression(1982–2007) Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve (1985) Greenspan put Expedited Funds Availability Act (1987) FIRRE Act (1989) FDIC Improvement Act (1991) Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (1999) Digital Revolution(2007–) Subprime mortgage crisis responses (2007–2010) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008) Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (2008) Commercial Paper Funding Facility (2008–2010) Primary Dealer Credit Facility (2008–2010) Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve (2009) 2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (2009–2010) Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets (2009–) Dodd–Frank Act (2010) COVID-19 economic impact (2020) Commercial Paper Funding Facility (2020–2021) Chairs Charles S. Hamlin (1914–1916) William P. G. Harding (1916–1922) Daniel R. Crissinger (1923–1927) Roy A. Young (1927–1930) Eugene Meyer (1930–1933) Eugene R. Black (1933–1934) Marriner S. Eccles (1934–1948) Thomas B. McCabe (1948–1951) William M. Martin (1951–1970) Arthur F. Burns (1970–1978) G. William Miller (1978–1979) Paul Volcker (1979–1987) Alan Greenspan (1987–2006) Ben Bernanke (2006–2014) Janet Yellen (2014–2018) Jerome Powell (2018–present) Currentgovernors Jerome Powell (Chair) Philip Jefferson (Vice Chair) Michael Barr (Vice Chair for Supervision) Michelle Bowman Christopher Waller Lisa D. Cook Adriana Kugler Current presidents(by district) Susan Collins (Boston) John Williams (New York) Patrick T. Harker (Philadelphia) Loretta J. Mester (Cleveland) Thomas Barkin (Richmond) Raphael Bostic (Atlanta) Austan Goolsbee (Chicago) Alberto Musalem (St. Louis) Neel Kashkari (Minneapolis) Jeff Schmid (Kansas City) Lorie Logan (Dallas) Mary C. Daly (San Francisco) Related Central bank Criticism of the Federal Reserve Fed model Fedspeak Fed put Lender of last resort Monetary policy of the United States History vteNew DealCauses and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass–Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration (PWA) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration (WPA) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board (Act) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Fair Labor Standards Act Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau Jr. Huey Long Herbert Hoover Francis Townsend Robert F. Wagner Category Commons Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National United States 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"banking system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"The Emergency Banking Act (EBA) (the official title of which was the Emergency Banking Relief Act), Public Law 73-1, 48 Stat. 1 (March 9, 1933), was an act passed by the United States Congress in March 1933 in an attempt to stabilize the banking system.","title":"Emergency Banking Act of 1933"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Great Depression in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bank runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_run"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Franklin Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt"}],"text":"Beginning on February 14, 1933, Michigan, an industrial state that had been hit particularly hard by the Great Depression in the United States, declared an eight-day bank holiday.[1] Fears of other bank closures spread from state to state as people rushed to withdraw their deposits while they still could do so. Within weeks, all other states held their own bank holidays in an attempt to stem the bank runs, with Delaware becoming the 48th and last state to close its banks on March 4.[2][3]Following his inauguration on March 4, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt set out to rebuild confidence in the nation's banking system and to stabilize America's banking system. On March 6, he declared a four-day national banking holiday that kept all banks shut until Congress could act. During this time, the federal government would inspect all banks, re-open those that were sufficiently solvent, re-organize those that could be saved, and close those that were beyond repair.","title":"Bank holiday"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_(March_12,_1933)_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Banks"},{"link_name":"Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act_of_1917"},{"link_name":"first 100 days of his presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_presidency"},{"link_name":"Henry Steagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Steagall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silber-4"},{"link_name":"fireside chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireside_chats"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis\n\nRoosevelt's first fireside chat on the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933)\nProblems playing this file? See media help.A draft law, prepared by the Treasury staff during Herbert Hoover's administration, was passed on March 9, 1933. The new law allowed the twelve Federal Reserve Banks to issue additional currency on good assets so that banks that reopened would be able to meet every legitimate call.\nThe Emergency Banking Act, an amendment to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, was introduced on March 9, 1933, to a joint session of Congress, and was passed the same evening amid an atmosphere of chaos and uncertainty as over 100 new Democratic members of Congress swept into power determined to take radical steps to address banking failures and other economic malaise.The EBA was one of President Roosevelt's first projects in the first 100 days of his presidency. The sense of urgency was such that the act was passed with only a single copy available on the floor of the House of Representatives and legislators voted on it after the bill was read aloud to them by Chairman of the House Banking Committee Henry Steagall. Copies were made available to senators as the bill was being proposed in the Senate, after it had passed in the House.According to William L. Silber: \"The Emergency Banking Act of 1933, passed by Congress on March 9, 1933, three days after FDR declared a nationwide bank holiday, combined with the Federal Reserve's commitment to supply unlimited amounts of currency to reopened banks, created 100 percent deposit insurance\".[4]On March 12, the evening before banks began to reopen, FDR gave his first fireside chat, a national radio address explaining the alterations made by the federal government on the banking industry. Due to confidence in FDR and the proposed alterations, Americans returned $1 billion[5] to bank vaults in the following week.","title":"Passage of the Emergency Banking Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Banking_Act_of_1933&action=edit"},{"link_name":"largest one-day percentage price increase ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_daily_changes_in_the_Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silber-4"}],"text":"Much to everyone's relief, when the institutions reopened for business on March 13, 1933, depositors stood in line to return their stashed cash to neighborhood banks. Within two weeks, Americans had redeposited more than half of the currency that they had legally withdrawn before the bank suspension.The stock market registered its approval as well. On March 15, 1933, the first day of stock trading after the extended closure of Wall Street, the Dow Jones Industrial Average gaining 8.26 points to close at 62.10; a gain of 15.34%. As of October 2020[update], the gain still stands as the largest one-day percentage price increase ever. In hindsight, the nationwide Bank Holiday and the Emergency Banking Act of March 1933 are seen to have ended the bank runs that plagued the Great Depression.[4]","title":"Public reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Executive Order 6102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6102"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"One month later, on April 5, 1933, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 criminalizing the possession of monetary gold by any individual, partnership, association or corporation[6][7] and Congress passed a similar resolution in June 1933.[8]","title":"Possession of monetary gold becomes a crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1933 Banking Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Banking_Act"},{"link_name":"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation"}],"text":"This act was a temporary response to a major problem and remains in effect to this day. The 1933 Banking Act passed later that year presented elements of longer-term response, including the formation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).","title":"1933 Banking Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/view/40/37"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hope.dukejournals.org/content/49/1/1.full.pdf"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.nyu.edu/jspui/bitstream/2451/26290/2/07-04.pdf"}],"text":"Dighe, Ranjit S. \"Saving private capitalism: The US bank holiday of 1933.\" Essays in Economic & Business History 29 (2011). 42–57. online\nEdwards, Sebastian. \"Gold, the Brains Trust, and Roosevelt.\" History of Political Economy 49.1 (2017): 1–30. online\nKennedy, Susan Estabrook. The Banking Crisis of 1933 (U Press of Kentucky, 1973).\nSilber, William L. “Why Did FDR’s Bank Holiday Succeed?” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, (July 2009), pp 19–30 online\nTaylor, Jason E., and Todd C. Neumann. \"Recovery spring, faltering fall: March to November 1933.\" Explorations in Economic History 61#1 (2016): 54–67.\nWicker, Elmus. The Banking Panics of the Great Depression (Cambridge UP, 1996).\nWigmore, Barrie. “Was the Bank Holiday of 1933 Caused by a Run on the Dollar?” Journal of Economic History 47#3 (1987): 739–755.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"Money portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Money"},{"title":"Causes of the Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression"},{"title":"Executive Order 6102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6102"},{"title":"Gold Clause Cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases"},{"title":"Great Contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Contraction"}]	[{"reference":"\"Eight-Day Banking Holiday in Michigan Proclaimed by Governor in \"Emergency\"\". The New York Times. AP. February 14, 1933. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/02/14/archives/eightday-banking-holiday-in-michigan-proclaimed-by-governor-in.html","url_text":"\"Eight-Day Banking Holiday in Michigan Proclaimed by Governor in \"Emergency\"\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Dan. \"The 1933 Banking Crisis – from Detroit's Collapse to Roosevelt's Bank Holiday\". American History USA. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanhistoryusa.com/1933-banking-crisis-detroit-collapse-roosevelt-bank-holiday/","url_text":"\"The 1933 Banking Crisis – from Detroit's Collapse to Roosevelt's Bank Holiday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uncurrent Events: The Bank Holiday of 1933\". Inside FRASER Blog. May 12, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/blog/2021/05/the-bank-holiday-of-1933/","url_text":"\"Uncurrent Events: The Bank Holiday of 1933\""}]},{"reference":"Silber, William L. (July 2009). \"Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?\". Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review. 15 (1): 19–30. Retrieved 22 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/epr/09v15n1/0907silb.html","url_text":"\"Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?\""}]},{"reference":"Leuchtenburg, William (4 October 2016). \"Professor Emeritus of History University of North Carolina\". Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/domestic-affairs","url_text":"\"Professor Emeritus of History University of North Carolina\""}]},{"reference":"Christian Science Monitor. April 5, 1933.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hoarding of Gold\". New York Times. April 6, 1933. p. 16. Retrieved October 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/04/06/archives/hoarding-of-gold.html","url_text":"\"Hoarding of Gold\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/73/1","external_links_name":"73–1"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-48-1","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Banking_Act_of_1933&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/02/14/archives/eightday-banking-holiday-in-michigan-proclaimed-by-governor-in.html","external_links_name":"\"Eight-Day Banking Holiday in Michigan Proclaimed by Governor in \"Emergency\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanhistoryusa.com/1933-banking-crisis-detroit-collapse-roosevelt-bank-holiday/","external_links_name":"\"The 1933 Banking Crisis – from Detroit's Collapse to Roosevelt's Bank Holiday\""},{"Link":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/blog/2021/05/the-bank-holiday-of-1933/","external_links_name":"\"Uncurrent Events: The Bank Holiday of 1933\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/epr/09v15n1/0907silb.html","external_links_name":"\"Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?\""},{"Link":"https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/domestic-affairs","external_links_name":"\"Professor Emeritus of History University of North Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/04/06/archives/hoarding-of-gold.html","external_links_name":"\"Hoarding of Gold\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/view/40/37","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"http://hope.dukejournals.org/content/49/1/1.full.pdf","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://archive.nyu.edu/jspui/bitstream/2451/26290/2/07-04.pdf","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://research.archives.gov/description/299829","external_links_name":"Full Text of the Emergency Banking Act"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121114074546/http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/topics/?tid=89","external_links_name":"Documents on the Banking Emergency of 1933"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/311785095","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2052150869796122190005","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014159412","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017061986","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_van_Heuraet	Hendrik van Heuraet	["1 Bibliography","2 References","3 External links"]	Dutch mathematician Hendrik van Heuraet (1633, Haarlem - 1660?, Leiden) was a Dutch mathematician also known as Henrici van Heuraet. He is noted as one of the founders of the integral, and author of Epistola de Transmutatione Curvarum Linearum in Rectus (1659). From 1653 he studied at Leiden University where he interacted with Frans van Schooten, Johannes Hudde, and Christiaan Huygens. In 1658 he and Hudde left for Saumur in France. He returned to Leiden the next year as a physician. After this his trail is lost. Bibliography van Maanen, Jan A. (1984). "Hendrick van Heureat (1634-1660?): His Life and Mathematical Work". Centaurus. 27 (3): 218–279. Bibcode:1984Cent...27..218V. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00781.x. ISSN 0008-8994. References ^ Mathematical Treasures - Van Heuraet's Rectification of Curves, Frank J. Swetz, Victor J. Katz, Mathematical Association of America (maa.org) Accessed: 10-13-2016 External links Geometria, à Renato Des Cartes Anno 1637 (1683) with Epistola de Transmutatione Curvarum Linearum in Rectus, p. 517, @GoogleBooks. Hendrik van Heuraet Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine at Turnbull WWW server Text with slightly more info on his life (Dutch) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics Mathematics Genealogy Project People Netherlands Other IdRef This article about a Dutch scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a European mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leiden University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University"},{"link_name":"Frans van Schooten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_van_Schooten"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hudde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hudde"},{"link_name":"Christiaan Huygens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens"},{"link_name":"Saumur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saumur"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"}],"text":"Dutch mathematicianHendrik van Heuraet (1633, Haarlem - 1660?, Leiden) was a Dutch mathematician also known as Henrici van Heuraet. He is noted as one of the founders of the integral, and author of Epistola de Transmutatione Curvarum Linearum in Rectus [On the Transformation of Curves into Straight Lines] (1659).[1] From 1653 he studied at Leiden University where he interacted with Frans van Schooten, Johannes Hudde, and Christiaan Huygens. In 1658 he and Hudde left for Saumur in France. He returned to Leiden the next year as a physician. After this his trail is lost.","title":"Hendrik van Heuraet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1984Cent...27..218V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Cent...27..218V"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00781.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1984.tb00781.x"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0008-8994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-8994"}],"text":"van Maanen, Jan A. (1984). \"Hendrick van Heureat (1634-1660?): His Life and Mathematical Work\". Centaurus. 27 (3): 218–279. Bibcode:1984Cent...27..218V. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00781.x. ISSN 0008-8994.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Van_Heuraet.png/220px-Van_Heuraet.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"van Maanen, Jan A. (1984). \"Hendrick van Heureat (1634-1660?): His Life and Mathematical Work\". Centaurus. 27 (3): 218–279. Bibcode:1984Cent...27..218V. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00781.x. ISSN 0008-8994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Cent...27..218V","url_text":"1984Cent...27..218V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1984.tb00781.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00781.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-8994","url_text":"0008-8994"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Cent...27..218V","external_links_name":"1984Cent...27..218V"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1984.tb00781.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00781.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-8994","external_links_name":"0008-8994"},{"Link":"http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/mathematical-treasures-van-heuraets-rectification-of-curves","external_links_name":"Mathematical Treasures - Van Heuraet's Rectification of Curves"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7WNKdcB6yDMC","external_links_name":"Geometria, à Renato Des Cartes Anno 1637"},{"Link":"http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Heuraet.html","external_links_name":"Hendrik van Heuraet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808195513/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Heuraet.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060207041450/http://www.math.uu.nl/people/hogend/17/korteweg.html","external_links_name":"Text with slightly more info on his life"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000394686543","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/289200603","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhGYBH9kJQ3JwTHdjtqcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb151043375","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb151043375","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089494319","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV063158","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2019043314","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk20201077681&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071604936","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=125651","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/38999452","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/18498078X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_van_Heuraet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_van_Heuraet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frederick_Christensen	Martin Frederick Christensen	["1 Early life","1.1 Family","2 Inventions","2.1 The Christensen Ball Rolling Machine","2.2 The Marble Machine","3 M.F. Christensen and Son Company","3.1 Decline of the company","4 Death","5 References"]	Danish inventor and businessman Martin Frederick ChristensenBorn(1849-03-26)26 March 1849Copenhagen, DenmarkDied10 October 1915(1915-10-10) (aged 66)Akron, OhioNationalityDanishOccupationInventor, businessmanChildren2, Charles Frederick Christensen and Jessie ChristensenMartin Frederick Christensen (26 March 1849 – 10 October 1915) was a Danish inventor and businessman. He is most known as the inventor of an automated machine that could manufacture glass marbles and founder of M.F. Christensen and Son Company. Early life Martin F Christensen was born in Denmark on 26 March 1849. He immigrated to the United States in 1867 at the age of 18. After his arrival in America, he began working in the drop-forge steel industry making various items such as tools and knives. In 1880, he settled in Akron, Ohio with his wife Catherine. Family Little is known about Martin's family. He had a wife, Catherine, and two children, Jessie and Charles. Martin eventually went into business with his son when he started the Martin F. Christensen and Son Company. Inventions The first page of the patent for Martin F. Christensen's Marble Machine. The Christensen Ball Rolling Machine At age 50, Martin invented a machine that created spherical metal ball-bearings. He applied for a patent on 7 March 1899 and the patent was published on 5 September 1899. The machine is called an "apparatus for making small metallic spheres" in U.S. Patent No. 632336. He quickly sold 80% of the patent for $25,000, and retained the last 20% to be able to collect royalty payments. This machine, referred to as "The Christensen Ball Rolling Machine", proved unsuccessful due to many engineering and mechanical flaws. The Marble Machine On 19 December 1902, Martin F. Christensen filed U.S. Patent No. 802495A, for a machine that made spherical bodies or balls. The patent was published on 24 October 1905. The first machine-made marbles were created in a barn behind Christensen's house, which led to a manufacturing facility. This machine could only round one marble at a time. M.F. Christensen and Son Company In 1903, Christensen and his 25-year-old son, Charles Frederick, established the M.F. Christensen and Son Company in Akron. Harry Heinzelman, who had worked for the Navarre Glass Marble and Specialty Company, was hired as the company's glass master. Heinzelman was paid 70 cents per 1000 marbles, which was 20 cents more than the average worker for similar performance at that time. By 1910, up to 10,000 marbles were being rolled per day by 33 employees. Each employee, working 10 hours per day, would make $5 for the day as a result. This was considered a good wage for the day. An early flyer/advertisement for the M.F. Christensen and Son Company.With the success of Christensen's invention and manufacturing facility, focus shifted from (Germany) to the United States with regard to marble manufacturing. During this time, the entry of America into World War I halted the import of German-manufactured products, and likely contributed to the success of the company. By 1914, M.F. Christensen and Son was making 1 million marbles per month. 1916 was a very good year for production yields and 1917 looked just as promising before the United Started joined World War I. Decline of the company Due to two unseasonably cold winters and much of the supply of natural gas supply being diverted to the war effort of the time, the company was forced to temporarily turn off furnaces and let employees go. Several employees chose to stay on as there was enough stock and supplies to continue fulfilling orders for another 18 months. When supplies finally ran dry, the company closed its doors again. M.F. Christensen would not live long enough to see the full collapse of his company, as he died in 1915. His son Charles, would take over control of the company. Instead of being forced to relocate the company to an area with greater access to natural gas like West Virginia, Charles chose to close the company permanently and stay close to family. Death Christensen died on 10 October 1915 of natural causes while attending dinner with his family. His son, Charles, assumed responsibility for the company. References ^ Baumann, Paul (30 November 2004). Collecting Antique Marbles: Identification and Price Guide. Krause Publications. ISBN 1440225230. ^ "Martin F Christensen, father of 2 – Ancestry". ancestry.com. Retrieved 25 April 2016. ^ Baumann, Paul (30 November 2004). Collecting Antique Marbles: Identification and Price Guide. Krause Publications. ISBN 1440225230. ^ Christensen, Martin F. (5 September 1899), Apparatus for producing metallic spheres., retrieved 14 April 2016 ^ Baumann, Paul (30 November 2004). Collecting Antique Marbles: Identification and Price Guide. Krause Publications. ISBN 1440225230. ^ Grant, Robert H. (1 January 1914). Machinery's reference series. The Industrial press. ^ US Patent 802495A ^ Christensen, Martin F. (24 October 1905), Machine for making spherical bodies or balls., retrieved 14 April 2016 ^ "Marbles – FREE Marbles information \| Encyclopedia.com: Find Marbles research". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 14 April 2016. ^ Baumann, Paul (30 November 2004). Collecting Antique Marbles: Identification and Price Guide. Krause Publications. ISBN 1440225230. ^ Baumann, Paul (30 November 2004). Collecting Antique Marbles: Identification and Price Guide. Krause Publications. ISBN 1440225230. ^ "THE HISTORY OF THE MACHINE-MADE GLASS MARBLE". ^ Six, Dean (2006). American Machine-Made Marbles. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0764324642. ^ Cohill, Michael C. (1990). M.F. Christensen and the Perfect Glass Ball Machine. Group Ideate Publishing.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbles"}],"text":"Martin Frederick Christensen (26 March 1849 – 10 October 1915) was a Danish inventor and businessman. He is most known as the inventor of an automated machine that could manufacture glass marbles and founder of M.F. Christensen and Son Company.","title":"Martin Frederick Christensen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"immigrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"steel industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_steel_industry_(1850%E2%80%931970)"},{"link_name":"Akron, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Martin F Christensen was born in Denmark on 26 March 1849. He immigrated to the United States in 1867 at the age of 18. After his arrival in America, he began working in the drop-forge steel industry making various items such as tools and knives. In 1880, he settled in Akron, Ohio with his wife Catherine.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"Little is known about Martin's family. He had a wife, Catherine, and two children, Jessie and Charles.[2] Martin eventually went into business with his son when he started the Martin F. Christensen and Son Company.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_F._Christensen%27s_Marble_Machine_Patent.png"},{"link_name":"Marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_(toy)"}],"text":"The first page of the patent for Martin F. Christensen's Marble Machine.","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ball-bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_bearing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"royalty payments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"The Christensen Ball Rolling Machine","text":"At age 50, Martin invented a machine that created spherical metal ball-bearings.[3] He applied for a patent on 7 March 1899 and the patent was published on 5 September 1899. The machine is called an \"apparatus for making small metallic spheres\" in U.S. Patent No. 632336.[4] He quickly sold 80% of the patent for $25,000, and retained the last 20% to be able to collect royalty payments.[5] This machine, referred to as \"The Christensen Ball Rolling Machine\", proved unsuccessful due to many engineering and mechanical flaws.[6]","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"The Marble Machine","text":"On 19 December 1902, Martin F. Christensen filed U.S. Patent No. 802495A,[7] for a machine that made spherical bodies or balls. The patent was published on 24 October 1905.[8] The first machine-made marbles were created in a barn behind Christensen's house, which led to a manufacturing facility.[9] This machine could only round one marble at a time.[10]","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M.F._Christensen_Company_Flyer.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1903, Christensen and his 25-year-old son, Charles Frederick, established the M.F. Christensen and Son Company in Akron. Harry Heinzelman, who had worked for the Navarre Glass Marble and Specialty Company, was hired as the company's glass master.[11] Heinzelman was paid 70 cents per 1000 marbles, which was 20 cents more than the average worker for similar performance at that time. By 1910, up to 10,000 marbles were being rolled per day by 33 employees. Each employee, working 10 hours per day, would make $5 for the day as a result. This was considered a good wage for the day.An early flyer/advertisement for the M.F. Christensen and Son Company.With the success of Christensen's invention and manufacturing facility, focus shifted from (Germany) to the United States with regard to marble manufacturing. During this time, the entry of America into World War I halted the import of German-manufactured products, and likely contributed to the success of the company.[12] By 1914, M.F. Christensen and Son was making 1 million marbles per month. 1916 was a very good year for production yields and 1917 looked just as promising before the United Started joined World War I.","title":"M.F. Christensen and Son Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Decline of the company","text":"Due to two unseasonably cold winters and much of the supply of natural gas supply being diverted to the war effort of the time, the company was forced to temporarily turn off furnaces and let employees go.[13] Several employees chose to stay on as there was enough stock and supplies to continue fulfilling orders for another 18 months. When supplies finally ran dry, the company closed its doors again. M.F. Christensen would not live long enough to see the full collapse of his company, as he died in 1915. His son Charles, would take over control of the company. Instead of being forced to relocate the company to an area with greater access to natural gas like West Virginia, Charles chose to close the company permanently and stay close to family.","title":"M.F. Christensen and Son Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Christensen died on 10 October 1915 of natural causes while attending dinner with his family.[14] His son, Charles, assumed responsibility for the company.","title":"Death"}]	[{"image_text":"The first page of the patent for Martin F. Christensen's Marble Machine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Martin_F._Christensen%27s_Marble_Machine_Patent.png/189px-Martin_F._Christensen%27s_Marble_Machine_Patent.png"},{"image_text":"An early flyer/advertisement for the M.F. Christensen and Son Company.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/M.F._Christensen_Company_Flyer.jpg/459px-M.F._Christensen_Company_Flyer.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Baumann, Paul (30 November 2004). Collecting Antique Marbles: Identification and Price Guide. Krause Publications. ISBN 1440225230.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sC-UN3C1tN8C&q=martin%2520f%2520christensen%2520invention%2520metal%2520bearing&pg=PA122","url_text":"Collecting Antique Marbles: Identification and Price Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1440225230","url_text":"1440225230"}]},{"reference":"\"Martin F Christensen, father of 2 – Ancestry\". ancestry.com. Retrieved 25 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/martin-f-christensen_150699401","url_text":"\"Martin F Christensen, father of 2 – Ancestry\""}]},{"reference":"Baumann, Paul (30 November 2004). Collecting Antique Marbles: Identification and Price Guide. Krause Publications. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand	Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand	["1 Current deputy prime ministers","2 List of deputy prime ministers of Thailand","3 Notes","4 References"]	Head of government of Thailand Deputy Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailandรองนายกรัฐมนตรีแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทยOffice of the Prime Minister of ThailandIncumbentAnutin Charnvirakulsince 10 July 2019IncumbentPhumtham WechayachaiPatcharawat WongsuwanPirapan Salirathavibhagasince 1 September 2023IncumbentSuriya JuangroongruangkitPichai Chunhavajirasince 27 April 2024Office of the Prime MinisterRoyal Thai GovernmentStatusDeputy head of governmentMember ofRoyal Thai CabinetNational Security CouncilReports toPrime Minister of ThailandAppointerThe MonarchConstituting instrumentConstitution of ThailandFirst holderAdun AdundetcharatChuang ChaungsakdisongkramWebsitewww.thaigov.go.th The deputy prime minister of Thailand (รองนายกรัฐมนตรี) is a ministerial position within the government of Thailand. Several deputy prime ministers can be appointed and serve concurrently. Such appointments are usually made by the prime minister of Thailand. This position can be combined with other ministerial portfolios. The position was first created in 1943. Current deputy prime ministers Office(Other portfolios) Portrait Name Party Deputy Prime Minister(Minister of Commerce) Phumtham Wechayachai(since 1 September 2023) Pheu Thai Party Deputy Prime Minister (Minister of Interior) Anutin Charnvirakul(since 10 July 2019) Bhumjaithai Deputy Prime Minister (Minister of Natural Resources and Environment) Patcharawat Wongsuwan(since 1 September 2023) Palang Pracharath Deputy Prime Minister (Minister of Energy) Pirapan Salirathavibhaga(since 1 September 2023) United Thai Nation Deputy Prime Minister (Minister of Transport) Suriya Juangroongruangkit(since 27 April 2024) Pheu Thai Deputy Prime Minister (Minister of Finance) Pichai Chunhavajira(since 27 April 2024) Independent List of deputy prime ministers of Thailand No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term of office Party Prime minister Cabinet Took office Left office 1 Adun Adundetcharatอดุล อดุลเดชจรัส(1884–1969) 14 September1943 24 July1944 People's Plaek Phibunsongkhram(1938–1944) 10th 2 Chuang Chaungsakdisongkramช่วง เชวงศักดิ์สงคราม(1899–1962) 14 September1943 24 July1944 People's (1) Adun Adundetcharatอดุล อดุลเดชจรัส(1884–1969) 17 September1945 31 January1946 People's Seni Pramoj(1945–1946) 13th 3 Direk Jayanamaดิเรก ชัยนาม(1904–1967) 23 August1946 6 February1947 People's Thawan Thamrongnawasawat(1946–1947) 17th 4 Duean Boonnaakเดือน บุนนาค(1905–1982) 30 May1947 8 November1947 People's 18th 5 Sawat Sawatronnachai Sawatdikiatสวัสดิ์ สวัสดิ์รณชัย สวัสดิเกียรติ(1899–1953) 1 February1951 6 December1951 Independent Plaek Phibunsongkhram(1948–1957) 22nd 23rd 6 Phin Choonhavanผิน ชุณหะวัณ(1891–1973) 6 December1951 19 April1956 Independent 24th 25th 7 Munee Mahasanthana Vejayantarungsaritมุนี มหาสันทนะ เวชยันต์รังสฤษฎ์(1893–1985) 25 December1953 2 August1955 Seri Manangkhasila 8 Nai Vorkarnbanchaนายวรการบัญชา(1903–1974) 4 February1954 26 February1957 Seri Manangkhasila 9 Fuen Ronnaphagrad Ritthakhaneeฟื้น รณนภากาศ ฤทธาคนี(1900–1987) 2 August1954 26 February1957 Seri Manangkhasila 21 March1957 16 September1957 10 Prayoon Yuthasastrkosolประยูร ยุทธศาสตร์โกศล(1893–1975) 21 March1957 16 September1957 Independent 11 Wan Waithayakonวรรณไวทยากร(1891–1976) 1 January1958 28 October1958 Independent Thanom Kittikachorn(1958) 28th 12 Praphas Charusathienประภาส จารุเสถียร(1912–1997) 1 January1958 28 October1958 National Socialist 13 Sukich Nimmanhemindaสุกิจ นิมมานเหมินท์(1906–1976) 1 January1958 28 October1958 National Socialist 14 Thanom Kittikachornถนอม กิตติขจร(1911–2004) 9 February1959 8 December1963 Independent Sarit Thanarat(1959–1963) 29th (11) Wan Waithayakonวรรณไวทยากร(1891–1976) 9 February1959 7 March1969 Independent Thanom Kittikachorn'(1963–1973) 30th (12) Praphas Charusathienประภาส จารุเสถียร(1912–1997) 9 December1963 17 November1971 Independent(until 1968) United Thai People's(from 1968) 31st 15 Pote Sarasinพจน์ สารสิน(1905–2000) 7 March1969 17 November1971 United Thai People's (12) Praphas Charusathienประภาส จารุเสถียร(1912–1997) 18 December1972 14 October1973 Independent 32nd (13) Sukich Nimmanhemindaสุกิจ นิมมานเหมินท์(1906–1976) 14 October1973 22 May1974 Independent Sanya Dharmasakti(1973–1975) 33rd 16 Prakob Hutasinghประกอบ หุตะสิงห์(1912–1994) 27 May1974 14 February1975 Independent 34th 17 Sawet Piamphongsanเสวตร เปี่ยมพงศ์สานต์(1909–2002) 15 February1975 13 March1975 Social Agrarian Seni Pramoj(1975) 35th 18 Pramarn Adireksarnประมาณ อดิเรกสาร(1913–2010) 14 March1975 12 January1976 Thai Nation Kukrit Pramoj(1975–1976) 36th 19 Thawit Klinprathumทวิช กลิ่นประทุม(1930–2006) 8 January1976 11 February1976 Social Justice 20 Boontheng Thongsawatบุญเท่ง ทองสวัสดิ์(1912–1999) 8 January1976 12 January1976 Social Action (18) Pramarn Adireksarnประมาณ อดิเรกสาร(1913–2010) 20 April1976 23 September1976 Thai Nation Seni Pramoj(1976) 37th (17) Sawet Piamphongsanเสวตร เปี่ยมพงศ์สานต์(1909–2002) 20 April1976 23 September1976 Social Agrarian 21 Dawee Chullasapyaทวี จุลละทรัพย์(1909–2002) 20 April1976 23 September1976 Social Justice (18) Pramarn Adireksarnประมาณ อดิเรกสาร(1913–2010) 25 September1976 6 October1976 Thai Nation 38th (17) Sawet Piamphongsanเสวตร เปี่ยมพงศ์สานต์(1909–2002) 25 September1976 6 October1976 Social Agrarian (21) Dawee Chullasapyaทวี จุลละทรัพย์(1909–2002) 25 September1976 6 October1976 Social Justice 22 Prasit Kanchanawatประสิทธิ์ กาญจนวัฒน์(1909–2002) 25 September1976 6 October1976 Social Nationalist 23 Boonchai Bamroongpongบุญชัย บำรุงพงศ์(1915–1995) 8 October1976 19 October1977 Independent Thanin Kraivichien(1976–1977) 39th 24 Amphorn Chanatravichitraอัมพร จันทรวิจิตร(1925–2021) 8 October1976 19 October1977 Independent 25 Sunthorn Hongladaromสุนทร หงส์ลดารมภ์(1912–2005) 11 November1977 21 December1978 Independent Kriangsak Chamanan(1977–1980) 40th (23) Boonchai Bamroongpongบุญชัย บำรุงพงศ์(1915–1995) 11 November1977 21 December1978 Independent 26 Somphop Hotarakitสมภพ โหตระกิตย์(1918–1997) 11 November1977 21 December1978 Independent (21) Dawee Chullasapyaทวี จุลละทรัพย์(1909–2002) 12 May1979 3 March1980 Independent 41st 27 Serm Na Nakhornเสริม ณ นคร(1921–2009) 12 May1979 3 March1980 Independent (26) Somphop Hotarakitสมภพ โหตระกิตย์(1918–1997) 12 May1979 3 March1980 Independent 28 Lek Neawmaleeเล็ก แนวมาลี(1914–1993) 12 May1979 3 March1980 Independent (18) Pramarn Adireksarnประมาณ อดิเรกสาร(1913–2010) 3 March1980 19 March1983 Thai Nation Prem Tinsulanonda(1980–1988) 42nd (27) Serm Na Nakhornเสริม ณ นคร(1921–2009) 3 March1980 19 March1983 Independent 29 Thanat Khomanถนัด คอมันตร์(1914–2016) 3 March1980 28 February1981 Democrat 30 Boonchu Rojanastienบุญชู โรจนเสถียร(1921–2007) 3 March1980 4 March1981 Independent (29) Thanat Khomanถนัด คอมันตร์(1914–2016) 11 March1981 19 March1983 Democrat 31 Prachuab Soontarangkulประจวบ สุนทรางกูร(1920–1992) 11 March1981 19 March1983 Independent 32 Thongyod Chitaveeraทองหยด จิตตวีระ(1909–1991) 19 December1981 19 March1983 Social Action (31) Prachuab Soontarangkulประจวบ สุนทรางกูร(1920–1992) 30 April1983 5 August1986 Independent 43rd (20) Boontheng Thongsawatบุญเท่ง ทองสวัสดิ์(1912–1999) 30 April1983 15 January1986 Social Action 33 Bhichai Rattakulพิชัย รัตตกุล(1924–2022) 30 April1983 5 August1986 Democrat 34 Sonthi Bunyachaiสนธิ บุณยะชัย(1917–2011) 30 April1983 5 August1986 Thai Citizen 35 Siddhi Savetsilaสิทธิ เศวตศิลา(1919–2015) 15 January1986 5 August1986 Social Action (33) Bhichai Rattakulพิชัย รัตตกุล(1924–2022) 5 August1986 3 August1988 Democrat 44th 36 Chatichai Choonhavanชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ(1920–1998) 5 August1986 3 August1988 Thai Nation 37 Pong Sarasinพงส์ สารสิน(1927–2021) 5 August1986 3 August1988 Thai Nation (34) Sonthi Bunyachaiสนธิ บุณยะชัย(1917–2011) 5 August1986 3 August1988 Thai Citizen 38 Tienchai Sirisamphanเทียนชัย ศิริสัมพันธ์(1924–2020) 5 August1986 3 August1988 People (37) Pong Sarasinพงส์ สารสิน(1927–2021) 4 August1988 9 December1990 Thai Nation Chatichai Choonhavan(1988–1991) 45th (33) Bhichai Rattakulพิชัย รัตตกุล(1924–2022) 4 August1988 9 December1990 Democrat 38 Tienchai Sirisamphanเทียนชัย ศิริสัมพันธ์(1924–2020) 4 August1988 26 August1990 People 39 Chuan Leekpaiชวน หลีกภัย(born 1938) 29 December1989 26 August1990 Democrat 40 Chavalit Yongchaiyudhชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ(born 1932) 30 March1990 21 June1990 New Aspiration 41 Pramuan Saphawasuประมวล สภาวสุ(1927–2002) 26 August1990 9 December1990 Thai Nation 42 Sanan Kachornprasartสนั่น ขจรประศาสน์(1935–2013) 26 August1990 9 December1990 Democrat 43 Mana Rattanakosetมานะ รัตนโกเศศ(1925–2002) 26 August1990 9 December1990 People (32) Thongyod Chitaveeraทองหยด จิตตวีระ(1909–1991) 26 August1990 9 December1990 Social Action 44 Arthit Kamlang-ekอาทิตย์ กำลังเอก(1925–2015) 26 August1990 9 December1990 Thai People 45 Booneua Prasertsuwanบุญเอื้อ ประเสริฐสุวรรณ(1919–2016) 9 December1990 23 February1991 Thai Nation 46th 46 Chalermpan Srivikornเฉลิมพันธ์ ศรีวิกรม์(1936–2011) 9 December1990 23 February1991 Solidarity 47 Kosol Krairerkโกศล ไกรฤกษ์(1926–2004) 9 December1990 23 February1991 Thai Citizen (43) Mana Rattanakosetมานะ รัตนโกเศศ(1925–2002) 9 December1990 23 February1991 People (44) Arthit Kamlang-ekอาทิตย์ กำลังเอก(1925–2015) 9 December1990 23 February1991 Thai People 48 Sango Aunakulเสนาะ อูนากูล(born 1931) 2 March1991 22 March1992 Independent Anand Panyarachun(1991–1992) 47th 49 Pao Sarasinเภา สารสิน(1929–2013) 2 March1991 22 March1992 Independent 50 Meechai Ruchuphanมีชัย ฤชุพันธุ์(born 1938) 2 March1991 22 March1992 Independent 7 April1992 9 June1992 Suchinda Kraprayoon(1992) 48th 51 Narong Wongwanณรงค์ วงศ์วรรณ(1925–2020) 7 April1992 9 June1992 Justice Unity 52 Somboon Rahongสมบุญ ระหงษ์(1932–2013) 7 April1992 9 June1992 Thai Nation 53 Montree Pongpanichมนตรี พงษ์พานิช(1943–2000) 7 April1992 9 June1992 Social Action 54 Samak Sundaravejสมัคร สุนทรเวช(1935–2009) 7 April1992 9 June1992 Thai Citizen (49) Pao Sarasinเภา สารสิน(1929–2013) 10 June1992 22 September1992 Independent Anand Panyarachun(1992) 49th 55 Kasem Suwanakulเกษม สุวรรณกุล(born 1930) 10 June1992 22 September1992 Independent 56 Kasem S. Kasemsriหม่อมราชวงศ์เกษมสโมสร เกษมศรี(born 1930) 10 June1992 22 September1992 Thai Nation 57 Banyat Bantadtanบัญญัติ บรรทัดฐาน(born 1942) 23 September1992 12 July1995 Democrat Chuan Leekpai(1992–1995) 50th 58 Amnuay Viravanอำนวย วีรวรรณ(1932–2023) 23 September1992 8 July1994 Nam Thai (30) Boonchu Rojanastienบุญชู โรจนเสถียร(1921–2007) 23 September1992 25 October1994 Palang Dharma 59 Supachai Panitchpakdiศุภชัย พานิชภักดิ์(born 1946) 23 September1992 12 July1995 Democrat (40) Chavalit Yongchaiyudhชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ(born 1932) 14 July1994 25 October1994 New Aspiration 60 Sukavich Rangsitpolสุขวิช รังสิตพล(born 1935) 25 October1994 11 December1994 New Aspiration 61 Chamlong Srimuangจำลอง ศรีเมือง(born 1935) 25 October1994 19 May1995 Palang Dharma (44) Arthit Kamlang-ekอาทิตย์ กำลังเอก(1925–2015) 17 December1994 12 July1995 National Development (52) Somboon Rahongสมบุญ ระหงษ์(1932–2013) 13 July1995 24 November1996 Thai Nation Banharn Silpa-archa(1995–1996) 51st (40) Chavalit Yongchaiyudhชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ(born 1932) 13 July1995 24 November1996 New Aspiration 62 Thaksin Shinawatraทักษิณ ชินวัตร(born 1949) 13 July1995 24 May1996 Palang Dharma 63 Boonpan Kaewattanaบุญพันธ์ แขวัฒนะ(born 1930) 13 July1995 28 February1996 Social Action (54) Samak Sundaravejสมัคร สุนทรเวช(1935–2009) 13 July1995 15 June1996 Thai Citizen (58) Amnuay Viravanอำนวย วีรวรรณ(1932–2023) 13 July1995 24 November1996 Nam Thai (53) Montree Pongpanichมนตรี พงษ์พานิช(1943–2000) 28 February1996 24 November1996 Social Action (62) Thaksin Shinawatraทักษิณ ชินวัตร(born 1949) 28 May1996 14 August1996 Palang Dharma (54) Samak Sundaravejสมัคร สุนทรเวช(1935–2009) 3 July1996 24 November1996 Thai Citizen (56) Kasem S. Kasemsriหม่อมราชวงศ์เกษมสโมสร เกษมศรี(born 1930) 27 September1996 24 November1996 Thai Nation (60) Sukavich Rangsitpolสุขวิช รังสิตพล(born 1935) 25 November1996 8 November1997 New Aspiration Chavalit Yongchaiyudh(1996–1997) 52nd (58) Amnuay Viravanอำนวย วีรวรรณ(1932–2023) 25 November1996 21 June1997 Nam Thai 64 Korn Dabbaransiกร ทัพพะรังสี(born 1945) 25 November1996 8 November1997 National Development (53) Montree Pongpanichมนตรี พงษ์พานิช(1943–2000) 25 November1996 24 October1997 Social Action (54) Samak Sundaravejสมัคร สุนทรเวช(1935–2009) 25 November1996 8 November1997 Thai Citizen (62) Thaksin Shinawatraทักษิณ ชินวัตร(born 1949) 15 August1997 8 November1997 Palang Dharma 65 Wiraphong Ramangkunวีรพงษ์ รามางกูร(1943–2021) 15 August1997 8 November1997 Independent 66 Suwit Khunkittiสุวิทย์ คุณกิตติ(born 1957) 24 October1997 8 November1997 Social Action (33) Bhichai Rattakulพิชัย รัตตกุล(1924–2022) 14 November1997 28 June2000 Democrat Chuan Leekpai(1997–2001) 53rd (59) Supachai Panitchpakdiศุภชัย พานิชภักดิ์(born 1946) 14 November1997 9 November2000 Democrat 67 Panja Kesornthongปัญจะ เกสรทอง(born 1946) 14 November1997 9 April2000 Thai Nation (66) Suwit Khunkittiสุวิทย์ คุณกิตติ(born 1957) 14 November1997 29 June1999 Social Action (64) Korn Dabbaransiกร ทัพพะรังสี(born 1945) 5 October1998 9 November2000 National Development (42) Sanan Kachornprasartสนั่น ขจรประศาสน์(1935–2013) 5 October1998 29 March2000 Democrat 68 Trairong Suwankiriไตรรงค์ สุวรรณคีรี(born 1944) 9 July1999 9 November2000 Democrat (57) Banyat Bantadtanบัญญัติ บรรทัดฐาน(born 1942) 11 April2000 9 November2000 Democrat 69 Wirode Pao-Inวิโรจน์ เปาอินทร์(born 1933) 11 April2000 9 November2000 Thai Nation 70 Suthas Ngernmuenสุทัศน์ เงินหมื่น(born 1945) 8 September2000 9 November2000 Democrat (40) Chavalit Yongchaiyudhชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ(born 1932) 17 February2001 11 March2005 New Aspiration(until 2002) Thaksin Shinawatra(2001–2006) 54th Thai Rak Thai(from 2002) (66) Suwit Khunkittiสุวิทย์ คุณกิตติ(born 1957) 17 February2001 9 October2001 Thai Rak Thai 71 Dej Boonlangเดช บุญ-หลง(1930–2010) 17 February2001 11 March2005 Thai Nation 72 Pongpol Adireksarnปองพล อดิเรกสาร(born 1942) 17 February2001 3 October2002 Thai Rak Thai 73 Pitak Indravithayanondพิทักษ์ อินทรวิทยนันท์(born 1943) 17 February2001 11 March2005 Thai Rak Thai 74 Somkid Jatusripitakสมคิด จาตุศรีพิทักษ์(born 1953) 9 October2001 3 October2002 Thai Rak Thai (64) Korn Dabbaransiกร ทัพพะรังสี(born 1945) 5 March2002 8 November2003 National Development (66) Suwit Khunkittiสุวิทย์ คุณกิตติ(born 1957) 3 October2002 11 August2004 Thai Rak Thai 75 Chaturon Chaisangจาตุรนต์ ฉายแสง(born 1956) 3 October2002 11 March2005 Thai Rak Thai 76 Prommin Lertsuridejพรหมินทร์ เลิศสุริย์เดช(born 1954) 3 October2002 8 February2003 Thai Rak Thai 77 Wissanu Krea-ngamวิษณุ เครืองาม(born 1951) 3 October2002 11 March2005 Independent (74) Somkid Jatusripitakสมคิด จาตุศรีพิทักษ์(born 1953) 8 February2003 10 March2004 Thai Rak Thai 78 Purachai Piumsomboonปุระชัย เปี่ยมสมบูรณ์(born 1950) 8 February2003 11 March2005 Thai Rak Thai 79 Pokin Palakulโภคิน พลกุล(born 1952) 8 November2003 11 August2004 Thai Rak Thai 80 Suchart Chaovisithสุชาติ เชาว์วิศิษฐ(1940–2009) 10 March2004 5 October2004 Thai Rak Thai 81 Thammarak Isarangkura na Ayudhayaธรรมรักษ์ อิศรางกูร ณ อยุธยา(born 1938) 10 March2004 5 October2004 Thai Rak Thai 82 Wan Muhamad Noor Mathaวันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา(born 1944) 10 March2004 6 October2004 Thai Rak Thai 83 Suwat Liptapanlopสุวัจน์ ลิปตพัลลภ(born 1955) 30 June2004 11 March2005 Thai Rak Thai 84 Phinij Jarusombatพินิจ จารุสมบัติ(born 1951) 6 October2004 11 March2005 Thai Rak Thai 85 Somsak Thepsuthinสมศักดิ์ เทพสุทิน(born 1955) 6 October2004 11 March2005 Thai Rak Thai (74) Somkid Jatusripitakสมคิด จาตุศรีพิทักษ์(born 1953) 11 March2005 19 September2006 Thai Rak Thai 55th 86 Chitchai Wannasathitชิดชัย วรรณสถิตย์(born 1946) 11 March2005 19 September2006 Thai Rak Thai (75) Chaturon Chaisangจาตุรนต์ ฉายแสง(born 1956) 11 March2005 19 September2006 Thai Rak Thai 87 Surakiart Sathirathaiสุรเกียรติ์ เสถียรไทย(born 1958) 11 March2005 19 September2006 Thai Rak Thai (84) Phinij Jarusombatพินิจ จารุสมบัติ(born 1951) 11 March2005 31 October2005 Thai Rak Thai (77) Wissanu Krea-ngamวิษณุ เครืองาม(born 1951) 11 March2005 24 June2006 Independent 88 Suriya Juangroongruangkitสุริยะ จึงรุ่งเรืองกิจ(born 1954) 2 August2005 19 September2006 Thai Rak Thai (83) Suwat Liptapanlopสุวัจน์ ลิปตพัลลภ(born 1955) 2 August2005 19 September2006 Thai Rak Thai 89 Suchai Charoenratanakulสุชัย เจริญรัตนกุล(born 1955) 31 October2005 19 September2006 Thai Rak Thai 90 Pridiyathorn Devakulaหม่อมราชวงศ์ปรีดิยาธร เทวกุล(born 1947) 8 October2006 28 February2007 Independent Surayud Chulanont(2006–2008) 56th 91 Kosit Panpiemrasโฆสิต ปั้นเปี่ยมรัษฎ์(1943–2016) 8 October2006 6 February2008 Independent 92 Phaiboon Watthanasirithamไพบูลย์ วัฒนศิริธรรม(1941–2012) 7 March2007 6 February2008 Independent 93 Sonthi Boonyaratglinสนธิ บุญยรัตกลิน(born 1946) 1 October2007 28 January2008 Independent 94 Somchai Wongsawatสมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์(born 1947) 6 February2008 24 September2008 People's Power Samak Sundaravej(2008) 57th 95 Mingkwan Saengsuwanมิ่งขวัญ แสงสุวรรณ(born 1952) 6 February2008 24 September2008 People's Power 96 Sooraphong Suebwongleeสุรพงษ์ สืบวงศ์ลี(born 1952) 6 February2008 24 September2008 People's Power 97 Sahas Banditkulสหัส บัณฑิตกุล(born 1952) 6 February2008 24 September2008 People's Power (42) Sanan Kachornprasartสนั่น ขจรประศาสน์(1935–2013) 6 February2008 24 September2008 Thai Nation (66) Suwit Khunkittiสุวิทย์ คุณกิตติ(born 1957) 6 February2008 2 August2008 Puea Pandin 98 Kowit Wattanaโกวิท วัฒนะ(born 1947) 2 August2008 24 September2008 People's Power 99 Man Phatnothaiมั่น พัธโนทัย(born 1941) 2 August2008 24 September2008 Puea Pandin (40) Chavalit Yongchaiyudhชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ(born 1932) 24 September2008 7 October2008 People's Power Somchai Wongsawat(2008) 58th 100 Sompong Amornwiwatสมพงษ์ อมรวิวัฒน์(born 1941) 24 September2008 2 December2008 People's Power 101 Chavarat Charnvirakulชวรัตน์ ชาญวีรกูล(born 1936) 24 September2008 19 December2008 People's Power 102 Olarn Chaipravatโอฬาร ไชยประวัติ(born 1944) 24 September2008 19 December2008 People's Power (42) Sanan Kachornprasartสนั่น ขจรประศาสน์(1935–2013) 24 September2008 19 December2008 Thai Nation 103 Suthep Thaugsubanสุเทพ เทือกสุบรรณ(born 1949) 20 December2008 8 October2010 Democrat Abhisit Vejjajiva(2008–2011) 59th 104 Kobsak Sabhavasuกอร์ปศักดิ์ สภาวสุ(born 1949) 20 December2008 11 January2010 Democrat (42) Sanan Kachornprasartสนั่น ขจรประศาสน์(1935–2013) 20 December2008 8 August2011 Chart Thai Pattana (68) Trairong Suwankiriไตรรงค์ สุวรรณคีรี(born 1944) 15 January2010 8 August2011 Democrat (103) Suthep Thaugsubanสุเทพ เทือกสุบรรณ(born 1949) 15 November2010 8 August2011 Democrat 105 Yongyuth Wichaiditยงยุทธ วิชัยดิษฐ(born 1942) 9 August2011 1 October2012 Pheu Thai Yingluck Shinawatra(2011–2014) 60th 106 Chalerm Yubamrungเฉลิม อยู่บำรุง(born 1947) 9 August2011 30 June2013 Pheu Thai (98) Kowit Wattanaโกวิท วัฒนะ(born 1947) 9 August2011 18 January2012 Pheu Thai 107 Kittiratt Na-Ranongกิตติรัตน์ ณ ระนอง(born 1958) 9 August2011 7 May2014 Pheu Thai 108 Chumpol Silpa-archaชุมพล ศิลปอาชา(1940–2013) 9 August2011 21 January2013 Chart Thai Pattana 109 Yuthasak Sasipraphaยุทธศักดิ์ ศศิประภา(born 1937) 18 January2012 27 October2012 Pheu Thai 110 Surapong Tovichakchaikulยุทธศักดิ์ ศศิประภา(1953–2020) 27 October2012 7 May2014 Pheu Thai 111 Plodprasop Suraswadiปลอดประสพ สุรัสวดี(born 1945) 27 October2012 7 May2014 Pheu Thai 112 Phongthep Thepkanjanaพงศ์เทพ เทพกาญจนา(born 1956) 27 October2012 22 May2014 Pheu Thai 113 Yukol Limlaemthongยุคล ลิ้มแหลมทอง(born 1950) 2 April2013 22 May2014 Chart Thai Pattana 114 Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisanนิวัฒน์ธำรง บุญทรงไพศาล(born 1948) 30 June2013 22 May2014 Pheu Thai 115 Pracha Phromnokประชา พรหมนอก(born 1942) 30 June2013 22 May2014 Pheu Thai 116 Prawit Wongsuwonประวิตร วงษ์สุวรรณ(born 1945) 30 August2014 10 July2019 Independent Prayut Chan-o-cha(2014–2023) 61st (90) Pridiyathorn Devakulaหม่อมราชวงศ์ปรีดิยาธร เทวกุล(born 1947) 30 August2014 19 August2015 Independent 117 Yongyuth Yuthavongยงยุทธ ยุทธวงศ์(born 1944) 30 August2014 19 August2015 Independent 118 Thanasak Patimaprakornธนะศักดิ์ ปฏิมาประกร(born 1953) 30 August2014 23 November2017 Independent (77) Wissanu Krea-ngamวิษณุ เครืองาม(born 1951) 30 August2014 10 July2019 Independent 119 Prajin Juntongประจิน จั่นตอง(born 1954) 19 August2015 9 May2019 Independent 120 Narong Pipathanasaiณรงค์ พิพัฒนาศัย(born 1953) 19 August2015 23 November2017 Independent (74) Somkid Jatusripitakสมคิด จาตุศรีพิทักษ์(born 1953) 19 August2015 10 July2019 Independent(until 2018) Palang Pracharath(from 2018) 121 Chatchai Sarikulyaฉัตรชัย สาริกัลยะ(born 1955) 23 November2017 8 May2019 Independent 116 Prawit Wongsuwonประวิตร วงษ์สุวรรณ(born 1945) 10 July2019 1 September2023 Independent(until 2020) 62nd Palang Pracharath(from 2020) (74) Somkid Jatusripitakสมคิด จาตุศรีพิทักษ์(born 1953) 10 July2019 14 July2020 Palang Pracharath (77) Wissanu Krea-ngamวิษณุ เครืองาม(born 1951) 10 July2019 1 September2023 Independent 122 Jurin Laksanawisitจุรินทร์ ลักษณวิศิษฎ์(born 1956) 10 July2019 1 September2023 Democrat 123 Anutin Charnvirakulอนุทิน ชาญวีรกูล(born 1966) 10 July2019 1 September2023 Bhumjaithai 124 Don Pramudwinaiดอน ปรมัตถ์วินัย(born 1950) 5 August2020 1 September2023 Independent 125 Supattanapong Punmeechaowสุพัฒนพงษ์ พันธ์มีเชาว์(born 1960) 5 August2020 1 September2023 Independent(until 2023) United Thai Nation(from 2023) 126 Phumtham Wechayachaiภูมิธรรม เวชชยชัย(born 1953) 1 September2023 Incumbent Pheu Thai Srettha Thavisin(since 2023) 63rd (85) Somsak Thepsuthinสมศักดิ์ เทพสุทิน(born 1955) 1 September2023 27 April2024 Pheu Thai 127 Parnpree Bahiddha-nukaraปานปรีย์ พหิทธานุกร(born 1957) 1 September2023 27 April2024 Pheu Thai (123) Anutin Charnvirakulอนุทิน ชาญวีรกูล(born 1966) 1 September2023 Incumbent Bhumjaithai 128 Patcharawat Wongsuwanพัชรวาท วงษ์สุวรรณ(born 1948) 1 September2023 Incumbent Palang Pracharath 129 Pirapan Salirathavibhagaพีระพันธุ์ สาลีรัฐวิภาค(born 1959) 1 September2023 Incumbent United Thai Nation (88) Suriya Juangroongruangkitสุริยะ จึงรุ่งเรืองกิจ(born 1954) 27 April2024 Incumbent Pheu Thai 130 Pichai Chunhavajiraพิชัย ชุณหวชิร(born 1949) 27 April2024 Incumbent Independent Politics of Thailand Constitution History Laws Human rights LGBT rights Monarchy The King (List) Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) Heir presumptive Dipangkorn Rasmijoti Head of the Royal Armed Forces Royal family Succession Regent Privy Council Bureau of the Royal Household Royal Security Command Crown Property Bureau Executive Prime Minister (list) Srettha Thavisin (PTP) Deputy Prime Ministers Phumtham Wechayachai (PTP) Somsak Thepsuthin (PTP) Parnpree Bahiddha-nukara (PTP) Anutin Charnvirakul (BTP) Patcharawat Wongsuwan (PPRP) Pirapan Salirathavibhaga (UTN) 63rd Council of Ministers Cabinet Ministries Independent 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Manhattan Rebellion (1951) Silent Coup (1951) 1957 coup d'état 1958 coup d'état Rebellion of 1964 1971 coup d'état 1976 coup d'état March 1977 coup d'état attempt October 1977 coup d'état 1981 military rebellion 1985 coup d'état attempt 1991 coup d'état 2006 coup d'état 2014 coup d'état Terrorism Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis (1972) 1999 attack on the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok South insurgency (2004–present) 2012 Bangkok bombings 2015 Bangkok bombing 2019 Bangkok bombings Conflicts Taksin's reunification (1767–1771) Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) Lao rebellion (1826–1828) Kedahan rebellion (1838–1839) Haw wars (1865–1890) Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–1936) Ngiao rebellion (1902) Dusun Nyor Rebellion (1948) Separatist Rebellion (1948) Communist insurgency (1965–1983) Foreign relations crisis Wars Blue Diamond Affair (1989–2019) 2003 Phnom Penh riots Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) Related topics History Demographics Economy Education Crime Armed Forces Police Bank of Thailand Thailand portal Other countries vte Notes ^ Acting Prime Minister from 24 May 1992. ^ Acting Prime Minister from 2 December 2008. ^ Acting Prime Minister from 7 May 2014. ^ Acting Prime Minister from 24 August until 30 September 2022. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deputy Prime ministers of Thailand. ^ "ประกาศตั้งและแต่งตั้งรัฐมนตรี" (PDF). ราชกิจจานุเบกษา. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี. 20 September 1943. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2021.] ^ "ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรีเรื่อง รัฐมนตรีลาออก" (PDF). ราชกิจจานุเบกษา. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.] ^ "สรุปผลการประชุมคณะรัฐมนตรี 21 July 2020". รัฐบาลไทย. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.] vte Royal Thai Government Constitution of Thailand list Monarchy King of Thailand list Crown Prince Privy Council Executive Prime Minister of Thailand list Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers of Thailand Legislative National Assembly Judicial Constitutional Court Supreme Court Criminal Court Administrative Court Military Court Ministries Office of the Prime Minister Agriculture and Cooperatives Commerce Culture Defence Armed Forces Army Navy Air Force Education Energy Finance Foreign Affairs Digital Economy and Society Industry Interior Justice Labour Natural Resources and Environment Public Health Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation Social Development and Human Security Tourism and Sport Transport Constitutionalorganizations Office of the Election Commission Office of the Ombudsman National Anti-Corruption Commission State Audit Commission Office of the Attorney General National Human Rights Commission of Thailand Independent departments Bureau of the Royal Household National Office of Buddhism Office of the Royal Development Projects Board Office of the National Research Council of Thailand Royal Society Royal Thai Police Anti-Money Laundering Office Independent organisations Bank of Thailand Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission Office of Insurance Commission Office of the Energy Regulatory Commission Thai Public Broadcasting Service Deposit Protection Agency Office of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission Thailand portal WikiProject Commons Category vteLists related to prime ministers of ThailandMain List of prime ministers of Thailand Rankings Time in office Personal life Education Spouses Deputies Deputy prime ministers vteThailand articlesHistoryChronology Prehistory Peopling Tai peoples Early history Initial states Sukhothai Kingdom Ayutthaya Kingdom Thonburi Kingdom Rattanakosin era Siamese Revolution 1932–1973 1973–2001 since 2001 By topic Archaeology Economic Education Military Geography Addresses Borders Municipalities Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Floods in Thailand Environmental issues Islands Mountains Protected areas Provinces Regions Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Commission Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT Intelligence agencies Judiciary Law Localism Ministries Military Army Navy Air Force Monarchy Parliament House of Representatives Senate Police Political parties Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Baht (currency) Banks Central bank Car industry Energy Nuclear Renewable Manufacturing Special economic zones EEC CWEC NEC NEEC SEC Science and technology Inventions Measurement Traditional medicine Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Airports Controlled-access highways Railways Society Abortion Crime Corruption Lèse majesté Prostitution Sex trafficking Demographics People Education Universities and colleges Ethnic groups Feminism Gambling Health HIV COVID-19 and Deltacron hybrid variant Language Racism Religion Squatting Waste management Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Animation Architecture Art Comics Cinema Clothing Cuisine (wine) Drama Etiquette Festivals Folklore Literature Poetry Names Marriage Martial arts Media Music Traditional musical instruments Performing arts Public holidays Sports Symbols Animal Aquatic Bird Mythological creature Anthem Architecture Deity Emblem Flag Flower Time Lunar calendar Solar calendar Traditional games Video games OutlineIndex Category Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"prime minister of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand"}],"text":"The deputy prime minister of Thailand (รองนายกรัฐมนตรี) is a ministerial position within the government of Thailand. Several deputy prime ministers can be appointed and serve concurrently. Such appointments are usually made by the prime minister of Thailand. This position can be combined with other ministerial portfolios. The position was first created in 1943.","title":"Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current deputy prime ministers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of deputy prime ministers of Thailand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meechai_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chavarat_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Niwatthamrong_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Prawit_5-0"}],"text":"^ Acting Prime Minister from 24 May 1992.\n\n^ Acting Prime Minister from 2 December 2008.\n\n^ Acting Prime Minister from 7 May 2014.\n\n^ Acting Prime Minister from 24 August until 30 September 2022.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"ประกาศตั้งและแต่งตั้งรัฐมนตรี\" (PDF). ราชกิจจานุเบกษา. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี. 20 September 1943. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220227065104/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2488/A/052/556.PDF","url_text":"\"ประกาศตั้งและแต่งตั้งรัฐมนตรี\""},{"url":"http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2488/A/052/556.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรีเรื่อง รัฐมนตรีลาออก\" (PDF). ราชกิจจานุเบกษา. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2020/E/173/T_0001.PDF","url_text":"\"ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรีเรื่อง รัฐมนตรีลาออก\""}]},{"reference":"\"สรุปผลการประชุมคณะรัฐมนตรี 21 July 2020\". รัฐบาลไทย. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thaigov.go.th/news/contents/details/33560","url_text":"\"สรุปผลการประชุมคณะรัฐมนตรี 21 July 2020\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thaigov.go.th/","external_links_name":"www.thaigov.go.th"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220227065104/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2488/A/052/556.PDF","external_links_name":"\"ประกาศตั้งและแต่งตั้งรัฐมนตรี\""},{"Link":"http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2488/A/052/556.PDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2020/E/173/T_0001.PDF","external_links_name":"\"ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรีเรื่อง รัฐมนตรีลาออก\""},{"Link":"https://www.thaigov.go.th/news/contents/details/33560","external_links_name":"\"สรุปผลการประชุมคณะรัฐมนตรี 21 July 2020\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_FitzGerald_(artist)	James FitzGerald (artist)	["1 Selected works","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]	American sculptor James Herbert FitzGerald (1910–1973) was an American sculptor from Seattle, Washington. He received a degree in architecture at University of Washington and worked at Spokane Art Center. He has been called " of the Pacific Northwest's preeminent artists of period", and "among the most innovative modern artists active in the Pacific Northwest." He was born and raised in Seattle, graduating from the University of Washington in 1935. FitzGerald went on to study at Yale University in 1938, where he received a Carnegie Graduate Fellowship, and at the Kansas City Art Institute. He created works for the Treasury Relief Art Project (TRAP) and the Department of Justice in the 1930s with Boardman Robinson; and worked on other Works Progress Administration art programs in Washington state. While he also studied as a painter, FitzGerald switched primarily to bronze sculpture in 1959 and became a well-known fountain designer. He established his own foundry in 1964. FitzGerald married Margaret Tomkins, a painter, and had three children. Selected works Department of Justice murals (with Boardman Robinson) Bas relief panels at the east portals of the Mount Baker Tunnel, Seattle, a designated Seattle landmark Waterfront Fountain, Waterfront Park, Seattle Centennial Fountain, Marina Park, Kirkland, Washington Fountain of the Northwest, Intiman Theatre at Seattle Center Tile mosaic, Washington State Library, Washington State Capitol campus, Olympia, Washington Fountain of Freedom (aka Scudder Plaza Fountain), Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University Rain Forest, as part of the Western Washington University Public Sculpture Collection References ^ Biographical thumbnail, Smithsonian Institution, retrieved October 2, 2012 ^ a b c Oral history interview with James Herbert Fitzgerald and Margaret Tomkins, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, October 27, 1965, retrieved October 1, 2012 ^ a b Historic Sites of the Washington State and Territorial Library: 1853 to the present, Washington Secretary of State, retrieved October 1, 2012 ^ Margret Tomkins & James Fitzgerald, Martin-Zambito Fine Art, archived from the original on September 4, 2012, retrieved October 1, 2012 ^ a b c "James FitzGerald, Seattle sculptor, dies". The Seattle Times. October 9, 1973. p. D14. ^ Farr, Sheila (March 22, 2002). "Outspoken Seattle painter Margaret Tomkins dies". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Retrieved February 17, 2019. ^ David Wilma (April 23, 2001), "Seattle Landmarks: Lacey V. Murrow Floating Bridge and East Portals of the Mount Baker Tunnels (1940)", HistoryLink, Seattle: History Ink ^ "James Fitzgerald", Pacific Coast Architecture Database, University of Washington, retrieved October 1, 2012 ^ Woodridge, Sally B.; Roger Montgomery (1980). A Guide to Architecture in Washington State. University of Washington Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-295-95779-4. ^ Centennial Fountain (IAS WA000150), Smithsonian American Art Museum/Art inventories catalog ^ Fountain of the Northwest (IAS 75008690), Smithsonian American Art Museum/Art inventories catalog ^ "Final Scene", Princeton Alumni Weekly, September 14, 2011 ^ Scudder Plaza Fountain (IAS NJ000204), Smithsonian American Art Museum/Art inventories catalog ^ "Fountain of Freedom". Campus Art at Princeton. Princeton Art Museum. Retrieved August 11, 2016. Further reading Poyner, Fred F. (2017). Seattle Public Sculptors: Twelve Makers of Monuments, Memorials and Statuary, 1909 – 1962. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6650-1. External links Brief biography and example works vteJames FitzGeraldSculptures Portal of the North Pacific (1940) Rain Forest (1959) Freedom Fountain (1966) Centennial Fountain (1972) Waterfront Fountain (1974) Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists RKD Artists Other SNAC This article about an American sculptor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Washington (state) biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Spokane Art Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Art_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-interview-2"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secstate-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Graduate Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_Graduate_Fellowship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Art_Institute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-obit-5"},{"link_name":"Treasury Relief Art Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Relief_Art_Project"},{"link_name":"Boardman Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardman_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-interview-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-obit-5"},{"link_name":"Margaret Tomkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tomkins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-obit-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"James Herbert FitzGerald (1910–1973)[1] was an American sculptor from Seattle, Washington. He received a degree in architecture at University of Washington and worked at Spokane Art Center.[2] He has been called \"[one] of the Pacific Northwest's preeminent artists of [his] period\",[3] and \"among the most innovative modern artists active in the Pacific Northwest.\"[4]He was born and raised in Seattle, graduating from the University of Washington in 1935. FitzGerald went on to study at Yale University in 1938, where he received a Carnegie Graduate Fellowship, and at the Kansas City Art Institute.[5] He created works for the Treasury Relief Art Project (TRAP) and the Department of Justice in the 1930s with Boardman Robinson; and worked on other Works Progress Administration art programs in Washington state.[2] While he also studied as a painter, FitzGerald switched primarily to bronze sculpture in 1959 and became a well-known fountain designer. He established his own foundry in 1964.[5]FitzGerald married Margaret Tomkins, a painter, and had three children.[5][6]","title":"James FitzGerald (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Justice murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building#Art"},{"link_name":"Boardman Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardman_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-interview-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Baker Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Baker_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"designated Seattle landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Seattle_landmarks"},{"link_name":"Waterfront Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Waterfront Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Park_(Seattle)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Centennial Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Kirkland,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fountain of the Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Intiman Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intiman_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Washington State Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_M._Pritchard_Building"},{"link_name":"Washington State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secstate-3"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rain Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_Forest_(1959)"},{"link_name":"Western Washington University Public Sculpture Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Washington_University_Public_Sculpture_Collection"}],"text":"Department of Justice murals (with Boardman Robinson)[2]\nBas relief panels at the east portals of the Mount Baker Tunnel, Seattle,[7] a designated Seattle landmark\nWaterfront Fountain, Waterfront Park, Seattle[8][9]\nCentennial Fountain, Marina Park, Kirkland, Washington[10]\nFountain of the Northwest, Intiman Theatre at Seattle Center[11]\nTile mosaic, Washington State Library, Washington State Capitol campus, Olympia, Washington[3]\nFountain of Freedom (aka Scudder Plaza Fountain), Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University[12][13][14]\nRain Forest, as part of the Western Washington University Public Sculpture Collection","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Public Sculptors: Twelve Makers of Monuments, Memorials and Statuary, 1909 – 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_sq4DgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4766-6650-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6650-1"}],"text":"Poyner, Fred F. (2017). Seattle Public Sculptors: Twelve Makers of Monuments, Memorials and Statuary, 1909 – 1962. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6650-1.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Biographical thumbnail, Smithsonian Institution, retrieved October 2, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artist/?id=1565","url_text":"Biographical thumbnail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]},{"reference":"Oral history interview with James Herbert Fitzgerald and Margaret Tomkins, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, October 27, 1965, retrieved October 1, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-james-herbert-fitzgerald-and-margaret-tomkins-12432","url_text":"Oral history interview with James Herbert Fitzgerald and Margaret Tomkins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]},{"reference":"Historic Sites of the Washington State and Territorial Library: 1853 to the present, Washington Secretary of State, retrieved October 1, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sos.wa.gov/library/HistoricSitesoftheWashingtonStateandTerritorialLibrary.aspx","url_text":"Historic Sites of the Washington State and Territorial Library: 1853 to the present"}]},{"reference":"Margret Tomkins & James Fitzgerald, Martin-Zambito Fine Art, archived from the original on September 4, 2012, retrieved October 1, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120904001131/http://www.martin-zambito.com/MARGRET%20TOMKINS%20%26%20JAMES%20FITZGERALD.html","url_text":"Margret Tomkins & James Fitzgerald"},{"url":"http://www.martin-zambito.com/MARGRET%20TOMKINS%20%26%20JAMES%20FITZGERALD.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James FitzGerald, Seattle sculptor, dies\". The Seattle Times. October 9, 1973. p. D14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Farr, Sheila (March 22, 2002). \"Outspoken Seattle painter Margaret Tomkins dies\". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Retrieved February 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20020322&slug=tomkins220","url_text":"\"Outspoken Seattle painter Margaret Tomkins dies\""}]},{"reference":"David Wilma (April 23, 2001), \"Seattle Landmarks: Lacey V. Murrow Floating Bridge and East Portals of the Mount Baker Tunnels (1940)\", HistoryLink, Seattle: History Ink","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3227","url_text":"\"Seattle Landmarks: Lacey V. Murrow Floating Bridge and East Portals of the Mount Baker Tunnels (1940)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HistoryLink","url_text":"HistoryLink"}]},{"reference":"\"James Fitzgerald\", Pacific Coast Architecture Database, University of Washington, retrieved October 1, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.lib.washington.edu/architect/architects/2698/","url_text":"\"James Fitzgerald\""}]},{"reference":"Woodridge, Sally B.; Roger Montgomery (1980). A Guide to Architecture in Washington State. University of Washington Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-295-95779-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95779-4","url_text":"0-295-95779-4"}]},{"reference":"Centennial Fountain (IAS WA000150), Smithsonian American Art Museum/Art inventories catalog","urls":[{"url":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=WA000150&index=.NW","url_text":"Centennial Fountain (IAS WA000150)"}]},{"reference":"Fountain of the Northwest (IAS 75008690), Smithsonian American Art Museum/Art inventories catalog","urls":[{"url":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=75008690&index=.NW","url_text":"Fountain of the Northwest (IAS 75008690)"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Scene\", Princeton Alumni Weekly, September 14, 2011","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paw.princeton.edu/issues/2011/09/14/pages/0735/index.xml","url_text":"\"Final Scene\""}]},{"reference":"Scudder Plaza Fountain (IAS NJ000204), Smithsonian American Art Museum/Art inventories catalog","urls":[{"url":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=NJ000204&index=.NW","url_text":"Scudder Plaza Fountain (IAS NJ000204)"}]},{"reference":"\"Fountain of Freedom\". Campus Art at Princeton. Princeton Art Museum. Retrieved August 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/campus-art/objects/45571","url_text":"\"Fountain of Freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Poyner, Fred F. (2017). Seattle Public Sculptors: Twelve Makers of Monuments, Memorials and Statuary, 1909 – 1962. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6650-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_sq4DgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Seattle Public Sculptors: Twelve Makers of Monuments, Memorials and Statuary, 1909 – 1962"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6650-1","url_text":"978-1-4766-6650-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artist/?id=1565","external_links_name":"Biographical thumbnail"},{"Link":"http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-james-herbert-fitzgerald-and-margaret-tomkins-12432","external_links_name":"Oral history interview with James Herbert Fitzgerald and Margaret Tomkins"},{"Link":"http://www.sos.wa.gov/library/HistoricSitesoftheWashingtonStateandTerritorialLibrary.aspx","external_links_name":"Historic Sites of the Washington State and Territorial Library: 1853 to the present"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120904001131/http://www.martin-zambito.com/MARGRET%20TOMKINS%20%26%20JAMES%20FITZGERALD.html","external_links_name":"Margret Tomkins & James Fitzgerald"},{"Link":"http://www.martin-zambito.com/MARGRET%20TOMKINS%20%26%20JAMES%20FITZGERALD.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20020322&slug=tomkins220","external_links_name":"\"Outspoken Seattle painter Margaret Tomkins dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3227","external_links_name":"\"Seattle Landmarks: Lacey V. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Esposito	Mary Ann Esposito	["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito","2.2 Restaurant","3 Recognitions","4 Publications","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	American chef "Ciao Italia" redirects here. For the Madonna video, see Ciao Italia: Live from Italy. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Mary Ann Esposito" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mary Ann EspositoBorn (1942-08-03) August 3, 1942 (age 81)Buffalo, New York, U.S.Alma materUniversity of New Hampshire and Daemen CollegeOccupation(s)Chef, television personality and writerKnown forHost of Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito television series Mary Ann Esposito (born August 3, 1942) is an American chef, cookbook writer (having published over a dozen cookbooks), and the television host of Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito, which started in 1989 and is the longest-running television cooking program in America. Personal life Esposito was raised in Buffalo, New York. Her mother was a dietitian. Her grandmothers, both professional chefs, moved to the United States from Italy in the 1890s. Her paternal grandmother, from Sicily, owned a butcher shop in Fairport, New York, and her maternal grandmother lived in Buffalo, where she owned a boarding house. The latter grandmother was from Naples, and continued the traditions of her Italian household within the boarding house. The boarding house was the only house in the neighborhood that had a bathtub, and on Friday nights she would offer neighbors a bath and dinner for a quarter. While her grandmothers provided traditional Italian food, Esposito desired to eat standard foods like other children: Wonder Bread and iceberg lettuce. Esposito, who never intended to pursue a career in cooking, learned to cook from her family. Her grandmothers made bread every day, with Esposito helping to make upwards of 20 loaves of bread a day, canning vegetables and fruits, and helping to prepare ingredients for meals. Eventually, Esposito attended college, where she would graduate with a teaching degree and become an elementary school teacher. In 1979, her mother sent her a pasta maker, and despite a lack of interest in cooking as an adult, Esposito taught herself how to make pasta dough. The following year, she and her husband Guy visited Italy for the first time, visiting his cousins. While in Italy, Esposito started attending a cooking class. She began learning the history of Italian cooking, region by region, and traveling to the country twice a year for cooking lessons. At the University of New Hampshire she took classes to learn how to speak Italian. By 1985, she had joined the history master's program at the university, writing her thesis about Italian Renaissance cooking. Career Esposito started teaching cooking through the University of New Hampshire's Division of Continuing Education. In the mid-1980s, she submitted a proposal for a cooking show to New Hampshire Public Television. The show was delayed production because of the small size of the television station; however, upon moving to a larger station, a pilot was taped. The pilot was a test to not only gauge viewer reception, but, to also see how Esposito would be on camera. On the hottest day of the year in the region, the television crew came to Esposito's home in Durham, New Hampshire, and the pilot was taped. Upon airing, the pilot received great reception and the longest-running television cooking show was born. Esposito has published over a dozen cooking books about Italian cooking and entertaining. Her 1997 book, What You Knead, about breadmaking, was awarded best in category by the International Cookbook Revue and was named one of Food & Wine magazine's top cookbooks of 1997. She makes over forty public appearances a year nationally and has appeared on the Today Show, Regis and Kathie Lee, QVC, the Food Network, Martha Stewart Living Radio, and other programs. She contributed to The Huffington Post and New Hampshire Home. Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito, is a thirty-minute cooking show produced for PBS by Esposito's own Mary Esposito Productions, and taped at New Hampshire Public Television. The show features Esposito's recipes and cooking tips, and visits from guest chefs. She also explores the history of Italian cooking and food. Through the show, Esposito seeks to help her viewers learn about new recipes that are "doable, authentic, and good." When deciding what to feature on the show, Esposito has four standards: she must like to eat the food, the ingredients should be easy to find, the recipe should be something unique and new to the viewer, and should be manageable by the kitchen staff. Every episode has twenty volunteers who work on the show. An entire season of shows, generally about thirty-two episodes, can be taped within two weeks during the summer, with two to three shows being taped a day. All of the food is made from scratch in the studio, with each dish being prepared in numerous batches and at different recipe stages. This allows Esposito to execute an entire recipe in a matter of minutes that might take hours to complete. All of the recipes are planned by Esposito and the kitchen staff. Volunteers gather all the pertinent ingredients from local markets and go to Boston for specialty foods if unavailable locally. Recipes are prepared the day of the show. Ciao Italia is not scripted. The studio set is loosely based on Esposito's home kitchen. The view out the window of the set is painted to appear as the view of the Oyster River, which is seen from her home kitchen. To prepare for shows, Esposito researches and tests recipes outside the studio. Restaurant In 2020, Esposito opened a restaurant, also named "Ciao Italia". She stated, "I've been asked to do a Ciao Italia restaurant many times over the years, and I've always said no," but agreed to open one in her longtime hometown of Durham. Ownership and business model quickly pivoted, the very next year, 2021, to a wine bar owned by the Clark Family. Esposito is no longer mentioned on the website. Recognitions A scholarship foundation named after and maintained by Esposito awards scholarships for students seeking financial aid to study culinary arts. Esposito was awarded an honorary degree from St. Anselm College. She has received the Lifetime Achievement Award in the Culinary and Cultural Arts of Italy by the Order Sons of Italy in America. She is in the Hall of Fame for the Italian Trade Commission. On June 2, 2013, a knighthood was bestowed upon her by the President of the Italian Republic under the title Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Stella d'Italia (Knight of the Order of the Star of Italy). She was one of 160 people worldwide to receive this honor in 2013, and the only American. Esposito was honored in 2004 with the Advancement in Career award by her alma mater Daemen College. Publications Celebrations Italian Style: Recipes and Menus for Special Occasions and Seasons of the Year. Hearst Books: New York (1995). ISBN 0-688-13038-0. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1991). ISBN 0-688-10317-0. Bringing Italy Home. ISBN 0-312-28058-0. Family Classics: More than 200 Treasured Recipes from 3 Generations of Italian Cooks. St. Martin's Press: New York (2011). ISBN 0-312-57121-6. Five-Ingredient Favorites: Quick and Delicious Recipes from an Italian Kitchen. St. Martin's Press: New York (2009). ISBN 0-312-37769-X. Tuscany: Traditional Recipes from One of Italy's Most Famous Regions. St. Martin's Press: New York (2003). ISBN 0-312-32174-0. Umbria: Recipes and Reflections from the Heart of Italy. St. Martin's Press: New York (2002). ISBN 0-312-30329-7. CPronto!: 30-Minute Recipes from an Italian Kitchen. St. Martin's Press: New York (2005). ISBN 0-312-33908-9. Slow and Easy: Casseroles, Braises, Lasagne, and Stews from an Italian Kitchen. St. Martin's Press: New York (2007). ISBN 0-312-36292-7. Mangia Pasta!: Easy-To-Make Recipes for Company and Every Day. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1998). ISBN 0-688-16189-8. Nella Cucina: More Italian Cooking from the Host of Cucina Italiana. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1993). ISBN 0-688-12151-9. What You Knead. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1997). ISBN 0-688-15010-1. See also Biography portalFood portalTelevision portalUnited States portal List of chefs List of Italian Americans List of people from Buffalo, New York List of people from New Hampshire List of University of New Hampshire alumni Lists of writers References ^ a b c Copps, Annie (2008). "Dinner with Guy and Mary Ann Esposito". Yankee. Retrieved February 25, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i Paine, Margaret Anne (undated). "A Taste of Italy". University of New Hampshire Magazine. Retrieved February 25, 2012. ^ a b Marie (January 10, 2010). "An Interview with Mary Ann Esposito of Ciao Italia". Proud Italian Cook. Retrieved September 25, 2016. ^ Staff (undated). "Mary Ann Esposito". PBS. Retrieved September 25, 2016. ^ a b c d Stupakoff, Loraine (August 2010). "Exclusive Interview: Celebrity Chef Mary Ann Esposito – Host of 'Ciao Italia'". ItaliaLiving.com. Retrieved February 25, 2012. ^ Staff (undated). "Mary Ann Esposito – Creator & Host, Ciao Italia". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 25, 2012. ^ Esposito, Mary Ann (2010). "Home Cooking with Mary Ann Esposito". New Hampshire Home. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2012. ^ a b Bair, Diane; Wright, Pamela (June 25, 2020). "Mary Ann Esposito opens a restaurant — Ciao Italia — in hometown of Durham, N.H.". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 3, 2020. ^ "Our Story". ^ Press release (undated). "JWU Announces Winner of First Mary Ann Esposito Foundation Scholarship Lila Cornelio of Chicago Will Receive $10,000 in Financial Aid for Her Final Two Years of Culinary Studies". Johnson & Wales University. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016. ^ Staff (undated). "Esposito Sig.ra Mary Ann" Archived 2014-07-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian). Office of the President of the Italian Republic. Retrieved September 25, 2016. External links Official website Mary Ann Esposito at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ciao Italia: Live from Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciao_Italia:_Live_from_Italy"},{"link_name":"chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef"},{"link_name":"cookbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookbook"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copps-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copps-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paine-2"}],"text":"\"Ciao Italia\" redirects here. For the Madonna video, see Ciao Italia: Live from Italy.Mary Ann Esposito (born August 3, 1942) is an American chef, cookbook writer (having published over a dozen cookbooks[1]), and the television host of Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito, which started in 1989 and is the longest-running television cooking program in America.[1][2]","title":"Mary Ann Esposito"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paine-2"},{"link_name":"dietitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietitian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"butcher shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butcher_shop"},{"link_name":"Fairport, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"boarding house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_house"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"bathtub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub"},{"link_name":"quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"Wonder Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Bread"},{"link_name":"iceberg lettuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg_lettuce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paine-2"},{"link_name":"canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning"},{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"pasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta"},{"link_name":"dough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dough"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copps-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paine-2"},{"link_name":"University of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paine-2"}],"text":"Esposito was raised in Buffalo, New York.[2] Her mother was a dietitian.[3] Her grandmothers, both professional chefs,[4] moved to the United States from Italy in the 1890s. Her paternal grandmother, from Sicily, owned a butcher shop in Fairport, New York, and her maternal grandmother lived in Buffalo, where she owned a boarding house. The latter grandmother was from Naples, and continued the traditions of her Italian household within the boarding house. The boarding house was the only house in the neighborhood that had a bathtub, and on Friday nights she would offer neighbors a bath and dinner for a quarter. While her grandmothers provided traditional Italian food, Esposito desired to eat standard foods like other children: Wonder Bread and iceberg lettuce.[2]Esposito, who never intended to pursue a career in cooking, learned to cook from her family. Her grandmothers made bread every day, with Esposito helping to make upwards of 20 loaves of bread a day, canning vegetables and fruits, and helping to prepare ingredients for meals. Eventually, Esposito attended college, where she would graduate with a teaching degree and become an elementary school teacher.In 1979, her mother sent her a pasta maker, and despite a lack of interest in cooking as an adult, Esposito taught herself how to make pasta dough. The following year, she and her husband Guy[1][2] visited Italy for the first time, visiting his cousins. While in Italy, Esposito started attending a cooking class. She began learning the history of Italian cooking, region by region, and traveling to the country twice a year for cooking lessons. At the University of New Hampshire she took classes to learn how to speak Italian. By 1985, she had joined the history master's program at the university, writing her thesis about Italian Renaissance cooking.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Continuing Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_Education"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Public Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Public_Television"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"Durham, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paine-2"},{"link_name":"breadmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadmaking"},{"link_name":"International Cookbook Revue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Cookbook_Revue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Food & Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_%26_Wine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pavich-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paine-2"},{"link_name":"Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_Show_(NBC)"},{"link_name":"Regis and Kathie Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_and_Kathie_Lee"},{"link_name":"QVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QVC"},{"link_name":"Food Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Network"},{"link_name":"Martha Stewart Living Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Stewart_Living_Radio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pavich-5"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HPBlog-6"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Hampshire_Home&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHH-7"}],"text":"Esposito started teaching cooking through the University of New Hampshire's Division of Continuing Education. In the mid-1980s, she submitted a proposal for a cooking show to New Hampshire Public Television. The show was delayed production because of the small size of the television station; however, upon moving to a larger station, a pilot was taped. The pilot was a test to not only gauge viewer reception, but, to also see how Esposito would be on camera. On the hottest day of the year in the region, the television crew came to Esposito's home in Durham, New Hampshire, and the pilot was taped. Upon airing, the pilot received great reception and the longest-running television cooking show was born.[2]Esposito has published over a dozen cooking books about Italian cooking and entertaining. Her 1997 book, What You Knead, about breadmaking, was awarded best in category by the International Cookbook Revue and was named one of Food & Wine magazine's top cookbooks of 1997.[5] She makes over forty public appearances a year nationally[2] and has appeared on the Today Show, Regis and Kathie Lee, QVC, the Food Network, Martha Stewart Living Radio, and other programs.[5] She contributed to The Huffington Post[6] and New Hampshire Home.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cooking show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_show"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paine-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIC-3"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Oyster River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_River_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paine-2"}],"sub_title":"Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito","text":"Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito, is a thirty-minute cooking show produced for PBS by Esposito's own Mary Esposito Productions, and taped at New Hampshire Public Television. The show features Esposito's recipes and cooking tips, and visits from guest chefs. She also explores the history of Italian cooking and food.[2] Through the show, Esposito seeks to help her viewers learn about new recipes that are \"doable, authentic, and good.\"[3]When deciding what to feature on the show, Esposito has four standards: she must like to eat the food, the ingredients should be easy to find, the recipe should be something unique and new to the viewer, and should be manageable by the kitchen staff. Every episode has twenty volunteers who work on the show. An entire season of shows, generally about thirty-two episodes, can be taped within two weeks during the summer, with two to three shows being taped a day.All of the food is made from scratch in the studio, with each dish being prepared in numerous batches and at different recipe stages. This allows Esposito to execute an entire recipe in a matter of minutes that might take hours to complete. All of the recipes are planned by Esposito and the kitchen staff. Volunteers gather all the pertinent ingredients from local markets and go to Boston for specialty foods if unavailable locally.Recipes are prepared the day of the show. Ciao Italia is not scripted. The studio set is loosely based on Esposito's home kitchen. The view out the window of the set is painted to appear as the view of the Oyster River, which is seen from her home kitchen. To prepare for shows, Esposito researches and tests recipes outside the studio.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blair-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blair-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Restaurant","text":"In 2020, Esposito opened a restaurant, also named \"Ciao Italia\".[8] She stated, \"I've been asked to do a Ciao Italia restaurant many times over the years, and I've always said no,\" but agreed to open one in her longtime hometown of Durham.[8] Ownership and business model quickly pivoted, the very next year, 2021, to a wine bar owned by the Clark Family. Esposito is no longer mentioned on the website.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"financial aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_financial_aid_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"culinary arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_arts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JWU-10"},{"link_name":"honorary degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"St. Anselm College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anselm_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pavich-5"},{"link_name":"Order Sons of Italy in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_Sons_of_Italy_in_America"},{"link_name":"Italian Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Trade_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pavich-5"},{"link_name":"President of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Order of the Star of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Italian_Solidarity#Order_of_the_Star_of_Italy_(2011-present)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Daemen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemen_College"}],"text":"A scholarship foundation named after and maintained by Esposito awards scholarships for students seeking financial aid to study culinary arts.[10] Esposito was awarded an honorary degree from St. Anselm College.[5] She has received the Lifetime Achievement Award in the Culinary and Cultural Arts of Italy by the Order Sons of Italy in America. She is in the Hall of Fame for the Italian Trade Commission.[5]On June 2, 2013, a knighthood was bestowed upon her by the President of the Italian Republic under the title Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Stella d'Italia (Knight of the Order of the Star of Italy).[11] She was one of 160 people worldwide to receive this honor in 2013, and the only American.[citation needed]Esposito was honored in 2004 with the Advancement in Career award by her alma mater Daemen College.","title":"Recognitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-688-13038-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-13038-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-688-10317-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-10317-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-28058-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-28058-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-57121-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-57121-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-37769-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-37769-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-32174-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32174-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-30329-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30329-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-33908-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-33908-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-36292-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-36292-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-688-16189-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-16189-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-688-12151-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-12151-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-688-15010-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-15010-1"}],"text":"Celebrations Italian Style: Recipes and Menus for Special Occasions and Seasons of the Year. Hearst Books: New York (1995). ISBN 0-688-13038-0. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1991). ISBN 0-688-10317-0.\nBringing Italy Home. ISBN 0-312-28058-0.\nFamily Classics: More than 200 Treasured Recipes from 3 Generations of Italian Cooks. St. Martin's Press: New York (2011). ISBN 0-312-57121-6.\nFive-Ingredient Favorites: Quick and Delicious Recipes from an Italian Kitchen. St. Martin's Press: New York (2009). ISBN 0-312-37769-X.\nTuscany: Traditional Recipes from One of Italy's Most Famous Regions. St. Martin's Press: New York (2003). ISBN 0-312-32174-0.\nUmbria: Recipes and Reflections from the Heart of Italy. St. Martin's Press: New York (2002). ISBN 0-312-30329-7.\nCPronto!: 30-Minute Recipes from an Italian Kitchen. St. Martin's Press: New York (2005). ISBN 0-312-33908-9.\nSlow and Easy: Casseroles, Braises, Lasagne, and Stews from an Italian Kitchen. St. Martin's Press: New York (2007). ISBN 0-312-36292-7.\nMangia Pasta!: Easy-To-Make Recipes for Company and Every Day. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1998). ISBN 0-688-16189-8.\nNella Cucina: More Italian Cooking from the Host of Cucina Italiana. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1993). ISBN 0-688-12151-9.\nWhat You Knead. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1997). ISBN 0-688-15010-1.","title":"Publications"}]	[]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg"},{"title":"Television portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Television"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"List of chefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chefs"},{"title":"List of Italian Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Americans"},{"title":"List of people from Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Buffalo,_New_York"},{"title":"List of people from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_Hampshire"},{"title":"List of University of New Hampshire alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_New_Hampshire_alumni"},{"title":"Lists of writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_writers"}]	[{"reference":"Copps, Annie (2008). \"Dinner with Guy and Mary Ann Esposito\". Yankee. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yankeemagazine.com/blogs/foodblog/maryannesposito","url_text":"\"Dinner with Guy and Mary Ann Esposito\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_(magazine)","url_text":"Yankee"}]},{"reference":"Paine, Margaret Anne (undated). \"A Taste of Italy\". University of New Hampshire Magazine. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://unhmagazine.unh.edu/sp00/maryannsp00.html","url_text":"\"A Taste of Italy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_New_Hampshire_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"University of New Hampshire Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Marie (January 10, 2010). \"An Interview with Mary Ann Esposito of Ciao Italia\". Proud Italian Cook. Retrieved September 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prouditaliancook.com/2010/01/interview-with-mary-ann-esposito-of.html","url_text":"\"An Interview with Mary Ann Esposito of Ciao Italia\""}]},{"reference":"Stupakoff, Loraine (August 2010). \"Exclusive Interview: Celebrity Chef Mary Ann Esposito – Host of 'Ciao Italia'\". ItaliaLiving.com. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.italialiving.com/articles/food-wine/an-interview-with-celebrity-chef-mary-ann-esposito/","url_text":"\"Exclusive Interview: Celebrity Chef Mary Ann Esposito – Host of 'Ciao Italia'\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (undated). \"Mary Ann Esposito – Creator & Host, Ciao Italia\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mary-ann-esposito","url_text":"\"Mary Ann Esposito – Creator & Host, Ciao Italia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Esposito, Mary Ann (2010). \"Home Cooking with Mary Ann Esposito\". New Hampshire Home. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130208134023/http://www.nhhomemagazine.com/home/945184-421/home-cooking-with-mary-ann-esposito-homemade.html","url_text":"\"Home Cooking with Mary Ann Esposito\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Hampshire_Home&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"New Hampshire Home"},{"url":"http://www.nhhomemagazine.com/home/945184-421/home-cooking-with-mary-ann-esposito-homemade.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bair, Diane; Wright, Pamela (June 25, 2020). \"Mary Ann Esposito opens a restaurant — Ciao Italia — in hometown of Durham, N.H.\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/06/25/lifestyle/mary-ann-esposito-opens-restaurant-ciao-italia-hometown-durham-nh/","url_text":"\"Mary Ann Esposito opens a restaurant — Ciao Italia — in hometown of Durham, N.H.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Story\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ciaodurham.com/our-story","url_text":"\"Our Story\""}]},{"reference":"Press release (undated). \"JWU Announces Winner of First Mary Ann Esposito Foundation Scholarship Lila Cornelio of Chicago Will Receive $10,000 in Financial Aid for Her Final Two Years of Culinary Studies\". Johnson & Wales University. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927023026/http://www.jwu.edu/content.aspx?id=37558","url_text":"\"JWU Announces Winner of First Mary Ann Esposito Foundation Scholarship Lila Cornelio of Chicago Will Receive $10,000 in Financial Aid for Her Final Two Years of Culinary Studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Wales_University","url_text":"Johnson & Wales University"},{"url":"http://www.jwu.edu/content.aspx?id=37558","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mary+Ann+Esposito%22","external_links_name":"\"Mary Ann Esposito\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mary+Ann+Esposito%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mary+Ann+Esposito%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mary+Ann+Esposito%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mary+Ann+Esposito%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mary+Ann+Esposito%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.yankeemagazine.com/blogs/foodblog/maryannesposito","external_links_name":"\"Dinner with Guy and Mary Ann Esposito\""},{"Link":"http://unhmagazine.unh.edu/sp00/maryannsp00.html","external_links_name":"\"A Taste of Italy\""},{"Link":"http://www.prouditaliancook.com/2010/01/interview-with-mary-ann-esposito-of.html","external_links_name":"\"An Interview with Mary Ann Esposito of Ciao Italia\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/food/chefs/mary-ann-esposito","external_links_name":"\"Mary Ann Esposito\""},{"Link":"http://www.italialiving.com/articles/food-wine/an-interview-with-celebrity-chef-mary-ann-esposito/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive Interview: Celebrity Chef Mary Ann Esposito – Host of 'Ciao Italia'\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mary-ann-esposito","external_links_name":"\"Mary Ann Esposito – Creator & Host, Ciao Italia\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130208134023/http://www.nhhomemagazine.com/home/945184-421/home-cooking-with-mary-ann-esposito-homemade.html","external_links_name":"\"Home Cooking with Mary Ann Esposito\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhhomemagazine.com/home/945184-421/home-cooking-with-mary-ann-esposito-homemade.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/06/25/lifestyle/mary-ann-esposito-opens-restaurant-ciao-italia-hometown-durham-nh/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Ann Esposito opens a restaurant — Ciao Italia — in hometown of Durham, N.H.\""},{"Link":"https://www.ciaodurham.com/our-story","external_links_name":"\"Our Story\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927023026/http://www.jwu.edu/content.aspx?id=37558","external_links_name":"\"JWU Announces Winner of First Mary Ann Esposito Foundation Scholarship Lila Cornelio of Chicago Will Receive $10,000 in Financial Aid for Her Final Two Years of Culinary Studies\""},{"Link":"http://www.jwu.edu/content.aspx?id=37558","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=326151","external_links_name":"\"Esposito Sig.ra Mary Ann\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715045439/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=326151","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ciaoitalia.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2350827/","external_links_name":"Mary Ann Esposito"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Kuchinskaya	Natalia Kuchinskaya	["1 Gymnastics career","2 Later life","3 Achievements","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]	Soviet gymnast Natalia KuchinskayaNatalia Kuchinskaya in 1967Personal informationFull nameNatalia Alexandrovna KuchinskayaNickname(s)NatashaBorn (1949-03-08) March 8, 1949 (age 75)Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionHometownChicago, Illinois, United StatesHeight1.58 m (5 ft 2 in)Weight48 kg (106 lb)DisciplineWomen's artistic gymnasticsLevelSenior internationalGymRound Lake national training centerFormer coach(es)Vladimir Reyson, Larisa LatyninaRetired1968 Medal record Representing Soviet Union Olympic Games 1968 Mexico City Team 1968 Mexico City Balance beam 1968 Mexico City All-around 1968 Mexico City Floor exercise World Championships 1966 Dortmund Uneven Bars 1966 Dortmund Balance Beam 1966 Dortmund Floor Exercise 1966 Dortmund Team 1966 Dortmund All-Around 1966 Dortmund Vault European Championships 1967 Amsterdam Balance Beam 1967 Amsterdam Floor Exercise Natalia Alexandrovna Kuchinskaya (Russian: Наталья Александровна Кучинская; alternative transliteration Natal'ja Alieksandrovna Kutchinskaja), also known as Natasha Kuchinskaya (Russian: Наташа Кучинская) (born 8 March 1949) is a retired Russian Olympic gymnast. She won four medals at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Gymnastics career Kuchinskaya was born on March 8, 1949, in Leningrad and was selected for a gymnastics class while still in kindergarten. She originally aspired to become a ballet dancer, but was convinced to study gymnastics by her parents, who were both involved with the sport. She trained with Vladimir Reyson and later national team coach Larisa Latynina, who was said to consider Kuchinskaya one of her favourite gymnasts. By 1965, at age 16, Kuchinskaya was the USSR national champion. At the 1966 World Championships, after winning her second Nationals title, the USSR Cup and the World Trials, she established herself as one of the stars of the Soviet team, winning gold medals in three of the four event finals (balance beam, uneven bars and floor exercise), a bronze on vault, and silvers in the all-around and team events. Kuchinskaya continued her winning streak in 1967, when she won the pre-Olympic test event in Mexico City and swept the USSR Nationals, walking away with the all-around title and every single event final gold medal. At the 1968 Olympics, Kuchinskaya was arguably the most popular member of the Soviet team. She placed third in the all-around, behind Věra Čáslavská and her teammate Zinaida Voronina; she also shared the team gold medal and won the balance beam title and a bronze on the floor exercise. She was dubbed "The Bride of Mexico" and "the Sweetheart of Mexico" by the admiring press and was serenaded with a folk song, "Natalie," during her stay in Mexico City. The Olympics was Kuchinskaya's final competition. At the time, her sudden departure from gymnastics was attributed to a thyroid illness; in an interview in the late 1990s, Kuchinskaya also revealed that she had lost her motivation for the sport. Later life Following her retirement, Kuchinskaya coached in the USSR, Japan and the United States. She has been married since 1980 to optician Alexander Kotliar and currently lives and coaches in the USA, running her own gymnastics club in Illinois. In 1999, she appeared on the "Soviet Sport War" episode of the PBS documentary The Red Files discussing her negative experiences in Soviet gymnastics. In 2006, she was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame. Achievements Year Event AA Team VT UB BB FX 1965 USSR Championships 1st 1st USSR Cup 2nd 1966 World Championships 2nd 2nd 3rd 1st 1st 1st USSR Championships 1st 2nd 1st 1st USSR Cup 1st 1967 European Championships 2nd 2nd USSR Championships 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1968 USSR Championships 1st Gallery References ^ a b c d "Interview with Natalia Kuchinskaya". The Red Files supplementary material, PBS. 1999. Retrieved January 1, 2008. ^ a b "Soviet Sports Wars (transcript)" (DOC). PBS. April 1999. Retrieved January 1, 2008. ^ "List of competitive results". Gymn-Forum. Retrieved January 1, 2008. ^ a b c "Legends: Natalia Kuchinskaya". International Gymnast. Retrieved January 1, 2008. ^ "Do favorites always win?". Sport in the USSR. August 1988. Retrieved January 1, 2008. ^ "International Gymnastics home page". Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2008. ^ "Kuchinskaya's page at the IGHOF". International Gymnastics Hall of Fame. 206. Retrieved January 1, 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Natalia Kuchinskaya. Natalia Kuchinskaya at the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame Natalia Kuchinskaya at Olympics.com Nataliya Kuchinskaya at Olympedia vteOlympic Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Team All-Around 1928 Netherlands 1936 Germany 1948 Czechoslovakia 1952 Soviet Union 1956 Soviet Union 1960 Soviet Union 1964 Soviet Union 1968 Soviet Union 1972 Soviet Union 1976 Soviet Union 1980 Soviet Union 1984 Romania 1988 Soviet Union 1992 Unified Team 1996 United States 2000 Romania 2004 Romania 2008 China 2012 United States 2016 United States 2020 ROC 1968: Soviet Union (URS), Ludmilla Tourischeva, Zinaida Voronina, Larisa Petrik, Lyubov Burda, Olga Karasyova, Natalia Kuchinskaya vteOlympic Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Balance BeamSummary 1952: Nina Bocharova 1956: Ágnes Keleti (HUN) 1960: Eva Bosáková (TCH) 1964: Věra Čáslavská (TCH) 1968: Natalia Kuchinskaya (URS) 1972: Olga Korbut (URS) 1976: Nadia Comăneci (ROU) 1980: Nadia Comăneci (ROU) 1984: Ecaterina Szabo (ROU) 1984 Simona Păucă (ROU) 1988: Daniela Silivaș (ROU) 1992: Tatiana Lysenko (EUN) 1996: Shannon Miller (USA) 2000: Liu Xuan (CHN) 2004: Cătălina Ponor (ROU) 2008: Shawn Johnson (USA) 2012: Deng Linlin (CHN) 2016: Sanne Wevers (NED) 2020: Guan Chenchen (CHN) vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Uneven Bars 1938: Vlasta Děkanová (TCH) 1950: Gertrude Kolar (AUT) 1950 Ann-Sofi Pettersson (SWE) 1954: Ágnes Keleti (HUN) 1958: Larisa Latynina (URS) 1962: Irina Pervushina (URS) 1966: Natalia Kuchinskaya (URS) 1970: Karin Janz (GDR) 1974: Annelore Zinke (GDR) 1978: Marcia Frederick (USA) 1979: Maxi Gnauck (GDR) 1979 Ma Yanhong (CHN) 1981: Maxi Gnauck (GDR) 1983: Maxi Gnauck (GDR) 1985: Gabriele Fähnrich (GDR) 1987: Daniela Silivaș (ROM) 1987 Dörte Thümmler (GDR) 1989: Fan Di (CHN) 1989 Daniela Silivaș (ROM) 1991: Kim Gwang-suk (PRK) 1992: Lavinia Miloșovici (ROM) 1993: Shannon Miller (USA) 1994: Luo Li (CHN) 1995: Svetlana Khorkina (RUS) 1996: Svetlana Khorkina (RUS) 1996 Elena Piskun (BLR) 1997: Svetlana Khorkina (RUS) 1999: Svetlana Khorkina (RUS) 2001: Svetlana Khorkina (RUS) 2002: Courtney Kupets (USA) 2003: Chellsie Memmel (USA) 2003 Hollie Vise (USA) 2005: Nastia Liukin (USA) 2006: Beth Tweddle (GBR) 2007: Ksenia Semyonova (RUS) 2009: He Kexin (CHN) 2010: Beth Tweddle (GBR) 2011: Viktoria Komova (RUS) 2013: Huang Huidan (CHN) 2014: Yao Jinnan (CHN) 2015: Fan Yilin (CHN) 2015 Madison Kocian (USA) 2015 Viktoria Komova (RUS) 2015 Daria Spiridonova (RUS) 2017: Fan Yilin (CHN) 2018: Nina Derwael (BEL) 2019: Nina Derwael (BEL) 2021: Wei Xiaoyuan (CHN) 2022: Wei Xiaoyuan (CHN) 2023: Qiu Qiyuan (CHN) vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Balance Beam 1938: Vlasta Děkanová (TCH) 1950: Helena Rakoczy (POL) 1954: Keiko Tanaka (JPN) 1958: Larisa Latynina (URS) 1962: Eva Bosáková (TCH) 1966: Natalia Kuchinskaya (URS) 1970: Erika Zuchold (DDR) 1974: Ludmilla Tourischeva (URS) 1978: Nadia Comăneci (ROM) 1979: Věra Černá (TCH) 1981: Maxi Gnauck (DDR) 1983: Olga Mostepanova (URS) 1985: Daniela Silivaș (ROM) 1987: Aurelia Dobre (ROM) 1989: Daniela Silivaș (ROM) 1991: Svetlana Boginskaya (URS) 1992: Kim Zmeskal (USA) 1993: Lavinia Miloșovici (ROM) 1994: Shannon Miller (USA) 1995: Mo Huilan (CHN) 1996: Dina Kochetkova (RUS) 1997: Gina Gogean (ROM) 1999: Ling Jie (CHN) 2001: Andreea Răducan (ROM) 2002: Ashley Postell (USA) 2003: Fan Ye (CHN) 2005: Nastia Liukin (USA) 2006: Iryna Krasnianska (UKR) 2007: Nastia Liukin (USA) 2009: Deng Linlin (CHN) 2010: Ana Porgras (ROU) 2011: Sui Lu (CHN) 2013: Aliya Mustafina (RUS) 2014: Simone Biles (USA) 2015: Simone Biles (USA) 2017: Pauline Schäfer (GER) 2018: Liu Tingting (CHN) 2019: Simone Biles (USA) 2021: Urara Ashikawa (JPN) 2022: Hazuki Watanabe (JPN) 2023: Simone Biles (USA) vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Floor Exercise 1938: Matylda Pálfyová (TCH) 1950: Helena Rakoczy (POL) 1954: Tamara Manina (URS) 1958: Eva Bosáková (TCH) 1962: Larisa Latynina (URS) 1966: Natalia Kuchinskaya (URS) 1970: Ludmilla Tourischeva (URS) 1974: Ludmilla Tourischeva (URS) 1978: Nellie Kim (URS) 1979: Emilia Eberle (ROM) 1981: Natalia Ilienko (URS) 1983: Ecaterina Szabo (ROM) 1985: Oksana Omelianchik (URS) 1987: Yelena Shushunova (URS) 1987 Daniela Silivaș (ROM) 1989: Svetlana Boginskaya (URS) 1989 Daniela Silivaș (ROM) 1991: Cristina Bontaș (ROM) 1991 Oksana Chusovitina (URS) 1992: Kim Zmeskal (USA) 1993: Shannon Miller (USA) 1994: Dina Kochetkova (RUS) 1995: Gina Gogean (ROM) 1996: Gina Gogean (ROM) 1996 Kui Yuanyuan (CHN) 1997: Gina Gogean (ROM) 1999: Andreea Răducan (ROM) 2001: Andreea Răducan (ROM) 2002: Elena Gómez (ESP) 2003: Daiane dos Santos (BRA) 2005: Alicia Sacramone (USA) 2006: Cheng Fei (CHN) 2007: Shawn Johnson (USA) 2009: Beth Tweddle (GBR) 2010: Lauren Mitchell (AUS) 2011: Ksenia Afanasyeva (RUS) 2013: Simone Biles (USA) 2014: Simone Biles (USA) 2015: Simone Biles (USA) 2017: Mai Murakami (JPN) 2018: Simone Biles (USA) 2019: Simone Biles (USA) 2021: Mai Murakami (JPN) 2022: Jessica Gadirova (GBR) 2023: Simone Biles (USA) vteMembers of the International Gymnastics Hall of FameMen Nikolai Andrianov Leonid Arkayev Vladimir Artemov Albert Azaryan Max Bangerter Frank Bare Sr. Valery Belenky Octavian Bellu Dmitry Bilozerchev Miroslav Cerar Viktor Chukarin Bart Conner Stoyan Deltchev Alexander Dityatin Yukio Endō Shun Fujimoto Arthur Gander Mitch Gaylord Eberhard Gienger Bruno Grandi Savino Guglielmetti Jack Günthard Koji Gushiken Fabian Hambüchen Paul Hamm Takuji Hayata Ivan Ivankov Béla Károlyi Shigeru Kasamatsu Sawao Katō Eizo Kenmotsu Ihor Korobchynskyi Yuri Korolyov Klaus Köste Li Ning Li Xiaopeng Li Yuejiu Valeri Liukin Eugen Mack Zoltán Magyar Franco Menichelli Akinori Nakayama Alexei Nemov Takashi Ono Heikki Savolainen Vitaly Scherbo Boris Shakhlin Rustam Sharipov Josef Stalder Leon Štukelj Masao Takemoto Kurt Thomas William Thoresson Yuri Titov Aleksandr Tkachyov Shuji Tsurumi Kōhei Uchimura Peter Vidmar Mikhail Voronin Haruhiro Yamashita Yordan Yovchev Women Simona Amânar Polina Astakhova Svetlana Boginskaya Lyubov Burda Karin Büttner-Janz Věra Čáslavská Cheng Fei Oksana Chusovitina Nadia Comăneci Yelena Davydova Dominique Dawes Aurelia Dobre Shawn Johnson East Maria Filatova Maxi Gnauck Gina Gogean Maria Gorokhovskaya Tatiana Gutsu Ágnes Keleti Nellie Kim Jackie Klein Olga Korbut Margit Korondi Steffi Kräker Natalia Kuchinskaya Larisa Latynina Nastia Liukin Tatiana Lysenko Ma Yanhong Tamara Manina Julianne McNamara Chellsie Memmel Shannon Miller Lavinia Miloșovici Elena Mukhina Sofia Muratova Oksana Omelianchik Henrietta Ónodi Carly Patterson Lilia Podkopayeva Cătălina Ponor Andreea Răducan Helena Rakoczy Mary Lou Retton Cathy Rigby Elvira Saadi Alicia Sacramone Natalia Shaposhnikova Yelena Shushunova Daniela Silivaș Ecaterina Szabo Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda Olga Tass Ludmilla Tourischeva Teodora Ungureanu Berthe Villancher Natalia Yurchenko Elena Zamolodchikova Kim Zmeskal Erika Zuchold	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Natalia Alexandrovna Kuchinskaya (Russian: Наталья Александровна Кучинская; alternative transliteration Natal'ja Alieksandrovna Kutchinskaja), also known as Natasha Kuchinskaya (Russian: Наташа Кучинская) (born 8 March 1949) is a retired Russian Olympic gymnast. She won four medals at the 1968 Summer Olympics.","title":"Natalia Kuchinskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redfiles1-1"},{"link_name":"ballet dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_dancer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redfiles1-1"},{"link_name":"Larisa Latynina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larisa_Latynina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redfiles2-2"},{"link_name":"1966 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"balance beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_beam"},{"link_name":"uneven bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uneven_bars"},{"link_name":"floor exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_exercise"},{"link_name":"vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_vault"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forum-3"},{"link_name":"Věra Čáslavská","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_%C4%8C%C3%A1slavsk%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Zinaida Voronina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Voronina"},{"link_name":"balance beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_beam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redfiles2-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legends-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-favorites-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legends-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redfiles1-1"}],"text":"Kuchinskaya was born on March 8, 1949, in Leningrad and was selected for a gymnastics class while still in kindergarten.[1] She originally aspired to become a ballet dancer, but was convinced to study gymnastics by her parents, who were both involved with the sport.[1] She trained with Vladimir Reyson and later national team coach Larisa Latynina, who was said to consider Kuchinskaya one of her favourite gymnasts.[2]By 1965, at age 16, Kuchinskaya was the USSR national champion. At the 1966 World Championships, after winning her second Nationals title, the USSR Cup and the World Trials, she established herself as one of the stars of the Soviet team, winning gold medals in three of the four event finals (balance beam, uneven bars and floor exercise), a bronze on vault, and silvers in the all-around and team events. Kuchinskaya continued her winning streak in 1967, when she won the pre-Olympic test event in Mexico City and swept the USSR Nationals, walking away with the all-around title and every single event final gold medal.[3]At the 1968 Olympics, Kuchinskaya was arguably the most popular member of the Soviet team. She placed third in the all-around, behind Věra Čáslavská and her teammate Zinaida Voronina; she also shared the team gold medal and won the balance beam title and a bronze on the floor exercise. She was dubbed \"The Bride of Mexico\" and \"the Sweetheart of Mexico\" by the admiring press and was serenaded with a folk song, \"Natalie,\" during her stay in Mexico City.[2][4][5]The Olympics was Kuchinskaya's final competition. At the time, her sudden departure from gymnastics was attributed to a thyroid illness;[4] in an interview in the late 1990s, Kuchinskaya also revealed that she had lost her motivation for the sport.[1]","title":"Gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legends-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-club-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redfiles1-1"},{"link_name":"International Gymnastics Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gymnastics_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ighof.com-7"}],"text":"Following her retirement, Kuchinskaya coached in the USSR, Japan and the United States. She has been married since 1980 to optician Alexander Kotliar and currently lives and coaches in the USA, running her own gymnastics club in Illinois.[4][6] In 1999, she appeared on the \"Soviet Sport War\" episode of the PBS documentary The Red Files discussing her negative experiences in Soviet gymnastics.[1] In 2006, she was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame.[7]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Interview with Natalia Kuchinskaya\". The Red Files supplementary material, PBS. 1999. Retrieved January 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/redfiles/sports/deep/interv/s_int_natasha_kuchinskaya.htm7","url_text":"\"Interview with Natalia Kuchinskaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soviet Sports Wars (transcript)\" (DOC). PBS. April 1999. Retrieved January 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/redfiles/sports/stry/sports_stry_script.doc","url_text":"\"Soviet Sports Wars (transcript)\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of competitive results\". Gymn-Forum. Retrieved January 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gymn-forum.net/bios/women/kuchinskaya.html","url_text":"\"List of competitive results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legends: Natalia Kuchinskaya\". International Gymnast. Retrieved January 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intlgymnast.com/legends/kuchinskaya.html","url_text":"\"Legends: Natalia Kuchinskaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Do favorites always win?\". Sport in the USSR. August 1988. Retrieved January 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gymn-forum.net/Articles/SP-KucShu.html","url_text":"\"Do favorites always win?\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Gymnastics home page\". Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090428072552/http://www.internationalgymnasticsgym.com/aboutus.html","url_text":"\"International Gymnastics home page\""},{"url":"http://www.internationalgymnasticsgym.com/aboutus.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kuchinskaya's page at the IGHOF\". International Gymnastics Hall of Fame. 206. Retrieved January 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ighof.com/honorees/honorees_kuchinskaya.html","url_text":"\"Kuchinskaya's page at the IGHOF\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/redfiles/sports/deep/interv/s_int_natasha_kuchinskaya.htm7","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Natalia Kuchinskaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/redfiles/sports/stry/sports_stry_script.doc","external_links_name":"\"Soviet Sports Wars (transcript)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gymn-forum.net/bios/women/kuchinskaya.html","external_links_name":"\"List of competitive results\""},{"Link":"http://www.intlgymnast.com/legends/kuchinskaya.html","external_links_name":"\"Legends: Natalia Kuchinskaya\""},{"Link":"http://www.gymn-forum.net/Articles/SP-KucShu.html","external_links_name":"\"Do favorites always win?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090428072552/http://www.internationalgymnasticsgym.com/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"\"International Gymnastics home page\""},{"Link":"http://www.internationalgymnasticsgym.com/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ighof.com/honorees/honorees_kuchinskaya.html","external_links_name":"\"Kuchinskaya's page at the IGHOF\""},{"Link":"https://www.ighof.com/inductees/2006_Natalia_Kuchinskaya.php","external_links_name":"Natalia Kuchinskaya"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/natalya-kuchinskaya","external_links_name":"Natalia Kuchinskaya"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/29195","external_links_name":"Nataliya Kuchinskaya"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_FA_Cup_Final	1937 FA Cup final	["1 Match details","2 External links"]	Football match1937 FA Cup finalEvent1936–37 FA Cup Sunderland Preston North End 3 1 Date1 May 1937VenueWembley Stadium, LondonRefereeR. G. RuddAttendance93,495← 1936 1938 → The 1937 FA Cup final was contested by Sunderland and Preston North End at Wembley. Sunderland won 3–1, with goals by Bobby Gurney, Raich Carter and Eddie Burbanks. Frank O'Donnell's strike on 44 minutes had put Preston ahead. It was the first final tie contested in May (all previous finals had hitherto been played in April). The last survivor from the winning side was Sunderland goalkeeper Johnny Mapson, who died in August 1999 at the age of 82. The last surviving player from the game, Preston's Jimmy Dougal, died two months later at the age of 86. The Sunderland 1937 FA Cup-winning team with the trophy. Match details 1 May 193715:00 BST Sunderland3–1Preston North End Bobby Gurney 52'Raich Carter 73'Eddie Burbanks 78' Report Frank O'Donnell 38' Wembley, LondonAttendance: 93,495Referee: R. G. Rudd Sunderland Preston 1 Johnny Mapson 2 Jimmy Gorman 3 Alex Hall 4 Charlie Thomson 5 Bert Johnston 6 Alex 'Sandy' McNab 7 Len Duns 8 Raich Carter (c) 9 Bobby Gurney 10 Patrick Gallacher 11 Eddie Burbanks Manager: Johnny Cochrane 1 Mick Burns 2 Frank Gallimore 3 Andy Beattie 4 Bill Shankly 5 Billy Tremelling (c) 6 Jimmy Milne 7 Jimmy Dougal 8 Joseph Beresford 9 Frank O'Donnell 10 Willie Fagan 11 Hugh O'Donnell Manager: Tommy Muirhead Match rules 90 minutes. 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary. Replay if scores still level. External links Match report at www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk FA Cup Final lineups vteFA CupSeasons 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 1874–75 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Qualifying rounds 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 History Trophy List of finals Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Scottish clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Giant-Killing Award vte1936–37 in English football « 1935–36 1937–38 » FA competitions FA Cup (Qualifying rounds Final) FA Charity Shield Football League Football League (First Division Second Division Third Division) Lower leagues Isthmian League Northern League Southern League Western League Related to national team Home Championship Club seasonsFirst Division Arsenal Birmingham Bolton Wanderers Brentford Charlton Athletic Chelsea Derby County Everton Grimsby Town Huddersfield Town Leeds United Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Portsmouth Preston North End Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland West Bromwich Albion Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Aston Villa Barnsley Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bradford City Bradford Park Avenue Burnley Bury Chesterfield Coventry City Doncaster Rovers Fulham Leicester City Newcastle United Norwich City Nottingham Forest Plymouth Argyle Sheffield United Southampton Swansea Town Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Third DivisionNorth Accrington Stanley Barrow Carlisle United Chester Crewe Alexandra Darlington Gateshead Halifax Town Hartlepools United Hull City Lincoln City Mansfield Town New Brighton Oldham Athletic Port Vale Rochdale Rotherham United Southport Stockport County Tranmere Rovers Wrexham York City South Aldershot Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol City Bristol Rovers Cardiff City Clapton Orient Crystal Palace Exeter City Gillingham Luton Town Millwall Newport County Northampton Town Notts County Queens Park Rangers Reading Southend United Swindon Town Torquay United Walsall Watford vteSunderland A.F.C. matchesFA Cup Finals 1913 1937 1973 1992 Football League Cup Finals 1985 2014 Football League Trophy Finals 2019 2021 Football League War Cup Finals 1942 FA Charity Shields 1936 1937 Football League play-off Finals 1990 Second Division 1998 First Division 2019 League One 2022 League One Other matches Game of three halves (1894) 1895 World Championship Yeovil Town 2–1 Sunderland (1949) Football League 100th Championship Challenge (1999) vtePreston North End F.C. matchesFA Cup Finals 1888 1889 1922 1937 1938 1954 1964 Football League War Cup Finals 1941 FA Community Shields 1938 Football League play-off Finals 1994 Third Division 2001 First Division 2005 Championship 2015 League One Other matches 1889 World Championship	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Preston North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Raich Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raich_Carter"},{"link_name":"Eddie Burbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Burbanks"},{"link_name":"Frank O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O%27Donnell_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rokerlads1937.jpg"}],"text":"Football matchThe 1937 FA Cup final was contested by Sunderland and Preston North End at Wembley. Sunderland won 3–1, with goals by Bobby Gurney, Raich Carter and Eddie Burbanks. Frank O'Donnell's strike on 44 minutes had put Preston ahead. It was the first final tie contested in May (all previous finals had hitherto been played in April).The last survivor from the winning side was Sunderland goalkeeper Johnny Mapson, who died in August 1999 at the age of 82. The last surviving player from the game, Preston's Jimmy Dougal, died two months later at the age of 86.The Sunderland 1937 FA Cup-winning team with the trophy.","title":"1937 FA Cup final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Preston North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bobby Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Raich Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raich_Carter"},{"link_name":"Eddie Burbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Burbanks"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100305035140/http://www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk:80/1937.htm"},{"link_name":"Frank O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O%27Donnell_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"1 May 193715:00 BST\nSunderland3–1Preston North End\nBobby Gurney 52'Raich Carter 73'Eddie Burbanks 78'\nReport\nFrank O'Donnell 38'\nWembley, LondonAttendance: 93,495Referee: R. G. RuddMatch rules90 minutes.\n30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.\nReplay if scores still level.","title":"Match details"}]	[{"image_text":"The Sunderland 1937 FA Cup-winning team with the trophy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rokerlads1937.jpg/220px-Rokerlads1937.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100305035140/http://www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk:80/1937.htm","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080723205331/https://www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk/1937.htm","external_links_name":"Match report at www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824153647/http://www.sportingchronicle.com/FACUP/1937.html","external_links_name":"FA Cup Final lineups"}]

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