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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Book_Club
Oprah's Book Club
["1 History","2 Influence","3 Critical reception","4 Controversies","4.1 Jonathan Franzen","4.2 James Frey","5 Oprah's Book Club selections","6 Streaming television series","7 References","7.1 Footnotes","7.2 Further reading","8 External links"]
Talk show segment of books chosen by Oprah Winfrey This article is about the 1996–2011 talk show segment. For the online club started in 2012, see Oprah's Book Club 2.0. For the 2019 TV series, see Oprah's Book Club (TV series). Eckhart Tolle joins Oprah to discuss his book A New Earth as part of a live webcast series on Oprah.com Oprah's Book Club was a book discussion club segment of the American talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show, highlighting books chosen by host Oprah Winfrey. Winfrey started the book club in 1996, selecting a new book, usually a novel, for viewers to read and discuss each month. In total, the club recommended 70 books during its 15 years. Due to the book club's widespread popularity, many obscure titles have become very popular bestsellers, increasing sales in some cases by as many as several million copies. Al Greco, a Fordham University marketing professor, estimated the total sales of the 70 "Oprah editions" at over 55 million copies. The club has seen several literary controversies, such as Jonathan Franzen's public dissatisfaction with his novel, The Corrections, having been chosen by Winfrey, and the incident of James Frey's memoir, A Million Little Pieces, being outed as almost entirety fabricated. The latter controversy resulted in Frey and publisher Nan Talese being confronted and publicly shamed by Winfrey in a highly praised live televised episode of Winfrey's show. On June 1, 2012, Oprah announced the launch of Oprah's Book Club 2.0 with Wild by Cheryl Strayed. The new version of Oprah's Book Club, a joint project between OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network and O, The Oprah Magazine, incorporates the use of various social media platforms and e-readers. On March 25, 2019, Apple Inc. and Oprah announced a revival of Oprah's Book Club that aired on Apple TV+. History The book club's first selection on September 17, 1996, was the then recently published novel The Deep End of the Ocean by Jacquelyn Mitchard. Winfrey discontinued the book club for one year in 2002, stating that she could not keep up with the required reading while still searching for contemporary novels that she enjoyed. After its revival in 2003, books were selected on a more limited basis (three or four a year). Winfrey returned to fiction with her 2007 selections of The Road by Cormac McCarthy in March and Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides in June. Shortly after its being chosen, The Road was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Winfrey conducted the first ever television interview with McCarthy, a famously reclusive author, on June 5, 2007. The October 2007 selection was Love in the Time of Cholera, a 1985 novel by Nobel Prize laureate Gabriel García Márquez, greatly furthering not only the influence of the author in North America, but that of his translator Edith Grossman. Another work by Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude, was a previous selection for the book club in 2004. The last club selection was a special edition of Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations. It had disappointingly low sales figures. Influence In Reading with Oprah: The Book Club That Changed America, Kathleen Rooney describes Winfrey as "a serious American intellectual who pioneered the use of electronic media, specifically television and the Internet, to take reading—a decidedly non-technological and highly individual act—and highlight its social elements and uses in such a way to motivate millions of erstwhile non-readers to pick up books." Business Week stated: Perhaps the most astonishing aspect of the Oprah phenomenon is how outsized her power is compared with that of other market movers. Some observers suggest that Jon Stewart of Comedy Central's The Daily Show could be No. 2. Other proven arm-twisters include Fox News's Sean Hannity, National Public Radio's Terry Gross, radio personality Don Imus, and CBS' 60 Minutes. But no one comes close to Oprah's clout: Publishers estimate that her power to sell a book is anywhere from 20 to 100 times that of any other media personality. In 2009, it was reported that the influence of Winfrey's book club had even spread to Brazil, with picks like A New Earth dominating Brazil's best-seller list. The club generated so much success for some books that they went on to be adapted into films. This subset includes The Deep End of the Ocean and The Reader. At the show's conclusion in May 2011, Nielsen BookScan created a list of the top-10 bestsellers from the club's final 10 years (prior data was unavailable). The top four with sales figures as of May 2011: Eckhart Tolle, A New Earth (2005), 3,370,000 copies James Frey, A Million Little Pieces, 2,695,500 copies Elie Wiesel, Night, 2,021,000 copies Cormac McCarthy, The Road, 1,385,000 copies In a 2014 paper by economist Craig L. Garthwaite published in American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, it was reported that while the book club increased sales of individual titles in the list, it caused a short-term overall decrease in sales for the book industry as a whole after each selection was announced. Since Oprah's selections were longer and more difficult classics that demanded greater time and energy to read, those people who were reading Oprah's books were not buying their usual fare of genre books: "there were statistically significant decreases for mysteries and action/adventure novels. Romances also saw a sales decline," following an Oprah endorsement. In the 12 weeks following an endorsement, "weekly adult fiction book sales decreased by a statistically significant 2.5 percent." Critical reception The club has received critical commentaries from the literary community. Scott Stossel, an editor at The Atlantic, wrote: There is something so relentlessly therapeutic, so consciously self-improving about the book club that it seems antithetical to discussions of serious literature. Literature should disturb the mind and derange the senses; it can be palliative, but it is not meant to be the easy, soothing one that Oprah would make it. Controversies Jonathan Franzen Jonathan Franzen felt conflicted about his book The Corrections being chosen as a book club selection. After the announcement was made, he expressed distaste with being in the company of other Oprah's Book Club authors, saying in an interview that Winfrey had "picked some good books, but she's picked enough schmaltzy, one-dimensional ones that I cringe, myself, even though I think she's really smart and she's really fighting the good fight." Franzen added that his novel was a "hard book for that audience." Following the criticism Franzen was uninvited from the televised book club dinner, and he apologized profusely. When Franzen was not invited back, he suggested that perhaps he and Winfrey could still have dinner but not on TV, but Winfrey was all booked up, and her spokesperson said she was moving on. Other writers were critical of Franzen. Writing in The New York Times, author Verlyn Klinkenborg suggested that "lurking behind Mr. Franzen's rejection of Ms. Winfrey is an elemental distrust of readers, except for the ones he designates." Author Andre Dubus III wrote that, "It is so elitist it offends me deeply. The assumption that high art is not for the masses, that they won't understand it and they don't deserve it – I find that reprehensible. Is that a judgment on the audience? Or on the books in whose company he would be?" In 2010, Oprah chose another of Franzen's books, Freedom, for her book club. She said that after she read a copy of the book Franzen had sent her with a note, she called the author and gained his permission. Oprah said, "we have a little history this author and I", but called the book "a masterpiece", and according to an article in the Los Angeles Times, she "seems to have forgiven the bestselling author after their 2001 kerfuffle". James Frey In late 2005 and early 2006, Oprah's Book Club was again involved in controversy. Winfrey selected James Frey's A Million Little Pieces for the September 2005 selection. Pieces is a book billed as a memoir—a true account of Frey's life as an alcoholic, drug addict, and criminal. It became the Book Club's greatest selling book up to that point, and many readers spoke of how the account helped free them from drugs as well. But the additional attention focused on Frey's memoir soon led to critics questioning the validity of Frey's supposedly true account, especially regarding his treatment while in a rehabilitation facility and his stories of time spent in jail. Initially, Frey convinced Larry King that the embellishments in his book were of a sort that could be found in any literary memoir; Winfrey encouraged debate about how creative non-fiction should be classified, and cited the inspirational impact Frey's work had had on so many of her viewers. But as more accusations against the book surfaced, Winfrey invited Frey on the show to find out directly from him whether he had lied to her and her viewers. During a heated live televised debate, Winfrey forced Frey to admit that he had indeed lied about spending time in jail, and that he had no idea whether he had two root canals without painkillers or not, despite devoting several pages to describing them in excruciating detail. Winfrey then brought out Frey's publisher Nan Talese to defend her decision to classify the book as a memoir, and forced Talese to admit that she had done nothing to check the book's veracity, despite the fact that her representatives had assured Winfrey's staff that the book was indeed non-fiction and described it as "brutally honest" in a press release. The media commented on the televised showdown. David Carr of The New York Times wrote: "Both Mr. Frey and Ms. Talese were snapped in two like dry winter twigs." "Oprah annihilates Frey," proclaimed Larry King. New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd wrote, "It was a huge relief, after our long national slide into untruth and no consequences, into Swift boating and swift bucks, into W.'s delusion and denial, to see the Empress of Empathy icily hold someone accountable for lying," and The Washington Post's Richard Cohen was so impressed by the confrontation, that he crowned Winfrey "Mensch of the Year." Oprah's Book Club selections See also: Oprah's Book Club 2.0 § Oprah's Book Club 2.0 selections Source: Date Title Author Reference September 1996 The Deep End of the Ocean Jacquelyn Mitchard October 1996 Song of Solomon Toni Morrison November 1996 The Book of Ruth Jane Hamilton December 1996 She's Come Undone Wally Lamb February 1997 Stones from the River Ursula Hegi April 1997 The Rapture of Canaan Sheri Reynolds May 1997 The Heart of a Woman Maya Angelou June 1997 Songs In Ordinary Time Mary McGarry Morris September 1997 A Lesson Before Dying Ernest J. Gaines October 1997 A Virtuous Woman Kaye Gibbons October 1997 Ellen Foster Kaye Gibbons December 1997 The Meanest Thing To Say Bill Cosby December 1997 The Treasure Hunt Bill Cosby December 1997 The Best Way to Play Bill Cosby January 1998 Paradise Toni Morrison March 1998 Here on Earth Alice Hoffman April 1998 Black and Blue Anna Quindlen May 1998 Breath, Eyes, Memory Edwidge Danticat June 1998 I Know This Much Is True Wally Lamb September 1998 What Looks Like Crazy on an Ordinary Day Pearl Cleage October 1998 Midwives Chris Bohjalian December 1998 Where the Heart Is Billie Letts January 1999 Jewel Bret Lott February 1999 The Reader Bernhard Schlink March 1999 The Pilot's Wife Anita Shreve May 1999 White Oleander Janet Fitch June 1999 Mother of Pearl Melinda Haynes September 1999 Tara Road Maeve Binchy October 1999 River, Cross My Heart Breena Clarke November 1999 Vinegar Hill A. Manette Ansay December 1999 A Map of the World Jane Hamilton January 2000 Gap Creek Robert Morgan February 2000 Daughter of Fortune Isabel Allende March 2000 Back Roads Tawni O'Dell April 2000 The Bluest Eye Toni Morrison May 2000 While I Was Gone Sue Miller June 2000 The Poisonwood Bible Barbara Kingsolver August 2000 Open House Elizabeth Berg September 2000 Drowning Ruth Christina Schwarz November 2000 House of Sand and Fog Andre Dubus III January 2001 We Were the Mulvaneys Joyce Carol Oates March 2001 Icy Sparks Gwyn Hyman Rubio May 2001 Stolen Lives: Twenty Years in a Desert Jail Malika Oufkir June 2001 Cane River Lalita Tademy September 2001 The Corrections Jonathan Franzen November 2001 A Fine Balance Rohinton Mistry January 2002 Fall on Your Knees Ann-Marie MacDonald April 2002 Sula Toni Morrison June 2003 East of Eden John Steinbeck September 2003 Cry, The Beloved Country Alan Paton January 2004 One Hundred Years of Solitude Gabriel García Márquez April 2004 The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter Carson McCullers May 2004 Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy September 2004 The Good Earth Pearl S. Buck June 2005 The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August William Faulkner September 2005 A Million Little Pieces James Frey January 2006 Night Elie Wiesel January 2007 The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography Sir Sidney Poitier March 2007 The Road Cormac McCarthy June 2007 Middlesex Jeffrey Eugenides October 2007 Love in the Time of Cholera Gabriel García Márquez November 2007 The Pillars of the Earth Ken Follett January 2008 A New Earth Eckhart Tolle September 2008 The Story of Edgar Sawtelle David Wroblewski September 2009 Say You're One of Them Uwem Akpan September 2010 Freedom Jonathan Franzen December 2010 Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens The original book club ended with the conclusion of The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2011. See Oprah's Book Club 2.0 for the selections of the club's 2012 relaunch. Streaming television series Main article: Oprah's Book Club (TV series) On March 25, 2019, Apple Inc. and Oprah announced a revival of Oprah's Book Club that was released on Apple TV+. References Footnotes ^ a b c d e f g Bob Minzesheimer, "How the 'Oprah Effect' changed publishing", USA Today, May 23, 2011. ^ a b Matthew Flamm, "Publishers say farewell to Oprah Book Club boon", Crain's New York Business, May 20, 2011. ^ a b Carolyn Kellogg, "Oprah's Book Club: She spoke, we read", Los Angeles Times, May 22, 2011. ^ Wyatt, Edward (June 7, 2004). "Tolstoy's Translators Experience Oprah's Effect". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2007. ^ a b Carr, David (January 30, 2006). "How Oprahness Trumped Truthiness". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2007. ^ a b Hipes, Patrick (March 25, 2019). "Apple Shows Off Original Series For First Time With Sizzle Reel – Watch". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 27, 2019. ^ a b Gartenberg, Chaim (March 25, 2019). "Oprah will release two documentaries on Apple TV Plus along with a new book club". The Verge. Retrieved March 27, 2019. ^ Lacayo, Richard (April 7, 2002). "Oprah Turns the Page". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007. ^ "Readers' Guide to The Road by Cormac McCarthy". Oprah.com. March 28, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ "Oprah Winfrey chooses Garcia Marquez's 'Love in the Time of Cholera' as next book club pick". The International Herald Tribune. October 5, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007. ^ Rooney, Kathleen (2005). Reading with Oprah: The Book Club That Changed America. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. p. xii. ISBN 9781557287823. OCLC 57498613. american intellectual. ^ "Why Oprah Opens Readers' Wallet". Business Week. October 10, 2005. Archived from the original on October 29, 2005. Retrieved October 5, 2007. ^ "Oprah's Favorite Authors Dominate Bestseller Lists In Brazil". Webwire.com. February 23, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ Jason Boog. "Top 10 Bestselling Books in Oprah’s Book Club" Archived May 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, GalleyCat, May 23, 2011. ^ Garthwaite, Craig L. (April 2014). "Demand Spillovers, Combative Advertising, and Celebrity Endorsements". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 6 (2): 76–104. doi:10.1257/app.6.2.76. ^ Kevin Drum (March 1, 2012). "The Unintended Consequences of Oprah's Book Club". Retrieved March 1, 2012. ^ "Jonathan Franzen Uncorrected". Retrieved October 5, 2007. ^ a b Schindehette, Susan. "Novel Approach - Feuds, The Corrections, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Jonathan Franzen, Oprah Winfrey". People.com. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ a b "Content: Reading Room". mediabistro. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ Klinkenborg, Verlyn (October 30, 2001). "The Not-Yet-Ready-for-Prime-Time Novelist". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2012. ^ a b "Oprah's Book Club Announcement - Video". Oprah.com. September 17, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ Kellogg, Carolyn (September 18, 2010). "Oprah's book club christens Franzen's 'Freedom'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. ^ "CNN.com - Transcripts". Transcripts.cnn.com. May 1, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ Dowd, Maureen (January 28, 2006). "Oprah's Bunk Club". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 5, 2007. ^ Poniewozik, James (January 26, 2006). "Oprah Clarifies Her Position: Truth, Good. Embarrassing Oprah, Very Bad". Time. Retrieved October 5, 2007. ^ "Oprah's Book Club: The Complete List" (PDF). Oprah.com. November 19, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2019. ^ "Your Reader's Guide to The Story of Edgar Sawtelle". Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Further reading Illouz, Eva (2003). Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery: An Essay on Popular Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11813-9. Rooney, Kathleen (2005). Reading with Oprah: The Book Club That Changed America. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 1-55728-782-1. Striphas, Ted (2009). The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14814-6. 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For the online club started in 2012, see Oprah's Book Club 2.0. For the 2019 TV series, see Oprah's Book Club (TV series).Eckhart Tolle joins Oprah to discuss his book A New Earth as part of a live webcast series on Oprah.comOprah's Book Club was a book discussion club segment of the American talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show, highlighting books chosen by host Oprah Winfrey. Winfrey started the book club in 1996, selecting a new book, usually a novel, for viewers to read and discuss each month.[1][2][3] In total, the club recommended 70 books during its 15 years.Due to the book club's widespread popularity, many obscure titles have become very popular bestsellers, increasing sales in some cases by as many as several million copies.[4] Al Greco, a Fordham University marketing professor, estimated the total sales of the 70 \"Oprah editions\" at over 55 million copies.[1]The club has seen several literary controversies, such as Jonathan Franzen's public dissatisfaction with his novel, The Corrections, having been chosen by Winfrey,[1] and the incident of James Frey's memoir, A Million Little Pieces, being outed as almost entirety fabricated.[1] The latter controversy resulted in Frey and publisher Nan Talese being confronted and publicly shamed by Winfrey in a highly praised live televised episode of Winfrey's show.[5]On June 1, 2012, Oprah announced the launch of Oprah's Book Club 2.0 with Wild by Cheryl Strayed. The new version of Oprah's Book Club, a joint project between OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network and O, The Oprah Magazine, incorporates the use of various social media platforms and e-readers.On March 25, 2019, Apple Inc. and Oprah announced a revival of Oprah's Book Club that aired on Apple TV+.[6][7]","title":"Oprah's Book Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Deep End of the Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deep_End_of_the_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Jacquelyn Mitchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquelyn_Mitchard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minzesheimer-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turns_page-8"},{"link_name":"The Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road"},{"link_name":"Cormac McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Eugenides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Love in the Time of Cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Gabriel García Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez"},{"link_name":"Edith Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Grossman"},{"link_name":"One Hundred Years of Solitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marquez-10"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellogg-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minzesheimer-1"}],"text":"The book club's first selection on September 17, 1996, was the then recently published novel The Deep End of the Ocean by Jacquelyn Mitchard.[1] Winfrey discontinued the book club for one year in 2002, stating that she could not keep up with the required reading while still searching for contemporary novels that she enjoyed.[8] After its revival in 2003, books were selected on a more limited basis (three or four a year).Winfrey returned to fiction with her 2007 selections of The Road by Cormac McCarthy in March and Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides in June. Shortly after its being chosen, The Road was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Winfrey conducted the first ever television interview with McCarthy, a famously reclusive author, on June 5, 2007.[9]The October 2007 selection was Love in the Time of Cholera, a 1985 novel by Nobel Prize laureate Gabriel García Márquez, greatly furthering not only the influence of the author in North America, but that of his translator Edith Grossman. Another work by Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude, was a previous selection for the book club in 2004.[10]The last club selection was a special edition of Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations.[3] It had disappointingly low sales figures.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Rooney"},{"link_name":"intellectual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"erstwhile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/erstwhile"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Business Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Week"},{"link_name":"Jon Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"},{"link_name":"The Daily Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Show"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"Sean Hannity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hannity"},{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"Terry Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gross"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"Don Imus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Imus"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wallet-12"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"A New Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Earth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Deep End of the Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deep_End_of_the_Ocean"},{"link_name":"The Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reader"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nielsen BookScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_BookScan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flamm-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Eckhart Tolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhart_Tolle"},{"link_name":"A New Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Earth"},{"link_name":"James Frey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frey"},{"link_name":"A Million Little Pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Million_Little_Pieces"},{"link_name":"Elie Wiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wiesel"},{"link_name":"Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(memoir)"},{"link_name":"Cormac McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"The Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road"},{"link_name":"Craig L. Garthwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craig_L._Garthwaite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Journal:_Applied_Economics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drum-16"}],"text":"In Reading with Oprah: The Book Club That Changed America, Kathleen Rooney describes Winfrey as \"a serious American intellectual who pioneered the use of electronic media, specifically television and the Internet, to take reading—a decidedly non-technological and highly individual act—and highlight its social elements and uses in such a way to motivate millions of erstwhile non-readers to pick up books.\"[11]Business Week stated:Perhaps the most astonishing aspect of the Oprah phenomenon is how outsized her power is compared with that of other market movers. Some observers suggest that Jon Stewart of Comedy Central's The Daily Show could be No. 2. Other proven arm-twisters include Fox News's Sean Hannity, National Public Radio's Terry Gross, radio personality Don Imus, and CBS' 60 Minutes. But no one comes close to Oprah's clout: Publishers estimate that her power to sell a book is anywhere from 20 to 100 times that of any other media personality.[12]In 2009, it was reported that the influence of Winfrey's book club had even spread to Brazil, with picks like A New Earth dominating Brazil's best-seller list.[13]The club generated so much success for some books that they went on to be adapted into films. This subset includes The Deep End of the Ocean and The Reader.[citation needed]At the show's conclusion in May 2011, Nielsen BookScan created a list of the top-10 bestsellers from the club's final 10 years (prior data was unavailable).[2] The top four with sales figures as of May 2011:[14]Eckhart Tolle, A New Earth (2005), 3,370,000 copies\nJames Frey, A Million Little Pieces, 2,695,500 copies\nElie Wiesel, Night, 2,021,000 copies\nCormac McCarthy, The Road, 1,385,000 copiesIn a 2014 paper by economist Craig L. Garthwaite published in American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, it was reported that while the book club increased sales of individual titles in the list, it caused a short-term overall decrease in sales for the book industry as a whole after each selection was announced.[15] Since Oprah's selections were longer and more difficult classics that demanded greater time and energy to read, those people who were reading Oprah's books were not buying their usual fare of genre books: \"there were statistically significant decreases for mysteries and action/adventure novels. Romances also saw a sales decline,\" following an Oprah endorsement. In the 12 weeks following an endorsement, \"weekly adult fiction book sales decreased by a statistically significant 2.5 percent.\"[16]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scott Stossel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Stossel"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minzesheimer-1"}],"text":"The club has received critical commentaries from the literary community.Scott Stossel, an editor at The Atlantic, wrote:There is something so relentlessly therapeutic, so consciously self-improving about the book club that it seems antithetical to discussions of serious literature. Literature should disturb the mind and derange the senses; it can be palliative, but it is not meant to be the easy, soothing one that Oprah would make it.[1]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Franzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen"},{"link_name":"The Corrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corrections"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-franzen-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediabistro1-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people1-18"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Verlyn Klinkenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlyn_Klinkenborg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klinkenborg-NYT-20"},{"link_name":"Andre Dubus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Dubus_III"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediabistro1-19"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Franzen_novel)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Jonathan Franzen","text":"Jonathan Franzen felt conflicted about his book The Corrections being chosen as a book club selection. After the announcement was made, he expressed distaste with being in the company of other Oprah's Book Club authors, saying in an interview that Winfrey had \"picked some good books, but she's picked enough schmaltzy, one-dimensional ones that I cringe, myself, even though I think she's really smart and she's really fighting the good fight.\"[17] Franzen added that his novel was a \"hard book for that audience.\"[18]Following the criticism Franzen was uninvited from the televised book club dinner, and he apologized profusely.[19] When Franzen was not invited back, he suggested that perhaps he and Winfrey could still have dinner but not on TV, but Winfrey was all booked up, and her spokesperson said she was moving on.[18]Other writers were critical of Franzen. Writing in The New York Times, author Verlyn Klinkenborg suggested that \"lurking behind Mr. Franzen's rejection of Ms. Winfrey is an elemental distrust of readers, except for the ones he designates.\"[20] Author Andre Dubus III wrote that, \"It is so elitist it offends me deeply. The assumption that high art is not for the masses, that they won't understand it and they don't deserve it – I find that reprehensible. Is that a judgment on the audience? Or on the books in whose company he would be?\"[19]In 2010, Oprah chose another of Franzen's books, Freedom, for her book club. She said that after she read a copy of the book Franzen had sent her with a note, she called the author and gained his permission.[21] Oprah said, \"we have a little history this author and I\", but called the book \"a masterpiece\", and according to an article in the Los Angeles Times, she \"seems to have forgiven the bestselling author after their 2001 kerfuffle\".[21][22]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Frey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frey"},{"link_name":"A Million Little Pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Million_Little_Pieces"},{"link_name":"memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoir"},{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic"},{"link_name":"drug addict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_addict"},{"link_name":"rehabilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation"},{"link_name":"Larry King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_King"},{"link_name":"root canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal"},{"link_name":"Nan Talese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Talese"},{"link_name":"David Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carr_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-truthiness-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Maureen Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Dowd"},{"link_name":"Swift boating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_boating"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bunk-24"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Richard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cohen_(Washington_Post_columnist)"},{"link_name":"Mensch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"James Frey","text":"In late 2005 and early 2006, Oprah's Book Club was again involved in controversy. Winfrey selected James Frey's A Million Little Pieces for the September 2005 selection. Pieces is a book billed as a memoir—a true account of Frey's life as an alcoholic, drug addict, and criminal. It became the Book Club's greatest selling book up to that point, and many readers spoke of how the account helped free them from drugs as well. But the additional attention focused on Frey's memoir soon led to critics questioning the validity of Frey's supposedly true account, especially regarding his treatment while in a rehabilitation facility and his stories of time spent in jail. Initially, Frey convinced Larry King that the embellishments in his book were of a sort that could be found in any literary memoir; Winfrey encouraged debate about how creative non-fiction should be classified, and cited the inspirational impact Frey's work had had on so many of her viewers. But as more accusations against the book surfaced, Winfrey invited Frey on the show to find out directly from him whether he had lied to her and her viewers. During a heated live televised debate, Winfrey forced Frey to admit that he had indeed lied about spending time in jail, and that he had no idea whether he had two root canals without painkillers or not, despite devoting several pages to describing them in excruciating detail. Winfrey then brought out Frey's publisher Nan Talese to defend her decision to classify the book as a memoir, and forced Talese to admit that she had done nothing to check the book's veracity, despite the fact that her representatives had assured Winfrey's staff that the book was indeed non-fiction and described it as \"brutally honest\" in a press release.The media commented on the televised showdown. David Carr of The New York Times wrote: \"Both Mr. Frey and Ms. Talese were snapped in two like dry winter twigs.\"[5] \"Oprah annihilates Frey,\" proclaimed Larry King.[23] New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd wrote, \"It was a huge relief, after our long national slide into untruth and no consequences, into Swift boating and swift bucks, into W.'s delusion and denial, to see the Empress of Empathy icily hold someone accountable for lying,\"[24] and The Washington Post's Richard Cohen was so impressed by the confrontation, that he crowned Winfrey \"Mensch of the Year.\"[25]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oprah's Book Club 2.0 § Oprah's Book Club 2.0 selections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah%27s_Book_Club_2.0#Oprah's_Book_Club_2.0_selections"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Oprah Winfrey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show"},{"link_name":"Oprah's Book Club 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah%27s_Book_Club_2.0"}],"text":"See also: Oprah's Book Club 2.0 § Oprah's Book Club 2.0 selectionsSource:[26]The original book club ended with the conclusion of The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2011. See Oprah's Book Club 2.0 for the selections of the club's 2012 relaunch.","title":"Oprah's Book Club selections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"revival of Oprah's Book Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah%27s_Book_Club_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-7"}],"text":"On March 25, 2019, Apple Inc. and Oprah announced a revival of Oprah's Book Club that was released on Apple TV+.[6][7]","title":"Streaming television series"}]
[{"image_text":"Eckhart Tolle joins Oprah to discuss his book A New Earth as part of a live webcast series on Oprah.com","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/A_New_Earth_Webcast%2C_2008.jpg/220px-A_New_Earth_Webcast%2C_2008.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Wyatt, Edward (June 7, 2004). \"Tolstoy's Translators Experience Oprah's Effect\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F07E6D81131F934A35755C0A9629C8B63","url_text":"\"Tolstoy's Translators Experience Oprah's Effect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Carr, David (January 30, 2006). \"How Oprahness Trumped Truthiness\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carr_(journalist)","url_text":"Carr, David"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/30/business/media/30carr.html","url_text":"\"How Oprahness Trumped Truthiness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Hipes, Patrick (March 25, 2019). \"Apple Shows Off Original Series For First Time With Sizzle Reel – Watch\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/03/apple-original-tv-series-first-look-sizzle-reel-video-1202582279/","url_text":"\"Apple Shows Off Original Series For First Time With Sizzle Reel – Watch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Gartenberg, Chaim (March 25, 2019). \"Oprah will release two documentaries on Apple TV Plus along with a new book club\". The Verge. Retrieved March 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/25/18281188/oprah-apple-tv-plus-book-club-streaming-service-announcement-event-2019","url_text":"\"Oprah will release two documentaries on Apple TV Plus along with a new book club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"Lacayo, Richard (April 7, 2002). \"Oprah Turns the Page\". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071226194220/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002228,00.html","url_text":"\"Oprah Turns the Page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine","url_text":"Time Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002228,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Readers' Guide to The Road by Cormac McCarthy\". Oprah.com. March 28, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprah.com/article/oprahsbookclub/road/road_book_synopsis/1","url_text":"\"Readers' Guide to The Road by Cormac McCarthy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah.com","url_text":"Oprah.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Oprah Winfrey chooses Garcia Marquez's 'Love in the Time of Cholera' as next book club pick\". The International Herald Tribune. October 5, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/10/05/arts/NA-A-E-BKS-US-Winfreys-Book-Club.php","url_text":"\"Oprah Winfrey chooses Garcia Marquez's 'Love in the Time of Cholera' as next book club pick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Herald_Tribune","url_text":"The International Herald Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Rooney, Kathleen (2005). Reading with Oprah: The Book Club That Changed America. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. p. xii. ISBN 9781557287823. OCLC 57498613. american intellectual.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Rooney","url_text":"Rooney, Kathleen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingwithoprah00kath","url_text":"Reading with Oprah: The Book Club That Changed America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557287823","url_text":"9781557287823"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57498613","url_text":"57498613"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Oprah Opens Readers' Wallet\". Business Week. October 10, 2005. Archived from the original on October 29, 2005. Retrieved October 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051029052551/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_41/b3954059.htm","url_text":"\"Why Oprah Opens Readers' Wallet\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_41/b3954059.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oprah's Favorite Authors Dominate Bestseller Lists In Brazil\". Webwire.com. February 23, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=87978","url_text":"\"Oprah's Favorite Authors Dominate Bestseller Lists In Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"Garthwaite, Craig L. (April 2014). \"Demand Spillovers, Combative Advertising, and Celebrity Endorsements\". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 6 (2): 76–104. doi:10.1257/app.6.2.76.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.6.2.76","url_text":"\"Demand Spillovers, Combative Advertising, and Celebrity Endorsements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fapp.6.2.76","url_text":"10.1257/app.6.2.76"}]},{"reference":"Kevin Drum (March 1, 2012). \"The Unintended Consequences of Oprah's Book Club\". Retrieved March 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2012/03/unintended-consequences-oprahs-book-clubs","url_text":"\"The Unintended Consequences of Oprah's Book Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Franzen Uncorrected\". Retrieved October 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powells.com/authors/franzen.html%20Powells.com","url_text":"\"Jonathan Franzen Uncorrected\""}]},{"reference":"Schindehette, Susan. \"Novel Approach - Feuds, The Corrections, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Jonathan Franzen, Oprah Winfrey\". People.com. Retrieved October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20135698,00.html","url_text":"\"Novel Approach - Feuds, The Corrections, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Jonathan Franzen, Oprah Winfrey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Content: Reading Room\". mediabistro. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121011021219/http://www.mediabistro.com/reading/books/0374100128/","url_text":"\"Content: Reading Room\""},{"url":"http://www.mediabistro.com/reading/books/0374100128/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klinkenborg, Verlyn (October 30, 2001). \"The Not-Yet-Ready-for-Prime-Time Novelist\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/30/opinion/editorial-observer-the-not-yet-ready-for-prime-time-novelist.html","url_text":"\"The Not-Yet-Ready-for-Prime-Time Novelist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oprah's Book Club Announcement - Video\". Oprah.com. September 17, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Oprahs-Book-Club-Announcement-Video","url_text":"\"Oprah's Book Club Announcement - Video\""}]},{"reference":"Kellogg, Carolyn (September 18, 2010). \"Oprah's book club christens Franzen's 'Freedom'\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120905211631/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-0918-franzen-oprah-20100918,0,245001,print.story","url_text":"\"Oprah's book club christens Franzen's 'Freedom'\""},{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-0918-franzen-oprah-20100918,0,245001,print.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CNN.com - Transcripts\". Transcripts.cnn.com. May 1, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/01/lkl.01.html","url_text":"\"CNN.com - Transcripts\""}]},{"reference":"Dowd, Maureen (January 28, 2006). \"Oprah's Bunk Club\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/28/opinion/oprahs-bunk-club.html","url_text":"\"Oprah's Bunk Club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Poniewozik, James (January 26, 2006). \"Oprah Clarifies Her Position: Truth, Good. Embarrassing Oprah, Very Bad\". Time. Retrieved October 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://time-blog.com/tuned_in/2006/01/oprah_clarifies_her_position_t.html","url_text":"\"Oprah Clarifies Her Position: Truth, Good. Embarrassing Oprah, Very Bad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oprah's Book Club: The Complete List\" (PDF). Oprah.com. November 19, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.oprah.com/images/o2/201608/201608-obc-complete-list-01a.pdf","url_text":"\"Oprah's Book Club: The Complete List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Your Reader's Guide to The Story of Edgar Sawtelle\". Archived from the original on October 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081003163822/http://www.oprah.com/article/oprahsbookclub/edgarsawtelle/pkgedgarsawtelle/20080919_obc_edgar_book","url_text":"\"Your Reader's Guide to The Story of Edgar Sawtelle\""},{"url":"http://www.oprah.com/article/oprahsbookclub/edgarsawtelle/pkgedgarsawtelle/20080919_obc_edgar_book","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Illouz, Eva (2003). Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery: An Essay on Popular Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11813-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Illouz","url_text":"Illouz, Eva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11813-9","url_text":"0-231-11813-9"}]},{"reference":"Rooney, Kathleen (2005). Reading with Oprah: The Book Club That Changed America. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 1-55728-782-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Rooney","url_text":"Rooney, Kathleen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingwithoprah00kath","url_text":"Reading with Oprah: The Book Club That Changed America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_Press","url_text":"University of Arkansas Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55728-782-1","url_text":"1-55728-782-1"}]},{"reference":"Striphas, Ted (2009). The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14814-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Striphas","url_text":"Striphas, Ted"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lateageofprintev0000stri","url_text":"The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14814-6","url_text":"978-0-231-14814-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Public_Radio_Inc.
Cincinnati Public Radio
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Public radio station in Cincinnati, Ohio This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cincinnati Public Radio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cincinnati Public RadioFormation1944TypeNon-profitLocationUnited States Cincinnati Public Radio, Inc. is the broadcast license holder for WGUC (90.9) and WVXU (91.7), two FM radio stations broadcasting to the Greater Cincinnati area with classical music, news, information, and entertainment programming. The organization also operates FM radio station WMUB (88.5 MHz) in Oxford, Ohio. The company is an IRS 501(c)(3) non-profit organization led by a local Board of Directors and a professional staff conducting day-to-day business. The company was originally founded in 1994 as Cincinnati Classical Public Radio, which took over day-to-day operations of WGUC, then owned by the University of Cincinnati. CCPR bought the WGUC license from UC in 2002. WGUC is Cincinnati's oldest and largest public radio station, founded in 1960 for cultural and public affairs programming. Today, it broadcasts classical music 24 hours a day. WVXU became a part of Cincinnati Public Radio on August 22, 2005. It broadcasts news and information programming, as well as national and international sources. On March 1, 2009, Cincinnati Public Radio took over operations of WMUB from Miami University. In addition to the three terrestrial radio signals, the stations offer online streaming of their broadcasts via the web, via mobile apps allowing listening on smartphones and tablet computers, and maintain a presence on the iHeartRadio app. See also Public Media Connect References ^ "Cincinnati Public Radio". cinradio.org. Retrieved 2019-04-01. ^ "90.9 WGUC". Archived from the original on 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2020-07-22. ^ "91.7 WVXU". Archived from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2020-07-22. ^ "About Cincinnati Public Radio". Cincinnati Public Radio. Retrieved 17 May 2016. External links Official website
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[]
[{"title":"Public Media Connect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Media_Connect"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpens-Aquila_Rift
Serpens–Aquila Rift
["1 Distance","2 Star formation","3 In culture","4 See also","5 References"]
Region located in the constellations Serpens and Aquila that contains dark interstellar clouds Serpens-Aquila RiftDark nebulaIn this image of the Milky Way, the Aquila Rift is the dark patch right of center. It is part of the Great Rift which can be seen bisecting the swath of star light seen in the galactic plane.Observation data: J2000.0 epochRight ascension19h 07mDeclination+01° 00′Distance750–1650 ly   (225–500 pc)Apparent dimensions (V)20 × 10°ConstellationAquila, Serpens, OphiuchusNotable features–DesignationsAquila RiftSee also: Lists of nebulae The Serpens–Aquila Rift (also known as the Aquila Rift) is a region of the sky in the constellations Aquila, Serpens Cauda, and eastern Ophiuchus containing dark interstellar clouds. The region forms part of the Great Rift, the nearby dark cloud of cosmic dust that obscures the middle of the galactic plane of the Milky Way, looking inwards and towards its other radial sectors. The clouds that form this structure are called "molecular clouds", constituting a phase of the interstellar medium which is cold and dense enough for molecules to form, particularly molecular hydrogen (H2). These clouds are opaque to light in the optical part of the spectrum due to the presence of interstellar dust grains mixed with the gaseous component of the clouds. Therefore, the clouds in the Serpens-Aquila Rift block light from background stars in the disk of the Galaxy, forming the dark rift. The complex is located in a direction towards the inner Galaxy, where molecular clouds are common, so it is possible that not all components of the rift are at the same distance and physically associated with each other. Several star-forming regions are projected in (or near) the direction of the Serpens-Aquila Rift, including Westerhout 40 (W40), Serpens Cluster, Serpens South, Serpens NH3, and MWC297/Sh2-62. Distance Map of the star local neighborhood within 1,000 pc (3,300 ly), the Sun is at the center. The Serpens–Aquila Rift is at 40° galactic longitude, from the center moving outwards to top-right. The Milky Way as seen by Gaia, with prominent dark features labeled in white, as well as prominent star clouds labeled in black. Main dark nebulae of the Solar apex half of the galactic plane, with the Aquila Rift on the right Parallax measurements have been used to determine the distance to some of the stars clusters thought to be related to the Serpens-Aquila Rift. The distances to both W40 and Serpens-South were measured to be 436±9 pc (1420±30 light-years) using astrometric measurements of several cluster members observed with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). For radio sources the Serpens Main star cluster, parallax measurements from the VLBA give a distance of 415±15 pc. The similarity in distance is consistent with the idea that these discrete star-forming regions are part of the same star-forming complex. Distances to molecular clouds and star-forming regions in the Milky Way Galaxy have, historically, been difficult to constrain. These VLBA measurements for W40, Serpens-South, and Serpens Main were among the most-accurate distance measurements for massive star-forming regions in the pre-Gaia era. An earlier distance estimate to the cloud was found by counting the number of stars in front of the Serpens-Aquila Rift and using statistical models of the distribution of stars in the Galaxy. This method suggests that stars begin to be obscured by the clouds at a distance of 225±55 pc. Star formation In the Serpens-Aquila Rift, the largest cluster of young stars is in the W40 nebula, which contains approximately 500 pre–main-sequence stars and the massive O-type star IRS 1A South. Serpens Main is another young cluster in which over 100 young stars have been discovered. Observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed the Serpens south stellar nursery within a dense molecular filament. Class 0 protostars have been identified by millimeter radio observations of Westerhout 40 and Serpens South. Serpens South is a star cluster embedded in a dense molecular filament containing numerous protostars. Due to the large number of protostars and pre-stellar cores in the region, it is likely that Serpens South has the most star-formation activity in the Serpens-Aquila Rift. A large scale magnetic field was discovered in the region which is perpendicular to the main cloud filament, but sub-filaments tend to run parallel to the filament. This magnetic field may be responsible for slowing the gravitational collapse of molecular clumps in the complex. The Herschel Space Observatory has made a map of this region of the sky in mid- and far-infrared wavelengths. The molecular cloud at these wavelengths is traced by emission from warm dust in the clouds, allowing the structure of the clouds to be probed. Wavelet analysis of the molecular clouds in the approximately 11 square degree Herschel field of view breaks up the clouds into numerous filaments, mostly in and around the Westerhout 40 region. A number of possible "starless cores"—over-dense clumps of gas that may gravitationally collapse to form new stars—are also noted in this region, mostly studded along the molecular filaments. Millimeter observations from the IRAM 30m telescope provide confirmation for 46 of the starless-cores and Class 0/I protostars in the Westerhout 40 and Serpens south regions. In culture The Aquila Rift was featured in the short story "Beyond the Aquila Rift" by Alastair Reynolds in the 2005 science-fiction anthology Constellations. The short story was adapted into a short film as part of Netflix's Love, Death & Robots compilation released in 2019. See also Great Rift (astronomy) Vela Molecular Ridge Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex References ^ a b c Ortiz-León, G. N.; et al. (2016). "The Gould's Belt Distances Survey (GOBELINS) III. The distance to the Serpens/Aquila Molecular Complex". Astrophysical Journal. 834 (2): 143. arXiv:1610.03128. Bibcode:2017ApJ...834..143O. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/143. S2CID 10802135. ^ a b Straižys, V.; et al. (1996). "Interstellar extinction in the area of the Serpens Cauda molecular cloud". Baltic Astronomy. 5 (1): 125–147. Bibcode:1996BaltA...5..125S. doi:10.1515/astro-1996-0106. ^ Dzib, S.; et al. (2011). "VLBA Determination of the Distance to Nearby Star-forming Regions. IV. A Preliminary Distance to the Proto-Herbig AeBe Star EC 95 in the Serpens Core". Astrophysical Journal. 718 (2): 610–619. arXiv:1003.5900. Bibcode:2010ApJ...718..610D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/718/2/610. S2CID 1444233. ^ a b c Kuhn, M. A.; et al. (2010). "A Chandra Observation of the Obscured Star-forming Complex W40". Astrophysical Journal. 725 (2): 2485–2506. arXiv:1010.5434. Bibcode:2010ApJ...725.2485K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/725/2/2485. S2CID 119192761. ^ Prato, L.; et al. (2008). "Where are all the Young Stars in Aquila?". In Reipurth, B. (ed.). Handbook of Star Forming Regions, Volume I: The Northern Sky ASP Monograph Publications. Vol. 4. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 18. Bibcode:2008hsf2.book..683R. ISBN 978-1-58381-670-7. ^ a b Loinard, L. (2013). "The Gould's Belt Distances Survey". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 8: 36–43. arXiv:1211.1742. Bibcode:2013IAUS..289...36L. doi:10.1017/S1743921312021072. S2CID 59430766. ^ a b c Kuhn, M. A.; Getman, K. V.; Feigelson, E. D. (2015). "The Spatial Structure of Young Stellar Clusters. II. Total Young Stellar Populations". Astrophysical Journal. 802 (1): 60. arXiv:1501.05300. Bibcode:2015ApJ...802...60K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/802/1/60. S2CID 119309858. ^ a b Winston, E.; et al. (2007). "A Combined Spitzer and Chandra Survey of Young Stellar Objects in the Serpens Cloud Core". Astrophysical Journal. 669 (1): 493–518. arXiv:0707.2537. Bibcode:2007ApJ...669..493W. doi:10.1086/521384. S2CID 119583712. ^ "NAME Serpens Cluster". simbad.cds.unistra.fr. Retrieved 2023-09-07. ^ a b c Gutermuth, R. A.; et al. (2008). "The Spitzer Gould Belt Survey of Large Nearby Interstellar Clouds: Discovery of a Dense Embedded Cluster in the Serpens-Aquila Rift". Astrophysical Journal. 673 (2): L151–L154. arXiv:0712.3303. Bibcode:2008ApJ...673L.151G. doi:10.1086/528710. S2CID 339753. ^ "NAME Serpens G3-G6 Cluster". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. ^ a b Bontemps, V.; et al. (2010). "The Herschel⋆ first look at protostars in the Aquila rift". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 518: L85. arXiv:1005.2634. Bibcode:2010A&A...518L..85B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014661. S2CID 6687821. ^ "LBN 026.83+03.54". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. ^ Straižys, V.; et al. (2003). "Interstellar extinction in the direction of the Aquila Rift". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 405 (2): 585–590. arXiv:astro-ph/0303099. Bibcode:2003A&A...405..585S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030599. S2CID 16373936. ^ Shuping, R. Y.; et al. (2012). "Spectral Classification of the Brightest Objects in the Galactic Star-forming Region W40". Astronomical Journal. 144 (4): 116. arXiv:1208.4648. Bibcode:2012AJ....144..116S. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/4/116. S2CID 119227485. ^ a b c Maury, A. J.; et al. (2011). "The formation of active protoclusters in the Aquila rift: a millimeter continuum view". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 535: 77. arXiv:1108.0668. Bibcode:2011A&A...535A..77M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117132. S2CID 119285813. ^ Sugitani, K.; et al. (2011). "Near-infrared-imaging Polarimetry Toward Serpens South: Revealing the Importance of the Magnetic Field". Astrophysical Journal. 734 (1): 63. arXiv:1104.2977. Bibcode:2011ApJ...734...63S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/734/1/63. S2CID 15747129. ^ Tanaka, T.; et al. (2011). "The Dynamical State of the Serpens South Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud". Astrophysical Journal. 778 (1): 34. arXiv:1309.2425. Bibcode:2013ApJ...778...34T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/778/1/34. S2CID 26754683. ^ André, Ph.; et al. (2010). "From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF: Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 518: L102. arXiv:1005.2618. Bibcode:2010A&A...518L.102A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014666. S2CID 248768. ^ Men'schikov, A.; et al. (2010). "Filamentary structures and compact objects in the Aquila and Polaris clouds observed by Herschel". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 518: L103. arXiv:1005.3115. Bibcode:2010A&A...518L.103M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014668. S2CID 8496522. ^ Könyves, V.; et al. (2010). "The Aquila prestellar core population revealed by Herschel". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 518: L106. arXiv:1005.2981. Bibcode:2010A&A...518L.106K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014689. S2CID 15342916. ^ Crowther, Peter, ed. (2005). Constellations: The Best of New British SF. Penguin Group USA. ISBN 0756402344.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Serpens Cauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpens_Cauda"},{"link_name":"Ophiuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus"},{"link_name":"dark interstellar clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_nebula"},{"link_name":"Great Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rift_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"cosmic dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_dust"},{"link_name":"galactic plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_plane"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"molecular clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clouds"},{"link_name":"interstellar medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_medium"},{"link_name":"molecules to form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules"},{"link_name":"optical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_astronomy"},{"link_name":"dust grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_dust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loinard12-6"},{"link_name":"star-forming regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formation"},{"link_name":"Westerhout 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerhout_40"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuhn10-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuhn15-7"},{"link_name":"Serpens Cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serpens_Main&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winston07-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Serpens South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpens_South"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gutermuth08-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simbad_serpens_nh3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bontemps10-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bontemps10-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simbad_sh2_62-13"}],"text":"The Serpens–Aquila Rift (also known as the Aquila Rift) is a region of the sky in the constellations Aquila, Serpens Cauda, and eastern Ophiuchus containing dark interstellar clouds. The region forms part of the Great Rift, the nearby dark cloud of cosmic dust that obscures the middle of the galactic plane of the Milky Way, looking inwards and towards its other radial sectors. The clouds that form this structure are called \"molecular clouds\", constituting a phase of the interstellar medium which is cold and dense enough for molecules to form, particularly molecular hydrogen (H2). These clouds are opaque to light in the optical part of the spectrum due to the presence of interstellar dust grains mixed with the gaseous component of the clouds. Therefore, the clouds in the Serpens-Aquila Rift block light from background stars in the disk of the Galaxy, forming the dark rift. The complex is located in a direction towards the inner Galaxy, where molecular clouds are common, so it is possible that not all components of the rift are at the same distance and physically associated with each other.[6]Several star-forming regions are projected in (or near) the direction of the Serpens-Aquila Rift, including Westerhout 40 (W40),[4][7] Serpens Cluster,[8][9] Serpens South,[10] Serpens NH3,[11][12] and MWC297/Sh2-62.[12][13]","title":"Serpens–Aquila Rift"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galaxymap.com,_map_1000_parsecs_(2022).png"},{"link_name":"galactic longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_longitude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg"},{"link_name":"star clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cloud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regioni_celesti_scelte_-_Osc_A.png"},{"link_name":"Solar apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_apex"},{"link_name":"galactic plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_plane"},{"link_name":"Parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"astrometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrometry"},{"link_name":"Very Long Baseline Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Long_Baseline_Array"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OrtizLeon16-1"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy"},{"link_name":"parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuhn15-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loinard12-6"},{"link_name":"Gaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OrtizLeon16-1"},{"link_name":"counting the number of stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_count"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straizys96-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straizys03-14"}],"text":"Map of the star local neighborhood within 1,000 pc (3,300 ly), the Sun is at the center. The Serpens–Aquila Rift is at 40° galactic longitude, from the center moving outwards to top-right.The Milky Way as seen by Gaia, with prominent dark features labeled in white, as well as prominent star clouds labeled in black.Main dark nebulae of the Solar apex half of the galactic plane, with the Aquila Rift on the rightParallax measurements have been used to determine the distance to some of the stars clusters thought to be related to the Serpens-Aquila Rift. The distances to both W40 and Serpens-South were measured to be 436±9 pc (1420±30 light-years) using astrometric measurements of several cluster members observed with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA).[1] For radio sources the Serpens Main star cluster, parallax measurements from the VLBA give a distance of 415±15 pc. The similarity in distance is consistent with the idea that these discrete star-forming regions are part of the same star-forming complex. Distances to molecular clouds and star-forming regions in the Milky Way Galaxy have, historically, been difficult to constrain.[7][6] These VLBA measurements for W40, Serpens-South, and Serpens Main were among the most-accurate distance measurements for massive star-forming regions in the pre-Gaia era.[1]An earlier distance estimate to the cloud was found by counting the number of stars in front of the Serpens-Aquila Rift and using statistical models of the distribution of stars in the Galaxy. This method suggests that stars begin to be obscured by the clouds at a distance of 225±55 pc.[2][14]","title":"Distance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre–main-sequence stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%E2%80%93main-sequence_star"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuhn10-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuhn15-7"},{"link_name":"O-type star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-type_star"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shuping12-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winston07-8"},{"link_name":"Spitzer Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gutermuth08-10"},{"link_name":"protostars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maury11-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gutermuth08-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maury11-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sugitani11-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tanaka13-18"},{"link_name":"Herschel Space Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-andre10-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menshchikov10-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-konyves10-21"},{"link_name":"Millimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy"},{"link_name":"IRAM 30m telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAM_30m_telescope"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maury11-16"}],"text":"In the Serpens-Aquila Rift, the largest cluster of young stars is in the W40 nebula, which contains approximately 500 pre–main-sequence stars[4][7] and the massive O-type star IRS 1A South.[15] Serpens Main is another young cluster in which over 100 young stars have been discovered.[8] Observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed the Serpens south stellar nursery within a dense molecular filament.[10] Class 0 protostars have been identified by millimeter radio observations of Westerhout 40 and Serpens South.[16]Serpens South is a star cluster embedded in a dense molecular filament containing numerous protostars.[10] Due to the large number of protostars and pre-stellar cores in the region, it is likely that Serpens South has the most star-formation activity in the Serpens-Aquila Rift.[16] A large scale magnetic field was discovered in the region which is perpendicular to the main cloud filament, but sub-filaments tend to run parallel to the filament.[17] This magnetic field may be responsible for slowing the gravitational collapse of molecular clumps in the complex.[18]The Herschel Space Observatory has made a map of this region of the sky in mid- and far-infrared wavelengths.[19] The molecular cloud at these wavelengths is traced by emission from warm dust in the clouds, allowing the structure of the clouds to be probed. Wavelet analysis of the molecular clouds in the approximately 11 square degree Herschel field of view breaks up the clouds into numerous filaments, mostly in and around the Westerhout 40 region.[20] A number of possible \"starless cores\"—over-dense clumps of gas that may gravitationally collapse to form new stars—are also noted in this region, mostly studded along the molecular filaments.[21] Millimeter observations from the IRAM 30m telescope provide confirmation for 46 of the starless-cores and Class 0/I protostars in the Westerhout 40 and Serpens south regions.[16]","title":"Star formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alastair Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Constellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellations_(2005_book)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Love, Death & Robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Death_%26_Robots"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Aquila Rift was featured in the short story \"Beyond the Aquila Rift\" by Alastair Reynolds in the 2005 science-fiction anthology Constellations.[22] The short story was adapted into a short film as part of Netflix's Love, Death & Robots compilation released in 2019.[citation needed]","title":"In culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the star local neighborhood within 1,000 pc (3,300 ly), the Sun is at the center. The Serpens–Aquila Rift is at 40° galactic longitude, from the center moving outwards to top-right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Galaxymap.com%2C_map_1000_parsecs_%282022%29.png/350px-Galaxymap.com%2C_map_1000_parsecs_%282022%29.png"},{"image_text":"The Milky Way as seen by Gaia, with prominent dark features labeled in white, as well as prominent star clouds labeled in black.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg/650px-Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main dark nebulae of the Solar apex half of the galactic plane, with the Aquila Rift on the right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Regioni_celesti_scelte_-_Osc_A.png/500px-Regioni_celesti_scelte_-_Osc_A.png"}]
[{"title":"Great Rift (astronomy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rift_(astronomy)"},{"title":"Vela Molecular Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_Molecular_Ridge"},{"title":"Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_Ophiuchi_cloud_complex"}]
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Bibcode:1996BaltA...5..125S. doi:10.1515/astro-1996-0106.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fastro-1996-0106","url_text":"\"Interstellar extinction in the area of the Serpens Cauda molecular cloud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BaltA...5..125S","url_text":"1996BaltA...5..125S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fastro-1996-0106","url_text":"10.1515/astro-1996-0106"}]},{"reference":"Dzib, S.; et al. (2011). \"VLBA Determination of the Distance to Nearby Star-forming Regions. IV. A Preliminary Distance to the Proto-Herbig AeBe Star EC 95 in the Serpens Core\". Astrophysical Journal. 718 (2): 610–619. arXiv:1003.5900. Bibcode:2010ApJ...718..610D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/718/2/610. 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The Best of New British SF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayanavaram_Kariyamanikka_Perumal_Temple
Ayanavaram Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 13°05′50″N 80°13′33″E / 13.097330°N 80.225870°E / 13.097330; 80.225870The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Ayanavaram Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India Ayanavaram Kariyamanikka Perumal TempleReligionAffiliationHinduismDistrictChennai districtDeityKariyamanikka PerumalLocationLocationAyanavaramStateTamil NaduCountryIndiaKariyamanikka Perumal temple, Ayanavaram, Chennai, Tamil NaduGeographic coordinates13°05′50″N 80°13′33″E / 13.097330°N 80.225870°E / 13.097330; 80.225870Elevation59 m (194 ft) Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple is a Hindu temple located in Ayanavaram neighborhood in Chennai district of Tamil Nadu State in the peninsular India. Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple is situated at an altitude of 59 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of 13°05′50″N 80°13′33″E / 13.097330°N 80.225870°E / 13.097330; 80.225870. Kariyamanikka Perumal temple is under the control of the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu. References ^ "Kariyamanika Perumal Temple – Hindu Temple Timings, History, Location, Deity, shlokas". Retrieved 2023-06-30. ^ "கோவில் சொத்துகளில் முறைகேடு: ஐகோர்ட் உத்தரவு". Dinamalar (in Tamil). 2018-04-22. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-30. ^ "GeoHack - Ayanavaram Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple". geohack.toolforge.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30. ^ "Arulmigu Kariya Manikka Perumal Temple, Ayanavaram, Chennai - 600023, Chennai District ". hrce.tn.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-06-30. This article about Hindu place of worship in Tamil Nadu is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Two
2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Two
["1 Teams","2 Squads","3 Group stage","3.1 Points table","3.2 Fixtures and results","4 Final and playoffs","5 Final placings","6 Statistics","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Cricket tournament 2007 ICC WCL Division twoAdministrator(s)ICCCricket formatList ATournament format(s)Round-robin and knockoutHost(s) NamibiaChampions United Arab EmiratesParticipants6Matches18Most runs Gerrie Snyman 588Most wickets Arshad Ali 172011 → The 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Two is a tournament that forms part of the ICC World Cricket League. It was played in Windhoek, Namibia, between 24 November and 1 December 2007, and forms part of the qualification structure for the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Teams  Denmark  Namibia  Oman  United Arab Emirates  Uganda (Promoted after winning 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Three)  Argentina (Promoted after second place in 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Three) The top four teams from this tournament progressed to the 2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier, which was played in the United Arab Emirates in April 2009. The 5th and 6th placed teams played in Division Three of the World Cricket League in early 2009. Squads  ArgentinaCoach: Hamish Barton  DenmarkCoach: Peter Klokker  NamibiaCoach: Johan Rudolph Esteban MacDermott (c) Alejandro Ferguson (vc) Pedro Bruno Agustin Casime Pablo Ferguson Donald Forrester Bernardo Irigoyan Diego Lord Esteban Nino Matias Paterlini Pablo Ryan Gary Savage Martin Siri Hernan Williams Frederik Klokker (c) David Borchersen Bobby Chawla Henrik Hansen Thomas Hansen Lars Hedegaard Morten Hedegaard Mickey Lund Johan Malcolm Max Overgaard Carsten Pedersen Michael Pedersen Anders Rasmussen Bashir Shah Bjorn Kotze (c) Dawid Botha Jan-Berrie Burger Kola Burger Michael Durandt Louis Klazinga Deon Kotze Nicolaas Scholtz Sean Silver Gerrie Snyman Louis van der Westhuizen Raymond van Schoor Ian van Zyl Tobias Verwey  OmanCoach: Mazhar Khan  UgandaCoach: Sam Walusimbi  United Arab EmiratesCoach: Kabir Khan Ameet Sampat (c) Hemal Mehta (vc) Aamer Ali Adnan Ilyas Awal Khan Farhan Khan Hemin Desai Khalid Moosa Mohammad Asif Nilesh Parmar Sultan Ahmed Tariq Hussain Vaibhav Wategaonkar Zeeshan Siddiqui Davis Arinaitwe (c) Emmanuel Isaneez Kenneth Kamyuka Arthur Kyobe Benjamin Musoke Frank Nsubuga Richard Okia Joel Olwenyi Martin Ondeko Raymond Otim Nandikishore Patel Danniel Ruyange Ronald Ssemanda Laurence Sematimba Saqib Ali (c) Abdul Rehman Aman Ali Amjad Javed Arshad Ali Gayan Silva Irfan Ahmed Javed Ismail Khurram Khan Mohammad Iqbal Owais Hameed Qais Farooq Rohan Mustafa Shadeep Silva Group stage Points table Pos Team Pld W L T NR Pts NRR 1  Oman 5 5 0 0 0 10 0.767 2  United Arab Emirates 5 4 1 0 0 8 1.660 3  Namibia 5 3 2 0 0 6 1.543 4  Denmark 5 2 3 0 0 4 −1.113 5  Uganda 5 1 4 0 0 2 0.140 6  Argentina 5 0 5 0 0 0 −2.845 Source: Fixtures and results 24 November 2007 scorecard Oman 269/8 (50 overs) v  Argentina251/6 (50 overs) Hemin Desai 51 Gary Savage 4/57 Alejandro Ferguson 66* Awal Khan 2/32 Oman won by 18 runs Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: K Bayney and JJ Luck Player of the match: Gary Savage (Argentina) 24 November 2007 scorecard Denmark 77 all out (29.1 overs) v  Namibia81/2 (11.5 overs) David Borchersen 13 Ian van Zyl 4/17 Gerrie Snyman 60* Thomas Hansen 1/23 Namibia won by 8 wickets Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: AT Holdstock and KH Hurter Player of the match: Gerrie Snyman (Namibia) 24 November 2007 scorecard Uganda 194 all out (49.4 overs) v  United Arab Emirates195/3 (41.3 overs) Ronald Semanda 72 Arshad Ali 3/31 Arshad Ali 79* Kenneth Kamyuka 2/32 United Arab Emirates won by 7 wickets United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and CD Isaacs Player of the match: Arshad Ali (UAE) 25 November 2007 scorecard Namibia 344/6 (50 overs) v  Argentina166/6 (50 overs) Gerrie Snyman 98 Matias Paterlini 2/61 Matias Paterlini 114* Bjorn Kotze 2/19 Namibia won by 178 runs United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and AT Holdstock Player of the match: Matias Paterlini (Argentina) 25 November 2007 scorecard Denmark 223 all out (49.2 overs) v  United Arab Emirates224/6 (42.1 overs) Frederik Klokker 99* Arshad Ali 7/41 Saqib Ali 66* David Borchersen 1/29 United Arab Emirates won by 4 wickets Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: KH Hurter and CD Isaacs Player of the match: Arshad Ali (UAE) 25 November 2007 scorecard Uganda 251/9 (50 overs) v  Oman255/7 (49 overs) Arthur Kyobe 50 Tariq Hussain 3/20 Sultan Ahmed 52 Frank Nsubuga 2/38 Oman won by 3 wickets Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: K Bayney and JJ Luck Player of the match: Tariq Hussain (Oman) 27 November 2007 scorecard United Arab Emirates 412/4 (50 overs) v  Argentina108 all out (43.3 overs) Arshad Ali 139 Gary Savage 3/68 Martin Siri 32* Arshad Ali 3/8 United Arab Emirates won by 304 runs Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and KH Hurter Player of the match: Arshad Ali (UAE) 27 November 2007 scorecard Denmark 234/5 (50 overs) v  Uganda213/9 (50 overs) Frederik Klokker 65 Davis Arinaitwe 3/69 Frank Nsubuga 43 Bobby Chawla 4/38 Denmark won by 21 runs United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: CD Isaacs and JJ Luck Player of the match: Lars Hedegaard Andersen (Denmark) 27 November 2007 scorecard Namibia 271/6 (50 overs) v  Oman277/8 (46.4 overs) Gerrie Snyman 158* Hemin Desai 2/84 Vaibhav Wategaonkar 114* Bjorn Kotze 3/25 Oman won by 2 wickets Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: K Bayney and AT Holdstock Player of the match: Vaibhav Wategaonkar (Oman) 28 November 2007 scorecard Argentina 150/8 (50 overs) v  Uganda151/1 (20.1 overs) Esteban MacDermott 43* Frank Nsubuga 3/10 Joel Olweny 62* Esteban MacDermott 1/29 Uganda won by 9 wickets Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and JJ Luck Player of the match: Frank Nsubuga (Uganda) 28 November 2007 scorecard Denmark 168 all out (43.3 overs) v  Oman169/4 (29.5 overs) Frederik Klokker 45 Hemal Mehta 3/11 Hemin Desai 47 Bobby Chawla 2/46 Oman won by 6 wickets United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: K Bayney and KH Hurter Player of the match: Hemal Mehta (Oman) 28 November 2007 scorecard Namibia 358/7 (50 overs) v  United Arab Emirates359/5 (45.3 overs) Gerrie Snyman 196 Amjad Javed 3/60 Saqib Ali 91 Louis Klazinga 2/68 United Arab Emirates won by 5 wickets Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: AT Holdstock and CD Isaacs Player of the match: Gerrie Snyman (Namibia) 30 November 2007 scorecard Argentina 168 all out (48.2 overs) v  Denmark169/7 (46.1 overs) Matias Paterlini 51 David Borchersen 2/29 Frederik Klokker 54 Esteban Nino 3/35 Denmark won by 3 wickets Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: KH Hurter and JJ Luck Player of the match: Frederik Klokker (Denmark) 30 November 2007 scorecard Namibia 145 all out (45.4 overs) v  Uganda118 all out (34.5 overs) Kola Burger 46* Daniel Ruyange 3/24 Arthur Kyobe 22 Gerrie Snyman 5/36 Namibia won by 27 runs Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and K Bayney Player of the match: Gerrie Snyman (Namibia) 30 November 2007 scorecard Oman 298/8 (50 overs) v  United Arab Emirates273 all out (49.3 overs) Adnan Ilyas 113 Saqib Ali 2/51 Amjad Javed 71 Hemal Mehta 2/36 Oman won by 25 runs United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: AT Holdstock and CD Isaacs Player of the match: Adnan Ilyas (Oman) Final and playoffs 1 December 2007 scorecard United Arab Emirates 347/8 (50 overs) v  Oman280 all out (43.2 overs) Arshad Ali 133 Syed Amir Ali 4/63 Zeeshan Ahmed Siddiqui 66 Khurram Khan 3/42 United Arab Emirates won by 67 runs Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: K Bayney and KH Hurter Player of the match: Arshad Ali (UAE)Player of the Tournament: Gerrie Snyman 🇳🇦 Final 1 December 2007 scorecard Denmark 220/8 (50 overs) v  Namibia221/6 (41.2 overs) Carsten Pedersen 46 Deon Kotze 2/35 Gerrie Snyman 71 Thomas Hansen 2/27 Namibia won by 4 wickets United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: AT Holdstock and CD Isaacs Player of the match: Dawid Botha (Namibia) 3rd Place Playoff 1 December 2007 scorecard Uganda 335/7 (50 overs) v  Argentina154 all out (35.5 overs) Joel Olweny 126 Diego Lord 3/45 Donald Forrester 71 Frank Nsubuga 4/39 Uganda won by 181 runs Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and JJ Luck Player of the match: Joel Olweny (Uganda) 5th Place Playoff Final placings Pos Team Promotion/Relegation 1st  United Arab Emirates Promoted to 2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier 2nd  Oman 3rd  Namibia 4th  Denmark 5th  Uganda Relegated to 2009 Global Division Three 6th  Argentina Statistics Most Runs Most Wickets Gerrie Snyman 588 Arshad Ali 17 Arshad Ali 497 Frank Nsubuga 12 Frederik Klokker 316 Gary Savage 11 Mohammad Iqbal 302 Bobby Chawla 10 Saqib Ali 268 Gerrie Snyman 9 Hemin Desai 252 Kenneth Kamyuka 9 See also ICC World Cricket League References World Cricket League structure External links ICC World Cricket League Division 2 - Official Site (ICC) ICC World Cricket League Division 2 (Cricinfo) ICC World Cricket League Division 2 Archived 2007-10-31 at the Wayback Machine (CricketEurope) Player Profiles (Cricinfo) vte2007–2009 ICC World Cricket League2007 Division One Division Three Division Two 2008 Division Five Division Four 2009 Division Three Following season: 2009–2014 ICC World Cricket League vteInternational cricket in 2007–08Preceding season: International cricket in 2007September 2007 Kenya Twenty20 Quadrangular ICC World Twenty20 Final October 2007 South Africa in Pakistan Australia in India Intercontinental Cup November 2007 England in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka in Australia Pakistan in India New Zealand in South Africa West Indies in Zimbabwe December 2007 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy India in Australia West Indies in South Africa Bangladesh in New Zealand January 2008 Zimbabwe in Pakistan February 2008 Under-19 World Cup Commonwealth Bank Series England in New Zealand South Africa in Bangladesh England women in Australia March 2008 South Africa in India Sri Lanka in West Indies Ireland in Bangladesh England women in New Zealand Following season: International cricket in 2008
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICC World Cricket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_World_Cricket_League"},{"link_name":"Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"2011 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup"}],"text":"The 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Two is a tournament that forms part of the ICC World Cricket League. It was played in Windhoek, Namibia, between 24 November and 1 December 2007, and forms part of the qualification structure for the 2011 Cricket World Cup.","title":"2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Three"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Three"},{"link_name":"2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_ICC_World_Cup_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Division Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Three"}],"text":"Denmark\n Namibia\n Oman\n United Arab Emirates\n Uganda (Promoted after winning 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Three)\n Argentina (Promoted after second place in 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Three)The top four teams from this tournament progressed to the 2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier, which was played in the United Arab Emirates in April 2009. The 5th and 6th placed teams played in Division Three of the World Cricket League in early 2009.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Squads"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Points table","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/314677.html"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Hemin Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemin_Desai"},{"link_name":"Gary Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Savage_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Awal Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awal_Khan"},{"link_name":"Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Namib_Ground"},{"link_name":"JJ Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Luck"},{"link_name":"Gary Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Savage_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/314675.html"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"David Borchersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Borchersen"},{"link_name":"Ian van Zyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_van_Zyl"},{"link_name":"Gerrie Snyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrie_Snyman"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hansen_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_Cricket_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Gerrie Snyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrie_Snyman"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/314676.html"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ronald Semanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Semanda"},{"link_name":"Arshad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Arshad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Kamyuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kamyuka"},{"link_name":"United Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Arshad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/314679.html"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Gerrie Snyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrie_Snyman"},{"link_name":"Matias Paterlini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matias_Paterlini"},{"link_name":"Matias Paterlini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matias_Paterlini"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Bjorn Kotze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjorn_Kotze"},{"link_name":"United Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Matias Paterlini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matias_Paterlini"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/314680.html"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Frederik Klokker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Klokker"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Arshad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Saqib Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqib_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"David Borchersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Borchersen"},{"link_name":"Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Namib_Ground"},{"link_name":"Arshad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/314678.html"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Arthur Kyobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kyobe"},{"link_name":"Tariq Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Hussain"},{"link_name":"Sultan Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_(Omani_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Frank Nsubuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Nsubuga"},{"link_name":"Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_Cricket_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"JJ Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Luck"},{"link_name":"Tariq Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Hussain"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/314681.html"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Arshad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Gary Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Savage_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Martin Siri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Siri"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Arshad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_Cricket_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Arshad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/314682.html"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Frederik Klokker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Klokker"},{"link_name":"Davis Arinaitwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Arinaitwe"},{"link_name":"Frank Nsubuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Nsubuga"},{"link_name":"Bobby Chawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Chawla"},{"link_name":"United Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"JJ Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Luck"},{"link_name":"Lars Hedegaard Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Hedegaard_Andersen"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/314683.html"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Gerrie Snyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrie_Snyman"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Hemin Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemin_Desai"},{"link_name":"Vaibhav Wategaonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaibhav_Wategaonkar"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Bjorn Kotze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjorn_Kotze"},{"link_name":"Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Namib_Ground"},{"link_name":"Vaibhav Wategaonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaibhav_Wategaonkar"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/314686.html"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Esteban MacDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_MacDermott"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Frank Nsubuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Nsubuga"},{"link_name":"Joel Olweny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Olwenyi"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Esteban MacDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_MacDermott"},{"link_name":"Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Namib_Ground"},{"link_name":"JJ Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Luck"},{"link_name":"Frank Nsubuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Nsubuga"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/314685.html"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Frederik Klokker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Klokker"},{"link_name":"Hemal Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemal_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Hemin Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemin_Desai"},{"link_name":"Bobby Chawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Chawla"},{"link_name":"United Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Hemal Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemal_Mehta"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/314684.html"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Gerrie Snyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrie_Snyman"},{"link_name":"Amjad Javed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjad_Javed"},{"link_name":"Saqib Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqib_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Louis Klazinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Klazinga"},{"link_name":"Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_Cricket_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Gerrie Snyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrie_Snyman"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/314687.html"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Matias Paterlini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matias_Paterlini"},{"link_name":"David Borchersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Borchersen"},{"link_name":"Frederik Klokker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Klokker"},{"link_name":"Esteban Nino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Nino"},{"link_name":"Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_Cricket_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"JJ Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Luck"},{"link_name":"Frederik Klokker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Klokker"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/314689.html"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Kola Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Burger"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ruyange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ruyange"},{"link_name":"Arthur Kyobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kyobe"},{"link_name":"Gerrie Snyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrie_Snyman"},{"link_name":"Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Namib_Ground"},{"link_name":"Gerrie Snyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrie_Snyman"},{"link_name":"scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-aus.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/314688.html"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Adnan Ilyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Ilyas"},{"link_name":"Saqib Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqib_Ali_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Amjad Javed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjad_Javed"},{"link_name":"Hemal Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemal_Mehta"},{"link_name":"United Ground, Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ground,_Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Adnan Ilyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Ilyas"}],"sub_title":"Fixtures and results","text":"24 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nOman 269/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Argentina251/6 (50 overs)\n\n\nHemin Desai 51 Gary Savage 4/57\n\n\n\nAlejandro Ferguson 66* Awal Khan 2/32\n\n\n\nOman won by 18 runs Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: K Bayney and JJ Luck Player of the match: Gary Savage (Argentina)24 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nDenmark 77 all out (29.1 overs)\n\nv\n\n Namibia81/2 (11.5 overs)\n\n\nDavid Borchersen 13 Ian van Zyl 4/17\n\n\n\nGerrie Snyman 60* Thomas Hansen 1/23\n\n\n\nNamibia won by 8 wickets Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: AT Holdstock and KH Hurter Player of the match: Gerrie Snyman (Namibia)24 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nUganda 194 all out (49.4 overs)\n\nv\n\n United Arab Emirates195/3 (41.3 overs)\n\n\nRonald Semanda 72 Arshad Ali 3/31\n\n\n\nArshad Ali 79* Kenneth Kamyuka 2/32\n\n\n\nUnited Arab Emirates won by 7 wickets United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and CD Isaacs Player of the match: Arshad Ali (UAE)25 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNamibia 344/6 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Argentina166/6 (50 overs)\n\n\nGerrie Snyman 98 Matias Paterlini 2/61\n\n\n\nMatias Paterlini 114* Bjorn Kotze 2/19\n\n\n\nNamibia won by 178 runs United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and AT Holdstock Player of the match: Matias Paterlini (Argentina)25 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nDenmark 223 all out (49.2 overs)\n\nv\n\n United Arab Emirates224/6 (42.1 overs)\n\n\nFrederik Klokker 99* Arshad Ali 7/41\n\n\n\nSaqib Ali 66* David Borchersen 1/29\n\n\n\nUnited Arab Emirates won by 4 wickets Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: KH Hurter and CD Isaacs Player of the match: Arshad Ali (UAE)25 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nUganda 251/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Oman255/7 (49 overs)\n\n\nArthur Kyobe 50 Tariq Hussain 3/20\n\n\n\nSultan Ahmed 52 Frank Nsubuga 2/38\n\n\n\nOman won by 3 wickets Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: K Bayney and JJ Luck Player of the match: Tariq Hussain (Oman)27 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nUnited Arab Emirates 412/4 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Argentina108 all out (43.3 overs)\n\n\nArshad Ali 139 Gary Savage 3/68\n\n\n\nMartin Siri 32* Arshad Ali 3/8\n\n\n\nUnited Arab Emirates won by 304 runs Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and KH Hurter Player of the match: Arshad Ali (UAE)27 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nDenmark 234/5 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Uganda213/9 (50 overs)\n\n\nFrederik Klokker 65 Davis Arinaitwe 3/69\n\n\n\nFrank Nsubuga 43 Bobby Chawla 4/38\n\n\n\nDenmark won by 21 runs United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: CD Isaacs and JJ Luck Player of the match: Lars Hedegaard Andersen (Denmark)27 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNamibia 271/6 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Oman277/8 (46.4 overs)\n\n\nGerrie Snyman 158* Hemin Desai 2/84\n\n\n\nVaibhav Wategaonkar 114* Bjorn Kotze 3/25\n\n\n\nOman won by 2 wickets Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: K Bayney and AT Holdstock Player of the match: Vaibhav Wategaonkar (Oman)28 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nArgentina 150/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Uganda151/1 (20.1 overs)\n\n\nEsteban MacDermott 43* Frank Nsubuga 3/10\n\n\n\nJoel Olweny 62* Esteban MacDermott 1/29\n\n\n\nUganda won by 9 wickets Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and JJ Luck Player of the match: Frank Nsubuga (Uganda)28 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nDenmark 168 all out (43.3 overs)\n\nv\n\n Oman169/4 (29.5 overs)\n\n\nFrederik Klokker 45 Hemal Mehta 3/11\n\n\n\nHemin Desai 47 Bobby Chawla 2/46\n\n\n\nOman won by 6 wickets United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: K Bayney and KH Hurter Player of the match: Hemal Mehta (Oman)28 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNamibia 358/7 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n United Arab Emirates359/5 (45.3 overs)\n\n\nGerrie Snyman 196 Amjad Javed 3/60\n\n\n\nSaqib Ali 91 Louis Klazinga 2/68\n\n\n\nUnited Arab Emirates won by 5 wickets Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: AT Holdstock and CD Isaacs Player of the match: Gerrie Snyman (Namibia)30 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nArgentina 168 all out (48.2 overs)\n\nv\n\n Denmark169/7 (46.1 overs)\n\n\nMatias Paterlini 51 David Borchersen 2/29\n\n\n\nFrederik Klokker 54 Esteban Nino 3/35\n\n\n\nDenmark won by 3 wickets Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek Umpires: KH Hurter and JJ Luck Player of the match: Frederik Klokker (Denmark)30 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNamibia 145 all out (45.4 overs)\n\nv\n\n Uganda118 all out (34.5 overs)\n\n\nKola Burger 46* Daniel Ruyange 3/24\n\n\n\nArthur Kyobe 22 Gerrie Snyman 5/36\n\n\n\nNamibia won by 27 runs Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek Umpires: NG Bagh and K Bayney Player of the match: Gerrie Snyman (Namibia)30 November 2007 scorecard \n\n\n\n\nOman 298/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n United Arab Emirates273 all out (49.3 overs)\n\n\nAdnan Ilyas 113 Saqib Ali 2/51\n\n\n\nAmjad Javed 71 Hemal Mehta 2/36\n\n\n\nOman won by 25 runs United Ground, Windhoek Umpires: AT Holdstock and CD Isaacs Player of the match: Adnan Ilyas (Oman)","title":"Group 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JJ Luck Player of the match: Joel Olweny (Uganda)\n\n \n5th Place Playoff","title":"Final and playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final placings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvaucel%27s_gecko
Duvaucel's gecko
["1 Geographic range","2 Description","3 Biology","4 Etymology","5 Conservation efforts","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Species of reptile Duvaucel's gecko Conservation status Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix III (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Diplodactylidae Genus: Hoplodactylus Species: H. duvaucelii Binomial name Hoplodactylus duvaucelii(A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1836) Synonyms Platydactylus duvaucelii A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1836 Hoplodactylus duvaucelii — Fitzinger, 1843 Pentadactylus duvaucelii — Gray, 1845 Hoplodactylus duvaucelii — Boulenger, 1885 Naultinus duvauceli — Chrapliwy, 1961 Woodworthia duvaucelii — Jewell, 2008 Hoplodactylus duvaucelii — Nielsen et al., 2011 Duvaucel's gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) is a species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to New Zealand. Geographic range H. duvaucelii is mostly found on predator-free offshore islands of New Zealand, including Great Barrier Island and a number of Cook Strait islands. In March 2010 a Duvaucel's gecko was caught in a trap at the nature reserve Maungatautari, indicating that it is likely not extirpated from mainland New Zealand. Genetic analysis confirmed that this gecko specimen represents a relict mainland population. Description H. duvaucelii may attain a total length (including tail) of up to 30 cm (12 in), with a snout-to-vent length (SVL) up to 16 cm (6.3 in), weighing up to 120 grams (4.2 ounces), making it the largest living gecko in New Zealand. The oldest known wild Duvaucel's gecko was aged at least 36 years. Duvaucel's gecko is a heavy-bodied lizard with a relatively large head, and long toes with expanded pads. Its colouration is mainly grey, often with a faint olive-green hue. Usually there are 6 irregular blotches lying across the body from side to side between the back of the head and the base of the tail which is never striped. Biology H. duvaucelii is nocturnal but sometimes sun basks. It eats relatively large prey, such as puriri moths and wētā. Fossil evidence suggests that it was once much more widespread, but predation by introduced mammals has ensured its range is now much reduced. Duvaucel's gecko both forages on the ground and is arboreal, living in scrub and forest, and along the shoreline of the islands to which it is presently confined. Adults sometimes feed on honeydew from ngaio trees (Myoporum laetum) that host a high density of scale insects. Females do not lay eggs but give birth to live young. Etymology The species H. duvaucelii was erroneously named after Alfred Duvaucel, a French naturalist who explored India. The museum specimens taken to Europe were credited to him, and only later were the animals found to have come from New Zealand. Conservation efforts Duvaucel's gecko was reintroduced to the mainland of New Zealand at the end of 2016 when 80 animals were released in the Tāwharanui Open Sanctuary on the Tawharanui Peninsula. See also Geckos of New Zealand References ^ a b c Hitchmough, R.; van Winkel, D. (2019). "Hoplodactylus duvaucelii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10250A120158759. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T10250A120158759.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ Listed by New Zealand ^ a b Hoplodactylus duvaucelii at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database ^ Trewick, Steve; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2014). NZ wild life : introducing the weird and wonderful character of natural New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand. ISBN 9780143568896. OCLC 881301862.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Neems, Jeff (22 April 2010). "Rare lizard killed in trap". Waikato Times. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ Morgan-Richards, Mary; Hinlo, A. Rheyda; Smuts-Kennedy, Chris; Innes, John; Ji, Weihong; Barry, Manuela; Brunton, Dianne; Hitchmough, Rodney A. (2016). "Identification of a rare gecko from North Island New Zealand, and genetic assessment of its probable origin: a novel mainland conservation priority?". Journal of Herpetology. 50 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1670/13-128. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 83931126. ^ Thompson MB, Daugherty CH, Cree A, French DC, Gillingham JC, Barwick RE (1992). "Status and longevity of the tuatara, Sphenodon guntheri, and Duvaucel's gecko, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, on North Brother Island, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 22 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1080/03036758.1992.10420810. ^ Towns DR, Daugherty CH (1994). "Patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the New Zealand herpetofauna following human colonisation". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 21 (4): 325–339. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9518003. ^ Annette E. Evans; David Towns; Jacqueline R. Beggs (2015). "Relative Importance of Sugar Resources to Endemic Gecko Populations in an Isolated Island Ecosystem". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 39 (2): 262–272. ISSN 0110-6465. JSTOR 26198719. Wikidata Q125777610. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, p. 79). ^ Dickey, Delwyn (2 December 2016). "Giant gecko returns to the mainland after a century". Stuff. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 December 2016. Further reading Bell TP, Herbert SM (2017). "Establishment of a Self-Sustaining Population of a Long-Lived, Slow-Breeding Gecko Species (Diplodactylidae: Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) Evident 15 Years after Translocation". Journal of Herpetology 51 (1): 37–46. Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, pp. 172–173). Duméril AMC, Bibron G (1836). Erpétologie générale ou Histoire naturelle complète des Reptiles, Tome troisième . Paris: Roret. iv + 517 pp. (Platydactylus duvaucelii, new species, pp. 312–314). (in French). Nielsen SV, Bauer AM, Jackman TR, Hitchmough RA, Daugherty CH (2011). "New Zealand geckos (Diplodactylidae): Cryptic diversity in a post-Gondwanan lineage with trans-Tasman affinities". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59 (1): 1–22. Rösler H (2000). "Kommentierte Liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten Geckotaxa (Reptilia: Gekkonomorpha)". Gekkota 2: 28–153. (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, p. 90). (in German). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hoplodactylus duvaucelii. Wikispecies has information related to Hoplodactylus duvaucelii. Hoplodactylus duvaucelii at the New Zealand Herpetological Society. Hoplodactylus duvaucelii discussed on RNZ Critter of the Week, 2 September 2016 Taxon identifiersHoplodactylus duvaucelii Wikidata: Q2716237 Wikispecies: Hoplodactylus duvaucelii ADW: Hoplodactylus_duvaucelii CoL: 3MLN9 EoL: 4499120 GBIF: 5221377 iNaturalist: 146168 IRMNG: 11192626 ITIS: 818768 IUCN: 10250 NCBI: 927625 NZOR: 122d3484-311d-4e28-8b8e-b5053de07a3c Observation.org: 100032 RD: duvaucelii Species+: 10235 uBio: 6632152
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The species is endemic to New Zealand.","title":"Duvaucel's gecko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Barrier Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Island"},{"link_name":"Cook Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Strait"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maungatautari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maungatautari_Restoration_Project"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_3611058-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"H. duvaucelii is mostly found on predator-free offshore islands of New Zealand, including Great Barrier Island and a number of Cook Strait islands.[4] In March 2010 a Duvaucel's gecko was caught in a trap at the nature reserve Maungatautari, indicating that it is likely not extirpated from mainland New Zealand.[5] Genetic analysis confirmed that this gecko specimen represents a relict mainland population.[6]","title":"Geographic range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"snout-to-vent length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snout%E2%80%93vent_length"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"H. duvaucelii may attain a total length (including tail) of up to 30 cm (12 in), with a snout-to-vent length (SVL) up to 16 cm (6.3 in), weighing up to 120 grams (4.2 ounces), making it the largest living gecko in New Zealand. The oldest known wild Duvaucel's gecko was aged at least 36 years.[7]Duvaucel's gecko is a heavy-bodied lizard with a relatively large head, and long toes with expanded pads. Its colouration is mainly grey, often with a faint olive-green hue. Usually there are 6 irregular blotches lying across the body from side to side between the back of the head and the base of the tail which is never striped.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality"},{"link_name":"puriri moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puriri_moth"},{"link_name":"wētā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"arboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"ngaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaio_(tree)"},{"link_name":"scale insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_insect"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDB-3"}],"text":"H. duvaucelii is nocturnal but sometimes sun basks. It eats relatively large prey, such as puriri moths and wētā. Fossil evidence suggests that it was once much more widespread, but predation by introduced mammals has ensured its range is now much reduced.[8] Duvaucel's gecko both forages on the ground and is arboreal, living in scrub and forest, and along the shoreline of the islands to which it is presently confined.[1] Adults sometimes feed on honeydew from ngaio trees (Myoporum laetum) that host a high density of scale insects.[9] Females do not lay eggs but give birth to live young.[1][3]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Duvaucel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Duvaucel"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The species H. duvaucelii was erroneously named after Alfred Duvaucel, a French naturalist who explored India. The museum specimens taken to Europe were credited to him, and only later were the animals found to have come from New Zealand.[10]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tawharanui Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawharanui_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FMD-11"}],"text":"Duvaucel's gecko was reintroduced to the mainland of New Zealand at the end of 2016 when 80 animals were released in the Tāwharanui Open Sanctuary on the Tawharanui Peninsula.[11]","title":"Conservation efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell TP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trent_Bell"},{"link_name":"Herbert SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sarah_M._Herbert"},{"link_name":"Boulenger GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Boulenger"},{"link_name":"Duméril AMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie_Constant_Dum%C3%A9ril"},{"link_name":"Bibron G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bibron"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stuart_V._Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Bauer AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Matthew_Bauer"},{"link_name":"Jackman TR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Todd_R._Jackman"},{"link_name":"Hitchmough RA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Arthur_Hitchmough"},{"link_name":"Daugherty CH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Daugherty"},{"link_name":"Rösler H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Herbert_R%C3%B6sler"}],"text":"Bell TP, Herbert SM (2017). \"Establishment of a Self-Sustaining Population of a Long-Lived, Slow-Breeding Gecko Species (Diplodactylidae: Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) Evident 15 Years after Translocation\". Journal of Herpetology 51 (1): 37–46.\nBoulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, pp. 172–173).\nDuméril AMC, Bibron G (1836). Erpétologie générale ou Histoire naturelle complète des Reptiles, Tome troisième [Volume 3]. Paris: Roret. iv + 517 pp. (Platydactylus duvaucelii, new species, pp. 312–314). (in French).\nNielsen SV, Bauer AM, Jackman TR, Hitchmough RA, Daugherty CH (2011). \"New Zealand geckos (Diplodactylidae): Cryptic diversity in a post-Gondwanan lineage with trans-Tasman affinities\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59 (1): 1–22.\nRösler H (2000). \"Kommentierte Liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten Geckotaxa (Reptilia: Gekkonomorpha)\". Gekkota 2: 28–153. (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, p. 90). (in German).","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Geckos of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geckos_of_New_Zealand"}]
[{"reference":"Hitchmough, R.; van Winkel, D. (2019). \"Hoplodactylus duvaucelii \". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10250A120158759. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T10250A120158759.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Arthur_Hitchmough","url_text":"Hitchmough, R."},{"url":"https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dylan_van_Winkel","url_text":"van Winkel, D."},{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10250/120158759","url_text":"\"Hoplodactylus duvaucelii \""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T10250A120158759.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T10250A120158759.en"}]},{"reference":"Trewick, Steve; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2014). NZ wild life : introducing the weird and wonderful character of natural New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand. ISBN 9780143568896. OCLC 881301862.","urls":[{"url":"https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steven_Alexander_Trewick","url_text":"Trewick, Steve"},{"url":"https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mary_Morgan-Richards","url_text":"Morgan-Richards, Mary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143568896","url_text":"9780143568896"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881301862","url_text":"881301862"}]},{"reference":"Neems, Jeff (22 April 2010). \"Rare lizard killed in trap\". Waikato Times. Retrieved 29 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/3611058/Rare-lizard-killed-in-trap","url_text":"\"Rare lizard killed in trap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_Times","url_text":"Waikato Times"}]},{"reference":"Morgan-Richards, Mary; Hinlo, A. Rheyda; Smuts-Kennedy, Chris; Innes, John; Ji, Weihong; Barry, Manuela; Brunton, Dianne; Hitchmough, Rodney A. (2016). \"Identification of a rare gecko from North Island New Zealand, and genetic assessment of its probable origin: a novel mainland conservation priority?\". Journal of Herpetology. 50 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1670/13-128. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 83931126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1670%2F13-128","url_text":"10.1670/13-128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1511","url_text":"0022-1511"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83931126","url_text":"83931126"}]},{"reference":"Thompson MB, Daugherty CH, Cree A, French DC, Gillingham JC, Barwick RE (1992). \"Status and longevity of the tuatara, Sphenodon guntheri, and Duvaucel's gecko, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, on North Brother Island, New Zealand\". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 22 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1080/03036758.1992.10420810.","urls":[{"url":"https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Daugherty","url_text":"Daugherty CH"},{"url":"https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Barwick","url_text":"Barwick RE"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1992.10420810","url_text":"\"Status and longevity of the tuatara, Sphenodon guntheri, and Duvaucel's gecko, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, on North Brother Island, New Zealand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1992.10420810","url_text":"10.1080/03036758.1992.10420810"}]},{"reference":"Towns DR, Daugherty CH (1994). \"Patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the New Zealand herpetofauna following human colonisation\". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 21 (4): 325–339. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9518003.","urls":[{"url":"https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/David_R._Towns","url_text":"Towns DR"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1994.9518003","url_text":"\"Patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the New Zealand herpetofauna following human colonisation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1994.9518003","url_text":"10.1080/03014223.1994.9518003"}]},{"reference":"Annette E. Evans; David Towns; Jacqueline R. Beggs (2015). \"Relative Importance of Sugar Resources to Endemic Gecko Populations in an Isolated Island Ecosystem\". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 39 (2): 262–272. ISSN 0110-6465. JSTOR 26198719. Wikidata Q125777610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Beggs","url_text":"Jacqueline R. Beggs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Journal_of_Ecology","url_text":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0110-6465","url_text":"0110-6465"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26198719","url_text":"26198719"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125777610","url_text":"Q125777610"}]},{"reference":"Dickey, Delwyn (2 December 2016). \"Giant gecko returns to the mainland after a century\". Stuff. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/87125229/giant-gecko-returns-to-the-mainland-after-a-century","url_text":"\"Giant gecko returns to the mainland after a century\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Allen_Wedgwood
John Allen Wedgwood
["1 References"]
English priest (1796–1882) The Reverend John Allen Wedgwood (1796 – 19 July 1882), normally known as Allen Wedgwood was rector of Maer Staffordshire. Wedgwood was the fifth of six children and the fourth and youngest son of John Wedgwood, the horticulturist, of Etruria, Staffordshire and Cote House, Bristol, and his wife Louisa Jane Allen, daughter of John Bartlett Allen of Cresselly, Pembrokeshire. His paternal grandfather had been the potter Josiah Wedgwood who died the year prior to his birth, and the Josiah Wedgwood & Sons pottery company that he had founded gave the family considerable wealth. He was educated at Westminster School. He was ordained as a deacon in the Church of England in 1821 and a priest in 1822. He was admitted to Downing College, Cambridge in 1824 as a ten-year man. On 29 January 1839, he officiated at the wedding of his cousins Charles Darwin and Emma Wedgwood in an Anglican ceremony arranged to also suit the Unitarians in St Peter's Church at Maer Hall. Some years later, aged he also officiated at the funeral of Charles' brother Erasmus Alvey Darwin in 1881. He himself died the year after in Winchcomb, Gloucestershire. References ^ a b c d "Wedgewood (or Wedgwood), John Allen, Rev. (WGWT824JA)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ a b Janet Browne. Charles Darwin biographies This article about a Church of England cleric is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Wedgewood (or Wedgwood), John Allen, Rev. (WGWT824JA)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WGWT824JA&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Wedgewood (or Wedgwood), John Allen, Rev. (WGWT824JA)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WGWT824JA&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Wedgewood (or Wedgwood), John Allen, Rev. (WGWT824JA)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Allen_Wedgwood&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juupajoki
Juupajoki
["1 People","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 61°47.8′N 024°22.2′E / 61.7967°N 24.3700°E / 61.7967; 24.3700 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish. (June 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fi|Juupajoki}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Municipality in Pirkanmaa, FinlandJuupajokiMunicipalityJuupajoen kuntaJuupajoki kommunKallenaution kievari, a café museum in Juupajoki Coat of armsLocation of Juupajoki in FinlandCoordinates: 61°47.8′N 024°22.2′E / 61.7967°N 24.3700°E / 61.7967; 24.3700Country FinlandRegionPirkanmaaSub-regionUpper Pirkanmaa sub-regionCharter1913SeatKorkeakoskiGovernment • Municipal managerRiku SirenArea (2018-01-01) • Total274.95 km2 (106.16 sq mi) • Land258.49 km2 (99.80 sq mi) • Water16.47 km2 (6.36 sq mi) • Rank242nd largest in FinlandPopulation (2023-12-31) • Total1,708 • Rank272nd largest in Finland • Density6.61/km2 (17.1/sq mi)Population by native language • Finnish98.1% (official) • Swedish0.2% • Others1.7%Population by age • 0 to 1413.6% • 15 to 6453.9% • 65 or older32.5%Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+03:00 (EEST)Websitewww.juupajoki.fi Juupajoki is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of 1,708 (31 December 2023), which makes it the smallest municipality in Pirkanmaa in terms of population. It covers an area of 274.95 square kilometres (106.16 sq mi) of which 16.47 km2 (6.36 sq mi) is water. The population density is 6.61 inhabitants per square kilometre (17.1/sq mi). Korkeakoski is the administrative center of the municipality. Neighbouring municipalities are Jämsä, Mänttä-Vilppula, Orivesi and Ruovesi. The city of Tampere is located 56 kilometres (35 mi) southwest of Juupajoki. The municipality is unilingually Finnish. People Kauko Helovirta (1924–1997) Jaakko Syrjä (1926–2022) Gallery Borough hall of Juupajoki Korkeakoski's old shoe factory at Juupajoki Korkeakoski River See also Finnish national road 58 References ^ a b "Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ a b c "Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 26 April 2024. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ a b "Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023". Tax Administration of Finland. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2023. ^ Juupajoen kylät (in Finnish) External links Media related to Juupajoki at Wikimedia Commons Juupajoki travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipality of Juupajoki – Official website (in Finnish) Places adjacent to Juupajoki Ruovesi Mänttä-Vilppula Orivesi Juupajoki Jämsä (Central Finland)Orivesi Orivesi vteMunicipalities of PirkanmaaMunicipalities Akaa Hämeenkyrö Ikaalinen Juupajoki Kangasala Kihniö Kuhmoinen Lempäälä Mänttä-Vilppula Nokia Orivesi Pälkäne Parkano Pirkkala Punkalaidun Ruovesi Sastamala Tampere Urjala Valkeakoski Vesilahti Virrat Ylöjärvi Former municipalities Äetsä Aitolahti Akaa  Eräjärvi Ikaalisten maalaiskunta  Karkku Keikyä Kiikka Kuhmalahti Kuorevesi Kuru Kylmäkoski Längelmäki Luopioinen Mänttä Messukylä Mouhijärvi Pohjaslahti Sääksmäki Sahalahti Suodenniemi Suoniemi Teisko Toijala Tottijärvi Tyrväntö (part) Tyrvää Vammala Viiala Viljakkala Vilppula Pirkanmaa Finland vteThe smallest municipalities of Finland by region in terms of population Enonkoski Hailuoto Hartola Humppila Juupajoki Karijoki Korsnäs Kustavi Lemi Lestijärvi Luhanka Miehikkälä Myrskylä Pelkosenniemi Ristijärvi Rääkkylä Siikainen Sottunga Tervo Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic MusicBrainz area This Western Finland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Finnish national road 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_national_road_58"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Trips:_The_Quality_of_Leadership
Big Finish Short Trips
["1 Books","2 Audio","2.1 Single Short Trips (2009–21)","2.2 Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trips (2016–present)","2.3 Volume 1 (2010)","2.4 Volume 2 (2011)","2.5 Volume 3 (2011)","2.6 Volume 4 (2011)","2.7 Series 5 (2015)","2.8 Series 6 (2016)","2.9 Series 7 (2017)","2.10 Series 8 (2018)","2.11 Series 9 (2019)","2.12 Series 10 (2020)","2.13 Volume 11 (2022)","2.14 Volume 12 (2023)","3 External links","4 References"]
Series of short story books based on the Doctor Who television series The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Big Finish Short Trips" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Short Trips: Zodiac was the first anthology in the Big Finish-produced Short Trips range. The Big Finish Short Trips are a collection of short story anthologies published by Big Finish Productions based on the BBC Television series Doctor Who, beginning with the collection Short Trips: Zodiac in December 2002 and ending with the loss of their license in 2009. The Short Trips name was inherited from similar collections published by the BBC, who decided in March 2000 that it was no longer financially viable to produce collections of short stories. Big Finish Productions negotiated a licence to continue producing these collections, publishing them in smaller runs and in hardback, thus allowing for a higher cover price and increased profit margins than on the BBC collections. In May 2009 and after 28 collections, Big Finish announced that they were ending the Short Trips series as the BBC had not renewed it for a second licence, eventually halting sales of the books on the Big Finish Website in December 2009. Even so, the books are still available via off-site retailers and a final 29th volume collected the editor's favourite story of each of the previous volumes. Books The Big Finish Short Trips volumes are produced in a slightly different manner from their BBC predecessors: instead of being centrally produced, Big Finish commissions editors for the volumes, who in turn commission stories from writers for the themed collections. Because of this, each volume is produced depending on the working methods of its editor – some editors commission stories on invitation from writers, whilst others welcome unsolicited submission of stories. How the Doctor Changed My Life featured stories all written by previously unpublished authors. This was as a result of a competition, run by Big Finish in 2007, to seek out new talent. Each collection is conceived around a single theme, with the individual stories exploring that theme: Title Editor Published Theme/Concept Short Trips: Zodiac Jacqueline Rayner December 2002 The signs of the Zodiac Short Trips: Companions Jacqueline Rayner March 2003 The Doctor's companions Short Trips: A Universe of Terrors John Binns June 2003 Horror Short Trips: The Muses Jacqueline Rayner September 2003 The Nine Muses Short Trips: Steel Skies John Binns December 2003 Confined environments Short Trips: Past Tense Ian Farrington April 2004 Historical settings Short Trips: Life Science John Binns June 2004 The nature of life Short Trips: Repercussions Gary Russell June 2004 Unforeseen consequences Short Trips: Monsters Ian Farrington August 2004 Monsters Short Trips: 2040 John Binns October 2004 The year 2040 Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury Paul Cornell December 2004 Christmas Short Trips: Seven Deadly Sins David Bailey March 2005 Seven deadly sins Short Trips: A Day in the Life Ian Farrington June 2005 The hours of the day Short Trips: The Solar System Gary Russell September 2005 The nine planets of the Solar System Short Trips: The History of Christmas Simon Guerrier December 2005 Christmas past, present and future Short Trips: Farewells Jacqueline Rayner March 2006 Death and other kinds of loss Short Trips: The Centenarian Ian Farrington July 2006 The life of one man – Edward Grainger Short Trips: Time Signature Simon Guerrier September 2006 Music, time and consequences Short Trips: Dalek Empire Nicholas Briggs with Simon Guerrier December 2006 The Dalek Empire series Short Trips: Destination Prague Steven Savile May 2007 The city of Prague Short Trips: Snapshots Joseph Lidster June 2007 The effect the Doctor has on people Short Trips: The Ghosts of Christmas Cavan Scott & Mark Wright December 2007 Christmas: past, present and future Short Trips: Defining Patterns Ian Farrington March 2008 The causes and effects of the universe Short Trips: The Quality of Leadership Keith R.A. DeCandido May 2008 The many leaders the Doctor has met Short Trips: Transmissions Richard Salter July 2008 The art of communication Short Trips: How the Doctor Changed My Life Simon Guerrier September 2008 The after effects of meeting the Doctor Short Trips: Christmas Around the World Xanna Eve Chown December 2008 Christmas in different countries Short Trips: Indefinable Magic Neil Corry March 2009 The magical life of the Doctor Re:Collections Various May 2009 The final book and a collection of the best stories from the series The collections have mixed established Doctor Who writers from the television series, such as Ben Aaronovitch, Ian Briggs, Andrew Cartmel, Terrance Dicks, Glen McCoy, James Moran, Marc Platt, Helen Raynor and Eric Saward with writers who made their name in other Doctor Who spin-off ranges, such as Paul Cornell, Joseph Lidster, Kate Orman, Lance Parkin, Philip Purser-Hallard, Gareth Roberts, Gary Russell and Robert Shearman, and writers from other literary spheres, including Dan Abnett, Lou Anders, Scott Andrews, Jonathan Clements, Peter David, Richard Dinnick, Keith R.A. DeCandido, Brian Dooley, Diane Duane, Nev Fountain, Lizzie Hopley, Todd McCaffrey, Juliet E. McKenna, Paul Magrs, James Moran, Gary Owen, Stel Pavlou, Steven Savile, James Swallow and Matthew Sweet. Audio On 31 December 2009, Big Finish lost their license to produce or sell their short story anthology book series Short Trips. On 10 February 2010 Big Finish announced that the range would be relaunched as double CD audiobooks featuring eight new short stories each. The stories were to be read by popular Doctor Who actors. Also on this day Big Finish asked for short story submissions, from anyone who hadn't written for them before, for possible inclusion on the CDs. Soon after the closing date it was announced that they had received 500 entries and that Colin Baker would be among the actors reading the stories, as well as writing the Sixth Doctor story for Volume 1. After four volumes, this series was discontinued, but the range was relaunched yet again as a monthly download-only series in 2015. The person in brackets in the "Featuring" column is who the story is read by. Single Short Trips (2009–21) The releases listed below were single releases made available by Big Finish as subscriber and magazine exclusives and podcasts. Starting from September 2016, Big Finish is releasing these exclusives to general customers under the banner, Short Trips Rarities. There will be at least a two-year delay between a story's subscriber exclusive release and its wider general release, in order to still keep these an incentive to subscribers of the main range. TitleRead byWritten byFeaturingReleased "One Small Step"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsSecond Doctor, Jamie McCrimmon, Zoe HeriotJanuary 2009 (2009-01) "Museum Peace"Nicholas BriggsJames SwallowEighth Doctor, KalendorfNovember 2009 (2009-11) (MR 128) "The Doctor's First XI"Stephen CritchlowIan AtkinsFourth Doctor, Romana IMarch 2010 (2010-03) (MR 132) "The Switching"Duncan WisbeySimon GuerrierThird Doctor, Jo Grant, The Brigadier, Mike Yates, Sergeant BentonJune 2010 (2010-06) (MR 135) "Lepidoptery for Beginners"Duncan WisbeyJohn DorneySecond Doctor, Jamie, ZoeSeptember 2010 (2010-09) (MR 138 & MR 139) "The Little Drummer Boy"Beth ChalmersEddie RobsonFirst Doctor, Steven Taylor, Sara KingdomDecember 2010 (2010-12) (MR 142) "Sound the Siren And I'll Come To You Comrade"Stephen CritchlowJohn PritchardFourth Doctor, LeelaMarch 2011 (2011-03) (MR 145) "Twilight's End"Beth ChalmersCavan ScottMark WrightSeventh Doctor, NimrodJune 2011 (2011-06) (MR 148) "Neptune"Beth ChalmersRichard DinnickThird Doctor, Sarah JaneSeptember 2011 (2011-09) (MR 151 & MR 152) "Lant Land"Duncan WisbeyJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, Tegan, TurloughDecember 2011 (2011-12) (MR 155) "Breadcrumbs"John BanksJames MoranFourth Doctor, Romana IIMarch 2012 (2012-03) (MR 158) "Intuition"Stephen CritchlowRob NisbetSixth Doctor, MelJune 2012 (2012-06) (MR 161) "A Room With No View"Stephen CritchlowDavid BartlettFifth Doctor, PeriSeptember 2012 (2012-09) (MR 164 & MR 165) "Only Connect"John BanksAndy LaneFourth Doctor, Sarah JaneDecember 2012 (2012-12) (MR 168) "The Young Lions"Stephen CritchlowAlice CavenderEighth Doctor, LucieMarch 2013 (2013-03) (MR 171) "Crystal Ball"Stephen CritchlowRob NisbetSeventh Doctor, AceJune 2013 (2013-06) (MR 174) "Methuselah"John BanksGeorge MannFifth Doctor, PeriSeptember 2013 (2013-09) (MR 177 & MR 178) "Tweaker"John BanksDan AbnettFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2013 (2013-12) (MR 181) "The Piltdown Men"Hugh RossPaul Dale SmithSecond DoctorMarch 2014 (2014-03) (MR 184) "Late Night Shopping"Hugh RossMatt FittonEighth Doctor, LucieJune 2014 (2014-06) (MR 187) "Waiting for Gadot"Hugh RossJohn DorneyThird Doctor, Fourth Doctor, JoSeptember 2014 (2014-09) (MR 190 & MR 191) "A Home From Home"Stephen CritchlowNick WallaceThird Doctor, Liz, BentonDecember 2014 (2014-12) (MR 194) "String Theory"Stephen CritchlowKini BrownFourth Doctor, LeelaMarch 2015 (2015-03) (MR 197) "Sphinx Lightning"Stephen CritchlowJohn PritchardThird Doctor, JoJune 2015 (2015-06) (MR 200) "The Warren Legacy"Stephen CritchlowJulian RichardsFourth Doctor, Romana ISeptember 2015 (2015-09) (MR 203 & MR 204) "The Toy"Sarah SuttonNigel FairsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, AdricOctober 2015 (2015-10) (Issues 4 & 5 of The Complete History) "The Caves of Erith"Stephen CritchlowAlice CavenderEighth Doctor, LucieDecember 2015 (2015-12) (MR 207) "The Horror at Bletchington Station"Stephen CritchlowChris WingFirst Doctor, DodoMarch 2016 (2016-03) (MR 210) "The Monkey House"Stephen CritchlowNic FordFifth Doctor, Tegan, Turlough, NyssaJune 2016 (2016-06) (MR 213) "The Shrine of Sorrows"Stephen CritchlowJulian RichardsSeventh Doctor, AceSeptember 2016 (2016-09) (MR 216) "The Christmas Dimension"Stephen CritchlowRob NisbetThird Doctor, Liz, BentonDecember 2016 (2016-12) (MR 219 & MR 220) "Collector's Item"Stephen CritchlowPaul J SalmanoffFourth Doctor, SarahMarch 2017 (2017-03) (MR 223) "The Horror of Hy-Brasil"Stephen CritchlowRussell McGeeSecond Doctor, Jamie, ZoeJune 2017 (2017-06) (MR 226) "Helmstone"Stephen CritchlowTony JonesFirst Doctor, StevenSeptember 2017 (2017-09) (MR 229 & MR 230) "The Night Before Christmas"Stephen CritchlowNic FordSeventh DoctorDecember 2017 (2017-12) (MR 233) "Mission Improbable"Stephen CritchlowChris WingSixth Doctor, Evelyn SmytheMarch 2018 (2018-03) (MR 236) "Taken For Granted"Stephen CritchlowIan HidewellThird Doctor, Jo Grant, BentonJune 2018 (2018-06) (MR 239) "The Smallest Battle"Stephen CritchlowStephen OsbourneFourth Doctor, LeelaSeptember 2018 (2018-09) (MR 242) "Tuesday"Stephen CritchlowTony JonesEighth Doctor, Harry SullivanDecember 2018 (2018-12) (MR 245 & MR 246) "Loud and Proud"Stephen CritchlowAndrew AllenSixth Doctor, MelMarch 2019 (2019-03) (MR 249) "Still Life"Stephen CritchlowMax CurtisThird Doctor, Jo GrantJune 2019 (2019-06) (MR 252) "An Ocean of Sawdust"Stephen CritchlowPaul StarkeyEighth DoctorSeptember 2019 (2019-09) (MR 255 & MR 256) "A Song For Running"Stephen CritchlowFio TretheweyTwelfth DoctorDecember 2019 (2019-12) (MR 259) "Not Forgotten"Stephen CritchlowBenjamin Holland-SmithSixth Doctor, PeriMarch 2020 (2020-03) (MR 262) "Home Again, Home Again"Stephen CritchlowFelicia BarkerFirst Doctor, Susan, Barbara, IanJune 2020 (2020-06) (MR 265) "The Beast of Muir"John BanksNicole PetitFourth Doctor, LeelaSeptember 2020 (2020-09) (MR 268) "Crime at the Cinema"John BanksMH NorrisThird Doctor, Sarah Jane SmithDecember 2020 (2020-12) (MR 271 & MR 272) "Soul Music"John BanksVictoria SaxtonTenth DoctorMarch 2021 (2021-03) (MR 275) Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trips (2016–present) The annual Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trip will continue to be released individually. No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 6X"Forever Fallen"Neil GardnerJoshua WaniskoSeventh Doctor, Ace (Nicholas Briggs)December 2016 (2016-12) 7X"Landbound"Neil GardnerSelim UlugThird Doctor (Nicholas Briggs)December 2017 (2017-12) 8X"The Last Day at Work"Alfie ShawHarry DraperSecond Doctor, Jamie (Nicholas Briggs)December 2018 (2018-12) 9X"The Best Laid Plans"Nicholas BriggsBen TeddsTwelfth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)December 2019 (2019-12) 10X"Free Speech"Nicholas BriggsEugenie PusenjakTenth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)December 2020 (2020-12) 11X"The Lichyrwick Abomination"Nicholas BriggsJoe VeversNinth Doctor, Malcolm (Jacob Dudman)December 2021 (2021-12) 12X"The World Tree"Lisa BowermanNick SlawiczEleventh Doctor, Nora (Lisa Bowerman)December 2022 (2022-12) 13X"The Hoxteth Time Capsule"TBDPaul DavisSixth Doctor, George (Colin Baker)December 2023 (2023-12) Volume 1 (2010) Main article: Short Trips – Volume 1 No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Rise and Fall"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyGeorge MannFirst Doctor, Susan, Ian, Barbara (William Russell)November 2010 (2010-11) 2"A Stain of Red in the Sand"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDavid A McEwanSecond Doctor, Zoe (David Troughton)November 2010 (2010-11) 3"A True Gentleman"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJamie HailstoneThird Doctor (Katy Manning)November 2010 (2010-11) 4"Death-Dealer"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDamian SawyerFourth Doctor, Leela (Louise Jameson)November 2010 (2010-11) 5"The Deep"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyAlly KennenFifth Doctor, Nyssa (Peter Davison)November 2010 (2010-11) 6"The Wings of a Butterfly"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyColin BakerSixth Doctor (Colin Baker)November 2010 (2010-11) 7"Police and Shreeves"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyAdam SmithSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)November 2010 (2010-11) 8"Running Out of Time"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDorothy KoomsonEighth Doctor (India Fisher)November 2010 (2010-11) Volume 2 (2011) Main article: Short Trips – Volume 2 No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"1963"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyNiall BoyceFirst Doctor, Ian, Barbara, Vicki (William Russell)February 2011 (2011-02) 2"The Way Forwards"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleySteve CaseSecond Doctor, Victoria (David Troughton)February 2011 (2011-02) 3"Walls of Confinement"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyLawrence ConquestThird Doctor, Liz, the Brigadier (Katy Manning)February 2011 (2011-02) 4"Chain Reaction"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDarren GoldsmithFourth Doctor, Sarah Jane (Louise Jameson)February 2011 (2011-02) 5"Sock-Pig"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleySharon Cobb & Iain KeillerFifth Doctor (Peter Davison)February 2011 (2011-02) 6"The Doctor's Coat"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJohn BromleySixth Doctor (Colin Baker)February 2011 (2011-02) 7"Critical Mass"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJames MoranSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)February 2011 (2011-02) 8"Letting Go"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleySimon GuerrierEighth Doctor, Charley (India Fisher)February 2011 (2011-02) Volume 3 (2011) Main article: Short Trips – Volume 3 No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Seven to One"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleySimon Paul MillerFirst Doctor, Second Doctor, Third Doctor, Fourth Doctor, Fifth Doctor, Sixth Doctor, Seventh Doctor (Nicholas Briggs, William Russell)May 2011 (2011-05) 2"The Five Dimensional Man"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyKate OrmanSecond Doctor, Zoe, Jamie (David Troughton)May 2011 (2011-05) 3"Pop Up"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDave CurranThird Doctor, Jo (Katy Manning)May 2011 (2011-05) 4"The Wondrous Box"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJuliet BoydFourth Doctor, Sarah Jane (Louise Jameson)May 2011 (2011-05) 5"Wet Walls"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyMathilde MaddenFifth Doctor, Peri (Peter Davison)May 2011 (2011-05) 6"Murmurs of Earth"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyMichael Deacon, Jamie Middleton & Chris WraightSixth Doctor, Peri (Colin Baker)May 2011 (2011-05) 7"The Riparian Ripper"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyAndrew CartmelSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)May 2011 (2011-05) 8"All the Fun of the Fair"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyBev ConwayEighth Doctor, Lucie (India Fisher)May 2011 (2011-05) Volume 4 (2011) Main article: Short Trips – Volume 4 No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"A Star is Born"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyRichard DinnickFirst Doctor, Susan, Barbara, Ian (William Russell)August 2011 (2011-08) 2"Penny Wise, Pound Foolish"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyFoster MarksSecond Doctor, Jamie, Zoe (David Troughton)August 2011 (2011-08) 3"Lost in the Wakefield Triangle"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyVin Marsden HendrickThird Doctor, Jo (Katy Manning)August 2011 (2011-08) 4"The Old Rogue"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJohn GrindrodSecond Doctor, Fourth Doctor, Jamie, Romana II, K9 (Louise Jameson)August 2011 (2011-08) 5"The Lions of Trafalgar"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJason ArnoppFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan (Peter Davison)August 2011 (2011-08) 6"To Cut a Blade of Grass"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyCindy GarlandSixth Doctor, Peri (Colin Baker)August 2011 (2011-08) 7"The Shadow Trader"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyCharles WilliamsSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)August 2011 (2011-08) 8"Quantum Heresy"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyAvril NaudeEighth Doctor (India Fisher)August 2011 (2011-08) Series 5 (2015) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Flywheel Revolution"Lisa BowermanDale SmithFirst Doctor (Peter Purves)January 2015 (2015-01) 2"Little Doctors"Lisa BowermanPhilip LawrenceSecond Doctor, Jamie, Zoe (Frazer Hines)February 2015 (2015-02) 3"Time Tunnel"Lisa BowermanNigel FairsThird Doctor, Jo, the Brigadier, Sergeant Benton, Mike Yates (Katy Manning)March 2015 (2015-03) 4"The Ghost Trap"Lisa BowermanNick WallaceFourth Doctor, Leela (Louise Jameson)April 2015 (2015-04) 5"The King of the Dead"Lisa BowermanIan AtkinsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan (Sarah Sutton)May 2015 (2015-05) 6"The Shadows of Serenity"Lisa BowermanNigel RobinsonSixth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)June 2015 (2015-06) 7"Dark Convoy"Lisa BowermanMark B OliverSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)July 2015 (2015-07) 8"Foreshadowing"Lisa BowermanJulian RichardsEighth Doctor, Charley, Mike Yates (India Fisher)August 2015 (2015-08) 9"Etheria"Lisa BowermanNick WallaceFirst Doctor, Vicki, Steven (Peter Purves)September 2015 (2015-09) 10"The Way of the Empty Hand"Lisa BowermanJulian RichardsSecond Doctor, Jamie, Zoe (Frazer Hines)October 2015 (2015-10) 11"The Other Woman"Lisa BowermanPhilip LawrenceThird Doctor, Jo, the Brigadier (Katy Manning)November 2015 (2015-11) 12"Black Dog"Lisa BowermanDale SmithFourth Doctor, Leela (Louise Jameson)December 2015 (2015-12) Series 6 (2016) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Gardens of the Dead"Lisa BowermanJenny T ColganFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Turlough (Mark Strickson)January 2016 (2016-01) 2"Prime Winner"Lisa BowermanNigel FairsSixth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)February 2016 (2016-02) 3"Washington Burns"Lisa BowermanJulian RichardsSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)March 2016 (2016-03) 4"The Curse of the Fugue"Lisa BowermanAlice CavenderEighth Doctor, Lucie (Sheridan Smith)April 2016 (2016-04) 5"This Sporting Life"Lisa BowermanUna McCormackFirst Doctor, Steven, Dodo (Peter Purves)May 2016 (2016-05) 6"Lost and Found"Lisa BowermanPenelope FaithSecond Doctor, Polly, Ben (Anneke Wills)June 2016 (2016-06) 7"The Blame Game"Lisa BowermanIan AtkinsThird Doctor, Liz, the Monk (Rufus Hound)July 2016 (2016-07) 8"Damascus"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesThird Doctor, Jo (Tim Treloar)August 2016 (2016-08) 9"A Full Life"Lisa BowermanJoseph LidsterFourth Doctor, Romana II, K9, Adric (Matthew Waterhouse)September 2016 (2016-09) 10"Rulebook"Lisa BowermanTony JonesFifth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)October 2016 (2016-10) 11"The Man Who Wasn't There"Lisa BowermanIan AtkinsEighth Doctor, Charley (India Fisher)November 2016 (2016-11) 12"The Hesitation Deviation"Lisa BowermanJames GossSeventh Doctor, Benny (Lisa Bowerman)December 2016 (2016-12) Series 7 (2017) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"The World Beyond the Trees"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesEighth Doctor, Molly O'Sullivan, Liv Chenka (Nicola Walker)January 2017 (2017-01) 2"Gardeners' Worlds"Lisa BowermanGeorge MannThird Doctor, Jo (Tim Treloar)February 2017 (2017-02) 3"The Jago and Litefoot Revival Act One"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesTenth Doctor, Eleventh Doctor, Jago & Litefoot (Christopher Benjamin & Trevor Baxter)March 2017 (2017-03) 4"The Jago and Litefoot Revival Act Two"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesTenth Doctor, Eleventh Doctor, Jago & Litefoot (Christopher Benjamin & Trevor Baxter)April 2017 (2017-04) 5"Falling"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesFirst Doctor, Polly, Ben (Anneke Wills)May 2017 (2017-05) 6"How to Win Planets and Influence People"Lisa BowermanJames GossFourth Doctor, Sarah Jane & Harry Sullivan (Rufus Hound)June 2017 (2017-06) 7"Flashpoint"Lisa BowermanAndrew SmithEighth Doctor, Lucie Miller (Sheridan Smith)July 2017 (2017-07) 8"The British Invasion"Lisa BowermanIan PotterSecond Doctor, Jamie & Zoe (Wendy Padbury)August 2017 (2017-08) 9"A Heart on Both Sides"Lisa BowermanRob NisbetEighth Doctor, Nyssa (Sarah Sutton)September 2017 (2017-09) 10"All Hands on Deck"Lisa BowermanEddie RobsonEighth Doctor, Susan (Carole Ann Ford)October 2017 (2017-10) 11"The Ingenious Gentleman Adric of Alzarius"Lisa BowermanJulian RichardsFifth Doctor, Adric, Nyssa, Tegan (Matthew Waterhouse)November 2017 (2017-11) 12"O Tannenbaum"Lisa BowermanAnthony KeetchFirst Doctor, Steven (Peter Purves)December 2017 (2017-12) Series 8 (2018) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"The Authentic Experience"Lisa BowermanDan StarkeySixth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)January 2018 (2018-01) 2"Mel-Evolent"Helen GoldwynSimon A. ForwardSixth Doctor, Mel (Bonnie Langford)February 2018 (2018-02) 3"The Turn of the Screw"Lisa BowermanEddie RobsonEighth Doctor, Charlie Sato (Yee Jee Tso)March 2018 (2018-03) 4"Erasure"Gary RussellGary RussellFourth Doctor, Adric, Narvin (Sean Carlsen)April 2018 (2018-04) 5"Trap For Fools"Lisa BowermanStephen FewellFifth Doctor, Turlough (Mark Strickson)May 2018 (2018-05) 6"The Siege of Big Ben"Lisa BowermanJoseph LidsterMeta-Crisis Doctor, Jackie (Camille Coduri)June 2018 (2018-06) 7"The Darkened Earth"Lisa BowermanJohn PritchardSixth Doctor, Constance (Miranda Raison)July 2018 (2018-07) 8"Flight into Hull"Lisa BowermanJoseph LidsterMeta-Crisis Doctor, Jackie (Camille Coduri)August 2018 (2018-08) 9"A Small Semblance Of Home"Lisa BowermanPaul PhippsFirst Doctor, Susan, Ian, Barbara (Carole Ann Ford)September 2018 (2018-09) 10"I Am the Master"Lisa BowermanGeoffrey BeeversFourth Doctor, The Master (Geoffrey Beevers)October 2018 (2018-10) 11"The Mistpuddle Murders"Lisa BowermanSimon A ForwardFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan (Sarah Sutton)November 2018 (2018-11) 12"The Devil's Footprints"Helen GoldwynPenelope FaithSeventh Doctor, Mel (Bonnie Langford)December 2018 (2018-12) Series 9 (2019) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"The Revisionists"Lisa BowermanAndy Frankham-AllenFourth Doctor, Leela, The Brigadier (Louise Jameson)January 2019 (2019-01) 2"The Astrea Conspiracy"Nicholas BriggsLizbeth MylesTwelfth Doctor, Aphra Behn (Neve McIntosh)February 2019 (2019-02) 3"Doctors and Dragons"Lisa BowermanAlfie ShawSeventh Doctor, Reya (Sophie Aldred)March 2019 (2019-03) 4"Year of the Drex Olympics"Lisa BowermanPaul EbbsSecond Doctor, Jamie, Victoria (Frazer Hines)April 2019 (2019-04) 5"Under ODIN's Eye"Helen GoldwynAlice CavenderSixth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)May 2019 (2019-05) 6"The Same Face"Nicholas BriggsJulian RichardsThird Doctor, Jo (Katy Manning)June 2019 (2019-06) 7"Battle Scars"Alfie ShawSelim UlugNinth Doctor (Nicholas Briggs)July 2019 (2019-07) 8"#HarrySullivan"Lisa BowermanEddie RobsonFourth Doctor, Harry, Sarah Jane (Louise Jameson)August 2019 (2019-08) 9"Dead Media"Nicholas BriggsJohn RichardsTwelfth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)September 2019 (2019-09) 10"The Second Oldest Question"Lisa BowermanCarrie ThompsonFifth Doctor, Nyssa (Sarah Sutton)October 2019 (2019-10) 11"Hall of the Ten Thousand"Lisa BowermanJaine FennEighth Doctor, Charley (India Fisher)November 2019 (2019-11) 12"Peace in Our Time"Lisa BowermanUna McCormackFirst Doctor, Steven (Peter Purves)December 2019 (2019-12) Series 10 (2020) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"The Infinite Today"Nicholas BriggsSharon BidwellEleventh Doctor, Jo (Katy Manning)January 2020 (2020-01) 2"Deleted Scenes"Lisa BowermanAngus DunicanSecond Doctor, Jamie (Frazer Hines)February 2020 (2020-02) 3"Decline of the Ancient Mariner"Nicholas BriggsRob NisbetThird Doctor, Sarah Jane (Mark Reynolds)March 2020 (2020-03) 4"Dead Woman Walking"Lisa BowermanRoland MooreSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)April 2020 (2020-04) 5"Regeneration Impossible"Nicholas BriggsAlfie ShawEleventh Doctor, Twelfth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)May 2020 (2020-05) 6"Out of the Deep"Lisa BowermanJohn PritchardFirst Doctor, Steven (Peter Purves)June 2020 (2020-06) 7"Downward Spiral"Lisa BowermanAlan FlanaganFifth Doctor, Nyssa (Sarah Sutton)July 2020 (2020-07) 8"These Stolen Hours"Lisa BowermanGrace KnightSixth Doctor, Charley (India Fisher)August 2020 (2020-08) 9"Her Own Bootstraps"Nicholas BriggsAmy VeeresNinth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)September 2020 (2020-09) 10"The Meaning of Red"Helen GoldwynRod BrownFifth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Byrant)October 2020 (2020-10) 11"Blue Boxes"Nicholas BriggsErin HorakovaThird Doctor, Liz (Mark Reynolds)November 2020 (2020-11) 12"The Shattered Hour Glass"Nicholas BriggsRobert NaptonTenth Doctor (Neve McIntosh)December 2020 (2020-12) Volume 11 (2022) In November 2020, it was announced that the Short Trips range would return to the audio anthology format. It consists of 6 episodes. No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Rearguard"Scott HandcockAlfie ShawEleventh Doctor, Sontarans (Dan Starkey & Jacob Dudman)February 2022 (2022-02) 2"Messages from the Dead"Lisa BowermanRochana PatelFourth Doctor, Adric (Matthew Waterhouse)February 2022 (2022-02) 3"The Threshold"Scott HandcockFelicia BarkerThird Doctor, The Master (Jon Culshaw)February 2022 (2022-02) 4"Death Will Not Part Us"Scott HandcockAlfie ShawEighth Doctor (Adèle Anderson)February 2022 (2022-02) 5"Fear of Flying"Lisa BowermanPaul F VerhoevenTenth Doctor (Ayesha Antoine)February 2022 (2022-02) 6"Inside Story"Lisa BowermanBen TeddsSeventh Doctor (Sophie Aldred)February 2022 (2022-02) Volume 12 (2023) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Salvage"Scott HandcockMax CurtisEighth Doctor, Bliss (Adèle Anderson)February 2023 (2023-02) 2"AWOL"Scott HandcockAngus DunicanThird Doctor, The Brigadier (Jon Culshaw)February 2023 (2023-02) 3"The Three Flames"Scott HandcockFio TretheweyTwelfth Doctor (Dan Starkey)February 2023 (2023-02) 4"Identity Check"Scott HandcockEugenie PusenjakNinth Doctor, Rose Tyler (Jacob Dudman)February 2023 (2023-02) 5"Table for Two, Dinner for One"Lisa BowermanJennah DeanTenth Doctor (Ayesha Antoine)February 2023 (2023-02) 6"The Galois Group"Scott HandcockFelicia BarkerEleventh Doctor, Valarie (Safiyya Ingar)February 2023 (2023-02) External links Big Finish's Short Trips page Outpost Gallifrey's reviews page Interview with range editor, Ian Farrington References ^ "Errors – Big Finish". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 4 April 2017. ^ "Short Story Comp". BBC. 2007. Archived from the original on 6 September 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2008. ^ a b c d e f g "Doctor Who – Short Trips Volume 11 - Short Trips - Big Finish". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 17 June 2021. ^ a b c d e f "Doctor Who – Short Trips Volume 12 - Short Trips - Big Finish". www.bigfinish.com. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Short_Trips_Zodiac.jpg"},{"link_name":"Short Trips: Zodiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Trips:_Zodiac"},{"link_name":"Big Finish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"anthologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"Big Finish Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"BBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"similar collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Short_Trips"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"hardback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardback"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Short Trips: Zodiac was the first anthology in the Big Finish-produced Short Trips range.The Big Finish Short Trips are a collection of short story anthologies published by Big Finish Productions based on the BBC Television series Doctor Who, beginning with the collection Short Trips: Zodiac in December 2002 and ending with the loss of their license in 2009. The Short Trips name was inherited from similar collections published by the BBC, who decided in March 2000 that it was no longer financially viable to produce collections of short stories. Big Finish Productions negotiated a licence to continue producing these collections, publishing them in smaller runs and in hardback, thus allowing for a higher cover price and increased profit margins than on the BBC collections.In May 2009 and after 28 collections, Big Finish announced that they were ending the Short Trips series as the BBC had not renewed it for a second licence,[1] eventually halting sales of the books on the Big Finish Website in December 2009. Even so, the books are still available via off-site retailers and a final 29th volume collected the editor's favourite story of each of the previous volumes.","title":"Big Finish Short Trips"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"How the Doctor Changed My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Trips:_How_the_Doctor_Changed_My_Life"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ben Aaronovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Aaronovitch"},{"link_name":"Ian Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cartmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cartmel"},{"link_name":"Terrance Dicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance_Dicks"},{"link_name":"Glen McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_McCoy"},{"link_name":"James Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moran_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Marc Platt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Platt_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Helen Raynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Raynor"},{"link_name":"Eric Saward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Saward"},{"link_name":"Paul Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cornell"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lidster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lidster"},{"link_name":"Kate Orman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Orman"},{"link_name":"Lance Parkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Parkin"},{"link_name":"Philip Purser-Hallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Purser-Hallard"},{"link_name":"Gareth Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Roberts_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Gary Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Russell"},{"link_name":"Robert Shearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shearman"},{"link_name":"Dan Abnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Abnett"},{"link_name":"Lou Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Anders"},{"link_name":"Scott Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Andrews_(author)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Clements"},{"link_name":"Peter David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_David"},{"link_name":"Richard Dinnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dinnick"},{"link_name":"Keith R.A. DeCandido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_R.A._DeCandido"},{"link_name":"Brian Dooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dooley_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Diane Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Duane"},{"link_name":"Nev Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nev_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Lizzie Hopley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Hopley"},{"link_name":"Todd McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"Juliet E. McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_E._McKenna"},{"link_name":"Paul Magrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magrs"},{"link_name":"James Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moran_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Gary Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Owen_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Stel Pavlou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stel_Pavlou"},{"link_name":"Steven Savile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Savile"},{"link_name":"James Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Swallow"},{"link_name":"Matthew Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Sweet_(writer)"}],"text":"The Big Finish Short Trips volumes are produced in a slightly different manner from their BBC predecessors: instead of being centrally produced, Big Finish commissions editors for the volumes, who in turn commission stories from writers for the themed collections. Because of this, each volume is produced depending on the working methods of its editor – some editors commission stories on invitation from writers, whilst others welcome unsolicited submission of stories. How the Doctor Changed My Life featured stories all written by previously unpublished authors. This was as a result of a competition, run by Big Finish in 2007, to seek out new talent.[2]Each collection is conceived around a single theme, with the individual stories exploring that theme:The collections have mixed established Doctor Who writers from the television series, such as Ben Aaronovitch, Ian Briggs, Andrew Cartmel, Terrance Dicks, Glen McCoy, James Moran, Marc Platt, Helen Raynor and Eric Saward with writers who made their name in other Doctor Who spin-off ranges, such as Paul Cornell, Joseph Lidster, Kate Orman, Lance Parkin, Philip Purser-Hallard, Gareth Roberts, Gary Russell and Robert Shearman, and writers from other literary spheres, including Dan Abnett, Lou Anders, Scott Andrews, Jonathan Clements, Peter David, Richard Dinnick, Keith R.A. DeCandido, Brian Dooley, Diane Duane, Nev Fountain, Lizzie Hopley, Todd McCaffrey, Juliet E. McKenna, Paul Magrs, James Moran, Gary Owen, Stel Pavlou, Steven Savile, James Swallow and Matthew Sweet.","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colin Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Baker"}],"text":"On 31 December 2009, Big Finish lost their license to produce or sell their short story anthology book series Short Trips. On 10 February 2010 Big Finish announced that the range would be relaunched as double CD audiobooks featuring eight new short stories each. The stories were to be read by popular Doctor Who actors. Also on this day Big Finish asked for short story submissions, from anyone who hadn't written for them before, for possible inclusion on the CDs. Soon after the closing date it was announced that they had received 500 entries and that Colin Baker would be among the actors reading the stories, as well as writing the Sixth Doctor story for Volume 1. After four volumes, this series was discontinued, but the range was relaunched yet again as a monthly download-only series in 2015. The person in brackets in the \"Featuring\" column is who the story is read by.","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Single Short Trips (2009–21)","text":"The releases listed below were single releases made available by Big Finish as subscriber and magazine exclusives and podcasts. Starting from September 2016, Big Finish is releasing these exclusives to general customers under the banner, Short Trips Rarities. There will be at least a two-year delay between a story's subscriber exclusive release and its wider general release, in order to still keep these an incentive to subscribers of the main range.","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trips (2016–present)","text":"The annual Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trip will continue to be released individually.","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 1 (2010)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 2 (2011)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 3 (2011)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 4 (2011)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 5 (2015)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 6 (2016)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 7 (2017)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 8 (2018)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 9 (2019)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 10 (2020)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ST-V11-3"}],"sub_title":"Volume 11 (2022)","text":"In November 2020, it was announced that the Short Trips range would return to the audio anthology format. It consists of 6 episodes.[3]","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 12 (2023)","title":"Audio"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Dossevi
Pierre-Antoine Dossevi
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]
Togolese footballer Pierre-Antoine DosseviPersonal informationDate of birth (1952-01-17)17 January 1952Place of birth Lomé, French TogolandHeight 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)Position(s) Right wingerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1974–1975 Tours 1975–1976 Paris Saint-Germain 2 (1)1976–1981 Tours 126 (52)1981–1983 Dunkerque 57 (13)1983–1984 Bourges 1984–1985 Tours B *Club domestic league appearances and goals Pierre-Antoine Dossevi (born 17 January 1952) is a Togolese former professional footballer who played as a right winger. Career Dossevi made appearances for Tours, Paris-Saint Germain, USL Dunkerque and Bourges. After he retired from playing, Dossevi was a member of Tours' professional staff for nine years. Personal life Dossevi is the father of Thomas and Matthieu, professional footballers who have played internationally for Togo. References ^ Pierre-Antoine Dossevi at FootballDatabase.eu ^ "Un bel hommage rendu à Antoine Dossevi". La Nouvelle République du Centre-Ouest (in French). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ "Un Dossevi très convoité". football365.fr (in French). 20 July 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2019. External links Pierre-Antoine Dossevi at WorldFootball.net vteLigue 2 top scorers 1934: Nicolas 1935: Nicolas 1936: Nicolas 1937: Spechtl 1938: Lammana 1939: Newell & Planquès 1946: Campiglia 1947: Humpál 1948: Arnaudeau 1949: Libar 1950: Haan 1951: Cisowski 1952: Johnsson 1953: Mellberg 1954: Courteaux 1955: Van Rhijn 1956: Van Rhijn 1957: Devlaeminck 1958: Johnsson 1959: Van Rhijn 1960: Corbel 1961: Kozakiewicz 1962: Masnaghetti 1963: Gianella 1964: Soukhane 1965: Groschulski 1966: Ferrazzi 1967: Sansonetti 1968: Bonnet 1969: Grizetti 1970: Blanc 1971: TriantafyllosN / BlancC / KoumS 1972 Gr. A: PleimeldingGr. A / MayaGr. B / MolitorGr. C 1973: FaberGr. A / TonnelGr. B 1974: WilczekGr. A / CombinGr. B 1975: TrippGr. A / MartinezGr. B 1976: AntićGr. A / BerdollGr. B 1977: OnnisGr. A / GemmrichGr. B 1978: GiudicelliGr. A / Garnier & DosseviGr. B 1979: TrivinoGr. A / MartetGr. B 1980: Polaniok & FerrignoGr. A / Vergnes & PintenatGr. B 1981: PintenatGr. A / CampagnacGr. B 1982: PascalGr. A / Olarević & OuattaraGr. B 1983: LubańskiGr. A / DalgerGr. B 1984: RelmyGr. A / FonsecaGr. B 1985: EriksenGr. A / DomínguezGr. B 1986: ValadierGr. A / KabongoGr. B 1987: KurbosGr. A / N'GoueteGr. B 1988: Orts & PailleGr. A / MartetGr. B 1989: CabañasGr. A / LangersGr. B 1990: MonczukGr. A / OrtsGr. B 1991: MonczukGr. A / LagrangeGr. B 1992: OrtsGr. A / MonczukGr. B 1993: PriouGr. A / OrtsGr. B 1994: Le Saux 1995: Cascarino 1996: Cascarino 1997: Michel 1998: Ray 1999: Diallo 2000: A. Traoré 2001: Santos 2002: Diallo 2003: Fauré 2004: Suarez 2005: Koné 2006: Lesage & Savidan 2007: Lesage & K. Traoré 2008: Hoarau 2009: Thil 2010: Giroud 2011: Ribas 2012: Fauré 2013: Yatabaré 2014: Delort & Duhamel 2015: Le Bihan 2016: Diédhiou 2017: Niane 2018: Bozok 2019: Charbonnier 2020: Kadewere 2021: Bayo 2022: Healey 2023: Mikautadze (N) – Nord Section, (C) – Centre Section, (S) – Sud Section, Gr. A – Group A section, Gr. B – Group B section This biographical article related to Togolese association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution
List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution
["1 See also","2 References"]
This is a list of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. The Swamp Fox – 1959–1960 ABC-TV miniseries starring Leslie Nielsen as General Francis Marion The Young Rebels – 1970–1971 television series starring Richard Ely and Louis Gossett Jr. Benjamin Franklin - 1974 four-part miniseries Bicentennial Minutes - 1974-1976 series of 912 episodes to commemorate the United States Bicentennial The Bastard – 1978 TV miniseries based on the novel by John Jakes, starring Andrew Stevens The Rebels – 1979 TV miniseries based on the novel by John Jakes, starring Andrew Stevens and Don Johnson George Washington – 1984 TV miniseries starring Barry Bostwick George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation – 1986 TV miniseries starring Barry Bostwick The American Revolution – 1994 A&E miniseries starring Kelsey Grammer and Charles Durning Thomas Jefferson – 1997 three-part television documentary by Ken Burns Liberty! The American Revolution  - 1997 six-episode PBS documentary miniseries Benjamin Franklin - 2002 TV series about Founding Father Benjamin Franklin Liberty's Kids – 40-part animated television series produced by DiC Entertainment and originally broadcast on PBS Kids from September 2002 to April 2003, since syndicated and seen in repeats on Kids' WB and elsewhere. The Revolution - 2006 13-part mini-series broadcast on History Channel covering the American Revolution from the Townshend Acts of 1767 to George Washington's inauguration in 1789. John Adams – 2008 HBO biopic miniseries about John Adams, based on David McCullough's biography also entitled John Adams. Sleepy Hollow – 2013–2017 American television series that aired on Fox Turn: Washington's Spies – 2014–2017 American television series that aired on AMC The American Revolution – 2014 three-part miniseries that aired on American Heroes Channel Sons of Liberty – 2015 miniseries focusing of Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and others. Washington - 2020 three-part miniseries about the life of George Washington. Benjamin Franklin - 2022 two-part American documentary film by Ken Burns that first aired on PBS. Franklin - 2024 eight-part miniseries about Benjamin Franklin See also Founding Fathers of the United States Commemoration of the American Revolution List of films about the American Revolution List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution References ^ "Benjamin Franklin - A Ken Burns Film". PBS. Retrieved 6 April 2022. vteAmerican Revolutionary WarOrigins of the American RevolutionPhilosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen No taxation without representation Common Sense Spirit of '76 "All men are created equal" "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" "Consent of the governed" Expansionism Settler colonialism Royalists Pitt–Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox–North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related BritishActs of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Currency Quartering Stamp up i.p.o Declaratory Townshend Tea Quebec Intolerable Conciliatory Resolution Restraining Proclamation of Rebellion Prohibitory Colonials Loyal Nine Stamp Act Congress Declaration of Rights and Grievances Virginia Association Daughters of Liberty Sons of Liberty Patriots Black Patriots Committees of correspondence Committees of safety Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Massachusetts Circular Letter Suffolk Resolves First Continental Congress Continental Association Minutemen Provincial Congress Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms Committee of Secret Correspondence Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Confederation Congress Events French and Indian War Treaty of Paris (1763) Boston Massacre British credit crisis of 1772-1773 Gaspee affair Hutchinson letters affair Boston Tea Party Philadelphia Tea Party Powder Alarm Combatants Campaigns Theaters Battles Events Colonies CombatantsUnited Colonies/Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Army Navy Marines Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament British Army Royal Navy European allies of King George III Colonial allies France Franco-American Treaty Army Navy Hortalez et Cie German supporters of Congress Campaigns andtheaters Boston Quebec Nova Scotia New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Northern Northern after Saratoga Southern Western Yorktown Naval battles Major battles Lexington and Concord Boston Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Quebec Valcour Island Long Island Harlem Heights Fort Washington Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Bennington Saratoga Brandywine Germantown Monmouth St. Lucia Grenada Stony Point Sullivan Expedition Savannah Gibraltar Cape St. Vincent Charleston Connecticut Farms Springfield Camden Kings Mountain Cowpens Pensacola Guilford Court House Lochry's Defeat Chesapeake Yorktown The Saintes Other events Staten Island Peace Conference "First Salute" Washington's crossing of the Delaware River Conway Cabal Valley Forge Entry of France into war Carlisle Peace Commission Gordon Riots Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 Sint Eustatius Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Related conflicts Cherokee–American wars Fourth Anglo-Dutch War Second Anglo-Mysore War Involvement (by colony or location)Rebel colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia Loyal colonies East Florida Nova Scotia Quebec West Florida LeadersBritishMilitary Arbuthnot Brant Burgoyne Campbell Carleton Clinton Cornwallis Fraser Gage Graves Richard Howe William Howe Knyphausen Rodney Civilian King George III Amherst Barrington Germain North Rockingham Sandwich Shelburne ColonialMilitary Washington Alexander Allen Arnold Barry Claghorn Clark Duportail Gates Greene Hamilton Hopkins Jones de Kalb Knox Lafayette Charles Lee Lincoln Mercer Montgomery Nicholson Putnam Rodney St. Clair Schuyler von Steuben Sullivan Ward Wayne Civilian John Adams Samuel Adams Carroll Dickinson Franklin Hancock Hanson Henry Huntington Jay Jefferson Laurens Richard Henry Lee McKean Morris Revere Rush Witherspoon Colonial alliesFrench Louis XVI Beaumarchais d'Estaing de Grasse de Guichen Luzerne de Rochambeau Suffren Vergennes Aftermath Society of the Cincinnati Treaty of Paris (1783) Evacuation Day (1783) Ratification Day (1784) Constitutional Convention The Federalist Papers Constitution Bill of Rights Shays' Rebellion Jay Treaty Related topics Military Prisoners The Turtle Political Founding Fathers Diplomacy Liberty Tree Yankee Doodle Other topics Timeline of the American Revolution African Americans in the Revolutionary War Dogs in the American Revolutionary War Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War Women in the American Revolution Financial costs of the war Continental currency banknotes Continental Currency dollar coin Libertas Americana Commemoration film television theater Independence Day Patriots' Day Pulaski Memorial Day Washington's Birthday Jefferson's Birthday Von Steuben Day Minor holidays Centennial Sesquicentennial Bicentennial Semiquincentennial Children of the American Revolution Daughters of the American Revolution Sons of the American Revolution Sons of the Revolution Charters of Freedom Rotunda Museum of the American Revolution
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You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.The Swamp Fox – 1959–1960 ABC-TV miniseries starring Leslie Nielsen as General Francis Marion\nThe Young Rebels – 1970–1971 television series starring Richard Ely and Louis Gossett Jr.\nBenjamin Franklin - 1974 four-part miniseries\nBicentennial Minutes - 1974-1976 series of 912 episodes to commemorate the United States Bicentennial\nThe Bastard – 1978 TV miniseries based on the novel by John Jakes, starring Andrew Stevens\nThe Rebels – 1979 TV miniseries based on the novel by John Jakes, starring Andrew Stevens and Don Johnson\nGeorge Washington – 1984 TV miniseries starring Barry Bostwick\nGeorge Washington II: The Forging of a Nation – 1986 TV miniseries starring Barry Bostwick\nThe American Revolution – 1994 A&E miniseries starring Kelsey Grammer and Charles Durning\nThomas Jefferson – 1997 three-part television documentary by Ken Burns\nLiberty! The American Revolution  - 1997 six-episode PBS documentary miniseries\nBenjamin Franklin - 2002 TV series about Founding Father Benjamin Franklin\nLiberty's Kids – 40-part animated television series produced by DiC Entertainment and originally broadcast on PBS Kids from September 2002 to April 2003, since syndicated and seen in repeats on Kids' WB and elsewhere.\nThe Revolution - 2006 13-part mini-series broadcast on History Channel covering the American Revolution from the Townshend Acts of 1767 to George Washington's inauguration in 1789.\nJohn Adams – 2008 HBO biopic miniseries about John Adams, based on David McCullough's biography also entitled John Adams.\nSleepy Hollow – 2013–2017 American television series that aired on Fox\nTurn: Washington's Spies – 2014–2017 American television series that aired on AMC\nThe American Revolution – 2014 three-part miniseries that aired on American Heroes Channel\nSons of Liberty – 2015 miniseries focusing of Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and others.\nWashington - 2020 three-part miniseries about the life of George Washington.\nBenjamin Franklin - 2022 two-part American documentary film by Ken Burns that first aired on PBS.[1]\nFranklin - 2024 eight-part miniseries about Benjamin Franklin","title":"List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilinopus_regina
Rose-crowned fruit dove
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 References","5 External links"]
Species of bird Rose-crowned fruit dove Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae Genus: Ptilinopus Species: P. regina Binomial name Ptilinopus reginaSwainson, 1825 The rose-crowned fruit dove (Ptilinopus regina), also known as pink-capped fruit dove or Swainson's fruit dove, is a medium-sized fruit dove that is found in parts of southern Indonesia, northern Australia and eastern Australia. Taxonomy The rose-crowned fruit dove was formally described in 1825 by the English naturalist William Swainson. He considered his specimens as a variant of the grey-green fruit dove (Ptilinopus purpuratus) and specified the scientific name as Ptilinopus purpuratus var. Regina. The type locality is New South Wales. Five subspecies are recognised: P. r. flavicollis Bonaparte, 1855 – Flores, Savu, Rote, Semau and west Timor (central Lesser Sunda Islands) P. r. roseipileum Hartert, EJO, 1904 – east Timor, Wetar, Romang, Kisar, Leti and Moa (east Lesser Sunda Islands) P. r. xanthogaster (Wagler, 1827) – Damar Island, Sermata, Nila, Teun and Babar Islands (far east Lesser Sunda Islands), Banda, Kai and Tanimbar Islands (south Moluccas) and Aru Islands (southwest of New Guinea) P. r. ewingii Gould, 1842 – northeast Western Australia to northeast Northern Territory and Melville Island (Tiwi Islands, north of Northern Territory; north Australia) P. r. regina Swainson, 1825 – Torres Strait islands, north Cape York Peninsula, northeast Queensland to southeast New South Wales (far northeast to southeast Australia) Description The rose-crowned fruit dove is 22 cm (8.7 in) long and has a grey head and breast, an orange belly, whitish throat, yellow-orange iris, and greyish green bill and feet. It has a pinkish-red crown with yellow border. The Indonesian subspecies, P. r. xanthogaster, has a whitish crown and paler grey head and breast. Both sexes are similar. The young has a green-colored crown and plumage. Distribution and habitat The rose-crowned fruit dove is distributed in lowland rainforests of northern and eastern Australia, and monsoon forests of northern Australia, Lesser Sunda Islands and Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The diet consists mainly of various fruits, palms and vines. The female usually lays a single white egg. Widespread and common throughout its large range, the rose-crowned fruit dove is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. References ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ptilinopus regina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691430A93312183. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691430A93312183.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ Swainson, William John (1825). "On the characters and natural affinities of several new birds from Australasia; including some observations on the Columbidae". Zoological Journal. 1: 463-484 . ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 29. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Pigeons". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 January 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ptilinopus regina. BirdLife Species Factsheet Taxon identifiersPtilinopus regina Wikidata: Q1585789 Wikispecies: Ptilinopus regina AFD: Ptilinopus_regina Avibase: 3EC888E41BA5036B BirdLife: 22691430 BirdLife-Australia: rose-crowned-fruit-dove BOLD: 113901 BOW: rcfdov1 CoL: 6WLN4 eBird: rcfdov1 GBIF: 2495614 iNaturalist: 2753 IRMNG: 11328112 ITIS: 177342 IUCN: 22691430 NCBI: 796401 NZBO: rose-crowned-fruit-dove NZOR: 119da7cb-4061-454e-ad7c-1c20dfbb0e6a Open Tree of Life: 308574 Xeno-canto: Ptilinopus-regina
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fruit dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_dove"}],"text":"The rose-crowned fruit dove (Ptilinopus regina), also known as pink-capped fruit dove or Swainson's fruit dove, is a medium-sized fruit dove that is found in parts of southern Indonesia, northern Australia and eastern Australia.","title":"Rose-crowned fruit dove"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"William Swainson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Swainson"},{"link_name":"grey-green fruit dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-green_fruit_dove"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-4"},{"link_name":"Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores"},{"link_name":"Savu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savu"},{"link_name":"Rote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Island"},{"link_name":"Semau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semau"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Hartert, EJO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hartert"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor"},{"link_name":"Wetar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetar"},{"link_name":"Romang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romang_(island)"},{"link_name":"Leti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti_(island)"},{"link_name":"Moa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa_(island)"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Wagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wagler"},{"link_name":"Damar Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damar_Island"},{"link_name":"Babar Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_Islands"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Banda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tanimbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanimbar_Islands"},{"link_name":"Moluccas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Aru Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gould"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Melville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northern_Territory)"},{"link_name":"Tiwi Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_Islands"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Swainson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Swainson"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait"},{"link_name":"Cape York Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"}],"text":"The rose-crowned fruit dove was formally described in 1825 by the English naturalist William Swainson. He considered his specimens as a variant of the grey-green fruit dove (Ptilinopus purpuratus) and specified the scientific name as Ptilinopus purpuratus var. Regina.\n[2] The type locality is New South Wales.[3]Five subspecies are recognised:[4]P. r. flavicollis Bonaparte, 1855 – Flores, Savu, Rote, Semau and west Timor (central Lesser Sunda Islands)\nP. r. roseipileum Hartert, EJO, 1904 – east Timor, Wetar, Romang, Kisar, Leti and Moa (east Lesser Sunda Islands)\nP. r. xanthogaster (Wagler, 1827) – Damar Island, Sermata, Nila, Teun and Babar Islands (far east Lesser Sunda Islands), Banda, Kai and Tanimbar Islands (south Moluccas) and Aru Islands (southwest of New Guinea)\nP. r. ewingii Gould, 1842 – northeast Western Australia to northeast Northern Territory and Melville Island (Tiwi Islands, north of Northern Territory; north Australia)\nP. r. regina Swainson, 1825 – Torres Strait islands, north Cape York Peninsula, northeast Queensland to southeast New South Wales (far northeast to southeast Australia)","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"}],"text":"The rose-crowned fruit dove is 22 cm (8.7 in) long and has a grey head and breast, an orange belly, whitish throat, yellow-orange iris, and greyish green bill and feet. It has a pinkish-red crown with yellow border. The Indonesian subspecies, P. r. xanthogaster, has a whitish crown and paler grey head and breast. Both sexes are similar. The young has a green-colored crown and plumage.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"monsoon forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Maluku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"}],"text":"The rose-crowned fruit dove is distributed in lowland rainforests of northern and eastern Australia, and monsoon forests of northern Australia, Lesser Sunda Islands and Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The diet consists mainly of various fruits, palms and vines. The female usually lays a single white egg.Widespread and common throughout its large range, the rose-crowned fruit dove is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.","title":"Distribution and habitat"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Bay_North
Dublin Bay North (Dáil constituency)
["1 History and boundaries","2 TDs","3 Elections","3.1 2020 general election","3.2 2016 general election","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Dáil constituency (2016–present) Dublin Bay NorthDáil constituencyShow Dublin Bay North (2016–present)Show all of IrelandConstituencies in County Dublin; Dublin Bay North is at the centre.Major settlementsArtaneBaldoyleBeaumontClontarfCoolockFairviewHowthKilbarrackRahenySuttonCurrent constituencyCreated2016Seats5TDs  Richard Bruton (FG)  Seán Haughey (FF)  Denise Mitchell (SF)  Cian O'Callaghan (SD)  Aodhán Ó Ríordáin (Lab)Local government areasDublin CityFingalEP constituencyDublin Dublin Bay North is a parliamentary constituency that has been represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas, since the 2016 general election. The constituency elects 5 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs). The method of election is proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). History and boundaries The Constituency Commission proposed in its 2012 report that at the next general election a new constituency called Dublin Bay North be created. The report proposed changes to the constituencies of Ireland so as to reduce the total number of TDs from 166 to 158. The constituency was established by the Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2013. It incorporated the entirety of Dublin North-Central and most of Dublin North-East; with the transfer of an area around the village of Portmarnock from Dublin North-East into Dublin Fingal. The Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017 defines the constituency as: "In the city of Dublin the electoral divisions of: Ayrfield, Beaumont B, Beaumont C, Beaumont D, Beaumont E, Beaumont F, Clontarf East A, Clontarf East B, Clontarf East C, Clontarf East D, Clontarf East E, Clontarf West A, Clontarf West B, Clontarf West C, Clontarf West D, Clontarf West E, Edenmore, Grace Park, Grange A, Grange B, Grange C, Grange D, Grange E, Harmonstown A, Harmonstown B, Kilmore A, Kilmore B, Kilmore C, Kilmore D, Priorswood A, Priorswood B, Priorswood C, Priorswood D, Priorswood E, Raheny-Foxfield, Raheny-Greendale, Raheny-St. Assam; and, in the county of Fingal, the electoral divisions of: Baldoyle, Howth, Sutton." The Constituency Review Report 2023 of the Electoral Commission recommended that at the next general election Dublin Bay North be altered by the transfer of territory from Dublin Fingal and the transfer of territory to Dublin North-West. For the next general election, the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023 defines the constituency as: "In the city of Dublin, the electoral divisions of: Ayrfield, Beaumont C, Beaumont D, Beaumont E, Clontarf East A, Clontarf East B, Clontarf East C, Clontarf East D, Clontarf East E, Clontarf West A, Clontarf West B, Clontarf West C, Clontarf West D, Clontarf West E, Edenmore, Grace Park, Grange A, Grange B, Grange C, Grange D, Grange E, Harmonstown A, Harmonstown B, Kilmore B, Kilmore C, Kilmore D, Priorswood A, Priorswood B, Priorswood C, Priorswood D, Priorswood E, Raheny-Foxfield, Raheny-Greendale, Raheny-St. Assam; and, in the county of Fingal, the electoral divisions of: Baldoyle, Balgriffin, Howth, Sutton. TDs Teachtaí Dála (TDs) for Dublin Bay North 2016– Key to parties   FF = Fianna Fáil   FG = Fine Gael   Lab = Labour   Ind = Independent   I4C = Inds. 4 Change   SF = Sinn Féin   SD = Social Democrats Dáil Election Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) 32nd 2016 Denise Mitchell(SF) Tommy Broughan(I4C) Finian McGrath(Ind) Seán Haughey(FF) Richard Bruton(FG) 33rd 2020 Cian O'Callaghan(SD) Aodhán Ó Ríordáin(Lab) Note: The columns in this table are used only for presentational purposes, and no significance should be attached to the order of columns. For details of the order in which seats were won at each election, see the detailed results of that election. Elections 2020 general election 2020 general election: Dublin Bay North Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sinn Féin Denise Mitchell 29.8 21,344                           Fine Gael Richard Bruton 15.6 11,156 11,315 11,334 11,388 11,419 11,442 11,485 11,522 11,542 13,367         Social Democrats Cian O'Callaghan 8.7 6,229 7,420 7,443 7,541 7,581 7,611 7,699 7,805 8,184 8,281 8,463 8,732 10,157 12,438 Labour Aodhán Ó Ríordáin 11.3 8,127 8,736 8,765 8,795 8,833 8,862 8,927 8,989 9,091 9,251 9,727 10,312 10,735 11,283 Fianna Fáil Seán Haughey 9.3 6,651 7,012 7,026 7,068 7,111 7,159 7,367 7,506 7,561 7,607 7,796 10,575 10,697 10,955 Green David Healy 7.0 5,042 5,715 5,728 5,778 5,822 5,873 6,005 6,149 6,227 6,305 6,645 7,008 7,597 8,527 Independent Left John Lyons 2.6 1,882 3,705 3,792 3,824 3,893 4,074 4,125 4,601 4,975 4,986 5,004 5,096 6,421   Solidarity–PBP Bernard Mulvany 2.0 1,409 3,369 3,398 3,416 3,444 3,488 3,528 3,708 4,637 4,671 4,680 4,759     Fianna Fáil Deirdre Heney 5.1 3,643 3,804 3,822 3,844 3,857 3,878 4,051 4,175 4,193 4,303 4,521       Fine Gael Catherine Noone 3.2 2,279 2,341 2,354 2,366 2,376 2,381 2,389 2,405 2,412           Solidarity–PBP Michael O'Brien 1.0 722 1,915 1,935 1,945 1,968 1,995 2,037 2,163             Irish Freedom Ben Gilroy 1.1 771 1,274 1,283 1,293 1,351 1,532 1,759               Aontú Proinsias O'Conarain 1.4 973 1,092 1,106 1,110 1,132 1,174                 Independent Michael Burke 0.5 370 602 623 657 779                   Independent Brian Garrigan 0.5 372 529 551 588                     Independent Conor Creaven 0.6 418 481 487                       Independent Linda McEvoy 0.3 202 326                         Independent Sean O'Leary 0.0 16 35                         Electorate: 112,047   Valid: 71,606   Spoilt: 645 (0.9%)   Quota: 11,935   Turnout: 72,251 (64.5%)   ^ Independent Left is an unregistered political party, so Lyons appeared on the ballot as non-party. ^ Mulvany was a member of People Before Profit. ^ O'Brien was a member of Solidarity. 2016 general election The constituency was dubbed the "group of death" by media because of the large number and high profile of candidates, the close contest, and the protracted nature of the count. 2016 general election: Dublin Bay North Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Fine Gael Richard Bruton 13.3 9,792 9,804 9,860 9,924 9,934 10,568 10,578 13,092               Fianna Fáil Seán Haughey 10.9 8,007 8,029 8,094 8,123 8,157 8,189 8,232 8,293 8,345 9,311 9,378 11,659 11,956 12,754   Inds. 4 Change Tommy Broughan 7.3 5,361 5,398 5,511 5,578 5,778 5,856 6,038 6,065 6,099 6,583 6,823 7,003 7,735 9,477 11,565 Sinn Féin Denise Mitchell 6.8 5,039 5,051 5,067 5,081 5,247 5,255 5,510 5,515 5,517 5,573 8,281 8,386 8,596 9,047 11,348 Independent Finian McGrath 8.0 5,878 5,913 5,990 6,075 6,150 6,213 6,321 6,396 6,450 6,828 6,930 7,353 8,069 9,553 11,191 Labour Aodhán Ó Ríordáin 7.7 5,675 5,683 5,701 5,920 5,932 6,183 6,201 6,581 7,057 7,299 7,320 7,544 8,547 9,947 10,329 AAA–PBP John Lyons 6.0 4,409 4,455 4,532 4,600 4,981 5,002 6,475 6,494 6,497 6,682 7,116 7,209 7,760 8,476   Independent Averil Power 6.7 4,911 4,934 5,052 5,145 5,294 5,529 5,678 5,768 5,828 6,237 6,338 6,674 7,668     Social Democrats Cian O'Callaghan 5.2 3,864 3,875 3,909 4,093 4,128 4,179 4,291 4,313 4,347 4,587 4,637 4,796       Fianna Fáil Deirdre Heney 4.6 3,360 3,376 3,408 3,448 3,458 3,498 3,514 3,577 3,619 3,943 3,974         Sinn Féin Mícheál Mac Donncha 4.8 3,527 3,540 3,563 3,576 3,663 3,668 3,787 3,790 3,791 3,850           Renua Terence Flanagan 4.4 3,205 3,273 3,302 3,348 3,372 3,418 3,462 3,525 3,588             Fine Gael Naoise Ó Muirí 3.9 2,868 2,870 2,875 2,905 2,908 3,376 3,381                 AAA–PBP Michael O'Brien 3.0 2,236 2,253 2,271 2,282 2,559 2,562                   Fine Gael Stephanie Regan 2.5 1,857 1,865 1,883 1,939 1,957                     Independent Damien O'Neill 2.0 1,446 1,470 1,506 1,517                       Green Donna Cooney 1.4 1,024 1,038 1,055                         Independent Jimmy Guerin 1.0 756 782                           Independent Paul Clarke 0.4 306                             Independent Proinsias Ó Conaráin 0.1 104                             Electorate: 109,516   Valid: 73,625   Spoilt: 709 (1.0%)   Quota: 12,271   Turnout: 74,334 (67.9%)   See also Elections in the Republic of Ireland Politics of the Republic of Ireland List of Dáil by-elections List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland References ^ "Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Dublin area" (PDF). Constituency Commission. 21 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013. ^ "Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Introduction and summary of recommendation" (PDF). Constituency Commission. 21 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2013. ^ Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2013, Schedule (No. 7 of 2013, Schedule). Enacted on 20 March 2013. Act of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 7 April 2013. ^ Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017, Schedule (No. 39 of 2017, Schedule). Enacted on 23 December 2017. Act of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 18 July 2018. ^ "Constituency Review Report 2023" (PDF). Electoral Commission. pp. 107, 128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023. ^ "Constituency Review Report 2023: Map C: Dublin County" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023. ^ Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023, Schedule (No. 40 of 2023, Schedule). Enacted on 19 December 2023. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 16 February 2024. ^ a b "General election 2016: Dublin Bay North". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016. ^ "Dublin Bay North". Election 2016. RTÉ. 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016. ^ a b "General election 2020: Dublin Bay North". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 12 November 2023. ^ "Nominated Candidates – Dublin Bay North". Dublin City Returning Officer. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ "General Election 2020 Results – Dublin Bay North". RTÉ News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ "Dublin Bay North: 2020 General Election". Irelandelection.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ Cullen, Paul (10 February 2020) . "Dublin Bay North results: Social Democrats, Labour, FF take final seats". Irish Times. Dublin. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. ^ "Election 2020: Dublin Bay North". The Irish Times. Dublin. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2010. ^ "Dublin Bay North: Haughey is elected in 'group of death'". Irish Independent. 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.; O'Carroll, Sinead (1 March 2016). "'Group of Death': Minister for Drugs Aodhán Ó Ríordáin has lost his Dáil seat". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.; Chambers, Richard (February 2016). "#RealityCheck: Dublin Bay North – The Group of Death -". Newstalk. Retrieved 1 March 2016.; O'Connor, Niall (19 February 2016). "'Group of Death' constituency will be most competitive of all". The Herald. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016. ^ "Dublin Bay North 2016". Irelandelection.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020. ^ "Dublin Bay North Results 2016". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2020. External links Oireachtas Constituency Dashboards Oireachtas Members Database vteDáil constituenciesCurrent constituencies Carlow–Kilkenny Cavan–Monaghan Clare Cork East Cork North-Central Cork North-West Cork South-Central Cork South-West Donegal Dublin Bay North Dublin Bay South Dublin Central Dublin Fingal Dublin Mid-West Dublin North-West Dublin Rathdown Dublin South-Central Dublin South-West Dublin West Dún Laoghaire Galway East Galway West Kerry Kildare North Kildare South Laois–Offaly Limerick City Limerick County Longford–Westmeath Louth Mayo Meath East Meath West Roscommon–Galway Sligo–Leitrim Tipperary Waterford Wexford Wicklow From next general election Dublin Fingal East Dublin Fingal West Laois Offaly Tipperary North Tipperary South Wicklow–Wexford vteParliamentary constituencies in Dublin City and CountyParliament of Irelandto 1800 County Dublin (????–1800) Dublin City (1264–1800) Dublin University (1613–1800) Newcastle (c.1613–1800) Swords (????–1800) Westminster 1801–1922and First Dáil 1918 County Dublin (1801–1885) Dublin City (1801–1885) Dublin University (1801–1922) Dublin County South (1885–1922) Dublin County North (1885–1922) Dublin College Green (1885–1922) Dublin Harbour (1885–1922) Dublin St Patrick's (1885–1922) Dublin St Stephen's Green (1885–1922) Dublin Clontarf (1918–1922) Dublin St James's (1918–1922) Dublin St Michan's (1918–1922) Dublin Pembroke (1918–1922) Dublin Rathmines (1918–1922) Dáil Éireann1918–presentHistoric Dublin Artane (1977–1981) Dublin Ballyfermot (1977–1981) Dublin Cabra (1977–1981) Dublin Central (1969–1977) Dublin Clontarf (1977–1981) Dublin County (1921–1969) Dublin County Mid (1977–1981) Dublin County North (1969–1981) Dublin County South (1969–1981) Dublin County West (1977–1981) Dublin Finglas (1977–1981) Dublin Mid (1921–1923) Dublin North (1923–1937, 1981–2016) Dublin North-Central (1948–2016) Dublin North-East (1937–1977, 1981–2016) Dublin North-West (1921–1923, 1937–1977) Dublin Rathmines West (1977–1981) Dublin South (1921–1948, 1981–2016) Dublin South-East (1948–2016) Dublin South-West (1948–1977) Dublin Townships (1937–1948) Dublin University (1918–1937) Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (1948–1977) Current Dublin Bay North (2016–) Dublin Bay South (2016–) Dublin Central (1981–) Dublin Fingal (2016–) Dublin Mid-West (2002–) Dublin North-West (1981–) Dublin Rathdown (2016–) Dublin South-Central (1948–) Dublin South-West (1981–) Dublin West (1981–) Dún Laoghaire (1977–) Proposed Dublin Fingal East Dublin Fingal West Seanad Éireann1937–present Dublin University (1937–) European Parliament1979–present Dublin (1979–) Constituencies in Ireland by countyRepublic of Ireland Carlow Cavan Clare Cork Donegal Dublin Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny Laois Leitrim Limerick Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Offaly Roscommon Sligo Tipperary Waterford Westmeath Wexford Wicklow Northern Ireland Antrim Armagh Down Fermanagh Londonderry Tyrone
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Oireachtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas"},{"link_name":"2016 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Teachtaí Dála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"single transferable vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote"}],"text":"Dublin Bay North is a parliamentary constituency that has been represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas, since the 2016 general election. The constituency elects 5 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs). The method of election is proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).","title":"Dublin Bay North (Dáil constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constituency Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_(Amendment)_(D%C3%A1il_Constituencies)_Act_2013"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ea_2013-3"},{"link_name":"Dublin North-Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_North-Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dublin North-East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_North-East_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Portmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmarnock"},{"link_name":"Dublin Fingal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Fingal_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_(Amendment)_(D%C3%A1il_Constituencies)_Act_2017"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ea-2017-4"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Clontarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clontarf,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Edenmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edenmore"},{"link_name":"Harmonstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonstown"},{"link_name":"Kilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmore,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Priorswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priorswood"},{"link_name":"Raheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheny"},{"link_name":"Fingal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingal"},{"link_name":"Baldoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldoyle"},{"link_name":"Howth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howth"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"next general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Dublin North-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_North-West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"next general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_(Amendment)_Act_2023"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ea-2023-7"}],"text":"The Constituency Commission proposed in its 2012 report that at the next general election a new constituency called Dublin Bay North be created.[1] The report proposed changes to the constituencies of Ireland so as to reduce the total number of TDs from 166 to 158.[2]The constituency was established by the Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2013.[3] It incorporated the entirety of Dublin North-Central and most of Dublin North-East; with the transfer of an area around the village of Portmarnock from Dublin North-East into Dublin Fingal.The Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017 defines the constituency as:[4]\"In the city of Dublin the electoral divisions of:\nAyrfield, Beaumont B, Beaumont C, Beaumont D, Beaumont E, Beaumont F, Clontarf East A, Clontarf East B, Clontarf East C, Clontarf East D, Clontarf East E, Clontarf West A, Clontarf West B, Clontarf West C, Clontarf West D, Clontarf West E, Edenmore, Grace Park, Grange A, Grange B, Grange C, Grange D, Grange E, Harmonstown A, Harmonstown B, Kilmore A, Kilmore B, Kilmore C, Kilmore D, Priorswood A, Priorswood B, Priorswood C, Priorswood D, Priorswood E, Raheny-Foxfield, Raheny-Greendale, Raheny-St. Assam;\nand, in the county of Fingal, the electoral divisions of:\n\nBaldoyle, Howth, Sutton.\"The Constituency Review Report 2023 of the Electoral Commission recommended that at the next general election Dublin Bay North be altered by the transfer of territory from Dublin Fingal and the transfer of territory to Dublin North-West.[5][6]For the next general election, the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023 defines the constituency as:[7]\"In the city of Dublin, the electoral divisions of:\nAyrfield, Beaumont C, Beaumont D, Beaumont E, Clontarf East A, Clontarf East B, Clontarf East C, Clontarf East D, Clontarf East E, Clontarf West A, Clontarf West B, Clontarf West C, Clontarf West D, Clontarf West E, Edenmore, Grace Park, Grange A, Grange B, Grange C, Grange D, Grange E, Harmonstown A, Harmonstown B, Kilmore B, Kilmore C, Kilmore D, Priorswood A, Priorswood B, Priorswood C, Priorswood D, Priorswood E, Raheny-Foxfield, Raheny-Greendale, Raheny-St. Assam;\nand, in the county of Fingal, the electoral divisions of:\n\nBaldoyle, Balgriffin, Howth, Sutton.","title":"History and boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: The columns in this table are used only for presentational purposes, and no significance should be attached to the order of columns. For details of the order in which seats were won at each election, see the detailed results of that election.","title":"TDs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IndLeft_16-0"},{"link_name":"Independent Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Left_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PBP_17-0"},{"link_name":"People Before Profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Before_Profit"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SOL_18-0"},{"link_name":"Solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Ireland)"}],"sub_title":"2020 general election","text":"^ Independent Left is an unregistered political party, so Lyons appeared on the ballot as non-party.\n\n^ Mulvany was a member of People Before Profit.\n\n^ O'Brien was a member of Solidarity.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"group of death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_death"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2016 general election","text":"The constituency was dubbed the \"group of death\" by media because of the large number and high profile of candidates, the close contest, and the protracted nature of the count.[16]","title":"Elections"}]
[]
[{"title":"Elections in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Politics of the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"List of Dáil by-elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_D%C3%A1il_by-elections"},{"title":"List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]
[{"reference":"\"Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Dublin area\" (PDF). Constituency Commission. 21 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constit-Rep-2012-Chap-5.3.pdf","url_text":"\"Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Dublin area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_Commission","url_text":"Constituency Commission"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018091020/http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constit-Rep-2012-Chap-5.3.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Introduction and summary of recommendation\" (PDF). Constituency Commission. 21 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constit-Rep-2012-Chap-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Introduction and summary of recommendation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_Commission","url_text":"Constituency Commission"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171119112701/http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constit-Rep-2012-Chap-1.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Constituency Review Report 2023\" (PDF). Electoral Commission. pp. 107, 128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec-report.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/constituency-review-report-2023.pdf#page=107","url_text":"\"Constituency Review Report 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(Ireland)","url_text":"Electoral Commission"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230830102132/https://ec-report.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/constituency-review-report-2023.pdf#page=107","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Constituency Review Report 2023: Map C: Dublin County\" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec-report.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/maps/MAP-B-DUBLIN-CITY-CENTRE-470X820.pdf","url_text":"\"Constituency Review Report 2023: Map C: Dublin County\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230904111724/https://ec-report.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/maps/MAP-B-DUBLIN-CITY-CENTRE-470X820.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 2016: Dublin Bay North\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=2016&cons=156","url_text":"\"General election 2016: Dublin Bay North\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222161547/http://electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=2016&cons=156","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dublin Bay North\". Election 2016. RTÉ. 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/election-2016/constituencies/dublin-bay-north/","url_text":"\"Dublin Bay North\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301002526/http://www.rte.ie/news/election-2016/constituencies/dublin-bay-north/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 2020: Dublin Bay North\". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=2020&cons=156","url_text":"\"General election 2020: Dublin Bay North\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominated Candidates – Dublin Bay North\". Dublin City Returning Officer. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dublincityreturningofficer.com/index.php/8-general-information/13-nominated-candidates-dublin-bay-north","url_text":"\"Nominated Candidates – Dublin Bay North\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Election 2020 Results – Dublin Bay North\". RTÉ News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/election-2020/results/#/national/dublin-bay-north","url_text":"\"General Election 2020 Results – Dublin Bay North\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News","url_text":"RTÉ News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200213130309/https://www.rte.ie/news/election-2020/results/#/national/dublin-bay-north","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dublin Bay North: 2020 General Election\". Irelandelection.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://irelandelection.com/electiondetail.php?elecid=238&constitid=11&electype=1","url_text":"\"Dublin Bay North: 2020 General Election\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200524230949/http://irelandelection.com/electiondetail.php?elecid=238&constitid=11&electype=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cullen, Paul (10 February 2020) [9 February 2020]. \"Dublin Bay North results: Social Democrats, Labour, FF take final seats\". Irish Times. Dublin. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. 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Retrieved 10 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/dublin-bay-north","url_text":"\"Election 2020: Dublin Bay North\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210606065538/https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/dublin-bay-north","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dublin Bay North: Haughey is elected in 'group of death'\". Irish Independent. 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. 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Retrieved 1 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejournal.ie/aodhan-oriordain-loses-seat-2635078-Mar2016/","url_text":"\"'Group of Death': Minister for Drugs Aodhán Ó Ríordáin has lost his Dáil seat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheJournal.ie","url_text":"TheJournal.ie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160302081334/http://www.thejournal.ie/aodhan-oriordain-loses-seat-2635078-Mar2016/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Richard (February 2016). \"#RealityCheck: Dublin Bay North – The Group of Death -\". Newstalk. Retrieved 1 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newstalk.com/election2016/RealityCheck:-Dublin-Bay-North--The-Group-of-Death","url_text":"\"#RealityCheck: Dublin Bay North – The Group of Death -\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Niall (19 February 2016). \"'Group of Death' constituency will be most competitive of all\". The Herald. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.herald.ie/news/group-of-death-constituency-will-be-most-competitive-of-all-34466669.html","url_text":"\"'Group of Death' constituency will be most competitive of all\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Ireland)","url_text":"The Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114215/http://www.herald.ie/news/group-of-death-constituency-will-be-most-competitive-of-all-34466669.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dublin Bay North 2016\". Irelandelection.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://irelandelection.com/electiondetail.php?elecid=231&constitid=11&electype=1","url_text":"\"Dublin Bay North 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200120134201/http://irelandelection.com/electiondetail.php?elecid=231&constitid=11&electype=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dublin Bay North Results 2016\". RTÉ. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocerida
Orthocerida
["1 Shell form","2 Ecology","3 Taxonomy","4 Evolutionary history","5 References","6 External links"]
Extinct order of molluscs This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) OrthoceridaTemporal range: Lower Ordovician–Upper Triassic PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Orthoceras Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda Subclass: †Orthoceratoidea Order: †OrthoceridaKuhn, 1940 Families Arionoceratidae Baltoceratidae Clinoceratidae Engorthoceratidae Geisonoceratidae Lamellorthoceratidae Orthoceratidae Proteoceratidae Stereoplasmoceratidae Paraphragmitidae Orthocerida, also known as the Michelinocerida, is an order of extinct orthoceratoid cephalopods that lived from the Early Ordovician (490 million years ago) possibly to the Late Triassic (240 million years ago). A fossil found in the Caucasus suggests they may even have survived until the Early Cretaceous (150 million years ago), and the Eocene fossil Antarcticeras is sometimes considered a descendant of the orthocerids although this is disputed. They were most common however from the Ordovician to the Devonian. Shell form This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The shell is usually long, and may be straight ("orthoconic") or gently curved. In life, these animals may have been similar to the modern squid, except for their long shell. The internal structure of the shell consists of concavo-convex chambers linked by a centrally-placed tube called a siphuncle. There is a tendency for the chambers to develop cameral deposits, which were used as ballast to balance the long gas-filled shell. Depending on the family, the siphuncle has orthochoanitic (short and straight) or cyrtochoanitic (outwardly curved) septal necks, which protrude from the septa. The shell surface may be (depending on the species or genus) smooth, transversely ribbed, or ornamented by a network of fine lirae. Fossils are common and have been found on many continents, including the Americas, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Ecology This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Orthocerids may have swum near the sea bed with their buoyant shell resting horizontally in the water, floated more passively among plankton, or rested on the sea floor. Like modern cephalopods they would have used jet-propulsion for locomotion. Their long, bulky shell and relatively weak muscle attachments however make it unlikely that they were as agile as ammonoids or modern cephalopods. They most likely fed on trilobites and small arthropods. Taxonomy Orthocerid taxonomy is based primarily on morphological characters found in the shell, principally in the nature of the siphuncle. Parsing these relationships out however can become complicated due to similar characteristics through convergent evolution, making certain taxa appear to have a much longer stratigraphic range than in actuality. Well preserved embryonic shells of the family Pseudorthoceratidae from the Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) Imo Formation of Arkansas revealed significant diversity in the shells' morphology, as well as indicating that Pseudorthoceratidae may be in need of revision. Evolutionary history This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Orthocerids likely arose from the Baltoceratidae, a family of the Ellesmerocerida. However, the phylogeny of Orthocerida is heavily debated as it lacks clearly defined characters. Some important characteristics include the diameter and thickness of a calciosiphonate connecting ring and shape of orthocone siphuncles. Orthocerida may thus be a polyphyletic group, having arisen as several lineages from early Ordovician cephalopods. Some workers have split off the Pseudorthocerida and Dissidocerida as separate orders, the latter on the grounds that it arose from a different baltoceratid ancestor. The pseudorthocerids are thought to be distinct because their protoconch and septal necks significantly different than orthocerids. Orthocerids flourished in the Paleozoic Era, giving rise to multiple orders, most notably ascocerids. The spherical protoconch, or first chamber, of some orthocerids suggests they were ancestors to the Bactritida, small orthoconic forms that gave rise to both the ammonoids and coleoids. Fossilized radulas from orthocerids also suggest a closer affinity with modern coleoids than with Nautilus. There is some dispute as to when the orthocerids became extinct. Although they are said to have survived into the Triassic Period, the two genera that date from that period may actually be pseudorthocerids. In that case, the last orthocerids may date only to the Permian. However, the discovery in the Caucasus of a possible orthocerid from the Early Cretaceous suggests that they may have endured much longer as a ghost lineage. Even a potential Cenozoic descendant of orthocerids is known in Antarcticeras, an enigmatic cephalopod from the Eocene of Antarctica with an internal shell akin to that of coleoids but with an anatomy closely resembling that of orthocerids, suggesting that it may represent an orthocerid offshoot that diverged as its own subclass during the Paleozoic and survived up to the Eocene, convergently evolving a coleoid-esque internal shell. However, other studies recover it as a primitive oegopsid squid. References ^ "Orthocerida". Atlas of Ordovician Life. 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2023-10-10. ^ a b "An Early Cretaceous orthocerid cephalopod from north-western Caucasus | The Palaeontological Association". www.palass.org. Retrieved 2023-10-10. ^ a b Doguzhaeva, Larisa A.; Bengtson, Stefan; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Mörs, Thomas (2017-03-01). "An Eocene orthocone from Antarctica shows convergent evolution of internally shelled cephalopods". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0172169. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172169. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5332165. PMID 28248970. ^ a b Fuchs, Dirk; Keupp, Helmut; Klug, Christian (2020-01-02). "A critical review of Antarcticeras Doguzhaeva, 2017 – teuthid affinities can explain the poorly mineralized phragmocone". Historical Biology. 32 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1467905. ISSN 0891-2963. ^ Kröger, B.; Mapes, H. (2005). "Revision of some common carboniferous genera of North american orthocerid nautiloids" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 5 (79): 954–963. ^ KröGer, B.; Mapes, R. H. (May 2004). "Lower Carboniferous (Chesterian) Embryonic Orthoceratid Nautiloids". Journal of Paleontology. 78 (3): 560–573. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0560:LCCEON>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. ^ Mutvei, Harry (2016-04-02). "Siphuncular structures in Calciosiphonate nautiloid orders Actinocerida, Orthocerida and Barrandeocerida (Cephalopoda)". GFF. 138 (2): 295–305. doi:10.1080/11035897.2015.1123768. ISSN 1103-5897. ^ Kröger, Björn (March 2007). "Early growth‐stages and classification of orthoceridan Cephalopods of the Darriwillian (Middle Ordovician) of Baltoscandia". Lethaia. 39 (2): 129–139. doi:10.1080/00241160600623749. ISSN 0024-1164. ^ Kröger, Björn (December 2008). "A New Genus of Middle Tremadocian Orthoceratoids and the Early Ordovician Origin of Orthoceratoid Cephalopods". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53 (4): 745–749. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0417. ISSN 0567-7920. ^ Kröger, Björn (1 February 2006). "Revision of annulated orthoceridan cephalopods of the Baltoscandic Ordovician" (PDF). Fossil Record. 1 (9). Doguzhaeva, Larisa (1994). "An Early Cretaceous orthocerid cephalopod from North-western Caucasus". Palaeontology. 37 (4): 889–899. Sweet, Walter C., (1964), Nautiloidea—Orthocerida, in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part K. Mollusca 3. (Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press, New York, New York and Lawrence, Kansas) External links www.palaeos.com Orthocerida (Fossil Nautiloidea Page) vteNotable fossil cephalopods (listed by first occurrence)Cenozoic The belemnite-cuttlefish-like Belosaepia Evolution ofcephalopodsMesozoic Advanced nautiloids Nautilaceae True ammonites Early coleoids Muensterelloidea Proteroctopus Styletoctopus Keuppia Palaeoctopus Paleocirroteuthis Vampyronassa Ceratitid ammonoids late Nautilida Advanced belemnoids Diplobelids: Diplobelus Belemnites: Belemnites Belemnopsis Belemnotheutis Palaeozoic Earliest unambiguous cephalopods: Plectronocerida: Plectronoceras, Monoplacophora-like form: Knightoconus? First appearance of long-lasting lineages Goniatite and ceratite ammonoids Probable coleoid ancestor Bactritida Early coleoids: Jeletzkya?, Gordoniconus, Syllipsimopodi Earliest belemnoids: Aulacocerids Phragmoteuthids Early forms the earliest cephalopod group Ellesmerocerida Orthocones: Endocerida, Orthocerida, Actinocerida Brevicones: Ascocerida, Oncocerida Earliest coiled cephalopods: Tarphycerida Spirulid?: Shimanskya Misidentified Probable misidentified genera Nectocarididae: (Nectocaris, Nectocotis) Kirengellida Volborthella Shelbyoceras Pohlsepia Taxon identifiersOrthocerida Wikidata: Q2325800 Wikispecies: Orthocerida CoL: 7NVYZ GBIF: 11164857 IRMNG: 11583 Paleobiology Database: 12444 WoRMS: 1374984
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In life, these animals may have been similar to the modern squid, except for their long shell. The internal structure of the shell consists of concavo-convex chambers linked by a centrally-placed tube called a siphuncle. There is a tendency for the chambers to develop cameral deposits, which were used as ballast to balance the long gas-filled shell. Depending on the family, the siphuncle has orthochoanitic (short and straight) or cyrtochoanitic (outwardly curved) septal necks, which protrude from the septa. The shell surface may be (depending on the species or genus) smooth, transversely ribbed, or ornamented by a network of fine lirae. Fossils are common and have been found on many continents, including the Americas, Africa, Europe, and Asia.","title":"Shell form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ammonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonoids"},{"link_name":"trilobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropods"}],"text":"Orthocerids may have swum near the sea bed with their buoyant shell resting horizontally in the water, floated more passively among plankton, or rested on the sea floor. Like modern cephalopods they would have used jet-propulsion for locomotion. Their long, bulky shell and relatively weak muscle attachments however make it unlikely that they were as agile as ammonoids or modern cephalopods. They most likely fed on trilobites and small arthropods.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"convergent evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"embryonic shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoconch"},{"link_name":"Pseudorthoceratidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorthoceratidae"},{"link_name":"Mississippian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_age"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Orthocerid taxonomy is based primarily on morphological characters found in the shell, principally in the nature of the siphuncle. Parsing these relationships out however can become complicated due to similar characteristics through convergent evolution, making certain taxa appear to have a much longer stratigraphic range than in actuality.[5]Well preserved embryonic shells of the family Pseudorthoceratidae from the Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) Imo Formation of Arkansas revealed significant diversity in the shells' morphology, as well as indicating that Pseudorthoceratidae may be in need of revision.[6]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellesmerocerida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmerocerida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pseudorthocerida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorthocerida"},{"link_name":"Dissidocerida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissidocerida"},{"link_name":"protoconch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoconch"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"ascocerids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascocerida"},{"link_name":"Bactritida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactritida"},{"link_name":"ammonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonoidea"},{"link_name":"coleoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoidea"},{"link_name":"radulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula"},{"link_name":"Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"Early Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"ghost lineage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_lineage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Cenozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic"},{"link_name":"Antarcticeras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticeras"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"coleoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoidea"},{"link_name":"subclass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)"},{"link_name":"convergently evolving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"oegopsid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oegopsida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"Orthocerids likely arose from the Baltoceratidae, a family of the Ellesmerocerida. However, the phylogeny of Orthocerida is heavily debated as it lacks clearly defined characters. Some important characteristics include the diameter and thickness of a calciosiphonate connecting ring and shape of orthocone siphuncles.[7][8] Orthocerida may thus be a polyphyletic group, having arisen as several lineages from early Ordovician cephalopods.[9] Some workers have split off the Pseudorthocerida and Dissidocerida as separate orders, the latter on the grounds that it arose from a different baltoceratid ancestor. The pseudorthocerids are thought to be distinct because their protoconch and septal necks significantly different than orthocerids.[10]Orthocerids flourished in the Paleozoic Era, giving rise to multiple orders, most notably ascocerids. The spherical protoconch, or first chamber, of some orthocerids suggests they were ancestors to the Bactritida, small orthoconic forms that gave rise to both the ammonoids and coleoids. Fossilized radulas from orthocerids also suggest a closer affinity with modern coleoids than with Nautilus.There is some dispute as to when the orthocerids became extinct. Although they are said to have survived into the Triassic Period, the two genera that date from that period may actually be pseudorthocerids. In that case, the last orthocerids may date only to the Permian. However, the discovery in the Caucasus of a possible orthocerid from the Early Cretaceous suggests that they may have endured much longer as a ghost lineage.[2] Even a potential Cenozoic descendant of orthocerids is known in Antarcticeras, an enigmatic cephalopod from the Eocene of Antarctica with an internal shell akin to that of coleoids but with an anatomy closely resembling that of orthocerids, suggesting that it may represent an orthocerid offshoot that diverged as its own subclass during the Paleozoic and survived up to the Eocene, convergently evolving a coleoid-esque internal shell.[3] However, other studies recover it as a primitive oegopsid squid.[4]","title":"Evolutionary history"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marcellus_Cephalopod_1896-Dana-ManGeol-Fig917.png/77px-Marcellus_Cephalopod_1896-Dana-ManGeol-Fig917.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Orthocerida\". Atlas of Ordovician Life. 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2023-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ordovicianatlas.org/atlas/mollusca/cephalopoda/orthocerida/","url_text":"\"Orthocerida\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Early Cretaceous orthocerid cephalopod from north-western Caucasus | The Palaeontological Association\". www.palass.org. Retrieved 2023-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.palass.org/publications/palaeontology-journal/archive/37/4/article_pp889-899","url_text":"\"An Early Cretaceous orthocerid cephalopod from north-western Caucasus | The Palaeontological Association\""}]},{"reference":"Doguzhaeva, Larisa A.; Bengtson, Stefan; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Mörs, Thomas (2017-03-01). \"An Eocene orthocone from Antarctica shows convergent evolution of internally shelled cephalopods\". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0172169. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172169. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5332165. PMID 28248970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5332165","url_text":"\"An Eocene orthocone from Antarctica shows convergent evolution of internally shelled cephalopods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0172169","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0172169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5332165","url_text":"5332165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28248970","url_text":"28248970"}]},{"reference":"Fuchs, Dirk; Keupp, Helmut; Klug, Christian (2020-01-02). \"A critical review of Antarcticeras Doguzhaeva, 2017 – teuthid affinities can explain the poorly mineralized phragmocone\". Historical Biology. 32 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1467905. ISSN 0891-2963.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2018.1467905","url_text":"\"A critical review of Antarcticeras Doguzhaeva, 2017 – teuthid affinities can explain the poorly mineralized phragmocone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2018.1467905","url_text":"10.1080/08912963.2018.1467905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2963","url_text":"0891-2963"}]},{"reference":"Kröger, B.; Mapes, H. (2005). \"Revision of some common carboniferous genera of North american orthocerid nautiloids\" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 5 (79): 954–963.","urls":[{"url":"http://download.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/bjoern.kroeger/jp_79_05.pdf","url_text":"\"Revision of some common carboniferous genera of North american orthocerid nautiloids\""}]},{"reference":"KröGer, B.; Mapes, R. H. (May 2004). \"Lower Carboniferous (Chesterian) Embryonic Orthoceratid Nautiloids\". Journal of Paleontology. 78 (3): 560–573. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0560:LCCEON>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/0022-3360%282004%29078%3C0560%3ALCCEON%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"\"Lower Carboniferous (Chesterian) Embryonic Orthoceratid Nautiloids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1666%2F0022-3360%282004%29078%3C0560%3ALCCEON%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0560:LCCEON>2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360","url_text":"0022-3360"}]},{"reference":"Mutvei, Harry (2016-04-02). \"Siphuncular structures in Calciosiphonate nautiloid orders Actinocerida, Orthocerida and Barrandeocerida (Cephalopoda)\". GFF. 138 (2): 295–305. doi:10.1080/11035897.2015.1123768. ISSN 1103-5897.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11035897.2015.1123768","url_text":"\"Siphuncular structures in Calciosiphonate nautiloid orders Actinocerida, Orthocerida and Barrandeocerida (Cephalopoda)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11035897.2015.1123768","url_text":"10.1080/11035897.2015.1123768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1103-5897","url_text":"1103-5897"}]},{"reference":"Kröger, Björn (March 2007). \"Early growth‐stages and classification of orthoceridan Cephalopods of the Darriwillian (Middle Ordovician) of Baltoscandia\". Lethaia. 39 (2): 129–139. doi:10.1080/00241160600623749. ISSN 0024-1164.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idunn.no/doi/10.1080/00241160600623749","url_text":"\"Early growth‐stages and classification of orthoceridan Cephalopods of the Darriwillian (Middle Ordovician) of Baltoscandia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00241160600623749","url_text":"10.1080/00241160600623749"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-1164","url_text":"0024-1164"}]},{"reference":"Kröger, Björn (December 2008). \"A New Genus of Middle Tremadocian Orthoceratoids and the Early Ordovician Origin of Orthoceratoid Cephalopods\". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53 (4): 745–749. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0417. ISSN 0567-7920.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app53-745.html","url_text":"\"A New Genus of Middle Tremadocian Orthoceratoids and the Early Ordovician Origin of Orthoceratoid Cephalopods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2008.0417","url_text":"10.4202/app.2008.0417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7920","url_text":"0567-7920"}]},{"reference":"Kröger, Björn (1 February 2006). \"Revision of annulated orthoceridan cephalopods of the Baltoscandic Ordovician\" (PDF). Fossil Record. 1 (9).","urls":[{"url":"https://fr.copernicus.org/articles/9/137/2006/fr-9-137-2006.pdf","url_text":"\"Revision of annulated orthoceridan cephalopods of the Baltoscandic Ordovician\""}]},{"reference":"Doguzhaeva, Larisa (1994). \"An Early Cretaceous orthocerid cephalopod from North-western Caucasus\". Palaeontology. 37 (4): 889–899.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeontology_(journal)","url_text":"Palaeontology"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthocerida&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=485.4","external_links_name":"490"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=237","external_links_name":"240"},{"Link":"https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=145","external_links_name":"150"},{"Link":"https://www.ordovicianatlas.org/atlas/mollusca/cephalopoda/orthocerida/","external_links_name":"\"Orthocerida\""},{"Link":"https://www.palass.org/publications/palaeontology-journal/archive/37/4/article_pp889-899","external_links_name":"\"An Early Cretaceous orthocerid cephalopod from north-western Caucasus | The Palaeontological Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5332165","external_links_name":"\"An Eocene orthocone from Antarctica shows convergent evolution of internally shelled cephalopods\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0172169","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0172169"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","external_links_name":"1932-6203"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5332165","external_links_name":"5332165"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28248970","external_links_name":"28248970"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2018.1467905","external_links_name":"\"A critical review of Antarcticeras Doguzhaeva, 2017 – teuthid affinities can explain the poorly mineralized phragmocone\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2018.1467905","external_links_name":"10.1080/08912963.2018.1467905"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2963","external_links_name":"0891-2963"},{"Link":"http://download.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/bjoern.kroeger/jp_79_05.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Revision of some common carboniferous genera of North american orthocerid nautiloids\""},{"Link":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/0022-3360%282004%29078%3C0560%3ALCCEON%3E2.0.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"\"Lower Carboniferous (Chesterian) Embryonic Orthoceratid Nautiloids\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1666%2F0022-3360%282004%29078%3C0560%3ALCCEON%3E2.0.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0560:LCCEON>2.0.CO;2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360","external_links_name":"0022-3360"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11035897.2015.1123768","external_links_name":"\"Siphuncular structures in Calciosiphonate nautiloid orders Actinocerida, Orthocerida and Barrandeocerida (Cephalopoda)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11035897.2015.1123768","external_links_name":"10.1080/11035897.2015.1123768"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1103-5897","external_links_name":"1103-5897"},{"Link":"https://www.idunn.no/doi/10.1080/00241160600623749","external_links_name":"\"Early growth‐stages and classification of orthoceridan Cephalopods of the Darriwillian (Middle Ordovician) of Baltoscandia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00241160600623749","external_links_name":"10.1080/00241160600623749"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-1164","external_links_name":"0024-1164"},{"Link":"http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app53-745.html","external_links_name":"\"A New Genus of Middle Tremadocian Orthoceratoids and the Early Ordovician Origin of Orthoceratoid Cephalopods\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2008.0417","external_links_name":"10.4202/app.2008.0417"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7920","external_links_name":"0567-7920"},{"Link":"https://fr.copernicus.org/articles/9/137/2006/fr-9-137-2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Revision of annulated orthoceridan cephalopods of the Baltoscandic Ordovician\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061231065722/http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Molluscs/Cyrtosoma/Neocephalopoda/Orthocerida.html","external_links_name":"www.palaeos.com"},{"Link":"http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~palaeont/fossilnautiloidea/fossnautorthocerida.htm","external_links_name":"Orthocerida (Fossil Nautiloidea Page)"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NVYZ","external_links_name":"7NVYZ"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/11164857","external_links_name":"11164857"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11583","external_links_name":"11583"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=12444","external_links_name":"12444"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1374984","external_links_name":"1374984"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisodos
Parodos
["1 Side-entrance to the theater","2 Entrance song of the chorus","3 References"]
Not to be confused with parados. A parodos (also parode and parodus; Ancient Greek: πάροδος, 'entrance', plural parodoi), in the theater of ancient Greece, is a side-entrance to the stage, or the first song that is sung by the chorus at the beginning of a Greek tragedy. Side-entrance to the theater The parodos is a large passageway affording access either to the stage (for actors) or to the orchestra (for the chorus) of the ancient Greek theater. The parodoi can be distinguished from the entrances to the stage from the skene, or stage building, as the two parodoi are long ramps located on either side of the stage, between the skene and the theatron, or audience seating area. The term eisodos ('way in') is also used. Scholars note that eisodos was an older term for the passageway while parodos was widely used by writers from Aristotle onwards. Entrance song of the chorus Parodos also refers to the ode sung by the chorus as it enters and occupies its place in the orchestra. Aristotle defined it as "the first whole utterance of a chorus". Usually the first choral song of the drama, the parodos typically follows the play's prologue. It is an important part as it defined the chorus, provide information about the plot, and assist or fight the protagonist. In Greek comedy, the parodos is considered the climactic moment. The parodos is highly commemorated in Athenian artifacts that show choral performance. References ^ Merriam-Webster dictionary ^ Sophocles (2009). The Theban Plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone. JHU Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-8018-9541-8. ^ Dobrov, Gregory (2010). Brill's Companion to the Study of Greek Comedy. Leiden: BRILL. p. 2017. ISBN 978-90-04-18884-6. ^ a b c Dobrov, Gregory (2010). Brill's Companion to the Study of Greek Comedy. Leiden: BRILL. p. 135. ISBN 978-90-04-18884-6. ^ Clay, Diskin (2005). The Trojan Women. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-58510-435-2. ^ McClure, Laura K. (2017). A Companion to Euripides. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-119-25752-3. ^ Euripides (2005). The Trojan Women. London: Hackett Publishing. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-904350-61-3. Leacroft, Richard; Leacroft, Helen (1988). Theatre and Playhouse: An Illustrated Survey of Theatre Building from Ancient Greece to the Present Day. London: Methuen. pp. 6. ISBN 0413529401. This theatre-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parados"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"theater of ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_chorus"},{"link_name":"Greek tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_tragedy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with parados.A parodos (also parode and parodus; Ancient Greek: πάροδος, 'entrance', plural parodoi), in the theater of ancient Greece, is a side-entrance to the stage, or the first song that is sung by the chorus at the beginning of a Greek tragedy.[1]","title":"Parodos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece#Orchestra"},{"link_name":"chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_chorus"},{"link_name":"skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skene_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"theatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece#Theatron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"The parodos is a large passageway affording access either to the stage (for actors) or to the orchestra (for the chorus) of the ancient Greek theater. The parodoi can be distinguished from the entrances to the stage from the skene, or stage building, as the two parodoi are long ramps[2] located on either side of the stage, between the skene and the theatron, or audience seating area. The term eisodos ('way in')[3] is also used. Scholars note that eisodos was an older term for the passageway while parodos was widely used by writers from Aristotle onwards.[4]","title":"Side-entrance to the theater"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Parodos also refers to the ode sung by the chorus as it enters and occupies its place in the orchestra.[5] Aristotle defined it as \"the first whole utterance of a chorus\".[6] Usually the first choral song of the drama, the parodos typically follows the play's prologue. It is an important part as it defined the chorus, provide information about the plot, and assist or fight the protagonist.[7] In Greek comedy, the parodos is considered the climactic moment.[4] The parodos is highly commemorated in Athenian artifacts that show choral performance.[4]","title":"Entrance song of the chorus"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Sophocles (2009). The Theban Plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone. JHU Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-8018-9541-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9541-8","url_text":"978-0-8018-9541-8"}]},{"reference":"Dobrov, Gregory (2010). Brill's Companion to the Study of Greek Comedy. Leiden: BRILL. p. 2017. ISBN 978-90-04-18884-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18884-6","url_text":"978-90-04-18884-6"}]},{"reference":"Dobrov, Gregory (2010). Brill's Companion to the Study of Greek Comedy. Leiden: BRILL. p. 135. ISBN 978-90-04-18884-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18884-6","url_text":"978-90-04-18884-6"}]},{"reference":"Clay, Diskin (2005). The Trojan Women. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-58510-435-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58510-435-2","url_text":"978-1-58510-435-2"}]},{"reference":"McClure, Laura K. (2017). A Companion to Euripides. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-119-25752-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-25752-3","url_text":"978-1-119-25752-3"}]},{"reference":"Euripides (2005). The Trojan Women. London: Hackett Publishing. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-904350-61-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904350-61-3","url_text":"978-1-904350-61-3"}]},{"reference":"Leacroft, Richard; Leacroft, Helen (1988). Theatre and Playhouse: An Illustrated Survey of Theatre Building from Ancient Greece to the Present Day. London: Methuen. pp. 6. ISBN 0413529401.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theatreplayhouse0000leac/page/6","url_text":"Theatre and Playhouse: An Illustrated Survey of Theatre Building from Ancient Greece to the Present Day"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theatreplayhouse0000leac/page/6","url_text":"6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413529401","url_text":"0413529401"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parodos","external_links_name":"Merriam-Webster dictionary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/theatreplayhouse0000leac/page/6","external_links_name":"Theatre and Playhouse: An Illustrated Survey of Theatre Building from Ancient Greece to the Present Day"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/theatreplayhouse0000leac/page/6","external_links_name":"6"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parodos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinong%C3%A9_River
Maskinongé River
["1 Toponymy","2 Geography","2.1 Course","2.2 Geology","2.3 Population","3 Natural environment","4 History","5 Notes and references","6 Sources","7 See also"]
Coordinates: 46°09′48″N 73°01′06″W / 46.16333°N 73.01833°W / 46.16333; -73.01833River in Quebec, CanadaMaskinongé River"Rivière Maskinongé" (in French)Maskinongé River at Maskinongé, QuebecLocationCountryCanadaProvinceQuebecRegionMauriciePhysical characteristicsSourceLake Maskinongé • locationSaint-Gabriel-de-Brandon, Lanaudière, Quebec, Canada • coordinates46°19′16″N 72°21′42″W / 46.32111°N 72.36167°W / 46.32111; -72.36167 • elevation142 m (466 ft) MouthLake Saint-Pierre • locationMaskinongé, Mauricie, Quebec, Canada • coordinates46°09′48″N 73°01′06″W / 46.16333°N 73.01833°W / 46.16333; -73.01833 • elevation3 m (9.8 ft)Basin featuresTributaries  • left(from the mouth) Ruisseau du rang Double, décharge du lac du rang Double, décharge du Lac Marianne, décharge du Lac François, ruisseau Lafrenière, rivière Blanche, Rivière Mandeville. • right(from the mouth) La Grande Décharge, Rivière de l'Ormière, ruisseau Penotte, La Grande Coulée, ruisseau au Castor, décharge du Petit lac à Nadon, ruisseau Charbonneau. The Maskinongé River is located north of the administrative region of Lanaudière and west of the administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada. The river has a total length of 40 km. It takes its source in Maskinongé Lake, located in Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon. It crosses the municipalities of Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon, Saint-Gabriel, and Saint-Didace in the region of Lanaudière; then Saint-Justin, Louiseville, and Maskinongé before pour into the north shore of Lake Saint-Pierre at the height of this municipality. Toponymy The name of the river comes from the muskellunge ("Esox masquinongy"), a species of pike from North America. Its name comes from the Algonquin and means "deformed pike". Geography Course Falls of Sainte-Ursule The Maskinongé River begins its course at an altitude of 142 m in lake of the same name. It then flows south-east for a distance of 52 km and flows into the St. Lawrence River at Maskinongé altitude of 3 m. It has two major gradients: the Lauzon Falls where it drops from 30 m and the Saint-Ursula Falls where it drops from 70 m. Geology The upstream section of the Sainte-Ursule Falls is part of the Laurentides, a section of the Canadian Shield. The latter formed a billion years ago and was probably as high as the Himalayas. A slow erosion process has brought it back to its current level. The downstream section is part of the St. Lawrence Platform. Population The basin was inhabited by a unit of 14,000 people in 2006. The largest urban agglomeration in the basin is the town of Saint-Gabriel, which is located on the shore of Lake Maskinongé. Natural environment Over forty species of fish are found in the Maskinongé River and its tributaries. The main sporting species are the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and the muskellunge (fish) (Esox masquinongy). There are also the red knight (Moxostoma macrolepidotum), Ambloplites rupestris, brown trout (Salmo trutta), Semotilus corporalis, Perca flavescens, the horned mule, 'Semotilus atromaculatus', black sucker (Catostomus commersonii) and brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus). History The Attikameks used the Maskinongé River as a route from Matawinie to Trois-Rivières. In 1700, French settlers began settling in Maskinongé. As for Lake Maskinongé, the first settlers settled there in 1818. The north of the basin was occupied from 1880 by the club Mastigouche, a private club of hunting and fishing. This was nationalized in the 1970s and integrated into the Mastigouche Wildlife Reserve and the Nymphs' Nest. Notes and references ^ Gouvernement du Québec. "Maskinongé". Banque de noms de lieux du Québec. Commission de Toponymie. Retrieved January 1, 2011. ^ Deléglise, Giroux & Lambert 2014, pp. 34–35. ^ Association for the Integrated Management of the Maskinongé River 2008, p. 29 ^ Deléglise, Giroux & Lambert 2014, p. 111. ^ a b Deléglise, Giroux & Lambert 2014, pp. 68–70. ^ Association for the Integrated Management of the Maskinongé River 2008, pp. 47–48 Sources Deléglise, Delphine; Giroux, Justine; Lambert, Michel (2014). Plan Directeur de l'eau: Zone de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau de la rivière Maskinongé (PDF) (Report) (in French). AGIR Maskinongé. Maskinonge River Subwatershed Plan (PDF) (Report). Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority. 2010. Portrait et diagnostic du Plan directeur de l’eau du bassin versant de la rivière Maskinongé (Report) (in French). Association pour la gestion intégrée de la rivière Maskinongé. 2008. AGIRM2008. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rivière Maskinongé (Mauricie). Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Mandeville, Quebec, a municipality Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon, a municipality Saint-Didace, Quebec, a municipality Saint-Édouard-de-Maskinongé, Quebec, a municipality Saint-Justin, Quebec, a municipality Sainte-Ursule, Quebec, a municipality Maskinongé, Quebec Maskinongé Regional County Municipality Lake Maskinongé, a body of water Lake Saint-Pierre, a lake of water Rivière Blanche, a river Mandeville River, a watercourse River of the Ormière, a river List of rivers of Quebec
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lanaudière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanaudi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Mauricie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricie"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Maskinongé Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maskinong%C3%A9_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Lanaudière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanaudi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Saint-Justin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Justin,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Louiseville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louiseville"},{"link_name":"Maskinongé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinong%C3%A9,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Lake Saint-Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Saint-Pierre"}],"text":"River in Quebec, CanadaThe Maskinongé River is located north of the administrative region of Lanaudière and west of the administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada.The river has a total length of 40 km. It takes its source in Maskinongé Lake, located in Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon. It crosses the municipalities of Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon, Saint-Gabriel, and Saint-Didace in the region of Lanaudière; then Saint-Justin, Louiseville, and Maskinongé before pour into the north shore of Lake Saint-Pierre at the height of this municipality.","title":"Maskinongé River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"muskellunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskellunge"},{"link_name":"pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esox"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Algonquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The name of the river comes from the muskellunge (\"Esox masquinongy\"), a species of pike from North America. Its name comes from the Algonquin and means \"deformed pike\".[1]","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chute_Sainte-Ursule.jpg"},{"link_name":"lake of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Maskinong%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River"},{"link_name":"Maskinongé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinong%C3%A9,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Lauzon Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauzon_Falls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Ursula Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Ursula_Falls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert201434%E2%80%9335-2"}],"sub_title":"Course","text":"Falls of Sainte-UrsuleThe Maskinongé River begins its course at an altitude of 142 m in lake of the same name. It then flows south-east for a distance of 52 km and flows into the St. Lawrence River at Maskinongé altitude of 3 m. It has two major gradients: the Lauzon Falls where it drops from 30 m and the Saint-Ursula Falls where it drops from 70 m.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurentides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentides"},{"link_name":"Canadian Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shield"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Geology","text":"The upstream section of the Sainte-Ursule Falls is part of the Laurentides, a section of the Canadian Shield. The latter formed a billion years ago and was probably as high as the Himalayas. A slow erosion process has brought it back to its current level.[3] The downstream section is part of the St. Lawrence Platform.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gabriel,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert2014111-4"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"The basin was inhabited by a unit of 14,000 people in 2006. The largest urban agglomeration in the basin is the town of Saint-Gabriel, which is located on the shore of Lake Maskinongé.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert201468%E2%80%9370-5"},{"link_name":"red knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_knight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ambloplites rupestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambloplites_rupestris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert201468%E2%80%9370-5"}],"text":"Over forty species of fish are found in the Maskinongé River and its tributaries.[5] The main sporting species are the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and the muskellunge (fish) (Esox masquinongy). There are also the red knight (Moxostoma macrolepidotum), Ambloplites rupestris, brown trout (Salmo trutta), Semotilus corporalis, Perca flavescens, the horned mule, 'Semotilus atromaculatus', black sucker (Catostomus commersonii) and brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus).[5]","title":"Natural environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attikameks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attikameks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matawinie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matawinie"},{"link_name":"Trois-Rivières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Maskinongé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinong%C3%A9,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Attikameks used the Maskinongé River as a route from Matawinie to Trois-Rivières. In 1700, French settlers began settling in Maskinongé. As for Lake Maskinongé, the first settlers settled there in 1818. The north of the basin was occupied from 1880 by the club Mastigouche, a private club of hunting and fishing. This was nationalized in the 1970s and integrated into the Mastigouche Wildlife Reserve and the Nymphs' Nest.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Maskinongé\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=367126"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert201434%E2%80%9335_2-0"},{"link_name":"Deléglise, Giroux & Lambert 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Association for the Integrated Management of the Maskinongé River 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAssociation_for_the_Integrated_Management_of_the_Maskinong%C3%A9_River2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert2014111_4-0"},{"link_name":"Deléglise, Giroux & Lambert 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert2014"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert201468%E2%80%9370_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert201468%E2%80%9370_5-1"},{"link_name":"Deléglise, Giroux & Lambert 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDel%C3%A9gliseGirouxLambert2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Association for the Integrated Management of the Maskinongé River 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAssociation_for_the_Integrated_Management_of_the_Maskinong%C3%A9_River2008"}],"text":"^ Gouvernement du Québec. \"Maskinongé\". Banque de noms de lieux du Québec. Commission de Toponymie. Retrieved January 1, 2011.\n\n^ Deléglise, Giroux & Lambert 2014, pp. 34–35.\n\n^ Association for the Integrated Management of the Maskinongé River 2008, p. 29\n\n^ Deléglise, Giroux & Lambert 2014, p. 111.\n\n^ a b Deléglise, Giroux & Lambert 2014, pp. 68–70.\n\n^ Association for the Integrated Management of the Maskinongé River 2008, pp. 47–48","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plan Directeur de l'eau: Zone de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau de la rivière Maskinongé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.agirmaskinonge.com/_files/ugd/9bd761_d09937866f414a9ba0b29eb217eff441.pdf"},{"link_name":"Maskinonge River Subwatershed Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lsrca.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/maskinonge_subwatershed_2010-opt.pdf"},{"link_name":"Portrait et diagnostic du Plan directeur de l’eau du bassin versant de la rivière Maskinongé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.agirmaskinonge.com/"}],"text":"Deléglise, Delphine; Giroux, Justine; Lambert, Michel (2014). Plan Directeur de l'eau: Zone de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau de la rivière Maskinongé (PDF) (Report) (in French). AGIR Maskinongé.\nMaskinonge River Subwatershed Plan (PDF) (Report). Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority. 2010.\nPortrait et diagnostic du Plan directeur de l’eau du bassin versant de la rivière Maskinongé (Report) (in French). Association pour la gestion intégrée de la rivière Maskinongé. 2008. AGIRM2008.","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Sing_Again
Let's Sing Again
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 External links"]
1936 film by Kurt Neumann This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Let's Sing Again" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Let's Sing AgainDirected byKurt NeumannWritten byDaniel JarrettDon SwiftProduced bySol Lesser (producer)StarringBobby Breen Henry Armetta Vivienne Osborne.CinematographyHarry NeumannEdited byRobert O. CrandallMusic byHugo RiesenfeldProductioncompanyRKO Radio PicturesDistributed byRKO Radio PicturesRelease date May 8, 1936 (1936-05-08) Running time70 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Let's Sing Again is a 1936 American musical drama film directed by Kurt Neumann and starring Bobby Breen, Henry Armetta and Vivienne Osborne. It was produced and distributed by RKO Pictures. Plot This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An orphan (eight-year-old boy soprano Bobby Breen) gets a chance to sing opera in New York. Cast Bobby Breen as Billy Gordon Henry Armetta as Joe Pasquale George Houston as Leon Alba Vivienne Osborne as Rosa Donelli Grant Withers as Jim 'Diablo' Wilkins Inez Courtney as Marge Wilkins Lucien Littlefield as Supt. Henry Perkins Richard Carle as Carter Clay Clement as Jackson Ann Doran as Alice Alba Soundtrack "Let's Sing Again" (Music by Jimmy McHugh, lyrics by Gus Kahn) "Lullaby" (Music by Hugo Riesenfeld, lyrics by Selma Hautzik) "Farmer in the Dell" (Music by Samuel Pokrass, lyrics by Charles O. Locke) External links Let's Sing Again at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Let's Sing Again at IMDb Let's Sing Again is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive vteFilms directed by Kurt Neumann El Tenorio del harem (1931) Fast Companions (1932) My Pal, the King (1932) The Big Cage (1933) The Secret of the Blue Room (1933) King for a Night (1933) Let's Talk It Over (1934) Half a Sinner (1934) Wake Up and Dream (1934) Alias Mary Dow (1935) The Affair of Susan (1935) Let's Sing Again (1936) Rainbow on the River (1936) Espionage (1937) Make a Wish (1937) That Navy Spirit (1937) Wide Open Faces (1938) Generals of Tomorrow (1938) Ambush (1939) Unmarried (1939) Island of Lost Men (1939) All Women Have Secrets (1939) Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) A Night at Earl Carroll's (1940) Brooklyn Orchid (1942) Fall In (1942) The McGuerins from Brooklyn (1942) Taxi, Mister (1943) Yanks Ahoy (1943) The Unknown Guest (1943) Tarzan and the Amazons (1945) Tarzan and the Leopard Woman (1946) Tarzan and the Huntress (1947) The Dude Goes West (1948) Bad Men of Tombstone (1949) Bad Boy (1949) Two Knights from Brooklyn (1949) The Kid from Texas (1950) Rocketship X-M (1950) Cattle Drive (1951) Reunion in Reno (1951) Son of Ali Baba (1952) The Ring (1952) Hiawatha (1952) Tarzan and the She-Devil (1953) Regina Amstetten (1954) Three from Variety (1954) Carnival Story (1954) Circus of Love (1954) They Were So Young (1954) The Star of Rio (1955) Mohawk (1956) The Desperados Are in Town (1956) She Devil (1957) Kronos (1957) The Deerslayer (1957) The Fly (1958) Machete (1958) Watusi (1959) Counterplot (1959) This article about a musical film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Kurt Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Neumann_(director)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Breen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Breen"},{"link_name":"Henry Armetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Armetta"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Osborne"},{"link_name":"RKO Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"}],"text":"Let's Sing Again is a 1936 American musical drama film directed by Kurt Neumann and starring Bobby Breen, Henry Armetta and Vivienne Osborne. It was produced and distributed by RKO Pictures.","title":"Let's Sing Again"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An orphan (eight-year-old boy soprano Bobby Breen) gets a chance to sing opera in New York.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Breen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Breen"},{"link_name":"Henry Armetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Armetta"},{"link_name":"George Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Houston"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Grant Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Withers"},{"link_name":"Inez Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inez_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Lucien Littlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Littlefield"},{"link_name":"Richard Carle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carle"},{"link_name":"Clay Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Clement"},{"link_name":"Ann Doran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Doran"}],"text":"Bobby Breen as Billy Gordon\nHenry Armetta as Joe Pasquale\nGeorge Houston as Leon Alba\nVivienne Osborne as Rosa Donelli\nGrant Withers as Jim 'Diablo' Wilkins\nInez Courtney as Marge Wilkins\nLucien Littlefield as Supt. Henry Perkins\nRichard Carle as Carter\nClay Clement as Jackson\nAnn Doran as Alice Alba","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy McHugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McHugh"},{"link_name":"Gus Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Hugo Riesenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Riesenfeld"},{"link_name":"Selma Hautzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selma_Hautzik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pokrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pokrass"},{"link_name":"Charles O. Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_O._Locke&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"\"Let's Sing Again\" (Music by Jimmy McHugh, lyrics by Gus Kahn)\n\"Lullaby\" (Music by Hugo Riesenfeld, lyrics by Selma Hautzik)\n\"Farmer in the Dell\" (Music by Samuel Pokrass, lyrics by Charles O. Locke)","title":"Soundtrack"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bethune_(politician)
George Bethune (politician)
["1 Origins","2 Career","3 Family","4 References"]
Scottish politician This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "George Bethune" politician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) George Bethune (c1635-), the last name pronounced and sometimes written as Beaton, was a Scottish soldier, businessman, and politician from Fife whose public career was curtailed by his Jacobitism. Origins The son of John Bethune, 12th of Balfour, and his wife Catherine Haliburton, he was a younger brother of James Bethune (1620-1690), 13th of Balfour, and the uncle of David Bethune (1648-1708), 14th of Balfour. Career In the Scots Army he served as a Lieutenant in The Blues under Colonel Sir William Lockhart of Lee and then went into business in the burgh of Kilrenny, where he was admitted as a burgess. In the Parliament of Scotland convened in 1689, he was elected for the constituency of Kilrenny, but was unseated on 25 April 1693 after failing to take the oath of loyalty to King William II and Queen Mary II. The date of his death has not been traced. Kilrenny was later represented by his great-nephew, James Bethune (1671-1719), 15th of Balfour. Family No record of marriage or children has been found. References ^ James Toshach Clark, ed. (1900). Genealogical Collections Concerning Families In Scotland Made By Walter Macfarlane 1750-1751 Edited From The Original Manuscripts In The Advocates’ Library. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: T. & A. Constable for The Scottish History Society. Retrieved 17 March 2022. ^ K.M. Brown (ed.). The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 1689/3/2. St Andrews. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ K.M. Brown (ed.). The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 1693/4/4. St Andrews. Retrieved 12 March 2022. This Scottish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"Jacobitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"}],"text":"George Bethune (c1635-), the last name pronounced and sometimes written as Beaton, was a Scottish soldier, businessman, and politician from Fife whose public career was curtailed by his Jacobitism.","title":"George Bethune (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The son of John Bethune, 12th of Balfour, and his wife Catherine Haliburton, he was a younger brother of James Bethune (1620-1690), 13th of Balfour, and the uncle of David Bethune (1648-1708), 14th of Balfour.[1]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scots Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Army"},{"link_name":"William Lockhart of Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lockhart_of_Lee"},{"link_name":"Kilrenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilrenny"},{"link_name":"burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_(title)"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kilrenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilrenny_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mary II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the Scots Army he served as a Lieutenant in The Blues under Colonel Sir William Lockhart of Lee and then went into business in the burgh of Kilrenny, where he was admitted as a burgess. In the Parliament of Scotland convened in 1689, he was elected for the constituency of Kilrenny,[2] but was unseated on 25 April 1693 after failing to take the oath of loyalty to King William II and Queen Mary II.[3] The date of his death has not been traced. Kilrenny was later represented by his great-nephew, James Bethune (1671-1719), 15th of Balfour.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No record of marriage or children has been found.","title":"Family"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"James Toshach Clark, ed. (1900). Genealogical Collections Concerning Families In Scotland Made By Walter Macfarlane 1750-1751 Edited From The Original Manuscripts In The Advocates’ Library. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: T. & A. Constable for The Scottish History Society. Retrieved 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.nls.uk/genealogical-collections-concerning-families/archive/74537436","url_text":"Genealogical Collections Concerning Families In Scotland Made By Walter Macfarlane 1750-1751 Edited From The Original Manuscripts In The Advocates’ Library"}]},{"reference":"K.M. Brown (ed.). The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 1689/3/2. St Andrews. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1689/3/2","url_text":"The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 1689/3/2"}]},{"reference":"K.M. Brown (ed.). The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 1693/4/4. St Andrews. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/M1693/4/4","url_text":"The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 1693/4/4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Geffrey
Robert Geffrye
["1 Life","2 References","3 External links"]
The statue of Geffrye at the Geffrye Museum, after a 1723 original by John Nost Sir Robert Geffrye (also spelled Geffrey) (1613–1703) was an English merchant, slave trader, and Lord Mayor of London in 1685. Life Geffrye was born to poor parents at Landrake, near Saltash, Cornwall, and moved to London, where he became an eminent East India merchant, with his house on Lime Street. He was Master of the Worshipful Company of Ironmongers, knighted in 1673, appointed a Sheriff of London in 1674 and elected Lord Mayor of London in 1685. He was elected president of Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals in March 1692–3. He was a significant trader in tobacco. Part of Geffrye's investment was in the Atlantic slave trade, and he had partial ownership of a slave ship, the China Merchant. He married Priscilla, daughter of Luke Cropley, a London merchant, but had no children. On his death he left about £10,000 divided in legacies to friends, relatives, hospitals, and clergymen's widows, and in establishing certain trusts under the charge of the company of Ironmongers. A service was to be provided twice daily in the church of St. Dionis Backchurch, a school was to be maintained at Landrake, and the poor of St. Erney and Landrake to be relieved. The remainder was dedicated to 14 almshouses, mainly for widows of ironmongers, which were constructed in 1715 in Shoreditch. Those buildings were sold in 1910, and now house the Museum of the Home (formerly the Geffrye Museum), which has displays of domestic life from 1600 to the present day. New almshouses were built at Mottingham in Kent, again sold in 1972, to the Greater London Council. His Trust now has two almshouses in Hampshire, at Hook built in 1976 and enlarged in 1987 and one at Basingstoke that opened in 1984. They give sheltered housing to 125 retired people of limited means. There is also a Sir Robert Geffery's School in his native village of Landrake. References ^ Salisbury, Josh (17 November 2021). "Museum of the Home considers moving controversial slave trader statue". Evening Standard. ^ a b c "Geffrey, Robert", Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 10 (wikisource). ^ "Museum to keep slave-trader statue on building". BBC News. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ Grassby, Richard (2004). "Geffery , Sir Robert (d. 1704), merchant". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10502. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Mark Brown, "Geffrye to reopen as Museum of the Home after £18m overhaul", The Guardian, 27 November 2019. ^ David Sanderson, "Tongue-twister Geffrye museum of the home clears its name", The Times, 27 November 2019. ^ "Charitable Trusts". Ironmongers' Company. ^ "Sir Robert Geffery's School". www.ironmongers.org. Retrieved 1 November 2020. External links Cornwall portal Media related to Robert Geffrye at Wikimedia Commons This Cornwall article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of a peer, peeress or noble of the United Kingdom, or one or more of its constituent countries, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Lord Mayor of London is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[{"reference":"Salisbury, Josh (17 November 2021). \"Museum of the Home considers moving controversial slave trader statue\". Evening Standard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/museum-of-the-home-london-robert-geffrye-slavery-b966678.html","url_text":"\"Museum of the Home considers moving controversial slave trader statue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard","url_text":"Evening Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"Museum to keep slave-trader statue on building\". BBC News. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-53592951","url_text":"\"Museum to keep slave-trader statue on building\""}]},{"reference":"Grassby, Richard (2004). \"Geffery [Geffrey], Sir Robert (d. 1704), merchant\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10502. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10502","url_text":"\"Geffery [Geffrey], Sir Robert (d. 1704), merchant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10502","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/10502"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Charitable Trusts\". Ironmongers' Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ironmongers.org/charitable-trusts","url_text":"\"Charitable Trusts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Robert Geffery's School\". www.ironmongers.org. Retrieved 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ironmongers.org/company_sir_robert_gefferys_school.htm","url_text":"\"Sir Robert Geffery's School\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Petrovi%C4%87
Roman Petrović
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
Bosnian painter Roman Petrović (1896, in Donji Vakuf – 1947) was a Yugoslav painter and writer. He belongs to the generation of artists who created the history of Bosnian-Herzegovinian (and Yugoslav) painting between the two world wars. Biography Born to an ethnic Ukrainian-Polish family, he was a graduate of the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, his expressionist art emphasises social themes, borrowing from diverse influences. The Association of Artists of Bosnia and Herzegovina named its gallery, opened in 1980, Galerija Roman Petrović in honour of the painter. The gallery is a main venue for contemporary art and photography exhibitions. References ^ "Roman Petrović (Donji Vakuf, 1896 – Sarajevo, 1947) | UGBiH.ba". ^ The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture Volume 2 - Page 301 Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair - 2009: " ...while Roman Petrović (1896–1947) developed an Expressionism that emphasized social themes." ^ The Art treasures of Bosnia and Herzegovina Đuro Basler, Mirza Filipović, Sulejman Balić - 1987: "From a wide diversity of influences Roman Petrovic (1896–1947) succeeded in forging his own individual style." ^ Bosnia: a cultural history Ivan Lovrenović - 2001: "Writing and painting were the two most important fields in which individual intellectual and artistic life developed. ... In painting - apart from those who had emerged in the previous period, like Gabrijel Jurkic, Roman Petrović, ..." ^ Survey Sarajevo Volume 9, Issue 4; Volume 9, Issue 4, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, 1982 "Parallel with this the Association of Artists of Bosnia and Herzegovina has organized exhibitions in Dijon, Modena, Baku, in Poland, Germany, while its Gallery "Roman Petrovic", opened in 1980, has also a rich exhibition programme." External links Gallery featuring Petrović's work and other paintings on Sephardi life in the 1930s Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Altman
Georges Altman
["1 Literary works","2 References"]
French journalist and resistance fighter Not to be confused with George Altman. Georges Altman (21 May 1901 – 1960) was a French journalist and resistance fighter. During World War II he was involved in the Franc-Tireur organisation, serving as editor. Post-war, he was involved in setting up the left-wing party Rassemblement démocratique révolutionnaire (Revolutionary Democratic Rally). Literary works An editor of "l'Humanité" An editor of "le Monde" An editor of "Le Progres" (1940-) An editor of "La Lumière" (1940-) An editor of the "Franc tireur" Ça, c'est cinéma et le cinéma soviétique References ^ Dawsey, PhD, Jason (2021-04-23). "Commitment, Choice, and Revolutionary Democracy: The Philosophy and Politics of Jean–Paul Sartre with Ian Birchall". National WWII Museum. Retrieved 2024-03-01. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Other IdRef This article about a French journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Altman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Franc-Tireur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-Tireur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with George Altman.Georges Altman (21 May 1901 – 1960)[citation needed] was a French journalist and resistance fighter. During World War II he was involved in the Franc-Tireur organisation, serving as editor.[1] Post-war, he was involved in setting up the left-wing party Rassemblement démocratique révolutionnaire (Revolutionary Democratic Rally).","title":"Georges Altman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"l'Humanité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"le Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde"},{"link_name":"Le Progres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Progres"},{"link_name":"Franc tireur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)"}],"text":"An editor of \"l'Humanité\"\nAn editor of \"le Monde\"\nAn editor of \"Le Progres\" (1940-)\nAn editor of \"La Lumière\" (1940-)\nAn editor of the \"Franc tireur\"\nÇa, c'est cinéma et le cinéma soviétique","title":"Literary works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pacific_Assist
Operation Pacific Assist
["1 Summary","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Operation Pacific Assist15th Brigade vehicles unloading from C-17 at Yokota Air BaseTypeEmergency Relief OperationLocationJapanCommanded byADF & NZDFObjectiveEarthquake victim relief (transportation support)DateMarch 14, 2011 – March 25, 2011 Operation Pacific Assist was an operation commenced by Australian Defence Force and New Zealand Defence Force together with Emergency Management Australia and Emergency Management New Zealand as an effort to support the relief activity on the aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster which occurred in Japan. Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) deployed C-17A Globemaster III aircraft onto the transportation support activity. This article is not about "Operation Pacific Assist 2015". Summary Prior to the Queensland floods and Christchurch earthquake, an Emergency Services Task Force was created by emergency response personnel from Sydney, Canberra and Brisbane in Australia, and there is also the emergency response personnel from Auckland and Wellington in New Zealand. On March 14, 2011, RAAF and RNZAF are transported the Task Force into Yokota Air Base with a C-17A. The C-17A then remain in Japan to provide transportation help for Japanese and American government, includes for example, transporting vehicles and personnel of 15th Brigade of Japan Ground Self-Defence Force from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa to Yokota Air Base, and transporting drinking water from Chitose Air Base to Hanamaki Airport. These operations are also helped by United States Forces Japan. On March 22, 2011, in order to help with containing the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, two additional C-17A carrying water cannon system have been sent to Japan. At that point, three out of the four C-17s operated by the RAAF and RNZAF were sent to Japan. Operation Pacific Assist ended on March 25, 2011. During the operation, 23 sorties were commenced, transporting more than a million pounds of cargo, including 41 vehicles and 135 personnel. See also Operation Tomodachi 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami List of cities and towns severely damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Humanitarian response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster International reactions to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Japan-Australia relations Japan-New Zealand relations References ^ Australian Government Department of Defence. "Operation Pacific Assist". Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ "RAAF C-17 flying around the clock in Japan". RAAF Public Affairs. USAF Yokota AB. 18 March 2011. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ JASDF Chitose Air Base (15 March 2011). "災害派遣情報". Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2011.(in Japanese) ^ Minister for Defence,Australia (19 March 2011). "Operation PACIFIC ASSIST- Extension of ADF relief efforts in Japan". Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ Minister for Defence,Australia (22 March 2011). "Operation PACIFIC ASSIST – Two additional RAAF C-17s deployed". Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ "Operation PACIFIC ASSIST- Final C-17 returns from Japan". 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Pacific Assist. Operation Pacific Assist vte2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunamiNuclearaccidentsPower plants Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Units 4-6 Fukushima Daini plant Tōkai plant Onagawa plant Higashidori plant Rokkasho plant Sequence of events Timeline reactions International Japanese Radiation effects Leaks and dumping of radioactive water Aftermath Topics Okawa School tsunami tragedy Casualties Cleanup Fukushima 50 Towns damaged Investigation National Diet Government Comparison Accident Rating Movements Project Sunshine for Japan Safecast (organization) Sayonara Nuclear Power Plants Foreshocks,Aftershocks Sanriku, Japan (7.3, 9 March 2011) Miyagi, Japan (7.1, 7 April 2011) Fukushima, Japan (6.6, 11 April 2011) Miyagi, Japan (7.3, 7 December 2012) Fukushima, Japan (6.9, 22 November 2016) Fukushima, Japan (7.1, 13 February 2021) Miyagi, Japan (7.0, 20 March 2021) Relief andRecoveryEfforts Humanitarian response Operation Pacific Assist Operation Tomodachi Reconstruction Agency Yuzuru Hanyu Notte Stellata Fundraisers Wrestling in Japan Hong Kong Taiwan Pop culture Films Documentaries Songs Manga Books TV drama Other Impact on video game industry No.18 Kyotoku-maru Tsunami fish Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project Ryou-Un Maru 869 Sanriku earthquake 2011 local elections Miracle Pine Tree Shinkansen Relay See also: Japanese earthquakes Seismicity of the Sanriku coast List of tsunamis Nuclear power in Japan, section Seismicity Nuclear and radioactive incidents
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Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF)[citation needed] deployed C-17A Globemaster III aircraft onto the transportation support activity.This article is not about \"Operation Pacific Assist 2015\".","title":"Operation Pacific Assist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Queensland_floods"},{"link_name":"Christchurch earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yokota Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"15th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Brigade_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Japan Ground Self-Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Kadena Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chitose Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitose_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Hanamaki Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanamaki_Airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States Forces Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Prior to the Queensland floods and Christchurch earthquake, an Emergency Services Task Force was created by emergency response personnel from Sydney, Canberra and Brisbane in Australia, and there is also the emergency response personnel from Auckland and Wellington in New Zealand.[citation needed] On March 14, 2011, RAAF and RNZAF[citation needed] are transported the Task Force into Yokota Air Base with a C-17A.[1]The C-17A then remain in Japan to provide transportation help for Japanese and American government, includes for example, transporting vehicles and personnel of 15th Brigade of Japan Ground Self-Defence Force from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa to Yokota Air Base,[2] and transporting drinking water from Chitose Air Base to Hanamaki Airport.[3] These operations are also helped by United States Forces Japan.[4]On March 22, 2011, in order to help with containing the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, two additional C-17A carrying water cannon system have been sent to Japan.[5] At that point, three out of the four C-17s operated by the RAAF and RNZAF[citation needed] were sent to Japan.Operation Pacific Assist ended on March 25, 2011. During the operation, 23 sorties were commenced, transporting more than a million pounds of cargo, including 41 vehicles and 135 personnel.[6]","title":"Summary"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Australian Government Department of Defence. \"Operation Pacific Assist\". Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/op/pacificassist/index.htm","url_text":"\"Operation Pacific Assist\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAAF C-17 flying around the clock in Japan\". RAAF Public Affairs. USAF Yokota AB. 18 March 2011. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110323142456/http://www.yokota.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123247518","url_text":"\"RAAF C-17 flying around the clock in Japan\""},{"url":"http://www.yokota.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123247518","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"JASDF Chitose Air Base (15 March 2011). \"災害派遣情報\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101113034619/http://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/chitose/hibi6.html","url_text":"\"災害派遣情報\""},{"url":"https://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/chitose/hibi6.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Minister for Defence,Australia (19 March 2011). \"Operation PACIFIC ASSIST- Extension of ADF relief efforts in Japan\". Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110601183849/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Smithtpl.cfm?CurrentId=11609","url_text":"\"Operation PACIFIC ASSIST- Extension of ADF relief efforts in Japan\""},{"url":"http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Smithtpl.cfm?CurrentId=11609","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Minister for Defence,Australia (22 March 2011). \"Operation PACIFIC ASSIST – Two additional RAAF C-17s deployed\". Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110601183804/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Smithtpl.cfm?CurrentId=11616","url_text":"\"Operation PACIFIC ASSIST – Two additional RAAF C-17s deployed\""},{"url":"http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Smithtpl.cfm?CurrentId=11616","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation PACIFIC ASSIST- Final C-17 returns from Japan\". 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110601183729/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Smithtpl.cfm?CurrentId=11628","url_text":"\"Operation PACIFIC ASSIST- Final C-17 returns from Japan\""},{"url":"http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Smithtpl.cfm?CurrentId=11628","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Sciarra_(Rome)
Villa Sciarra (Rome)
[]
Coordinates: 41°53′01″N 12°27′54″E / 41.8835°N 12.4649°E / 41.8835; 12.4649Not to be confused with the Villa Sciarra in Frascati. Villa SciarraVilla Sciarra at the centre of the parkClick on the map to see markerCoordinates41°53′N 12°28′E / 41.88°N 12.46°E / 41.88; 12.46 Villa Sciarra is a park in Rome named for the villa at its centre. It is located between the neighborhoods of Trastevere, Gianicolo and Monteverde Vecchio. History In 1653 Cardinal Antonio Barberini bought most of the land within the Janiculum walls between Porta Portese and Porta San Pancrazio to build an estate mainly used as a farm. In 1811 the property was acquired by the Colonna di Sciarra, who gave the villa its current name and enlarged it by acquiring the land belonging to Monastero di San Cosimato. In the 1880s Prince Maffeo Sciarra Colonna went bankrupt and the estate was split and a large part of it became a residential area. The last owners, George Washington Wurts and his wife Henrietta Tower, who was the sister of Charlemagne Tower, established the remaining land as a botanic garden and aviary complex embellished with an original sculptural decoration coming from an 18th-century Lombard villa near Milan. The park was given to Benito Mussolini by the widowed Henrietta in 1932 on condition it became a public park. Location The best approach is from Viale Trastevere. At the Ministry of Education turn onto Via E. Morosini, then take the first left (Via Dandolo) to make the climb and turn left at Via Calandrelli. In Via Calandrelli there are two entrances which are the first giving on to Piazzale Wurts, designed by Pio Piacentini and the second at Largo E. Mintilli. References A. Pacia, R. Piccininni, Villa Sciarra. Interpretazione romana di una villa lombarda, Roma 1992 C. Benocci, Le ville storiche della Via Aurelia Antica e dell'area sud-occidentale della città, in R.C. Benocci, Villa Sciarra: dal mecenatismo americano degli anni Trenta all'ipotesi comunale di musealizzazione, in "Bollettino dei Musei Comunali di Roma", n.s., XII, 1998, pp. 123–147 A. Campitelli, Villa Sciarra, in V. Cazzato (a cura), La memoria, il tempo, la storia nel giardino italiano fra '800 e '900, Roma 2000, pp. 374–376. External links Personale Comune di Roma Wikimedia Commons has media related to Villa Sciarra (Rome). 41°53′01″N 12°27′54″E / 41.8835°N 12.4649°E / 41.8835; 12.4649
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villa Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Sciarra"},{"link_name":"Frascati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frascati"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Trastevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastevere"},{"link_name":"Gianicolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianicolo"},{"link_name":"Monteverde Vecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteverde_(Rome)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Villa Sciarra in Frascati.Villa Sciarra is a park in Rome named for the villa at its centre. It is located between the neighborhoods of Trastevere, Gianicolo and Monteverde Vecchio.","title":"Villa Sciarra (Rome)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Barberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Barberini"},{"link_name":"Porta Portese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Portese"},{"link_name":"Porta San Pancrazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_San_Pancrazio"},{"link_name":"Colonna di Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_family"},{"link_name":"Monastero di San Cosimato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_San_Cosimato"},{"link_name":"Prince Maffeo Sciarra Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_family"},{"link_name":"George Washington Wurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Wurts"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Tower"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_Tower,_Jr."},{"link_name":"botanic garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanic_garden"},{"link_name":"aviary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviary"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"}],"text":"In 1653 Cardinal Antonio Barberini bought most of the land within the Janiculum walls between Porta Portese and Porta San Pancrazio to build an estate mainly used as a farm. In 1811 the property was acquired by the Colonna di Sciarra, who gave the villa its current name and enlarged it by acquiring the land belonging to Monastero di San Cosimato. In the 1880s Prince Maffeo Sciarra Colonna went bankrupt and the estate was split and a large part of it became a residential area. The last owners, George Washington Wurts and his wife Henrietta Tower, who was the sister of Charlemagne Tower, established the remaining land as a botanic garden and aviary complex embellished with an original sculptural decoration coming from an 18th-century Lombard villa near Milan. The park was given to Benito Mussolini by the widowed Henrietta in 1932 on condition it became a public park.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piazzale Wurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piazzale_Wurts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pio Piacentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_Piacentini"}],"text":"The best approach is from Viale Trastevere. At the Ministry of Education turn onto Via E. Morosini, then take the first left (Via Dandolo) to make the climb and turn left at Via Calandrelli. In Via Calandrelli there are two entrances which are the first giving on to Piazzale Wurts, designed by Pio Piacentini and the second at Largo E. Mintilli.","title":"Location"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Odah_v._United_States
Al Odah v. United States
["1 Case History","2 Petitioners' and Respondents' briefs","3 Al Odah in the news","4 Detainees whose cases were consolidated with al Odah v. U.S.","5 Military Commissions Act","6 Boumediene v. Bush","7 References","8 External links"]
Court case challenging status of Guantanamo detainees Wikisource has original text related to this article: Declaration of Stephen Abraham, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army Reserve, June 14th, 2007 Al Odah v. United States is a court case filed by the Center for Constitutional Rights and co-counsels challenging the legality of the continued detention as enemy combatants of Guantanamo detainees. It was consolidated with Boumediene v. Bush (2008), which is the lead name of the decision. The case was a continuation of the landmark Center for Constitutional Rights case Rasul v. Bush (2004). That decision determined that Guantanamo detainees had to be provided an opportunity before an impartial tribunal to challenge the grounds of their detention. Since that decision, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which restricted detainees from filing habeas corpus petitions in federal court. Al Odah is an umbrella effort, incorporating sixteen habeas corpus petitions. It was consolidated under Boumediene v. Bush, which shared habeas issues. Oral arguments were heard by the Supreme Court on December 5, 2007, and was one of the most anticipated cases before the Court in its term. The decision, striking down that provision of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, was handed down on 12 June 2008. The Supreme Court ruled that detainees can appeal habeas corpus in civilian federal courts. Case History Al Odah v. United States was originally filed by the Center for Constitutional Rights and co-counsel in April 2002 on behalf of twelve imprisoned Kuwaitis, including Fawzi Al Odah, seeking the right of habeas corpus. A government motion to dismiss the petition was granted on July 30, 2002, by Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly of the US District Court for D.C. The Center for Constitutional Rights appealed the case, which had been consolidated with the other two leading habeas corpus petitions, Rasul v. Bush and Habib v. Bush. On March 11, 2003, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the case. On November 10, 2003, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to the three leading habeas petitions, consolidated under the name Rasul v. Bush. On June 28, 2004, the Supreme Court issued a landmark decision on the subject of Guantanamo detainees. In Rasul v. Bush, the Court determined that with respect to Guantanamo, the right to habeas corpus does not depend on citizenship. This decision affirmed the jurisdiction of the U.S. court system over Guantanamo cases, as it ultimately had jurisdiction over the custodians of the detainees. It affirmed the right of detainees to challenge their detention before an impartial tribunal. Following this decision, the Court remanded the habeas petitions to lower courts for decisions. On July 7, 2004, the Department of Defense established Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRTs), military forums created as a substitute for the judicial process in U.S. civilian and military courts. The Bush administration has consistently asserted that the detainees at Guantanamo do not have the right to due process and established the CSRT process as an alternative to review charges and determine if detainees were to be classified as enemy combatants. Following the establishment of the tribunals, the government filed motions to dismiss pending habeas corpus cases, on the basis that the cases should be heard by the CSRT system. The District Court Judge Richard J. Leon dismissed two cases assigned to him on this basis on January 19, 2005. Days later, on January 31, Judge Joyce Hens Green, who had been assigned in 2004 to coordinate all the habeas corpus petitions following the Rasul v. Bush decision, ruled that detainees are entitled to constitutional protections, and that the CSRT system is inadequate to the task. On December 30, 2005, Congress passed the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA). In accordance with the Bush administration goals, the DTA removed Guantanamo habeas corpus cases from the jurisdiction of the US Circuit Court for D.C. and gave authority over these cases to the CSRT and military commission system set up by the Department of Defense. In January 2006, government lawyers moved to dismiss pending habeas cases, arguing that the DTA should be applied retroactively. The affected cases included Al Odah and Boumediene at the US circuit court level, and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld at the level of the Supreme Court. On June 29, 2006, the Supreme Court ruled in Hamdan that the DTA cannot be applied retroactively. It determined that the military commissions created by the executive branch violate both military law under the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva conventions, to which the US is signatory and incorporated them into law. It ruled that the executive branch did not have the authority to set up a separate judicial system. The Supreme Court decision meant that Boumediene and Al Odah could continue in the U.S. civilian court system. In response to the Hamdan ruling, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA) to authorize a new form of military commissions; the president signed it on October 17, 2006. The MCA described the CSRT review process as a substitute for habeas proceedings in U.S. courts and excluded the judicial review of claims challenging detention by non-citizens determined by their CSRTs to be enemy combatants or to be awaiting such determination. On February 20, 2007, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the Boumediene and Al Odah plaintiffs, as non-citizens, were not entitled to habeas review due to the passage of the Military Commissions Act. The Center for Constitutional Rights and its co-counsel appealed the consolidated cases to the Supreme Court. Initially, the Court refused to hear the case, advising attorneys and plaintiffs to exhaust the review process set up by the DTA. But, less than two months later, in its first reversal in 60 years, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the consolidated Boumediene and Al Odah case during the 2007–2008 term. Commentators have speculated that a widely publicized insider condemnation in November 2007 of the CSRT system was the catalyst for the Supreme Court's reversal. Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Abraham, an Army Reserve officer who had been a panelist on a Combatant Status Review Tribunal, strongly criticized the process in a written affidavit of June 2007, saying that evidence was insufficient and that panelists had been pressured to find detainees were enemy combatants. He described the CSRT system as deeply flawed, saying that it relies on evidence that would not be permissible in a court of law and that it is designed to return a guilty verdict. Abraham submitted his affidavit to the Supreme Court on June 22, 2007, just days before the Court reversed its decision and added the Boumediene and Al Odah case to their 2007-2008 docket. Referring specifically to the Al Odah CSRT hearings, in which he participated, Abraham said, "What were purported to be specific statements of fact lacked even the most fundamental earmarks of objectively credible evidence." The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on the case on December 5, 2007. Demonstrators dressed in detainee-like orange jumpsuits and black hoods assembled outside the building. The day in court was widely reported in the United States and international media. Petitioners' and Respondents' briefs The petitioners characterized the Guantanamo Bay detention camp as "an international symbol of the Executive branch's contempt for the rule of law and a deep stain on the reputation of the United States at home and abroad." The petitioners' brief argues that the men at Guantanamo are entitled to habeas corpus, and that the Military Commission Act violates the Constitution's suspension clause. The brief argues that the Combatant Status Review Tribunals and Military Commissions do not satisfy the requirements of habeas corpus. The petitioners conclude that detainees should be given a "searching judicial review of the factual and legal bases for their detentions." In their brief, the government respondents argue that the Military Commissions Act eliminated federal court jurisdiction over Guantanamo habeas petitions. In addition, the respondents' legal team submits that the Military Commissions Act does not violate the suspension clause and that the plaintiffs should exhaust the review system set up by the DTA before challenging its legitimacy. Al Odah in the news The Supreme Court hearing of the Boumediene v. Bush and Al Odah v. US case was widely recognized in the media as a serious test of the Bush administration's policy with regard to Guantanamo and detainee rights. Fox News described Boumediene v. Bush and Al Odah as "one of the highest-profile cases the Supreme Court will hear this year." The IPS reported that "the decision of the nine justices" on the Boumediene v. Bush and Al Odah case "could bring the entire administration's detention policy down in flames -- or not." The New York Times Editorial Board addressed the case in their October 23 editorial, "The Supreme Court Showdown of the Year." The Times said "it is important for the Supreme Court to make clear that the detainees have a constitutional right to have a judge determine whether they are being properly held." The Village Voice wrote on November 6 that "we will know by the end of the court's term next year whether this Supreme Court...will continue to enforce the essential American principle that none of us is above the law—not even the person who strides to the music of 'Hail to the Chief.'" The New York Times previewed the December 5, 2007 oral arguments, saying that what is at stake in the case "is whether the Supreme Court itself will continue to have a role in defining the balance or whether, as the administration first argued four years ago, the executive branch is to have the final word". The Defense Department announced the transfer of Fawzi al-Odah to the Kuwaiti government. It wasn't immediately clear how Kuwait will handle al-Odah's case, including if he'll be freed totally. Detainees whose cases were consolidated with al Odah v. U.S. Some cases amalgamated with al Odah v. U.S. 065 Omar Rajab Amin 205 Nasser Nijer Naser Al Mutairi 213 Khalid Abdullah Mishal Al Mutairi 217 Abdulaziz Sayer Owain Al Shammari 220 Abdullah Saleh Ali Al Ajmi 228 Abdullah Kamal Abdullah Kamal Al Kandari 229 Mohammed Funaitel Al Dihani 232 Fawzi Khalid Abdullah Fahad Al Odah 551 Fwad Mahmoud Al Rabiah 552 Fayiz Mohammed Ahmed Al Kandari 568 Adil Zamil Abdull Mohssin Al Zamil Military Commissions Act The Military Commissions Act of 2006 mandated that Guantanamo captives were no longer entitled to access the US civil justice system, so all outstanding habeas corpus petitions were stayed. Boumediene v. Bush On June 12, 2008, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Boumediene v. Bush, that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system. It said that all previous Guantanamo captives' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated. On July 18, 2008 David J. Cynamon filed a "PETITIONERS' STATUS REPORT" in Al Odah, v. United States (Civil Action No. CV 02-0828 (CKK)) on behalf of Fawzi Khalid Abdullah Fahad Al Odah, Fayiz Mohammed Ahmen Al Kandari, Khalid Abdullah Mishal Al Mutairi, and Fouad Mahmoud Al Rabiah. He wrote that they were the four remaining Kuwaiti captives in Guantanamo, and that none of the four men had been cleared for release. He wrote that the government had completed "factual returns" for all four men—but those factual returns had contained redacted sections. On 12 December 2008 DoJ official John Battaglia filed a "NOTICE OF SERVICE OF UNCLASSIFIED, PROTECTED FACTUAL RETURN" with regard to Faez Mohammed Ahmed al-Kandari (ISN 552) in Civil Action No. 02-CV-0828 (CKK). Battaglia sought to have the unclassified factual return designated as "protected information". He added: "Respondents, however, do not object to petitioner's counsel sharing the unclassified factual return with the petitioner-detainee in this case." References ^ a b The Supreme Court Showdown of the Year, The New York Times, October 23, 2007 ^ "Gitmo Panelist Slams Hearing Process: Lt. Col. Stephen Abraham Is First Member Of Military Panel To Challenge Guantanamo Bay Hearings". CBS. June 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-23. ^ "Declaration of Stephen Abraham, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army Reserve, June 14th, 2007" (PDF). United States Supreme Court. June 14, 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-25. ^ Mike Rosen-Molina (June 22, 2007). "Guantanamo tribunal officer says CSRTs pressured on 'enemy combatant' rulings". The Jurist. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008. Retrieved 2007-06-25. ^ Carol D. Leonnig, Josh White (June 23, 2007). "An Ex-Member Calls Detainee Panels Unfair: Lawyer Tells of Flawed 'Combatant' Rulings". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-06-24. ^ Farah Stockman (June 23, 2007). "Officer criticizes military tribunals: Affidavit cites problems at Guantanamo Bay". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2007-06-24. ^ Justices Rule Terror Suspects Can Appeal in Civilian Courts ^ "Transcript of Supreme Court oral arguments for Boumediene v. Bush (No. 06-1195) and Al Odah v. US (06-1196)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-06-27. ^ CCR: Al Odah Case Page ^ "Guantanamo Whistleblower Launches New Attack on Rigged Tribunals", The Huffington Post, November 20, 2007 ^ Gitmo Panelist Slams Hearing Process, CBS, June 23, 2007 ^ Stephen Abraham (June 15, 2007). "Declaration of Stephen Abraham" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-08. ^ "Court Divided After Day One of Guantanamo Case", NPR, December 6, 2007 ^ Brief for the Petitioners, Center for Constitutional Rights ^ Brief for the Respondents, Center for Constitutional Rights ^ Exclusive: Clement Previews Detainee Case Before Supreme Court, Fox News, November 7, 2007 ^ Gitmo Policy Faces Another Supreme Court Test Archived 2007-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, IPS, November 21, 2007 ^ Bush's Man Mukasey Archived 2007-12-09 at the Wayback Machine, The Village Voice, November 6, 2007 ^ Man tied to al Qaeda released from Guantanamo after 12 years, CNN, October 5, 2014 ^ "RESPONDENTS' RESPONSE TO COURT'S AUGUST 7, 2006 ORDER" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. August 15, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2008-06-23. ^ Peter D. Keisler, Douglas N. Letter (2006-10-16). "NOTICE OF MILITARY COMMISSIONS ACT OF 2006" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-30.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ David J. Cynamon (2008-08-19). "Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation: Doc 88 -- petitioners' status report" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-08-23. ^ John Battaglia (2008-12-12). "Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation: Doc 1265 -- NOTICE OF SERVICE OF UNCLASSIFIED, PROTECTED FACTUAL RETURN" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2008-12-20. External links "MEMORANDUM OPINION (July 26, 2004)" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. 2004-07-26. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-19.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Stephen Abraham, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army Reserve, June 14th, 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Stephen_Abraham,_Lieutenant_Colonel,_United_States_Army_Reserve,_June_14th,_2007"},{"link_name":"Center for Constitutional Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},{"link_name":"Boumediene v. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boumediene_v._Bush"},{"link_name":"Center for Constitutional Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights"},{"link_name":"Rasul v. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasul_v._Bush"},{"link_name":"Boumediene v. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boumediene_v._Bush"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theboard.blogs.nytimes.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cbs20070623-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheJurist20070622-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashingtonPost20070623-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe20070623-6"},{"link_name":"Military Commissions Act of 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nDeclaration of Stephen Abraham, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army Reserve, June 14th, 2007Al Odah v. United States is a court case filed by the Center for Constitutional Rights and co-counsels challenging the legality of the continued detention as enemy combatants of Guantanamo detainees. It was consolidated with Boumediene v. Bush (2008), which is the lead name of the decision.The case was a continuation of the landmark Center for Constitutional Rights case Rasul v. Bush (2004). That decision determined that Guantanamo detainees had to be provided an opportunity before an impartial tribunal to challenge the grounds of their detention. Since that decision, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which restricted detainees from filing habeas corpus petitions in federal court.Al Odah is an umbrella effort, incorporating sixteen habeas corpus petitions. It was consolidated under Boumediene v. Bush, which shared habeas issues. Oral arguments were heard by the Supreme Court on December 5, 2007, and was one of the most anticipated cases before the Court in its term.[1][2][3][4][5][6]The decision, striking down that provision of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, was handed down on 12 June 2008. The Supreme Court ruled that detainees can appeal habeas corpus in civilian federal courts.[7][8]","title":"Al Odah v. United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Center for Constitutional Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights"},{"link_name":"Fawzi Al Odah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouzi_Khalid_Abdullah_Al_Awda"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"Colleen Kollar-Kotelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Kollar-Kotelly"},{"link_name":"US District Court for D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Rasul v. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasul_v._Bush"},{"link_name":"certiorari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari"},{"link_name":"Combatant Status Review Tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"due process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process"},{"link_name":"Richard J. Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Leon"},{"link_name":"Joyce Hens Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Hens_Green"},{"link_name":"Detainee Treatment Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detainee_Treatment_Act"},{"link_name":"Hamdan v. Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"Uniform Code of Military Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice"},{"link_name":"Geneva conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_conventions"},{"link_name":"Military Commissions Act of 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006"},{"link_name":"enemy combatants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_combatants"},{"link_name":"US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Center for Constitutional Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCR-Al_Odah_Case_Page-9"},{"link_name":"Stephen Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Abraham"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StephenAbrahamAffidavit-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Al Odah v. United States was originally filed by the Center for Constitutional Rights and co-counsel in April 2002 on behalf of twelve imprisoned Kuwaitis, including Fawzi Al Odah, seeking the right of habeas corpus. A government motion to dismiss the petition was granted on July 30, 2002, by Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly of the US District Court for D.C. The Center for Constitutional Rights appealed the case, which had been consolidated with the other two leading habeas corpus petitions, Rasul v. Bush and Habib v. Bush. On March 11, 2003, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the case.On November 10, 2003, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to the three leading habeas petitions, consolidated under the name Rasul v. Bush. On June 28, 2004, the Supreme Court issued a landmark decision on the subject of Guantanamo detainees. In Rasul v. Bush, the Court determined that with respect to Guantanamo, the right to habeas corpus does not depend on citizenship. This decision affirmed the jurisdiction of the U.S. court system over Guantanamo cases, as it ultimately had jurisdiction over the custodians of the detainees. It affirmed the right of detainees to challenge their detention before an impartial tribunal. Following this decision, the Court remanded the habeas petitions to lower courts for decisions.On July 7, 2004, the Department of Defense established Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRTs), military forums created as a substitute for the judicial process in U.S. civilian and military courts. The Bush administration has consistently asserted that the detainees at Guantanamo do not have the right to due process and established the CSRT process as an alternative to review charges and determine if detainees were to be classified as enemy combatants.Following the establishment of the tribunals, the government filed motions to dismiss pending habeas corpus cases, on the basis that the cases should be heard by the CSRT system. The District Court Judge Richard J. Leon dismissed two cases assigned to him on this basis on January 19, 2005. Days later, on January 31, Judge Joyce Hens Green, who had been assigned in 2004 to coordinate all the habeas corpus petitions following the Rasul v. Bush decision, ruled that detainees are entitled to constitutional protections, and that the CSRT system is inadequate to the task.On December 30, 2005, Congress passed the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA). In accordance with the Bush administration goals, the DTA removed Guantanamo habeas corpus cases from the jurisdiction of the US Circuit Court for D.C. and gave authority over these cases to the CSRT and military commission system set up by the Department of Defense.In January 2006, government lawyers moved to dismiss pending habeas cases, arguing that the DTA should be applied retroactively. The affected cases included Al Odah and Boumediene at the US circuit court level, and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld at the level of the Supreme Court.On June 29, 2006, the Supreme Court ruled in Hamdan that the DTA cannot be applied retroactively. It determined that the military commissions created by the executive branch violate both military law under the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva conventions, to which the US is signatory and incorporated them into law. It ruled that the executive branch did not have the authority to set up a separate judicial system. The Supreme Court decision meant that Boumediene and Al Odah could continue in the U.S. civilian court system.In response to the Hamdan ruling, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA) to authorize a new form of military commissions; the president signed it on October 17, 2006. The MCA described the CSRT review process as a substitute for habeas proceedings in U.S. courts and excluded the judicial review of claims challenging detention by non-citizens determined by their CSRTs to be enemy combatants or to be awaiting such determination. On February 20, 2007, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the Boumediene and Al Odah plaintiffs, as non-citizens, were not entitled to habeas review due to the passage of the Military Commissions Act.The Center for Constitutional Rights and its co-counsel appealed the consolidated cases to the Supreme Court. Initially, the Court refused to hear the case, advising attorneys and plaintiffs to exhaust the review process set up by the DTA. But, less than two months later, in its first reversal in 60 years, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the consolidated Boumediene and Al Odah case during the 2007–2008 term.[9]Commentators have speculated that a widely publicized insider condemnation in November 2007 of the CSRT system was the catalyst for the Supreme Court's reversal. Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Abraham, an Army Reserve officer who had been a panelist on a Combatant Status Review Tribunal, strongly criticized the process in a written affidavit of June 2007, saying that evidence was insufficient and that panelists had been pressured to find detainees were enemy combatants.[10] He described the CSRT system as deeply flawed, saying that it relies on evidence that would not be permissible in a court of law and that it is designed to return a guilty verdict. Abraham submitted his affidavit to the Supreme Court on June 22, 2007, just days before the Court reversed its decision and added the Boumediene and Al Odah case to their 2007-2008 docket.[11] Referring specifically to the Al Odah CSRT hearings, in which he participated, Abraham said, \"What were purported to be specific statements of fact lacked even the most fundamental earmarks of objectively credible evidence.\"[12]The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on the case on December 5, 2007. Demonstrators dressed in detainee-like orange jumpsuits and black hoods assembled outside the building.[13] The day in court was widely reported in the United States and international media.","title":"Case History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay detention camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},{"link_name":"suspension clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_clause"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brief_for_the_Petitioners-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brief_for_the_Respondents-15"}],"text":"The petitioners characterized the Guantanamo Bay detention camp as \"an international symbol of the Executive branch's contempt for the rule of law and a deep stain on the reputation of the United States at home and abroad.\" The petitioners' brief argues that the men at Guantanamo are entitled to habeas corpus, and that the Military Commission Act violates the Constitution's suspension clause. The brief argues that the Combatant Status Review Tribunals and Military Commissions do not satisfy the requirements of habeas corpus. The petitioners conclude that detainees should be given a \"searching judicial review of the factual and legal bases for their detentions.\"[14]In their brief, the government respondents argue that the Military Commissions Act eliminated federal court jurisdiction over Guantanamo habeas petitions. In addition, the respondents' legal team submits that the Military Commissions Act does not violate the suspension clause and that the plaintiffs should exhaust the review system set up by the DTA before challenging its legitimacy.[15]","title":"Petitioners' and Respondents' briefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theboard.blogs.nytimes.com-1"},{"link_name":"Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Supreme Court hearing of the Boumediene v. Bush and Al Odah v. US case was widely recognized in the media as a serious test of the Bush administration's policy with regard to Guantanamo and detainee rights. Fox News described Boumediene v. Bush and Al Odah as \"one of the highest-profile cases the Supreme Court will hear this year.\"[16] The IPS reported that \"the decision of the nine justices\" on the Boumediene v. Bush and Al Odah case \"could bring the entire administration's detention policy down in flames -- or not.\"[17] The New York Times Editorial Board addressed the case in their October 23 editorial, \"The Supreme Court Showdown of the Year.\" The Times said \"it is important for the Supreme Court to make clear that the detainees have a constitutional right to have a judge determine whether they are being properly held.\"[1] The Village Voice wrote on November 6 that \"we will know by the end of the court's term next year whether this Supreme Court...will continue to enforce the essential American principle that none of us is above the law—not even the person who strides to the music of 'Hail to the Chief.'\"[18]The New York Times previewed the December 5, 2007 oral arguments, saying that what is at stake in the case \"is whether the Supreme Court itself will continue to have a role in defining the balance [of liberty versus security] or whether, as the administration first argued four years ago, the executive branch is to have the final word\".The Defense Department announced the transfer of Fawzi al-Odah to the Kuwaiti government. It wasn't immediately clear how Kuwait will handle al-Odah's case, including if he'll be freed totally.[19]","title":"Al Odah in the news"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuantanamoHabeasRespondentResponse-20"},{"link_name":"065","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay"},{"link_name":"205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_205"},{"link_name":"Nasser Nijer Naser Al Mutairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_Nijer_Naser_Al_Mutairi"},{"link_name":"213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_213"},{"link_name":"Khalid Abdullah Mishal Al Mutairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Abdullah_Mishal_Al_Mutairi"},{"link_name":"217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_217"},{"link_name":"Abdulaziz Sayer Owain Al Shammari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sayer_Owain_Al_Shammari"},{"link_name":"220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_220"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Saleh Ali Al Ajmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Saleh_Ali_Al_Ajmi"},{"link_name":"228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_228"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Kamal Abdullah Kamal Al Kandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Kamal_Abdullah_Kamal_Al_Kandari"},{"link_name":"229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_229"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Funaitel Al Dihani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Funaitel_Al_Dihani"},{"link_name":"232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_232"},{"link_name":"Fawzi Khalid Abdullah Fahad Al Odah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawzi_Khalid_Abdullah_Fahad_Al_Odah"},{"link_name":"551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_551"},{"link_name":"Fwad Mahmoud Al Rabiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwad_Mahmoud_Al_Rabiah"},{"link_name":"552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_552"},{"link_name":"Fayiz Mohammed Ahmed Al Kandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayiz_Mohammed_Ahmed_Al_Kandari"},{"link_name":"568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captive_568"},{"link_name":"Adil Zamil Abdull Mohssin Al Zamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Zamil_Abdull_Mohssin_Al_Zamil"}],"text":"Some cases amalgamated with al Odah v. U.S.[20]\n\n\n065\nOmar Rajab Amin\n\n\n205\nNasser Nijer Naser Al Mutairi\n\n\n213\nKhalid Abdullah Mishal Al Mutairi\n\n\n217\nAbdulaziz Sayer Owain Al Shammari\n\n\n220\nAbdullah Saleh Ali Al Ajmi\n\n\n228\nAbdullah Kamal Abdullah Kamal Al Kandari\n\n\n229\nMohammed Funaitel Al Dihani\n\n\n232\nFawzi Khalid Abdullah Fahad Al Odah\n\n\n551\nFwad Mahmoud Al Rabiah\n\n\n552\nFayiz Mohammed Ahmed Al Kandari\n\n\n568\nAdil Zamil Abdull Mohssin Al Zamil","title":"Detainees whose cases were consolidated with al Odah v. U.S."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military Commissions Act of 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McaLetter2006-10-16-21"}],"text":"The Military Commissions Act of 2006 mandated that Guantanamo captives were no longer entitled to access the US civil justice system, so all outstanding habeas corpus petitions were stayed.[21]","title":"Military Commissions Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Boumediene v. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boumediene_v._Bush"},{"link_name":"Military Commissions Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo captives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_captives"},{"link_name":"David J. Cynamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_J._Cynamon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fawzi Khalid Abdullah Fahad Al Odah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawzi_Khalid_Abdullah_Fahad_Al_Odah"},{"link_name":"Fayiz Mohammed Ahmen Al Kandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayiz_Mohammed_Ahmen_Al_Kandari"},{"link_name":"Khalid Abdullah Mishal Al Mutairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Abdullah_Mishal_Al_Mutairi"},{"link_name":"Fouad Mahmoud Al Rabiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouad_Mahmoud_Al_Rabiah"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cv08-0442Doc88-22"},{"link_name":"DoJ official","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"John Battaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Battaglia_(Department_of_Justice)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Faez Mohammed Ahmed al-Kandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faez_Mohammed_Ahmed_al-Kandari"},{"link_name":"ISN 552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISN_552"},{"link_name":"Civil Action No. 02-CV-0828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Action_No._02-CV-0828"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cv08-0442Doc1265-23"},{"link_name":"factual return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factual_return"},{"link_name":"protected information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protected_information&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"On June 12, 2008, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Boumediene v. Bush, that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system. It said that all previous Guantanamo captives' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated.On July 18, 2008 David J. Cynamon filed a \"PETITIONERS' STATUS REPORT\" in Al Odah, v. United States (Civil Action No. CV 02-0828 (CKK)) on behalf of Fawzi Khalid Abdullah Fahad Al Odah, Fayiz Mohammed Ahmen Al Kandari, Khalid Abdullah Mishal Al Mutairi, and Fouad Mahmoud Al Rabiah.[22] He wrote that they were the four remaining Kuwaiti captives in Guantanamo, and that none of the four men had been cleared for release. He wrote that the government had completed \"factual returns\" for all four men—but those factual returns had contained redacted sections.On 12 December 2008 DoJ official John Battaglia filed a \"NOTICE OF SERVICE OF UNCLASSIFIED, PROTECTED FACTUAL RETURN\" with regard to Faez Mohammed Ahmed al-Kandari (ISN 552) in Civil Action No. 02-CV-0828 (CKK).[23] Battaglia sought to have the unclassified factual return designated as \"protected information\". He added: \"Respondents, however, do not object to petitioner's counsel sharing the unclassified factual return with the petitioner-detainee in this case.\"","title":"Boumediene v. Bush"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Gitmo Panelist Slams Hearing Process: Lt. Col. Stephen Abraham Is First Member Of Military Panel To Challenge Guantanamo Bay Hearings\". CBS. June 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/06/23/world/main2970288_page2.shtml","url_text":"\"Gitmo Panelist Slams Hearing Process: Lt. Col. Stephen Abraham Is First Member Of Military Panel To Challenge Guantanamo Bay Hearings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS","url_text":"CBS"}]},{"reference":"\"Declaration of Stephen Abraham, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army Reserve, June 14th, 2007\" (PDF). United States Supreme Court. June 14, 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/Al%20Odah%20reply%206-22-07.pdf","url_text":"\"Declaration of Stephen Abraham, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army Reserve, June 14th, 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court","url_text":"United States Supreme Court"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070705190910/http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/Al%20Odah%20reply%206-22-07.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mike Rosen-Molina (June 22, 2007). \"Guantanamo tribunal officer says CSRTs pressured on 'enemy combatant' rulings\". The Jurist. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008. Retrieved 2007-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Rosen-Molina&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Mike Rosen-Molina"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208154544/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/06/guantanamo-tribunal-officer-says-csrts.php","url_text":"\"Guantanamo tribunal officer says CSRTs pressured on 'enemy combatant' rulings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jurist","url_text":"The Jurist"},{"url":"http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/06/guantanamo-tribunal-officer-says-csrts.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carol D. Leonnig, Josh White (June 23, 2007). \"An Ex-Member Calls Detainee Panels Unfair: Lawyer Tells of Flawed 'Combatant' Rulings\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_D._Leonnig","url_text":"Carol D. Leonnig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_White_(journalist)","url_text":"Josh White"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/22/AR2007062202230.html","url_text":"\"An Ex-Member Calls Detainee Panels Unfair: Lawyer Tells of Flawed 'Combatant' Rulings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Farah Stockman (June 23, 2007). \"Officer criticizes military tribunals: Affidavit cites problems at Guantanamo Bay\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2007-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Stockman","url_text":"Farah Stockman"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724012530/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/06/23/officer_criticizes_military_tribunals/","url_text":"\"Officer criticizes military tribunals: Affidavit cites problems at Guantanamo Bay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/06/23/officer_criticizes_military_tribunals/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Transcript of Supreme Court oral arguments for Boumediene v. Bush (No. 06-1195) and Al Odah v. US (06-1196)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125150/http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/06-1195.pdf","url_text":"\"Transcript of Supreme Court oral arguments for Boumediene v. Bush (No. 06-1195) and Al Odah v. US (06-1196)\""},{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/06-1195.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Abraham (June 15, 2007). \"Declaration of Stephen Abraham\" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Abraham","url_text":"Stephen Abraham"},{"url":"http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/Al%20Odah%20reply%206-22-07.pdf","url_text":"\"Declaration of Stephen Abraham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice","url_text":"United States Department of Justice"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511173758/http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/Al%20Odah%20reply%206-22-07.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RESPONDENTS' RESPONSE TO COURT'S AUGUST 7, 2006 ORDER\" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. August 15, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2008-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080627111630/http://www.pegc.us/archive/OK_v_Bush/govt_resp_to_GK_20060815.pdf","url_text":"\"RESPONDENTS' RESPONSE TO COURT'S AUGUST 7, 2006 ORDER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense","url_text":"United States Department of Defense"},{"url":"http://www.pegc.us/archive/OK_v_Bush/govt_resp_to_GK_20060815.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peter D. Keisler, Douglas N. Letter (2006-10-16). \"NOTICE OF MILITARY COMMISSIONS ACT OF 2006\" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_D._Keisler","url_text":"Peter D. Keisler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_N._Letter","url_text":"Douglas N. 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Cynamon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201020344/http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/88/0.pdf","url_text":"\"Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation: Doc 88 -- petitioners' status report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice","url_text":"United States Department of Justice"},{"url":"http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/88/0.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Battaglia (2008-12-12). \"Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation: Doc 1265 -- NOTICE OF SERVICE OF UNCLASSIFIED, PROTECTED FACTUAL RETURN\" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2008-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Battaglia_(Department_of_Justice)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"John Battaglia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090301020635/http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/1265/0.pdf","url_text":"\"Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation: Doc 1265 -- NOTICE OF SERVICE OF UNCLASSIFIED, PROTECTED FACTUAL RETURN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice","url_text":"United States Department of Justice"},{"url":"http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/1265/0.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MEMORANDUM OPINION (July 26, 2004)\" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. 2004-07-26. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026220249/http://www.pegc.us/archive/Al_Odah_vs_US/memo_opinion_20040727.pdf","url_text":"\"MEMORANDUM OPINION (July 26, 2004)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice","url_text":"United States Department of Justice"}]}]
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Stephen Abraham Is First Member Of Military Panel To Challenge Guantanamo Bay Hearings\""},{"Link":"http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/Al%20Odah%20reply%206-22-07.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Declaration of Stephen Abraham, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army Reserve, June 14th, 2007\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070705190910/http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/Al%20Odah%20reply%206-22-07.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208154544/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/06/guantanamo-tribunal-officer-says-csrts.php","external_links_name":"\"Guantanamo tribunal officer says CSRTs pressured on 'enemy combatant' rulings\""},{"Link":"http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/06/guantanamo-tribunal-officer-says-csrts.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/22/AR2007062202230.html","external_links_name":"\"An Ex-Member Calls Detainee Panels Unfair: Lawyer Tells of Flawed 'Combatant' Rulings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724012530/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/06/23/officer_criticizes_military_tribunals/","external_links_name":"\"Officer criticizes military tribunals: Affidavit cites problems at Guantanamo Bay\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/06/23/officer_criticizes_military_tribunals/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/13/washington/12cnd-gitmo.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin","external_links_name":"Justices Rule Terror Suspects Can Appeal in Civilian Courts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125150/http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/06-1195.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Transcript of Supreme Court oral arguments for Boumediene v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochia_nilotica
Rochia nilotica
["1 Distribution","2 Habitat","3 Life cycle","4 Description","5 Human culture","6 Aquaculture","7 Bibliography","8 References","9 External links"]
Species of gastropod Rochia nilotica Five views of a shell of Rochia nilotica Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Vetigastropoda Order: Trochida Superfamily: Trochoidea Family: Tegulidae Genus: Rochia Species: R. nilotica Binomial name Rochia nilotica(Linnaeus, 1767) Synonyms Rochia niloticus (Linnaeus, 1767) Tectus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1767) Trochus flammeus Röding, 1798 Trochus niloticus Linnaeus, 1767 (original combination) Trochus zebra Perry, G., 1811 (non W. Wood, 1828) Rochia nilotica, common name the commercial top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae. Distribution This marine species is widespread in the Indo-Pacific (from Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, to as far east as French Polynesia, north to southern Japan and Hawaii, and south to Australia, including New Ireland, New Caledonia, North Australia, French Polynesia, etc.). Habitat Juveniles live in shallow areas on intertidal reef flats, while adults prefer atoll reefs along the reef crest or on reef slopes at depths of 0 to 20 m. These gastropods feed on very small plants and filamentous algae grazed on coral and rocks. Life cycle Tectus niloticus can live for up to 15 years and are able to reproduce at about 2 years of age. Females release more than 1 million eggs. Breeding period occurs during spring tides with nocturnal spawning. The eggs fertilised by males hatch to larval stages. Embryos develop into free-swimming planktonic marine larvae (trochophore) and later into juvenile veligers that drift with currents before settling on a rocky surface. After 2 or more years they may become adults. Description A shell of Rochia nilotica on display at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano The length of the shell varies between 50 mm and 165 mm, its diameter between 100 mm and 120 mm. The large, ponderous, shell has a conical shape, appearing subperforate. It is covered by a corneous striate, brown or yellowish cuticle usually lost on the upper whorls. Its color beneath the cuticle is white, longitudinally striped with crimson, violet or reddish brown. The base of the shell is maculate or radiately strigate with a lighter shade of the same. The spire is strictly conical. The apex is acute, usually eroded. The shell contains 8-10 whorls. The upper ones are tuberculate at the sutures, and spirally beaded, the following flat on their outer surfaces, smooth, separated by linear suture. The body whorl is expanded, dilated and compressed at the obtuse periphery, more or less convex below, indented at the axis. The umbilical tract is covered by a spiral pearly deeply entering callus. The aperture is transverse and very oblique. The columella is oblique, terminating in a denticle below, and with a strong spiral fold above, deeply inserted into the axis. The operculum is circular, thin, corneous, orange-brown, and composed of about 10 whorls. Human culture The very large shells of this species have a very thick inner layer of nacre. They are used commercially to make mother of pearl buttons, mother of pearl beads, pendants and so on. In 2006, for example, the sole commercial export of the Wallis and Futuna Islands was 19 tons of "Trochus" shells, valued at US$122,000. Aquaculture Rochia nilotica is a highly sought after resource in the Pacific and Indo-Pacific regions. This has resulted in the species being over-harvested. By 2007 the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Papua New Guinea have the most depleted stocks, with four surveyed sites in the Solomon Islands in 2006 averaging a density of only 11 trochus ha^-1. Releasing hatchery-reared juveniles is an option to replenish reduced wild stocks. Methods of culture are still under assessment and development where experiments have been conducted in Vanuatu;, Australia, Indonesia and Vietnam. Cage-based cultures have proven effective because they allow control of food and predators, both of which contribute greatly to the growth and survival of juveniles;. Other benefits of sea cages include lower cost, easy to construct and transport, manageability and the advantage of using existing water bodies. Hatchery-reared individuals are usually lab-spawned and raised. Broodstock can be collected from local wild populations and from sites in which juveniles are to be released. Spawning is usually induced by heat shock under laboratory conditions;. Larvae are grown on coral rubble and shell grit, and are fed with benthic diatoms. (Nitzschia spp. and Navicula spp.). Juveniles used in cage experiments have an initial size of 8 mm shell diameter. Other experiments start at 15mm basal shell width. The release size of cultured juveniles is important to ensure their survival and response to predators, where the larger the individual the less vulnerable it is to predation. A release size of 35mm (basal shell width, BSW) is recommended. The period of growth to this suitable size is about 6 months under optimum conditions. However, producing large individuals is costly. Alternatives such as high density releases of small juveniles and over large areas are less expensive and are thought to be solutions that can reduce predation pressure from fish species such as Choerodon cyanodus and Diodontidae and crustaceans such as Mancinella tubercosa and Calappa hepatica. Hatchery and transit conditions are also factors that may affect the vulnerability of juveniles to predators. It is recommended animals are reared on natural substrata before release. The growth of the cultured individuals can depend on the density of juveniles in the cages and the likely causes are competition for food and space. An initial density of 100 trochus m-2 achieves a basal diameter of 10-20mm which can then be reduced to 50 trochus m-2 to yield basal diameters 25-40mm. Beyond this range a density of less than 10 trochus m-2 is recommended. Seaweed and algae are the main food and these grow on the dead corals and rocks which may occur naturally at the cultured sites or collected from adjacent areas and placed at the bottom of the cages. It is recommended that for cages with juveniles sized >30mm, these seaweed-covered rocks should be replaced 2 to 3 times a month and cover over 50% of the area. Cage design is important in preventing escape of juveniles and entry of predators and also shading of algal and seaweed on rocks. Recommended designs include cages with 8x8mm plastic mesh and an aluminium frame. Steel reef, plastic reef and plastic floating cages have proven ineffective as steel reef cages allowed high mortality from predator entry and plastic cages induced shading of the rocks algae and seaweed are attached to which results in low productivity. Suitable locations for reef cages are sand and rubble bottom reef bases exposed to less wave action or fore-flat zones which are 10m behind the reef crest with water depths of 0 to 2.5m during spring-tides. Shifting sand and sediment deposition areas may smother foraging surfaces and need to be avoided when allocating cages;. Wind-ward sections of the reef flat are considered suitable sites. Floating cages require frequent cleaning to remove fouling species and allow high water flow and/ or nutrient flux for high algal biomass and quality. Other environmental factors such as water temperature and salinity can have seasonal and episodic effects on the growth of the juveniles. Suitable release sites of trochus juveniles into the wild include unconsolidated coral rubble and areas where predators are absent. It is common that juveniles are placed upright inside a cover such as a reef crevice; or under macroalgae as a means of predator protection. The success of released individuals in contributing to wild populations can be measured by the mark and recapture method. However the validity of this method may be limited by factors such as detection methods, predation, escape of juveniles, translocation of juveniles by strong currents or detection may simply be not carried out. Bibliography Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). Contribution à l'étude de la faune de Madagascar: Mollusca marina testacea. Faune des colonies françaises, III(fasc. 4). Société d'Editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: Paris. 321–636, plates IV-VII pp Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999). Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan. Osaka. : Elle Scientific Publications. 749 pp. Williams S.T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (2008) Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta 37: 483–506 References ^ a b MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Rochia nilotica (Linnaeus, 1767). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1251282 on 2022-08-20 ^ Sealifebase ^ a b Tryon (1889), Manual of Conchology XI, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ^ a b "Tectus (Tectus) niloticus". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019. ^ Australian Faunal Directory ^ Claudio Galli: WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base ^ a b c Information Sheets for fishing communities ^ a b Sealife Base ^ Institut d'émission d'Outre-Mer (IEOM). "Wallis et Futuna en 2007" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ Lasi, F (2010). "Trochus production in Solomon Islands from 1953 to 2006". Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 15: 24–27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Crowe, T.P.; Lee, C.L.; McGuinness, K.A.; Amos, M.J; Dangeubun, J.; Dwiono, S.A.P.; Makatipu, P.C.; Manuputty, J.; N'guyen, F.; Pakoa, K. & Tetelepta, J (2002). "Experimental evaluation of the use of hatchery-reared juveniles to enhance stocks of the topshell Trochus niloticus in Australia, Indonesia and Vanuatu". Aquaculture. 206 (3–4): 175–197. Bibcode:2002Aquac.206..175C. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00676-7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Amos, M.J.; Purcell, S.W (2003). "Evaluation of strategies for intermediate culture of Trochus niloticus (Gastropoda) in sea cages for restocking". Aquaculture. 218 (1–4): 235–249. Bibcode:2003Aquac.218..235A. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00511-2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hoang, D. H.; Tuan, V.S.; Hoa, N. X.; Sang, H. M.; Lu, H. D.; Tuyen, H. T (2007). "Experiments on using hatchery-reared Trochus niloticus juveniles for stock enhancement in Vietnam". Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 13: 13–18. ^ a b c Pakoa, K.; Friedman, K.; Damlamian, H (2010). "The status of trochus (Trochus niloticus) in Tongatapu Lagoon, Kingdom of Tonga". Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 15: 3–15. External links Linnaeus, C. (1767). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 12. 1., Regnum Animale. 1 & 2. Holmiae Williams, S. T. (2012). Advances in molecular systematics of the vetigastropod superfamily Trochoidea. Zoologica Scripta. 41(6): 571-595 Encyclopedia of life Biolib Taxon identifiersRochia nilotica Wikidata: Q104804353 CoL: 4T8PY GBIF: 9746959 iNaturalist: 962782 NCBI: 2709805 OBIS: 1251282 Open Tree of Life: 320239 SeaLifeBase: 86799 WoRMS: 1251282 Tectus niloticus Wikidata: Q7692876 AFD: Tectus_(Tectus)_niloticus BOLD: 85118 CoL: 553QQ EoL: 3050331 GBIF: 4615615 iNaturalist: 484701 IRMNG: 10534983 NCBI: 529755 Open Tree of Life: 320239 Paleobiology Database: 115302 WoRMS: 449924 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rochia nilotica.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Tegulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegulidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Rochia nilotica, common name the commercial top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae.[1]","title":"Rochia nilotica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-7"}],"text":"This marine species is widespread in the Indo-Pacific (from Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, to as far east as French Polynesia, north to southern Japan and Hawaii, and south to Australia,[2] including New Ireland, New Caledonia, North Australia, French Polynesia, etc.).[3][4][5][6][7]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EE-8"}],"text":"Juveniles live in shallow areas on intertidal reef flats, while adults prefer atoll reefs along the reef crest or on reef slopes at depths of 0 to 20 m. These gastropods feed on very small plants and filamentous algae grazed on coral and rocks.[7][8]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EE-8"},{"link_name":"trochophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochophore"},{"link_name":"veligers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veligers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-7"}],"text":"Tectus niloticus can live for up to 15 years and are able to reproduce at about 2 years of age. Females release more than 1 million eggs. Breeding period occurs during spring tides with nocturnal spawning.[8] The eggs fertilised by males hatch to larval stages. Embryos develop into free-swimming planktonic marine larvae (trochophore) and later into juvenile veligers that drift with currents before settling on a rocky surface. After 2 or more years they may become adults.[7]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turbinidae_-_Tectus_niloticus.JPG"},{"link_name":"shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod_shell"},{"link_name":"Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Milano"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-4"},{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"spire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"sutures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"body whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_whorl"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"columella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columella_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-3"}],"text":"A shell of Rochia nilotica on display at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di MilanoThe length of the shell varies between 50 mm and 165 mm, its diameter between 100 mm and 120 mm.[4] The large, ponderous, shell has a conical shape, appearing subperforate. It is covered by a corneous striate, brown or yellowish cuticle usually lost on the upper whorls. Its color beneath the cuticle is white, longitudinally striped with crimson, violet or reddish brown. The base of the shell is maculate or radiately strigate with a lighter shade of the same. The spire is strictly conical. The apex is acute, usually eroded. The shell contains 8-10 whorls. The upper ones are tuberculate at the sutures, and spirally beaded, the following flat on their outer surfaces, smooth, separated by linear suture. The body whorl is expanded, dilated and compressed at the obtuse periphery, more or less convex below, indented at the axis. The umbilical tract is covered by a spiral pearly deeply entering callus. The aperture is transverse and very oblique. The columella is oblique, terminating in a denticle below, and with a strong spiral fold above, deeply inserted into the axis. The operculum is circular, thin, corneous, orange-brown, and composed of about 10 whorls.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacre"},{"link_name":"Wallis and Futuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The very large shells of this species have a very thick inner layer of nacre. They are used commercially to make mother of pearl buttons, mother of pearl beads, pendants and so on. In 2006, for example, the sole commercial export of the Wallis and Futuna Islands was 19 tons of \"Trochus\" shells, valued at US$122,000.[9]","title":"Human culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R7-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R5-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R5-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R5-14"}],"text":"Rochia nilotica is a highly sought after resource in the Pacific and Indo-Pacific regions. This has resulted in the species being over-harvested. By 2007 the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Papua New Guinea have the most depleted stocks, with four surveyed sites in the Solomon Islands in 2006 averaging a density of only 11 trochus ha^-1.[10] Releasing hatchery-reared juveniles is an option to replenish reduced wild stocks. Methods of culture are still under assessment and development where experiments have been conducted in Vanuatu;,[11][12] Australia,[11] Indonesia[11] and Vietnam.[13] Cage-based cultures have proven effective because they allow control of food and predators, both of which contribute greatly to the growth and survival of juveniles;.[11][13] Other benefits of sea cages include lower cost, easy to construct and transport, manageability and the advantage of using existing water bodies.[12]Hatchery-reared individuals are usually lab-spawned and raised. Broodstock can be collected from local wild populations[12] and from sites in which juveniles are to be released.[11] Spawning is usually induced by heat shock under laboratory conditions;.[11][12] Larvae are grown on coral rubble and shell grit, and are fed with benthic diatoms.[12] (Nitzschia spp. and Navicula spp.).[11] Juveniles used in cage experiments have an initial size of 8 mm shell diameter.[13] Other experiments start at 15mm basal shell width.[12]The release size of cultured juveniles is important to ensure their survival and response to predators, where the larger the individual the less vulnerable it is to predation.[11] A release size of 35mm (basal shell width, BSW) is recommended.[11] The period of growth to this suitable size is about 6 months under optimum conditions.[12] However, producing large individuals is costly. Alternatives such as high density releases of small juveniles and over large areas are less expensive and are thought to be solutions that can reduce predation pressure[11] from fish species such as Choerodon cyanodus[11] and Diodontidae and crustaceans such as Mancinella tubercosa and Calappa hepatica.[13] Hatchery and transit conditions are also factors that may affect the vulnerability of juveniles to predators.[11] It is recommended animals are reared on natural substrata before release.[11]The growth of the cultured individuals can depend on the density of juveniles in the cages and the likely causes are competition for food and space.[12] An initial density of 100 trochus m-2 achieves a basal diameter of 10-20mm which can then be reduced to 50 trochus m-2 to yield basal diameters 25-40mm. Beyond this range a density of less than 10 trochus m-2 is recommended.[13] \nSeaweed and algae are the main food and these grow on the dead corals and rocks which may occur naturally at the cultured sites or collected from adjacent areas and placed at the bottom of the cages.[13] It is recommended that for cages with juveniles sized >30mm, these seaweed-covered rocks should be replaced 2 to 3 times a month and cover over 50% of the area.[13] \nCage design is important in preventing escape of juveniles and entry of predators and also shading of algal and seaweed on rocks.[12] Recommended designs include cages with 8x8mm plastic mesh and an aluminium frame.[12] Steel reef, plastic reef and plastic floating cages have proven ineffective as steel reef cages allowed high mortality from predator entry and plastic cages induced shading of the rocks algae and seaweed are attached to which results in low productivity.[12] Suitable locations for reef cages are sand and rubble bottom reef bases exposed to less wave action[13] or fore-flat zones which are 10m behind the reef crest with water depths of 0 to 2.5m during spring-tides.[12] Shifting sand and sediment deposition areas may smother foraging surfaces and need to be avoided when allocating cages;.[12][13] Wind-ward sections of the reef flat are considered suitable sites. Floating cages require frequent cleaning to remove fouling species and allow high water flow and/ or nutrient flux for high algal biomass and quality.[12] Other environmental factors such as water temperature and salinity can have seasonal and episodic effects on the growth of the juveniles.[12]Suitable release sites of trochus juveniles into the wild include unconsolidated coral rubble and areas where predators are absent.[11] It is common that juveniles are placed upright inside a cover such as a reef crevice;[11][14] or under macroalgae[11] as a means of predator protection.[14]The success of released individuals in contributing to wild populations can be measured by the mark and recapture method. However the validity of this method may be limited by factors such as detection methods, predation, escape of juveniles, translocation of juveniles by strong currents[11] or detection may simply be not carried out.[14]","title":"Aquaculture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). Contribution à l'étude de la faune de Madagascar: Mollusca marina testacea. Faune des colonies françaises, III(fasc. 4). Société d'Editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: Paris. 321–636, plates IV-VII pp\nHigo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999). Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan. Osaka. : Elle Scientific Publications. 749 pp.\nWilliams S.T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (2008) Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta 37: 483–506","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"A shell of Rochia nilotica on display at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Turbinidae_-_Tectus_niloticus.JPG/240px-Turbinidae_-_Tectus_niloticus.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tectus (Tectus) niloticus\". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gastropods.com/8/Shell_1608.shtml","url_text":"\"Tectus (Tectus) niloticus\""}]},{"reference":"Institut d'émission d'Outre-Mer (IEOM). \"Wallis et Futuna en 2007\" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9mission_d%27Outre-Mer","url_text":"Institut d'émission d'Outre-Mer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080909223705/http://www.ieom.fr/upload/RA2007_WALLIS.pdf","url_text":"\"Wallis et Futuna en 2007\""},{"url":"http://www.ieom.fr/upload/RA2007_WALLIS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lasi, F (2010). \"Trochus production in Solomon Islands from 1953 to 2006\". Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 15: 24–27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crowe, T.P.; Lee, C.L.; McGuinness, K.A.; Amos, M.J; Dangeubun, J.; Dwiono, S.A.P.; Makatipu, P.C.; Manuputty, J.; N'guyen, F.; Pakoa, K. & Tetelepta, J (2002). \"Experimental evaluation of the use of hatchery-reared juveniles to enhance stocks of the topshell Trochus niloticus in Australia, Indonesia and Vanuatu\". Aquaculture. 206 (3–4): 175–197. Bibcode:2002Aquac.206..175C. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00676-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Aquac.206..175C","url_text":"2002Aquac.206..175C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2801%2900676-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00676-7"}]},{"reference":"Amos, M.J.; Purcell, S.W (2003). \"Evaluation of strategies for intermediate culture of Trochus niloticus (Gastropoda) in sea cages for restocking\". Aquaculture. 218 (1–4): 235–249. Bibcode:2003Aquac.218..235A. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00511-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Aquac.218..235A","url_text":"2003Aquac.218..235A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2802%2900511-2","url_text":"10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00511-2"}]},{"reference":"Hoang, D. H.; Tuan, V.S.; Hoa, N. X.; Sang, H. M.; Lu, H. D.; Tuyen, H. T (2007). \"Experiments on using hatchery-reared Trochus niloticus juveniles for stock enhancement in Vietnam\". Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 13: 13–18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pakoa, K.; Friedman, K.; Damlamian, H (2010). \"The status of trochus (Trochus niloticus) in Tongatapu Lagoon, Kingdom of Tonga\". Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 15: 3–15.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Katims
Jason Katims
["1 Early life and family","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 References","5 External links"]
American television writer, producer, and playwright Jason KatimsKatims at the August 2014 Voice AwardsBorn (1960-11-30) November 30, 1960 (age 63)New York City, New York, U.S.OccupationProducer, screenwriter, playwrightAlma materQueens CollegeNotable worksRoswellFriday Night LightsParenthoodAbout a BoyAlmost FamilySpouseKathy KatimsChildren2 Jason Katims (born November 30, 1960) is an American television writer, producer, and playwright. He is best known as the creator of several television series, including Relativity (1996), Roswell (1999–2002), Friday Night Lights (2006–2011), Parenthood (2010–2015), About a Boy (2014–2015) and Rise (2018). Early life and family Jason Katims was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, and raised first in Crown Heights and later in Midwood. His father Robert Katims was an actor and a salesman; his mother Ruth Sandra Ohsie, an English and philosophy major, "did some teachings". His parents were "very politically active, very left-leaning." He has an older brother and sister. Before studying theater at Queens College in Queens, New York City, he graduated from Edward R. Murrow High School. He married his high school sweetheart; they have two children, Phoebe and Sawyer Katims. Career Katims was a playwright in New York until director and producer Ed Zwick asked him if he wanted to write for television and films. In 1994, he wrote three episodes for the ABC teen drama My So-Called Life. He created Relativity in 1996 but the TV series was cancelled after 17 episodes. He subsequently created Roswell, which gained cult following. Katims worked on the NBC series Friday Night Lights as head writer and executive producer. He was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best New Series at the February 2007 ceremony for his work on the first season of Friday Night Lights. He was nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series the following year at the February 2008 ceremony for his work on the second season of Friday Night Lights. Katims was nominated for Best Dramatic Series a second time at the February 2009 ceremony for his work on the third season of Friday Night Lights. He was nominated for the WGA Award for Best Drama Series for the third consecutive year at the February 2010 ceremony for his work on the fourth season. In 2011, he was honored by an award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series in Friday Night Lights. Katims is also the creator of and executive producer for another NBC series, Parenthood, based on the feature film of the same name and a short-lived TV series that followed; Katims' series debuted in 2010 and ended in 2015. Katims based that series' Max Braverman character on his life with his own son, who has Asperger syndrome. Katims developed About a Boy, a 2014 TV series based on the novel of the same name, for NBC. He has written a play, The Man Who Couldn't Dance and is a former member of Stagewrights, a playwriting collective in New York City. Katims also developed Almost Family, a 2019 TV series based on the Australian series Sisters, for Fox. On June 15, 2020, Katims is the writer of As We See It, based on Israeli series On the Spectrum for Amazon Prime Video. More recently, he signed a multi-year overall deal with Imagine Television. Filmography Film The Pallbearer (1996) The Vow (2012) Television The numbers in directing and writing credits refer to the number of episodes. Title Year Credited as Network Notes Creator Director Writer Executiveproducer My So-Called Life 1994 No No Yes (3) No ABC Story editor Relativity 1996 No No Yes (7) co-executive Pilot writer Roswell 1999–2002 Developer No Yes (17) Yes The WB DeMarco Affairs 2004 Yes No No Yes ABC Fertile Ground 2005 No No No Yes N/A Pepper Dennis 2006 No No Yes (2) Yes The WB The Wedding Bells 2007 Yes No Yes (1) Yes Fox Friday Night Lights 2006–2011 No Yes (2) Yes (10) Yes NBC The 101 Network Parenthood 2010–2015 Developer Yes (3) Yes (21) Yes NBC About a Boy 2014–2015 Developer No Yes (6) Yes The Path 2016 No No Yes (1) Yes Pure Genius 2016–2017 No No Yes (3) Yes CBS Rise 2018 Developer No Yes (5) Yes NBC Almost Family 2019–2020 No No No Yes (2) Fox As We See It 2022 Developer No Yes (3) Yes Amazon Prime Video Dear Edward 2023 Yes No Yes Yes Apple TV+ References ^ Tablet Magazine: "Dream Team To Produce Pilot of Michael Sokolove’s ‘Drama High’ - Two Jewish producers—Jeffrey Seller of ‘Hamilton’ and Jason Katims of NBC’s ‘Friday Night Lights’—will help create a pilot for Sokolove’s critically-acclaimed book about high school theater in Levittown, PA" by Zoë Miller retrieved October 22, 2017 ^ "Jason Katims - Biography". Yahoo! TV. Retrieved September 26, 2011. ^ a b c Esquire: "The Cult of Jason Katims. The man behind Friday Night Lights and Parenthood has a gift for making men a little verklempt. It's made him a power in traditional TV. Now he's betting on something entirely different" By Mike Sager March 30, 2016 ^ Meyers, Lawrence (June 2, 2010). Inside the TV Writers' Room: Practical Advice for Succeeding in Television. Syracuse University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8156-3241-2. ^ Paskin, Willa (May 20, 2011). "The Showrunner Transcript: Parenthood and Friday Night Lights' Jason Katims on Portraying Families Realistically". NY Mag. Retrieved September 26, 2011. ^ a b c Rubino, Lindsay (May 5, 2011). "Katims' 'Call' to Success". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016. ^ TheWBAndrew (March 11, 2001). "The WB Sessions With Jason Katims". Retrieved September 26, 2011. ^ Blake, Meredith (March 12, 2018). "With 'Rise,' Jason Katims brings Broadway drama to a small-town high school". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 12, 2019. ^ "Roswell interview with Jason Katims - Starting Out". BBC. Retrieved September 26, 2011. ^ "2008 Writers Guild Awards Television & Radio Nominees Announced". WGA. 2007. Archived from the original on December 19, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2007. ^ Perry, Byron (December 12, 2007). "WGA announce TV, radio nominees". Variety. Retrieved December 13, 2007. ^ D'Orio, Carl (December 13, 2007). "HBO tops WGA awards list". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved January 4, 2016. ^ "2009 Writers Guild Awards Television, Radio, News, Promotional Writing, and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced". WGA.org. 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2008. ^ Mitchell, Gregg; Goldman, Sherry (2009). "2010 Writers Guild Awards Television, Radio, News, Promotional Writing, and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced". Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2010. ^ Coyle, Jake (September 19, 2011). "At Emmy Awards, 'Friday Night Lights' finally punches through to the end zone". Winnipeg Free Press. Associated Press. Retrieved January 4, 2016. ^ White, Peter (June 15, 2020). "Jason Katim's Autism Comedy Drama, Based On Israel's 'On The Spectrum', Goes To Series At Amazon". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 17, 2020. ^ Cordero, Rosy (October 11, 2021). "'As We See It': Amazon Prime Video Reveals Title And First Look Photos Of Jason Katims Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 11, 2021. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (August 4, 2022). "Jason Katims Reunites With 'Friday Night Lights' Producers Imagine TV". The Hollywood Reporter. External links Jason Katims at IMDb vteParenthoodMedia Parenthood (1989 film) Parenthood (1990–1991 television series) Parenthood (2010–2015 television series) Related List of characters List of 2010–2015 television series episodes 1 2 "I Hear You, I See You" "No Good Deed" 3 4 5 6 Category vteFriday Night LightsEpisodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "Eyes Wide Open" "Wind Sprints" "Who's Your Daddy" "Git'er Done" "El Accidente" "Homecoming" "Crossing the Line" "Full Hearts" "It's Different for Girls" "Nevermind" "What to Do While You're Waiting" "Little Girl I Wanna Marry You" "Upping the Ante" "Blinders" "Black Eyes and Broken Hearts" "I Think We Should Have Sex" "Extended Families" "Ch-Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes" "Mud Bowl" "Best Laid Plans" "State" Season 2 "Last Days of Summer" "Bad Ideas" "Are You Ready for Friday Night?" "Backfire" "Let's Get It On" "How Did I Get Here" "Pantherama!" "Seeing Other People" "The Confession" "There Goes the Neighborhood" "Jumping the Gun" "Who Do You Think You Are?" "Humble Pie" "Leave No One Behind" "May the Best Man Win" Season 3 "I Knew You When" "Tami Knows Best" "How the Other Half Lives" "Hello, Goodbye" "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" "It Ain't Easy Being J.D. McCoy" "Keeping Up Appearances" "New York, New York" "Game of the Week" "The Giving Tree" "A Hard Rain's Gonna Fall" "Underdogs" "Tomorrow Blues" Season 4 "East of Dillon" "After the Fall" "In the Skin of a Lion" "A Sort of Homecoming" "The Son" "Stay" "In the Bag" "Toilet Bowl" "The Lights in Carroll Park" "I Can't" "Injury List" "Laboring" "Thanksgiving" Season 5 "Expectations" "On the Outside Looking In" "The Right Hand of the Father" "Keep Looking" "Kingdom" "Swerve" "Perfect Record" "Fracture" "Gut Check" "Don't Go" "The March" "Texas Whatever" "Always" Characters Eric Taylor Matt Saracen Jason Street Smash Williams Tim Riggins Tami Taylor Lyla Garrity Tyra Collette Soundtracks Film soundtrack Television soundtrack (Vol. 1) Television soundtrack (Vol. 2) Related Film Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream Boobie Miles Gary Gaines vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series1950s Reginald Rose for Twelve Angry Men (1955) 1960s Rod Serling for The Twilight Zone (1960) Rod Serling for The Twilight Zone (1961) Reginald Rose for The Defenders (1962) Robert Thom & Reginald Rose for "The Madman" (1963) Ernest Kinoy for "Blacklist" / Rod Serling for "It's Mental Work" (1964) David Karp for "The 700 Year Old Gang" (1965) Millard Lampell for "Eagle in a Cage" (1966) Bruce Geller for "Mission: Impossible" (1967) Loring Mandel for "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" (1968) JP Miller for "The People Next Door" (1969) 1970s Richard Levinson & William Link for "My Sweet Charlie" (1970) Joel Oliansky for "To Taste of Death But Once" (1971) Richard Levinson & William Link for "Death Lends a Hand" (1972) John McGreevey for "The Scholar" (1973) Joanna Lee for "The Thanksgiving Story" (1974) Howard Fast for "Benjamin Franklin: The Ambassador" (1975) Sherman Yellen for "John Adams: Lawyer" (1976) William Blinn & Ernest Kinoy for "Show #2" (1977) Gerald Green for "Holocaust" (1978) Michele Gallery for "Dying" (1979) 1980s Seth Freeman for "Cop" (1980) Michael Kozoll & Steven Bochco for "Hill Street Station" (1981) Steven Bochco & Michael Kozoll & Jeff Lewis & Michael Wagner & Anthony Yerkovich for "Freedom's Last Stand" (1982) David Milch for "Trial by Fury" (1983) John Ford Noonan, John Masius & Tom Fontana for "The Women" (1984) Patricia Green for "Who Said It's Fair, Part 2" (1985) Tom Fontana, John Masius & Joe Tinker for "Time Heals, Parts I & II" (1986) Steven Bochco & Terry Louise Fisher for "The Venus Butterfly" (1987) Paul Haggis & Marshall Herskovitz for "Business as Usual" (1988) Joseph Dougherty for "First Day/Last Day" (1989) 1990s David E. Kelley for "Blood, Sweat, and Fears" (1990) David E. Kelley for "On the Toad Again" (1991) Diane Frolov & Andrew Schneider for "Seoul Mates" (1992) Tom Fontana for "Three Men and Adena" (1993) Ann Biderman for "Steroid Roy" (1994) Lance A. Gentile for "Love's Labor Lost" (1995) Darin Morgan for "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose" (1996) David Milch, Stephen Gaghan and Michael R. Perry for "Where's Swaldo?" (1997) David Milch, Nicholas Wootton and Bill Clark for "Lost Israel: Part II" (1998) James Manos Jr. and David Chase for "College" (1999) 2000s Rick Cleveland & Aaron Sorkin for "In Excelsis Deo" (2000) Mitchell Burgess & Robin Green for "Employee of the Month" (2001) Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran for "12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m." (2002) Mitchell Burgess & David Chase & Robin Green for "Whitecaps" (2003) Terence Winter for "Long Term Parking" (2004) David Shore for "Three Stories" (2005) Terence Winter for "Members Only" (2006) David Chase for "Made in America" (2007) Matthew Weiner for "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" (2008) Kater Gordon & Matthew Weiner for "Meditations in an Emergency" (2009) 2010s Erin Levy & Matthew Weiner for "Shut the Door. Have a Seat." (2010) Jason Katims for "Always" (2011) Alex Gansa & Howard Gordon & Gideon Raff for "Pilot" (Homeland) (2012) Henry Bromell for "Q&A" (2013) Moira Walley-Beckett for "Ozymandias" (2014) David Benioff & D. B. Weiss for "Mother's Mercy" (2015) David Benioff & D. B. Weiss for "Battle of the Bastards" (2016) Bruce Miller for "Offred" (2017) Joel Fields and Joe Weisberg for "START" (2018) Jesse Armstrong for "Nobody Is Ever Missing" (2019) 2020s Jesse Armstrong for "This Is Not for Tears" (2020) Peter Morgan for "War" (2021) Jesse Armstrong for "All the Bells Say" (2022) Jesse Armstrong for "Connor's Wedding" (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany United States Poland People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Friday Night Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"About a Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_a_Boy_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_(American_TV_series)"}],"text":"Jason Katims (born November 30, 1960) is an American television writer, producer, and playwright. He is best known as the creator of several television series, including Relativity (1996), Roswell (1999–2002), Friday Night Lights (2006–2011), Parenthood (2010–2015), About a Boy (2014–2015) and Rise (2018).","title":"Jason Katims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Crown Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Midwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EsquireKatims-3"},{"link_name":"Robert Katims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Katims&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EsquireKatims-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Queens College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubino5511-6"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Murrow High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow_High_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blake-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EsquireKatims-3"}],"text":"Jason Katims was born to a Jewish family[1] in Brooklyn, New York City, New York,[2] and raised first in Crown Heights and later in Midwood.[3] His father Robert Katims was an actor and a salesman; his mother Ruth Sandra Ohsie, an English and philosophy major, \"did some teachings\".[4] His parents were \"very politically active, very left-leaning.\"[3] He has an older brother and sister.[5]Before studying theater at Queens College[6] in Queens, New York City,[7] he graduated from Edward R. Murrow High School.[8]He married his high school sweetheart;[3] they have two children, Phoebe and Sawyer Katims.","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Zwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Zwick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"My So-Called Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_So-Called_Life"},{"link_name":"Relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Friday Night Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards"},{"link_name":"February 2007 ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards_2006"},{"link_name":"February 2008 ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards_2007"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGA_08_Official-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety_WGA_08-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HR_WGA_08-12"},{"link_name":"February 2009 ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards_2008"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGA_09_Official-13"},{"link_name":"February 2010 ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards_2009"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGA_TV_nominees_2010-14"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Writing_for_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"feature film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(film)"},{"link_name":"TV series that followed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(1990_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubino5511-6"},{"link_name":"Asperger syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubino5511-6"},{"link_name":"About a Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_a_Boy_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Almost Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Family"},{"link_name":"Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Imagine Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Television"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Katims was a playwright in New York until director and producer Ed Zwick asked him if he wanted to write for television and films.[9]In 1994, he wrote three episodes for the ABC teen drama My So-Called Life. He created Relativity in 1996 but the TV series was cancelled after 17 episodes. He subsequently created Roswell, which gained cult following.Katims worked on the NBC series Friday Night Lights as head writer and executive producer. He was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best New Series at the February 2007 ceremony for his work on the first season of Friday Night Lights. He was nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series the following year at the February 2008 ceremony for his work on the second season of Friday Night Lights.[10][11][12] Katims was nominated for Best Dramatic Series a second time at the February 2009 ceremony for his work on the third season of Friday Night Lights.[13] He was nominated for the WGA Award for Best Drama Series for the third consecutive year at the February 2010 ceremony for his work on the fourth season.[14] In 2011, he was honored by an award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series in Friday Night Lights.[15]Katims is also the creator of and executive producer for another NBC series, Parenthood, based on the feature film of the same name and a short-lived TV series that followed;[6] Katims' series debuted in 2010 and ended in 2015. Katims based that series' Max Braverman character on his life with his own son, who has Asperger syndrome.[6]Katims developed About a Boy, a 2014 TV series based on the novel of the same name, for NBC.He has written a play, The Man Who Couldn't Dance and is a former member of Stagewrights, a playwriting collective in New York City.Katims also developed Almost Family, a 2019 TV series based on the Australian series Sisters, for Fox.On June 15, 2020, Katims is the writer of As We See It, based on Israeli series On the Spectrum for Amazon Prime Video.[16][17]More recently, he signed a multi-year overall deal with Imagine Television.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Pallbearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pallbearer"},{"link_name":"The Vow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vow_(2012_film)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"The Pallbearer (1996)\nThe Vow (2012)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","text":"The numbers in directing and writing credits refer to the number of episodes.","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Jason Katims - Biography\". Yahoo! TV. Retrieved September 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://tv.yahoo.com/jason-katims/contributor/569991/bio","url_text":"\"Jason Katims - Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Meyers, Lawrence (June 2, 2010). Inside the TV Writers' Room: Practical Advice for Succeeding in Television. Syracuse University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8156-3241-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xPvw0HNU11sC&q=jason+katims&pg=PA182","url_text":"Inside the TV Writers' Room: Practical Advice for Succeeding in Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3241-2","url_text":"978-0-8156-3241-2"}]},{"reference":"Paskin, Willa (May 20, 2011). \"The Showrunner Transcript: Parenthood and Friday Night Lights' Jason Katims on Portraying Families Realistically\". NY Mag. Retrieved September 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2011/05/jason_katims_showrunner_transc.html","url_text":"\"The Showrunner Transcript: Parenthood and Friday Night Lights' Jason Katims on Portraying Families Realistically\""}]},{"reference":"Rubino, Lindsay (May 5, 2011). \"Katims' 'Call' to Success\". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080704/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/fifth-estate/katims%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98call%E2%80%99-success/111912","url_text":"\"Katims' 'Call' to Success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting & Cable"},{"url":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/fifth-estate/katims%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98call%E2%80%99-success/111912","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"TheWBAndrew (March 11, 2001). \"The WB Sessions With Jason Katims\". Retrieved September 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://thesmudge.com/shapeshifter/Roswell/katims.htm","url_text":"\"The WB Sessions With Jason Katims\""}]},{"reference":"Blake, Meredith (March 12, 2018). \"With 'Rise,' Jason Katims brings Broadway drama to a small-town high school\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-rise-nbc-jason-katims-20180309-story.html","url_text":"\"With 'Rise,' Jason Katims brings Broadway drama to a small-town high school\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roswell interview with Jason Katims - Starting Out\". BBC. Retrieved September 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/roswell/interviews/katims/page1.shtml","url_text":"\"Roswell interview with Jason Katims - Starting Out\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Writers Guild Awards Television & Radio Nominees Announced\". WGA. 2007. Archived from the original on December 19, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071219203806/http://www.wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=2653#TheWireHBO","url_text":"\"2008 Writers Guild Awards Television & Radio Nominees Announced\""},{"url":"http://wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=2653#TheWireHBO","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Byron (December 12, 2007). \"WGA announce TV, radio nominees\". Variety. Retrieved December 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/awardcentral_article/VR1117977607.html#TheWireHBO","url_text":"\"WGA announce TV, radio nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"D'Orio, Carl (December 13, 2007). \"HBO tops WGA awards list\". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved January 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hbo-tops-wga-awards-list-157067","url_text":"\"HBO tops WGA awards list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Writers Guild Awards Television, Radio, News, Promotional Writing, and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced\". WGA.org. 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081212052838/http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=3410","url_text":"\"2009 Writers Guild Awards Television, Radio, News, Promotional Writing, and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced\""},{"url":"http://wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=3410","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Gregg; Goldman, Sherry (2009). \"2010 Writers Guild Awards Television, Radio, News, Promotional Writing, and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced\". Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120525035829/http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1516","url_text":"\"2010 Writers Guild Awards Television, Radio, News, Promotional Writing, and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced\""},{"url":"http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1516","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coyle, Jake (September 19, 2011). \"At Emmy Awards, 'Friday Night Lights' finally punches through to the end zone\". Winnipeg Free Press. Associated Press. Retrieved January 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/entertainment/TV/at-emmy-awards-friday-night-lights-finally-punches-through-to-the-end-zone-130096438.html","url_text":"\"At Emmy Awards, 'Friday Night Lights' finally punches through to the end zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Free_Press","url_text":"Winnipeg Free Press"}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (June 15, 2020). \"Jason Katim's Autism Comedy Drama, Based On Israel's 'On The Spectrum', Goes To Series At Amazon\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/06/jason-katims-israel-on-the-spectrum-series-amazon-1202959498/","url_text":"\"Jason Katim's Autism Comedy Drama, Based On Israel's 'On The Spectrum', Goes To Series At Amazon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Cordero, Rosy (October 11, 2021). \"'As We See It': Amazon Prime Video Reveals Title And First Look Photos Of Jason Katims Series\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/10/as-we-see-it-amazon-prime-video-reveals-title-first-look-photos-trailer-jason-katims-1234853922/","url_text":"\"'As We See It': Amazon Prime Video Reveals Title And First Look Photos Of Jason Katims Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Lesley (August 4, 2022). \"Jason Katims Reunites With 'Friday Night Lights' Producers Imagine TV\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/jason-katims-reunites-with-friday-night-lights-producers-imagine-tv-1235192405/","url_text":"\"Jason Katims Reunites With 'Friday Night Lights' Producers Imagine TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmatic
Transmatic
["1 History","2 Members","3 References"]
For the continuously variable transmission, see Variomatic. TransmaticOriginIndianapolis, Indiana, United StatesGenresModern rockPost-grungeYears active1999–2003LabelsImmortal Records/Virgin RecordsMusical artist Transmatic was an American rock band from Indianapolis, Indiana. They released one EP with Loudenergy.com and full length album on Immortal Records/Virgin Records which spawned a minor hit single with 2002's "Come" before breaking up. History The Indiana rock band posted an mp3 of the tune "Blind Spot" on the website Loudenergy.com, and the tune was heard by website executive and former Social Distortion bassist John Maurer. Maurer hooked them up with producer Brad Wood (Pete Yorn, Liz Phair), and they recorded a demo EP soon after. At that time, achieving fame as a musician based on internet exposure was somewhat unprecedented, and the group received significant press coverage as a result. Signing a massive, six-album deal with Immortal/Virgin, the group made its first full length record with producer, Neal Avron (Fall Out Boy, Everclear, Sara Bareilles), and released the self-titled album on November 9, 2001. Cuts from the album can be found in movies like Van Wilder and American Pie 2, along with shows like MTV's Real World, Pimp My Ride, Boston Public, among others. Transmatic toured with acts like Michelle Branch and Tantric, and the album's lead single, "Come", peaked at No. 29 on the Billboard Adult Top 40 charts early in 2002, but it was their only charting hit. The group broke up in 2003, and did not release any further material; group member Zack Baldauf went on to form the Virgin Millionaires. Members Zack Baldauf - guitar Joey Fingers - vocals Andy Carrell - bass Kirk Frederickson - drums Scott Rainey -guitar References ^ a b Did Janis Joplin's Ghost Help Transmatic? Archived 2013-01-24 at archive.today. The Free Lance-Star, February 28, 2002. Accessed November 4, 2007. ^ Transmatic at Allmusic.com ^ Band enters spotlight, record deal through Web. CNet, December 19, 2000. Accessed November 4, 2007. ^ a b c Band Discovered on the Web. Chicago Sun-Times, January 18, 2001. Accessed November 4, 2007. ^ Chart Data at Billboard.com ^ Breaking Out. Nuvo.net, January 17, 2007. Accessed November 3, 2007. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eran-asan-kerd-Kawad
Eran-asan-kerd-Kawad
["1 References","2 Sources"]
Eran-asan-kerd-Kawad or Iran asan kar(t) Kavad (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭩𐭫𐭠𐭭𐭠𐭮𐭠𐭭𐭪𐭫𐭪𐭥𐭠𐭲 ʾylʾnʾsʾnklkwʾt, meaning "Kavad made Ērān peaceful") was a Sasanian city founded by Kavad I (r. 488–496, 498–531) in the Hulwan region. It was the capital of a province possibly identical to the Hulwan region and bordering the provinces of Syarazur (Shahrizor) and Garamig. The geographer Josef Markwart placed the city between Adiabene and Garamig. It is mentioned in both Armenian sources and the Middle Persian Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr ("Provincial Capitals of Ērān"). References ^ Gyselen, Rika (2007). Sasanian Seals and Sealings in the A. Saeedi Collection. Peeters Publishers. p. 138. ISBN 978-90-429-1268-7. ^ a b Daryaee 2002, p. 55. ^ Gyselen 1998. Sources Daryaee, Touraj, ed. (2002). Šahrestānīhā Ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History. Mazda Publishers. Frye, R. N. (1983), "The political history of Iran under the Sasanians", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 136, ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9 Gyselen, Rika (1998). "ĒRĀN-ĀSĀN-KERD-KAWĀD". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/5: English IV–Eršād al-zerāʿa. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 536. ISBN 978-1-56859-054-7. Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (1983), The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1108, 1437, ISBN 978-0521246934
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Pinner
Adolf Pinner
["1 Early life and education","2 Literary works","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
German chemist (1842–1909) Adolf PinnerBornAugust 31, 1842Wronke/Wronki, Posen, PrussiaDiedMay 21, 1909(1909-05-21) (aged 66)Berlin, German EmpireKnown forPinner reaction structure of nicotineScientific careerFieldsOrganic chemistryDoctoral advisorAugust Wilhelm von Hofmann Signature Adolf Pinner (August 31, 1842 – May 21, 1909) was a German chemist. Early life and education He was educated at the Jewish Theological Seminary at Breslau and at the University of Berlin (Phd in Chemistry (Doctor der Chemie), 1867). In 1871, he became privat-docent at the University of Berlin. In 1873, he became assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin, and in 1874 professor of chemistry at the veterinary college of that city. In 1884, he was appointed a member of the German patent office, and in the following year, of the technical division of the Prussian Department of Commerce. He has received the title "Geheimer Regierungsrat". Literary works Pinner contributed many essays to the professional journals, among which may be mentioned: "Darstellung und Untersuchung des Butylchlorals," in "Annalen der Chemie", clxxix., and in "Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft", 1870–77; "Ueber Imidoäther" in "Annalen", ccxcvii. and ccxcviii., also in "Berichte", 1877-97(which essays he combined in book form under the title "Ueber Imidoäther und Dessen Derivate"); "Die Condensation des Acetons," in "Berichte", 1881–83; "Ueber Hydantoïe und Urazine," in "Berichte", 1887–89; "Ueber Nicotin", in "Berichte", 1891–95, and in "Archiv der Pharmazie", ccxxxi., ccxxxiii.; "Ueber Pilocarpin," in "Berichte", 1900–1903. He is also the author of "Gesetze der Naturerscheinungen" and of "Repetitorium der Chemie", in 2 volumes, on organic and inorganic chemistry respectively (11th ed., Berlin, 1902). (Digital 4th edition from 1881 / Digital 6th edition from 1884 / Digital 11th edition from 1901 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf) The latter work is well known to all German students of chemistry, and it has been translated into English, Russian, and Japanese. See also Pinner reaction References G. Kraemer (1909). "Adolf Pinner". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 42 (4): 4989–5000. doi:10.1002/cber.190904204120.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Isidore Singer and Frederick T. Haneman (1901–1906). "Adolf Pinner". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. External links Adolf Pinner in the German National Library catalogue Adolf Pinner Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Leopoldina Scopus People Deutsche Biographie This article about a German chemist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Pinner reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinner_reaction"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiat_Duran
Profiat Duran
["1 Personal life","2 Works","2.1 Al Tehi Ka-Aboteka (\"Be Not Like Thy Fathers\")","2.2 Kelimmat ha-Goyim (\"Shame of the Gentiles\")","2.3 Hesheb ha-Efod (\"The ephod's girdle\")","2.4 Ma'aseh Efod (\"The making of the ephod\")","2.5 Other works, lost works","3 References"]
Not to be confused with Simeon ben Zemah Duran. Profiat Duran (c. 1350 – c. 1415) (Hebrew: פרופייט דוראן), full Hebrew name Isaac ben Moses haLevi) was a Jewish apologist/polemicist, philosopher, physician, grammarian, and controversialist in the 14th century. He was later sometimes referred to by the sobriquet Efodi (האפודי) through association with his two grammars entitled Ephod. After being forcibly converted to Christianity in 1391, he also appears in official records under his Converso name Honoratus de Bonafide. After escaping Spain, he returned to practicing Judaism openly and wrote several works including polemics against Christianity and grammar. Personal life It is not known whether he was born at Perpignan, where he lived for some years, or in another Catalan town. In his youth he attended a Talmudic school in Germany for a short time, but instead of confining his studies to the Talmud, he took up philosophy and other sciences also, in spite of the interdiction of his teachers. Duran became a tutor in the Crescas family, and during the bloody riots of 1391 was forcibly baptized, becoming a marrano. After escaping Spain, he returned to practicing Judaism openly, and wrote a number of works including polemics against Christianity and grammar. He appears to have also attempted to reach Palestine, however it is unclear whether he made it. He died in 1414/1415 in Iberia, France, or the East. Works Al Tehi Ka-Aboteka ("Be Not Like Thy Fathers") Duran is the author of a famous satiric epistle called, after the repeatedly recurring phrase, Al Tehi Ka-Aboteka (Be Not Like Your Fathers). It was written about 1396, and was circulated by Don Meïr Alguades, to whom it had been sent. It is so ingeniously ambiguous that the Christians, who called it Alteca Boteca, interpreted it in their favor; but, as soon as they recognized its satirical import they burned it publicly. This epistle, with a commentary by Joseph ibn Shem-Tov and an introduction by Isaac Akrish, was first printed at Constantinople in 1554, and was republished in A. Geiger's Melo Chofnajim, 1840, in the collection Ḳobeẓ Wikkuḥim, 1844, and in P. Heilpern's Eben Boḥan, part 2, 1846. Geiger also translated most of it into German (Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, iv. 451). According to an account written at the top of one of the manuscripts of the epistle, Duran and his friend David Bonet Bonjourno made up a plan to emigrate to Palestine in order to return to Judaism. The two friends set out on their journey, getting as far as Avignon, where they met up with another converso, Paul of Burgos (who had become a believing Christian priest, and had achieved the rank of Bishop). Paul disrupted their plan by persuading Bonjourno to become a true Christian, and Duran was forced to return to Catalonia. In response to these events, Duran wrote Be Not Like Your Fathers. Some scholars (Frank Talmage, among others) have dismissed this fanciful account as implausible. However, there is a certain amount of corroborating evidence. The notarial ledgers of Perpignan show several transactions in 1393 and 1394 in which Duran (known officially by his Christian name Honoratus de Bonafe) moved assets across the border to France. Also, Paul of Burgos is documented to have been in Avignon in 1394 for the conclave in which the Antipope Clement VII was elected. Kelimmat ha-Goyim ("Shame of the Gentiles") Connected with this epistle is the polemic Kelimmat ha-Goyim ("Shame of the Gentiles"), a criticism of Christian dogmas, written in 1397 at the request of Don Hasdai Crescas, to whom it was dedicated. In it, Duran states the principle that the most convincing polemical technique is to argue within one's opponents own assumptions. Using the knowledge of Latin he gained from his medical studies and the indoctrination he received as a converso, he identifies what he sees as internal contradictions within the New Testament, and discrepancies between its literal text and church dogma. The work can be seen as a precursor of modern textual criticism. In about 1397 Duran wrote an anti-Christian polemic, Kelimat ha-Goyim (“Shame of the Gentiles”) which some have seen as having discredited the Gospels and other early Christian writings. Although he did not accept the defence used by Nachmanides at the Disputation of Barcelona (1263) of "two Jesuses" in the Talmud. He argued that the old Spanish word for pigs, Marrano , was derived from the Hebrew word for conversion, hamarah. Hesheb ha-Efod ("The ephod's girdle") In 1395 Duran compiled an almanac in twenty-nine sections entitled Ḥesheb ha-Efod ("The ephod's girdle"), and dedicated to Moses Zarzal, writer and physician to Henry III of Castile (1379–1406). That Duran was familiar with the philosophy of Aristotle as interpreted by Muslim philosophers, is apparent from his synoptic commentary on Maimonides' The Guide for the Perplexed, which was published at Sabbionetta in 1553, at Jeßnitz in 1742, and at Zhovkva in 1860. Ma'aseh Efod ("The making of the ephod") Duran's chief work, praised by both Christians and Jews, is his philosophical and critical Hebrew grammar, Ma'aseh Efod ("The making of the ephod"), containing an introduction and thirty-three chapters, and finished in 1403. He wrote it not only to instruct his contemporaries, who either knew nothing about grammar or had erroneous notions concerning it, but especially to refute mistakes promulgated by the later grammarians. He frequently cites the otherwise unknown Samuel Benveniste as an eminent grammarian. See the edition of J. Friedländer and J. Kohn (Vienna, 1865). In 1393 Duran wrote a dirge on Abraham ben Isaac ha-Levi of Gerona, probably a relative; three letters containing responsa, to his pupil Meïr Crescas; and two exegetical treatises on several chapters of II Samuel, all of which have been edited as an appendix to the Ma'aseh Efod. In the introduction, he discusses music, contrasting two varieties, cantillation (ta'amei ha-miqra) and post-Biblical hymns (piyyutim). He states that while the latter appeals to the senses, the former appeals to the mind. He prefers cantillation, following his belief that the Torah is perfect, and uses it for both liturgical reading and study. Other works, lost works At the request of some members of the Benveniste family, Duran wrote an explanation of a religious festival poem by Abraham ibn Ezra (printed in the collection Ta'am Zeḳenim of Eliezer Ashkenazi), as well as the solution of Ibn Ezra's well-known riddle on the quiescent letters of the Hebrew alphabet (quoted by Immanuel Benvenuto in his grammar Liwyat Ḥen, Mantua, 1557, without mentioning Duran), and several explanations relating to Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch. Duran was also a historian. In a lost work entitled Zikron ha-Shemadot he gave the history of Jewish martyrs since the destruction of the Temple. Heinrich Graetz has shown that this work was used by Solomon Usque and Judah ibn Verga. References ^ Grossman, Maxine (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-19-973004-9. ^ "Profiat Duran". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. ^ Zwiep, Irene (13 September 2016). "Duran, Profiat". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. ^ "Duran, Profiat (Ephodi) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. New Catholic Encyclopedia. ^ Berger D. in Essays in honour.. 1998 p34, footnote 41 on p39 ^ David Berger in Jewish history and Jewish memory: essays in honor of Yosef Hayim p 39 Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Elisheva Carlebach, John M. Efron - 1998 p34 then footnote 41 Kelimat ha goyim 63 "This discussion makes it perfectly clear that Duran gave no credence to a theory of two Jesuses." ^ Harrán, Don (2001). "Profiat Duran". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.‎  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Duran". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Its bibliography: Monatsschrift, iii.320 et seq.; J. Friedländer and J. Kohn, Ma'aseh Efod, Introduction, pp. 2–12; S. Gronemann, De Profiatii Durani Vita ac Studiis, Breslau, 1869; Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cols. 2112 et seq.; Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi-C. H. Hamberger, Historisches Wörterbuch, pp. 261 et seq.; Henri Gross, Gallia Judaica, pp. 358 et seq., 472; Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. viii.94, 403. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other SNAC IdRef
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After escaping Spain, he returned to practicing Judaism openly and wrote several works including polemics against Christianity and grammar.","title":"Profiat Duran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Talmudic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudic"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Crescas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescas"},{"link_name":"marrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"It is not known whether he was born at Perpignan, where he lived for some years, or in another Catalan town. In his youth he attended a Talmudic school in Germany for a short time, but instead of confining his studies to the Talmud, he took up philosophy and other sciences also, in spite of the interdiction of his teachers. Duran became a tutor in the Crescas family, and during the bloody riots of 1391 was forcibly baptized, becoming a marrano.After escaping Spain, he returned to practicing Judaism openly, and wrote a number of works including polemics against Christianity and grammar. He appears to have also attempted to reach Palestine, however it is unclear whether he made it. He died in 1414/1415 in Iberia, France, or the East.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph ibn Shem-Tov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Shem-Tov"},{"link_name":"Isaac Akrish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Akrish"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"David Bonet Bonjourno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bonet_Bonjourno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Paul of Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Burgos"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Frank Talmage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Talmage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Antipope Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII"}],"sub_title":"Al Tehi Ka-Aboteka (\"Be Not Like Thy Fathers\")","text":"Duran is the author of a famous satiric epistle called, after the repeatedly recurring phrase, Al Tehi Ka-Aboteka (Be Not Like Your Fathers). It was written about 1396, and was circulated by Don Meïr Alguades, to whom it had been sent. It is so ingeniously ambiguous that the Christians, who called it Alteca Boteca, interpreted it in their favor; but, as soon as they recognized its satirical import they burned it publicly. This epistle, with a commentary by Joseph ibn Shem-Tov and an introduction by Isaac Akrish, was first printed at Constantinople in 1554, and was republished in A. Geiger's Melo Chofnajim, 1840, in the collection Ḳobeẓ Wikkuḥim, 1844, and in P. Heilpern's Eben Boḥan, part 2, 1846. Geiger also translated most of it into German (Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, iv. 451).According to an account written at the top of one of the manuscripts of the epistle, Duran and his friend David Bonet Bonjourno made up a plan to emigrate to Palestine in order to return to Judaism. The two friends set out on their journey, getting as far as Avignon, where they met up with another converso, Paul of Burgos (who had become a believing Christian priest, and had achieved the rank of Bishop). Paul disrupted their plan[citation needed] by persuading Bonjourno to become a true Christian, and Duran was forced to return to Catalonia. In response to these events, Duran wrote Be Not Like Your Fathers.Some scholars (Frank Talmage, among others[citation needed]) have dismissed this fanciful account as implausible. However, there is a certain amount of corroborating evidence. The notarial ledgers of Perpignan show several transactions in 1393 and 1394 in which Duran (known officially by his Christian name Honoratus de Bonafe) moved assets across the border to France. Also, Paul of Burgos is documented to have been in Avignon in 1394 for the conclave in which the Antipope Clement VII was elected.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hasdai Crescas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"textual criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_criticism"},{"link_name":"anti-Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospels"},{"link_name":"early Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian"},{"link_name":"Nachmanides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachmanides"},{"link_name":"Disputation of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"\"two Jesuses\" in the Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marranos"}],"sub_title":"Kelimmat ha-Goyim (\"Shame of the Gentiles\")","text":"Connected with this epistle is the polemic Kelimmat ha-Goyim (\"Shame of the Gentiles\"), a criticism of Christian dogmas, written in 1397 at the request of Don Hasdai Crescas, to whom it was dedicated.[5] In it, Duran states the principle that the most convincing polemical technique is to argue within one's opponents own assumptions. Using the knowledge of Latin he gained from his medical studies and the indoctrination he received as a converso, he identifies what he sees as internal contradictions within the New Testament, and discrepancies between its literal text and church dogma. The work can be seen as a precursor of modern textual criticism. In about 1397 Duran wrote an anti-Christian polemic, Kelimat ha-Goyim (“Shame of the Gentiles”) which some have seen as having discredited the Gospels and other early Christian writings. Although he did not accept the defence used by Nachmanides at the Disputation of Barcelona (1263) of \"two Jesuses\" in the Talmud.[6] He argued that the old Spanish word for pigs, Marrano [see too: Marranos], was derived from the Hebrew word for conversion, hamarah.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses Zarzal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Zarzal"},{"link_name":"Henry III of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Aristotle as interpreted by Muslim philosophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism#Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"The Guide for the Perplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed"},{"link_name":"Sabbionetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbionetta"},{"link_name":"Jeßnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C3%9Fnitz"},{"link_name":"Zhovkva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhovkva"}],"sub_title":"Hesheb ha-Efod (\"The ephod's girdle\")","text":"In 1395 Duran compiled an almanac in twenty-nine sections entitled Ḥesheb ha-Efod (\"The ephod's girdle\"), and dedicated to Moses Zarzal, writer and physician to Henry III of Castile (1379–1406). That Duran was familiar with the philosophy of Aristotle as interpreted by Muslim philosophers, is apparent from his synoptic commentary on Maimonides' The Guide for the Perplexed, which was published at Sabbionetta in 1553, at Jeßnitz in 1742, and at Zhovkva in 1860.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Samuel Benveniste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Benveniste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abraham ben Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ben_Isaac_of_Narbonne"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuel"},{"link_name":"cantillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Ma'aseh Efod (\"The making of the ephod\")","text":"Duran's chief work, praised by both Christians and Jews, is his philosophical and critical Hebrew grammar, Ma'aseh Efod (\"The making of the ephod\"), containing an introduction and thirty-three chapters, and finished in 1403. He wrote it not only to instruct his contemporaries, who either knew nothing about grammar or had erroneous notions concerning it, but especially to refute mistakes promulgated by the later grammarians. He frequently cites the otherwise unknown Samuel Benveniste as an eminent grammarian. See the edition of J. Friedländer and J. Kohn (Vienna, 1865). In 1393 Duran wrote a dirge on Abraham ben Isaac ha-Levi of Gerona, probably a relative; three letters containing responsa, to his pupil Meïr Crescas; and two exegetical treatises on several chapters of II Samuel, all of which have been edited as an appendix to the Ma'aseh Efod.In the introduction, he discusses music, contrasting two varieties, cantillation (ta'amei ha-miqra) and post-Biblical hymns (piyyutim). He states that while the latter appeals to the senses, the former appeals to the mind. He prefers cantillation, following his belief that the Torah is perfect, and uses it for both liturgical reading and study.[7]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benveniste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benveniste"},{"link_name":"Abraham ibn Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Eliezer Ashkenazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eliezer_Ashkenazi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Benvenuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Benvenuto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pentateuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentateuch"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Graetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz"},{"link_name":"Judah ibn Verga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_ibn_Verga"}],"sub_title":"Other works, lost works","text":"At the request of some members of the Benveniste family, Duran wrote an explanation of a religious festival poem by Abraham ibn Ezra (printed in the collection Ta'am Zeḳenim of Eliezer Ashkenazi), as well as the solution of Ibn Ezra's well-known riddle on the quiescent letters of the Hebrew alphabet (quoted by Immanuel Benvenuto in his grammar Liwyat Ḥen, Mantua, 1557, without mentioning Duran), and several explanations relating to Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch.Duran was also a historian. In a lost work entitled Zikron ha-Shemadot he gave the history of Jewish martyrs since the destruction of the Temple. Heinrich Graetz has shown that this work was used by Solomon Usque and Judah ibn Verga.","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Bridges
Todd Bridges
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Television","2.2 Music videos","3 Personal life","3.1 Legal and criminal problems","4 Memoir","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","5.3 Video games","6 References","7 External links"]
American actor (born 1965) Todd BridgesBridges at the Chiller Theatre Expo in 2017BornTodd Anthony Bridges (1965-05-27) May 27, 1965 (age 59)San Francisco, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1975–presentSpouse(s)Dori Smith (divorced) Bettijo Hirschi ​(m. 2022)​Children2RelativesJimmy Bridges (brother) Todd Anthony Bridges (born May 27, 1965) is an American actor. He portrayed Willis Jackson on the sitcom Diff'rent Strokes and had a recurring role as Monk on the sitcom Everybody Hates Chris. Bridges worked as a commentator on the television series TruTV Presents: World's Dumbest... from 2008 to 2013. Early life Bridges was born on May 27, 1965, in San Francisco, California, the son of Betty Alice Pryor, an actress, director and manager, and James Bridges Sr., a talent agent. His brother Jimmy Bridges and sister Verda Bridges are also actors. Career Television Bridges (at top right) with the cast of Fish, 1977 Bridges appeared on The Waltons, Little House on the Prairie, "The Love Boat" Season 2 Episode 5, and the landmark miniseries Roots. He was a regular on the Barney Miller spinoff Fish. It was playing Willis Jackson on the NBC/ABC sitcom Diff'rent Strokes that made him a household name, along with those of fellow co-stars Conrad Bain, Charlotte Rae, Dana Plato, and Gary Coleman. With Rae's death in 2018, Bridges became the last surviving original cast member. (Two actors who joined the regular cast later are still living as of 2022: Mary Jo Catlett and Danny Cooksey.) Bridges appeared in the 2002 special Celebrity Boxing with friend Vanilla Ice, whom he defeated. In 2006, Bridges appeared as a contestant on a celebrity episode of Fear Factor but was eliminated after the first stunt. Also in 2006, he appeared as a contestant on the Fox reality show Skating with Celebrities but was eliminated in the second episode of the show because he was using roller skates instead of ice skates. In January 2007, he appeared as a member of the "mob" on the American version of the game show 1 vs. 100. He and his wife Dori Bridges appeared in the November 14, 2007 episode of the MyNetworkTV show Decision House titled "Burned Bridges." He also had a recurring role as Monk on the UPN/The CW sitcom Everybody Hates Chris. The cast of Diff'rent Strokes with guest star Nancy Reagan in 1983 In March 2008, Bridges appeared on TruTV Presents: World's Dumbest..., on which he continues to appear as a frequent commentator. That October, he debuted as a contestant on Hulk Hogan's Celebrity Championship Wrestling on CMT as a member of Team Beefcake (coached by former wrestler Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake). Bridges' wrestling persona was the character Mr. Not So Perfect. In one episode, he defeated Tonya Harding with a lead pipe. The judges praised him for his athleticism and his cunning while defeating Harding. After reaching the finals along with Butterbean and Dustin Diamond, Bridges was defeated by Dennis Rodman. In 2015, Bridges was the host of a live game show titled Lovers or Losers: The Game Show at the Plaza Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. In 2022, Bridges was announced as a HouseGuest competing in the third season of Celebrity Big Brother. Music videos Bridges has appeared in several music videos. His first appearance was in Penny Ford's single "Change Your Wicked Ways" (1984). He made a cameo in Moby's 2002 music video for "We Are All Made of Stars" and in the video for the Black Keys' 2011 single "Howlin' for You." Personal life Bridges' son Spencir Bridges (born July 15, 1998) from his marriage to former wife Dori Bridges (née Smith) is also a former child actor who appeared in the film Daddy Day Camp and an episode of iCarly. Bridges also has a daughter from a previous relationship. In 1998, Bridges and his brother James saved the life of Stella Kline, a 51-year-old paraplegic woman who nearly drowned when her wheelchair rolled into a lake while she was fishing. Kline said: "I was thanking God that he was there and you know, everybody's been saying nothing but bad stuff about Todd Bridges on the news and in the papers... He has a heart of gold." Bridges remarked: "We felt God put us there at the right time to save this lady's life, because there was no one else around." In a 2010 appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Bridges said that he was sexually abused at age 11 by a publicist who was also a family friend. On September 25, 2022, he married designer Bettijo Hirschi. Legal and criminal problems Bridges started smoking marijuana as a 15-year-old star on Diff'rent Strokes. In his twenties, Bridges battled a crack cocaine and methamphetamine addiction. He bought and sold drugs to support his addiction. Bridges was arrested for felony assault and cocaine possession. In 1983, Bridges was fined $240 for carrying a concealed firearm. In 1987, he received a suspended sentence after pleading no contest when charged with making a bomb threat. In 1989, Bridges was arrested and tried for the attempted murder of Kenneth "Tex" Clay, a Los Angeles-area drug dealer who prosecutors argued had been shot by Bridges. Bridges pleaded not guilty and was represented by the famous defense attorney Johnnie Cochran, who argued that Bridges was an abused minor who had been driven to drugs by an exploitative entertainment industry and was now being framed. A witness finally testified that Bridges was not present at the shooting, and Bridges was acquitted of all charges by a jury. Bridges was arrested on December 29, 1992, on suspicion of transporting narcotics for sale and possession of a loaded firearm after Burbank, California police officers discovered methamphetamines and a loaded gun in his car. He was released on $10,000 bail. Bridges stopped using drugs on February 24, 1993, after years of use. Memoir Bridges wrote a book, Killing Willis: From Diff'rent Strokes to the Mean Streets to the Life I Always Wanted (2008), discussing his childhood sexual abuse, drug addiction, criminal charges and efforts to establish a public identity independent of the Willis character. He appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show on April 28, 2010 to discuss the troubled past that he had chronicled in his memoir. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1989 She's Out of Control Water Man 1992 The Sounds of Silence Joe Goodman Independent film, co-starring Dana Plato Homeboy Johnny Davis 1996 Gangstaz Tyrone 1997 The Girl Gets Moe Dr. Glick 1998 The Waterfront Gary Franklin 1999 Flat Out Dr. Acosta 2000 The Thief & the Stripper Burn 2002 The Beach House Todd The Climb Eddie Welcome to America Easy T Scream at the Sound of the Beep Lamar Pacino is Missing Harrison Dodge Ind. film, co-starring Dana Plato Baby of the Family Ted 2003 Pauly Shore Is Dead Himself Cameo Dumb Luck Lincoln 2004 Land of the Free? Alex Curse of the Maya Ruben Herardo 2005 Treasure N'Tha Hood Henry Nails Issues Carson I Got Five on It Jimmy Direct-to-video 2006 San Franpsycho Officer Eckersley Direct-to-video 2007 Frankie D Frankie D 2008 Darkroom Charles the Barkeep 2009 See Dick Run ATM I Got Five on It Too Jimmy The Jerk Theory Waiter Uncredited 2010 Big Money Rustlas Scruffy Scrub #3 The Apparition of Roxanne Officer Johnston Do Me a Solid Maurice Short film 2011 King of the Underground Todd 2012 That's My Boy Himself Cameo Turning Point Marvin 2014 Monsters on Main Street Larry Goleman 2016 Dependent's Day Hank Wright Precious Mettle Sam The White Sistas Bishop Wilkins Dead Ringer Detective Billington Bar Chronicles The Customer Ind. film Nightblade Detective Francesco Renaissance Man Todd Hospital Arrest Prosecutor Denuyl 2017 The White Sistas Bishop Wilkins 2019 A Psycho's Path Haywood Television Year Title Role Notes 1975 Barney Miller Truman Jackson Episode: "The Hero" The Orphan and the Dude Leonard Brown TV movie Katherine Robert 1976 Police Story Little Walter Episode: "Oxford Gray" 1977 Little House on the Prairie Solomon Henry Episode: "The Wisdom of Solomon" A Circle of Children Todd TV movie Roots Bud Harvey TV Mini-Series A Killing Affair Todd York TV movie 1977–1978 Fish Loomis Main role (35 episodes) The Waltons Josh Foster 2 episodes 1978 The Love Boat Michael Jr. Episode: "Mike and Ike" 1978–1986 Diff'rent Strokes Willis Jackson Main role (169 episodes) 1979 The Return of Mod Squad Jason Hayes TV movie Hello, Larry Willis Jackson 3 episodes 1979-1980 CHiPs Todd Bridges 2 episodes (uncredited) 1979-1981 The Facts of Life Willis Jackson 2 episodes 1980-1981 Here's Boomer Turk/Benny 1981 Rosie Willis Roverman Episode: "Failure, Failure, Failure" 1983 High School U.S.A. Otto Lipton TV movie 1988 Twice Dead Petie 1991 The New Lassie Deputy Kirby Episode: "Twin Pekes (Aka Justice)" 1992 The Ben Stiller Show Todd Bridges 2 episodes 1997 L.A. Heat Trevor Episode: "Cop Star" 2000 The Darkling Baron TV movie 2001 Son of the Beach Todd Bridges Episode: "It's a Nude, Nude, Nude, Nude World" 2002 The Rerun Show T.J. Davis 1 episode The Young and the Restless Juice 8 episodes 2003 Cram (Celebrity Edition) Himself 1 episode 2003 Ghost Dog: A Detective Tail Power Plant Guard TV movie 2004 Jane Doe: Now You See It, Now You Don't The Man 2005 Alien Express Peter 2007–2009 Everybody Hates Chris Monk 17 episodes 2008–2012 World's Dumbest Himself 112 episodes 2011 Are We There Yet? Himself Episode: "The Lindsey Gets High Episode" 2014 Hotel P Bryce Pilot 2016–2020 Sangre Negra Dante Lewis 3 episodes 2021 Live in Front of a Studio Audience Himself Episode: "The Facts of Life/Diff'rent Strokes" 2022 Celebrity Big Brother Himself 2023 Celebrity Beef Himself Video games Year Title Voice role 2014 Tesla Effect Mantus 2016 2064: Read Only Memories Hayden Webber 2019 Take a Seat Narrator References ^ "Todd Bridges Biography (1957–)". filmreference.com. Retrieved August 5, 2015. ^ a b "Todd Bridges | Official Publisher Page". Simon & Schuster. Retrieved August 16, 2022. ^ "'Diff'rent Strokes': Todd Bridges is now the last living member of the core cast". USA Today. Retrieved August 2, 2020. ^ "Celebrity Big Brother Season 3 Cast Revealed: Meet the New Famous Houseguests". January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022. ^ Kantor, Justin (October 9, 2012). "Interview: Penny Ford – The Power of Experience". Blogcritics. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ Zap, Claudine (May 29, 2012). "'Diff'rent Strokes' Star Todd Bridges Divorcing". Yahoo! Entertainment. Retrieved August 5, 2015. ^ "Diff'rent Strokes' Todd Bridges Would 'Like to Marry Again' as He's 'Moving on to Finding a Girlfriend'". Closer. April 16, 2022. ^ Silverman, Stephen M. "Bridges's Latest Strokes". People. Retrieved October 29, 2017. ^ Okura, Lynn (August 20, 2013). "Todd Bridges, 'Diff'rent Strokes' Star, Talks About Healing From Sexual Abuse". HuffPost. Retrieved October 29, 2017. ^ "Todd Bridges Is Married! Inside the 'Diff'rent Strokes' Star's Beverly Hills Wedding". People. ^ a b Kappes, Serena (August 20, 2002). "Former child star Todd Bridges gets second shot". CNN. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ a b c "Todd Bridges' Darkest Days". The Oprah Winfrey Show. Retrieved August 5, 2015. ^ a b c "Actor Todd Bridges Arrested; Police Say Car Held Drugs, Gun". Los Angeles Times. December 30, 1992. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ "Plus Entertainment". Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. ^ McGraw, Carol. "Todd Bridges Found Not Guilty in Drug Shooting". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ Roberts, Soraya. "'Diff'rent Strokes' actor Todd Bridges discusses kicking drugs, wearing diapers and Corey Haim". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ Bridges, Todd; Tomlinson, Sarah (April 3, 2010). Killing Willis: From Diff'rent Strokes to the Mean Streets to the Life I Always Wanted. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1439148983. External links Todd Bridges at IMDb Todd Bridges at AllMovie Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willis Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Jackson_(character)"},{"link_name":"Diff'rent Strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes"},{"link_name":"Everybody Hates Chris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Hates_Chris"},{"link_name":"TruTV Presents: World's Dumbest...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TruTV_Presents:_World%27s_Dumbest..."}],"text":"Todd Anthony Bridges (born May 27, 1965) is an American actor. He portrayed Willis Jackson on the sitcom Diff'rent Strokes and had a recurring role as Monk on the sitcom Everybody Hates Chris. Bridges worked as a commentator on the television series TruTV Presents: World's Dumbest... from 2008 to 2013.","title":"Todd Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Bridges_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simon-2"}],"text":"Bridges was born on May 27, 1965, in San Francisco, California, the son of Betty Alice Pryor, an actress, director and manager, and James Bridges Sr., a talent agent.[1] His brother Jimmy Bridges and sister Verda Bridges are also actors.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cast_of_Fish_1977.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Waltons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waltons"},{"link_name":"Little House on the Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Barney Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Miller"},{"link_name":"Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Conrad Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Bain"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Rae"},{"link_name":"Dana Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Plato"},{"link_name":"Gary Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Coleman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Todd_Bridges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Mary Jo Catlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jo_Catlett"},{"link_name":"Danny Cooksey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Cooksey"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Boxing"},{"link_name":"Vanilla Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_Ice"},{"link_name":"Fear Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factor"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Skating with Celebrities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skating_with_Celebrities"},{"link_name":"1 vs. 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_vs._100_(American_game_show)"},{"link_name":"MyNetworkTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyNetworkTV"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"Everybody Hates Chris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Hates_Chris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancyreagandiffrentstrokes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diff'rent Strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes"},{"link_name":"Nancy Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan"},{"link_name":"TruTV Presents: World's Dumbest...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TruTV_Presents:_World%27s_Dumbest..."},{"link_name":"Hulk Hogan's Celebrity Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_Hogan%27s_Celebrity_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"CMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Brutus \"The Barber\" Beefcake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_%22The_Barber%22_Beefcake"},{"link_name":"Tonya Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Harding"},{"link_name":"Butterbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Esch"},{"link_name":"Dustin Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Dennis Rodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rodman"},{"link_name":"Plaza Hotel & Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Hotel_%26_Casino"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_3_(American_season)"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Bridges (at top right) with the cast of Fish, 1977Bridges appeared on The Waltons, Little House on the Prairie, \"The Love Boat\" Season 2 Episode 5, and the landmark miniseries Roots. He was a regular on the Barney Miller spinoff Fish. It was playing Willis Jackson on the NBC/ABC sitcom Diff'rent Strokes that made him a household name, along with those of fellow co-stars Conrad Bain, Charlotte Rae, Dana Plato, and Gary Coleman. With Rae's death in 2018, Bridges became the last surviving original cast member.[3] (Two actors who joined the regular cast later are still living as of 2022[update]: Mary Jo Catlett and Danny Cooksey.)Bridges appeared in the 2002 special Celebrity Boxing with friend Vanilla Ice, whom he defeated. In 2006, Bridges appeared as a contestant on a celebrity episode of Fear Factor but was eliminated after the first stunt. Also in 2006, he appeared as a contestant on the Fox reality show Skating with Celebrities but was eliminated in the second episode of the show because he was using roller skates instead of ice skates. In January 2007, he appeared as a member of the \"mob\" on the American version of the game show 1 vs. 100. He and his wife Dori Bridges appeared in the November 14, 2007 episode of the MyNetworkTV show Decision House titled \"Burned Bridges.\" He also had a recurring role as Monk on the UPN/The CW sitcom Everybody Hates Chris.The cast of Diff'rent Strokes with guest star Nancy Reagan in 1983In March 2008, Bridges appeared on TruTV Presents: World's Dumbest..., on which he continues to appear as a frequent commentator. That October, he debuted as a contestant on Hulk Hogan's Celebrity Championship Wrestling on CMT as a member of Team Beefcake (coached by former wrestler Brutus \"The Barber\" Beefcake). Bridges' wrestling persona was the character Mr. Not So Perfect. In one episode, he defeated Tonya Harding with a lead pipe. The judges praised him for his athleticism and his cunning while defeating Harding. After reaching the finals along with Butterbean and Dustin Diamond, Bridges was defeated by Dennis Rodman. In 2015, Bridges was the host of a live game show titled Lovers or Losers: The Game Show at the Plaza Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. In 2022, Bridges was announced as a HouseGuest competing in the third season of Celebrity Big Brother.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penny Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Ford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby"},{"link_name":"We Are All Made of Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_All_Made_of_Stars"},{"link_name":"the Black Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Keys"},{"link_name":"Howlin' for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlin%27_for_You"}],"sub_title":"Music videos","text":"Bridges has appeared in several music videos. His first appearance was in Penny Ford's single \"Change Your Wicked Ways\" (1984).[5] He made a cameo in Moby's 2002 music video for \"We Are All Made of Stars\" and in the video for the Black Keys' 2011 single \"Howlin' for You.\"","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daddy Day Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy_Day_Camp"},{"link_name":"iCarly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICarly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simon-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"paraplegic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplegic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Oprah Winfrey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bridges' son Spencir Bridges (born July 15, 1998) from his marriage to former wife Dori Bridges (née Smith) is also a former child actor who appeared in the film Daddy Day Camp and an episode of iCarly.[6] Bridges also has a daughter from a previous relationship.[2][7]In 1998, Bridges and his brother James saved the life of Stella Kline, a 51-year-old paraplegic woman who nearly drowned when her wheelchair rolled into a lake while she was fishing. Kline said: \"I was thanking God that he was there and you know, everybody's been saying nothing but bad stuff about Todd Bridges on the news and in the papers... He has a heart of gold.\" Bridges remarked: \"We felt God put us there at the right time to save this lady's life, because there was no one else around.\"[8]In a 2010 appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Bridges said that he was sexually abused at age 11 by a publicist who was also a family friend.[9]On September 25, 2022, he married designer Bettijo Hirschi.[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-11"},{"link_name":"crack cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_cocaine"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oprah-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-13"},{"link_name":"no contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolo_contendere"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-13"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Cochran"},{"link_name":"acquitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquitted"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"methamphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oprah-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Legal and criminal problems","text":"Bridges started smoking marijuana as a 15-year-old star on Diff'rent Strokes.[11] In his twenties, Bridges battled a crack cocaine and methamphetamine addiction. He bought and sold drugs to support his addiction. Bridges was arrested for felony assault and cocaine possession.[12]In 1983, Bridges was fined $240 for carrying a concealed firearm.[13] In 1987, he received a suspended sentence after pleading no contest when charged with making a bomb threat.[13]In 1989, Bridges was arrested and tried for the attempted murder of Kenneth \"Tex\" Clay, a Los Angeles-area drug dealer who prosecutors argued had been shot by Bridges. Bridges pleaded not guilty and was represented by the famous defense attorney Johnnie Cochran, who argued that Bridges was an abused minor who had been driven to drugs by an exploitative entertainment industry and was now being framed. A witness finally testified that Bridges was not present at the shooting, and Bridges was acquitted of all charges by a jury.[14][15]Bridges was arrested on December 29, 1992, on suspicion of transporting narcotics for sale and possession of a loaded firearm after Burbank, California police officers discovered methamphetamines and a loaded gun in his car. He was released on $10,000 bail.[12][13] Bridges stopped using drugs on February 24, 1993, after years of use.[11][16]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Oprah Winfrey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oprah-12"}],"text":"Bridges wrote a book, Killing Willis: From Diff'rent Strokes to the Mean Streets to the Life I Always Wanted (2008), discussing his childhood sexual abuse, drug addiction, criminal charges and efforts to establish a public identity independent of the Willis character.[17] He appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show on April 28, 2010 to discuss the troubled past that he had chronicled in his memoir.[12]","title":"Memoir"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"}]
[{"image_text":"Bridges (at top right) with the cast of Fish, 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cast_of_Fish_1977.jpg/220px-Cast_of_Fish_1977.jpg"},{"image_text":"The cast of Diff'rent Strokes with guest star Nancy Reagan in 1983","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nancyreagandiffrentstrokes.jpg/220px-Nancyreagandiffrentstrokes.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Todd Bridges Biography (1957–)\". filmreference.com. Retrieved August 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/23/Todd-Bridges.html","url_text":"\"Todd Bridges Biography (1957–)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Todd Bridges | Official Publisher Page\". Simon & Schuster. Retrieved August 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Todd-Bridges/62450799","url_text":"\"Todd Bridges | Official Publisher Page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"}]},{"reference":"\"'Diff'rent Strokes': Todd Bridges is now the last living member of the core cast\". USA Today. Retrieved August 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/08/06/todd-bridges-now-last-living-member-diffrent-strokes-cast/913481002/","url_text":"\"'Diff'rent Strokes': Todd Bridges is now the last living member of the core cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrity Big Brother Season 3 Cast Revealed: Meet the New Famous Houseguests\". January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/celebrity-big-brother-season-3-cast-announced","url_text":"\"Celebrity Big Brother Season 3 Cast Revealed: Meet the New Famous Houseguests\""}]},{"reference":"Kantor, Justin (October 9, 2012). \"Interview: Penny Ford – The Power of Experience\". Blogcritics. Retrieved March 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogcritics.org/interview-penny-ford-the-power-of/","url_text":"\"Interview: Penny Ford – The Power of Experience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogcritics","url_text":"Blogcritics"}]},{"reference":"Zap, Claudine (May 29, 2012). \"'Diff'rent Strokes' Star Todd Bridges Divorcing\". Yahoo! Entertainment. Retrieved August 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://tv.yahoo.com/news/-diff-rent-strokes--star-todd-bridges-divorcing.html","url_text":"\"'Diff'rent Strokes' Star Todd Bridges Divorcing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diff'rent Strokes' Todd Bridges Would 'Like to Marry Again' as He's 'Moving on to Finding a Girlfriend'\". Closer. April 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.closerweekly.com/posts/todd-bridges-wants-to-marry-again-is-looking-for-new-girlfriend/","url_text":"\"Diff'rent Strokes' Todd Bridges Would 'Like to Marry Again' as He's 'Moving on to Finding a Girlfriend'\""}]},{"reference":"Silverman, Stephen M. \"Bridges's Latest Strokes\". People. Retrieved October 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/celebrity/bridgess-latest-strokes/","url_text":"\"Bridges's Latest Strokes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Okura, Lynn (August 20, 2013). \"Todd Bridges, 'Diff'rent Strokes' Star, Talks About Healing From Sexual Abuse\". HuffPost. Retrieved October 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/todd-bridges-sexual-abuse_n_3781353","url_text":"\"Todd Bridges, 'Diff'rent Strokes' Star, Talks About Healing From Sexual Abuse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"}]},{"reference":"\"Todd Bridges Is Married! Inside the 'Diff'rent Strokes' Star's Beverly Hills Wedding\". People.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/different-strokes-star-todd-bridges-marries-bettijo-b-hirschi/","url_text":"\"Todd Bridges Is Married! Inside the 'Diff'rent Strokes' Star's Beverly Hills Wedding\""}]},{"reference":"Kappes, Serena (August 20, 2002). \"Former child star Todd Bridges gets second shot\". CNN. Retrieved January 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/08/20/people.watn.bridges/","url_text":"\"Former child star Todd Bridges gets second shot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Todd Bridges' Darkest Days\". The Oprah Winfrey Show. Retrieved August 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/former-child-star-todd-bridges-darkest-days","url_text":"\"Todd Bridges' Darkest Days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show","url_text":"The Oprah Winfrey Show"}]},{"reference":"\"Actor Todd Bridges Arrested; Police Say Car Held Drugs, Gun\". Los Angeles Times. December 30, 1992. Retrieved January 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-30-me-2473-story.html","url_text":"\"Actor Todd Bridges Arrested; Police Say Car Held Drugs, Gun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Plus Entertainment\". Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2015 – via HighBeam Research.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105065119/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4016311.html","url_text":"\"Plus Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4016311.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighBeam_Research","url_text":"HighBeam Research"}]},{"reference":"McGraw, Carol. \"Todd Bridges Found Not Guilty in Drug Shooting\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-24-me-1157-story.html","url_text":"\"Todd Bridges Found Not Guilty in Drug Shooting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Soraya. \"'Diff'rent Strokes' actor Todd Bridges discusses kicking drugs, wearing diapers and Corey Haim\". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/diff-rent-strokes-actor-todd-bridges-discusses-kicking-drugs-wearing-diapers-corey-haim-article-1.175302","url_text":"\"'Diff'rent Strokes' actor Todd Bridges discusses kicking drugs, wearing diapers and Corey Haim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Bridges, Todd; Tomlinson, Sarah (April 3, 2010). Killing Willis: From Diff'rent Strokes to the Mean Streets to the Life I Always Wanted. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1439148983.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/killingwillisfro0000brid","url_text":"Killing Willis: From Diff'rent Strokes to the Mean Streets to the Life I Always Wanted"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439148983","url_text":"978-1439148983"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Hardman
Isabel Hardman
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"]
British journalist The Right HonourableThe Lady WalneyHardman chairing a Policy Exchange debate, September 2014Born (1986-05-05) 5 May 1986 (age 38)Camden, London, EnglandAlma materUniversity of ExeterOccupationJournalistKnown forAssistant editor, The SpectatorSpouse John Woodcock, Baron Walney ​ ​(m. 2021)​Children1 Isabel Hardman, Baroness Walney (born 5 May 1986), is a British political journalist and the assistant editor of The Spectator. In 2015, she was named Journalist of the Year at the Political Studies Association's annual awards. Early life Born in Camden, Hardman is the daughter of Michael Hardman, the first chairman and one of the four founders of the Campaign for Real Ale. She was privately educated at St Catherine's School, Bramley, and then state educated at Godalming College, before graduating from the University of Exeter with a first-class degree in English literature in 2007. While at university, Hardman worked as a freelance journalist for The Observer. She completed a National Council for the Training of Journalists course at Highbury College in 2009. Career Hardman began her career in journalism as a senior reporter for Inside Housing magazine. She then became assistant news editor at PoliticsHome, moving to The Spectator in 2012. Alongside The Spectator, Hardman wrote a weekly column for the Evening Standard on nature in London from 2020, until 2021. Currently, she is an assistant editor of The Spectator. Elsewhere, she writes a monthly column for the i paper on health policy. In radio, she is a presenter of the BBC Radio 4 programme Week in Westminsterand in early July 2023, she became Political Commentator at Times Radio. In television, she has appeared on programmes such as Question Time, The Andrew Marr Show and Have I Got News for You. Hardman has also written books. In 2018, she wrote Why We Get The Wrong Politicians, this was followed by The Natural Health Service, in 2020, and Fighting for Life in 2023. In regard to accolades, in September 2014, GQ magazine named her as one of their 100 most connected women in Britain, and in December 2015, she was named "Journalist of the Year" at the Political Studies Association's annual awards. Why We Get The Wrong Politicians won the award for best political book by a non-parliamentarian at the Parliamentary Book Awards 2018. That year, it was also shortlisted for the Waterstones Book of the Year award and the Orwell Prize. Personal life In April 2016, Hardman tweeted that a male member of Parliament had referred to her as "the totty" and that she had reported him to the whips. She was not intending to name the man who was subsequently revealed to be the Conservative MP Bob Stewart. Hardman has written about suffering from depression, and in October 2016 wrote that she had stopped working temporarily due to anxiety and depression. She has said that, in 2017, she was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, due to a serious trauma in her personal life. She wrote that her recovery was partly down to time spent outdoors: she is a cold-water swimmer, and in 2019 ran the London Marathon for Refuge, raising £37,000 for the charity. Hardman began a relationship with the politician John Woodcock in summer 2016. In November 2019, Woodcock announced he and Hardman were expecting a child. Hardman gave birth to a son on 12 May 2020. On 30 July 2021, the couple married in a small ceremony at Barrow-in-Furness's register office. This gave Hardman the title Lady Walney as the wife of a baron. Bibliography Hardman, Isabel (2018), Why We Get the Wrong Politicians, Atlantic Books, London, UK ISBN 978-1782399735 Hardman, Isabel (2020), The Natural Health Service, Atlantic Books, London, UK ISBN 978-1786495907 Hardman, Isabel (2023), Fighting for Life, Viking, Edinburgh, UK ISBN 978-0241504345 References ^ Hardman, Isabel (5 May 2017). "People who don't make a massive deal of their birthdays -even random ones like a 31st, for instance - are in my view quite odd" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Hardman, Isabel (31 December 2015). "The honours system is entrenching elitism in British society by rewarding political work". The Independent. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ a b c "GQ and Editorial Intelligence's 100 Most Connected Women 2014". GQ. ^ a b "Isabel Hardman". National Council for the Training of Journalists. Retrieved 6 April 2021. ^ Hardman, Isabel (17 September 2006). "Are students getting value for their £9,000 ?". The Observer. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ "Isabel Hardman | Evening Standard". www.standard.co.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2021. ^ "Isabel Hardman". Spectator Blogs. ^ "Isabel Hardman , Author at inews.co.uk". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2021. ^ "Westminster political week round up with Isabel Hardman". BBC News. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2016. ^ 7 October 2022 https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/live/bbcone?rewindTo=current ^ HaveIGotNewsForYou (13 October 2017). "Tonight @RichardAyoade hosts #HIGNFY, with guest panellists @IsabelHardman and Andy Hamilton. @BBCOne, 9pm" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Behr, Rafael. "Fighting for Life by Isabel Hardman; Our NHS by Andrew Seaton review – the NHS at 75". The Guardian. ^ Kellaway, Kate. "The Well Gardened Mind by Sue Stuart-Smith; The Natural Health Service by Isabel Hardman – review". The Guardian. ^ Rawnsley, Andrew. "Why We Get the Wrong Politicians by Isabel Hardman review – the travails of being an MP". The Guardian. ^ Nelson, Fraser (1 December 2015). "The Spectator's Isabel Hardman named Journalist of the Year". The Spectator. Retrieved 3 December 2015. ^ "Why We Get the Wrong Politicians". atlantic-books.co.uk/. ^ "MP apologises for calling female political journalist 'totty'". The Daily Telegraph. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016. ^ Allegretti, Aubrey (14 April 2016). "Bob Stewart MP Dismisses Row Over 'Totty' Slur As 'Political Correctness'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2016. ^ Hardman, Isabel. "How we do (and don't but should) treat depression". Medium. Retrieved 31 October 2016. ^ Harman, Isabel (28 December 2020). "Giving birth seemed to spell disaster for my mental health. Were my anxieties unfounded?". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2020. ^ Isabel Hardman,, 'Medium', 30 March 2018 ^ Dickson, Annabelle (13 September 2017). "Westminster's power couples". POLITICO. Retrieved 30 March 2018. ^ Woodcock, John (4 November 2019). "I've decided not to re-stand in the general election because @IsabelHardman and I are having a baby" (Tweet). Retrieved 4 November 2019 – via Twitter. ^ Hardman, Isabel (13 May 2020). "Our son, Jacob Arran Henry Woodcock, arrived safely last night" (Tweet). Retrieved 3 April 2021 – via Twitter. ^ Taylor, Dan (1 August 2021). "Lord Walney 'over the moon' after marrying Isabel Hardman". The Mail. Retrieved 24 August 2021. External links Isabel Hardman talking about her career Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Czech Republic Other IdRef
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In 2015, she was named Journalist of the Year at the Political Studies Association's annual awards.","title":"Isabel Hardman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_London"},{"link_name":"Campaign for Real Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-2"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's School, Bramley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_School,_Bramley"},{"link_name":"Godalming College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godalming_College"},{"link_name":"University of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQ-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCTJ-4"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fees-5"},{"link_name":"National Council for the Training of Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Training_of_Journalists"},{"link_name":"Highbury College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCTJ-4"}],"text":"Born in Camden, Hardman is the daughter of Michael Hardman, the first chairman and one of the four founders of the Campaign for Real Ale.[2] She was privately educated at St Catherine's School, Bramley, and then state educated at Godalming College, before graduating from the University of Exeter with a first-class degree in English literature in 2007.[3][4] While at university, Hardman worked as a freelance journalist for The Observer.[5] She completed a National Council for the Training of Journalists course at Highbury College in 2009.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inside Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Housing"},{"link_name":"PoliticsHome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PoliticsHome"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHBlog-7"},{"link_name":"i paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Week in Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Week_in_Westminster"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQ-3"},{"link_name":"Question Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Time_(TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Andrew Marr Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andrew_Marr_Show"},{"link_name":"Have I Got News for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQ-3"},{"link_name":"Political Studies Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Studies_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Hardman began her career in journalism as a senior reporter for Inside Housing magazine. She then became assistant news editor at PoliticsHome, moving to The Spectator in 2012. Alongside The Spectator, Hardman wrote a weekly column for the Evening Standard[6] on nature in London from 2020, until 2021.Currently, she is an assistant editor of The Spectator.[7] Elsewhere, she writes a monthly column for the i paper[8] on health policy. In radio, she is a presenter of the BBC Radio 4 programme Week in Westminster[3]and in early July 2023, she became Political Commentator at Times Radio.In television, she has appeared on programmes such as Question Time,[9] The Andrew Marr Show and Have I Got News for You.[10][11]Hardman has also written books. In 2018, she wrote Why We Get The Wrong Politicians, this was followed by The Natural Health Service, in 2020, and Fighting for Life in 2023.[12][13][14]In regard to accolades, in September 2014, GQ magazine named her as one of their 100 most connected women in Britain,[3] and in December 2015, she was named \"Journalist of the Year\" at the Political Studies Association's annual awards.[15] Why We Get The Wrong Politicians won the award for best political book by a non-parliamentarian at the Parliamentary Book Awards 2018. That year, it was also shortlisted for the Waterstones Book of the Year award and the Orwell Prize. \n[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweeted"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Bob Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stewart_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_we_do_(and_don't_but_should)_treat_depression-19"},{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"London Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_(United_Kingdom_charity)"},{"link_name":"John Woodcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodcock_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politico-20170913-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twitter_13_May_2020-24"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In April 2016, Hardman tweeted that a male member of Parliament had referred to her as \"the totty\" and that she had reported him to the whips. She was not intending to name the man[17] who was subsequently revealed to be the Conservative MP Bob Stewart.[18]Hardman has written about suffering from depression, and in October 2016 wrote that she had stopped working temporarily due to anxiety and depression.[19] She has said that, in 2017, she was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, due to a serious trauma in her personal life.[20] She wrote that her recovery was partly down to time spent outdoors: she is a cold-water swimmer, and in 2019 ran the London Marathon for Refuge, raising £37,000 for the charity.Hardman began a relationship with the politician John Woodcock in summer 2016.[21][22] In November 2019, Woodcock announced he and Hardman were expecting a child.[23] Hardman gave birth to a son on 12 May 2020.[24] On 30 July 2021, the couple married in a small ceremony at Barrow-in-Furness's register office.[25] This gave Hardman the title Lady Walney as the wife of a baron.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1782399735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782399735"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1786495907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786495907"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0241504345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241504345"}],"text":"Hardman, Isabel (2018), Why We Get the Wrong Politicians, Atlantic Books, London, UK ISBN 978-1782399735\nHardman, Isabel (2020), The Natural Health Service, Atlantic Books, London, UK ISBN 978-1786495907\nHardman, Isabel (2023), Fighting for Life, Viking, Edinburgh, UK ISBN 978-0241504345","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Hardman, Isabel [@IsabelHardman] (5 May 2017). \"People who don't make a massive deal of their birthdays -even random ones like a 31st, for instance - are in my view quite odd\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/IsabelHardman/status/860406771525070848","url_text":"\"People who don't make a massive deal of their birthdays -even random ones like a 31st, for instance - are in my view quite odd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Hardman, Isabel (31 December 2015). \"The honours system is entrenching elitism in British society by rewarding political work\". The Independent. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-honours-system-is-entrenching-elitism-in-british-society-by-rewarding-political-work-a6791276.html","url_text":"\"The honours system is entrenching elitism in British society by rewarding political work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"GQ and Editorial Intelligence's 100 Most Connected Women 2014\". GQ.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2014-09/29/100-most-connected-women-2014","url_text":"\"GQ and Editorial Intelligence's 100 Most Connected Women 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ","url_text":"GQ"}]},{"reference":"\"Isabel Hardman\". National Council for the Training of Journalists. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nctj.com/isabel-hardman","url_text":"\"Isabel Hardman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Training_of_Journalists","url_text":"National Council for the Training of Journalists"}]},{"reference":"Hardman, Isabel (17 September 2006). \"Are students getting value for their £9,000 ?\". The Observer. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/money/2006/sep/17/tuitionfees.students","url_text":"\"Are students getting value for their £9,000 ?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Isabel Hardman | Evening Standard\". www.standard.co.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/author/isabel-hardman","url_text":"\"Isabel Hardman | Evening Standard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isabel Hardman\". Spectator Blogs.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/author/isabel-hardman/","url_text":"\"Isabel Hardman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isabel Hardman , Author at inews.co.uk\". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/author/isabel-hardman","url_text":"\"Isabel Hardman , Author at inews.co.uk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westminster political week round up with Isabel Hardman\". BBC News. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-25360698","url_text":"\"Westminster political week round up with Isabel Hardman\""}]},{"reference":"HaveIGotNewsForYou [@haveigotnews] (13 October 2017). \"Tonight @RichardAyoade hosts #HIGNFY, with guest panellists @IsabelHardman and Andy Hamilton. @BBCOne, 9pm\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/haveigotnews/status/918915241190100993","url_text":"\"Tonight @RichardAyoade hosts #HIGNFY, with guest panellists @IsabelHardman and Andy Hamilton. @BBCOne, 9pm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Behr, Rafael. \"Fighting for Life by Isabel Hardman; Our NHS by Andrew Seaton review – the NHS at 75\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/jun/17/fighting-for-life-by-isabel-hardman-our-nhs-by-andrew-seaton-review-the-nhs-at-75","url_text":"\"Fighting for Life by Isabel Hardman; Our NHS by Andrew Seaton review – the NHS at 75\""}]},{"reference":"Kellaway, Kate. \"The Well Gardened Mind by Sue Stuart-Smith; The Natural Health Service by Isabel Hardman – review\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/04/the-well-gardened-mind-by-sue-stuart-smith-the-natural-health-service-by-isabel-hardman-review","url_text":"\"The Well Gardened Mind by Sue Stuart-Smith; The Natural Health Service by Isabel Hardman – review\""}]},{"reference":"Rawnsley, Andrew. \"Why We Get the Wrong Politicians by Isabel Hardman review – the travails of being an MP\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/02/why-we-get-the-wrong-politicians-isabel-hardman-review","url_text":"\"Why We Get the Wrong Politicians by Isabel Hardman review – the travails of being an MP\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Fraser (1 December 2015). \"The Spectator's Isabel Hardman named Journalist of the Year\". The Spectator. Retrieved 3 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Nelson","url_text":"Nelson, Fraser"},{"url":"http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2015/12/the-spectators-isabel-hardman-named-journalist-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"The Spectator's Isabel Hardman named Journalist of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator","url_text":"The Spectator"}]},{"reference":"\"Why We Get the Wrong Politicians\". atlantic-books.co.uk/.","urls":[{"url":"https://atlantic-books.co.uk/book/why-we-get-the-wrong-politicians/","url_text":"\"Why We Get the Wrong Politicians\""}]},{"reference":"\"MP apologises for calling female political journalist 'totty'\". The Daily Telegraph. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/mp-apologises-for-calling-female-political-journalist-totty/","url_text":"\"MP apologises for calling female political journalist 'totty'\""}]},{"reference":"Allegretti, Aubrey (14 April 2016). \"Bob Stewart MP Dismisses Row Over 'Totty' Slur As 'Political Correctness'\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/bob-stewart-mp-dismisses-row-over-totty-slur-as-political-correctness_uk_570fe933e4b0ca84d5b58b3c","url_text":"\"Bob Stewart MP Dismisses Row Over 'Totty' Slur As 'Political Correctness'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Hardman, Isabel. \"How we do (and don't but should) treat depression\". Medium. Retrieved 31 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@IsabelHardman/how-we-do-and-dont-but-should-treat-depression-2c401877ff02#.wp68sa1h4","url_text":"\"How we do (and don't but should) treat depression\""}]},{"reference":"Harman, Isabel (28 December 2020). \"Giving birth seemed to spell disaster for my mental health. Were my anxieties unfounded?\". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/dec/28/giving-birth-seemed-to-spell-disaster-for-my-mental-health-were-my-anxieties-unfounded","url_text":"\"Giving birth seemed to spell disaster for my mental health. Were my anxieties unfounded?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Dickson, Annabelle (13 September 2017). \"Westminster's power couples\". POLITICO. Retrieved 30 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-westminster-power-couples/","url_text":"\"Westminster's power couples\""}]},{"reference":"Woodcock, John [@JZWoodcock] (4 November 2019). \"I've decided not to re-stand in the general election because @IsabelHardman and I are having a baby\" (Tweet). Retrieved 4 November 2019 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/JZWoodcock/status/1191352598147878913","url_text":"\"I've decided not to re-stand in the general election because @IsabelHardman and I are having a baby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Hardman, Isabel [@IsabelHardman] (13 May 2020). \"Our son, Jacob Arran Henry Woodcock, arrived safely last night\" (Tweet). Retrieved 3 April 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/IsabelHardman/status/1260525770902028289","url_text":"\"Our son, Jacob Arran Henry Woodcock, arrived safely last night\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Dan (1 August 2021). \"Lord Walney 'over the moon' after marrying Isabel Hardman\". The Mail. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/19483540.lord-walney-over-moon-marrying-isabel-hardman/","url_text":"\"Lord Walney 'over the moon' after marrying Isabel Hardman\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War
Illinois in the American Civil War
["1 History","2 Union home-front support","3 War politics","4 Confederate Homefront support","4.1 Copperheads","5 Notable leaders from Illinois","6 See also","7 References","8 Notes","9 Further reading","9.1 Historiography and memory","9.2 Primary sources","10 External links","11 Research resources"]
Union state in the American Civil War Union states in the American Civil War California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Dual governments Kentucky Missouri Virginia West Virginia Territories and D.C. Arizona Colorado Dakota District of Columbia Idaho Indian Territory Montana Nebraska New Mexico Utah Washington vte During the American Civil War, the state of Illinois was a major source of troops for the Union Army (particularly for those armies serving in the Western Theater of the Civil War), and of military supplies, food, and clothing. Situated near major rivers and railroads, Illinois became a major jumping off place early in the war for Ulysses S. Grant's efforts to seize control of the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers. Statewide, public support for the Union was high despite Copperhead sentiment. The state was energetically led throughout the war by Governor Richard Yates. Illinois contributed 250,000 soldiers to the Union Army, ranking it fourth in terms of the total manpower in Federal military service. Illinois troops predominantly fought in the Western Theater, although a few regiments played important roles in the East, particularly in the Army of the Potomac. Several thousand Illinoisians were killed or died of their wounds during the war, and a number of national cemeteries were established in Illinois to bury their remains. In addition to President Abraham Lincoln, a number of other Illinois men became prominent in the army or in national politics, including generals, Ulysses S. Grant, John M. Schofield and John A. Logan, Senator Lyman Trumbull, and Representative Elihu P. Washburne. No major battles were fought in the state, although several river towns became sites for important supply depots and "brownwater" navy yards. Several prisoner of war camps and prisons dotted the state after 1863, processing thousands of captive Confederate soldiers. However, not everyone in the state supported the war. In fact, there were even calls for secession in Southern Illinois or Little Egypt by several residents. In Marion residents voted to secede from the United States. A few, even, volunteered for the Confederate States Army in Tennessee. Thirty-four men, while Frank Metcalf claimed they were forty-five, from the southern tip of the state, were recruited from Jackson and Williamson County, joined Company G, "The Illinois Company", of the 15th Tennessee Regiment Volunteer Infantry. This can be attributed to the region's close cultural and economic ties to the South since many Southerners had migrated there. However, the movement for secession soon fizzled after the proposal was blocked and shelved. Eighteen counties of southern Illinois formed the congressional district of Democrat John A. Logan. Rumors abounded in early 1861 whether he would organize his supporters and join the Confederacy. In fact he was suppressing pro-Confederate elements, and organizing his supporters to fight for the Union. Lincoln made him a general, and Logan played a major role under generals Grant and Sherman. His men marched to war as Democrats; they marched home as Republicans. Later, Logan helped found the Grand Army of the Republic veteran organization, was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican, and was the Republican vice presidential nominee in 1884. As a precaution, Union troops remained in Little Egypt for the remainder of the war. Confederate sentiment would remain alive in Southern Illinois amid the growing Copperhead political movement in the North. History Color-bearers of the 7th IVI During the Civil War, 256,297 people from Illinois served in the Union army, more than any other northern state except for New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Beginning with Illinois resident President Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, the state mustered 150 infantry regiments, which were numbered from the 7th Illinois to the 156th Illinois. Seventeen cavalry regiments were also mustered, as well as two light artillery regiments. Due to enthusiastic recruiting rallies and high response to voluntary calls to arms, the military draft was little used in Chicago and its environs, but was a factor in supplying manpower to Illinois regiments late in the war in other regions of the state. Camp Douglas, located near Chicago, was one of the largest training camps for these troops, as well as Camp Butler near Springfield. Both served as leading prisoner-of-war camps for captive Confederates. Another significant POW camp was located at Rock Island. Several thousand Confederates died while in custody in Illinois prison camps and are buried in a series of nearby cemeteries. There were no Civil War battles fought in Illinois, but Cairo, at the juncture of the Ohio River with the Mississippi River, became an important Union supply base, protected by Camp Defiance. Other major supply depots were located at Mound City and across the Ohio river at Fort Anderson in Paducah, Kentucky, along with sprawling facilities for the United States Navy gunboats and associated river fleets. One of which would take part in the nearby Battle of Lucas Bend. Leading major generals with Illinois ties included Ulysses S. Grant, John Buford, John Pope, John M. Schofield, John A. Logan, John A. McClernand, Benjamin Prentiss and Stephen Hurlbut. Brigadier General Elon J. Farnsworth, who began his career in the 8th Illinois Cavalry, died at the Battle of Gettysburg. President Lincoln maintained his home in Springfield, Illinois, where he is buried. Over 100 soldiers from Illinois units would earn the Medal of Honor during the conflict. Union home-front support The Chicago city government and voluntary societies gave generous support to soldiers during the war. Composer and music publisher George Frederick Root gained fame and fortune from a number of well-received war songs, including The Battle Cry of Freedom and others. A pair of Chicago-based women, Mary Livermore and Jane Hoge, organized a pair of large expositions, the Northwest Sanitary Fairs, where cash generated from the sale of donated items was later used to purchase medical supplies for the soldiers. Their activities helped spark the postbellum women's rights movement in Illinois. Mary Ann Bickerdyke, a resident of Galesburg, was a noted nurse for the Western armies. Workers in various factories and mills, as well as the port and stockyards, helped provide a steady source of materiel, food, and clothing to Illinois troops, as well as to the general Union army. Mound City foundry workers converted river steamboats into armored gunboats for Federal service. With traditional Southern markets cut off by the war, the port of Chicago rose in prominence as Illinois expanded trade with the Great Lakes region. Chicago meatpackers earned venture capital during the war that was reinvested in 1865, as the war ended, to create the Northern city's Union Stock Yards. War politics During the 1860 Presidential Election, two men from Illinois were among the four major candidates. Illinois voted in favor of Springfield resident Abraham Lincoln (172,171 votes or 50.7% of the ballots cast) over Chicagoan Stephen Douglas (160,215; 47.2%). Of minor consequence in the statewide results were Southern candidates John C. Breckinridge (2,331; 0.7%), and John Bell (4,914; 1.5%). Throughout the war, Illinois politics were dominated by Republicans under the energetic leadership of Governor Richard Yates and Senators Lyman Trumbull and Orville H. Browning. Democrats scored major gains in the 1862 election by attacking Lincoln's emancipation plan as danger to the state since it would bring in thousands of freed slaves. As a result, the Democrats had a majority in the legislature and in 1863, Browning's Senate seat, formerly held by Douglas prior to the war, was filled by the Democrats with the election of William Alexander Richardson. In the 1864 presidential election, Illinois residents supported Lincoln's re-election, giving the president 189,512 votes (54.4% of the total) to General George McClellan's 158,724 votes (45.6%). Within a year, Lincoln was dead and his remains had been returned to Springfield for burial. Confederate Homefront support Copperheads Opposition views of the Peace Democrats (or "Copperheads") filled the columns of The Chicago Times, the mouthpiece of the rival Democratic Party. It was the nation's loudest and most persistent critic of Lincoln and emancipation. At one point early in the Gettysburg Campaign in June 1863, Union troops forcibly closed the newspaper at bayonet point. It was only reopened when Democratic mobs threatened to destroy the rival Republican paper and President Lincoln intervened. Barry shows that Amos Green (1826–1911) from Paris, Illinois, was a leading lawyer and Peace Democrat (Copperhead). Green saw the War as unjust and Lincoln as a despot who had to be stopped. He wrote vicious denunciations of the administration in local newspapers. He was arrested for sedition in 1862. After his release in August 1862, he became the grand commander of the secret Order of American Knights in Illinois, which fought restrictions on civil liberties. It was also called the Knights of the Golden Circle and later the Sons of Liberty. Green was funded by the Confederate government to arrange riots at the Democratic National Convention in 1864. Although the riots never materialized, he continued giving antigovernment speeches until he was again arrested in November 1864. After this arrest, he agreed to testify for the government about the activities of the Knights; his testimony implicated others but ignored his own deep involvement in antigovernment plots. In 1864, a clash between Copperheads and Union Soldiers in Charleston, Illinois resulted in nine dead and twelve wounded in what is now called the "Charleston Riot". Notable leaders from Illinois Pres.Abraham Lincoln Lt. Gen.Ulysses S. Grant Gov.Richard Yates Sen.Lyman Trumbull Sen.Orville H. Browning Rep.Elihu B. Washburne Maj. Gen.John Buford Maj. Gen.John Pope Maj. Gen.John M. Schofield Maj. Gen.John A. Logan Maj. Gen.John A. McClernand Maj. Gen.Benjamin Grierson Maj. Gen.Stephen A. Hurlbut Maj. Gen.Benjamin Prentiss Maj. Gen.Richard J. Oglesby Bvt. Maj. GenElias Smith Dennis Bvt. Maj. GenJohn Aaron Rawlins Brig. Gen.W.H.L. Wallace Brig. Gen.Elon J. Farnsworth Among the many Illinois generals who rose to post-war prominence were Ulysses S. Grant, who became president in 1869, Green B. Raum, who became a U.S. congressman and the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, and James L. Alcorn, who was a U.S. Senator and the Governor of Mississippi. Both were born near Golconda. Galena-born John Aaron Rawlins, long a confidant of U.S. Grant, became the United States Secretary of War in the Grant Administration. John M. Palmer, a resident of Carlinville, was a postbellum Governor of Illinois and the presidential candidate of the National Democratic Party in the 1896 election. Edward S. Salomon, an immigrant from Europe, was appointed by President Grant as the Governor of the Washington Territory. William P. Carlin of Carrollton became a general in the postbellum U.S. Army and commanded several outposts in Montana and elsewhere. A number of soldiers from Illinois regiments would eventually become governors of U.S. states. Among them were John Marshall Hamilton, future governor of Illinois; Albinus Nance, future governor of Nebraska; John St. John, future governor of Kansas; and Samuel Rinnah Van Sant, future governor of Minnesota. See also List of Illinois Civil War Units Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant William R. Rowley, aide-de-camp on General Grant's staff References Cole, Arthur Charles, The Era of the Civil War, 1848–1870, (Sesquicentennial History of Illinois, Vol 3) (ISBN 0-252-01339-5) (1919, reprinted 1987), outstanding scholarly history covering politics, economy and society. Hicken, Victor, Illinois in the Civil War, University of Illinois Press, 1991, a scholarly history focused on the soldiers. Illinois in the Civil War. Retrieved February 1, 2005. Chicago History. Retrieved August 7, 2006. Northern Illinois University's Illinois During the Civil War website. Retrieved August 8, 2006. Leip, David. "1860 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005. Leip, David. "1864 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005. Notes ^ Metcalf, Frank. "The Illinois Confederate Company," Confederate Veteran, vol. 16, pp.224-5. S.A. Cunningham, 1908. ^ 15th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry - Company G, The Confederate Army's Southern Illinois Company, Illinois in the Civil War website ^ William S. Morris; et al. (1998). History 31st Regiment Illinois Volunteers Organized by John A. Logan. SIU Press. pp. 15–20. ^ James Pickett Jones (1995). Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era. SIU Press. pp. 82–90. ^ "The Civil War and Late 19th Century" Archived 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, The History of Southern Illinois, Egyptian Area on Aging, Inc., 1996–2009, accessed 15 May 2009 ^ Illinois regiments during the Civil War Archived 2005-02-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ Kurt A. Carlson, "Backing the Boys in the Civil War: Chicago's Home Front Supports the Troops - and Grows in the Process," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Spring/Summer 2011, Vol. 104 Issue 1/2, pp 140-165 ^ Leip, 1860 ^ Bruce S. Allardice, "'Illinois is Rotten with Traitors!' The Republican Defeat in the 1862 State Election," . Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Spring/Summer 2011, Vol. 104 Issue 1/2, pp 97-114 ^ Leip, 1864 ^ Chicago History website ^ Peter J. Barry, "Amos Green, Paris, Illinois: Civil War Lawyer, Editorialist, and Copperhead," Journal of Illinois History, Spring 2008, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp 39-60 Further reading Allardice, Bruce S. “‘Illinois is Rotten with Traitors!’ The Republican Defeat in the 1862 State Election,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 104 (Spring–Summer 2011), 97–114. Baker, Jason B. Chicago to Appomattox: The 39th Illinois Infantry in the Civil War (McFarland, 2022). Bearden-White, Christina. "Illinois Germans and the Coming of the Civil War: Reshaping Ethnic Identity" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 109#3 (2016), pp. 231–251 DOI: 10.5406/jillistathistsoc.109.3.0231 Bohn, Roger E. "Richard Yates: An Appraisal of his Value as the Civil War Governor of Illinois," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Spring/Summer2011, Vol. 104 Issue 1/2, pp 17–37 in JSTOR Cole, Arthur Charles. The Era of the Civil War 1848–1870 (1919), the standard scholarly history; vol 3 of the Centennial History of Illinois. Costigan, David. A city in wartime: Quincy, Illinois and the Civil War (2021). Duerkes, Wayne N. "'I for one am ready to do my part': The initial motivations that inspired men from Northern Illinois to enlist in the U.S. Army, 1861–1862," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (2012) 105#4 pp 313–32 in JSTOR Dyer, Frederick H., A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. 3 volumes. Thomas Yoseloff, reprinted 1959; covers every state Girardi, Robert I. "'I am for the President's Proclamation teeth and toe nails': Illinois Soldiers Respond to the Emancipation Proclamation." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 106#3-4 (2013) pp: 395–421. in JSTOR Gleeson, Ed. Illinois Rebels - A Civil War Unit History of G Company, 15th Tennessee Regiment Volunteer Infantry (1996, Guild Press of Indiana: Carmel, Indiana) Grossman, James R.. Ann Durkin Keating, and Janice L. Reiff, eds. The Encyclopedia of Chicago (2005) online version Hicken, Victor, Illinois in the Civil War, University of Illinois Press. 1991. ISBN 0-252-06165-9. Jones, James Pickett (1995). Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era. SIU Press. p. 91ff. Jordan, Brian Matthew. Marching Home: Union Veterans and Their Unending Civil War (WW Norton & Company, 2015) Karamanski, Theodore J., Rally 'Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War. Nelson-Hall, 1993. ISBN 0-8304-1295-6. Kleen, Michael, “The Copperhead Threat in Illinois Peace Democrats, Loyalty Leagues, and the Charleston Riot of 1864,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 105 (Spring 2012), 69–92. Lentz, Perry. Key Command: Ulysses S. Grant's District of Cairo (University of Missouri Press, 2006) Levy, George. To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas, 1862–65. (2nd ed. 1999) excerpt and text search. Metcalf, Frank. "The Illinois Confederate Company," Confederate Veteran, vol. 16, pp.224-5. S.A. Cunningham, 1908. Miller Jr, Edward A. The Black Civil War Soldiers of Illinois: The Story of the Twenty-Ninth US Colored Infantry (Univ of South Carolina Press, 2021). Pierce, Bessie Louise. A History of Chicago: Volume II: From Town to City 1848–1871 (1937) Swan, James B. Chicago's Irish Legion: The 90th Illinois Volunteers in the Civil War (Southern Illinois University Press, 2009) Historiography and memory Karamanski, Theodore J. "Illinois at the High Tide: The Era of the Civil War, 1848–1870." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 111.1-2 (2018): 55–78. online Knoll, Jeremy. "Remembering the Fallen: The Creation of Civil War Monuments in Illinois, 1865–1929." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 114.2 (2021): 33–95. Primary sources Burton, William L., Descriptive bibliography of Civil War manuscripts in Illinois. Civil War Centennial Commission of Illinois, Northwestern University Press, 1966. Flotow, Mark, ed. In Their Letters, in Their Words: Illinois Civil War Soldiers Write Home (Southern Illinois University Press, 2019). Office of the Adjutant General, Roster of Officers and Enlisted Men. 9 volumes, State Printing Office, 1900. U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 volumes in 4 series. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. online Voss-Hubbard, Mark, ed. Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents. (Ohio University Press, 2013) 244 pp. online review External links Illinois in the Civil War (Mike's Musings) Illinois in the Civil War (ILGenWeb Project) Illinois regiments during the Civil War History of the 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, W. H. Bentley, 1883 Civil War Flags of Illinois Illinois During the Civil War, 1861–1865, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries] Official Website dedicated to the memory of the 92nd Illinois Volunteer Mounted Infantry in America's Civil War Archived 2016-12-26 at the Wayback Machine State of Illinois: 150th Civil War Anniversary project Research resources Civil War Records of the 4th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, 1861–1864 (6 volumes) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries vteAmerican Civil WarOriginsOrigins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas-Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Origins of the American Civil War Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStatesCombatantsUnion Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks InvolvementStates andterritories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester LeadersConfederateMilitary R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens UnionMilitary Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles AftermathConstitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Western Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Tennessee rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Copperhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Richard Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Yates_(politician,_born_1815)"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Western Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"John M. Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Schofield"},{"link_name":"John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"},{"link_name":"Lyman Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull"},{"link_name":"Elihu P. Washburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_P._Washburne"},{"link_name":"Little Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Egypt_(region)"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Williamson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"15th Tennessee Regiment Volunteer Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Tennessee_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"},{"link_name":"Grand Army of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Little Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Egypt_(region)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Southern Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Copperhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)"},{"link_name":"the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"}],"text":"During the American Civil War, the state of Illinois was a major source of troops for the Union Army (particularly for those armies serving in the Western Theater of the Civil War), and of military supplies, food, and clothing. Situated near major rivers and railroads, Illinois became a major jumping off place early in the war for Ulysses S. Grant's efforts to seize control of the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers. Statewide, public support for the Union was high despite Copperhead sentiment.The state was energetically led throughout the war by Governor Richard Yates. Illinois contributed 250,000 soldiers to the Union Army, ranking it fourth in terms of the total manpower in Federal military service. Illinois troops predominantly fought in the Western Theater, although a few regiments played important roles in the East, particularly in the Army of the Potomac. Several thousand Illinoisians were killed or died of their wounds during the war, and a number of national cemeteries were established in Illinois to bury their remains.\nIn addition to President Abraham Lincoln, a number of other Illinois men became prominent in the army or in national politics, including generals, Ulysses S. Grant, John M. Schofield and John A. Logan, Senator Lyman Trumbull, and Representative Elihu P. Washburne. No major battles were fought in the state, although several river towns became sites for important supply depots and \"brownwater\" navy yards. Several prisoner of war camps and prisons dotted the state after 1863, processing thousands of captive Confederate soldiers.However, not everyone in the state supported the war. In fact, there were even calls for secession in Southern Illinois or Little Egypt by several residents. In Marion residents voted to secede from the United States. A few, even, volunteered for the Confederate States Army in Tennessee. Thirty-four men, while Frank Metcalf claimed they were forty-five,[1] from the southern tip of the state, were recruited from Jackson and Williamson County, joined Company G, \"The Illinois Company\", of the 15th Tennessee Regiment Volunteer Infantry.[2] This can be attributed to the region's close cultural and economic ties to the South since many Southerners had migrated there. However, the movement for secession soon fizzled after the proposal was blocked and shelved.Eighteen counties of southern Illinois formed the congressional district of Democrat John A. Logan. Rumors abounded in early 1861 whether he would organize his supporters and join the Confederacy. In fact he was suppressing pro-Confederate elements, and organizing his supporters to fight for the Union. Lincoln made him a general, and Logan played a major role under generals Grant and Sherman. His men marched to war as Democrats; they marched home as Republicans. Later, Logan helped found the Grand Army of the Republic veteran organization, was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican, and was the Republican vice presidential nominee in 1884.[3][4] As a precaution, Union troops remained in Little Egypt for the remainder of the war.[5] Confederate sentiment would remain alive in Southern Illinois amid the growing Copperhead political movement in the North.","title":"Illinois in the American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colour-bearers_of_the_71st_Illinois.jpg"},{"link_name":"Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_in_the_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"President Lincoln's first call for troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"military draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_draft"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Camp Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Douglas_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Camp Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Butler_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Confederates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Rock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Camp Defiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Mound City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_City,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Fort Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Anderson_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Paducah, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboats"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lucas Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lucas_Bend"},{"link_name":"major generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"John Buford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buford"},{"link_name":"John Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)"},{"link_name":"John M. Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Schofield"},{"link_name":"John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"},{"link_name":"John A. McClernand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._McClernand"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Prentiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Prentiss"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hurlbut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hurlbut"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Elon J. Farnsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"}],"text":"Color-bearers of the 7th IVIDuring the Civil War, 256,297 people from Illinois served in the Union army, more than any other northern state except for New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Beginning with Illinois resident President Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, the state mustered 150 infantry regiments, which were numbered from the 7th Illinois to the 156th Illinois. Seventeen cavalry regiments were also mustered, as well as two light artillery regiments.[6] Due to enthusiastic recruiting rallies and high response to voluntary calls to arms, the military draft was little used in Chicago and its environs, but was a factor in supplying manpower to Illinois regiments late in the war in other regions of the state.\nCamp Douglas, located near Chicago, was one of the largest training camps for these troops, as well as Camp Butler near Springfield. Both served as leading prisoner-of-war camps for captive Confederates. Another significant POW camp was located at Rock Island. Several thousand Confederates died while in custody in Illinois prison camps and are buried in a series of nearby cemeteries.\nThere were no Civil War battles fought in Illinois, but Cairo, at the juncture of the Ohio River with the Mississippi River, became an important Union supply base, protected by Camp Defiance. Other major supply depots were located at Mound City and across the Ohio river at Fort Anderson in Paducah, Kentucky, along with sprawling facilities for the United States Navy gunboats and associated river fleets. One of which would take part in the nearby Battle of Lucas Bend.\nLeading major generals with Illinois ties included Ulysses S. Grant, John Buford, John Pope, John M. Schofield, John A. Logan, John A. McClernand, Benjamin Prentiss and Stephen Hurlbut. Brigadier General Elon J. Farnsworth, who began his career in the 8th Illinois Cavalry, died at the Battle of Gettysburg. President Lincoln maintained his home in Springfield, Illinois, where he is buried. Over 100 soldiers from Illinois units would earn the Medal of Honor during the conflict.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"George Frederick Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_Root"},{"link_name":"The Battle Cry of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_Cry_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Mary Livermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Livermore"},{"link_name":"Jane Hoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Currie_Blaikie_Hoge"},{"link_name":"Sanitary Fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_Fair"},{"link_name":"postbellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"women's rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann Bickerdyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Bickerdyke"},{"link_name":"Galesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galesburg,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"materiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel"},{"link_name":"foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Union Stock Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Stock_Yards"}],"text":"The Chicago city government and voluntary societies gave generous support to soldiers during the war.[7]\nComposer and music publisher George Frederick Root gained fame and fortune from a number of well-received war songs, including The Battle Cry of Freedom and others. A pair of Chicago-based women, Mary Livermore and Jane Hoge, organized a pair of large expositions, the Northwest Sanitary Fairs, where cash generated from the sale of donated items was later used to purchase medical supplies for the soldiers. Their activities helped spark the postbellum women's rights movement in Illinois. Mary Ann Bickerdyke, a resident of Galesburg, was a noted nurse for the Western armies.\nWorkers in various factories and mills, as well as the port and stockyards, helped provide a steady source of materiel, food, and clothing to Illinois troops, as well as to the general Union army. Mound City foundry workers converted river steamboats into armored gunboats for Federal service. With traditional Southern markets cut off by the war, the port of Chicago rose in prominence as Illinois expanded trade with the Great Lakes region. Chicago meatpackers earned venture capital during the war that was reinvested in 1865, as the war ended, to create the Northern city's Union Stock Yards.","title":"Union home-front support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1860 Presidential Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Stephen Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Douglas"},{"link_name":"John C. Breckinridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge"},{"link_name":"John Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Richard Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Yates_(19th_century_politician)"},{"link_name":"Lyman Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull"},{"link_name":"Orville H. Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"William Alexander Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Richardson"},{"link_name":"1864 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"George McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"During the 1860 Presidential Election, two men from Illinois were among the four major candidates. Illinois voted in favor of Springfield resident Abraham Lincoln (172,171 votes or 50.7% of the ballots cast) over Chicagoan Stephen Douglas (160,215; 47.2%). Of minor consequence in the statewide results were Southern candidates John C. Breckinridge (2,331; 0.7%), and John Bell (4,914; 1.5%).[8]\nThroughout the war, Illinois politics were dominated by Republicans under the energetic leadership of Governor Richard Yates and Senators Lyman Trumbull and Orville H. Browning. Democrats scored major gains in the 1862 election by attacking Lincoln's emancipation plan as danger to the state since it would bring in thousands of freed slaves.[9] As a result, the Democrats had a majority in the legislature and in 1863, Browning's Senate seat, formerly held by Douglas prior to the war, was filled by the Democrats with the election of William Alexander Richardson.\nIn the 1864 presidential election, Illinois residents supported Lincoln's re-election, giving the president 189,512 votes (54.4% of the total) to General George McClellan's 158,724 votes (45.6%).[10] Within a year, Lincoln was dead and his remains had been returned to Springfield for burial.","title":"War politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Confederate Homefront support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copperheads\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Charleston, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Charleston Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_riot"}],"sub_title":"Copperheads","text":"Opposition views of the Peace Democrats (or \"Copperheads\") filled the columns of The Chicago Times, the mouthpiece of the rival Democratic Party. It was the nation's loudest and most persistent critic of Lincoln and emancipation. At one point early in the Gettysburg Campaign in June 1863, Union troops forcibly closed the newspaper at bayonet point. It was only reopened when Democratic mobs threatened to destroy the rival Republican paper and President Lincoln intervened.[11]\nBarry shows that Amos Green (1826–1911) from Paris, Illinois, was a leading lawyer and Peace Democrat (Copperhead). Green saw the War as unjust and Lincoln as a despot who had to be stopped. He wrote vicious denunciations of the administration in local newspapers. He was arrested for sedition in 1862. After his release in August 1862, he became the grand commander of the secret Order of American Knights in Illinois, which fought restrictions on civil liberties. It was also called the Knights of the Golden Circle and later the Sons of Liberty. Green was funded by the Confederate government to arrange riots at the Democratic National Convention in 1864. Although the riots never materialized, he continued giving antigovernment speeches until he was again arrested in November 1864. After this arrest, he agreed to testify for the government about the activities of the Knights; his testimony implicated others but ignored his own deep involvement in antigovernment plots.[12] In 1864, a clash between Copperheads and Union Soldiers in Charleston, Illinois resulted in nine dead and twelve wounded in what is now called the \"Charleston Riot\".","title":"Confederate Homefront support"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GenUSGrant.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RYates.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Yates_(19th_century_politician)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LTrumbull.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lyman Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orville_Hickman_Browning_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orville H. Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elihu_B._Washburne_seated_-_Brady-Handy.png"},{"link_name":"Elihu B. Washburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Buford.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Buford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GenJohnPope.jpeg"},{"link_name":"John Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Schofield.jpg"},{"link_name":"John M. Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schofield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_A._Logan_(general).jpg"},{"link_name":"John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Alexander_McClernand.jpg"},{"link_name":"John A. McClernand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_H_Grierson.JPG"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Grierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Grierson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Stephen_A._Hurlbut.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Hurlbut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Hurlbut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Benjamin_Prentiss.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Prentiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Prentiss"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_James_Oglesby.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard J. Oglesby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_James_Oglesby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elias_Smith_Dennis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elias Smith Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Smith_Dennis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General-JARawlins.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Aaron Rawlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WHL_Wallace.jpg"},{"link_name":"W.H.L. Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.H.L._Wallace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_John_Farnsworth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elon J. Farnsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Green B. Raum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_B._Raum"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"James L. Alcorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Alcorn"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Governor of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Galena-born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"John Aaron Rawlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"John M. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Carlinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlinville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Governor of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"National Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1896 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Edward S. Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Salomon"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Washington Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Territory"},{"link_name":"William P. Carlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Carlin"},{"link_name":"Carrollton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"John Marshall Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Albinus Nance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinus_Nance"},{"link_name":"John St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_St._John_(Governor_of_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Rinnah Van Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Rinnah_Van_Sant"}],"text":"Pres.Abraham Lincoln\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLt. Gen.Ulysses S. Grant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGov.Richard Yates\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSen.Lyman Trumbull\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSen.Orville H. Browning\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRep.Elihu B. Washburne\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen.John Buford\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen.John Pope\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen.John M. Schofield\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen.John A. Logan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen.John A. McClernand\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen.Benjamin Grierson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen.Stephen A. Hurlbut\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen.Benjamin Prentiss\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaj. Gen.Richard J. Oglesby\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBvt. Maj. GenElias Smith Dennis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBvt. Maj. GenJohn Aaron Rawlins\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrig. Gen.W.H.L. Wallace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrig. Gen.Elon J. FarnsworthAmong the many Illinois generals who rose to post-war prominence were Ulysses S. Grant, who became president in 1869, Green B. Raum, who became a U.S. congressman and the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, and James L. Alcorn, who was a U.S. Senator and the Governor of Mississippi. Both were born near Golconda. Galena-born John Aaron Rawlins, long a confidant of U.S. Grant, became the United States Secretary of War in the Grant Administration. John M. Palmer, a resident of Carlinville, was a postbellum Governor of Illinois and the presidential candidate of the National Democratic Party in the 1896 election.\nEdward S. Salomon, an immigrant from Europe, was appointed by President Grant as the Governor of the Washington Territory. William P. Carlin of Carrollton became a general in the postbellum U.S. Army and commanded several outposts in Montana and elsewhere.A number of soldiers from Illinois regiments would eventually become governors of U.S. states. Among them were John Marshall Hamilton, future governor of Illinois; Albinus Nance, future governor of Nebraska; John St. John, future governor of Kansas; and Samuel Rinnah Van Sant, future governor of Minnesota.","title":"Notable leaders from Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Metcalf, Frank. \"The Illinois Confederate Company,\" Confederate Veteran, vol. 16, pp.224-5. S.A. Cunningham, 1908.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=851HAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA224"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"15th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry - Company G, The Confederate Army's Southern Illinois Company, Illinois in the Civil War website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.illinoiscivilwar.org/cwtn15g.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"History 31st Regiment Illinois Volunteers Organized by John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=54E6JEL9lWoC&pg=PR15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Htz8KrOWTz0C&pg=PA82"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Civil War and Late 19th Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.egyptianaaa.org/SI-History2.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120223223552/http://www.egyptianaaa.org/SI-History2.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Illinois regiments during the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/regros.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050204230642/http://rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/regros.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Chicago History website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2379.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ Metcalf, Frank. \"The Illinois Confederate Company,\" Confederate Veteran, vol. 16, pp.224-5. S.A. Cunningham, 1908.\n\n^ 15th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry - Company G, The Confederate Army's Southern Illinois Company, Illinois in the Civil War website\n\n^ William S. Morris; et al. (1998). History 31st Regiment Illinois Volunteers Organized by John A. Logan. SIU Press. pp. 15–20.\n\n^ James Pickett Jones (1995). Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era. SIU Press. pp. 82–90.\n\n^ \"The Civil War and Late 19th Century\" Archived 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, The History of Southern Illinois, Egyptian Area on Aging, Inc., 1996–2009, accessed 15 May 2009\n\n^ Illinois regiments during the Civil War Archived 2005-02-04 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Kurt A. Carlson, \"Backing the Boys in the Civil War: Chicago's Home Front Supports the Troops - and Grows in the Process,\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Spring/Summer 2011, Vol. 104 Issue 1/2, pp 140-165\n\n^ Leip, 1860\n\n^ Bruce S. Allardice, \"'Illinois is Rotten with Traitors!' The Republican Defeat in the 1862 State Election,\" . Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Spring/Summer 2011, Vol. 104 Issue 1/2, pp 97-114\n\n^ Leip, 1864\n\n^ Chicago History website\n\n^ Peter J. Barry, \"Amos Green, Paris, Illinois: Civil War Lawyer, Editorialist, and Copperhead,\" Journal of Illinois History, Spring 2008, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp 39-60","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41201301"},{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.105.4.0313"},{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.106.3-4.0395"},{"link_name":"online version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-252-06165-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06165-9"},{"link_name":"Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Htz8KrOWTz0C&pg=PA91"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8304-1295-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8304-1295-6"},{"link_name":"excerpt and text search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/To-Die-Chicago-Confederate-Prisoners/dp/1565543319/"},{"link_name":"Metcalf, Frank. \"The Illinois Confederate Company,\" Confederate Veteran, vol. 16, pp.224-5. S.A. Cunningham, 1908.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=851HAQAAMAAJ&dq=illinois+confederate+soldiers+jackson+counties&pg=PA224"}],"text":"Allardice, Bruce S. “‘Illinois is Rotten with Traitors!’ The Republican Defeat in the 1862 State Election,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 104 (Spring–Summer 2011), 97–114.\nBaker, Jason B. Chicago to Appomattox: The 39th Illinois Infantry in the Civil War (McFarland, 2022).\nBearden-White, Christina. \"Illinois Germans and the Coming of the Civil War: Reshaping Ethnic Identity\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 109#3 (2016), pp. 231–251 DOI: 10.5406/jillistathistsoc.109.3.0231\nBohn, Roger E. \"Richard Yates: An Appraisal of his Value as the Civil War Governor of Illinois,\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Spring/Summer2011, Vol. 104 Issue 1/2, pp 17–37 in JSTOR\nCole, Arthur Charles. The Era of the Civil War 1848–1870 (1919), the standard scholarly history; vol 3 of the Centennial History of Illinois.\nCostigan, David. A city in wartime: Quincy, Illinois and the Civil War (2021).\nDuerkes, Wayne N. \"'I for one am ready to do my part': The initial motivations that inspired men from Northern Illinois to enlist in the U.S. Army, 1861–1862,\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (2012) 105#4 pp 313–32 in JSTOR\nDyer, Frederick H., A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. 3 volumes. Thomas Yoseloff, reprinted 1959; covers every state\nGirardi, Robert I. \"'I am for the President's Proclamation teeth and toe nails': Illinois Soldiers Respond to the Emancipation Proclamation.\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 106#3-4 (2013) pp: 395–421. in JSTOR\nGleeson, Ed. Illinois Rebels - A Civil War Unit History of G Company, 15th Tennessee Regiment Volunteer Infantry (1996, Guild Press of Indiana: Carmel, Indiana)\nGrossman, James R.. Ann Durkin Keating, and Janice L. Reiff, eds. The Encyclopedia of Chicago (2005) online version\nHicken, Victor, Illinois in the Civil War, University of Illinois Press. 1991. ISBN 0-252-06165-9.\nJones, James Pickett (1995). Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era. SIU Press. p. 91ff.\nJordan, Brian Matthew. Marching Home: Union Veterans and Their Unending Civil War (WW Norton & Company, 2015)\nKaramanski, Theodore J., Rally 'Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War. Nelson-Hall, 1993. ISBN 0-8304-1295-6.\nKleen, Michael, “The Copperhead Threat in Illinois Peace Democrats, Loyalty Leagues, and the Charleston Riot of 1864,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 105 (Spring 2012), 69–92.\nLentz, Perry. Key Command: Ulysses S. Grant's District of Cairo (University of Missouri Press, 2006)\nLevy, George. To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas, 1862–65. (2nd ed. 1999) excerpt and text search.\nMetcalf, Frank. \"The Illinois Confederate Company,\" Confederate Veteran, vol. 16, pp.224-5. S.A. Cunningham, 1908.\nMiller Jr, Edward A. The Black Civil War Soldiers of Illinois: The Story of the Twenty-Ninth US Colored Infantry (Univ of South Carolina Press, 2021).\nPierce, Bessie Louise. A History of Chicago: Volume II: From Town to City 1848–1871 (1937)\nSwan, James B. Chicago's Irish Legion: The 90th Illinois Volunteers in the Civil War (Southern Illinois University Press, 2009)","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.111.1-2.0055"}],"sub_title":"Historiography and memory","text":"Karamanski, Theodore J. \"Illinois at the High Tide: The Era of the Civil War, 1848–1870.\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 111.1-2 (2018): 55–78. online\nKnoll, Jeremy. \"Remembering the Fallen: The Creation of Civil War Monuments in Illinois, 1865–1929.\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 114.2 (2021): 33–95.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39572"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Burton, William L., Descriptive bibliography of Civil War manuscripts in Illinois. Civil War Centennial Commission of Illinois, Northwestern University Press, 1966.\nFlotow, Mark, ed. In Their Letters, in Their Words: Illinois Civil War Soldiers Write Home (Southern Illinois University Press, 2019).\nOffice of the Adjutant General, Roster of Officers and Enlisted Men. 9 volumes, State Printing Office, 1900.\nU.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 volumes in 4 series. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. online\nVoss-Hubbard, Mark, ed. Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents. (Ohio University Press, 2013) 244 pp. online review","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War Records of the 4th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, 1861–1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8k4006m3"},{"link_name":"Department of Special Collections and University Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080604212605/http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html"},{"link_name":"Stanford University Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//library.stanford.edu/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Timeline leading to the War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Border states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850"},{"link_name":"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Kansas-Nebraska Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act"},{"link_name":"Lincoln–Douglas debates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates"},{"link_name":"Missouri Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Compromise"},{"link_name":"Nullification crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_crisis"},{"link_name":"Origins of the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Popular sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Declaration of Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession"},{"link_name":"States' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers"},{"link_name":"Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Cornerstone Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech"},{"link_name":"Crittenden Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise"},{"link_name":"Dred Scott v. Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"Fire-Eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-Eaters"},{"link_name":"Fugitive slave laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Plantations in the American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Positive good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Slave Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Power"},{"link_name":"Slavery in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Treatment of slaves in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin"},{"link_name":"Abolitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Abolitionism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Susan B. Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony"},{"link_name":"James G. Birney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Birney"},{"link_name":"John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"Frederick Douglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Lane Debates on Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery"},{"link_name":"Elijah Parish Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"J. Sella Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Sella_Martin"},{"link_name":"Lysander Spooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysander_Spooner"},{"link_name":"George Luther Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns"},{"link_name":"Thaddeus Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Charles Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Caning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Harriet Tubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman"},{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Revenue Cutter Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Lower Seaboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union naval blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_blockade"},{"link_name":"campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Anaconda Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Plan"},{"link_name":"Blockade runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign"},{"link_name":"Jackson's Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign"},{"link_name":"Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_campaign"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_campaign"},{"link_name":"Stones River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign"},{"link_name":"Tullahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign"},{"link_name":"Morgan's Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid"},{"link_name":"Bristoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristoe_campaign"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_campaign"},{"link_name":"Red 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cemeteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS"},{"link_name":"1913 Gettysburg reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion"},{"link_name":"1938 Gettysburg reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion"},{"link_name":"Confederate Memorial Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall"},{"link_name":"Confederate Veteran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Veteran"},{"link_name":"Grand Army of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Old soldiers' homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home"},{"link_name":"Southern Cross of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"United Confederate 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recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Naval battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Official Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies"},{"link_name":"Partisan rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act"},{"link_name":"POW camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps"},{"link_name":"Rations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Signal Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Turning point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union corps 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Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"Habeas Corpus Act of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference"},{"link_name":"National Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Politicians killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Radical Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans"},{"link_name":"Trent Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Affair"},{"link_name":"Union Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League"},{"link_name":"U.S. Presidential Election of 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"War Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Democrat"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Battle Hymn of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_(song)"},{"link_name":"John Brown's Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body"},{"link_name":"A Lincoln Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait"},{"link_name":"Marching Through Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Maryland, My Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland"},{"link_name":"When Johnny Comes Marching Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home"},{"link_name":"Daar kom die Alibama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama"},{"link_name":"Baltimore riot of 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861"},{"link_name":"Battlefield preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate war finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_war_finance"},{"link_name":"Confederate States dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies"},{"link_name":"Confederate Secret Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service"},{"link_name":"Great Revival of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival"},{"link_name":"Juneteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth"},{"link_name":"Naming the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Catawba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Choctaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"New York City Gold Hoax of 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax"},{"link_name":"New York City riots of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots"},{"link_name":"Photographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Richmond riots of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bread_riots"},{"link_name":"Gender issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Tokens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_token"},{"link_name":"U.S. Sanitary Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission"},{"link_name":"Women soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers"},{"link_name":"List of films and television shows about the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Illinois_conflicts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Illinois_conflicts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illinois_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Illinois Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Country"},{"link_name":"Illinois Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Territory"},{"link_name":"State of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Beaver Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Wars"},{"link_name":"Fox Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Wars"},{"link_name":"Pontiac's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Illinois Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_campaign"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Winnebago War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_War"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"Illinois Mormon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Mormon_War"},{"link_name":"Illinois in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Illinois Coal Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Coal_Wars"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5999910#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538396905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064305"}],"text":"Civil War Records of the 4th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, 1861–1864 (6 volumes) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University LibrariesvteAmerican Civil WarOriginsOrigins\nTimeline leading to the War\nBleeding Kansas\nBorder states\nCompromise of 1850\nJohn Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\nKansas-Nebraska Act\nLincoln–Douglas debates\nMissouri Compromise\nNullification crisis\nOrigins of the American Civil War\nPanic of 1857\nPopular sovereignty\nSecession\nSouth Carolina Declaration of Secession\nStates' rights\nPresident Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers\nSlavery\nAfrican Americans\nCornerstone Speech\nCrittenden Compromise\nDred Scott v. Sandford\nEmancipation Proclamation\nFire-Eaters\nFugitive slave laws\nPlantations in the American South\nPositive good\nSlave Power\nSlavery in the United States\nTreatment of slaves in the United States\nUncle Tom's Cabin\nAbolitionism\nAbolitionism in the United States\nSusan B. Anthony\nJames G. Birney\nJohn Brown\nFrederick Douglass\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison\nLane Debates on Slavery\nElijah Parish Lovejoy\nJ. Sella Martin\nLysander Spooner\nGeorge Luther Stearns\nThaddeus Stevens\nCharles Sumner\nCaning\nHarriet Tubman\nUnderground Railroad\nCombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStatesCombatantsUnion\nArmy\nNavy\nMarine Corps\nRevenue Cutter Service\nConfederacy\nArmy\nNavy\nMarine Corps\nTheaters\nEastern\nWestern\nLower Seaboard\nTrans-Mississippi\nPacific Coast\nUnion naval blockade\nMajor campaigns\nAnaconda Plan\nBlockade runners\nNew Mexico\nJackson's Valley\nPeninsula\nNorthern Virginia\nMaryland\nStones River\nVicksburg\nTullahoma\nGettysburg\nMorgan's Raid\nBristoe\nKnoxville\nRed River\nOverland\nAtlanta\nValley 1864\nBermuda Hundred\nRichmond-Petersburg\nFranklin–Nashville\nPrice's Missouri Expedition\nSherman's March\nCarolinas\nMobile\nAppomattox\nMajor battles\nFort Sumter\n1st Bull Run\nWilson's Creek\nFort Donelson\nPea Ridge\nHampton Roads\nShiloh\nNew Orleans\nCorinth\nSeven Pines\nSeven Days\n2nd Bull Run\nAntietam\nPerryville\nFredericksburg\nStones River\nChancellorsville\nGettysburg\nVicksburg\nChickamauga\nChattanooga\nWilderness\nFort Pillow\nSpotsylvania\nCold Harbor\nAtlanta\nCrater\nMobile Bay\nFranklin\nNashville\nFive Forks\nInvolvementStates andterritories\nAlabama\nArkansas\nArizona\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDakota Territory\nDistrict of Columbia\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndian Territory\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nOhio\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nCities\nAtlanta\nCharleston\nChattanooga\nNew Orleans\nRichmond\nWashington, D.C.\nWinchester\nLeadersConfederateMilitary\nR. H. Anderson\nBeauregard\nBragg\nBuchanan\nCooper\nEarly\nEwell\nForrest\nGorgas\nHill\nHood\nJackson\nA. S. Johnston\nJ. E. Johnston\nLee\nLongstreet\nMorgan\nMosby\nPolk\nPrice\nSemmes\nE. K. Smith\nStuart\nTaylor\nWheeler\nCivilian\nBenjamin\nBocock\nBreckinridge\nDavis\nHunter\nMallory\nMemminger\nSeddon\nStephens\nUnionMilitary\nAnderson\nBuell\nBurnside\nButler\nDu Pont\nFarragut\nFoote\nFrémont\nGrant\nHalleck\nHooker\nHunt\nMcClellan\nMcDowell\nMeade\nMeigs\nOrd\nPope\nD. D. Porter\nRosecrans\nScott\nSheridan\nSherman\nThomas\nCivilian\nAdams\nChase\nEricsson\nHamlin\nLincoln\nPinkerton\nSeward\nStanton\nStevens\nWade\nWelles\nAftermathConstitution\nReconstruction Amendments\n13th Amendment\n14th Amendment\n15th Amendment\nReconstruction\nAlabama Claims\nBrooks–Baxter War\nCarpetbaggers\nColfax riot of 1873\nCompromise of 1877\nConfederate refugees\nConfederados\nEufaula riot of 1874\nFreedmen's Bureau\nFreedman's Savings Bank\nHomestead Acts\nSouthern Homestead Act of 1866\nTimber Culture Act of 1873\nImpeachment of Andrew Johnson\ntrial\nefforts\ntimeline\nfirst inquiry\nsecond inquiry\nimpeachment managers investigation\nKirk–Holden war\nKnights of the White Camelia\nKu Klux Klan\nEthnic violence\nMemphis riots of 1866\nMeridian riot of 1871\nNew Orleans riot of 1866\nPulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867\nSouth Carolina riots of 1876\nReconstruction acts\nHabeas Corpus Act of 1867\nEnforcement Act of 1870\nEnforcement Act of February 1871\nEnforcement Act of April 1871\nReconstruction era\nReconstruction military districts\nReconstruction Treaties\nIndian Council at Fort Smith\nRed Shirts\nRedeemers\nScalawags\nSouth Carolina riots of 1876\nSouthern Claims Commission\nWhite League\nPost-Reconstruction\nCommemoration\nCentennial\nCivil War Discovery Trail\nCivil War Roundtables\nCivil War Trails Program\nCivil War Trust\nConfederate History Month\nConfederate Memorial Day\nDecoration Day\nHistorical reenactment\nRobert E. Lee Day\nConfederate Memorial Hall\nDisenfranchisement\nBlack Codes\nJim Crow\nHistoriographic issues\nLost Cause mythology\nModern display of the Confederate flag\nRed Shirts\nSons of Confederate Veterans\nSons of Union Veterans of the Civil War\nSouthern Historical Society\nUnited Confederate Veterans\nUnited Daughters of the Confederacy\nChildren of the Confederacy\nWilmington insurrection of 1898\nMonumentsand memorialsUnion\nList\nGrand Army of the Republic\nmemorials to Lincoln\nConfederate\nList\nartworks in Capitol\nmemorials to Davis\nmemorials to Lee\nRemoval\nCemeteries\nLadies' Memorial Associations\nU.S. national cemeteries\nVeterans\n1913 Gettysburg reunion\n1938 Gettysburg reunion\nConfederate Memorial Hall\nConfederate Veteran\nGrand Army of the Republic\nMilitary Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.\nOld soldiers' homes\nSouthern Cross of Honor\nUnited Confederate Veterans\nRelated topicsMilitary\nArms\nCampaign Medal\nCavalry\nConfederate Home Guard\nConfederate railroads\nConfederate revolving cannon\nField artillery\nMedal of Honor recipients\nMedicine\nNaval battles\nOfficial Records\nPartisan rangers\nPOW camps\nRations\nSignal Corps\nTurning point\nUnion corps badges\nU.S. Balloon Corps\nU.S. Home Guard\nU.S. Military Railroad\nPolitical\nCommittee on the Conduct of the War\nConfederate States presidential election of 1861\nConfiscation Act of 1861\nConfiscation Act of 1862\nCopperheads\nEmancipation Proclamation\nHabeas Corpus Act of 1863\nHampton Roads Conference\nNational Union Party\nPoliticians killed\nRadical Republicans\nTrent Affair\nUnion Leagues\nU.S. Presidential Election of 1864\nWar Democrats\nMusic\nBattle Hymn of the Republic\nDixie\nJohn Brown's Body\nA Lincoln Portrait\nMarching Through Georgia\nMaryland, My Maryland\nWhen Johnny Comes Marching Home\nDaar kom die Alibama\nOther topics\nBaltimore riot of 1861\nBattlefield preservation\nBibliography\nConfederate war finance\nConfederate States dollar\nEspionage\nConfederate Secret Service\nGreat Revival of 1863\nJuneteenth\nNaming the war\nNative Americans\nCatawba\nCherokee\nChoctaw\nSeminole\nNew York City Gold Hoax of 1864\nNew York City riots of 1863\nPhotographers\nRichmond riots of 1863\nGender issues\nSupreme Court cases\nTokens\nU.S. Sanitary Commission\nWomen soldiers\nRelated\nList of films and television shows about the American Civil War\n\n Category\n PortalvteWars involving the Illinois Country, Illinois Territory, and State of Illinois\nBeaver Wars\nFox Wars\nPontiac's War\nIllinois Campaign\nWar of 1812\nWinnebago War\nBlack Hawk War\nIllinois Mormon War\nIllinois in the American Civil War\nIllinois Coal WarsAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Research resources"}]
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[{"title":"List of Illinois Civil War Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illinois_Civil_War_Units"},{"title":"Bibliography of the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"title":"Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"title":"William R. Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Rowley"},{"title":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"}]
[{"reference":"Leip, David. \"1860 Presidential Election Results\". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/pe1860.html","url_text":"\"1860 Presidential Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"1864 Presidential Election Results\". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/pe1864.html","url_text":"\"1864 Presidential Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"William S. Morris; et al. (1998). History 31st Regiment Illinois Volunteers Organized by John A. Logan. SIU Press. pp. 15–20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=54E6JEL9lWoC&pg=PR15","url_text":"History 31st Regiment Illinois Volunteers Organized by John A. Logan"}]},{"reference":"James Pickett Jones (1995). Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era. SIU Press. pp. 82–90.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8KrOWTz0C&pg=PA82","url_text":"Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era"}]},{"reference":"Jones, James Pickett (1995). Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era. SIU Press. p. 91ff.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8KrOWTz0C&pg=PA91","url_text":"Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.illinoiscivilwar.org/","external_links_name":"Illinois in the Civil War"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2379.html","external_links_name":"Chicago History"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121210211009/http://dig.lib.niu.edu/civilwar/about.html","external_links_name":"Northern Illinois University's Illinois During the Civil War website"},{"Link":"http://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/pe1860.html","external_links_name":"\"1860 Presidential Election Results\""},{"Link":"http://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/pe1864.html","external_links_name":"\"1864 Presidential Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=851HAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA224","external_links_name":"Metcalf, Frank. \"The Illinois Confederate Company,\" Confederate Veteran, vol. 16, pp.224-5. S.A. Cunningham, 1908."},{"Link":"http://www.illinoiscivilwar.org/cwtn15g.html","external_links_name":"15th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry - Company G, The Confederate Army's Southern Illinois Company, Illinois in the Civil War website"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=54E6JEL9lWoC&pg=PR15","external_links_name":"History 31st Regiment Illinois Volunteers Organized by John A. Logan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8KrOWTz0C&pg=PA82","external_links_name":"Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era"},{"Link":"http://www.egyptianaaa.org/SI-History2.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Civil War and Late 19th Century\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120223223552/http://www.egyptianaaa.org/SI-History2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/regros.htm","external_links_name":"Illinois regiments during the Civil War"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050204230642/http://rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/regros.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2379.html","external_links_name":"Chicago History website"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41201301","external_links_name":"in JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.105.4.0313","external_links_name":"in JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.106.3-4.0395","external_links_name":"in JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/","external_links_name":"online version"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8KrOWTz0C&pg=PA91","external_links_name":"Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/To-Die-Chicago-Confederate-Prisoners/dp/1565543319/","external_links_name":"excerpt and text search"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=851HAQAAMAAJ&dq=illinois+confederate+soldiers+jackson+counties&pg=PA224","external_links_name":"Metcalf, Frank. \"The Illinois Confederate Company,\" Confederate Veteran, vol. 16, pp.224-5. S.A. Cunningham, 1908."},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.111.1-2.0055","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39572","external_links_name":"online review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070418082811/http://www.mikekoepke.com/illinois-in-the-civil-war/","external_links_name":"Illinois in the Civil War (Mike's Musings)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071229213624/http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/","external_links_name":"Illinois in the Civil War (ILGenWeb Project)"},{"Link":"http://www.illinoiscivilwar.org/units_num.html","external_links_name":"Illinois regiments during the Civil War"},{"Link":"http://77illinois.homestead.com/files/77il/77home.html","external_links_name":"History of the 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, W. H. Bentley, 1883"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050305121713/http://www.civil-war.com/index.html","external_links_name":"Civil War Flags of Illinois"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021211154102/http://dig.lib.niu.edu/civilwar/index.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://92ndillinoisinfantry.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website dedicated to the memory of the 92nd Illinois Volunteer Mounted Infantry in America's Civil War"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161226144141/http://www.92ndillinoisinfantry.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.illinoiscivilwar150.org/","external_links_name":"State of Illinois: 150th Civil War Anniversary project"},{"Link":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8k4006m3","external_links_name":"Civil War Records of the 4th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, 1861–1864"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080604212605/http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html","external_links_name":"Department of Special Collections and University Archives"},{"Link":"http://library.stanford.edu/","external_links_name":"Stanford University Libraries"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538396905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064305","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Fight_the_Sea
Don't Fight the Sea
["1 Al Jardine version","1.1 Personnel","2 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Don't Fight the Sea" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "Don't Fight the Sea" is a song written by Terry Jacks and released as a single in 1976, reaching #31 on the Canadian Charts. Al Jardine version "Don't Fight the Sea"Single by Al Jardine featuring the Beach Boysfrom the album A Postcard from California B-side"Friends" (acapella)ReleasedApril 16, 2011 (2011-04-16)Recorded1978–2010GenreRockLength3:24LabelCapitol RecordsSongwriter(s)Terry JacksAl JardineAl Jardine singles chronology "PT Cruiser" (2002) "Don't Fight the Sea" (2011) The Beach Boys singles chronology "Good Vibrations"(2011) "Don't Fight the Sea"(2011) "That's Why God Made the Radio"(2012) The song was attempted by the Beach Boys in 1976 during recording sessions for their album 15 Big Ones. In 2010, the song was rewritten with Al Jardine for his album A Postcard from California and with several of his Beach Boys bandmates making a guest appearance, with vocals culled from various recording sessions during the interim period. Jardine's version was also issued on a 7" vinyl record on April 16, 2011 for Record Store Day 2011 in a limited edition of 2,500 copies (1,000 white vinyl and 1,500 black vinyl) with the proceeds to benefit tsunami relief for Japan. Personnel Al Jardine – lead and backing vocals, keyboards Carl Wilson – lead and backing vocals Brian Wilson – backing vocals Mike Love – backing vocals Bruce Johnston – backing vocals Matt Jardine – backing vocals Ed Carter – guitars, bass Michael Lent – guitars Scott Mathews – guitars, backing vocals Mike Meros – keyboards Bobby Figueroa – drums References ^ Doe, Andrew G. "GIGS76". Endles Summer Quarterly. Retrieved 2 July 2014. ^ "Rare Beach Boys Single, 'Don't Fight the Sea,' To Benefit Red Cross Relief Efforts In Japan". April 18, 2011. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2014. vte15 Big OnesSongsSide one "Rock and Roll Music" "It's O.K." "Had to Phone Ya" "Chapel of Love" "Everyone's in Love with You" "Talk to Me" "That Same Song" "T M Song" Side two "Palisades Park" "Susie Cincinnati" "A Casual Look" "Blueberry Hill" "Back Home" "In the Still of the Night" "Just Once in My Life" OuttakesCovers "Battle Hymn of the Republic" "Come Go With Me" "Come to the Sunshine" "Don't Fight the Sea" "Let's Dance" "Michael Rowed the Boat Ashore" "Mony Mony" "On Broadway" "Peggy Sue" "Running Bear" "Secret Love" "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" Originals "10,000 Years Ago" "Barnyard Blues" "California Feelin'" "Clangin'" "Don't Let Me Go" "Gold Rush" "Good Timin'" "Lisa" "Lucy Jones" "Our Life, Our Love, Our Land" "Rollin' Up to Heaven" "Short Skirts" "You're Riding High On the Music" Related articles The Beach Boys discography The Beach Boys: It's OK! Beachago tour "Brian's Back" Surfin' Safari Surfin' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Volume 2 All Summer Long The Beach Boys' Christmas Album The Beach Boys Today! Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!) Beach Boys' Party! Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20/20 Sunflower Surf's Up Carl and the Passions – "So Tough" Holland 15 Big Ones The Beach Boys Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. (Light Album) Keepin' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That's Why God Made the Radio vteThe Beach Boys singles1960s1961 "Surfin'" / "Luau" 1962 "Surfin' Safari" / "409" "Ten Little Indians" / "County Fair" 1963 "Surfin' U.S.A." / "Shut Down" "Surfer Girl" / "Little Deuce Coupe" "Be True to Your School" / "In My Room" "Little Saint Nick" / "The Lord's Prayer" 1964 "Fun, Fun, Fun" / "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" "I Get Around" / "Don't Worry Baby" "When I Grow Up (To Be a Man)" / "She Knows Me Too Well" "Dance, Dance, Dance" / "The Warmth of the Sun" "The Man with All the Toys" / "Blue Christmas" 1965 "Do You Wanna Dance?" / "Please Let Me Wonder" "Help Me, Rhonda" / "Kiss Me, Baby" "California Girls"/ "Let Him Run Wild" "The Little Girl I Once Knew" / "There's No Other (Like My Baby)" "Barbara Ann" / "Girl Don't Tell Me" 1966 "Sloop John B" / "You're So Good to Me" "Wouldn't It Be Nice" / "God Only Knows" "Good Vibrations" / "Let's Go Away for Awhile" 1967 "Then I Kissed Her" / "Mountain of Love" "Heroes and Villains" / "You're Welcome" "Wild Honey" / "Wind Chimes" "Darlin'" / "Here Today" 1968 "Friends" / "Little Bird" "Do It Again" / "Wake the World" "Bluebirds over the Mountain" / "Never Learn Not to Love" 1969 "I Can Hear Music" / "All I Want to Do" "Break Away" / "Celebrate the News" 1970s1970 "Add Some Music to Your Day" / "Susie Cincinnati" "Cottonfields" / "The Nearest Faraway Place" "Slip On Through" / "This Whole World" "Tears in the Morning" / "It's About Time" 1971 "Cool, Cool Water" / "Forever" "Wouldn't It Be Nice" (live) / "The Times They Are a-Changin'" (by Merry Clayton) "Long Promised Road" / "Deirdre" "Long Promised Road" / "'Til I Die" "Student Demonstration Time" / "Don't Go Near the Water" "Surf's Up" / "Don't Go Near the Water" 1972 "You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone" / "Cuddle Up" "Marcella" / "Hold On Dear Brother" 1973 "Sail On, Sailor" / "Only with You" "California Saga/California" / "Funky Pretty" 1974 "Surfin' U.S.A." / "The Warmth of the Sun" "Child of Winter (Christmas Song)" / "Susie Cincinnati" 1975 "Sail On, Sailor" / "Only with You" 1976 "Rock and Roll Music" / "T M Song" "It's O.K." / "Had to Phone Ya" "Everyone's in Love with You" / "Susie Cincinnati" 1977 "Honkin' Down the Highway" / "Solar System" 1978 "Peggy Sue" / "Hey Little Tomboy" 1979 "Here Comes the Night" / "Baby Blue" "Good Timin'" / "Love Surrounds Me" "Lady Lynda" / "Full Sail" "It's a Beautiful Day" / "Sumahama" 1980s1980 "Goin' On" / "Endless Harmony" "Livin' with a Heartache" / "Santa Ana Winds" 1981 "The Beach Boys Medley" / "God Only Knows" "Come Go with Me" / "Don't Go Near the Water" 1985 "Getcha Back" / "Male Ego" "It's Gettin' Late" / "It's O.K." "She Believes in Love Again" / "It's Just a Matter of Time" 1986 "Rock 'n' Roll to the Rescue" / "Good Vibrations" (live) "California Dreamin'" / "Lady Liberty" 1987 "Happy Endings" (with Little Richard) / "California Girls" (live) 1988 "Kokomo" / "Tutti Frutti" (Little Richard) 1989 "Still Cruisin'" / "Kokomo" 1990s1990 "Somewhere Near Japan" / "Kokomo" "Problem Child" / "Problem Child (Instrumental)" 1992 "Hot Fun in the Summertime" / "Summer of Love" 1996 "I Just Wasn't Made for These Times" / "Wouldn't It Be Nice" / "Here Today" 2010s2011 "Good Vibrations" / "Heroes and Villains" "Don't Fight the Sea" / "Friends" 2012 "That's Why God Made the Radio" / "That's Why God Made the Radio" (instrumental) "Isn't It Time" / Live in Chicago Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jacks"}],"text":"\"Don't Fight the Sea\" is a song written by Terry Jacks and released as a single in 1976, reaching #31 on the Canadian Charts.","title":"Don't Fight the Sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"15 Big Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Big_Ones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Al Jardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jardine"},{"link_name":"A Postcard from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Postcard_from_California"},{"link_name":"Record Store Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Store_Day"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The song was attempted by the Beach Boys in 1976 during recording sessions for their album 15 Big Ones.[1] In 2010, the song was rewritten with Al Jardine for his album A Postcard from California and with several of his Beach Boys bandmates making a guest appearance, with vocals culled from various recording sessions during the interim period. Jardine's version was also issued on a 7\" vinyl record on April 16, 2011 for Record Store Day 2011 in a limited edition of 2,500 copies (1,000 white vinyl and 1,500 black vinyl) with the proceeds to benefit tsunami relief for Japan.[2]","title":"Al Jardine version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Jardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jardine"},{"link_name":"Carl Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Brian Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Mike Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Love"},{"link_name":"Bruce Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Matt Jardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Jardine"},{"link_name":"Scott Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Mike Meros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Meros"}],"sub_title":"Personnel","text":"Al Jardine – lead and backing vocals, keyboards\nCarl Wilson – lead and backing vocals\nBrian Wilson – backing vocals\nMike Love – backing vocals\nBruce Johnston – backing vocals\nMatt Jardine – backing vocals\nEd Carter – guitars, bass\nMichael Lent – guitars\nScott Mathews – guitars, backing vocals\nMike Meros – keyboards\nBobby Figueroa – drums","title":"Al Jardine version"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Trianguli
Beta Trianguli
["1 Naming","2 References"]
Binary star in the constellation Triangulum Not to be confused with Beta Trianguli Australis. β Trianguli Location of β Trianguli (circled) Observation dataEpoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 Constellation Triangulum Right ascension 02h 09m 32.62712s Declination +34° 59′ 14.2694″ Apparent magnitude (V) +3.00 Characteristics Spectral type A5IV U−B color index +0.11 B−V color index +0.14 AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)+9.9 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: 149.16 mas/yr Dec.: –39.10 mas/yr Parallax (π)25.71 ± 0.34 masDistance127 ± 2 ly (38.9 ± 0.5 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)+0.05 OrbitPeriod (P)31.3884 dEccentricity (e)0.53Periastron epoch (T)2432004.255 JDArgument of periastron (ω)(secondary)318.4°Semi-amplitude (K1)(primary)33.3 km/sSemi-amplitude (K2)(secondary)69.2 km/s DetailsMass3.5 M☉Luminosity74 (combined) L☉Surface gravity (log g)3.70 cgsTemperature8,186 KRotational velocity (v sin i)70 km/sAge0.73 Gyr Other designations β Trianguli, β Tri, Beta Tri, 4 Trianguli, HR 622, HD 13161, BD+34°381, FK5 75, HIP 10064, SAO 55306. Database referencesSIMBADdata Beta Trianguli (Beta Tri, β Trianguli, β Tri), also known as the Highstone, or Hoogsteen, is the Bayer designation for a binary star system in the constellation Triangulum, located about 127 light years from Earth. Although it is only a third-magnitude star, it is the brightest star in the constellation Triangulum. This is a double-lined spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of 31.39 days and an eccentricity of 0.53. The members are separated by a distance of less than 5 AU. The primary component has a stellar classification of A5IV, indicating that it has evolved away from the main sequence and is now a subgiant star. However, the classification is uncertain and not consistent with the mass derived from the orbit. It is among the least variable of the stars that were observed by the Hipparcos spacecraft, with a magnitude varying by only 0.0005. Based on observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope, as reported in 2005, this system is emitting an excess of infrared radiation. This emission can be explained by a circumbinary ring of dust. The dust is emitting infrared radiation at a blackbody temperature of 100 K. It is thought to extend from 50 to 400 AU away from the stars. Naming In combination with Alpha Trianguli, these stars were called Al Mīzān, which is Arabic for "The Scale Beam". In Chinese, 天大將軍 (Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn), meaning Heaven's Great General, refers to an asterism consisting of β Trianguli, γ Andromedae, φ Persei, 51 Andromedae, 49 Andromedae, χ Andromedae, υ Andromedae, τ Andromedae, 56 Andromedae, γ Trianguli and δ Trianguli. Consequently, the Chinese name for β Trianguli itself is 天大將軍九 (Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn jiǔ, English: the Ninth Star of Heaven's Great General.). References ^ a b c d e f van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. ^ a b c d Johnson, H. L.; et al. (1966), "UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars", Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 4 (99): 99, Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J ^ a b c Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (2003). "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I". The Astronomical Journal. 126 (4): 2048. arXiv:astro-ph/0308182. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G. doi:10.1086/378365. S2CID 119417105. ^ Wilson, Ralph Elmer (1953), "General catalogue of stellar radial velocities", Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Bibcode:1953GCRV..C......0W ^ Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012), "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation", Astronomy Letters, 38 (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015, S2CID 119257644. ^ a b Pourbaix, D.; et al. (2004), "SB9: The Ninth Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 424: 727–732, arXiv:astro-ph/0406573, Bibcode:2004A&A...424..727P, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041213, S2CID 119387088. ^ a b c d Kennedy, G. M.; Wyatt, M. C.; Sibthorpe, B.; Phillips, N. M.; Matthews, B.; Greaves, J. S. (2012). "Coplanar Circumbinary Debris Disks". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 426 (3): 2115–28. arXiv:1208.1759. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.426.2115K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21865.x. S2CID 59408005. ^ Royer, F.; et al. (October 2002), "Rotational velocities of A-type stars in the northern hemisphere. II. Measurement of v sin i", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 393 (3): 897–911, arXiv:astro-ph/0205255, Bibcode:2002A&A...393..897R, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020943, S2CID 14070763 ^ Booth, M.; Kennedy, G.; Sibthorpe, B.; Matthews, B. C.; Wyatt, M. C.; Duchene, G.; Kavelaars, J. J.; Rodriguez, D.; Greaves, J. S.; Koning, A.; Vican, L.; Rieke, G. H.; Su, K. Y. L.; Moro-Martin, A.; Kalas, P. (2013). "Resolved debris discs around a stars in the Herschel DEBRIS survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 428 (2): 1263. arXiv:1210.0547. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.428.1263B. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts117. ^ "bet Tri -- Spectroscopic binary", SIMBAD, Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 2011-12-12 ^ Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008), "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 389 (2): 869–879, arXiv:0806.2878, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x, S2CID 14878976 ^ a b Garfinkle, Robert A. (1997), Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe, Cambridge University Press, p. 238, ISBN 0-521-59889-3 ^ a b Stansberry, J. A.; et al. (2005). "A Spitzer Survey for Debris Disks in Binary Star Systems". Protostars and Planets V, Proceedings of the Conference held October 24-28, 2005, in Hilton Waikoloa Village, Hawai'i. Protostars and Planets V. p. 8613. Bibcode:2005prpl.conf.8613S. ^ Adelman, S. J. (February 2001), "Research Note Hipparcos photometry: The least variable stars", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 367: 297–298, Bibcode:2001A&A...367..297A, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000567 ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 10 日 vteConstellation of Triangulum List of stars in Triangulum Triangulum in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α (Mothallah) β γ δ ε ι Flamsteed 1 5 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 Variable R V X RW XX HR 490 523 HD 9446 13189 Other B324 HAT-P-38 (Horna) LSPM J0207+3331 M33-013406.63 M33 X-7 Romano's Star Var 83 Exoplanets HAT-P-38b (Hiisi) HD 9446 b c HD 13189 b Nebulae 588 595 604 GalaxiesNGC Triangulum Galaxy 608 634 669 670 672 684 688 736 739 740 750 751 769 777 784 804 805 819 855 860 861 890 925 931 940 941 953 959 970 973 1060 Numbered I II Other Arp 166 RD1 Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beta Trianguli Australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Trianguli_Australis"},{"link_name":"Bayer designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_designation"},{"link_name":"binary star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras389_2_869-11"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Triangulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulum"},{"link_name":"light years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_years"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clpl4_99-2"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Triangulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-garfinckle1997-12"},{"link_name":"spectroscopic binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopic_binary"},{"link_name":"eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pourbaix2004-6"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Unit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pap5-13"},{"link_name":"stellar classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"evolved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution"},{"link_name":"main sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"subgiant star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgiant_star"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kennedy-7"},{"link_name":"variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_star"},{"link_name":"Hipparcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa367_297-14"},{"link_name":"Spitzer Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"excess of infrared radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_excess"},{"link_name":"ring of dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debris_disk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pap5-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kennedy-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Beta Trianguli Australis.Beta Trianguli (Beta Tri, β Trianguli, β Tri), also known as the Highstone, or Hoogsteen, is the Bayer designation for a binary star[11] system in the constellation Triangulum, located about 127 light years from Earth.[1] Although it is only a third-magnitude star,[2] it is the brightest star in the constellation Triangulum.[12]This is a double-lined spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of 31.39 days and an eccentricity of 0.53.[6] The members are separated by a distance of less than 5 AU.[13] The primary component has a stellar classification of A5IV, indicating that it has evolved away from the main sequence and is now a subgiant star. However, the classification is uncertain and not consistent with the mass derived from the orbit.[7] It is among the least variable of the stars that were observed by the Hipparcos spacecraft, with a magnitude varying by only 0.0005.[14]Based on observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope, as reported in 2005, this system is emitting an excess of infrared radiation. This emission can be explained by a circumbinary ring of dust. The dust is emitting infrared radiation at a blackbody temperature of 100 K.[13] It is thought to extend from 50 to 400 AU away from the stars.[7]","title":"Beta Trianguli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpha Trianguli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Trianguli"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-garfinckle1997-12"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Heaven's Great General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(Chinese_constellation)"},{"link_name":"γ Andromedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Andromedae"},{"link_name":"φ Persei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Persei"},{"link_name":"51 Andromedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51_Andromedae"},{"link_name":"49 Andromedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49_Andromedae"},{"link_name":"χ Andromedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Andromedae"},{"link_name":"υ Andromedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsilon_Andromedae"},{"link_name":"τ Andromedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Andromedae"},{"link_name":"56 Andromedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56_Andromedae"},{"link_name":"γ Trianguli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Trianguli"},{"link_name":"δ Trianguli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Trianguli"},{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_star_names"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In combination with Alpha Trianguli, these stars were called Al Mīzān, which is Arabic for \"The Scale Beam\".[12]\nIn Chinese, 天大將軍 (Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn), meaning Heaven's Great General, refers to an asterism consisting of β Trianguli, γ Andromedae, φ Persei, 51 Andromedae, 49 Andromedae, χ Andromedae, υ Andromedae, τ Andromedae, 56 Andromedae, γ Trianguli and δ Trianguli. Consequently, the Chinese name for β Trianguli itself is 天大將軍九 (Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn jiǔ, English: the Ninth Star of Heaven's Great General.).[15]","title":"Naming"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). \"Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.1752","url_text":"0708.1752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V","url_text":"2007A&A...474..653V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18759600","url_text":"18759600"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, H. L.; et al. (1966), \"UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars\", Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 4 (99): 99, Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966CoLPL...4...99J","url_text":"1966CoLPL...4...99J"}]},{"reference":"Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (2003). \"Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I\". The Astronomical Journal. 126 (4): 2048. arXiv:astro-ph/0308182. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G. doi:10.1086/378365. 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(2012), \"XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation\", Astronomy Letters, 38 (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015, S2CID 119257644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4971","url_text":"1108.4971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AstL...38..331A","url_text":"2012AstL...38..331A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1063773712050015","url_text":"10.1134/S1063773712050015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119257644","url_text":"119257644"}]},{"reference":"Pourbaix, D.; et al. 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S.; Koning, A.; Vican, L.; Rieke, G. H.; Su, K. Y. L.; Moro-Martin, A.; Kalas, P. (2013). \"Resolved debris discs around a stars in the Herschel DEBRIS survey\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 428 (2): 1263. arXiv:1210.0547. 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P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008), \"A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 389 (2): 869–879, arXiv:0806.2878, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x, S2CID 14878976","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.2878","url_text":"0806.2878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..869E","url_text":"2008MNRAS.389..869E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13596.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14878976","url_text":"14878976"}]},{"reference":"Garfinkle, Robert A. (1997), Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe, Cambridge University Press, p. 238, ISBN 0-521-59889-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=40JzBYGREL0C&pg=PA238","url_text":"Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59889-3","url_text":"0-521-59889-3"}]},{"reference":"Stansberry, J. A.; et al. (2005). \"A Spitzer Survey for Debris Disks in Binary Star Systems\". Protostars and Planets V, Proceedings of the Conference held October 24-28, 2005, in Hilton Waikoloa Village, Hawai'i. Protostars and Planets V. p. 8613. Bibcode:2005prpl.conf.8613S.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005prpl.conf.8613S","url_text":"2005prpl.conf.8613S"}]},{"reference":"Adelman, S. J. (February 2001), \"Research Note Hipparcos photometry: The least variable stars\", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 367: 297–298, Bibcode:2001A&A...367..297A, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000567","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&A...367..297A","url_text":"2001A&A...367..297A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20000567","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20000567"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=bet+Tri","external_links_name":"data"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.1752","external_links_name":"0708.1752"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V","external_links_name":"2007A&A...474..653V"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357","external_links_name":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078357"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18759600","external_links_name":"18759600"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966CoLPL...4...99J","external_links_name":"1966CoLPL...4...99J"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0308182","external_links_name":"astro-ph/0308182"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....126.2048G","external_links_name":"2003AJ....126.2048G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F378365","external_links_name":"10.1086/378365"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119417105","external_links_name":"119417105"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953GCRV..C......0W","external_links_name":"1953GCRV..C......0W"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4971","external_links_name":"1108.4971"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AstL...38..331A","external_links_name":"2012AstL...38..331A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1063773712050015","external_links_name":"10.1134/S1063773712050015"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119257644","external_links_name":"119257644"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0406573","external_links_name":"astro-ph/0406573"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A&A...424..727P","external_links_name":"2004A&A...424..727P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20041213","external_links_name":"10.1051/0004-6361:20041213"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119387088","external_links_name":"119387088"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.1759","external_links_name":"1208.1759"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.426.2115K","external_links_name":"2012MNRAS.426.2115K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.21865.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21865.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59408005","external_links_name":"59408005"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0205255","external_links_name":"astro-ph/0205255"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&A...393..897R","external_links_name":"2002A&A...393..897R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20020943","external_links_name":"10.1051/0004-6361:20020943"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14070763","external_links_name":"14070763"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0547","external_links_name":"1210.0547"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.428.1263B","external_links_name":"2013MNRAS.428.1263B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsts117","external_links_name":"10.1093/mnras/sts117"},{"Link":"http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Beta+Trianguli","external_links_name":"\"bet Tri -- Spectroscopic binary\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.2878","external_links_name":"0806.2878"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..869E","external_links_name":"2008MNRAS.389..869E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13596.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14878976","external_links_name":"14878976"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=40JzBYGREL0C&pg=PA238","external_links_name":"Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005prpl.conf.8613S","external_links_name":"2005prpl.conf.8613S"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&A...367..297A","external_links_name":"2001A&A...367..297A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20000567","external_links_name":"10.1051/0004-6361:20000567"},{"Link":"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060710.html","external_links_name":"AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 10 日"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staying_Power:_The_History_of_Black_People_in_Britain
Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain
["1 Reception","2 Contents","3 References"]
1984 book by Peter Fryer Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain AuthorPeter FryerLanguageEnglishSubjectBlack British historyPublished1984; 40 years ago (1984)PublisherPluto PressPublication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrintPages656ISBN9780745338316 Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain is a book written by Peter Fryer that is considered a definitive history of the Black presence in Britain, beginning with the Roman conquest. First published by Pluto Press in 1984, Staying Power was reissued in 2010 in a new edition with a foreword by Gary Younge and introduction by Paul Gilroy "explaining the genesis of the book and its continuing significance in black history today". Reception As stated by Rob Waters in his article "Thinking Black: Peter Fryer's Staying Power and the Politics of Writing Black British History in the 1980s" (2016), published in History Workshop Journal: "The book was widely praised at the time of publication for its historical reach and magisterial prose, and it has remained a foundational text of black British history." Notable writers and scholars who have endorsed Staying Power include C. L. R. James ("Rare in its mastery"), David Olusoga ("Encyclopedic, courageous and passionately written.... Everyone who has researched or written on the subject since its publication in 1984 owes something to Fryer'") and Salman Rushdie ("An invaluable book, which manages the rare feat of combining scholarship with readability"). Historian David Horsley notes that it is strange the book has no mention of leading black civil rights leader Billy Strachan, a man whom Fryer would most likely have known personally during his time in the Communist Party of Great Britain. Contents The author's Preface begins with the sentence: "Black people – by whom I mean Africans and Asians and their descendants – have been living in Britain for close on 500 years." Twelve chapters follow: "'Those Kinde of People'" "'Necessary Implements'" "Britain's Slave Ports" "The Black Community Takes Shape" "Eighteenth-Century Voices" "Slavery and the Law" "The Rise of English Racism" "Up from Slavery" "Challenges to Empire" "Under Attack" "The Settlers" "The New Generation" References ^ "Staying Power: The History Of Black People In Britain" – via New Beacon Books. ^ "Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain". Pluto Press. ^ Waters, Rob (2016). "Thinking black: Peter Fryer's Staying power and the politics of writing black British history in the 1980s" (PDF). History Workshop Journal. 1 (82). Sussex Research Online: 104–120. ISSN 1363-3554. ^ "Staying Power – Endorsements". Pluto Press. ^ Horsley, David (2019). Billy Strachan 1921-1988 RAF Officer, Communist, Civil Rights Pioneer, Legal Administrator, Internationalist and Above All Caribbean Man. London: Caribbean Labour Solidarity. p. 3. ISSN 2055-7035. ^ Soton, Ben (30 August 2019). "A remarkable life | Review". Retrieved 5 April 2023.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Fryer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fryer"},{"link_name":"Pluto Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_Press"},{"link_name":"Gary Younge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Younge"},{"link_name":"Paul Gilroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gilroy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain is a book written by Peter Fryer that is considered a definitive history of the Black presence in Britain, beginning with the Roman conquest. First published by Pluto Press in 1984, Staying Power was reissued in 2010 in a new edition with a foreword by Gary Younge and introduction by Paul Gilroy \"explaining the genesis of the book and its continuing significance in black history today\".[1][2]","title":"Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History Workshop Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Workshop_Journal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"C. L. R. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._L._R._James"},{"link_name":"David Olusoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Olusoga"},{"link_name":"Salman Rushdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Billy Strachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Strachan"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As stated by Rob Waters in his article \"Thinking Black: Peter Fryer's Staying Power and the Politics of Writing Black British History in the 1980s\" (2016), published in History Workshop Journal: \"The book was widely praised at the time of publication for its historical reach and magisterial prose, and it has remained a foundational text of black British history.\"[3]Notable writers and scholars who have endorsed Staying Power include C. L. R. James (\"Rare in its mastery\"), David Olusoga (\"Encyclopedic, courageous and passionately written.... Everyone who has researched or written on the subject since its publication in 1984 owes something to Fryer'\") and Salman Rushdie (\"An invaluable book, which manages the rare feat of combining scholarship with readability\").[4]Historian David Horsley notes that it is strange the book has no mention of leading black civil rights leader Billy Strachan, a man whom Fryer would most likely have known personally during his time in the Communist Party of Great Britain.[5][6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The author's Preface begins with the sentence: \"Black people – by whom I mean Africans and Asians and their descendants – have been living in Britain for close on 500 years.\" Twelve chapters follow:\"'Those Kinde of People'\"\n\"'Necessary Implements'\"\n\"Britain's Slave Ports\"\n\"The Black Community Takes Shape\"\n\"Eighteenth-Century Voices\"\n\"Slavery and the Law\"\n\"The Rise of English Racism\"\n\"Up from Slavery\"\n\"Challenges to Empire\"\n\"Under Attack\"\n\"The Settlers\"\n\"The New Generation\"","title":"Contents"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droperidol
Droperidol
["1 History","2 Medical use","3 Black box warning","4 Side effects","5 References","6 Further reading"]
Antidopaminergic drug Not to be confused with Dronabinol, Domperidone, or Dopropidil. DroperidolClinical dataPronunciation/droʊˈpɛrIdɔːl/ Pregnancycategory AU: C Routes ofadministrationIntravenous, IntramuscularDrug classTypical antipsychoticATC codeN05AD08 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances) UK: POM (Prescription only) US: WARNINGRx-only Pharmacokinetic dataMetabolismHepaticElimination half-life2.3 hoursIdentifiers IUPAC name 3--3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridin-4-yl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-one CAS Number548-73-2PubChem CID3168DrugBankDB00450ChemSpider3056UNIIO9U0F09D5XKEGGD00308ChEMBLChEMBL1108 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID6022973 ECHA InfoCard100.008.144 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC22H22FN3O2Molar mass379.435 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive image SMILES c1ccc2c(c1)nc(n2C3=CCN(CC3)CCCC(=O)c4ccc(cc4)F)OFc1ccc(cc1)C(=O)CCCN2CC=C(CC2)N3c4ccccc4NC3=O InChI InChI=1S/C22H22FN3O2/c23-17-9-7-16(8-10-17)21(27)6-3-13-25-14-11-18(12-15-25)26-20-5-2-1-4-19(20)24-22(26)28/h1-2,4-5,7-11H,3,6,12-15H2,(H,24,28)Key:RMEDXOLNCUSCGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Droperidol /droʊˈpɛrIdɔːl/ (Inapsine, Droleptan, Dridol, Xomolix, Innovar ) is an antidopaminergic drug used as an antiemetic (that is, to prevent or treat nausea) and as an antipsychotic. Droperidol is also often used as a rapid sedative in intensive-care treatment, and where "agitation aggression or violent behavior" are present. History Discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961, droperidol is a butyrophenone which acts as a potent D2 (dopamine receptor) antagonist with some histamine and serotonin antagonist activity. Medical use It has a central antiemetic action and effectively prevents postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults using doses as low as 0.625 mg. For treatment of nausea and vomiting, droperidol and ondansetron are equally effective; droperidol is more effective than metoclopramide. It has also been used as an antipsychotic in doses ranging from 5 to 10 mg given as an intramuscular injection, generally in cases of severe agitation in a psychotic patient who is refusing oral medication. Its use in intramuscular sedation has been replaced by intramuscular preparations of haloperidol and olanzapine. Some practitioners recommend the use of 0.5 mg to 1 mg intravenously for the treatment of vertigo in an otherwise healthy elderly patients who have not responded to Epley maneuvers. Black box warning In 2001, the FDA changed the labeling requirements for droperidol injection to include a Black Box Warning, citing concerns of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. The evidence for this is disputed, with 9 reported cases of torsades in 30 years and all of those having received doses in excess of 5 mg. QT prolongation is a dose-related effect, and it appears that droperidol is not a significant risk in low doses. A study in 2015 showed that droperidol is relatively safe and effective for the management of violent and aggressive adult patients in hospital emergency departments in doses of 10mg and above and that there was no increased risk of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. Side effects Dysphoria, sedation, hypotension resulting from peripheral alpha adrenoceptor blockade, prolongation of QT interval which can lead to torsades de pointes, and extrapyramidal side effects such as dystonic reactions/neuroleptic malignant syndrome. References ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023. ^ "Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16. ^ Edge R, Argáez C. Droperidol for Agitation in Acute Care . Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2021 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571530/ ^ Perkins J, Ho JD, Vilke GM, DeMers G (July 2015). "American Academy of Emergency Medicine Position Statement: Safety of Droperidol Use in the Emergency Department". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 49 (1): 91–97. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.024. PMID 25837231. ^ Klein LR, Driver BE, Horton G, Scharber S, Martel ML, Cole JB (May 2019). "Rescue Sedation When Treating Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department With Intramuscular Antipsychotics". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 56 (5): 484–490. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.12.036. PMID 30745194. S2CID 73436531. ^ Peroutka SJ, Synder SH (December 1980). "Relationship of neuroleptic drug effects at brain dopamine, serotonin, alpha-adrenergic, and histamine receptors to clinical potency". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 137 (12): 1518–1522. doi:10.1176/ajp.137.12.1518. PMID 6108081. ^ Domino KB, Anderson EA, Polissar NL, Posner KL (June 1999). "Comparative efficacy and safety of ondansetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 88 (6): 1370–1379. doi:10.1213/00000539-199906000-00032. PMID 10357347. ^ Kao LW, Kirk MA, Evers SJ, Rosenfeld SH (April 2003). "Droperidol, QT prolongation, and sudden death: what is the evidence?". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 41 (4): 546–558. doi:10.1067/mem.2003.110. PMID 12658255. ^ Lischke V, Behne M, Doelken P, Schledt U, Probst S, Vettermann J (November 1994). "Droperidol causes a dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 79 (5): 983–986. doi:10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028. PMID 7978420. ^ Calver L, Page CB, Downes MA, Chan B, Kinnear F, Wheatley L, et al. (September 2015). "The Safety and Effectiveness of Droperidol for Sedation of Acute Behavioral Disturbance in the Emergency Department". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 66 (3): 230–238.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.03.016. PMID 25890395. ^ Park CK, Choi HY, Oh IY, Kim MS (October 2002). "Acute dystonia by droperidol during intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in young patients". Journal of Korean Medical Science. 17 (5): 715–717. doi:10.3346/jkms.2002.17.5.715. PMC 3054934. PMID 12378031. Further reading Scuderi PE (February 2003). "Droperidol: many questions, few answers". Anesthesiology. 98 (2): 289–290. doi:10.1097/00000542-200302000-00002. PMID 12552182. Lischke V, Behne M, Doelken P, Schledt U, Probst S, Vettermann J (November 1994). "Droperidol causes a dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 79 (5): 983–6. doi:10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028. PMID 7978420. Middleton DB (ed.). "Going for a Spin". Emergency Medicine Magazine. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. vteAntipsychotics (N05A)Typical Butyrophenones: Benperidol Bromperidol Bromperidol decanoate Droperidol Haloperidol# Haloperidol decanoate Moperone Pipamperone Spiperone Timiperone Trifluperidol Diphenylbutylpiperidines: Fluspirilene Penfluridol Pimozide Phenothiazines: Acepromazine Acetophenazine Butaperazine Carphenazine (carfenazine)‡ Chlorpromazine Cyamemazine Dixyrazine Fluphenazine Fluphenazine decanoate Fluphenazine enanthate Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) Mesoridazine Perazine Periciazine Perphenazine BL-1020 Perphenazine decanoate Perphenazine enanthate Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Pipotiazine palmitate Pipotiazine undecylenate Prochlorperazine Promazine Sulforidazine Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine Thioxanthenes: Chlorprothixene Clopenthixol Clopenthixol decanoate Flupentixol Flupentixol decanoate Tiotixene (thiothixene) Zuclopenthixol Zuclopenthixol acetate Zuclopenthixol decanoate Disputed Benzamides: Amisulpride Levosulpiride Nemonapride Remoxipride‡ Sulpiride Sultopride Tiapride Veralipride‡ Butyrophenones: Melperone Tricyclics: Carpipramine Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine Loxapine Mosapramine Oxyprothepin decanoate Others: Molindone Atypical Benzisoxazole/benzisothiazoles: Iloperidone Lurasidone Paliperidone Paliperidone palmitate Perospirone Risperidone# Ziprasidone Butyrophenones: Lumateperone Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones: Aripiprazole Aripiprazole lauroxil Brilaroxazine† Brexpiprazole Cariprazine Tricyclics: Asenapine Clozapine# Olanzapine (+samidorphan) Quetiapine Zotepine Others: Blonanserin Pimavanserin Sertindole Others Monoamine-depleting agents: Oxypertine Reserpine Tetrabenazine Others/unknown: Azacyclonol #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteAntiemetics (A04)5-HT3 serotonin ion channel antagonists Alosetron Azasetron Bemesetron Cilansetron Clozapine Dazopride Dolasetron Granisetron Lerisetron Mianserin Mirtazapine Olanzapine Ondansetron Palonosetron (+netupitant) Quetiapine Ramosetron Ricasetron Tropisetron Zatosetron 5-HT serotonin G-protein receptor antagonists Clozapine Cyproheptadine Hydroxyzine Olanzapine Risperidone Ziprasidone CB1 agonists (cannabinoids) Dronabinol Nabilone Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis) D2/D3 antagonists Chlorpromazine Haloperidol Hydroxyzine Metoclopramide Metopimazine Prochlorperazine Thiethylperazine Trimethobenzamide H1 antagonists (antihistamines) Cyclizine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Hydroxyzine Meclizine Promethazine mACh antagonists (anticholinergics) Atropine Diphenhydramine Hydroxyzine (very mild) Hyoscyamine Scopolamine NK1 antagonists Aprepitant Fosaprepitant Maropitant Netupitant Rolapitant Others Amisulpride Cerium oxalate Dexamethasone Lorazepam Midazolam Propofol Pharmacodynamics Acetylcholine receptor modulators vteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsmAChRsTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists 77-LH-28-1 AC-42 AC-260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150(S) AF267B Alvameline AQRA-741 Arecoline Bethanechol Bevonium Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD-0034 CDD-0078 CDD-0097 CDD-0098 CDD-0102 Cevimeline Choline cis-Dioxolane Clozapine Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) Ethoxysebacylcholine Itameline LY-593,039 L-689,660 LY-2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX-267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD-151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210-086 Sebacylcholine Suberyldicholine Talsaclidine Tazomeline Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU-0029767 VU-0090157 VU-0152099 VU-0152100 VU-0238429 WAY-132,983 Xanomeline YM-796 Antagonists 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 4-DAMP Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol) Abediterol AF-DX 250 AF-DX 384 Ambutonium bromide Anisodamine Anisodine Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine) AQ-RA 741 Atropine Atropine methonitrate Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine) Benactyzine Benzatropine (benztropine) Benzilone Benzilylcholine mustard Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine Camylofin CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Caramiphen Cimetropium bromide Clidinium bromide Cloperastine CS-27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU-5884 Desfesoterodine Dexetimide DIBD Dicycloverine (dicyclomine) Dihexyverine Difemerine Diphemanil metilsulfate Ditran Drofenine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Emepronium bromide Etanautine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) Fenpiverinium Fentonium bromide Fesoterodine Flavoxate Glycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol, +neostigmine) Hexahydrodifenidol Hexahydrosiladifenidol Hexbutinol Hexocyclium Himbacine HL-031,120 Homatropine Imidafenacin Ipratropium bromide (+salbutamol) Isopropamide J-104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba toxin 3 Mamba toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Meladrazine Mepenzolate Methantheline Methoctramine Methylatropine Methylhomatropine Methylscopolamine Metixene Muscarinic toxin 7 N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate Nefopam Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide) Orphenadrine Otenzepad (AF-DX 116) Otilonium bromide Oxapium iodide Oxitropium bromide Oxybutynin Oxyphencyclimine Oxyphenonium bromide PBID PD-102,807 PD-0298029 Penthienate Pethidine pFHHSiD Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pipenzolate bromide Piperidolate Pirenzepine Piroheptine Pizotifen Poldine Pridinol Prifinium bromide Procyclidine Profenamine (ethopropazine) Propantheline bromide Propiverine Quinidine 3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate Revefenacin Rociverine RU-47,213 SCH-57,790 SCH-72,788 SCH-217,443 Scopolamine (hyoscine) Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide) Silahexacyclium Sofpironium bromide Solifenacin SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine) Telenzepine Terodiline Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tiemonium iodide Timepidium bromide Tiotropium bromide Tiquizium bromide Tofenacin Tolterodine Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine) Tridihexethyl Trihexyphenidyl Trimebutine Tripitamine (tripitramine) Tropacine Tropatepine Tropicamide Trospium chloride Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine) Umeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol) WIN-2299 Xanomeline Zamifenacin Precursors(and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators vteNicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsnAChRsTooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists(and PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators) 5-HIAA 6-Chloronicotine A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT-202 ABT-418 ABT-560 ABT-894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatabine Anatoxin-a AR-R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol (alcohol) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP-4473 EVP-6124 Galantamine GTS-21 Ispronicline Ivermectin JNJ-39393406 Levamisole Lobeline MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) Morantel Nicotine (tobacco) NS-1738 PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR-2429 Sazetidine A SB-206553 Sebacylcholine SIB-1508Y SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) Suxethonium (succinyldicholine) TC-1698 TC-1734 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5214 TC-5619 TC-6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 XY-4083 Antagonists(and NAMsTooltip negative allosteric modulators) 18-MAC 18-MC α-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others) ABT-126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) BNC-210 Bungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin) Bupropion BW284C51 BW-A444 Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine (MK-801) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium (benzohexonium) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium (laudolissin) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME-18-MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan (racemethorphan) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol (racemorphan) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Threohydrobupropion Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors(and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators vteDopamine receptor modulatorsD1-likeAgonists Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB Fenoldopam SKF-38,393 SKF-77,434 SKF-81,297 SKF-82,958 SKF-83,959 Trepipam Zelandopam Ergolines: Cabergoline CY-208,243 Dihydroergocryptine LEK-8829 Lisuride Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: A-77636 A-86929 Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431) Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine Phenethylamines: BCO-001 Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) Melevodopa L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine XP21279 Others: A-68930 Apomorphine Isocorypalmine Nuciferine PF-6649751 PF 6669571 Propylnorapomorphine Rotigotine SKF-89,145 SKF-89,626 Stepholidine Tavapadon Tetrahydropalmatine PAMs Tetrahydroisoquinolines: DETQ DPTQ Mevidalen Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Butaclamol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Loxapine Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Pifluthixol Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Asenapine Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine DHA-clozapine Fluperlapine Iloperidone Norclozapine Norquetiapine Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Tefludazine Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Others: Berupipam Ecopipam EEDQ Metitepine (methiothepin) Odapipam Perlapine SCH-23390 D2-likeAgonists Adamantanes: Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Aminotetralins: 5-OH-DPAT 7-OH-DPAT 8-OH-PBZI Rotigotine UH-232 Ergolines: Bromocriptine Cabergoline Chanoclavine Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine Ergocornine Lergotrile Lisuride LSD Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinoxyline N,N-Propyldihydrexidine Phenethylamines: Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Melevodopa XP21279 Atypical antipsychotics: Alentemol (U-66444B) Aripiprazole (+sertraline) Aripiprazole lauroxil Bifeprunox Brexpiprazole Brilaroxazine Cariprazine F-15063 Lumateperone Norclozapine Others: 3-PPP A-412997 ABT-670 ABT-724 Adrafinil Aplindore Apomorphine Arketamine Armodafinil BP-897 Captodiame CP-226,269 Dizocilpine Esketamine Flibanserin Ketamine Mesulergine Modafinil OSU-6162 Pardoprunox PD-128,907 PD-168,077 PF-219,061 PF-592,379 Phencyclidine Piribedil Pramipexole Preclamol Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS-127 Ro10-5824 Ropinirole Roxindole Salvinorin A SKF-83,959 Sumanirole Talipexole Umespirone WAY-100,635 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine Acetophenazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Butaclamol Butaperazine Chloracizine Chlorproethazine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Clopenthixol Clothixamide Clopimozide Droperidol Fluacizine Fluanisone Flucindole Fluotracen Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Fluprothixene Fluspirilene Haloperidol Homopipramol Lenperone Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) Levosulpiride Loxapine Mesoridazine Moperone Naranol Nemonapride Penfluridol Perathiepin Perazine Pericyazine (periciazine) Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Piflutixol (pifluthixol) Pimozide Pipamperone Preclamol Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Spiperone (spiroperidol) Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Teflutixol Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Thiothixene Timiperone Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zetidoline Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride Asenapine BL-1020 Blonanserin Carpipramine Cinuperone Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine (clothiapine) Clozapine Cyamemazine DHA-clozapine Dixyrazine Elopiprazole Flumezapine Fluperlapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Mazapertine Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Ocaperidone Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Perospirone Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tefludazine Tenilapine Tiospirone Veralipride Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: Aceprometazine AS-8112 Alimemazine Alizapride Benzquinamide Bromopride Clebopride Deudomperidone Domperidone Eticlopride Hydroxyzine Itopride Metoclopramide Metopimazine Promethazine Thiethylperazine Trazpiroben Trimethobenzamide Antidepressants: Amoxapine Nefazodone Opipramol Propiomazine Trimipramine Others: 3-PPP Alpiropride Azapride Bromerguride Bromocriptine Buspirone Desmethoxyfallypride EEDQ F-15063 Fallypride Fananserin Fenfluramine Iodobenzamide Isocorypalmine L-741,626 L-745,870 Levofenfluramine LEK-8829 Metergoline Metitepine (methiothepin) N-Methylspiperone Nafadotride Nuciferine PNU-99,194 Pridopidine Raclopride Sarizotan SB-277,011-A Seridopidine Sonepiprazole Spiroxatrine Stepholidine SV-293 Terguride Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH-232 Yohimbine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vteHistamine receptor modulatorsH1Agonists 2-Pyridylethylamine Betahistine Histamine HTMT L-Histidine UR-AK49 Antagonists First-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine Alimemazine Antazoline Azatadine Bamipine Benzatropine (benztropine) Bepotastine Bromazine Brompheniramine Buclizine Captodiame Carbinoxamine Chlorcyclizine Chloropyramine Chlorothen Chlorphenamine Chlorphenoxamine Cinnarizine Clemastine Clobenzepam Clocinizine Cloperastine Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Decloxizine Deptropine Dexbrompheniramine Dexchlorpheniramine Dimenhydrinate Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Embramine Etodroxizine Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine) Etymemazine Fenethazine Flunarizine Histapyrrodine Homochlorcyclizine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Hydroxyzine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Meclozine Medrylamine Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Mequitazine Methafurylene Methapyrilene Methdilazine Moxastine Orphenadrine Oxatomide Oxomemazine Perlapine Phenindamine Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Piperoxan Pipoxizine Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrrobutamine Talastine Thenalidine Thenyldiamine Thiazinamium Thonzylamine Tolpropamine Tripelennamine Triprolidine Second/third-generation: Acrivastine Alinastine Astemizole Azelastine Bamirastine Barmastine Bepiastine Bepotastine Bilastine Cabastinen Carebastine Cetirizine Clemastine Clemizole Clobenztropine Desloratadine Dorastine Ebastine Efletirizine Emedastine Epinastine Fexofenadine Flezelastine Ketotifen Latrepirdine Levocabastine Levocetirizine Linetastine Loratadine Mapinastine Mebhydrolin Mizolastine Moxastine Noberastine Octastine Olopatadine Perastine Pibaxizine Piclopastine Quifenadine (phencarol) Rocastine Rupatadine Setastine Sequifenadine (bicarphen) Talastine Temelastine Terfenadine Vapitadine Zepastine Others: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, brilaroxazine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione) Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene) Unknown/unsorted: Azanator Belarizine Elbanizine Flotrenizine GSK1004723 Napactadine Tagorizine Trelnarizine Trenizine H2Agonists Amthamine Betazole Dimaprit Histamine HTMT Impromidine L-Histidine UR-AK49 Antagonists Bisfentidine Burimamide Cimetidine Dalcotidine Donetidine Ebrotidine Etintidine Famotidine Isolamtidine Lafutidine Lamtidine Lavoltidine (loxtidine) Lupitidine Metiamide Mifentidine Niperotidine Nizatidine Osutidine Oxmetidine Pibutidine Quisultazine (quisultidine) Ramixotidine Ranitidine Roxatidine Sufotidine Tiotidine Tuvatidine Venritidine Xaltidine Zolantidine H3Agonists α-Methylhistamine Cipralisant Histamine Imetit Immepip Immethridine L-Histidine Methimepip Proxyfan Antagonists A-349821 A-423579 ABT-239 ABT-652 AZD5213 Bavisant Betahistine Burimamide Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Conessine Enerisant GSK-189254 Impentamine Iodophenpropit Irdabisant JNJ-5207852 NNC 38-1049 PF-03654746 Pitolisant SCH-79687 Thioperamide VUF-5681 H4Agonists 4-Methylhistamine α-Methylhistamine Histamine L-Histidine OUP-16 VUF-8430 Antagonists JNJ-7777120 Mianserin Seliforant Thioperamide Toreforant VUF-6002 See also Receptor/signaling modulators Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine reuptake inhibitors vteSerotonin receptor modulators5-HT15-HT1A Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11,461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15,599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Hypidone Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24,969 S-14,506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD U-92,016-A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7,378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) FCE-24379 Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649,915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Carvedilol Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: Anpirtoline CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122,288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24,969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AR-A000002 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol) Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: CP-122,288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15,572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122,288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin 5-HT25-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol IHCH-7113 Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 SCHEMBL5334361 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Chlorprothixene Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone) SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine) TIK-301 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 ORG-12962 ORG-37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine)) 5-HT3–75-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Antagonists: Alosetron Anpirtoline Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67,333 RS-67,506 Serotonin (5-HT) Tegaserod Usmarapride Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Hypidone Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12,233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Masupirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 LP-211 RU-24,969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12,233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215,840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dronabinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronabinol"},{"link_name":"Domperidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone"},{"link_name":"Dopropidil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dopropidil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fentanyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl"},{"link_name":"antidopaminergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidopaminergic"},{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication"},{"link_name":"antiemetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic"},{"link_name":"antipsychotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"intensive-care treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Dronabinol, Domperidone, or Dopropidil.Droperidol /droʊˈpɛrIdɔːl/ (Inapsine, Droleptan, Dridol, Xomolix, Innovar [combination with fentanyl]) is an antidopaminergic drug used as an antiemetic (that is, to prevent or treat nausea) and as an antipsychotic. Droperidol is also often used as a rapid sedative in intensive-care treatment, and where \"agitation aggression or violent behavior\"[4] are present.[5][6]","title":"Droperidol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janssen Pharmaceutica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceutica"},{"link_name":"butyrophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrophenone"},{"link_name":"D2 (dopamine receptor) antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist"},{"link_name":"histamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine"},{"link_name":"serotonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Per-7"}],"text":"Discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961, droperidol is a butyrophenone which acts as a potent D2 (dopamine receptor) antagonist with some histamine and serotonin antagonist activity.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postoperative nausea and vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postoperative_nausea_and_vomiting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10357347-8"},{"link_name":"haloperidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol"},{"link_name":"olanzapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine"},{"link_name":"Epley maneuvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epley_maneuver"}],"text":"It has a central antiemetic action and effectively prevents postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults using doses as low as 0.625 mg.For treatment of nausea and vomiting, droperidol and ondansetron are equally effective; droperidol is more effective than metoclopramide.[8] It has also been used as an antipsychotic in doses ranging from 5 to 10 mg given as an intramuscular injection, generally in cases of severe agitation in a psychotic patient who is refusing oral medication. Its use in intramuscular sedation has been replaced by intramuscular preparations of haloperidol and olanzapine. Some practitioners recommend the use of 0.5 mg to 1 mg intravenously for the treatment of vertigo in an otherwise healthy elderly patients who have not responded to Epley maneuvers.","title":"Medical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QT prolongation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QT_prolongation"},{"link_name":"torsades de pointes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kao-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2001, the FDA changed the labeling requirements for droperidol injection to include a Black Box Warning, citing concerns of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. The evidence for this is disputed, with 9 reported cases of torsades in 30 years and all of those having received doses in excess of 5 mg.[9] QT prolongation is a dose-related effect,[10] and it appears that droperidol is not a significant risk in low doses.\nA study in 2015 showed that droperidol is relatively safe and effective for the management of violent and aggressive\nadult[11] patients in hospital emergency departments in doses of 10mg and above and that there was no increased risk of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes.","title":"Black box warning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dysphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphoria"},{"link_name":"hypotension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension"},{"link_name":"alpha adrenoceptor blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_blocker"},{"link_name":"torsades de pointes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes"},{"link_name":"extrapyramidal side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms"},{"link_name":"dystonic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia"},{"link_name":"neuroleptic malignant syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12378031-12"}],"text":"Dysphoria, sedation, hypotension resulting from peripheral alpha adrenoceptor blockade, prolongation of QT interval which can lead to torsades de pointes, and extrapyramidal side effects such as dystonic reactions/neuroleptic malignant syndrome.[12]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Droperidol: many questions, few answers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00000542-200302000-00002"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1097/00000542-200302000-00002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00000542-200302000-00002"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12552182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12552182"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-199411000-00028"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7978420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7978420"},{"link_name":"\"Going for a Spin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110527190715/http://www.emedmag.com/html/pre/tri/1005.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.emedmag.com/html/pre/tri/1005.asp"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antipsychotics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Antipsychotics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antipsychotics"},{"link_name":"Antipsychotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"N05A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05A"},{"link_name":"Typical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"Butyrophenones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrophenone"},{"link_name":"Benperidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benperidol"},{"link_name":"Bromperidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromperidol"},{"link_name":"Bromperidol decanoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromperidol_decanoate"},{"link_name":"Droperidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Haloperidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol"},{"link_name":"Haloperidol decanoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol_decanoate"},{"link_name":"Moperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moperone"},{"link_name":"Pipamperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipamperone"},{"link_name":"Spiperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone"},{"link_name":"Timiperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timiperone"},{"link_name":"Trifluperidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluperidol"},{"link_name":"Diphenylbutylpiperidines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylbutylpiperidine"},{"link_name":"Fluspirilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluspirilene"},{"link_name":"Penfluridol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penfluridol"},{"link_name":"Pimozide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide"},{"link_name":"Phenothiazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothiazine"},{"link_name":"Acepromazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acepromazine"},{"link_name":"Acetophenazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetophenazine"},{"link_name":"Butaperazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaperazine"},{"link_name":"Carphenazine (carfenazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfenazine"},{"link_name":"Chlorpromazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine"},{"link_name":"Cyamemazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyamemazine"},{"link_name":"Dixyrazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixyrazine"},{"link_name":"Fluphenazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine"},{"link_name":"Fluphenazine decanoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine_decanoate"},{"link_name":"Fluphenazine enanthate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine_enanthate"},{"link_name":"Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomepromazine"},{"link_name":"Mesoridazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoridazine"},{"link_name":"Perazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perazine"},{"link_name":"Periciazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periciazine"},{"link_name":"Perphenazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine"},{"link_name":"BL-1020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL-1020"},{"link_name":"Perphenazine decanoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine_decanoate"},{"link_name":"Perphenazine enanthate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine_enanthate"},{"link_name":"Piperacetazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperacetazine"},{"link_name":"Pipotiazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipotiazine"},{"link_name":"Pipotiazine palmitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipotiazine_palmitate"},{"link_name":"Pipotiazine undecylenate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipotiazine_undecylenate"},{"link_name":"Prochlorperazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorperazine"},{"link_name":"Promazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promazine"},{"link_name":"Sulforidazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulforidazine"},{"link_name":"Thiopropazate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiopropazate"},{"link_name":"Thioproperazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioproperazine"},{"link_name":"Thioridazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine"},{"link_name":"Trifluoperazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoperazine"},{"link_name":"Triflupromazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triflupromazine"},{"link_name":"Thioxanthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioxanthene"},{"link_name":"Chlorprothixene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene"},{"link_name":"Clopenthixol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clopenthixol"},{"link_name":"Clopenthixol decanoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clopenthixol_decanoate"},{"link_name":"Flupentixol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupentixol"},{"link_name":"Flupentixol decanoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupentixol_decanoate"},{"link_name":"Tiotixene (thiothixene)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiotixene"},{"link_name":"Zuclopenthixol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuclopenthixol"},{"link_name":"Zuclopenthixol acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuclopenthixol_acetate"},{"link_name":"Zuclopenthixol decanoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuclopenthixol_decanoate"},{"link_name":"Benzamides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzamide"},{"link_name":"Amisulpride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride"},{"link_name":"Levosulpiride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levosulpiride"},{"link_name":"Nemonapride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemonapride"},{"link_name":"Remoxipride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remoxipride"},{"link_name":"Sulpiride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulpiride"},{"link_name":"Sultopride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultopride"},{"link_name":"Tiapride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiapride"},{"link_name":"Veralipride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veralipride"},{"link_name":"Butyrophenones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrophenone"},{"link_name":"Melperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melperone"},{"link_name":"Tricyclics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic"},{"link_name":"Carpipramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpipramine"},{"link_name":"Clocapramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocapramine"},{"link_name":"Clorotepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine"},{"link_name":"Clotiapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotiapine"},{"link_name":"Loxapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine"},{"link_name":"Mosapramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosapramine"},{"link_name":"Oxyprothepin 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ide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethoxyfallypride"},{"link_name":"EEDQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline"},{"link_name":"F-15063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15063"},{"link_name":"Fallypride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallypride"},{"link_name":"Fananserin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fananserin"},{"link_name":"Fenfluramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine"},{"link_name":"Iodobenzamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodobenzamide"},{"link_name":"Isocorypalmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isocorypalmine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L-741,626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-741,626"},{"link_name":"L-745,870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-745,870"},{"link_name":"Levofenfluramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levofenfluramine"},{"link_name":"LEK-8829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LEK-8829&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metergoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline"},{"link_name":"Metitepine 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oxastine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxastine"},{"link_name":"Noberastine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noberastine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Octastine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octastine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olopatadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olopatadine"},{"link_name":"Perastine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perastine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pibaxizine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pibaxizine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piclopastine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piclopastine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quifenadine 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modulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators"},{"link_name":"Adrenergics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators"},{"link_name":"Dopaminergics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators"},{"link_name":"Melatonergics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Melatonin_receptor_modulators"},{"link_name":"Monoamine reuptake inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"releasing agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents"},{"link_name":"Monoamine metabolism modulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators"},{"link_name":"Monoamine neurotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins"}],"text":"Scuderi PE (February 2003). \"Droperidol: many questions, few answers\". Anesthesiology. 98 (2): 289–290. doi:10.1097/00000542-200302000-00002. PMID 12552182.\nLischke V, Behne M, Doelken P, Schledt U, Probst S, Vettermann J (November 1994). \"Droperidol causes a dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval\". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 79 (5): 983–6. doi:10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028. PMID 7978420.\nMiddleton DB (ed.). \"Going for a Spin\". Emergency Medicine Magazine. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27.vteAntipsychotics (N05A)Typical\nButyrophenones: Benperidol\nBromperidol\nBromperidol decanoate\nDroperidol\nHaloperidol#\nHaloperidol decanoate\nMoperone\nPipamperone\nSpiperone\nTimiperone\nTrifluperidol\nDiphenylbutylpiperidines: Fluspirilene\nPenfluridol\nPimozide\nPhenothiazines: Acepromazine\nAcetophenazine\nButaperazine\nCarphenazine (carfenazine)‡\nChlorpromazine\nCyamemazine\nDixyrazine\nFluphenazine\nFluphenazine decanoate\nFluphenazine enanthate\nLevomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)\nMesoridazine\nPerazine\nPericiazine\nPerphenazine\nBL-1020\nPerphenazine decanoate\nPerphenazine enanthate\nPiperacetazine\nPipotiazine\nPipotiazine palmitate\nPipotiazine undecylenate\nProchlorperazine\nPromazine\nSulforidazine\nThiopropazate\nThioproperazine\nThioridazine\nTrifluoperazine\nTriflupromazine\nThioxanthenes: Chlorprothixene\nClopenthixol\nClopenthixol decanoate\nFlupentixol\nFlupentixol decanoate\nTiotixene (thiothixene)\nZuclopenthixol\nZuclopenthixol acetate\nZuclopenthixol decanoate\nDisputed\nBenzamides: Amisulpride\nLevosulpiride\nNemonapride\nRemoxipride‡\nSulpiride\nSultopride\nTiapride\nVeralipride‡\nButyrophenones: Melperone\nTricyclics: Carpipramine\nClocapramine\nClorotepine\nClotiapine\nLoxapine\nMosapramine\nOxyprothepin decanoate\nOthers: Molindone\nAtypical\nBenzisoxazole/benzisothiazoles: Iloperidone\nLurasidone\nPaliperidone\nPaliperidone palmitate\nPerospirone\nRisperidone#\nZiprasidone\nButyrophenones: Lumateperone\nPhenylpiperazines/quinolinones: Aripiprazole\nAripiprazole lauroxil\nBrilaroxazine†\nBrexpiprazole\nCariprazine\nTricyclics: Asenapine\nClozapine#\nOlanzapine (+samidorphan)\nQuetiapine\nZotepine\nOthers: Blonanserin\nPimavanserin\nSertindole\nOthers\nMonoamine-depleting agents: Oxypertine\nReserpine\nTetrabenazine\nOthers/unknown: Azacyclonol\n\n#WHO-EM\n‡Withdrawn from market\nClinical trials:\n†Phase III\n§Never to phase IIIvteAntiemetics (A04)5-HT3 serotonin ion channel antagonists\nAlosetron\nAzasetron\nBemesetron\nCilansetron\nClozapine\nDazopride\nDolasetron\nGranisetron\nLerisetron\nMianserin\nMirtazapine\nOlanzapine\nOndansetron\nPalonosetron (+netupitant)\nQuetiapine\nRamosetron\nRicasetron\nTropisetron\nZatosetron\n5-HT serotonin G-protein receptor antagonists\nClozapine\nCyproheptadine\nHydroxyzine\nOlanzapine\nRisperidone\nZiprasidone\nCB1 agonists (cannabinoids)\nDronabinol\nNabilone\nTetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis)\nD2/D3 antagonists\nChlorpromazine\nHaloperidol\nHydroxyzine\nMetoclopramide\nMetopimazine\nProchlorperazine\nThiethylperazine\nTrimethobenzamide\nH1 antagonists (antihistamines)\nCyclizine\nDimenhydrinate\nDiphenhydramine\nHydroxyzine\nMeclizine\nPromethazine\nmACh antagonists (anticholinergics)\nAtropine\nDiphenhydramine\nHydroxyzine (very mild)\nHyoscyamine\nScopolamine\nNK1 antagonists\nAprepitant\nFosaprepitant\nMaropitant\nNetupitant\nRolapitant\nOthers\nAmisulpride\nCerium oxalate\nDexamethasone\nLorazepam\nMidazolam\nPropofolPharmacodynamics\nAcetylcholine receptor modulators\nvteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsmAChRsTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists\n77-LH-28-1\nAC-42\nAC-260,584\nAceclidine\nAcetylcholine\nAF30\nAF150(S)\nAF267B\nAlvameline\nAQRA-741\nArecoline\nBethanechol\nBevonium\nButyrylcholine\nCarbachol\nCDD-0034\nCDD-0078\nCDD-0097\nCDD-0098\nCDD-0102\nCevimeline\nCholine\ncis-Dioxolane\nClozapine\nDesmethylclozapine (norclozapine)\nEthoxysebacylcholine\nItameline\nLY-593,039\nL-689,660\nLY-2,033,298\nMcNA343\nMethacholine\nMilameline\nMuscarine\nNGX-267\nOcvimeline\nOxotremorine\nPD-151,832\nPilocarpine\nRS86\nSabcomeline\nSDZ 210-086\nSebacylcholine\nSuberyldicholine\nTalsaclidine\nTazomeline\nThiopilocarpine\nVedaclidine\nVU-0029767\nVU-0090157\nVU-0152099\nVU-0152100\nVU-0238429\nWAY-132,983\nXanomeline\nYM-796\nAntagonists\n3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate\n4-DAMP\nAclidinium bromide (+formoterol)\nAbediterol\nAF-DX 250\nAF-DX 384\nAmbutonium bromide\nAnisodamine\nAnisodine\nAntihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine)\nAQ-RA 741\nAtropine\nAtropine methonitrate\nAtypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine)\nBenactyzine\nBenzatropine (benztropine)\nBenzilone\nBenzilylcholine mustard\nBenzydamine\nBIBN 99\nBiperiden\nBornaprine\nCamylofin\nCAR-226,086\nCAR-301,060\nCAR-302,196\nCAR-302,282\nCAR-302,368\nCAR-302,537\nCAR-302,668\nCaramiphen\nCimetropium bromide\nClidinium bromide\nCloperastine\nCS-27349\nCyclobenzaprine\nCyclopentolate\nDarifenacin\nDAU-5884\nDesfesoterodine\nDexetimide\nDIBD\nDicycloverine (dicyclomine)\nDihexyverine\nDifemerine\nDiphemanil metilsulfate\nDitran\nDrofenine\nEA-3167\nEA-3443\nEA-3580\nEA-3834\nEmepronium bromide\nEtanautine\nEtybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)\nFenpiverinium\nFentonium bromide\nFesoterodine\nFlavoxate\nGlycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol, +neostigmine)\nHexahydrodifenidol\nHexahydrosiladifenidol\nHexbutinol\nHexocyclium\nHimbacine\nHL-031,120\nHomatropine\nImidafenacin\nIpratropium bromide (+salbutamol)\nIsopropamide\nJ-104,129\nHyoscyamine\nMamba toxin 3\nMamba toxin 7\nMazaticol\nMebeverine\nMeladrazine\nMepenzolate\nMethantheline\nMethoctramine\nMethylatropine\nMethylhomatropine\nMethylscopolamine\nMetixene\nMuscarinic toxin 7\nN-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate\nN-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate\nNefopam\nOctatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)\nOrphenadrine\nOtenzepad (AF-DX 116)\nOtilonium bromide\nOxapium iodide\nOxitropium bromide\nOxybutynin\nOxyphencyclimine\nOxyphenonium bromide\nPBID\nPD-102,807\nPD-0298029\nPenthienate\nPethidine\npFHHSiD\nPhenglutarimide\nPhenyltoloxamine\nPipenzolate bromide\nPiperidolate\nPirenzepine\nPiroheptine\nPizotifen\nPoldine\nPridinol\nPrifinium bromide\nProcyclidine\nProfenamine (ethopropazine)\nPropantheline bromide\nPropiverine\nQuinidine\n3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate\nRevefenacin\nRociverine\nRU-47,213\nSCH-57,790\nSCH-72,788\nSCH-217,443\nScopolamine (hyoscine)\nScopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)\nSilahexacyclium\nSofpironium bromide\nSolifenacin\nSSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine)\nTelenzepine\nTerodiline\nTetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)\nTiemonium iodide\nTimepidium bromide\nTiotropium bromide\nTiquizium bromide\nTofenacin\nTolterodine\nTricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine)\nTridihexethyl\nTrihexyphenidyl\nTrimebutine\nTripitamine (tripitramine)\nTropacine\nTropatepine\nTropicamide\nTrospium chloride\nTypical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine)\nUmeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol)\nWIN-2299\nXanomeline\nZamifenacin\nPrecursors(and prodrugs)\nAcetyl-coA\nAdafenoxate\nCholine (lecithin)\nCiticoline\nCyprodenate\nDimethylethanolamine\nGlycerophosphocholine\nMeclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)\nPhosphatidylcholine\nPhosphatidylethanolamine\nPhosphorylcholine\nPirisudanol\n\nSee also\nReceptor/signaling modulators\nNicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators\nAcetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators\n\nvteNicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsnAChRsTooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists(and PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators)\n5-HIAA\n6-Chloronicotine\nA-84,543\nA-366,833\nA-582,941\nA-867,744\nABT-202\nABT-418\nABT-560\nABT-894\nAcetylcholine\nAltinicline\nAnabasine\nAnatabine\nAnatoxin-a\nAR-R17779\nBephenium hydroxynaphthoate\nButinoline\nButyrylcholine\nCarbachol\nCholine\nCotinine\nCytisine\nDecamethonium\nDesformylflustrabromine\nDianicline\nDimethylphenylpiperazinium\nEpibatidine\nEpiboxidine\nEthanol (alcohol)\nEthoxysebacylcholine\nEVP-4473\nEVP-6124\nGalantamine\nGTS-21\nIspronicline\nIvermectin\nJNJ-39393406\nLevamisole\nLobeline\nMEM-63,908 (RG-3487)\nMorantel\nNicotine (tobacco)\nNS-1738\nPHA-543,613\nPHA-709,829\nPNU-120,596\nPNU-282,987\nPozanicline\nPyrantel\nRivanicline\nRJR-2429\nSazetidine A\nSB-206553\nSebacylcholine\nSIB-1508Y\nSIB-1553A\nSSR-180,711\nSuberyldicholine\nSuxamethonium (succinylcholine)\nSuxethonium (succinyldicholine)\nTC-1698\nTC-1734\nTC-1827\nTC-2216\nTC-5214\nTC-5619\nTC-6683\nTebanicline\nTribendimidine\nTropisetron\nUB-165\nVarenicline\nWAY-317,538\nXY-4083\nAntagonists(and NAMsTooltip negative allosteric modulators)\n18-MAC\n18-MC\nα-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others)\nABT-126\nAlcuronium\nAllopregnanolone\nAmantadine\nAnatruxonium\nAQW051\nAtracurium\nBarbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)\nBNC-210\nBungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin)\nBupropion\nBW284C51\nBW-A444\nCandocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)\nChlorisondamine\nCisatracurium\nCoclaurine\nCoronaridine\nCurare\nCyclopropane\nDacuronium bromide\nDecamethonium\nDehydronorketamine\nDesflurane\nDextromethorphan\nDextropropoxyphene\nDextrorphan\nDiadonium\nDHβE\nDihydrochandonium\nDimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)\nDioscorine\nDipyrandium\nDizocilpine (MK-801)\nDoxacurium\nEncenicline\nEnflurane\nErythravine\nEsketamine\nFazadinium\nGallamine\nGantacurium chloride\nHalothane\nHexafluronium\nHexamethonium (benzohexonium)\nHydroxybupropion\nHydroxynorketamine\nIbogaine\nIsoflurane\nKetamine\nKynurenic acid\nLaudanosine\nLaudexium (laudolissin)\nLevacetylmethadol\nLevomethadone\nMalouetine\nME-18-MC\nMecamylamine\nMemantine\nMethadone\nMethorphan (racemethorphan)\nMethyllycaconitine\nMetocurine\nMivacurium\nMorphanol (racemorphan)\nNeramexane\nNitrous oxide\nNorketamine\nPancuronium bromide\nPempidine\nPentamine\nPentolinium\nPhencyclidine\nPipecuronium bromide\nProgesterone\nPromegestone\nRadafaxine\nRapacuronium bromide\nReboxetine\nRocuronium bromide\nSevoflurane\nStercuronium iodide\nSurugatoxin\nThiocolchicoside\nThreohydrobupropion\nToxiferine\nTramadol\nTrimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)\nTropeinium\nTubocurarine\nVanoxerine\nVecuronium bromide\nXenon\nPrecursors(and prodrugs)\nAcetyl-coA\nAdafenoxate\nCholine (lecithin)\nCiticoline\nCyprodenate\nDimethylethanolamine\nGlycerophosphocholine\nMeclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)\nPhosphatidylcholine\nPhosphatidylethanolamine\nPhosphorylcholine\nPirisudanol\n\nSee also\nReceptor/signaling modulators\nMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators\nAcetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators\n\n\nvteDopamine receptor modulatorsD1-likeAgonists\nBenzazepines: 6-Br-APB\nFenoldopam\nSKF-38,393\nSKF-77,434\nSKF-81,297\nSKF-82,958\nSKF-83,959\nTrepipam\nZelandopam\nErgolines: Cabergoline\nCY-208,243\nDihydroergocryptine\nLEK-8829\nLisuride\nPergolide\nTerguride\nDihydrexidine derivatives: A-77636\nA-86929\nAdrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431)\nDihydrexidine\nDinapsoline\nDinoxyline\nDoxanthrine\nPhenethylamines: BCO-001\nDeoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)\nDopexamine\nEtilevodopa\nIbopamine\nL-DOPA (levodopa)\nMelevodopa\nL-Phenylalanine\nL-Tyrosine\nXP21279\nOthers: A-68930\nApomorphine\nIsocorypalmine\nNuciferine\nPF-6649751\nPF 6669571\nPropylnorapomorphine\nRotigotine\nSKF-89,145\nSKF-89,626\nStepholidine\nTavapadon\nTetrahydropalmatine\nPAMs\nTetrahydroisoquinolines: DETQ\nDPTQ\nMevidalen\nAntagonists\nTypical antipsychotics: Butaclamol\nChlorpromazine\nChlorprothixene\nFlupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen)\nFluphenazine\nLoxapine\nPerphenazine (+amitriptyline)\nPifluthixol\nThioridazine\nThiothixene\nTrifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine)\nZuclopenthixol\nAtypical antipsychotics: Asenapine\nClorotepine\nClotiapine\nClozapine\nDHA-clozapine\nFluperlapine\nIloperidone\nNorclozapine\nNorquetiapine\nOlanzapine (+fluoxetine)\nPaliperidone\nQuetiapine\nRisperidone\nTefludazine\nZicronapine\nZiprasidone\nZotepine\nOthers: Berupipam\nEcopipam\nEEDQ\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nOdapipam\nPerlapine\nSCH-23390\nD2-likeAgonists\nAdamantanes: Amantadine\nMemantine\nRimantadine\nAminotetralins: 5-OH-DPAT\n7-OH-DPAT\n8-OH-PBZI\nRotigotine\nUH-232\nErgolines: Bromocriptine\nCabergoline\nChanoclavine\nDihydroergocryptine\nEpicriptine\nErgocornine\nLergotrile\nLisuride\nLSD\nPergolide\nTerguride\nDihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA\nCiladopa\nDihydrexidine\nDinoxyline\nN,N-Propyldihydrexidine\nPhenethylamines: Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)\nDopexamine\nEtilevodopa\nIbopamine\nL-DOPA (levodopa)\nL-Phenylalanine\nL-Tyrosine\nMelevodopa\nXP21279\nAtypical antipsychotics: Alentemol (U-66444B)\nAripiprazole (+sertraline)\nAripiprazole lauroxil\nBifeprunox\nBrexpiprazole\nBrilaroxazine\nCariprazine\nF-15063\nLumateperone\nNorclozapine\nOthers: 3-PPP\nA-412997\nABT-670\nABT-724\nAdrafinil\nAplindore\nApomorphine\nArketamine\nArmodafinil\nBP-897\nCaptodiame\nCP-226,269\nDizocilpine\nEsketamine\nFlibanserin\nKetamine\nMesulergine\nModafinil\nOSU-6162\nPardoprunox\nPD-128,907\nPD-168,077\nPF-219,061\nPF-592,379\nPhencyclidine\nPiribedil\nPramipexole\nPreclamol\nPropylnorapomorphine\nPukateine\nQuinagolide\nQuinelorane\nQuinpirole\nRDS-127\nRo10-5824\nRopinirole\nRoxindole\nSalvinorin A\nSKF-83,959\nSumanirole\nTalipexole\nUmespirone\nWAY-100,635\nAntagonists\nTypical antipsychotics: Acepromazine\nAcetophenazine\nAzaperone\nBenperidol\nBromperidol\nButaclamol\nButaperazine\nChloracizine\nChlorproethazine\nChlorpromazine\nChlorprothixene\nCiclindole\nClopenthixol\nClothixamide\nClopimozide\nDroperidol\nFluacizine\nFluanisone\nFlucindole\nFluotracen\nFlupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen)\nFluphenazine\nFluprothixene\nFluspirilene\nHaloperidol\nHomopipramol\nLenperone\nLevomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)\nLevosulpiride\nLoxapine\nMesoridazine\nMoperone\nNaranol\nNemonapride\nPenfluridol\nPerathiepin\nPerazine\nPericyazine (periciazine)\nPerphenazine (+amitriptyline)\nPiflutixol (pifluthixol)\nPimozide\nPipamperone\nPreclamol\nProchlorperazine\nPromazine\nProthipendyl\nSpiperone (spiroperidol)\nSulforidazine\nSulpiride\nSultopride\nTeflutixol\nThiopropazate\nThioproperazine\nThioridazine\nThiothixene\nTimiperone\nTrifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine)\nTriflupromazine\nTrifluperidol\nZetidoline\nZuclopenthixol\nAtypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride\nAsenapine\nBL-1020\nBlonanserin\nCarpipramine\nCinuperone\nClocapramine\nClorotepine\nClotiapine (clothiapine)\nClozapine\nCyamemazine\nDHA-clozapine\nDixyrazine\nElopiprazole\nFlumezapine\nFluperlapine\nGevotroline\nIloperidone\nLurasidone\nMazapertine\nMelperone\nMolindone\nMosapramine\nOcaperidone\nOlanzapine (+fluoxetine)\nPaliperidone\nPerospirone\nPiperacetazine\nPipotiazine\nPiquindone\nQuetiapine\nRemoxipride\nRisperidone\nSertindole\nTefludazine\nTenilapine\nTiospirone\nVeralipride\nZicronapine\nZiprasidone\nZotepine\nAntiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: Aceprometazine\nAS-8112\nAlimemazine\nAlizapride\nBenzquinamide\nBromopride\nClebopride\nDeudomperidone\nDomperidone\nEticlopride\nHydroxyzine\nItopride\nMetoclopramide\nMetopimazine\nPromethazine\nThiethylperazine\nTrazpiroben\nTrimethobenzamide\nAntidepressants: Amoxapine\nNefazodone\nOpipramol\nPropiomazine\nTrimipramine\nOthers: 3-PPP\nAlpiropride\nAzapride\nBromerguride\nBromocriptine\nBuspirone\nDesmethoxyfallypride\nEEDQ\nF-15063\nFallypride\nFananserin\nFenfluramine\nIodobenzamide\nIsocorypalmine\nL-741,626\nL-745,870\nLevofenfluramine\nLEK-8829\nMetergoline\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nN-Methylspiperone\nNafadotride\nNuciferine\nPNU-99,194\nPridopidine\nRaclopride\nSarizotan\nSB-277,011-A\nSeridopidine\nSonepiprazole\nSpiroxatrine\nStepholidine\nSV-293\nTerguride\nTetrahydropalmatine\nTiapride\nUH-232\nYohimbine\n\nSee also: Receptor/signaling modulators\nAdrenergics\nSerotonergics\nMonoamine reuptake inhibitors\nMonoamine releasing agents\nMonoamine metabolism modulators\nMonoamine neurotoxins\n\nvteHistamine receptor modulatorsH1Agonists\n2-Pyridylethylamine\nBetahistine\nHistamine\nHTMT\nL-Histidine\nUR-AK49\nAntagonists\nFirst-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine\nAlimemazine\nAntazoline\nAzatadine\nBamipine\nBenzatropine (benztropine)\nBepotastine\nBromazine\nBrompheniramine\nBuclizine\nCaptodiame\nCarbinoxamine\nChlorcyclizine\nChloropyramine\nChlorothen\nChlorphenamine\nChlorphenoxamine\nCinnarizine\nClemastine\nClobenzepam\nClocinizine\nCloperastine\nCyclizine\nCyproheptadine\nDacemazine\nDecloxizine\nDeptropine\nDexbrompheniramine\nDexchlorpheniramine\nDimenhydrinate\nDimetindene\nDiphenhydramine\nDiphenylpyraline\nDoxylamine\nEmbramine\nEtodroxizine\nEtybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine)\nEtymemazine\nFenethazine\nFlunarizine\nHistapyrrodine\nHomochlorcyclizine\nHydroxyethylpromethazine\nHydroxyzine\nIsopromethazine\nIsothipendyl\nMeclozine\nMedrylamine\nMepyramine (pyrilamine)\nMequitazine\nMethafurylene\nMethapyrilene\nMethdilazine\nMoxastine\nOrphenadrine\nOxatomide\nOxomemazine\nPerlapine\nPhenindamine\nPheniramine\nPhenyltoloxamine\nPimethixene\nPiperoxan\nPipoxizine\nPromethazine\nPropiomazine\nPyrrobutamine\nTalastine\nThenalidine\nThenyldiamine\nThiazinamium\nThonzylamine\nTolpropamine\nTripelennamine\nTriprolidine\nSecond/third-generation: Acrivastine\nAlinastine\nAstemizole\nAzelastine\nBamirastine\nBarmastine\nBepiastine\nBepotastine\nBilastine\nCabastinen\nCarebastine\nCetirizine\nClemastine\nClemizole\nClobenztropine\nDesloratadine\nDorastine\nEbastine\nEfletirizine\nEmedastine\nEpinastine\nFexofenadine\nFlezelastine\nKetotifen\nLatrepirdine\nLevocabastine\nLevocetirizine\nLinetastine\nLoratadine\nMapinastine\nMebhydrolin\nMizolastine\nMoxastine\nNoberastine\nOctastine\nOlopatadine\nPerastine\nPibaxizine\nPiclopastine\nQuifenadine (phencarol)\nRocastine\nRupatadine\nSetastine\nSequifenadine (bicarphen)\nTalastine\nTemelastine\nTerfenadine\nVapitadine\nZepastine\nOthers: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, brilaroxazine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine)\nPhenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)\nTetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline)\nTricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine)\nTypical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene)\nUnknown/unsorted: Azanator\nBelarizine\nElbanizine\nFlotrenizine\nGSK1004723\nNapactadine\nTagorizine\nTrelnarizine\nTrenizine\nH2Agonists\nAmthamine\nBetazole\nDimaprit\nHistamine\nHTMT\nImpromidine\nL-Histidine\nUR-AK49\nAntagonists\nBisfentidine\nBurimamide\nCimetidine\nDalcotidine\nDonetidine\nEbrotidine\nEtintidine\nFamotidine\nIsolamtidine\nLafutidine\nLamtidine\nLavoltidine (loxtidine)\nLupitidine\nMetiamide\nMifentidine\nNiperotidine\nNizatidine\nOsutidine\nOxmetidine\nPibutidine\nQuisultazine (quisultidine)\nRamixotidine\nRanitidine\nRoxatidine\nSufotidine\nTiotidine\nTuvatidine\nVenritidine\nXaltidine\nZolantidine\nH3Agonists\nα-Methylhistamine\nCipralisant\nHistamine\nImetit\nImmepip\nImmethridine\nL-Histidine\nMethimepip\nProxyfan\nAntagonists\nA-349821\nA-423579\nABT-239\nABT-652\nAZD5213\nBavisant\nBetahistine\nBurimamide\nCiproxifan\nClobenpropit\nConessine\nEnerisant\nGSK-189254\nImpentamine\nIodophenpropit\nIrdabisant\nJNJ-5207852\nNNC 38-1049\nPF-03654746\nPitolisant\nSCH-79687\nThioperamide\nVUF-5681\nH4Agonists\n4-Methylhistamine\nα-Methylhistamine\nHistamine\nL-Histidine\nOUP-16\nVUF-8430\nAntagonists\nJNJ-7777120\nMianserin\nSeliforant\nThioperamide\nToreforant\nVUF-6002\n\nSee also\nReceptor/signaling modulators\nMonoamine metabolism modulators\nMonoamine reuptake inhibitors\n\nvteSerotonin receptor modulators5-HT15-HT1A\nAgonists: 8-OH-DPAT\nAdatanserin\nAmphetamine\nAntidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine)\nAtypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone)\nAzapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone)\nBay R 1531\nBefiradol\nBMY-14802\nCannabidiol\nDimemebfe\nDopamine\nEbalzotan\nEltoprazine\nEnciprazine\nErgolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide)\nF-11,461\nF-12826\nF-13714\nF-14679\nF-15063\nF-15,599\nFlesinoxan\nFlibanserin\nFlumexadol\nHypidone\nLesopitron\nLY-293284\nLY-301317\nmCPP\nMKC-242\nNaluzotan\nNBUMP\nOsemozotan\nOxaflozane\nPardoprunox\nPiclozotan\nRauwolscine\nRepinotan\nRoxindole\nRU-24,969\nS-14,506\nS-14671\nS-15535\nSarizotan\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nSSR-181507\nSunepitron\nTryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin)\nTGBA01AD\nU-92,016-A\nUrapidil\nVilazodone\nXaliproden\nYohimbine\n\nAntagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole)\nAV965\nBeta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol)\nBMY-7,378\nCSP-2503\nDotarizine\nErgolines (e.g., metergoline)\nFCE-24379\nFlopropione\nGR-46611\nIsamoltane\nLecozotan\nMefway\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nMIN-117 (WF-516)\nMPPF\nNAN-190\nRobalzotan\nS-15535\nSB-649,915\nSDZ 216-525\nSpiperone\nSpiramide\nSpiroxatrine\nUH-301\nWAY-100135\nWAY-100635\nXylamidine\n\nUnknown/unsorted: Acetryptine\nCarvedilol\nErgolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine))\n5-HT1B\nAgonists: Anpirtoline\nCGS-12066A\nCP-93129\nCP-94253\nCP-122,288\nCP-135807\nEltoprazine\nErgolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide)\nmCPP\nRU-24,969\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTriptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan)\nTFMPP\nTryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT)\nVortioxetine\n\nAntagonists: AR-A000002\nBeta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol)\nElzasonan\nErgolines (e.g., metergoline)\nGR-127935\nIsamoltane\nLY-393558\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nSB-216641\nSB-224289\nSB-236057\nYohimbine\n\nUnknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride)\n5-HT1D\nAgonists: CP-122,288\nCP-135807\nCP-286601\nErgolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide)\nGR-46611\nL-694247\nL-772405\nmCPP\nPNU-109291\nPNU-142633\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTGBA01AD\nTriptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan)\nTryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT)\n\nAntagonists: Alniditan\nBRL-15,572\nElzasonan\nErgolines (e.g., metergoline)\nGR-127935\nKetanserin\nLY-310762\nLY-367642\nLY-393558\nLY-456219\nLY-456220\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nMianserin\nRitanserin\nYohimbine\nZiprasidone\n\nUnknown/unsorted: Acetryptine\nErgolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide)\n5-HT1E\nAgonists: BRL-54443\nErgolines (e.g., methysergide)\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTriptans (e.g., eletriptan)\nTryptamines (e.g., tryptamine)\n\nAntagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin)\n\nUnknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine)\n5-HT1F\nAgonists: BRL-54443\nCP-122,288\nErgolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide)\nLasmiditan\nLY-334370\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTriptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan)\nTryptamines (e.g., 5-MT)\n\nAntagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin)\nMianserin\n5-HT25-HT2A\nAgonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe)\n2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21)\n2C-B-FLY\n2CB-Ind\n5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT)\nα-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT)\nAL-34662\nAL-37350A\nBromo-DragonFLY\nDimemebfe\nDMBMPP\nDOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM)\nEfavirenz\nErgolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide)\nFlumexadol\nIHCH-7113\nJimscaline\nLorcaserin\nMDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA)\nO-4310\nOxaflozane\nPHA-57378\nPNU-22394\nPNU-181731\nRH-34\nSCHEMBL5334361\nPhenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline)\nPiperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP)\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTCB-2\nTFMFly\nTryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)\n\nAntagonists: 5-I-R91150\n5-MeO-NBpBrT\nAC-90179\nAdatanserin\nAltanserin\nAntihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine)\nAMDA\nAtypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine)\nChlorprothixene\nCinanserin\nCSP-2503\nDeramciclane\nDotarizine\nEplivanserin\nErgolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole)\nFananserin\nFlibanserin\nGlemanserin\nIrindalone\nKetanserin\nKML-010\nLandipirdine\nLY-393558\nmCPP\nMedifoxamine\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nMIN-117 (WF-516)\nNaftidrofuryl\nNantenine\nNelotanserin\nOpiranserin (VVZ-149)\nPelanserin\nPhenoxybenzamine\nPimavanserin\nPirenperone\nPizotifen\nPruvanserin\nRauwolscine\nRitanserin\nRoluperidone\nS-14671\nSarpogrelate\nSerotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone)\nSR-46349B\nTGBA01AD\nTeniloxazine\nTemanogrel\nTetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)\nTricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline)\nTypical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine)\nVolinanserin\nXylamidine\nYohimbine\n\nUnknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline)\n5-HT2B\nAgonists: 4-Methylaminorex\nAminorex\nAmphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine)\nBW-723C86\nDOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM)\nErgolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide)\nLorcaserin\nMDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA)\nPiperazines (e.g., TFMPP)\nPNU-22394\nRo60-0175\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)\n\nAntagonists: Agomelatine\nAtypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone)\nCyproheptadine\nEGIS-7625\nErgolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine)\nKetanserin\nLY-393558\nmCPP\nMetadoxine\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nPirenperone\nPizotifen\nPropranolol\nPRX-08066\nRauwolscine\nRitanserin\nRS-127445\nSarpogrelate\nSB-200646\nSB-204741\nSB-206553\nSB-215505\nSB-221284\nSB-228357\nSDZ SER-082\nTegaserod\nTetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine)\nTrazodone\nTypical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine)\nTIK-301\nYohimbine\n\nUnknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine))\n5-HT2C\nAgonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21)\n5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT)\nα-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT)\nA-372159\nAL-38022A\nAlstonine\nCP-809101\nDimemebfe\nDOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM)\nErgolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide)\nFlumexadol\nLorcaserin\nMDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA)\nMK-212\nORG-12962\nORG-37684\nOxaflozane\nPHA-57378\nPhenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline)\nPiperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP)\nPNU-22394\nPNU-181731\nRo60-0175\nRo60-0213\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)\nVabicaserin\nWAY-629\nWAY-161503\nYM-348\n\nAntagonists: Adatanserin\nAgomelatine\nAtypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine)\nCaptodiame\nCEPC\nCinanserin\nCyproheptadine\nDeramciclane\nDesmetramadol\nDotarizine\nEltoprazine\nErgolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole)\nEtoperidone\nFluoxetine\nFR-260010\nIrindalone\nKetanserin\nKetotifen\nLatrepirdine (dimebolin)\nMedifoxamine\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nNefazodone\nPirenperone\nPizotifen\nPropranolol\nRitanserin\nRS-102221\nS-14671\nSB-200646\nSB-206553\nSB-221284\nSB-228357\nSB-242084\nSB-243213\nSDZ SER-082\nTedatioxetine\nTetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)\nTIK-301\nTramadol\nTrazodone\nTricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline)\nTypical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine)\nXylamidine\n\nUnknown/unsorted: Efavirenz\nErgolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine))\n5-HT3–75-HT3\nAgonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol)\nm-CPBG\nPhenylbiguanide\nPiperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine)\nRS-56812\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nSR-57227\nSR-57227A\nTryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ))\nVolatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane)\nYM-31636\n\nAntagonists: Alosetron\nAnpirtoline\nArazasetron\nAS-8112\nAtypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine)\nAzasetron\nBatanopride\nBemesetron (MDL-72222)\nBupropion\nCilansetron\nCSP-2503\nDazopride\nDolasetron\nGalanolactone\nGranisetron\nHydroxybupropion\nLerisetron\nMemantine\nOndansetron\nPalonosetron\nRamosetron\nRenzapride\nRicasetron\nTedatioxetine\nTetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine)\nThujone\nTropanserin\nTropisetron\nTypical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine)\nVolatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon)\nVortioxetine\nZacopride\nZatosetron\n\nUnknown/unsorted: LY-53857\nPiperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)\n5-HT4\nAgonists: 5-MT\nBIMU8\nCapeserod\nCinitapride\nCisapride\nCJ-033466\nDazopride\nMetoclopramide\nMinesapride\nMosapride\nPrucalopride\nPRX-03140\nRenzapride\nRS-67,333\nRS-67,506\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTegaserod\nUsmarapride\nVelusetrag\nZacopride\n\nAntagonists: GR-113808\nGR-125487\nL-Lysine\nPiboserod\nRS-39604\nRS-67532\nSB-203186\nSB-204070\n5-HT5A\nAgonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD)\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTryptamines (e.g., 5-CT)\nValerenic acid\n\nAntagonists: Asenapine\nLatrepirdine (dimebolin)\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nRitanserin\nSB-699551\nUnknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide)\nPiperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)\n5-HT6\nAgonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide)\nHypidone\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine)\nWAY-181187\nWAY-208466\n\nAntagonists: ABT-354\nAtypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone)\nAVN-101\nAVN-211\nAVN-322\nAVN-397\nBGC20-760\nBVT-5182\nBVT-74316\nCerlapirdine\nEGIS-12,233\nGW-742457\nIdalopirdine\nKetanserin\nLandipirdine\nLatrepirdine (dimebolin)\nMasupirdine\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nMS-245\nPRX-07034\nRitanserin\nRo 04-6790\nRo 63-0563\nSB-258585\nSB-271046\nSB-357134\nSB-399885\nSB-742457\nTetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin)\nTricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline)\nTypical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine)\n\nUnknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide)\nPiperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)\n5-HT7\nAgonists: 8-OH-DPAT\nAS-19\nBifeprunox\nE-55888\nErgolines (e.g., LSD)\nLP-12\nLP-44\nLP-211\nRU-24,969\nSarizotan\nSerotonin (5-HT)\nTriptans (e.g., frovatriptan)\nTryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT)\n\nAntagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine)\nButaclamol\nDR-4485\nEGIS-12,233\nErgolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole)\nJNJ-18038683\nKetanserin\nLY-215,840\nMetitepine (methiothepin)\nRitanserin\nSB-258719\nSB-258741\nSB-269970\nSB-656104\nSB-656104A\nSB-691673\nSLV-313\nSLV-314\nSpiperone\nSSR-181507\nTetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)\nTricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine)\nTypical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide)\nVortioxetine\n\nUnknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide)\nPiperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)\n\nSee also: Receptor/signaling modulators\nAdrenergics\nDopaminergics\nMelatonergics\nMonoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents\nMonoamine metabolism modulators\nMonoamine neurotoxins","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)\". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nctr-crs.fda.gov/fdalabel/ui/spl-summaries/criteria/343802","url_text":"\"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA","url_text":"FDA"}]},{"reference":"\"Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017\". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/publication/publications/prescription-medicines-registration-new-generic-medicines-and-biosimilar-medicines-2017","url_text":"\"Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Anvisa (2023-03-31). \"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency","url_text":"Anvisa"},{"url":"https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"\"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o","url_text":"Diário Oficial da União"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perkins J, Ho JD, Vilke GM, DeMers G (July 2015). \"American Academy of Emergency Medicine Position Statement: Safety of Droperidol Use in the Emergency Department\". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 49 (1): 91–97. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.024. PMID 25837231.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jemermed.2014.12.024","url_text":"10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25837231","url_text":"25837231"}]},{"reference":"Klein LR, Driver BE, Horton G, Scharber S, Martel ML, Cole JB (May 2019). \"Rescue Sedation When Treating Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department With Intramuscular Antipsychotics\". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 56 (5): 484–490. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.12.036. PMID 30745194. S2CID 73436531.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jemermed.2018.12.036","url_text":"10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.12.036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30745194","url_text":"30745194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73436531","url_text":"73436531"}]},{"reference":"Peroutka SJ, Synder SH (December 1980). \"Relationship of neuroleptic drug effects at brain dopamine, serotonin, alpha-adrenergic, and histamine receptors to clinical potency\". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 137 (12): 1518–1522. doi:10.1176/ajp.137.12.1518. PMID 6108081.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.137.12.1518","url_text":"10.1176/ajp.137.12.1518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6108081","url_text":"6108081"}]},{"reference":"Domino KB, Anderson EA, Polissar NL, Posner KL (June 1999). \"Comparative efficacy and safety of ondansetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis\". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 88 (6): 1370–1379. doi:10.1213/00000539-199906000-00032. PMID 10357347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-199906000-00032","url_text":"10.1213/00000539-199906000-00032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10357347","url_text":"10357347"}]},{"reference":"Kao LW, Kirk MA, Evers SJ, Rosenfeld SH (April 2003). \"Droperidol, QT prolongation, and sudden death: what is the evidence?\". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 41 (4): 546–558. doi:10.1067/mem.2003.110. PMID 12658255.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmem.2003.110","url_text":"10.1067/mem.2003.110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12658255","url_text":"12658255"}]},{"reference":"Lischke V, Behne M, Doelken P, Schledt U, Probst S, Vettermann J (November 1994). \"Droperidol causes a dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval\". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 79 (5): 983–986. doi:10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028. PMID 7978420.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-199411000-00028","url_text":"10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7978420","url_text":"7978420"}]},{"reference":"Calver L, Page CB, Downes MA, Chan B, Kinnear F, Wheatley L, et al. (September 2015). \"The Safety and Effectiveness of Droperidol for Sedation of Acute Behavioral Disturbance in the Emergency Department\". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 66 (3): 230–238.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.03.016. PMID 25890395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2015.03.016","url_text":"10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.03.016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25890395","url_text":"25890395"}]},{"reference":"Park CK, Choi HY, Oh IY, Kim MS (October 2002). \"Acute dystonia by droperidol during intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in young patients\". Journal of Korean Medical Science. 17 (5): 715–717. doi:10.3346/jkms.2002.17.5.715. PMC 3054934. PMID 12378031.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3054934","url_text":"\"Acute dystonia by droperidol during intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in young patients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3346%2Fjkms.2002.17.5.715","url_text":"10.3346/jkms.2002.17.5.715"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3054934","url_text":"3054934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12378031","url_text":"12378031"}]},{"reference":"Scuderi PE (February 2003). \"Droperidol: many questions, few answers\". Anesthesiology. 98 (2): 289–290. doi:10.1097/00000542-200302000-00002. 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PMID 7978420.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-199411000-00028","url_text":"10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7978420","url_text":"7978420"}]},{"reference":"Middleton DB (ed.). \"Going for a Spin\". Emergency Medicine Magazine. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527190715/http://www.emedmag.com/html/pre/tri/1005.asp","url_text":"\"Going for a Spin\""},{"url":"http://www.emedmag.com/html/pre/tri/1005.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571530/","external_links_name":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571530/"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jemermed.2014.12.024","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.024"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25837231","external_links_name":"25837231"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jemermed.2018.12.036","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.12.036"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30745194","external_links_name":"30745194"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73436531","external_links_name":"73436531"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.137.12.1518","external_links_name":"10.1176/ajp.137.12.1518"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6108081","external_links_name":"6108081"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-199906000-00032","external_links_name":"10.1213/00000539-199906000-00032"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10357347","external_links_name":"10357347"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmem.2003.110","external_links_name":"10.1067/mem.2003.110"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12658255","external_links_name":"12658255"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-199411000-00028","external_links_name":"10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7978420","external_links_name":"7978420"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2015.03.016","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.03.016"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25890395","external_links_name":"25890395"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3054934","external_links_name":"\"Acute dystonia by droperidol during intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in young patients\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3346%2Fjkms.2002.17.5.715","external_links_name":"10.3346/jkms.2002.17.5.715"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3054934","external_links_name":"3054934"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12378031","external_links_name":"12378031"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000542-200302000-00002","external_links_name":"\"Droperidol: many questions, few answers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000542-200302000-00002","external_links_name":"10.1097/00000542-200302000-00002"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12552182","external_links_name":"12552182"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-199411000-00028","external_links_name":"10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7978420","external_links_name":"7978420"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527190715/http://www.emedmag.com/html/pre/tri/1005.asp","external_links_name":"\"Going for a Spin\""},{"Link":"http://www.emedmag.com/html/pre/tri/1005.asp","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Conversations_About_One_Thing
Thirteen Conversations About One Thing
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]
2001 film by Jill Sprecher Thirteen Conversations About One ThingPromotional posterDirected byJill SprecherWritten byKaren SprecherJill SprecherProduced byBeni Tadd AtooriGina ResnickStarringMatthew McConaugheyAlan ArkinJohn TurturroClea DuVallAmy IrvingCinematographyDick PopeEdited byStephen MirrioneMusic byAlex WurmanDistributed bySony Pictures ClassicsRelease dates September 2, 2001 (2001-09-02) (Venice Film Festival) May 24, 2002 (2002-05-24) (United States) Running time104 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$3,706,652 Thirteen Conversations About One Thing is a 2001 American drama film directed by Jill Sprecher. The screenplay by Sprecher and her sister Karen focuses on five seemingly disparate individuals in search of happiness whose paths intersect in ways that unexpectedly affect their lives. Plot The film is divided into 13 vignettes, each prefaced by an aphorism. Set in New York City, the story revolves around ambitious district attorney Troy, who is stricken with guilt following a hit and run accident in which he injures Beatrice, an idealistic cleaning woman who, forced to reassess her life during her recuperation, finds herself thinking more like her cynical co-worker Dorrie. Mid-level insurance claims manager Gene, unable to cope with his son's downward spiral into drug addiction, is rankled by an unrelentingly cheerful staff member and suffers pangs of regret after firing him without just cause. College physics professor Walker, trying to cope with a midlife crisis, becomes romantically involved with a colleague, an infidelity his wife Patricia is forced to face when his wallet, stolen in a mugging, is mailed to their home and she discovers incriminating evidence inside it. Cast Matthew McConaughey as Troy John Turturro as Walker Clea DuVall as Beatrice Alan Arkin as Gene Amy Irving as Patricia Tia Texada as Dorrie Richard E. Council as Del Production The Sprecher sisters scripted Thirteen Conversations About One Thing over the course of eight weeks. The script was completed before Jill's directorial debut Clockwatchers was released in 1997, but due to a lack of funding the film took over three years to make. The plot was inspired in part by events in Jill Sprecher's life, including two muggings and a subway assault. The character of Beatrice is based on Sprecher's experiences when she moved to Manhattan following college graduation: "Clea Duvall's character is very autobiographical ... I was that person who only saw good things around me and then, of course, after getting mugged, I sort of changed my opinion of human beings." The film premiered at the 2001 Venice Film Festival and was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival, the MIFED Film Market in Italy, the 2002 Sundance Film Festival, the Hong Kong International Film Festival, the San Francisco International Film Festival and the Wisconsin Film Festival before going into limited release in the United States. There, it opened on nine screens, earning $89,499 and ranking #34 on its opening weekend. It eventually grossed $3,288,164 in the US and $418,488 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $3,706,652. Reception Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 83% of 114 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critics consensus states: "Thirteen Conversations About One Thing is an intelligent and poignant look at lives intersecting." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 74 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Thirteen Conversations About One Thing was generally well received by critics, who praised the quality of the cast and the treatment of the film's themes. Roger Ebert described the movie as "brilliant ... It is philosophy, illustrated through everyday events." A. O. Scott of the New York Times called the film "both straightforward and enigmatic" and said that "the quiet naturalism of the acting balances the artifice of the script and the almost finicky precision of Ms. Sprecher's frames". For Scott, the film is "thrillingly smart, but not, like so many other pictures in this vein, merely an elaborate excuse for its own cleverness. As you puzzle over the intricacies of its shape, which reveal themselves only in retrospect, you may also find yourself surprised by the depth of its insights." Houston Chronicle reviewer Eric Harrison called the film an "intricately devised and thoughtful comedy", while San Francisco Chronicle reviewer Mick LaSalle said it "makes a case for cinema as a vehicle for conveying moods and ideas and, hardest of all, the internal movements of a soul." Negative reviewers wrote that the film had problems of tone and a lack of depth to its philosophical underpinnings. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film two out of five stars and commented that the film "suffers from curate's-egg unevenness, though its good points certainly stick in the mind." According to Entertainment Weekly critic Ty Burr, the film has "luminous performances, but a genteel tone of despair drags the whole thing down". The Village Voice's Jessica Winter said "the film succeeds only when it peers up from the intro-philosophy book for the occasional glimpse of everyday beauty". Awards Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor (Alan Arkin, winner) Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Ensemble (winner) San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Director (winner) San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Screenplay (winner) San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Editing (winner) References ^ Chaw, Walter. "One conversation with Jill Sprecher". Film Freak Central. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ a b Levy, Piet (July 5, 2002). "Happy Trails to You". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ Grady, Pam. "And One More Thing". Reel.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2010. ^ "13 Conversations About One Thing (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ BoxOfficeMojo.com ^ "Thirteen Conversations About One Thing". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 19, 2023. ^ "Thirteen Conversations About One Thing". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved January 19, 2023. ^ Thirteen Conversations About One Thing at Rotten Tomatoes ^ Ebert, Roger (June 14, 2002). "13 Conversations About One Thing". rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2021-04-13. ^ New York Times review ^ Harrison, Eric (November 12, 2004). "Thirteen Conversations About One Thing". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 25 October 2010. ^ LaSalle, Mick (November 22, 2002). "The pursuit of happiness". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (June 17, 2005). "13 Conversations About One Thing". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ Burr, Ty (June 7, 2002). "Thirteen Conversations About One Thing". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ Winter, Jessica (May 22–28, 2002). "Justify Your Existence". Village Voice. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ "Boston crix key up 'Pianist'". Variety. December 15, 2002. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ^ "2002 FFCC Award Winners". floridafilmcritics.com. Retrieved 15 October 2022. External links Official website Thirteen Conversations About One Thing at IMDb vteFilms directed by Jill Sprecher Clockwatchers (1997) Thirteen Conversations About One Thing (2001) Thin Ice (2011) vteFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Ensemble Acting Boogie Nights (1997) No Award (1998) Magnolia (1999) State and Main (2000) Gosford Park (2001) Thirteen Conversations About One Thing (2002) A Mighty Wind (2003) No Award (2004–2013) The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) Spotlight (2015) American Honey (2016) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) The Favourite (2018) Little Women (2019) Mangrove (2020) Mass (2021)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Jill Sprecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Sprecher"}],"text":"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing is a 2001 American drama film directed by Jill Sprecher. The screenplay by Sprecher and her sister Karen focuses on five seemingly disparate individuals in search of happiness whose paths intersect in ways that unexpectedly affect their lives.","title":"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aphorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphorism"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"district attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_attorney"},{"link_name":"hit and run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_and_run"},{"link_name":"midlife crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlife_crisis"}],"text":"The film is divided into 13 vignettes, each prefaced by an aphorism. Set in New York City, the story revolves around ambitious district attorney Troy, who is stricken with guilt following a hit and run accident in which he injures Beatrice, an idealistic cleaning woman who, forced to reassess her life during her recuperation, finds herself thinking more like her cynical co-worker Dorrie. Mid-level insurance claims manager Gene, unable to cope with his son's downward spiral into drug addiction, is rankled by an unrelentingly cheerful staff member and suffers pangs of regret after firing him without just cause. College physics professor Walker, trying to cope with a midlife crisis, becomes romantically involved with a colleague, an infidelity his wife Patricia is forced to face when his wallet, stolen in a mugging, is mailed to their home and she discovers incriminating evidence inside it.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew McConaughey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey"},{"link_name":"John Turturro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turturro"},{"link_name":"Clea DuVall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clea_DuVall"},{"link_name":"Alan Arkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Arkin"},{"link_name":"Amy Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Irving"},{"link_name":"Tia Texada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_Texada"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Council"}],"text":"Matthew McConaughey as Troy\nJohn Turturro as Walker\nClea DuVall as Beatrice\nAlan Arkin as Gene\nAmy Irving as Patricia\nTia Texada as Dorrie\nRichard E. Council as Del","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clockwatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwatchers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austin-2"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austin-2"},{"link_name":"Clea Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clea_DuVall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"San Francisco International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Sprecher sisters scripted Thirteen Conversations About One Thing over the course of eight weeks. The script was completed before Jill's directorial debut Clockwatchers was released in 1997, but due to a lack of funding the film took over three years to make.[1] The plot was inspired in part by events in Jill Sprecher's life, including two muggings and a subway assault.[2] The character of Beatrice is based on Sprecher's experiences when she moved to Manhattan following college graduation:[2] \"Clea Duvall's character is very autobiographical ... I was that person who only saw good things around me and then, of course, after getting mugged, I sort of changed my opinion of human beings.\"[3]The film premiered at the 2001 Venice Film Festival and was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival, the MIFED Film Market in Italy, the 2002 Sundance Film Festival, the Hong Kong International Film Festival, the San Francisco International Film Festival and the Wisconsin Film Festival before going into limited release in the United States. There, it opened on nine screens, earning $89,499 and ranking #34 on its opening weekend. It eventually grossed $3,288,164 in the US and $418,488 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $3,706,652.[4][5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"A. O. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Mick LaSalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_LaSalle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Peter Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"curate's-egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate%27s_egg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Ty Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Burr"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 83% of 114 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critics consensus states: \"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing is an intelligent and poignant look at lives intersecting.\"[6] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 74 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating \"generally favorable\" reviews.[7]Thirteen Conversations About One Thing was generally well received by critics,[8] who praised the quality of the cast and the treatment of the film's themes. Roger Ebert described the movie as \"brilliant ... It is philosophy, illustrated through everyday events.\"[9] A. O. Scott of the New York Times called the film \"both straightforward and enigmatic\" and said that \"the quiet naturalism of the acting balances the artifice of the script and the almost finicky precision of Ms. Sprecher's frames\". For Scott, the film is \"thrillingly smart, but not, like so many other pictures in this vein, merely an elaborate excuse for its own cleverness. As you puzzle over the intricacies of its shape, which reveal themselves only in retrospect, you may also find yourself surprised by the depth of its insights.\"[10] Houston Chronicle reviewer Eric Harrison called the film an \"intricately devised and thoughtful comedy\",[11] while San Francisco Chronicle reviewer Mick LaSalle said it \"makes a case for cinema as a vehicle for conveying moods and ideas and, hardest of all, the internal movements of a soul.\"[12]Negative reviewers wrote that the film had problems of tone and a lack of depth to its philosophical underpinnings. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film two out of five stars and commented that the film \"suffers from curate's-egg unevenness, though its good points certainly stick in the mind.\"[13] According to Entertainment Weekly critic Ty Burr, the film has \"luminous performances, but a genteel tone of despair drags the whole thing down\".[14] The Village Voice's Jessica Winter said \"the film succeeds only when it peers up from the intro-philosophy book for the occasional glimpse of everyday beauty\".[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Society_of_Film_Critics_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Cast"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Film_Critics_Society_Awards_2002"}],"text":"Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor (Alan Arkin, winner)[16]\nFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Ensemble (winner)[17]\nSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Director (winner)\nSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Screenplay (winner)\nSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Editing (winner)","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Chaw, Walter. \"One conversation with Jill Sprecher\". Film Freak Central. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060927044213/http://filmfreakcentral.net/notes/jsprecherinterview.htm","url_text":"\"One conversation with Jill Sprecher\""},{"url":"http://www.filmfreakcentral.net/notes/jsprecherinterview.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Piet (July 5, 2002). \"Happy Trails to You\". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A96019","url_text":"\"Happy Trails to You\""}]},{"reference":"Grady, Pam. \"And One More Thing\". Reel.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212235700/http://www.reel.com/reel.asp?node=features%2Finterviews%2Fsprecher%2F","url_text":"\"And One More Thing\""},{"url":"http://www.reel.com/reel.asp?node=features/interviews/sprecher/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"13 Conversations About One Thing (2002)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=13conversationsaboutonething.htm","url_text":"\"13 Conversations About One Thing (2002)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thirteen_conversations_about_one_thing","url_text":"\"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing\". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved January 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/thirteen-conversations-about-one-thing","url_text":"\"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom,_Inc.","url_text":"Fandom, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (June 14, 2002). \"13 Conversations About One Thing\". rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2021-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/13-conversations-about-one-thing-2002","url_text":"\"13 Conversations About One Thing\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Eric (November 12, 2004). \"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 25 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2002_3554645","url_text":"\"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing\""}]},{"reference":"LaSalle, Mick (November 22, 2002). \"The pursuit of happiness\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/11/22/DD12827.DTL","url_text":"\"The pursuit of happiness\""}]},{"reference":"Bradshaw, Peter (June 17, 2005). \"13 Conversations About One Thing\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://film.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/Critic_Review/Guardian_review/0,,1507977,00.html","url_text":"\"13 Conversations About One Thing\""}]},{"reference":"Burr, Ty (June 7, 2002). \"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2006-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/review/movie/0,6115,254400_1%7c39570%7c0_0_,00.html","url_text":"\"Thirteen Conversations About One Thing\""}]},{"reference":"Winter, Jessica (May 22–28, 2002). \"Justify Your Existence\". Village Voice. Retrieved 2006-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0221,winter,34954,20.html","url_text":"\"Justify Your Existence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston crix key up 'Pianist'\". Variety. December 15, 2002. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2002/film/news/boston-crix-key-up-pianist-1117877494/","url_text":"\"Boston crix key up 'Pianist'\""}]},{"reference":"\"2002 FFCC Award Winners\". floridafilmcritics.com. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2013/11/16/2002-ffcc-award-winners/","url_text":"\"2002 FFCC Award Winners\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_alcohol
Primary alcohol
["1 See also","2 References"]
Alcohol in which the hydroxy group is bonded to a primary carbon atom Ethanol Butanol A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the hydroxy group is bonded to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH” group. In contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CR2OH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group. Examples of primary alcohols include ethanol and 1-butanol. Methanol is also generally regarded as a primary alcohol, including by the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. See also Alcohol (especially Nomenclature section for discussion on Secondary and Tertiary alcohols.) Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids References ^ "Definition: primary alcohol from Online Medical Dictionary". Retrieved 2007-11-22. ^ "Introducing Alcohols". Jim Clark (2015). Retrieved 2023-09-29. ^ Albert S. Tarendash (2001). Let's review: chemistry, the physical setting. Boston, Mass: Barron's. p. 161. ISBN 0-7641-1664-9. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alcohols" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 527. vteAlcoholsBy consumptionAlcohols found inalcoholic drinks 1-Propanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol Ethanol Isoamyl alcohol Isobutanol Phenethyl alcohol tert-Amyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Tryptophol Medical alcohol Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Methanol poisoning Ethanol Toxic alcohols Isopropyl alcohol Methanol Primaryalcohols (1°)Methanol 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol Aminomethanol Cyclohexylmethanol Methoxymethanol Methylazoxymethanol Trifluoromethanol Ethanol 1-Aminoethanol 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol 2-Butoxyethanol 2-Chloroethanol 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Fluoroethanol 2-Mercaptoethanol 2-Methoxyethanol Aminoethylethanolamine Diethylethanolamine Dimethylethanolamine Ethanol Ethanolamine N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol N-Methylethanolamine Phenoxyethanol Tribromoethanol Butanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol Isobutanol n-Butanol Straight-chainsaturatedC1 — C9 Methanol Ethanol 1-Propanol 1-Butanol 1-Pentanol 1-Hexanol 1-Heptanol 1-Octanol (capryl) 1-Nonanol (pelargonic) Straight-chainsaturatedC10 — C19 1-Decanol (capric) 1-Undecanol (hendecyl) 1-Dodecanol (lauryl) 1-Tridecanol 1-Tetradecanol (myristyl) 1-Pentadecanol 1-Hexadecanol (cetyl / palmityl) 1-Heptadecanol 1-Octadecanol (stearyl) 1-Nonadecanol Straight-chainsaturatedC20 — C29 1-Icosanol (arachidyl) 1-Heneicosanol 1-Docosanol (behenyl) 1-Tricosanol 1-Tetracosanol (lignoceryl) 1-Pentacosanol 1-Hexacosanol (ceryl) 1-Heptacosanol 1-Octacosanol (cluytyl / montanyl) 1-Nonacosanol Straight-chainsaturatedC30 — C39 1-Triacontanol (melissyl / myricyl) 1-Hentriacontanol 1-Dotriacontanol (lacceryl) 1-Tritriacontanol 1-Tetratriacontanol (geddyl) 1-Pentatriacontanol 1-Hexatriacontanol 1-Heptatriacontanol 1-Octatriacontanol 1-Nonatriacontanol Straight-chainsaturatedC40 — C49 1-Tetracontanol 1-Hentetracontanol 1-Dotetracontanol 1-Tritetracontanol 1-Tetratetracontanol 1-Pentatetracontanol 1-Hexatetracontanol 1-Heptatetracontanol 1-Octatetracontanol 1-Nonatetracontanol 2-Ethylhexanol Allyl alcohol Anisyl alcohol Benzyl alcohol Cinnamyl alcohol Crotyl alcohol Furfuryl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol Neopentyl alcohol Nicotinyl alcohol Perillyl alcohol Phenethyl alcohol Prenol Propargyl alcohol Salicyl alcohol Tryptophol Vanillyl alcohol Veratrole alcoholSecondary alcohols (2°) 1-Phenylethanol 2-Butanol 2-Deoxyerythritol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2-Nonanol 2-Octanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol Cyclohexanol Cyclopentanol Cyclopropanol Diphenylmethanol Isopropanol Pinacolyl alcohol Pirkle's alcohol Propylene glycol methyl ether Tertiary alcohols (3°) 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methylheptan-2-ol 2-Methylhexan-2-ol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyloctan-3-ol Diacetone alcohol Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol tert-Amyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Triphenylethanol Triphenylmethanol Hydric alcoholsMonohydric alcohols Methanol (C1) Ethanol (C2) Isopropanol (C3) 1-Butanol (C4) 1-Pentanol (C5) Cetyl alcohol (C16) Dihydric alcohols Ethylene glycol Propylene glycol Trihydric alcohols Glycerol Polyhydric alcohols (sugar alcohols) Pentaerythritol Ethylene glycol (C2) Glycerol, Propylene glycol (C3) Erythritol, Threitol (C4) Xylitol (C5) Mannitol, Sorbitol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Amyl alcohols 2,2-Dimethylpropan-1-ol 2-Methylbutan-1-ol 2-Methylbutan-2-ol 3-Methylbutan-1-ol 3-Methylbutan-2-ol Pentan-1-ol Pentan-2-ol Pentan-3-ol Aromatic alcohols Benzyl alcohol 2,4-Dichlorobenzyl alcohol 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol Saturatedfatty alcohols Cetostearyl alcohol Decanol Lauryl alcohol Myristyl alcohol Nonanol Octanol Tridecanol Undecanol Branched andunsaturatedfatty alcohols 3-Methyl-3-pentanol Erucyl alcohol Linolenyl alcohol Linoleyl alcohol Oleyl alcohol Palmitoleyl alcohol tert-Amyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Sugar alcoholsC1 — C7 Methylene glycol (C1) Ethylene glycol (C2) Glycerol (C3) Erythritol (C4) Threitol (C4) Arabitol (C5) Ribitol (C5) Xylitol (C5) Mannitol (C6) Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt Maltotriitol Maltotetraitol Polyglycitol Terpene alcoholsMonoterpene alcohols Borneol Citronellol Geraniol Linalool Menthol Nerol Rhodinol Terpineol Sesquiterpene alcohols Bisabolol Farnesol Nerolidol Patchoulol Diterpene alcohols Phytol Dialcohols 1,4-Butanediol 1,5-Pentanediol 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol Diethylpropanediol Ethylene glycol Trialcohols Glycerol Sterols Cholesterol Ergosterol Lanosterol β-Sitosterol Stigmasterol Fluoroalcohols 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 2-Fluoroethanol Nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol Trifluoromethanol Preparations Substitution of haloalkane Carbonyl reduction Ether cleavage Hydrolysis of epoxide Hydration of alkene Ziegler process Reactions Deprotonation Protonation Alcohol oxidation Glycol cleavage Nucleophilic substitution Fischer–Speier esterification Williamson ether synthesis Elimination reaction Nucleophilic substitution of carbonyl group Friedel-Crafts alkylation Nucleophilic conjugate addition Transesterification Category This organic chemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg"},{"link_name":"Ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1-Butanol_skeletal.svg"},{"link_name":"Butanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"hydroxy group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxy_group"},{"link_name":"primary carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carbon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"1-butanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol"},{"link_name":"Methanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titlean_introduction_to_alcohols-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0-7641-1664-9-3"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"}],"text":"EthanolButanolA primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the hydroxy group is bonded to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH” group.[1]\nIn contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CR2OH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group.Examples of primary alcohols include ethanol and 1-butanol.Methanol is also generally regarded as a primary alcohol,[2][3] including by the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.[4]","title":"Primary alcohol"}]
[{"image_text":"Ethanol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/220px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Butanol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/1-Butanol_skeletal.svg/220px-1-Butanol_skeletal.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"title":"Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_of_primary_alcohols_to_carboxylic_acids"}]
[{"reference":"\"Definition: primary alcohol from Online Medical Dictionary\". Retrieved 2007-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?primary+alcohol","url_text":"\"Definition: primary alcohol from Online Medical Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Alcohols\". Jim Clark (2015). Retrieved 2023-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/background.html","url_text":"\"Introducing Alcohols\""}]},{"reference":"Albert S. Tarendash (2001). Let's review: chemistry, the physical setting. Boston, Mass: Barron's. p. 161. ISBN 0-7641-1664-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/letsreviewchemis03edtare/page/161","url_text":"Let's review: chemistry, the physical setting"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/letsreviewchemis03edtare/page/161","url_text":"161"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7641-1664-9","url_text":"0-7641-1664-9"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Alcohols\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 527.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alcohols","url_text":"\"Alcohols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthplace_of_Patrick_Henry
Birthplace of Patrick Henry
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 37°40′09″N 77°17′28″W / 37.669113°N 77.290977°W / 37.669113; -77.290977Archaeological site in Virginia, United States United States historic placePatrick Henry's Birthplace Archeological SiteU.S. National Register of Historic Places Overview of the siteShow map of VirginiaShow map of the United StatesNearest cityStudley, VirginiaCoordinates37°40′09″N 77°17′28″W / 37.669113°N 77.290977°W / 37.669113; -77.290977Area6 acres (2.4 ha)Built byJohn SymesNRHP reference No.82001819Added to NRHPAugust 2, 1982 The Birthplace of Patrick Henry (1736–1799), the Founding Father and American statesman from Virginia, was a farmhouse called "Studley", located in what is now the village of Studley in Hanover County, Virginia. The house, a two-story brick structure, was built in the 1720s by John Symes, whose wife Sarah married Patrick Henry's father John after Symes died. Patrick Henry was born in the house on May 29, 1736. By 1796 the farmstead included a significant number of outbuildings. The house was destroyed by fire in 1807, and now only archaeological remnants remain. There is an interpretive plaque near the site at 9620 Studley Farms Drive. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Hanover County, Virginia Pine Slash Scotchtown plantation Leatherwood Plantation Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b c "Studley". Richmond Metropolitan Convention and Visitor's Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2014. ^ Loth, Calder, ed. (1986). The Virginia Landmarks Register. Virginia Department of Historic Resources. p. 192. vtePatrick Henry 1st and 6th Governor of Virginia (1776-1779, 1784-1786) Delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774–1775) Founding of theUnited States Parson's Cause Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia) Virginia Resolves Petition to the King (1774, co-wrote, signed) Continental Association (1774, signed) Second Virginia Convention "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention Gunpowder Incident Anti-Federalists papers Virginia Ratifying Convention Elections 1776 Virginia gubernatorial election Homes Birthplace Pine Slash Hanover Tavern Scotchtown Governor's Palace Leatherwood Plantation Salisbury Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial (home and burial site) Namesakes Fort Henry Camp Patrick Henry Patrick Henry Building Emory and Henry College Patrick Henry College Patrick Henry High School Patrick Henry International Airport Patrick Henry (packet) CSS Patrick Henry SS Patrick Henry USS Patrick Henry (SSBN-599) Depictions Give Me Liberty (1936 film) Old Glory (1939 film) Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series) Related Sarah Shelton Henry (first wife) Dorothea Dandridge Henry (second wife) Sarah Winston Syme Henry (mother) William Henry (brother) Annie Henry Christian (sister) Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell (sister) William H. Roane (grandson) William Wirt Henry (grandson) Rural Plains St. John's Episcopal Church Founding Fathers vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in VirginiaListsby county Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle Of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Listsby city Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson (no listings) Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property This article about a property in Hanover County, Virginia on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Slemmer
Fort Slemmer
["1 Civil War","2 Post Civil War","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°56′23″N 77°00′05″W / 38.9397222°N 77.0013889°W / 38.9397222; -77.0013889Fort SlemmerPart of the Civil War Defenses of WashingtonBrookland, Washington, D.C. The gate of Fort SlemmerFort SlemmerCoordinates38°56′23″N 77°00′05″W / 38.9397222°N 77.0013889°W / 38.9397222; -77.0013889TypeEarthwork fortArea93-yard (85 m) perimeterSite informationOwnerCatholic University of AmericaControlled byUnion Army (1861–1865)ConditionTraces of some earthworksSite historyBuilt1861In use1862–1864MaterialsSoil and timberDemolishedYesBattles/warsBattle of Fort StevensGarrison informationGarrison2nd Regiment, Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery Fort Slemmer sometimes called Battery Slemmer was one of seven temporary earthwork forts part of the Civil War Defenses of Washington, D.C., during the Civil War built in the Northeast quadrant of the city at the beginning of the Civil War by the Union Army to protect the city from the Confederate Army. From west to east, the forts were as follow: Fort Slocum, Fort Totten, Fort Slemmer, Fort Bunker Hill, Fort Saratoga, Fort Thayer and Fort Lincoln. Unlike other forts, today very little remains of the structure. Civil War Soldiers at gate of Fort Slemmer The fort was named in honor of Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer. It was built in August 1861 between Fort Totten and Fort Bunker Hill on the east side of Harewood Road just north of The Catholic University of America's Marist Hall. In February 1862, the 20th New York moved in the fort. The fort was equipped with the following armament: Three 32-pounder James guns One 8-inch siege howitzer The following troops garrisoned in the fort: 20th New York Several New Hampshire Heavy Artillery 150th Ohio National Guard Battery G, 3rd United States Artillery Post Civil War The fort was abandoned at the end of the civil war in 1865. It fell in disrepair after the war. See also American Civil War portal Civil War Defenses of Washington Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War Fort Slocum Fort Totten Fort Bunker Hill Fort Saratoga Fort Thayer Fort Lincoln Battle of Fort Stevens References ^ a b c d e f Rice Scott, Sarah; Dobbs, Michael; Mazzenga, Maria. "A Historical Walking Tour of The Catholic University of America : The Civil War: Fort Slemmer". CUexhibits.WRLC.org. American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives. Catholic University of America. Retrieved December 13, 2019. ^ "Fort Slemmer (historical)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. December 18, 1979. Retrieved December 13, 2019. ^ a b Cowan's Auctions. "Civil War Photograph of the 2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Fort Slemmer, by Brady". CowanAuctions.com. Retrieved December 13, 2019. ^ a b National Park Service. "Union Pennsylvania Volunteers: 2nd Regiment, Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery (112th Volunteers)". NPS.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2019. ^ "Fort Slemmer Co. and 2d Pennsylvania Artillery". LOC.gov. LCCN 2012646716. Retrieved December 13, 2019. ^ a b c d The Defenses of Washington during the War - The Evening Star - Thursday, October 9, 1902 - page 21 ^ a b Fortwiki - Fort Slemmer - http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Slemmer External links Media related to Fort Slemmer at Wikimedia Commons Civil War Defenses of Washington official website vteAmerican Civil War Defenses of Washington, D.C.Departments Department of the East Department of Washington, D.C. Department of the Potomac Military District of Washington Department of the Rappahanock Defenses of Washington, D.C. Department of Washington Union Army Forces Army of the Potomac XXII Corps Potomac Approaches Fort Washington (MD) Fort Foote (MD) Battery Rodgers (VA) Arlington Line Fort Marcy Fort Ethan Allen Fort C. F. Smith Fort Bennett Fort Strong Fort Corcoran Fort Haggerty Fort Morton Fort Woodbury Fort Cass Fort Whipple Fort Tillinghast Fort McPherson Fort Buffalo Fort Ramsay Fort Craig Fort Albany Fort Jackson Fort Runyon Fort Richardson Fort Barnard Fort Berry Fort Scott Battery Garesche Fort Reynolds Fort Ward Fort Worth Fort Williams Fort Ellsworth Fort Lyon Fort Farnsworth Fort Weed Fort O'Rourke Fort Willard Northwest Quadrant Fort Cross (MD) Fort Kirby (MD) Fort Sumner (MD) Battery Alexander (MD) Fort Simmons (MD) Fort Davis (MD) Battery Benson (MD) Battery Bailey (MD) Fort Mansfield (MD) Battery Cameron Battery Parrott Battery Kemble Battery Martin Scott Battery Vermont Fort Bayard Fort Gaines Fort Reno Battery Rossell Fort Kearny Battery Terrill Battery Smead Battery Kingsbury Fort DeRussy Battery Sill Fort Stevens Northeast Quadrant Fort Slocum Fort Totten Fort Slemmer Fort Bunker Hill Fort Saratoga Fort Thayer Fort Lincoln Battery Jameson Eastern Branch Fort Mahan Fort Chaplin Fort Meigs Fort Dupont Fort Davis Fort Baker Fort Wagner Fort Ricketts Fort Stanton Fort Snyder Fort Carroll Fort Greble National Park Service (Web) Map of defenses in 1865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal_range
Pir Panjal Range
["1 Etymology","2 Peaks of the range","3 Passes","4 Tunnels","4.1 Jawahar Tunnel","4.2 Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel","4.3 Atal Tunnel","4.4 Banihal Railway Tunnel","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 33°53′36″N 74°29′19″E / 33.89333°N 74.48861°E / 33.89333; 74.48861Mountain range of the Lower Himalayas This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pir Panjal Range" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pir Panjal Range as seen from Khajjiar, Himachal Pradesh, India Satellite image of the Kashmir Valley, with snow-capped Pir Panjal range to its southwest (left in image) The Pir Panjal Range (Urdu pronunciation:  ; Kashmiri pronunciation: pronunciationⓘ) is a range of mountains in the Lower Himalayan region located in the Western Himalayas of northern Indian subcontinent. It runs southeast to northwest between the Beas and Neelam/Kishanganga rivers, in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, with its northwestern end extending into territory administered by Pakistan. The Himalayas show a gradual elevation towards the Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges. Pir Panjal is the largest and westernmost range of the Lesser Himalayas. Near the bank of the Sutlej River, it dissociates itself from the main Himalayan range and forms a divide between the Beas and Ravi rivers on one side and the Chenab on the other. Further west, the Pir Panjal range forms the southwestern boundary of the Kashmir Valley, separating it from the hills of Jammu region, forming a divide between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers. Etymology The Pir Panjal range is named after the Pir Panjal Pass, whose original name as recorded by Srivara, is Panchaladeva (IAST: Pāñcāladeva, meaning the deity of Panchala). Panchala is a country mentioned in the Mahabharata in the northwest Uttar Pradesh. However, there are also traditions that place the Mahabharata regions in western Punjab and southern Kashmir. Scholar Dineshchandra Sircar has analysed the geography described in the Shakti‐sangama Tantra, where this is indeed the case. Scholar M. A. Stein believes that the concept of deity must have been translated into that of a Pir after the region was Islamised. Peaks of the range Deo Tibba (6,001 m (19,688 ft)) and Indrasan (6,221 m (20,410 ft)) are two important peaks at the eastern end of the mountain range. They can be approached from both the Parvati-Beas Valley (Kulu District), Upper Belt of Chamba Himachal Pradesh and the Chandra (Upper Chenab) Valley (Lahaul and Spiti District) in Himachal Pradesh. The hill station of Gulmarg in Kashmir lies in this range. Passes Pir Panjal range as seen from Banihal, Jammu and Kashmir Haji Pir Pass (altitude 2,637 m (8,652 ft)) on the western Pir Panjal range on the road between Poonch and Uri in Indian-administered Kashmir. Despite taking the pass twice in military operations (in 1948 and 1965), India left the pass under Pakistani control. The Pir Panjal Pass (also called Peer Ki Gali) connects the Kashmir valley with Rajouri and Poonch via the Mughal Road. It is the highest point of the Mughal Road at 3,490 m (11,450 ft) and lies to the southwest of the Kashmir Valley. The nearest town to the pass in the Kashmir valley is Shopian. The Munawar Pass (altitude 3,600 m (11,800 ft)) is a pass north of Peer Ki Gali, overlooking Rajouri. The Banihal pass (2,832 m (9,291 ft)) lies at the head of the Jhelum River at the southern end of the Kashmir Valley. Banihal and Qazigund lie on either side of the pass. The Sinthan pass connects the Kashmir valley with Kishtwar in the Jammu region. The Saach Pass, a 4,414 metres (14,482 ft) mountain pass in the Chamba district connecting Chamba with the Pangi valley of Himachal Pradesh, India. Rohtang La (altitude 3,978 m (13,051 ft)) is a mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal range connecting Manali in the Kullu Valley to Keylong in the Lahaul Valley. 75km50miles Rohtang La Sach pass Sinthan pass Jammu Sringar Banihal pass Pir Panjal pass Haji Pir pass  Passes of the Pir Panjal Range Tunnels Jawahar Tunnel The Jawahar Tunnel is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long tunnel through Pir Panjal mountain under the Banihal pass connects Banihal with Qazigund on the other side of the mountain. The Jawahar Tunnel was named after the first Prime Minister of India was constructed in the early 1950s and commissioned in December 1956 to ensure snow-free passage throughout the year. It is at elevation of about 2,100 m (6,900 ft). It was designed for 150 vehicles per day but now used by more than 7,000 vehicles per day. Therefore, a new wider and longer tunnel has been planned at a lower elevation. Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel Main article: Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel Construction of a new 8.45 km (5.25 mi) long twin-tube Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel started in 2011 and was commissioned in 2021. The new tunnel is at a lower elevation than the existing Jawahar tunnel and has reduced the road distance between Banihal and Qazigund by 16 km (9.9 mi). It is also less prone to snow avalanches as it is at a lower elevation. Atal Tunnel Main article: Atal tunnel The Atal Tunnel has been built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway. With 8.8 km (5.5 mi) length, the tunnel is the second longest road tunnel in India and has reduced the distance between Manali and Keylong by about 60 km (37 mi). The tunnel is at 3,100 metres (10,171 ft) elevation whereas the Rohtang pass is at 3,978 metres (13,051 ft) elevation. Lying on the Manali-Leh axis, this is one of the two routes to Ladakh. Banihal Railway Tunnel Main article: Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, an 11.215 kilometres (6.969 mi) railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range in Jammu and Kashmir. It connects Quazigund and Banihal and is a part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla railway project. The tunnel was commissioned on 26 June 2013 for regular service. It is India's longest railway tunnel. See also Ganga Choti Banni Mata Temple References ^ a b c "Pir Panjal Range | Location, Himalayas, & Tunnel | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023. ^ "Home ministry chalks out plan to settle Kashmiri Pandits". ^ Sircar, Dineschandra (1971), Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 204–205, ISBN 978-81-208-0690-0 ^ Stein, M. A. (1900), Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Co., pp. 397–398, ISBN 978-81-208-0370-1 ^ Pir Panjal Range (mountain system, Asia) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia ^ Kapadia, Harish (1999), Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram, Indus Publishing, p. 23, ISBN 978-81-7387-100-9 ^ "Pir Panjal Range". Tourist Link. 21 April 2013. ^ Himachal Tourism"". Himachal Tourism. Accessed 6 December 2019. ^ Beacon Light in the Tunnel Archived 1 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Passages of employment to Srinagar's denizens". The Hindu. ^ "India's longest railway tunnel unveiled in Jammu & Kashmir". The Times of India. 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Further reading Jreat, Manoj (2004), Tourism in Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing, pp. 15–, ISBN 978-81-7387-157-3 Minhas, Poonam (1998), Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities, Indus Publishing, pp. 28–, ISBN 978-81-7387-080-4 33°53′36″N 74°29′19″E / 33.89333°N 74.48861°E / 33.89333; 74.48861
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Pir Panjal is the largest and westernmost range of the Lesser Himalayas. Near the bank of the Sutlej River, it dissociates itself from the main Himalayan range and forms a divide between the Beas and Ravi rivers on one side and the Chenab on the other. Further west, the Pir Panjal range forms the southwestern boundary of the Kashmir Valley, separating it from the hills of Jammu region, forming a divide between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers.","title":"Pir Panjal Range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pir Panjal Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Pass"},{"link_name":"Srivara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajatarangini"},{"link_name":"IAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST"},{"link_name":"Panchala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchala"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Dineshchandra Sircar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar"},{"link_name":"Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti"},{"link_name":"Tantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"M. A. Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Stein"},{"link_name":"Pir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Pir Panjal range is named after the Pir Panjal Pass, whose original name as recorded by Srivara, is Panchaladeva (IAST: Pāñcāladeva, meaning the deity of Panchala). Panchala is a country mentioned in the Mahabharata in the northwest Uttar Pradesh. However, there are also traditions that place the Mahabharata regions in western Punjab and southern Kashmir. Scholar Dineshchandra Sircar has analysed the geography described in the Shakti‐sangama Tantra, where this is indeed the case.[3] Scholar M. A. Stein believes that the concept of deity must have been translated into that of a Pir after the region was Islamised.[4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deo Tibba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deo_Tibba"},{"link_name":"Indrasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrasan"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Lahaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaul"},{"link_name":"Spiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiti"},{"link_name":"hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station"},{"link_name":"Gulmarg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmarg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Deo Tibba (6,001 m (19,688 ft)) and Indrasan (6,221 m (20,410 ft)) are two important peaks at the eastern end of the mountain range. They can be approached from both the Parvati-Beas Valley (Kulu District), Upper Belt of Chamba Himachal Pradesh and the Chandra (Upper Chenab) Valley (Lahaul and Spiti District) in Himachal Pradesh. The hill station of Gulmarg in Kashmir lies in this range.[5]","title":"Peaks of the range"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banihal_Pass.jpg"},{"link_name":"Banihal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banihal"},{"link_name":"Poonch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonch_(town)"},{"link_name":"Uri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri,_Jammu_and_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Indian-administered Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian-administered_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operations_in_Poonch_(1948)"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haji_Pir_Pass_(1965)"},{"link_name":"Pir Panjal Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Pass"},{"link_name":"Rajouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajouri"},{"link_name":"Poonch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonch_(town)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapadia1999-6"},{"link_name":"Shopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopian"},{"link_name":"Munawar Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munawar_Pass"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tourist_Link-7"},{"link_name":"Banihal pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banihal_pass"},{"link_name":"Jhelum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum"},{"link_name":"Qazigund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazigund"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-1"},{"link_name":"Sinthan pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinthan_top"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Saach Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saach_Pass"},{"link_name":"Chamba district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba_district"},{"link_name":"Chamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Pangi valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangi_valley"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://himachaltourism.gov.in-8"},{"link_name":"Rohtang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtang"},{"link_name":"mountain pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass"},{"link_name":"Manali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Kullu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullu"},{"link_name":"Keylong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylong"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/7/33.3115906/75.7662195/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/8/33.3115906/75.7662195/en"}],"text":"Pir Panjal range as seen from Banihal, Jammu and KashmirHaji Pir Pass (altitude 2,637 m (8,652 ft)) on the western Pir Panjal range on the road between Poonch and Uri in Indian-administered Kashmir. Despite taking the pass twice in military operations (in 1948 and 1965), India left the pass under Pakistani control.The Pir Panjal Pass (also called Peer Ki Gali) connects the Kashmir valley with Rajouri and Poonch via the Mughal Road. It is the highest point of the Mughal Road at 3,490 m (11,450 ft) and lies to the southwest of the Kashmir Valley.[6] The nearest town to the pass in the Kashmir valley is Shopian.The Munawar Pass (altitude 3,600 m (11,800 ft)) is a pass north of Peer Ki Gali, overlooking Rajouri.[7]The Banihal pass (2,832 m (9,291 ft)) lies at the head of the Jhelum River at the southern end of the Kashmir Valley. Banihal and Qazigund lie on either side of the pass.[1]The Sinthan pass connects the Kashmir valley with Kishtwar in the Jammu region. [citation needed]The Saach Pass, a 4,414 metres (14,482 ft) mountain pass in the Chamba district connecting Chamba with the Pangi valley of Himachal Pradesh, India.[8]Rohtang La (altitude 3,978 m (13,051 ft)) is a mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal range connecting Manali in the Kullu Valley to Keylong in the Lahaul Valley. [citation needed]75km50miles\nRohtang La\nSach pass\nSinthan pass\nJammu\nSringar\nBanihal pass\n\nPir Panjal pass\n\nHaji Pir pass  Passes of the Pir Panjal Range","title":"Passes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tunnels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jawahar Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawahar_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Jawahar Tunnel","text":"The Jawahar Tunnel is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long tunnel through Pir Panjal mountain under the Banihal pass connects Banihal with Qazigund on the other side of the mountain. The Jawahar Tunnel was named after the first Prime Minister of India was constructed in the early 1950s and commissioned in December 1956 to ensure snow-free passage throughout the year. It is at elevation of about 2,100 m (6,900 ft). It was designed for 150 vehicles per day but now used by more than 7,000 vehicles per day.[9] Therefore, a new wider and longer tunnel has been planned at a lower elevation.","title":"Tunnels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banihal_Qazigund_Road_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel","text":"Construction of a new 8.45 km (5.25 mi) long twin-tube Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel started in 2011 and was commissioned in 2021. The new tunnel is at a lower elevation than the existing Jawahar tunnel and has reduced the road distance between Banihal and Qazigund by 16 km (9.9 mi). It is also less prone to snow avalanches as it is at a lower elevation.[10]","title":"Tunnels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atal Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Rohtang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtang"},{"link_name":"Leh-Manali Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh-Manali_Highway"},{"link_name":"Manali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Keylong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylong"}],"sub_title":"Atal Tunnel","text":"The Atal Tunnel has been built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway. With 8.8 km (5.5 mi) length, the tunnel is the second longest road tunnel in India and has reduced the distance between Manali and Keylong by about 60 km (37 mi). The tunnel is at 3,100 metres (10,171 ft) elevation whereas the Rohtang pass is at 3,978 metres (13,051 ft) elevation. Lying on the Manali-Leh axis, this is one of the two routes to Ladakh.","title":"Tunnels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Railway_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Quazigund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quazigund"},{"link_name":"Banihal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banihal"},{"link_name":"Udhampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampur"},{"link_name":"Baramulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramulla"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI-11"}],"sub_title":"Banihal Railway Tunnel","text":"The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, an 11.215 kilometres (6.969 mi) railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range in Jammu and Kashmir. It connects Quazigund and Banihal and is a part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla railway project. The tunnel was commissioned on 26 June 2013 for regular service. It is India's longest railway tunnel.[11]","title":"Tunnels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tourism in Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=n6Qa0OrXstAC&pg=PA15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7387-157-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-157-3"},{"link_name":"Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&pg=PA28"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7387-080-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-080-4"},{"link_name":"33°53′36″N 74°29′19″E / 33.89333°N 74.48861°E / 33.89333; 74.48861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pir_Panjal_Range&params=33_53_36_N_74_29_19_E_type:mountain_region:IN"}],"text":"Jreat, Manoj (2004), Tourism in Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing, pp. 15–, ISBN 978-81-7387-157-3\nMinhas, Poonam (1998), Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities, Indus Publishing, pp. 28–, ISBN 978-81-7387-080-433°53′36″N 74°29′19″E / 33.89333°N 74.48861°E / 33.89333; 74.48861","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Pir Panjal Range as seen from Khajjiar, Himachal Pradesh, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pir_Panjal_2478293509_8000ae5902_o.jpg/280px-Pir_Panjal_2478293509_8000ae5902_o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Satellite image of the Kashmir Valley, with snow-capped Pir Panjal range to its southwest (left in image)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kashmir-sat-nasa.jpg/220px-Kashmir-sat-nasa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pir Panjal range as seen from Banihal, Jammu and Kashmir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Banihal_Pass.jpg/220px-Banihal_Pass.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Ganga Choti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Choti"},{"title":"Banni Mata Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banni_Mata_Temple"}]
[{"reference":"\"Pir Panjal Range | Location, Himalayas, & Tunnel | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Pir-Panjal-Range","url_text":"\"Pir Panjal Range | Location, Himalayas, & Tunnel | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home ministry chalks out plan to settle Kashmiri Pandits\".","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mha-chalks-out-plan-to-settle-kashmiri-pandits/1/364669.html","url_text":"\"Home ministry chalks out plan to settle Kashmiri Pandits\""}]},{"reference":"Sircar, Dineschandra (1971), Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 204–205, ISBN 978-81-208-0690-0","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA378","url_text":"Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0690-0","url_text":"978-81-208-0690-0"}]},{"reference":"Stein, M. A. (1900), Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Co., pp. 397–398, ISBN 978-81-208-0370-1","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/RajataranginiVol2","url_text":"Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0370-1","url_text":"978-81-208-0370-1"}]},{"reference":"Kapadia, Harish (1999), Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram, Indus Publishing, p. 23, ISBN 978-81-7387-100-9","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pl5qHu_K45kC&pg=PA23","url_text":"Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-100-9","url_text":"978-81-7387-100-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Pir Panjal Range\". Tourist Link. 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.touristlink.com/india/pir-panjal-range/overview.html","url_text":"\"Pir Panjal Range\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passages of employment to Srinagar's denizens\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/passages-of-employment-to-srinagars-denizens/article3294918.ece","url_text":"\"Passages of employment to Srinagar's denizens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"India's longest railway tunnel unveiled in Jammu & Kashmir\". The Times of India. 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130629075419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-14/india/30278754_1_jawahar-tunnel-tunnel-excavation-baramulla","url_text":"\"India's longest railway tunnel unveiled in Jammu & Kashmir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-14/india/30278754_1_jawahar-tunnel-tunnel-excavation-baramulla","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jreat, Manoj (2004), Tourism in Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing, pp. 15–, ISBN 978-81-7387-157-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n6Qa0OrXstAC&pg=PA15","url_text":"Tourism in Himachal Pradesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-157-3","url_text":"978-81-7387-157-3"}]},{"reference":"Minhas, Poonam (1998), Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities, Indus Publishing, pp. 28–, ISBN 978-81-7387-080-4","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&pg=PA28","url_text":"Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-080-4","url_text":"978-81-7387-080-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_O%27Regan
Denis O'Regan
["1 Early years","2 World tours","3 Published work","4 Digital age","5 Recent updates","6 Personal life","7 References","8 External links"]
For the jockey, see Denis O'Regan (jockey). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Denis O'Regan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Denis O'Regan is an English photographer. His imagery is particularly associated with the punk movement, Queen, David Bowie, and Duran Duran, and O'Regan has photographed everyone from AC/DC to ZZ Top, documenting Punk, New Romanticism, Grunge, and Heavy Metal along the way. O'Regan has undertaken many European, US, and World tours, worked as official photographer at Live Aid and the Concert For Diana, and travelled as official photographer to David Bowie, Duran Duran, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Queen, Kiss, Europe, Neil Diamond, Bee Gees, Pink Floyd and Thin Lizzy. His work has been widely published and exhibited. He has photographed David Bowie and Duran Duran more than any other photographer, covering over 200 concerts around the world by the former. In 2021, O'Regan was appointed as the first ever Artist In Residence at London's Royal Albert Hall. Early years Born in London in November 1953 to Irish parents who had eloped from County Cork, O'Regan grew up in Barnes, West London and attended St Benedict's School, following which he was offered a place at nearby Ealing Art College, famously attended a generation before by rock elite Freddie Mercury, Keith Richards, Ronnie Wood, Ray Davies and Pete Townshend. However, parental influence prevailed and he was temporarily diverted towards a position in the City of London as a trainee broker at Willis Faber & Dumas, then as a trainee underwriter at the world centre of insurance, Lloyd's of London. Prior to this orthodox career move, O'Regan had seen The Beatles at the Hammersmith Odeon in 1964 with his mother, Marie. In the early 1970s, he smuggled a camera into the same venue to photograph Paul McCartney and Queen. Inspired by seeing Led Zeppelin's Jimmy Page perform at Alexandra Palace, and David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust at Hammersmith, O'Regan taught himself photography. He resigned his day job, toured Europe on a student rail pass, and returned to comprehensively document the readily-accessible Punk explosion in London. A major contributor to NME in the late Seventies, O'Regan combined his love of photography and travel when in the Eighties he toured with some of the world's top rock bands, including those he had grown up with as a fan. World tours As official photographer O’Regan undertook European and World tours with many artists, including Thin Lizzy in 1980, 1981, and 1982; David Bowie in 1983, 1987, and 1990; The Rolling Stones in 1982 (their only European tour of the decade); Duran Duran over many years including their most successful tour in 1984; Spandau Ballet and Neil Diamond in 1985; Queen in 1986 (their last tour with Freddie Mercury); Pink Floyd in 1994; KISS in 2008. During this period he was commissioned to shoot shows that set attendance records for the UK, Southern Hemisphere, and Eastern Bloc. O’Regan was appointed official photographer for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium in 1985, and in co-operation with Bob Geldof produced the record-selling commemorative book. He also shot Live 8 in Hyde Park as an official photographer in 2005. Record album covers featuring his live work include Queen's Live Magic, Live at Wembley '86, Queen on Fire - Live at the Bowl, Knebworth '90, Thin Lizzy's 'Wild One: the Very Best of Thin Lizzy' & 'Still Dangerous: Live at the Tower Theatre Philadelphia', Pink Floyd's P*U*L*S*E, Sting's 'Bring on the Night', The Cure's 'Seventeen Seconds', Duran Duran's Decade: Greatest Hits, and the Rolling Stones' Forty Licks. Published work Denis O’Regan has produced numerous books, including Images of Punk, Queen's A Magic Tour and Queen – The Full Picture, David Bowie's Serious Moonlight world tour, Duran Duran's Sing Blue Silver, and his work has featured in publications such as Time, Life, Newsweek, "Rolling Stone", "GQ" and Photo as well as every UK national newspaper, and pop and rock magazines across the world. Other past clients include Pepsi, HBO, MTV, VH1, and Aston Martin. The 2018 O’Regan’s 'Ricochet : David Bowie 1983' boxed set was a huge success both in hardback published by Penguin Random House; and as a limited edition boxed set containing five books, limited edition vinyl and fine art prints, published by Moonlight Books. The books comprehensively and intimately document David Bowie's most successful year following the release of his 'Let's Dance' album. The Ricochet boxed set was the first product to feature the David Bowie estate stamp, and is on display in the Victoria & Albert Museum’s permanent collection in London. In 1999 Peter Blake (artist) (designer of the Beatles' Sergeant Pepper album cover) used a Denis O'Regan picture of Freddie Mercury in his design for the Royal Mail's Millennium first class postage stamp. His photographs of Queen band members Freddie Mercury and Brian May also graced Royal Mail stamps released in 2020. O'Regan received a dedication from UK 'lad lit' writer Tony Parsons in his Punk eulogy 'The Boy Looked at Johnny', and features in diverse biographies and autobiographies including The Fun Starts Here by 'Mrs Geldof' Paula Yates. One of Keith Richards' favourite O'Regan photographs - a live shot with Charlie Watts - is featured in Richards' 2010 autobiography Life. Digital age It is widely accepted that O’Regan pioneered the use of autofocus cameras (in 1987) and digital cameras in the late 1990s. He digitally shot and uploaded photos to national press from the backstage area of the MTV 1998 European Music Awards, and Paul McCartney's return to The Cavern in 1999. His pictures of the latter made the front pages of every UK national newspaper the following morning, including The Daily Telegraph, The Times and the Daily Mail. In the same year O’Regan founded one of the UK's first legal music download sites, which sold a milestone 25,000 tracks in the months prior to the Millennium (four years before the launch of Apple's iTunes store). He grew up in Barnes, West London, at the same time as Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web. In 2021 O’Regan entered the nascent NFT market, successfully selling out a number of David Bowie image drops. Recent updates O'Regan worked closely with Duran Duran during the 1980s and 1990s and reunited with the reformed band for rehearsals in 2003 and European tours in 2004/2005. Having covered Pink Floyd's final tour - The Division Bell in 1994, he also shot their final ever performance at Live 8 in London's Hyde Park in 2005. His work has been exhibited at various venues including Proud Galleries, the Air Gallery, backstage at MTV's European Music Awards (London & Rome), backstage at Wembley Arena, and at Apple's flagship London Store on Regent Street. In 2016 he was the only non-US photographer featured in the Coachella 'Desert Trip' exhibition, which was attended by 100,000 visitors. Denis was appointed official photographer for the 1996-1999 MTV European Music Awards; 2006-2009 Download festivals; Kylie Minogue's 2006/2007 UK Showgirl tour; Prince William and Prince Harry's 2007 Concert For Diana at Wembley Stadium, where he took all the official backstage portraits; Glastonbury 2011; and Coachella Festival, which he has regularly covered for the organisers. Following the 2016 'Fame Fashion Photography' David Bowie exhibition on London's Heddon Street in aid of Cancer Research, O'Regan took David Bowie, Queen and Punk exhibitions on hugely successful UK tours, attracting over 5000 paying attendees to Q&A events. A longtime charity supporter, in 2012 O'Regan collaborated with Damien Hirst on a U2 print for Cancer Research UK which raised £50,000 in 10 minutes, thanks to auctioneer Al Murray. He has held numerous events in aid of Rainbow Trust Children's Charity where guests such as Boy George, Peter Frampton and Tony Hadley performed acoustically, and donates a print every year to the Ace Africa charity. In 2016 Denis travelled to the high Arctic with a team of explorers who walked to the North Pole to highlight global warming and the receding ice cap and O'Regan opened his first gallery in 2019, in Hammersmith West London, where he exhibits and sells limited edition fine art prints and books, and hosts events to highlight his work. In 2021 on its 150th anniversary, he was honoured to be appointed Artist In Residence at the Royal Albert Hall, the first such appointment in its history. Personal life Denis O’Regan lives in west London with his son Rory, born in 2006. References ^ a b c Simpson, Dave (16 November 2022). "Freddie Mercury in his definitive pose – Denis O'Regan's best photograph". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2022. ^ "Oh You Pretty Thing: Bowie Gallery Opens". XFM. 8 January 2004. Retrieved 5 August 2010. External links Denis O'Regan official website Duran Duran Careless Memories book 'Ricochet : David Bowie 1983' official website David Bowie 'Ricochet' boxed set 2014 BBC TV Breakfast interview Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz Photographers' Identities
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denis O'Regan (jockey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_O%27Regan_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"Live Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Aid"},{"link_name":"Concert For Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_For_Diana"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_(band)"},{"link_name":"Neil Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Bee Gees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Thin Lizzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Lizzy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CGuardian%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"}],"text":"For the jockey, see Denis O'Regan (jockey).Denis O'Regan is an English photographer. His imagery is particularly associated with the punk movement, Queen, David Bowie, and Duran Duran, and O'Regan has photographed everyone from AC/DC to ZZ Top, documenting Punk, New Romanticism, Grunge, and Heavy Metal along the way. O'Regan has undertaken many European, US, and World tours, worked as official photographer at Live Aid and the Concert For Diana, and travelled as official photographer to David Bowie, Duran Duran, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Queen, Kiss, Europe, Neil Diamond, Bee Gees, Pink Floyd and Thin Lizzy. His work has been widely published and exhibited.[1] He has photographed David Bowie and Duran Duran more than any other photographer, covering over 200 concerts around the world by the former. In 2021, O'Regan was appointed as the first ever Artist In Residence at London's Royal Albert Hall.","title":"Denis O'Regan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes,_London"},{"link_name":"St Benedict's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Benedict%27s_School,_Ealing"},{"link_name":"Ealing Art College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Art_College"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Wood"},{"link_name":"Ray Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Davies"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Willis Faber & Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Group_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Odeon"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Page"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Palace"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie#Ziggy_Stardust"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"}],"text":"Born in London in November 1953 to Irish parents who had eloped from County Cork, O'Regan grew up in Barnes, West London and attended St Benedict's School, following which he was offered a place at nearby Ealing Art College, famously attended a generation before by rock elite Freddie Mercury, Keith Richards, Ronnie Wood, Ray Davies and Pete Townshend. However, parental influence prevailed and he was temporarily diverted towards a position in the City of London as a trainee broker at Willis Faber & Dumas, then as a trainee underwriter at the world centre of insurance, Lloyd's of London.Prior to this orthodox career move, O'Regan had seen The Beatles at the Hammersmith Odeon in 1964 with his mother, Marie. In the early 1970s, he smuggled a camera into the same venue to photograph Paul McCartney and Queen. Inspired by seeing Led Zeppelin's Jimmy Page perform at Alexandra Palace, and David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust at Hammersmith, O'Regan taught himself photography. He resigned his day job, toured Europe on a student rail pass, and returned to comprehensively document the readily-accessible Punk explosion in London. A major contributor to NME in the late Seventies, O'Regan combined his love of photography and travel when in the Eighties he toured with some of the world's top rock bands, including those he had grown up with as a fan.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thin Lizzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Lizzy"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Spandau Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandau_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Neil Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KISS_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CGuardian%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"Live Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Aid"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bob Geldof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geldof"},{"link_name":"Live 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_8"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Live Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Magic"},{"link_name":"Live at Wembley '86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Wembley_%2786"},{"link_name":"Queen on Fire - Live at the Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_on_Fire_-_Live_at_the_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Knebworth '90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerts_at_Knebworth_House"},{"link_name":"Thin Lizzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Lizzy"},{"link_name":"P*U*L*S*E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(Pink_Floyd_album)"},{"link_name":"Decade: Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade:_Greatest_Hits"},{"link_name":"Forty Licks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Licks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CGuardian%E2%80%9D-1"}],"text":"As official photographer O’Regan undertook European and World tours with many artists, including Thin Lizzy in 1980, 1981, and 1982; David Bowie in 1983, 1987, and 1990; The Rolling Stones in 1982 (their only European tour of the decade); Duran Duran over many years including their most successful tour in 1984; Spandau Ballet and Neil Diamond in 1985; Queen in 1986 (their last tour with Freddie Mercury); Pink Floyd in 1994; KISS in 2008.[1] During this period he was commissioned to shoot shows that set attendance records for the UK, Southern Hemisphere, and Eastern Bloc.O’Regan was appointed official photographer for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium in 1985, and in co-operation with Bob Geldof produced the record-selling commemorative book. He also shot Live 8 in Hyde Park as an official photographer in 2005. Record album covers featuring his live work include Queen's Live Magic, Live at Wembley '86, Queen on Fire - Live at the Bowl, Knebworth '90, Thin Lizzy's 'Wild One: the Very Best of Thin Lizzy' & 'Still Dangerous: Live at the Tower Theatre Philadelphia', Pink Floyd's P*U*L*S*E, Sting's 'Bring on the Night', The Cure's 'Seventeen Seconds', Duran Duran's Decade: Greatest Hits, and the Rolling Stones' Forty Licks.[1]","title":"World tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sing Blue Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Blue_Silver"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_magazine#LIFE.2C_the_photojournalism_magazine"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"Photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_(French_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Victoria & Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"Peter Blake (artist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)"},{"link_name":"lad lit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lad_lit"},{"link_name":"Tony Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Parsons_(British_journalist)"},{"link_name":"Paula Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Yates"},{"link_name":"Charlie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Watts"}],"text":"Denis O’Regan has produced numerous books, including Images of Punk, Queen's A Magic Tour and Queen – The Full Picture, David Bowie's Serious Moonlight world tour,[2] Duran Duran's Sing Blue Silver, and his work has featured in publications such as Time, Life, Newsweek, \"Rolling Stone\", \"GQ\" and Photo as well as every UK national newspaper, and pop and rock magazines across the world. Other past clients include Pepsi, HBO, MTV, VH1, and Aston Martin.The 2018 O’Regan’s 'Ricochet : David Bowie 1983' boxed set was a huge success both in hardback published by Penguin Random House; and as a limited edition boxed set containing five books, limited edition vinyl and fine art prints, published by Moonlight Books. The books comprehensively and intimately document David Bowie's most successful year following the release of his 'Let's Dance' album. The Ricochet boxed set was the first product to feature the David Bowie estate stamp, and is on display in the Victoria & Albert Museum’s permanent collection in London.In 1999 Peter Blake (artist) (designer of the Beatles' Sergeant Pepper album cover) used a Denis O'Regan picture of Freddie Mercury in his design for the Royal Mail's Millennium first class postage stamp. His photographs of Queen band members Freddie Mercury and Brian May also graced Royal Mail stamps released in 2020. O'Regan received a dedication from UK 'lad lit' writer Tony Parsons in his Punk eulogy 'The Boy Looked at Johnny', and features in diverse biographies and autobiographies including The Fun Starts Here by 'Mrs Geldof' Paula Yates. One of Keith Richards' favourite O'Regan photographs - a live shot with Charlie Watts - is featured in Richards' 2010 autobiography Life.","title":"Published work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autofocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus"},{"link_name":"digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"The Cavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cavern"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"music download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"Tim Berners-Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee"},{"link_name":"NFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT"}],"text":"It is widely accepted that O’Regan pioneered the use of autofocus cameras (in 1987) and digital cameras in the late 1990s.[citation needed] He digitally shot and uploaded photos to national press from the backstage area of the MTV 1998 European Music Awards, and Paul McCartney's return to The Cavern in 1999. His pictures of the latter made the front pages of every UK national newspaper the following morning, including The Daily Telegraph, The Times and the Daily Mail. In the same year O’Regan founded one of the UK's first legal music download sites, which sold a milestone 25,000 tracks in the months prior to the Millennium (four years before the launch of Apple's iTunes store). He grew up in Barnes, West London, at the same time as Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web. In 2021 O’Regan entered the nascent NFT market, successfully selling out a number of David Bowie image drops.","title":"Digital age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Division Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Division_Bell"},{"link_name":"Live 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_8"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Proud Galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.proud.co.uk"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Prince William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William"},{"link_name":"Prince Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry"},{"link_name":"Concert For Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_For_Diana"},{"link_name":"Coachella Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Cancer Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research"},{"link_name":"Damien Hirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Hirst"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Cancer Research UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK"},{"link_name":"Al Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Murray"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Trust Children's Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Trust_Children%27s_Charity"},{"link_name":"Boy George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_George"},{"link_name":"Peter Frampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frampton"},{"link_name":"Tony Hadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hadley"},{"link_name":"O'Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Regan"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"}],"text":"O'Regan worked closely with Duran Duran during the 1980s and 1990s and reunited with the reformed band for rehearsals in 2003 and European tours in 2004/2005. Having covered Pink Floyd's final tour - The Division Bell in 1994, he also shot their final ever performance at Live 8 in London's Hyde Park in 2005. His work has been exhibited at various venues including Proud Galleries, the Air Gallery, backstage at MTV's European Music Awards (London & Rome), backstage at Wembley Arena, and at Apple's flagship London Store on Regent Street. In 2016 he was the only non-US photographer featured in the Coachella 'Desert Trip' exhibition, which was attended by 100,000 visitors.Denis was appointed official photographer for the 1996-1999 MTV European Music Awards; 2006-2009 Download festivals; Kylie Minogue's 2006/2007 UK Showgirl tour; Prince William and Prince Harry's 2007 Concert For Diana at Wembley Stadium, where he took all the official backstage portraits; Glastonbury 2011; and Coachella Festival, which he has regularly covered for the organisers. Following the 2016 'Fame Fashion Photography' David Bowie exhibition on London's Heddon Street in aid of Cancer Research, O'Regan took David Bowie, Queen and Punk exhibitions on hugely successful UK tours, attracting over 5000 paying attendees to Q&A events.A longtime charity supporter, in 2012 O'Regan collaborated with Damien Hirst on a U2 print for Cancer Research UK which raised £50,000 in 10 minutes, thanks to auctioneer Al Murray. He has held numerous events in aid of Rainbow Trust Children's Charity where guests such as Boy George, Peter Frampton and Tony Hadley performed acoustically, and donates a print every year to the Ace Africa charity.In 2016 Denis travelled to the high Arctic with a team of explorers who walked to the North Pole to highlight global warming and the receding ice cap and O'Regan opened his first gallery in 2019, in Hammersmith West London, where he exhibits and sells limited edition fine art prints and books, and hosts events to highlight his work. In 2021 on its 150th anniversary, he was honoured to be appointed Artist In Residence at the Royal Albert Hall, the first such appointment in its history.","title":"Recent updates"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Denis O’Regan lives in west London with his son Rory, born in 2006.","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Simpson, Dave (16 November 2022). \"Freddie Mercury in his definitive pose – Denis O'Regan's best photograph\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/nov/16/freddie-mercury-queen-denis-o-regan-my-best-photograph-manchester","url_text":"\"Freddie Mercury in his definitive pose – Denis O'Regan's best photograph\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oh You Pretty Thing: Bowie Gallery Opens\". XFM. 8 January 2004. Retrieved 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xfm.co.uk/Article.asp?id=16152","url_text":"\"Oh You Pretty Thing: Bowie Gallery Opens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFM","url_text":"XFM"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Mika
R. Mika
["1 Conception and design","2 Appearances","3 Reception","3.1 Controversy","4 References"]
Fictional character of Street Fighter series Fictional character R. MikaStreet Fighter characterR. Mika in Street Fighter Alpha 3First gameStreet Fighter Alpha 3 (1998)Created byAkira "Akiman" YasudaDesigned byAkira "Akiman" YasudaDaigo IkenoToshiyuki Kamei (SFV)Voiced by English Bonnie Gordon (Street Fighter V) Japanese JapaneseJunko Takeuchi (Street Fighter Alpha 3)Hiromi Igarashi (Street Fighter V) In-universe informationFighting styleProfessional wrestlingOriginJapanNationalityJapanese Rainbow Mika (Japanese: レインボー ミカ, Hepburn: Reinbō Mika), commonly shortened to R. Mika, is the professional wrestling moniker of Mika Nanakawa (七川 美華, Nanakawa Mika), a character in Capcom's Street Fighter fighting game series. First appearing in Street Fighter Alpha 3 in 1998 as a wrestler trying to make a name for herself, Mika was designed by Akira "Akiman" Yasuda with the help of artist Daigo Ikeno. The character has since appeared in comics related to the Street Fighter franchise and other titles by Capcom. In 2016, Mika returned in Street Fighter V with a redesigned appearance by Toshiyuki Kamei, now a mainline wrestler with a tag team partner. Originally voiced by Junko Takeuchi, as of Street Fighter V she was voiced by Bonnie Gordon and Hiromi Igarashi in English and Japanese respectively. R. Mika has received mixed critical reception since her introduction, with a significant focus being on her appearance and discussions on character sexualization. While several outlets were critical of her design, others noted it was suitable for her wrestling character, and in particular The Mary Sue utilized her in a discussion contrasting sexualized versus empowered in regards to the differences between her game and comic counterparts. The character was also the source of some controversy when one of her attacks in Street Fighter V was seemingly censored, with several outlets questioning the validity of the controversy. Conception and design Designed by Akira "Akiman" Yasuda for Street Fighter Alpha 3, the character's design was originally very different according to producer Norikata Funamizu, with the core concept being to implement a "tricky and technical character" to enhance the gameplay. After another developer suggested to add a female professional wrestler to the game's roster, Akiman took the suggestion to heart and quickly drew a basic sketch, drawing some inspiration from an article he read in Gamest about Japanese professional wrestler Cutie Suzuki. His initial rough draft was significantly different, lacking the heart theme and mask while giving her a spikey hairstyle inspired by the manga Kimagure Orange Road, later switching to pigtails instead on the second draft. Artist Daigo Ikeno later helped fill in the details, giving what Akiman calls "a sense of realism" to her design. A particular goal of her gameplay was also to present a subtle difference between her and fellow Street Fighter character Zangief, in both positive and negative regards. R. Mika stands 168 cm tall (5 ft 6 in) and has measurements of 97-72-93 cm (38-28-37 in). In Street Fighter Alpha 3 her outfit consists of a blue and white leotard extending down her thighs and arms, while her long blonde hair is in pigtails on the sides of her head. The leotard itself has various cutouts exposing her skin, namely on the shoulders, cleavage, thighs, buttocks, and a heart cutout on her upper back intended to bring attention to her backside. A white bustier covers her breasts, with a large blue heart on each of her nipples, an aspect inspired the character Michiru Saotome from Getter Robo. White frills circle her neck, wrists, and sides of her pelvis, while white laced wrestling boots extend up to her knees. A blue rounded domino mask covers her eyes, a feature inspired by anime character Yatterman-2 in an attempt to capture what Akiman felt made that character cute. In the book How to Make Capcom Fighting Characters, Akiman added that her blonde hair/blue/white color scheme combination was also inspired by another character, in this case Lisa Kusanami from Sega's fighting game Last Bronx. Years later, Street Fighter IV producer Yoshinori Ono heavily petitioned the game's director for her inclusion in the title, citing her as his personal favorite character, with no success. However, she was later included in Street Fighter V, with art director Toshiyuki Kamei focused on updating her outfit with a bolder design, and adding flair to signify her character transition to a headline act in professional wrestling. Describing her in a design note as a "peppy girl with some meat on her bones and a classic pro-wrestling style", they emphasized her "girlishness" and "cuteness" in contrast to the other series wrestlers, and wanted to show her bouncing around the arena as she fought. In this incarnation more skin is exposed, while her chest is now covered in white material with a heart shaped cutout extending around the top of her breasts. Akiman on his Twitter voiced approval for the change, stating that she was easier to see thanks to the removal of the hearts from her chest, adding in a later tweet they made her look "overdone" and describing the cutout as "very neat! The juniors at Capcom are very proper!" In addition to the changes, Mika was also given a wide variety of secondary outfits, including a version of her regular attire that exposes less skin with a white stylized "M" on her chest, a schoolgirl outfit with glasses, and a red ornate outfit modeled after a phoenix. With Street Fighter V another character named Yamato Nadeshiko (大和 ナデシコ) was designed to appear in several of her attacks, and alongside her in-game. An athletic Japanese woman wearing red and white wrestling boots and leotard with a bob style haircut, she was designed by Ikeno during Street Fighter Alpha 3's development as Mika's tag team partner, and appeared on the cover of Capcom's "Secret File" arcade flyer for the game. When implemented into V, game director Takayuki Nakayama sent an image of Japanese professional wrestler Hikaru Shida to the character designer to use as a guide. Appearances As introduced in the 1998 video game Street Fighter Alpha 3, Mika Nanakawa is a Japanese woman seeking to make her debut in professional wrestling under the stage name "Rainbow Mika", inspired by her idolization of Zangief. To promote herself, she decides to travel the world and fight various martial artists. She encounters Zangief himself along the way, and after the two spar they are attacked by the criminal organization Shadloo and its leader M. Bison. The wrestlers manage to escape and go their separate ways, with Mika pondering if she'll see Zangief again while she trains. In Street Fighter V, a game set after the events of her first appearance, Mika is now a full professional wrestler and works with her former tag team partner Yamato Nadeshiko. After encountering Zangief, she travels with him for some time, and after fighting off a rampaging bear together, he praises her spirit and agrees to be her wrestling partner. Later in the story, they work together alongside other Street Fighter characters to stop a revived Shadaloo. Outside of the Street Fighter series she appears as a supporting character in the 2001 PlayStation game Startling Adventures: Kuusou Daibouken X 3's third chapter, where the protagonist helps her during a wrestling match by preventing attackers from entering the ring. She is also an available character Capcom's mobile game Street Fighter Battle Combination. The game SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash and its Nintendo DS counterpart feature her as selectable cards, as does GungHo Online Entertainment's mobile game TEPPEN. In physical trading card media she appears in Versus TCG, a card game based on Card Fighters Clash, and Jasco Games' Universal Fighting System. Lastly, her outfit appears as an alternative costume for Tekken character Kuma in the crossover fighting game Street Fighter X Tekken. In print media, Mika is featured frequently in UDON Entertainment's Street FIghter comic series. First introduced in Street Fighter Legends: Sakura, the titular character Sakura Kasugano is a fan of Mika, and attends a wrestling match between her and Zangief. After Mika defeats Zangief and knocks him unconscious, he later wakes up enraged and demands a rematch while she is attending fans. Mika fights him, and with Sakura's help they subdue him. In the fifth issue of Street Fighter II: Turbo, a retelling of the titular game, Mika and Zangief appear alongside other fighters invited to the fighting tournament and are told to tag team against the duo of E. Honda and Sodom in the preliminaries. While playing to the crowd, she is taken by surprise when Sodom charges at her but manages to suplex him, only to be thrown from the ring and eliminated from the tournament due to his quick recovery. In the first volume Super Street Fighter, a collection of short stories, she appears as part of a wrestling committee alongside other wrestling-themed characters from the series, the group ultimately breaking into a brawl. In the second, after appearing briefly in Dan Hibiki's story and defeating him, she is featured in her own in a match against the wrestler Hugo Andore. Hugo, however, refuses to fight due to finding her "too pretty", and his manager Poison takes his place instead. Poison handcuffs Mika during the match, but is defeated when Mika instead somersaults butt-first into her midsection, knocking Poison unconscious. Reception Since her introduction Rainbow Mika has been met with mixed reception. Complex stated "Street Fighter has never been shy with the gorgeous ladies, but they've always had full-figured back stories to go along with their full-figured backsides. Rainbow Mika on the other hand is the most blatant example of mysogynistic character design seen in the series." Todd Ciolek from Anime News Network declared Mika as "the worst Street Fighter character," reasoning "every little detail about her annoyed me, from the stupid boob-hearts on her costume to the way she whomped opponents with her butt—and rubbed it after she hit the ground." At Paste, Eric Van Allen criticized her outfit by stating that "even by Street Fighter standards, this amount of gratuitous flesh is rather ridiculous." At Den of Geek, Gavin Jasper stated that while each of the wrestling characters represented a different aspect of the sport, she represented the pageantry, praising her character for it but adding "While seeing her bust out Stone Cold Stunners is good fun, the way they’ve transformed her into a sexualized rodeo clown does get kind of embarrassing at times." However this opinion is not shared between all critics, with GamesRadar noting her "ridiculously impractical attire" and propensity to attack with her buttocks as "all for her fans, and the Japanese wrestler's moxie comes through in her boisterous, crowd-pleasing personality." Nadia Oxford of USgamer found Mika to be an example of positive female gender representation, writing "I can say that I have nothing against, er, voluptuous women in games. Or even scantily-clad women", and that "My problem has always been women characters whom I'm expected to take seriously while they slay dragons/wander the desert/travel the frozen wastes while baring their midriff through the majority of their journey", and that she enjoys Mika's "silly" and "goofy" design. And despite his earlier criticism, in a later Paste article Eric Van Allen instead praised the character, calling her style "effective" and added "R. Mika throws caution to the wind and just goes for it, making her a fun character to play and a riveting one to watch." In a series of articles examining characters from the Street Fighter series, Becky Chambers and Amanda LaPergola of The Mary Sue offered contrasting points on whether the character was sexist or not in their eyes in regards to her handling in different mediums. They noted her outfit as "ridiculously sexist", but moreso criticized her personality in the Street Fighter Alpha games, calling it "ditzy and dumb" and furthermore "irredeemably so." However then Pergola cited her appearance in UDON's comic series, stating that while she continued to use the same out, "she is also treated as a top-notch wrestler with talent and fans that admire her for her skill in the ring. She’s not referred to as a bimbo or a sex object, just a really kick-ass fighter." She further added that an "important part of what makes a character portrayal sexist or not, is how they are treated by other characters. In this comic book, Mika is not a sexist character. Nobody treats her as one, and therefore she is not one." Maddy Myers, in her own article for The Mary Sue, stated that while Mika's outfit represented "campy, posed sexuality" that often alienated players, she felt Mika as a character was more interesting than other sexualized characters in the series. Comparing her particularly to fellow Street Fighter character Cammy, she pointed out that the lack of seriousness in Mika's portrayal helped her be seen as a "tongue-in-cheek goofball, albeit a sexy goofball". Mentioning that while fans of the character may focus on the visual appeal, "she’s not exactly a straightforward sex kitten, either", and projected an "unabashed femininity" that Myers found amazing and uncommon in fighting games. While she acknowledged it was often played for laughs, she enjoyed that the joke regarding Mika's femininity was not one played on the character herself, and hoped that would remain the case. Controversy R. Mika slapping her butt. This was not shown in the North American version of the game, causing controversy In debut footage of Street Fighter V, Mika is seen slapping her butt as part of her Critical Art attack. The decision not to show the animation in the North American version of the game was a subject of controversy, leading to a petition to restore it. According to producer Yoshinori Ono regarding not showing her butt slap, "Those changes came up internally. We decided to remove that because we want the biggest possible number of people to play, and we don’t want to have something in the game that might make someone uncomfortable." Some other shots, including the entrance animation for Cammy, were also replaced. Jonathan Holmes from Destructoid questioned the controversy over the decision by stating "While there are surely plenty of folks who adore seeing their screen filled with frilly thong shots, I imagine there may be even more players out there who'd find the sudden prioritization of arse in their fighting games to be little out of place." Chris Carter at Destructoid commented "It's still a bit weird that something this goofy was removed, especially with the design Laura has in general," and noted that a character like Necalli is "probably far more harmful" for children's eyes. In another article by Destructoid, Carter stated "It's such a weird thing to me, because R. Mika's butt is still very visible, she just doesn't lightly tap it a few times per match." Likewise, ND Medina at iDigitalTimes expressed confusion over the change, noting that her butt was still being exposed. Her butt slap was later restored as a mod for the PC version, albeit in a different pose. 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Archived from the original on 2021-08-11 – via Twitter. ^ "'Super Street Fighter 4' Producer On Which Character Didn't Make The Cut". MTV. 2010-03-29. Archived from the original on 2015-07-07. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ @akiman7 (July 15, 2013). "レインボーミカは胸のハートをとったおかげで見やすくなりましたね" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2018-10-02 – via Twitter. ^ @akiman7 (August 11, 2021). "昔のレインボーミカ（左）には乳首にハートマークがあってやり過ぎ感がありますが 今のレインボーミカ（右）にはそれがないかわりに 胸の開き方がハートになってい とてもちゃんとしてる！カプコンの後輩の人とてもちゃんとしてる！と思いました" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2021-10-12 – via Twitter. ^ "Costumes | R. MIKA | Character Data | CAPCOM:Shadaloo C.R.I." Capcom. Archived from the original on 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2023-05-12. ^ "Street Fighter Zero 3". Capcom Secret File. No. 21. August 1998. p. Cover. Archived from the original on 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2023-05-12. ^ @takaNakayama (October 3, 2016). "大和ナデシコさんを作る際に、デザイナーさんに志田光選手の画像を送りつけました。" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2021-07-15 – via Twitter. ^ Capcom. Street Fighter Alpha 3. Capcom. Level/area: R. Mika arcade introduction profile. ^ Street Fighter Eternal Challenge (in Japanese). Capcom. July 2003. p. 246. ISBN 4575163856. ^ a b "R. Mika Returns as Tag-Team Wrestler in Street Fighter V". Paste. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016. ^ "STARTLING ADVENTURES 空想３×大冒険". Capcom (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2001-06-08. Retrieved 2023-05-12. ^ "カプコン、『モンハン 大狩猟クエスト』で大狩猟祭「月光・月影」を2週連続開催 『ストリートファイター バトルコンビネーション』とコラボ第二弾も" (in Japanese). Gamebiz.jp. 2016-01-07. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-05-10. ^ SNK (1999-11-21). SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash (NeoGeo Pocket Color). Scene: Card Gallery. ^ Now Production (2007-04-24). SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters DS (Nintendo DS). SNK Playmore. Scene: Card Gallery. ^ "Sigma's Invasion". TEPPEN. Archived from the original on 2023-05-15. 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Super Street Fighter, no. 2, pp. 51–52, 67–72 (March 2015). UDON Entertainment. ^ Justin Amirkhani (17 April 2012). "6. Rainbow Mika". Complex. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016. ^ "Lumine Nation - The X Button - Anime News Network". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016. ^ Jasper, Gavin (February 22, 2019). "Street Fighter Characters Ranked". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2022. ^ "The complete Street Fighter 5 roster". GamesRadar+. 2017-10-13. Archived from the original on 2023-05-08. Retrieved 2023-05-07. ^ Oxford, Nadia (28 August 2015). "Street Fighter V's Rainbow Mika: A Force for Women in Games?". USgamer. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Vazquez, Suriel; Van Allen, Eric (2016-03-28). "Ranking Every Street Fighter Character: The Top 20". Paste. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. ^ LaPergola, Amanda; Chambers, Becky (2012-09-14). "Amanda And Becky Talk About Street Fighter: Part 2, Street Fighter Alpha". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on 2023-05-08. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ Myers, Maddy (2015-08-27). "Rainbow Mika Returns to the Ring In Street Fighter V! She Hasn't Changed A Bit Since 1998". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on 2024-01-31. Retrieved 2024-01-31. ^ a b "Street Fighter 5 developer explains why R.Mika buttslap was removed". GameZone. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016. ^ a b "Street Fighter V modders have already brought back R. Mika's 'butt slap'". Digital Trends. 19 February 2016. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Andy Chalk (18 February 2016). "Street Fighter 5 mod restores R. Mika's ass slap". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016. ^ Kyle MacGregor (8 November 2015). "R. Mika butt-slap close up removed from Street Fighter V". Destructoid. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016. ^ a b Kyle MacGregor (19 February 2016). "This Street Fighter V mod returns R. Mika's butt slap". Destructoid. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016. ^ Kyle MacGregor (9 December 2015). "R. Mika's butt slap was removed in Street Fighter V because it would make people 'uncomfortable'". Destructoid. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016. ^ ND Medina. "R. Mika Butt Slap Censorship On Street Fighter V: Is This Really The Hill We're Going To Die On?". iDigitalTimes. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. 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Mika, is the professional wrestling moniker of Mika Nanakawa (七川 美華, Nanakawa Mika), a character in Capcom's Street Fighter fighting game series. First appearing in Street Fighter Alpha 3 in 1998 as a wrestler trying to make a name for herself, Mika was designed by Akira \"Akiman\" Yasuda with the help of artist Daigo Ikeno. The character has since appeared in comics related to the Street Fighter franchise and other titles by Capcom. In 2016, Mika returned in Street Fighter V with a redesigned appearance by Toshiyuki Kamei, now a mainline wrestler with a tag team partner. Originally voiced by Junko Takeuchi, as of Street Fighter V she was voiced by Bonnie Gordon and Hiromi Igarashi in English and Japanese respectively.R. Mika has received mixed critical reception since her introduction, with a significant focus being on her appearance and discussions on character sexualization. While several outlets were critical of her design, others noted it was suitable for her wrestling character, and in particular The Mary Sue utilized her in a discussion contrasting sexualized versus empowered in regards to the differences between her game and comic counterparts. The character was also the source of some controversy when one of her attacks in Street Fighter V was seemingly censored, with several outlets questioning the validity of the controversy.","title":"R. Mika"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akira \"Akiman\" Yasuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Yasuda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tricky-2"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howto-1"},{"link_name":"Gamest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamest"},{"link_name":"Cutie Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutie_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamest-3"},{"link_name":"Kimagure Orange Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimagure_Orange_Road"},{"link_name":"pigtails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigtail"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howto-1"},{"link_name":"Zangief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangief"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"measurements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust/waist/hip_measurements"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamest-3"},{"link_name":"Michiru Saotome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Getter_Robo_characters#Getter_Team"},{"link_name":"Getter Robo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getter_Robo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamest-3"},{"link_name":"rounded domino mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_mask"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Yatterman-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatterman"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"Last Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Bronx"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howto-1"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_IV"},{"link_name":"Yoshinori Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinori_Ono_(game_producer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howto-1"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howto-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hikaru Shida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Shida"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Designed by Akira \"Akiman\" Yasuda for Street Fighter Alpha 3, the character's design was originally very different according to producer Norikata Funamizu, with the core concept being to implement a \"tricky and technical character\" to enhance the gameplay.[2] After another developer suggested to add a female professional wrestler to the game's roster, Akiman took the suggestion to heart and quickly drew a basic sketch,[1] drawing some inspiration from an article he read in Gamest about Japanese professional wrestler Cutie Suzuki.[3] His initial rough draft was significantly different, lacking the heart theme and mask while giving her a spikey hairstyle inspired by the manga Kimagure Orange Road, later switching to pigtails instead on the second draft.[4][5] Artist Daigo Ikeno later helped fill in the details, giving what Akiman calls \"a sense of realism\" to her design.[1] A particular goal of her gameplay was also to present a subtle difference between her and fellow Street Fighter character Zangief, in both positive and negative regards.[6]R. Mika stands 168 cm tall (5 ft 6 in) and has measurements of 97-72-93 cm (38-28-37 in).[7] In Street Fighter Alpha 3 her outfit consists of a blue and white leotard extending down her thighs and arms, while her long blonde hair is in pigtails on the sides of her head. The leotard itself has various cutouts exposing her skin, namely on the shoulders, cleavage, thighs, buttocks, and a heart cutout on her upper back intended to bring attention to her backside. A white bustier covers her breasts, with a large blue heart on each of her nipples,[3] an aspect inspired the character Michiru Saotome from Getter Robo.[8] White frills circle her neck, wrists, and sides of her pelvis, while white laced wrestling boots extend up to her knees.[3] A blue rounded domino mask covers her eyes, a feature inspired by anime character Yatterman-2 in an attempt to capture what Akiman felt made that character cute. In the book How to Make Capcom Fighting Characters, Akiman added that her blonde hair/blue/white color scheme combination was also inspired by another character, in this case Lisa Kusanami from Sega's fighting game Last Bronx.[1]Years later, Street Fighter IV producer Yoshinori Ono heavily petitioned the game's director for her inclusion in the title, citing her as his personal favorite character, with no success.[9] However, she was later included in Street Fighter V, with art director Toshiyuki Kamei focused on updating her outfit with a bolder design, and adding flair to signify her character transition to a headline act in professional wrestling. Describing her in a design note as a \"peppy girl with some meat on her bones and a classic pro-wrestling style\", they emphasized her \"girlishness\" and \"cuteness\" in contrast to the other series wrestlers, and wanted to show her bouncing around the arena as she fought. In this incarnation more skin is exposed, while her chest is now covered in white material with a heart shaped cutout extending around the top of her breasts.[1] Akiman on his Twitter voiced approval for the change, stating that she was easier to see thanks to the removal of the hearts from her chest, adding in a later tweet they made her look \"overdone\" and describing the cutout as \"very neat! The juniors at Capcom are very proper!\"[10][11] In addition to the changes, Mika was also given a wide variety of secondary outfits, including a version of her regular attire that exposes less skin with a white stylized \"M\" on her chest, a schoolgirl outfit with glasses, and a red ornate outfit modeled after a phoenix.[12]With Street Fighter V another character named Yamato Nadeshiko (大和 ナデシコ) was designed to appear in several of her attacks, and alongside her in-game.[1] An athletic Japanese woman wearing red and white wrestling boots and leotard with a bob style haircut, she was designed by Ikeno during Street Fighter Alpha 3's development as Mika's tag team partner, and appeared on the cover of Capcom's \"Secret File\" arcade flyer for the game.[13] When implemented into V, game director Takayuki Nakayama sent an image of Japanese professional wrestler Hikaru Shida to the character designer to use as a guide.[14]","title":"Conception and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"M. Bison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Bison"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paste-17"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK_vs._Capcom:_Card_Fighters_Clash"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"GungHo Online Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GungHo_Online_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"TEPPEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEPPEN"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"trading card media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_card_game"},{"link_name":"Universal Fighting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Fighting_System"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Tekken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekken"},{"link_name":"Kuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuma_(Tekken)"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter X Tekken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_X_Tekken"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"UDON Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDON_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Street FIghter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_(UDON_comics)"},{"link_name":"Sakura Kasugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Kasugano"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"E. Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Honda"},{"link_name":"Sodom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_(Street_Fighter)"},{"link_name":"suplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suplex"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dan Hibiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Hibiki"},{"link_name":"Hugo Andore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Andore"},{"link_name":"Poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_(Final_Fight)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"As introduced in the 1998 video game Street Fighter Alpha 3, Mika Nanakawa is a Japanese woman seeking to make her debut in professional wrestling under the stage name \"Rainbow Mika\", inspired by her idolization of Zangief. To promote herself, she decides to travel the world and fight various martial artists.[15] She encounters Zangief himself along the way, and after the two spar they are attacked by the criminal organization Shadloo and its leader M. Bison. The wrestlers manage to escape and go their separate ways, with Mika pondering if she'll see Zangief again while she trains.[16] In Street Fighter V, a game set after the events of her first appearance, Mika is now a full professional wrestler and works with her former tag team partner Yamato Nadeshiko. After encountering Zangief, she travels with him for some time, and after fighting off a rampaging bear together, he praises her spirit and agrees to be her wrestling partner. Later in the story, they work together alongside other Street Fighter characters to stop a revived Shadaloo.[17]Outside of the Street Fighter series she appears as a supporting character in the 2001 PlayStation game Startling Adventures: Kuusou Daibouken X 3's third chapter, where the protagonist helps her during a wrestling match by preventing attackers from entering the ring.[18] She is also an available character Capcom's mobile game Street Fighter Battle Combination.[19] The game SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash and its Nintendo DS counterpart feature her as selectable cards,[20][21] as does GungHo Online Entertainment's mobile game TEPPEN.[22] In physical trading card media she appears in Versus TCG, a card game based on Card Fighters Clash, and Jasco Games' Universal Fighting System.[23][24] Lastly, her outfit appears as an alternative costume for Tekken character Kuma in the crossover fighting game Street Fighter X Tekken.[25]In print media, Mika is featured frequently in UDON Entertainment's Street FIghter comic series. First introduced in Street Fighter Legends: Sakura, the titular character Sakura Kasugano is a fan of Mika, and attends a wrestling match between her and Zangief.[26] After Mika defeats Zangief and knocks him unconscious, he later wakes up enraged and demands a rematch while she is attending fans. Mika fights him, and with Sakura's help they subdue him.[27] In the fifth issue of Street Fighter II: Turbo, a retelling of the titular game, Mika and Zangief appear alongside other fighters invited to the fighting tournament and are told to tag team against the duo of E. Honda and Sodom in the preliminaries. While playing to the crowd, she is taken by surprise when Sodom charges at her but manages to suplex him, only to be thrown from the ring and eliminated from the tournament due to his quick recovery.[28] In the first volume Super Street Fighter, a collection of short stories, she appears as part of a wrestling committee alongside other wrestling-themed characters from the series, the group ultimately breaking into a brawl.[29] In the second, after appearing briefly in Dan Hibiki's story and defeating him, she is featured in her own in a match against the wrestler Hugo Andore. Hugo, however, refuses to fight due to finding her \"too pretty\", and his manager Poison takes his place instead. Poison handcuffs Mika during the match, but is defeated when Mika instead somersaults butt-first into her midsection, knocking Poison unconscious.[30]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Anime News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paste-17"},{"link_name":"Den of Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"USgamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer"},{"link_name":"female gender representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The Mary Sue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Sue"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Cammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cammy_(Street_Fighter)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Since her introduction Rainbow Mika has been met with mixed reception. Complex stated \"Street Fighter has never been shy with the gorgeous ladies, but they've always had full-figured back stories to go along with their full-figured backsides. Rainbow Mika on the other hand is the most blatant example of mysogynistic [sic] character design seen in the series.\"[31] Todd Ciolek from Anime News Network declared Mika as \"the worst Street Fighter character,\" reasoning \"every little detail about her annoyed me, from the stupid boob-hearts on her costume to the way she whomped opponents with her butt—and rubbed it after she hit the ground.\"[32] At Paste, Eric Van Allen criticized her outfit by stating that \"even by Street Fighter standards, this amount of gratuitous flesh is rather ridiculous.\"[17] At Den of Geek, Gavin Jasper stated that while each of the wrestling characters represented a different aspect of the sport, she represented the pageantry, praising her character for it but adding \"While seeing her bust out Stone Cold Stunners is good fun, the way they’ve transformed her into a sexualized rodeo clown does get kind of embarrassing at times.\"[33]However this opinion is not shared between all critics, with GamesRadar noting her \"ridiculously impractical attire\" and propensity to attack with her buttocks as \"all for her fans, and the Japanese wrestler's moxie comes through in her boisterous, crowd-pleasing personality.\"[34] Nadia Oxford of USgamer found Mika to be an example of positive female gender representation, writing \"I can say that I have nothing against, er, voluptuous women in games. Or even scantily-clad women\", and that \"My problem has always been women characters whom I'm expected to take seriously while they slay dragons/wander the desert/travel the frozen wastes while baring their midriff through the majority of their journey\", and that she enjoys Mika's \"silly\" and \"goofy\" design.[35] And despite his earlier criticism, in a later Paste article Eric Van Allen instead praised the character, calling her style \"effective\" and added \"R. Mika throws caution to the wind and just goes for it, making her a fun character to play and a riveting one to watch.\"[36]In a series of articles examining characters from the Street Fighter series, Becky Chambers and Amanda LaPergola of The Mary Sue offered contrasting points on whether the character was sexist or not in their eyes in regards to her handling in different mediums. They noted her outfit as \"ridiculously sexist\", but moreso criticized her personality in the Street Fighter Alpha games, calling it \"ditzy and dumb\" and furthermore \"irredeemably so.\" However then Pergola cited her appearance in UDON's comic series, stating that while she continued to use the same out, \"she is also treated as a top-notch wrestler with talent and fans that admire her for her skill in the ring. She’s not referred to as a bimbo or a sex object, just a really kick-ass fighter.\" She further added that an \"important part of what makes a character portrayal sexist or not, is how they are treated by other characters. In this comic book, Mika is not a sexist character. Nobody treats her as one, and therefore she is not one.\"[37]Maddy Myers, in her own article for The Mary Sue, stated that while Mika's outfit represented \"campy, posed sexuality\" that often alienated players, she felt Mika as a character was more interesting than other sexualized characters in the series. Comparing her particularly to fellow Street Fighter character Cammy, she pointed out that the lack of seriousness in Mika's portrayal helped her be seen as a \"tongue-in-cheek goofball, albeit a sexy goofball\". Mentioning that while fans of the character may focus on the visual appeal, \"she’s not exactly a straightforward sex kitten, either\", and projected an \"unabashed femininity\" that Myers found amazing and uncommon in fighting games. While she acknowledged it was often played for laughs, she enjoyed that the joke regarding Mika's femininity was not one played on the character herself, and hoped that would remain the case.[38]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R._Mika_Butt_Slap.gif"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gz-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Yoshinori Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinori_Ono_(game_producer)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gz-39"},{"link_name":"Cammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cammy"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt-40"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DestructoidMod-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"iDigitalTimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBT_Media"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DestructoidMod-43"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"R. Mika slapping her butt. This was not shown in the North American version of the game, causing controversyIn debut footage of Street Fighter V, Mika is seen slapping her butt as part of her Critical Art attack.[39] The decision not to show the animation in the North American[40] version of the game was a subject of controversy, leading to a petition to restore it.[41] According to producer Yoshinori Ono regarding not showing her butt slap, \"Those changes came up internally. We decided to remove that because we want the biggest possible number of people to play, and we don’t want to have something in the game that might make someone uncomfortable.\"[39] Some other shots, including the entrance animation for Cammy, were also replaced.[40]Jonathan Holmes from Destructoid questioned the controversy over the decision by stating \"While there are surely plenty of folks who adore seeing their screen filled with frilly thong shots, I imagine there may be even more players out there who'd find the sudden prioritization of arse in their fighting games to be little out of place.\"[42] Chris Carter at Destructoid commented \"It's still a bit weird that something this goofy was removed, especially with the design Laura has in general,\" and noted that a character like Necalli is \"probably far more harmful\" for children's eyes.[43] In another article by Destructoid, Carter stated \"It's such a weird thing to me, because R. Mika's butt is still very visible, she just doesn't lightly tap it a few times per match.\"[44] Likewise, ND Medina at iDigitalTimes expressed confusion over the change, noting that her butt was still being exposed.[45] Her butt slap was later restored as a mod for the PC version, albeit in a different pose.[43]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"R. Mika slapping her butt. This was not shown in the North American version of the game, causing controversy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/R._Mika_Butt_Slap.gif/250px-R._Mika_Butt_Slap.gif"}]
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[{"reference":"How To Make Capcom Fighting Characters: Street Fighter Character Design. UDON Entertainment. October 2020. pp. 70–72. ISBN 978-1772941364.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDON_Entertainment","url_text":"UDON Entertainment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1772941364","url_text":"978-1772941364"}]},{"reference":"\"An Interview with Noritaka Funamizu\". Game Informer. No. 70. February 1999. p. 10. Retrieved 2023-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Game_Informer_Issue_070_February_1999/page/n11/mode/2up","url_text":"\"An Interview with Noritaka Funamizu\""}]},{"reference":"Gamest Mook Vol. 159: Street Fighter Zero 3 (in Japanese). Vol. 159. Gamest. 1998. p. 140. ISBN 978-4881995433.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamest","url_text":"Gamest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4881995433","url_text":"978-4881995433"}]},{"reference":"@takaNakayama (April 25, 2022). \"あきまん先生@akiman7 のミカちゃんラフ、とても素晴らしいです。好き\" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2023-05-12 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230512205649/https://twitter.com/takaNakayama/status/1518440836828045314","url_text":"\"あきまん先生@akiman7 のミカちゃんラフ、とても素晴らしいです。好き\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://x.com/takaNakayama/status/1518440836828045314","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@akiman7 (April 25, 2022). \"ちゃんとツインテールのもどっかにある はず\" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2022-04-25 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220425135646/https://twitter.com/akiman7/status/1518589752433590272","url_text":"\"ちゃんとツインテールのもどっかにある はず\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://x.com/akiman7/status/1518589752433590272","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Street Fighter Eternal Challenge (in Japanese). Capcom. July 2003. p. 171. ISBN 4575163856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4575163856","url_text":"4575163856"}]},{"reference":"Street Fighter Eternal Challenge (in Japanese). Capcom. July 2003. p. 214. ISBN 4575163856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4575163856","url_text":"4575163856"}]},{"reference":"@akiman7 (August 11, 2021). \"初代レインボーミカの乳首部分にハートマークがあるのはゲッターロボのミチルさんの影響に違いない\" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2021-08-11 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210811140448/https://twitter.com/akiman7/status/1425458053499949060","url_text":"\"初代レインボーミカの乳首部分にハートマークがあるのはゲッターロボのミチルさんの影響に違いない\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://x.com/akiman7/status/1425458053499949060","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"'Super Street Fighter 4' Producer On Which Character Didn't Make The Cut\". MTV. 2010-03-29. Archived from the original on 2015-07-07. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707231520/http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2010/03/29/super-street-fighter-4-producer-on-which-character-didnt-make-the-cut/","url_text":"\"'Super Street Fighter 4' Producer On Which Character Didn't Make The Cut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"},{"url":"http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2010/03/29/super-street-fighter-4-producer-on-which-character-didnt-make-the-cut/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"@akiman7 (July 15, 2013). \"レインボーミカは胸のハートをとったおかげで見やすくなりましたね\" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2018-10-02 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181002104709/https://twitter.com/akiman7/status/356856377043468288","url_text":"\"レインボーミカは胸のハートをとったおかげで見やすくなりましたね\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://x.com/akiman7/status/356856377043468288","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@akiman7 (August 11, 2021). \"昔のレインボーミカ（左）には乳首にハートマークがあってやり過ぎ感がありますが 今のレインボーミカ（右）にはそれがないかわりに 胸の開き方がハートになってい とてもちゃんとしてる！カプコンの後輩の人とてもちゃんとしてる！と思いました\" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2021-10-12 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211012070905/https://twitter.com/akiman7/status/1425468772714909697","url_text":"\"昔のレインボーミカ（左）には乳首にハートマークがあってやり過ぎ感がありますが 今のレインボーミカ（右）にはそれがないかわりに 胸の開き方がハートになってい とてもちゃんとしてる！カプコンの後輩の人とてもちゃんとしてる！と思いました\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://x.com/akiman7/status/1425468772714909697","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Costumes | R. MIKA | Character Data | CAPCOM:Shadaloo C.R.I.\" Capcom. Archived from the original on 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2023-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/character/rmika/costume?lang=en","url_text":"\"Costumes | R. MIKA | Character Data | CAPCOM:Shadaloo C.R.I.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom","url_text":"Capcom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230512091535/https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/character/rmika/costume?lang=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Street Fighter Zero 3\". Capcom Secret File. No. 21. August 1998. p. Cover. Archived from the original on 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2023-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=flyer&db=videodb&id=3564&image=1","url_text":"\"Street Fighter Zero 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom","url_text":"Capcom Secret File"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190325034431/https://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=flyer&db=videodb&id=3564&image=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@takaNakayama (October 3, 2016). \"大和ナデシコさんを作る際に、デザイナーさんに志田光選手の画像を送りつけました。\" (Tweet) (in Japanese). 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She Hasn't Changed A Bit Since 1998\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Sue","url_text":"The Mary Sue"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240131074027/https://www.themarysue.com/rainbow-mika-sfv/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Street Fighter 5 developer explains why R.Mika buttslap was removed\". GameZone. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamezone.com/news/street-fighter-5-developer-explains-why-r-mika-buttslap-was-removed-3430677","url_text":"\"Street Fighter 5 developer explains why R.Mika buttslap was removed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602020924/http://www.gamezone.com/news/street-fighter-5-developer-explains-why-r-mika-buttslap-was-removed-3430677","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Street Fighter V modders have already brought back R. Mika's 'butt slap'\". Digital Trends. 19 February 2016. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. 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Mika's butt slap\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430125901/http://www.destructoid.com/this-street-fighter-v-mod-returns-r-mika-s-butt-slap-342778.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kyle MacGregor (9 December 2015). \"R. Mika's butt slap was removed in Street Fighter V because it would make people 'uncomfortable'\". Destructoid. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.destructoid.com/r-mika-s-butt-slap-was-removed-in-street-fighter-v-because-it-would-make-people-uncomfortable--325436.phtml","url_text":"\"R. Mika's butt slap was removed in Street Fighter V because it would make people 'uncomfortable'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430121212/http://www.destructoid.com/r-mika-s-butt-slap-was-removed-in-street-fighter-v-because-it-would-make-people-uncomfortable--325436.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ND Medina. \"R. Mika Butt Slap Censorship On Street Fighter V: Is This Really The Hill We're Going To Die On?\". iDigitalTimes. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160518025154/http://www.idigitaltimes.com/r-mika-butt-slap-censorship-street-fighter-v-really-hill-were-going-die-496810","url_text":"\"R. Mika Butt Slap Censorship On Street Fighter V: Is This Really The Hill We're Going To Die On?\""},{"url":"http://www.idigitaltimes.com/r-mika-butt-slap-censorship-street-fighter-v-really-hill-were-going-die-496810","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Peris
Brooke Peris
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 International goals","4 References","5 External links"]
Australian field hockey player Brooke Peris Personal informationBorn (1993-01-16) 16 January 1993 (age 31)Darwin, Northern Territory, AustraliaHeight 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Weight 57 kg (126 lb)Playing position ForwardClub informationCurrent club Adelaide FireNational teamYears Team Apps (Gls)2011–2013 Australia U–21 14 (4)2013– Australia 208 (40) Medal record Women's field hockey Representing  Australia Commonwealth Games 2014 Glasgow Team 2018 Gold Coast Team FIH Pro League Season One Team Season Four Team FIH Champions Trophy 2014 Mendoza 2018 Changzhou FIH World League 2012–13 Tucumán Team Oceania Cup 2013 Stratford 2015 Stratford 2017 Sydney 2023 Whangārei 2019 Rockhampton Brooke Peris is an Australian field hockey player and member of the national team, the Hockeyroos. In 2014, Peris was awarded the title of "Northern Territory Sportsperson of the Year." Early life Brooke Peris was born on 16 January 1993 in Darwin, Australia. She is the first cousin of former national field hockey player and former Australian senator Nova Peris. Career Peris made her international debut in 2013, during a test series against South Korea in Perth. She has represented Australia at two editions of the Summer Olympics, competing at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, followed by the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. She is currently one of four co–captains of the national team. International goals The following list compiles all international goals scored by Peris. Goal Date Location Opponent Score Result Competition Ref. 1 22 October 2013 Perth Hockey Stadium, Perth, Australia  Canada 3–0 3–0 Test Match 2 30 October 2013 Stratford Hockey Turf, Stratford, New Zealand  New Zealand 2–1 2–3 2013 Oceania Cup 3 2 November 2013  Papua New Guinea 23–0 26–0 4 24–0 5 22 January 2014 Hartleyvale Stadium, Cape Town, South Africa  South Africa 3–3 3–3 Test Match 6 28 March 2014 Perth Hockey Stadium, Perth, Australia  Japan 4–0 5–2 7 12 April 2014 Hawke's Bay Hockey, Hastings, New Zealand  New Zealand 2–1 4–2 2014 Hawke's Bay Cup 8 25 July 2014 Glasgow National Hockey Centre, Glasgow, Scotland  Wales 6–0 9–0 XX Commonwealth Games 9 19 April 2015 Hawke's Bay Hockey, Hastings, New Zealand  New Zealand 2–1 3–2 2015 Hawke's Bay Cup 10 22 October 2015 Stratford Hockey Turf, Stratford, New Zealand  Samoa 9–0 25–0 2015 Oceania Cup 11 15–0 12 22–0 13 21 January 2016 Sengkang Hockey Stadium, Singapore  Germany 1–0 3–1 Test Match 14 20 November 2016 Lloyd Elsmore Hockey Stadium, Auckland, New Zealand  New Zealand 2–3 2–3 2016 Trans–Tasman Trophy 15 27 November 2016 Melbourne Sports Centre, Melbourne, Australia  India 1–1 3–1 2016 International Festival of Hockey 16 12 October 2017 Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, Australia  Papua New Guinea 11–0 23–0 2017 Oceania Cup 17 14 October 2017  New Zealand 2–0 2–1 18 9 November 2017 Melbourne Sports Centre, Melbourne, Australia  United States 2–2 3–2 2017 International Festival of Hockey 19 12 November 2017 2–0 5–0 20 4–0 21 7 April 2018 Gold Coast Hockey Centre, Gold Coast, Australia  Ghana 5–0 5–0 XXI Commonwealth Games 22 20 May 2018 Central Otago Sports Club, Cromwell, New Zealand  New Zealand 2–1 4–1 2018 Tri–Nations Tournament 23 21 May 2018  Japan 3–1 4–1 24 27 May 2018  New Zealand 4–1 4–1 25 7 November 2018 Wuijin Hockey Stadium, Changzhou, China  Great Britain 1–0 2–0 2018 FIH Champions Trophy 26 3 February 2019 Melbourne Sports Centre, Melbourne, Australia  Belgium 1–2 1–2 2019 FIH Pro League 27 19 June 2019 Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre, London, England  Great Britain 2–0 4–2 28 7 September 2019 Kalka Shades Hockey Fields, Rockhampton, Australia  New Zealand 2–1 3–2 2019 Oceania Cup 29 26 July 2021 Oi Hockey Stadium, Tokyo, Japan  China 3–0 6–0 XXXII Olympic Games 30 12 May 2022 National Hockey Centre, Auckland, New Zealand  New Zealand 1–0 2–1 2022 Trans–Tasman Series 31 2–1 32 15 May 2022 2–1 2–1 33 13 February 2023 Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, Australia  China 2–2 2–2 2022–23 FIH Pro League 34 15 February 2023  Germany 2–1 3–3 35 11 June 2023 HC Oranje-Rood, Eindhoven, Netherlands  Netherlands 1–1 3–3 36 10 August 2023 Northland Hockey Association, Whangārei, New Zealand  New Zealand 3–0 3–0 2023 Oceania Cup 37 13 August 2023 1–1 3–2 38 29 May 2024 Wilrijkse Plein, Antwerp, Belgium  Belgium 2–1 2–2 2023–24 FIH Pro League 39 8 June 2024 Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre, London, England  Great Britain 1–0 3–0 40 12 June 2024 2–1 3–2 References ^ a b "Hockeyroos athlete profiles – Brooke Peris". Hockey Australia. Retrieved 25 July 2014. ^ "Brooke Peris named Northern Territory Sportsperson of the Year". Northern Territory News. News Corp Australia. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. ^ a b "Brooke Peris". hockey.org.au. Hockey Australia. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "The Same Blood". athletesvoice.com.au. Athletes Voice. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Brooke Peris". Official Site of the 2016 Australian Olympic Team. Australian Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016. ^ "Athletes – AIS Hockey – Brooke Peris". Australian Institute of Sport. Retrieved 25 July 2014. ^ "Australian Olympic Team for Tokyo 2021". The Roar. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ "Hockeyroos Squad Profiles". hockey.org.au. Hockey Australia. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "PERIS Brooke". tms.fih.ch. International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Brooke Peris scores first Hockeyroos goal". Hockey Australia. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "New Zealand 3–2 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 26–0 Papua New Guinea". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "South Africa 3–3 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 5–2 Japan". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "New Zealand 2–4 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 9–0 Wales". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 3–2 New Zealand". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 25–0 Samoa". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 3–1 Germany". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "New Zealand 3–2 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 3–1 India". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 23–0 Papua New Guinea". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "New Zealand 1–2 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 3–2 United States". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 5–0 United States". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 5–0 Ghana". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 4–1 New Zealand". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Japan 1–4 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "New Zealand 1–4 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 2–0 Great Britain". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 1–2 Belgium". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Great Britain 2–4 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 3–2 New Zealand". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 6–0 China". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "New Zealand 1–2 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "New Zealand 1–2 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 2–2 China". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Australia 3–3 Germany". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Netherlands 3–3 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "New Zealand 0–3 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "New Zealand 2–3 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Belgium 2–2 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Great Britain 0–3 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Great Britain 2–3 Australia". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 12 June 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brooke Peris. Brooke Peris at the International Hockey Federation Brooke Peris at Olympics.com Brooke Peris at Olympedia Brooke Peris at the Australian Olympic Committee Brooke Peris at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) Brooke Peris at Commonwealth Games Australia Brooke Peris at Hockey.org.au (also at HockeyAustralia.altiusrt.com) Brooke Peris – International Tournaments vteAustralia squad – 2014 Champions Trophy – Runners–up 1 Nance 2 Nanscawen 3 Peris 4 Sablowski (c) 5 Wells 6 K. Dwyer 7 Kenny 8 Nelson 9 Flanagan 10 R. Dwyer 11 McMahon 13 Bone 15 Spence 20 Slattery 26 E. Smith 28 Carmichael 29 Attard 32 A. Smith Coach: Commens vteAustralia squad – 2014 Commonwealth Games – Gold medal (4th Title) 1 Nanscawen 4 Peris 5 Eastham 6 Kenny 8 Nelson 9 Flanagan 10 McMahon 12 Blyth (c) 13 Bone 14 White 16 Claxton 17 Parker 21 Taylor 22 Jenner 24 Smith 27 Lynch Coach: A. Commens vteAustralia squad – 2016 Summer Olympics – 6th place 1 Nance 3 Peris 4 Sablowski 6 Dwyer 7 Kenny 11 McMahon 12 Blyth (c) 13 Bone 17 Morgan 18 Claxton 19 Parker 20 Slattery 24 Williams 26 Smith 27 Lynch 30 Stewart Coach: Commens vteAustralia squad – 2018 Commonwealth Games – Silver Medal 1 Nance 3 Peris 4 Hurtz 7 Kenny 11 McMahon 13 Bone 14 Kershaw 15 Nobbs 16 Holzberger 18 Claxton 19 Bartram 21 Taylor 22 Ratcliffe 25 Fey 26 Smith 27 Lynch 30 Stewart 32 Fitzpatrick Coach: Gaudoin vteAustralia squad – 2018 FIH World Cup – 4th place 2 Malone 3 Peris 4 Hurtz 7 Kenny 10 Fitzpatrick 11 McMahon 13 Bone 14 Kershaw 15 Nobbs 17 Morgan 19 Bartram 20 Slattery 21 Taylor 23 Commerford 26 Smith 27 Lynch 28 Bates 30 Stewart Coach: Gaudoin vteAustralia squad – 2018 Champions Trophy – Runners–up 2 Malone 3 Peris 5 Wells 6 Squibb 7 Kenny (c) 9 Brazel 10 Fitzpatrick 11 McMahon 12 Hayes 13 Bone 14 Kershaw 15 Nobbs 18 Claxton 23 Commerford 26 Smith (c) 27 Lynch 29 Greiner 31 Padget Coach: Gaudoin vteAustralia squad – 2019 FIH Pro League – Silver Medal 1 S. Taylor 2 Malone 3 Peris 7 Kenny (c) 9 Brazel 10 M. Fitzpatrick 13 Bone 15 Nobbs 17 Morgan 18 Claxton 19 Bartram 21 Taylor 23 Commerford 24 Williams 26 Chalker 27 Lynch 30 Stewart 31 S. Fitzpatrick Coach: Gaudoin vteAustralia squad – 2020 Summer Olympics – 5th place 2 Malone 3 Peris 4 Lawton 8 Wilson 10 M. Fitzpatrick 12 Hayes 13 Bone 14 Kershaw 15 Nobbs 18 Claxton 20 Somerville 21 Taylor 22 Jenner 24 Williams 26 Chalker 27 Lynch 30 Stewart 32 S. Fitzpatrick Coach: Powell Authority control databases: People Australian Women's Register
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships
2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
["1 Schedule","2 Medallists","3 Results","3.1 Senior men's race (12 km)","3.2 Senior women's race (8 km)","3.3 Junior men's race (8 km)","3.4 Junior women's race (6 km)","4 Medal table","5 Participation","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
International athletics championship event40th World Cross Country ChampionshipsOrganisersIAAFEdition40thDate24 MarchHost cityBydgoszcz, Poland VenueMyślęcinek ParkEvents4Distances12 km – Senior men 8 km – Junior men 8 km – Senior women 6 km – Junior womenParticipation398 athletes from 41 nationsOfficial websiteBydgoszcz 2013← 2011 Punta Umbría 2015 Guiyang → The 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships took place on March 24, 2013. The races were held at the Myślęcinek Park in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Kenya topped the medal standings in the competition with 5 gold, and Ethiopia had the most overall medals with 10. Reports of the event were given in the Herald and for the IAAF. Schedule Date Time (CET) Events 24 March 12:00 Junior race women 12:30 Junior race men 13:15 Senior race women 14:10 Senior race men Medallists Part of the route Event Gold Silver Bronze Individual Senior men(12 km) Japhet Kipyegon Korir Kenya 32:45 Imane Merga Ethiopia 32:51 Teklemariam Medhin Eritrea 32:54 Junior men(8 km) Hagos Gebrhiwet Ethiopia 21:04 Leonard Barsoton Kenya 21:08 Muktar Edris Ethiopia 21:13 Senior women(8 km) Emily Chebet Kenya 24:24 Hiwot Ayalew Ethiopia 24:27 Belaynesh Oljira Ethiopia 24:33 Junior women(6 km) Faith Chepngetich Kipyegon Kenya 17:51 Agnes Jebet Tirop Kenya 17:51 Alemitu Heroye Ethiopia 17:57 Team Senior men  Ethiopia 38  United States 52  Kenya 54 Junior men  Ethiopia 23  Kenya 26  Morocco 65 Senior women  Kenya 19  Ethiopia 48  Bahrain 73 Junior women  Kenya 14  Ethiopia 23  Great Britain 81 Results Senior men's race (12 km) Official video highlights Complete results for senior men and for senior men's teams were published. Further information: 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race Individual race Rank Athlete Country Time (m:s) Japhet Kipyegon Korir  Kenya 32:45 Imane Merga  Ethiopia 32:51 Teklemariam Medhin  Eritrea 32:54 4 Moses Ndiema Kipsiro  Uganda 33:08 5 Timothy Toroitich  Uganda 33:09 6 Ben True  United States 33:11 7 Goitom Kifle  Eritrea 33:16 8 Collis Birmingham  Australia 33:18 9 Feyisa Lilesa  Ethiopia 33:22 10 Chris Derrick  United States 33:23 11 Rabah Aboud  Algeria 33:28 12 Hosea Mwok Macharinyang  Kenya 33:29 Full results 102 participants from 30 countries participated. Teams Rank Team Points  Ethiopia Imane Merga 2 Feyisa Lilesa 9 Abera Chane 13 Tesfaye Abera 14 (Mosinet Geremew) (24) (Yigrem Demelash) (69) 38  United States Ben True 6 Chris Derrick 10 Ryan Vail 17 Robert Mack 19 (Elliott Heath) (30) (James Strang) (37) 52  Kenya Japhet Kipyegon Korir 1 Hosea Mwok Macharinyang 12 Geoffrey Kipkorir Kirui 15 Timothy Kosgei Kiptoo 26 (Philemon Rono Cherop) (36) (Jonathan Muia Ndiku) (DNF) 54 4  Eritrea 75 5  Uganda 76 6  Algeria 107 7  Australia 116 8  Spain 127 Full results Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result. 15 teams participated. Senior women's race (8 km) Official video highlights Complete results for senior women and for senior women's teams were published. Further information: 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race Individual race Rank Athlete Country Time (m:s) Emily Chebet  Kenya 24:24 Hiwot Ayalew  Ethiopia 24:27 Belaynesh Oljira  Ethiopia 24:33 4 Shitaye Eshete  Bahrain 24:34 5 Margaret Wangari Muriuki  Kenya 24:39 6 Janet Kisa  Kenya 24:46 7 Viola Jelagat Kibiwot  Kenya 24:46 8 Tejitu Daba  Bahrain 24:55 9 Juliet Chekwel  Uganda 24:58 10 Irene Chepet Cheptai  Kenya 25:01 11 Beatrice Chepkemoi Mutai  Kenya 25:05 12 Salima El Ouali Alami  Morocco 25:05 Full results 97 participants from 29 countries participated. Teams Rank Team Points  Kenya Emily Chebet 1 Margaret Wangari Muriuki 5 Janet Kisa 6 Viola Jelagat Kibiwot 7 (Irene Chepet Cheptai) (10) (Beatrice Chepkemoi Mutai) (11) 19  Ethiopia Hiwot Ayalew 2 Belaynesh Oljira 3 Genet Yalew 15 Sule Utura 28 (Yebrqual Melese) (29) (Meselech Melkamu) (DNF) 48  Bahrain Shitaye Eshete 4 Tejitu Daba 8 Kareema Jasim 20 Genzeb Shumi 41 (Aster Tesfaye) (52) 73 4  United States 90 5  Ireland 115 6  France 122 7  Great Britain 154 8  Canada 167 Full results Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result. 15 teams participated. Junior men's race (8 km) Official video highlights Complete results for junior men and for junior men's teams were published. Further information: 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race Individual race Rank Athlete Country Time (m:s) Hagos Gebrhiwet  Ethiopia 21:04 Leonard Barsoton  Kenya 21:08 Muktar Edris  Ethiopia 21:13 4 Tsegay Tuemay  Eritrea 21:26 5 Conseslus Kipruto  Kenya 21:40 6 Birhan Nebebew  Ethiopia 21:42 7 Ghirmay Ghebreslassie  Eritrea 21:50 8 Dawit Weldesilasie  Eritrea 21:58 9 Ronald Kwemoi  Kenya 21:58 10 Michael Bett  Kenya 22:21 11 Moses Letoyie  Kenya 22:28 12 Mohammed Abid  Morocco 22:31 Full results 113 participants from 27 countries participated. Teams Rank Team Points  Ethiopia Hagos Gebrhiwet 1 Muktar Edris 3 Birhan Nebebew 6 Yihunilign Adane 13 (Bonsa Dida) (17) (Tsegay Hiluf) (25) 23  Kenya Leonard Barsoton 2 Conseslus Kipruto 5 Ronald Kwemoi 9 Michael Bett 10 (Moses Letoyie) (11) (Emmanuel Bett Kiprono) (22) 26  Morocco Mohammed Abid 12 Zouhair Talbi 14 Omar Ait Chitachen 18 Hassan Ghachoui 21 (Jaouad Chemlal) (23) (Marouane Kahlaoui) (DNF) 65 4  United States 106 5  Japan 138 6  Italy 164 7  Uganda 170 8  Australia 171 Full results Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result. 17 teams participated. Junior women's race (6 km) Official video highlights Complete results for junior women and for junior women's teams were published. Further information: 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race Individual race Rank Athlete Country Time (m:s) Faith Kipyegon  Kenya 17:51 Agnes Jebet Tirop  Kenya 17:51 Alemitu Heroye  Ethiopia 17:57 4 Caroline Chepkoech Kipkirui  Kenya 18:09 5 Ruti Aga  Ethiopia 18:18 6 Sofiya Shemsu  Ethiopia 18:20 7 Rosefline Chepngetich  Kenya 18:21 8 Sheila Chepngetich Keter  Kenya 18:21 9 Buze Diriba  Ethiopia 18:29 10 Alemitu Hawi  Ethiopia 18:35 11 Pauline Kaveke Kamulu  Kenya 18:43 12 Gotytom Gebreslase  Ethiopia 18:44 Full results 87 participants from 21 countries participated. Teams Rank Team Points  Kenya Faith Kipyegon 1 Agnes Jebet Tirop 2 Caroline Chepkoech Kipkirui 4 Rosefline Chepngetich 7 (Sheila Chepngetich Keter) (8) (Pauline Kaveke Kamulu) (11) 14  Ethiopia Alemitu Heroye 3 Ruti Aga 5 Sofiya Shemsu 6 Buze Diriba 9 (Alemitu Hawi) (10) (Gotytom Gebreslase) (12) 23  Great Britain Emelia Gorecka 16 Georgia Taylor-Brown 17 Amy Eloise Neale 21 Bobby Clay 27 (Rebecca Weston) (33) (Alex Clay) (35) 81 4  Japan 90 5  Uganda 99 6  United States 105 7  Poland 165 8  Australia 172 Full results Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result. 15 teams participated. Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Kenya53192 Ethiopia343103 United States01014 Bahrain0011 Eritrea0011 Great Britain0011 Morocco0011Totals (7 entries)88824 Note: Totals include both individual and team medals, with medals in the team competition counting as one medal. Participation According to an unofficial count, 398 athletes from 41 countries participated.  Algeria (18)  Australia (19)  Bahrain (6)  Belarus (1)  Belgium (2)  Brazil (17)  Bulgaria (3)  Canada (23)  China (8)  Czech Republic (1)  Eritrea (14)  Ethiopia (24)  France (12)  Ireland (5)  Italy (7)  Japan (22)  Kenya (24)  Kyrgyzstan (2)  Mexico (4)  Morocco (11)  Namibia (2)  Palestine (1)  Peru (4)  Poland (24)  Portugal (6)  Puerto Rico (3)  Romania (1)  Rwanda (5)  South Africa (16)  Spain (18)  Sudan (4)  Tanzania (3)  Thailand (4)  Tunisia (14)  Uganda (18)  United Arab Emirates (1)  Great Britain (23)  United States (24)  Yemen (1)  Zambia (2)  Zimbabwe (1) See also 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race 2013 in athletics (track and field) References ^ "Bydgoszcz to host 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships". IAAF. Retrieved 14 January 2013. ^ Woods, Mark (March 25, 2013), Athletics: Twell takes another positive step, Herald, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ Minshull, Phil (March 24, 2013), Korir becomes youngest ever champion – Bydgoszcz 2013 senior men's report, IAAF, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ Minshull, Phil (March 24, 2013), World record breaker Gebrhiwet gets his first major title – Bydgoszcz 2013 junior men's report, IAAF, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ Bamford, Nicola (March 24, 2013), Chebet turns back the clock to win again – Bydgoszcz 2013 senior women’s report, IAAF, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ Bamford, Nicola (March 24, 2013), Kipyegon majestic in title defence – Bydgoszcz 2013 junior women’s report, IAAF, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Senior Race - men, IAAF, March 24, 2013, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ a b "40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race" (PDF). Omega Timing. Retrieved 24 March 2013. ^ Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Senior Race - men - Final - Team, IAAF, March 24, 2013, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ a b "40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's team race" (PDF). Omega Timing. Retrieved 24 March 2013. ^ Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Senior Race - women, IAAF, March 24, 2013, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ a b "40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race" (PDF). Omega Timing. Retrieved 24 March 2013. ^ Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Senior Race - women - Final - Team, IAAF, March 24, 2013, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ a b "40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's team race" (PDF). Omega Timing. Retrieved 24 March 2013. ^ Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Junior Race - men, IAAF, March 24, 2013, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ a b "40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race" (PDF). Omega Timing. Retrieved 24 March 2013. ^ Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Junior Race - men - Final - Team, IAAF, March 24, 2013, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ a b "40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's team race" (PDF). Omega Timing. Retrieved 24 March 2013. ^ Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Junior Race - women, IAAF, March 24, 2013, archived from the original on 2013-11-09, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ a b "40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race" (PDF). Omega Timing. Retrieved 24 March 2013. ^ Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Junior Race - women - Final - Team, IAAF, March 24, 2013, archived from the original on 2013-12-03, retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ a b "40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's team race" (PDF). Omega Timing. Retrieved 24 March 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. 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AthleticsOutdoor 1983 1987 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2022 2023 2025 2027 Indoor 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2022 2024 2025 2026 Continental Cup* 1977 1979 1981 1985 1989 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 U20 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2021 2022 2024 2026 U18 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Cross Country 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2023 2024 2026 Race Walking 1961 1963 1965 1967 1970 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2022 2024 Women's Road Race 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Marathon 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Half Marathon 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Road Relay 1986 1992 1994 1996 1998 Relays 2014 2015 2017 2019 2021 2024 2025 Ultimate 2026 Road Running 2023 2025 Sport of athletics portal vteWorld Athletics Cross Country ChampionshipsEditions 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2023 2024 2026 RacesSenior men's 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2023 2024 Senior women's 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2023 2024 Men's short 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Women's short 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Junior / U20 men's 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2023 2024 Junior / U20 women's 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2023 2024 Mixed relay 2017 2019 2023 2024 See also: International Cross Country Championships (1903–1972) vteInternational cross country running championshipsWorld IAAF World Cross Country Championships FISU World University Cross Country Championships CISM World Military Cross Country Championships Continental Asia Africa Europe North America, Central America and Caribbean Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab Balkans Central American and Caribbean Central American Nordic Commonwealth Mountain and Ultradistance See also: Modern pentathlon • International Cross Country Championships (1903–1972)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IAAF World Cross Country Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"Myślęcinek Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%C5%9Bl%C4%99cinek_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Herald"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_01-2"},{"link_name":"IAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_21-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_22-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_23-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_24-6"}],"text":"The 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships took place on March 24, 2013. The races were held at the Myślęcinek Park in Bydgoszcz, Poland.[1] \nKenya topped the medal standings in the competition with 5 gold, and Ethiopia had the most overall medals with 10.\nReports of the event were given in the Herald[2] and for the IAAF.[3][4][5][6]","title":"2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bdg_M%C5%9A_biegi_prze%C5%82aj_seniorki_03-2013g.jpg"}],"text":"Part of the route","title":"Medallists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TV-icon-2.svg"},{"link_name":"Official video highlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7zbS7CvrBA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_31-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_51-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_41-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_61-10"},{"link_name":"2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_%E2%80%93_Senior_men%27s_race"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_51-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_61-10"}],"sub_title":"Senior men's race (12 km)","text":"Official video highlightsComplete results for senior men[7][8] and for senior men's teams[9][10] were published.Further information: 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race102 participants from 30 countries participated.[8]Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result.\n15 teams participated.[10]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TV-icon-2.svg"},{"link_name":"Official video highlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxthJtmVYvg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_33-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_53-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_43-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_63-14"},{"link_name":"2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's 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from 27 countries participated.[16]Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result.\n17 teams participated.[18]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TV-icon-2.svg"},{"link_name":"Official video highlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSnBxR__-Mw"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_34-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_54-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_44-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_64-22"},{"link_name":"2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's 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table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"}],"text":"According to an unofficial count, 398 athletes from 41 countries participated.Algeria (18)\n Australia (19)\n Bahrain (6)\n Belarus (1)\n Belgium (2)\n Brazil (17)\n Bulgaria (3)\n Canada (23)\n China (8)\n Czech Republic (1)\n Eritrea (14)\n Ethiopia (24)\n France (12)\n Ireland (5)\n Italy (7)\n Japan (22)\n Kenya (24)\n Kyrgyzstan (2)\n Mexico (4)\n Morocco (11)\n Namibia (2)\n Palestine (1)\n Peru (4)\n Poland (24)\n Portugal (6)\n Puerto Rico (3)\n Romania (1)\n Rwanda (5)\n South Africa (16)\n Spain (18)\n Sudan (4)\n Tanzania (3)\n Thailand (4)\n Tunisia (14)\n Uganda (18)\n United Arab Emirates (1)\n Great Britain (23)\n United States (24)\n Yemen (1)\n Zambia (2)\n Zimbabwe (1)","title":"Participation"}]
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[{"title":"2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_%E2%80%93_Senior_men%27s_race"},{"title":"2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_%E2%80%93_Junior_men%27s_race"},{"title":"2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_%E2%80%93_Senior_women%27s_race"},{"title":"2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_%E2%80%93_Junior_women%27s_race"},{"title":"2013 in athletics (track and field)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_athletics_(track_and_field)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bydgoszcz to host 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships\". IAAF. Retrieved 14 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/bydgoszcz-to-host-2013-iaaf-world-cross-count","url_text":"\"Bydgoszcz to host 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Mark (March 25, 2013), Athletics: Twell takes another positive step, Herald, retrieved November 6, 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/other-sports/athletics-twell-takes-another-positive-step.20598358","url_text":"Athletics: Twell takes another positive step"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Herald","url_text":"Herald"}]},{"reference":"Minshull, Phil (March 24, 2013), Korir becomes youngest ever champion – Bydgoszcz 2013 senior men's report, IAAF, retrieved November 6, 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/korir-becomes-youngest-ever-champion-bydgos","url_text":"Korir becomes youngest ever champion – Bydgoszcz 2013 senior men's report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"Minshull, Phil (March 24, 2013), World record breaker Gebrhiwet gets his first major title – Bydgoszcz 2013 junior men's report, IAAF, retrieved November 6, 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/world-record-breaker-gebrhiwet-gets-his-first","url_text":"World record breaker Gebrhiwet gets his first major title – Bydgoszcz 2013 junior men's report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"Bamford, Nicola (March 24, 2013), Chebet turns back the clock to win again – Bydgoszcz 2013 senior women’s report, IAAF, retrieved November 6, 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/chebet-turns-back-the-clock-to-win-again-by","url_text":"Chebet turns back the clock to win again – Bydgoszcz 2013 senior women’s report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"Bamford, Nicola (March 24, 2013), Kipyegon majestic in title defence – Bydgoszcz 2013 junior women’s report, IAAF, retrieved November 6, 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kipyegon-majestic-in-title-defence-bydgoszc","url_text":"Kipyegon majestic in title defence – Bydgoszcz 2013 junior women’s report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Senior Race - men, IAAF, March 24, 2013, retrieved November 6, 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-cross-country-championships/40th-iaaf-world-cross-country-championships-2-5096/results/men/senior-race/final/result","url_text":"Results - 40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 - Bydgoszcz (Myslecinek Park), POLAND 24 MAR 2013 - Senior Race - men"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"\"40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28468_Shichangxu
List of minor planets: 28001–29000
[]
List of 1000 sequentially numbered minor planets The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 28001 through 29000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.   Near-Earth obj.     MBA (inner)   MBA (outer)   Centaur   Mars-crosser   MBA (middle)     Jupiter trojan    Trans-Neptunian obj.   Unclassified Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code 23,000s 24,000s 25,000s 26,000s 27,000s 28,000s 29,000s 30,000s 31,000s 32,000s 33,000s 28,001… 28,101… 28,201… 28,301… 28,401… 28,501… 28,601… 28,701… 28,801… 28,901… 28001–28100 Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28001 1997 WD41 — November 29, 1997 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.7 km MPC · JPL 28002 1997 WO51 — November 29, 1997 Socorro LINEAR HYG 9.3 km MPC · JPL 28003 1997 WT52 — November 29, 1997 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.8 km MPC · JPL 28004 Terakawa 1997 XA Terakawa December 2, 1997 Mishima M. Akiyama PAE 6.0 km MPC · JPL 28005 1997 XC — December 1, 1997 Lime Creek R. Linderholm  · 15 km MPC · JPL 28006 1997 XM5 — December 3, 1997 Gekko T. Kagawa, T. Urata  · 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28007 Galhassin 1997 XO10 Galhassin December 7, 1997 Cima Ekar A. Boattini, M. Tombelli  · 7.1 km MPC · JPL 28008 1997 XR11 — December 5, 1997 Nachi-Katsuura Y. Shimizu, T. Urata  · 6.8 km MPC · JPL 28009 1997 YY1 — December 21, 1997 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 5.9 km MPC · JPL 28010 1997 YE3 — December 24, 1997 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28011 1997 YW3 — December 22, 1997 Xinglong SCAP  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 28012 1997 YH4 — December 23, 1997 Xinglong SCAP KOR 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28013 1997 YL4 — December 24, 1997 Xinglong SCAP  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28014 1997 YS5 — December 25, 1997 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 9.1 km MPC · JPL 28015 1997 YG9 — December 26, 1997 Church Stretton S. P. Laurie  · 7.6 km MPC · JPL 28016 1997 YV11 — December 30, 1997 Oizumi T. Kobayashi URS · 17 km MPC · JPL 28017 1997 YV13 — December 31, 1997 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 6.0 km MPC · JPL 28018 1998 AG — January 4, 1998 Xinglong SCAP  · 8.3 km MPC · JPL 28019 Warchal 1998 AW8 Warchal January 14, 1998 Ondřejov L. Kotková FLO 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28020 1998 BP5 — January 22, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch V 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28021 1998 BP6 — January 22, 1998 Bédoin P. Antonini  · 9.7 km MPC · JPL 28022 1998 BA9 — January 25, 1998 Haleakala NEAT VER 14 km MPC · JPL 28023 1998 BF11 — January 23, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EOS 5.9 km MPC · JPL 28024 1998 BT14 — January 25, 1998 Nachi-Katsuura Y. Shimizu, T. Urata EOS 11 km MPC · JPL 28025 1998 BD41 — January 25, 1998 Haleakala NEAT  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28026 1998 CN1 — February 6, 1998 Xinglong SCAP NEM 9.8 km MPC · JPL 28027 1998 CC5 — February 6, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst V 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28028 1998 DS8 — February 22, 1998 Xinglong SCAP KOR 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28029 1998 DW9 — February 20, 1998 Woomera F. B. Zoltowski 7:4 16 km MPC · JPL 28030 1998 DW12 — February 26, 1998 Kleť Kleť Obs.  · 8.4 km MPC · JPL 28031 1998 DX17 — February 23, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28032 1998 DZ23 — February 17, 1998 Nachi-Katsuura Y. Shimizu, T. Urata  · 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28033 1998 EE9 — March 5, 1998 Xinglong SCAP EOS 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28034 1998 EU13 — March 1, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst MRX 4.2 km MPC · JPL 28035 1998 FY1 — March 21, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28036 1998 FZ26 — March 20, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EOS 9.6 km MPC · JPL 28037 Williammonts 1998 FS33 Williammonts March 20, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28038 Nicoleodzer 1998 FK35 Nicoleodzer March 20, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.5 km MPC · JPL 28039 Mauraoei 1998 FV78 Mauraoei March 24, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28040 1998 FF80 — March 24, 1998 Socorro LINEAR HYG 7.5 km MPC · JPL 28041 1998 FQ87 — March 24, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 16 km MPC · JPL 28042 Mayapatel 1998 FB90 Mayapatel March 24, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28043 Mabelwheeler 1998 FX90 Mabelwheeler March 24, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28044 1998 FD116 — March 31, 1998 Socorro LINEAR V 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28045 Johnwilkins 1998 FB118 Johnwilkins March 31, 1998 Socorro LINEAR V 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28046 1998 HB14 — April 24, 1998 Haleakala NEAT  · 5.5 km MPC · JPL 28047 1998 HU90 — April 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28048 Camilleyoke 1998 HH91 Camilleyoke April 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28049 Yvonnealex 1998 HM94 Yvonnealex April 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR GEF 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28050 Asekomeh 1998 HC99 Asekomeh April 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28051 Bruzzone 1998 HS153 Bruzzone April 25, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS KOR 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28052 Lowellputnam 1998 KP1 Lowellputnam May 18, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28053 Kimberlyputnam 1998 KE4 Kimberlyputnam May 22, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 7.9 km MPC · JPL 28054 1998 KE50 — May 23, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.7 km MPC · JPL 28055 1998 MX — June 16, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EUN 4.3 km MPC · JPL 28056 1998 MK5 — June 20, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EUN 7.7 km MPC · JPL 28057 Hollars 1998 MM37 Hollars June 24, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28058 1998 NF — July 1, 1998 Reedy Creek J. Broughton NYS 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28059 Kiliaan 1998 OZ7 Kiliaan July 26, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 8.6 km MPC · JPL 28060 1998 OL8 — July 26, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 13 km MPC · JPL 28061 1998 ON11 — July 26, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst KOR 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28062 1998 OZ11 — July 22, 1998 Reedy Creek J. Broughton V 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28063 1998 OR14 — July 26, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28064 1998 QX10 — August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EOS 11 km MPC · JPL 28065 1998 QZ10 — August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28066 1998 QA11 — August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28067 1998 QA14 — August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EUN 5.4 km MPC · JPL 28068 Stephbillings 1998 QO21 Stephbillings August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28069 1998 QQ22 — August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28070 1998 QS25 — August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28071 1998 QC26 — August 25, 1998 Višnjan Observatory Višnjan Obs.  · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 28072 Lindbowerman 1998 QT31 Lindbowerman August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28073 Fohner 1998 QT40 Fohner August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28074 Matgallagher 1998 QM41 Matgallagher August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 28075 Emilyhoffman 1998 QU44 Emilyhoffman August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28076 1998 QS48 — August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28077 Hard 1998 QH55 Hard August 27, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28078 Mauricehilleman 1998 QM55 Mauricehilleman August 26, 1998 Caussols ODAS  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28079 1998 QY63 — August 24, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 17 km MPC · JPL 28080 1998 QS72 — August 24, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EUN 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28081 Carriehudson 1998 QN80 Carriehudson August 24, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28082 1998 QF88 — August 24, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EUN 5.3 km MPC · JPL 28083 1998 QP90 — August 28, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28084 1998 QH92 — August 28, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28085 1998 QO98 — August 28, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28086 1998 QW100 — August 26, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst HEN 6.7 km MPC · JPL 28087 1998 QH101 — August 26, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28088 1998 RQ2 — September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28089 1998 RD17 — September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.7 km MPC · JPL 28090 1998 RW32 — September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 28091 Mikekane 1998 RQ49 Mikekane September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28092 Joannekear 1998 RT53 Joannekear September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28093 Staceylevoit 1998 RG54 Staceylevoit September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28094 Michellewis 1998 RE56 Michellewis September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28095 Seanmahoney 1998 RA57 Seanmahoney September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28096 Kathrynmarsh 1998 RS59 Kathrynmarsh September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28097 1998 RZ63 — September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR KOR 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28098 1998 RJ64 — September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28099 1998 RZ66 — September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 10 km MPC · JPL 28100 1998 RG69 — September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 28101–28200 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28101 1998 RP71 — September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28102 1998 RM79 — September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28103 Benmcpheron 1998 RK80 Benmcpheron September 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28104 1998 SL1 — September 16, 1998 Caussols ODAS  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 28105 Santallo 1998 SC4 Santallo September 18, 1998 Caussols ODAS ADE 6.7 km MPC · JPL 28106 1998 SE10 — September 16, 1998 Caussols ODAS  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28107 Sapar 1998 SA13 Sapar September 22, 1998 Ondřejov L. Kotková  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 28108 Sydneybarnes 1998 SB24 Sydneybarnes September 17, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28109 1998 SA29 — September 18, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 9.5 km MPC · JPL 28110 1998 SG30 — September 19, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28111 1998 SY31 — September 20, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28112 1998 SN37 — September 21, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28113 1998 SD43 — September 23, 1998 Xinglong SCAP  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28114 1998 SE43 — September 23, 1998 Xinglong SCAP V 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28115 1998 SN50 — September 26, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28116 Kunovac 1998 SP56 Kunovac September 17, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28117 Mort 1998 SK57 Mort September 17, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS FLO 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28118 Vaux 1998 SR57 Vaux September 17, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28119 1998 SX71 — September 21, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28120 1998 SX72 — September 21, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst FLO 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28121 1998 SY72 — September 21, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28122 1998 SJ74 — September 21, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 5.6 km MPC · JPL 28123 1998 SM74 — September 21, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst NYS 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28124 1998 SD79 — September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 28125 Juliomiguez 1998 SR107 Juliomiguez September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28126 Nydegger 1998 SF109 Nydegger September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28127 Ogden-Stenerson 1998 SL110 Ogden-Stenerson September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28128 Cynthrossman 1998 ST118 Cynthrossman September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28129 Teresummers 1998 SF121 Teresummers September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28130 Troemper 1998 SK124 Troemper September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28131 Dougwelch 1998 SX127 Dougwelch September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28132 Karenzobel 1998 SY128 Karenzobel September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR V 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28133 Kylebardwell 1998 SS130 Kylebardwell September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28134 1998 SB131 — September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28135 1998 ST131 — September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28136 Chasegross 1998 SB134 Chasegross September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28137 Helenyao 1998 SY138 Helenyao September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR V 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28138 1998 SD141 — September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EOS 7.7 km MPC · JPL 28139 1998 SN141 — September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EOS 5.5 km MPC · JPL 28140 1998 SR144 — September 20, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28141 ten Brummelaar 1998 TC ten Brummelaar October 2, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 8.0 km MPC · JPL 28142 1998 TU — October 12, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch FLO 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28143 1998 TK5 — October 13, 1998 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević V 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28144 1998 TN13 — October 13, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch FLO 4.0 km MPC · JPL 28145 1998 TY18 — October 14, 1998 Xinglong SCAP  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28146 Nackard 1998 TC32 Nackard October 11, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS FLO 4.7 km MPC · JPL 28147 Colbath 1998 TD32 Colbath October 11, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS FLO 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28148 Fuentes 1998 TL34 Fuentes October 14, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS FLO 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28149 Arieldaniel 1998 TX34 Arieldaniel October 14, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS V 1.6 km MPC · JPL 28150 1998 UC1 — October 17, 1998 Ondřejov P. Pravec FLO 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28151 Markknopfler 1998 UG6 Markknopfler October 22, 1998 Caussols ODAS  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28152 1998 UK8 — October 24, 1998 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28153 1998 UU20 — October 29, 1998 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević FLO 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28154 1998 UQ26 — October 18, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28155 Chengzhendai 1998 UB40 Chengzhendai October 28, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28156 McColl 1998 UF41 McColl October 28, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28157 1998 VY3 — November 11, 1998 Caussols ODAS  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28158 1998 VT6 — November 12, 1998 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28159 Giuricich 1998 VM7 Giuricich November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28160 1998 VC11 — November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28161 Neelpatel 1998 VB13 Neelpatel November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28162 1998 VD14 — November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28163 Lorikim 1998 VP15 Lorikim November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28164 1998 VY21 — November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28165 Bayanmashat 1998 VC25 Bayanmashat November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28166 1998 VP25 — November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 28167 Andrewkim 1998 VQ25 Andrewkim November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28168 Evanolin 1998 VY25 Evanolin November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28169 Cathconte 1998 VZ29 Cathconte November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28170 1998 VC30 — November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28171 Diannahu 1998 VV30 Diannahu November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28172 1998 VZ30 — November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EUN 7.1 km MPC · JPL 28173 Hisakichi 1998 VY32 Hisakichi November 11, 1998 Chichibu N. Satō NYS 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28174 Harue 1998 VC33 Harue November 12, 1998 Chichibu N. Satō  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 28175 1998 VM33 — November 15, 1998 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28176 1998 VV43 — November 15, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 28177 1998 VO53 — November 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28178 1998 WL1 — November 18, 1998 Oizumi T. Kobayashi V 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28179 1998 WR1 — November 18, 1998 Oizumi T. Kobayashi FLO 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28180 1998 WU1 — November 18, 1998 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 28181 1998 WW5 — November 19, 1998 Nachi-Katsuura Y. Shimizu, T. Urata  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28182 Chadharris 1998 WB10 Chadharris November 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28183 Naidu 1998 WM16 Naidu November 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28184 Vaishnavirao 1998 WP17 Vaishnavirao November 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28185 1998 WJ18 — November 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28186 1998 WK18 — November 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28187 1998 WP19 — November 23, 1998 Socorro LINEAR MAR 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28188 1998 WV19 — November 25, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.2 km MPC · JPL 28189 1998 WP22 — November 18, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28190 1998 WU23 — November 25, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 14 km MPC · JPL 28191 1998 WV23 — November 25, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28192 1998 WE24 — November 25, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.3 km MPC · JPL 28193 Italosvevo 1998 WY30 Italosvevo November 29, 1998 Farra d'Isonzo Farra d'Isonzo FLO 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28194 1998 WX37 — November 21, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28195 1998 XW4 — December 12, 1998 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28196 Szeged 1998 XY12 Szeged December 15, 1998 Piszkéstető K. Sárneczky, L. Kiss V 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28197 1998 XZ12 — December 15, 1998 High Point D. K. Chesney V 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28198 1998 XU16 — December 15, 1998 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28199 1998 XA42 — December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.9 km MPC · JPL 28200 1998 XF44 — December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR V 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28201–28300 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28201 Lifubin 1998 XV44 Lifubin December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28202 1998 XC47 — December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28203 1998 XL48 — December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28204 Liyakang 1998 XX50 Liyakang December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28205 1998 XL51 — December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28206 Haozhongning 1998 XO52 Haozhongning December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28207 Blakesmith 1998 XH53 Blakesmith December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28208 Timtrippel 1998 XE54 Timtrippel December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28209 Chatterjee 1998 XC63 Chatterjee December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28210 Howardfeng 1998 XF63 Howardfeng December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28211 1998 XJ64 — December 14, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28212 1998 XJ78 — December 15, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28213 1998 XS92 — December 15, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 28214 1998 YW — December 16, 1998 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28215 1998 YE1 — December 16, 1998 Gekko T. Kagawa V 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28216 1998 YU1 — December 17, 1998 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević NYS 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28217 1998 YO3 — December 18, 1998 Kleť Kleť Obs. V 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28218 1998 YA6 — December 17, 1998 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević FLO 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28219 1998 YP8 — December 23, 1998 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 28220 York 1998 YN12 York December 28, 1998 Kleť J. Tichá, M. Tichý  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28221 1998 YG17 — December 22, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 4.5 km MPC · JPL 28222 Neilpathak 1998 YF23 Neilpathak December 16, 1998 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28223 1998 YR27 — December 27, 1998 Nyukasa M. Hirasawa, S. Suzuki  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28224 1999 AJ — January 5, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević NYS 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28225 1999 AS — January 7, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28226 1999 AE2 — January 9, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi HNA 4.7 km MPC · JPL 28227 1999 AN2 — January 9, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi FLO 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28228 1999 AU2 — January 9, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28229 1999 AK4 — January 9, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević V 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28230 1999 AH5 — January 10, 1999 Nachi-Katsuura Y. Shimizu, T. Urata  · 7.1 km MPC · JPL 28231 1999 AL5 — January 10, 1999 Nachi-Katsuura Y. Shimizu, T. Urata HNS 4.3 km MPC · JPL 28232 1999 AS5 — January 12, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28233 1999 AV5 — January 12, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28234 1999 AB8 — January 13, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28235 Kasparvonbraun 1999 AL8 Kasparvonbraun January 7, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28236 1999 AH10 — January 14, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević KOR 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28237 1999 AR16 — January 10, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28238 1999 AB18 — January 11, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28239 1999 AQ19 — January 13, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EOS 5.6 km MPC · JPL 28240 1999 AP21 — January 14, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 6.6 km MPC · JPL 28241 1999 AC22 — January 10, 1999 Xinglong SCAP  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28242 Mingantu 1999 AT22 Mingantu January 6, 1999 Xinglong SCAP  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28243 1999 AA23 — January 15, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28244 1999 AL31 — January 14, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28245 Cruise 1999 AV37 Cruise January 14, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28246 1999 BW1 — January 18, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 9.5 km MPC · JPL 28247 1999 BP3 — January 19, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević EUT 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28248 Barthélémy 1999 BQ4 Barthélémy January 19, 1999 Caussols ODAS  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28249 1999 BX6 — January 21, 1999 Caussols ODAS  · 13 km MPC · JPL 28250 1999 BC8 — January 22, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 28251 Gerbaldi 1999 BW13 Gerbaldi January 20, 1999 Caussols ODAS KOR 4.2 km MPC · JPL 28252 1999 BK15 — January 26, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević ADE 7.8 km MPC · JPL 28253 1999 BA19 — January 16, 1999 Socorro LINEAR MAR 5.0 km MPC · JPL 28254 Raghrama 1999 BC21 Raghrama January 16, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.0 km MPC · JPL 28255 1999 BB24 — January 18, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28256 1999 BL24 — January 18, 1999 Socorro LINEAR V 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28257 1999 BT24 — January 18, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 14 km MPC · JPL 28258 1999 BM25 — January 18, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28259 1999 BY27 — January 17, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch V 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28260 1999 BK29 — January 18, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 8.4 km MPC · JPL 28261 1999 CJ — February 4, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi EOS 9.5 km MPC · JPL 28262 1999 CQ4 — February 8, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 9.1 km MPC · JPL 28263 1999 CR4 — February 8, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 6.5 km MPC · JPL 28264 1999 CJ5 — February 12, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi EOS 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28265 1999 CL5 — February 12, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 28266 1999 CP5 — February 12, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28267 1999 CH10 — February 15, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi NYS 8.8 km MPC · JPL 28268 1999 CA14 — February 8, 1999 Uenohara N. Kawasato  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28269 1999 CQ14 — February 15, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević EUN 5.4 km MPC · JPL 28270 1999 CS14 — February 15, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević KOR 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28271 1999 CK16 — February 6, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević KAR 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28272 Mikejanner 1999 CY17 Mikejanner February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28273 Maianhvu 1999 CD21 Maianhvu February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28274 1999 CF21 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EUN 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28275 Quoc-Bao 1999 CM23 Quoc-Bao February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.9 km MPC · JPL 28276 Filipnaiser 1999 CN25 Filipnaiser February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28277 Chengherngyi 1999 CN27 Chengherngyi February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR V 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28278 1999 CQ27 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 6.6 km MPC · JPL 28279 1999 CD28 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 15 km MPC · JPL 28280 1999 CG28 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28281 1999 CT29 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EUN 10 km MPC · JPL 28282 1999 CJ35 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 9.2 km MPC · JPL 28283 1999 CR35 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.5 km MPC · JPL 28284 1999 CG37 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.5 km MPC · JPL 28285 1999 CP39 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28286 1999 CJ40 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 10 km MPC · JPL 28287 Osmanov 1999 CT42 Osmanov February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR KOR 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28288 1999 CL49 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR TEL 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28289 1999 CT50 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR THM 10 km MPC · JPL 28290 1999 CY51 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR GEF 5.6 km MPC · JPL 28291 1999 CX52 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR V 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28292 1999 CX54 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.4 km MPC · JPL 28293 1999 CN57 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28294 1999 CS59 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR NAE · slow 10 km MPC · JPL 28295 Heyizheng 1999 CE61 Heyizheng February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28296 1999 CQ63 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28297 1999 CR63 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.4 km MPC · JPL 28298 1999 CM64 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.3 km MPC · JPL 28299 Kanghaoyan 1999 CH66 Kanghaoyan February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28300 1999 CS67 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28301–28400 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28301 1999 CW67 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR DOR 11 km MPC · JPL 28302 1999 CK71 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28303 1999 CY72 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28304 1999 CC75 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.3 km MPC · JPL 28305 Wangjiayi 1999 CH79 Wangjiayi February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28306 1999 CV79 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR VER 11 km MPC · JPL 28307 1999 CN80 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.7 km MPC · JPL 28308 1999 CA81 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28309 Ericfein 1999 CB81 Ericfein February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.3 km MPC · JPL 28310 1999 CT81 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.6 km MPC · JPL 28311 1999 CY90 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28312 1999 CH94 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR TEL 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28313 1999 CU99 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.2 km MPC · JPL 28314 1999 CG100 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR KOR 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28315 1999 CD101 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28316 1999 CK101 — February 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.0 km MPC · JPL 28317 Aislinndeely 1999 CA106 Aislinndeely February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR HEN 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28318 Janecox 1999 CE106 Janecox February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28319 1999 CR107 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28320 1999 CG110 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR TIR 6.1 km MPC · JPL 28321 Arnabdey 1999 CV110 Arnabdey February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28322 Kaeberich 1999 CK111 Kaeberich February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.9 km MPC · JPL 28323 1999 CP112 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28324 Davidcampeau 1999 CN114 Davidcampeau February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28325 1999 CK118 — February 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.9 km MPC · JPL 28326 1999 CY120 — February 11, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EUN 6.3 km MPC · JPL 28327 1999 CT123 — February 11, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28328 1999 CN125 — February 11, 1999 Socorro LINEAR ADE 9.2 km MPC · JPL 28329 1999 CD150 — February 13, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28330 1999 CG152 — February 12, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 6.7 km MPC · JPL 28331 Dianebérard 1999 CD156 Dianebérard February 14, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS EMA 11 km MPC · JPL 28332 1999 DU1 — February 18, 1999 Haleakala NEAT  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28333 1999 DW1 — February 18, 1999 Haleakala NEAT EOS 6.3 km MPC · JPL 28334 1999 DJ2 — February 19, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 6.3 km MPC · JPL 28335 1999 DN2 — February 19, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 13 km MPC · JPL 28336 1999 DZ4 — February 17, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 13 km MPC · JPL 28337 1999 EA2 — March 9, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28338 1999 EL2 — March 10, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28339 1999 EC3 — March 10, 1999 Reedy Creek J. Broughton EOS 6.3 km MPC · JPL 28340 Yukihiro 1999 EG5 Yukihiro March 13, 1999 Yatsuka H. Abe  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28341 Bingaman 1999 EU5 Bingaman March 13, 1999 Goodricke-Pigott R. A. Tucker KOR 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28342 Haverhals 1999 FB9 Haverhals March 19, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS KOR 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28343 Florcalandra 1999 FG9 Florcalandra March 20, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS TIR 9.3 km MPC · JPL 28344 Tallsalt 1999 FE19 Tallsalt March 22, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28345 Akivabarnun 1999 FL19 Akivabarnun March 22, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS THM 11 km MPC · JPL 28346 Kent 1999 FV19 Kent March 19, 1999 Fountain Hills C. W. Juels  · 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28347 1999 FD22 — March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 7.9 km MPC · JPL 28348 1999 FO23 — March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 10 km MPC · JPL 28349 1999 FB26 — March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28350 1999 FC26 — March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28351 Andrewfeldman 1999 FP29 Andrewfeldman March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28352 1999 FF31 — March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 11 km MPC · JPL 28353 Chrisnielsen 1999 FH32 Chrisnielsen March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28354 1999 FV33 — March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28355 1999 FW33 — March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 10 km MPC · JPL 28356 1999 FF38 — March 20, 1999 Socorro LINEAR RAF 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28357 1999 FB40 — March 20, 1999 Socorro LINEAR MAR 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28358 1999 FW48 — March 20, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 10 km MPC · JPL 28359 1999 FP52 — March 20, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.0 km MPC · JPL 28360 1999 FU55 — March 20, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 13 km MPC · JPL 28361 1999 FF59 — March 20, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28362 1999 GP5 — April 7, 1999 Nachi-Katsuura Y. Shimizu, T. Urata NAE 12 km MPC · JPL 28363 1999 GN6 — April 14, 1999 Woomera F. B. Zoltowski KOR 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28364 Bruceelmegreen 1999 GN7 Bruceelmegreen April 7, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28365 1999 GF14 — April 15, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.7 km MPC · JPL 28366 Verkuil 1999 GA16 Verkuil April 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.2 km MPC · JPL 28367 1999 GO16 — April 15, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.8 km MPC · JPL 28368 1999 GW18 — April 15, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28369 1999 GA21 — April 15, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 12 km MPC · JPL 28370 1999 GK34 — April 6, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.6 km MPC · JPL 28371 1999 GG39 — April 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 9.9 km MPC · JPL 28372 1999 HU — April 18, 1999 Woomera F. B. Zoltowski EOS 9.9 km MPC · JPL 28373 1999 HL3 — April 18, 1999 Catalina CSS  · 17 km MPC · JPL 28374 1999 HL11 — April 17, 1999 Socorro LINEAR THM 9.4 km MPC · JPL 28375 1999 JC — May 2, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević THM 12 km MPC · JPL 28376 Atifjaved 1999 JX19 Atifjaved May 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28377 1999 JC24 — May 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EUN 7.4 km MPC · JPL 28378 1999 JN24 — May 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 8.8 km MPC · JPL 28379 1999 JK37 — May 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28380 1999 JO38 — May 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR GEF 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28381 1999 JQ39 — May 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 10 km MPC · JPL 28382 Stevengillen 1999 JZ48 Stevengillen May 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR MAS 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28383 1999 JX68 — May 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.9 km MPC · JPL 28384 1999 JT76 — May 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR V 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28385 1999 JX76 — May 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 19 km MPC · JPL 28386 1999 JD79 — May 13, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.3 km MPC · JPL 28387 1999 JE79 — May 13, 1999 Socorro LINEAR MEL 14 km MPC · JPL 28388 1999 JM86 — May 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28389 1999 JN95 — May 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28390 Demjohopkins 1999 JW131 Demjohopkins May 13, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28391 1999 LV11 — June 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 14 km MPC · JPL 28392 1999 NQ11 — July 13, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 28393 1999 RB12 — September 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.4 km MPC · JPL 28394 Mittag-Leffler 1999 RY36 Mittag-Leffler September 13, 1999 Prescott P. G. Comba  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28395 1999 RZ42 — September 3, 1999 Siding Spring R. H. McNaught  · 7.1 km MPC · JPL 28396 Eymann 1999 RY44 Eymann September 13, 1999 Guitalens A. Klotz V 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28397 Forrestbetton 1999 RK53 Forrestbetton September 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR V 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28398 Ericthomas 1999 RE55 Ericthomas September 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28399 1999 RY136 — September 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EOS 5.3 km MPC · JPL 28400 Morgansinko 1999 RW160 Morgansinko September 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28401–28500 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28401 1999 RT165 — September 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28402 Matthewkim 1999 RV211 Matthewkim September 8, 1999 Socorro LINEAR V 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28403 1999 TY — October 1, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević GER 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28404 1999 TQ5 — October 1, 1999 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević, M. Jurić  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28405 1999 TG13 — October 10, 1999 Oohira T. Urata FLO 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28406 1999 TB100 — October 2, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FIR 11 km MPC · JPL 28407 Meghanarao 1999 TH135 Meghanarao October 6, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.8 km MPC · JPL 28408 van Baalen 1999 TS222 van Baalen October 2, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 28409 1999 TQ226 — October 3, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 28410 1999 TE246 — October 8, 1999 Catalina CSS  · 9.1 km MPC · JPL 28411 Xiuqicao 1999 TQ284 Xiuqicao October 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR V 1.4 km MPC · JPL 28412 1999 UY13 — October 29, 1999 Catalina CSS  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28413 1999 UT26 — October 30, 1999 Catalina CSS  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28414 1999 UH46 — October 31, 1999 Catalina CSS  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28415 Yingxiong 1999 VE27 Yingxiong November 3, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28416 Ngqin 1999 VW31 Ngqin November 3, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28417 Leewei 1999 VA50 Leewei November 3, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.6 km MPC · JPL 28418 Pornwasu 1999 VQ54 Pornwasu November 4, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 28419 Tanpitcha 1999 VA67 Tanpitcha November 4, 1999 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28420 1999 VC78 — November 4, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 28421 1999 VH87 — November 6, 1999 Catalina CSS H 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28422 1999 VA154 — November 13, 1999 Catalina CSS GEF 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28423 1999 WN3 — November 28, 1999 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 8.6 km MPC · JPL 28424 1999 XA — December 1, 1999 Socorro LINEAR CHL 6.5 km MPC · JPL 28425 Sungkanit 1999 XL24 Sungkanit December 6, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 28426 Sangani 1999 XV28 Sangani December 6, 1999 Socorro LINEAR HEN 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28427 Gidwani 1999 XP42 Gidwani December 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28428 Ankurvaishnav 1999 XQ43 Ankurvaishnav December 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28429 1999 XF75 — December 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28430 1999 XP124 — December 7, 1999 Catalina CSS V 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28431 1999 XO136 — December 13, 1999 Fountain Hills C. W. Juels  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28432 1999 XY168 — December 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EUN 5.6 km MPC · JPL 28433 Samarquez 1999 XP175 Samarquez December 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28434 1999 XL176 — December 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.2 km MPC · JPL 28435 1999 XW209 — December 13, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 28436 Davesawyer 1999 XJ230 Davesawyer December 7, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28437 1999 YJ16 — December 31, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28438 Venkateswaran 2000 AG30 Venkateswaran January 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28439 Miguelreyes 2000 AM30 Miguelreyes January 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28440 2000 AN40 — January 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28441 2000 AE43 — January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR H 1.4 km MPC · JPL 28442 Nicholashuey 2000 AN61 Nicholashuey January 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28443 Crisara 2000 AP86 Crisara January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28444 Alexrabii 2000 AP91 Alexrabii January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28445 2000 AQ95 — January 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28446 Davlantes 2000 AQ96 Davlantes January 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28447 Arjunmathur 2000 AW96 Arjunmathur January 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28448 2000 AN97 — January 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28449 Ericlau 2000 AK117 Ericlau January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28450 Saravolz 2000 AB119 Saravolz January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28451 Tylerhoward 2000 AD129 Tylerhoward January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28452 Natkondamuri 2000 AD130 Natkondamuri January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 28453 Alexcecil 2000 AE131 Alexcecil January 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 28454 2000 AF137 — January 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.9 km MPC · JPL 28455 2000 AV137 — January 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 28456 2000 AY137 — January 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 28457 Chloeanassis 2000 AX143 Chloeanassis January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28458 2000 AL144 — January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.5 km MPC · JPL 28459 2000 AW144 — January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR 2:1J 7.4 km MPC · JPL 28460 Ariannepapa 2000 AY163 Ariannepapa January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.7 km MPC · JPL 28461 2000 AL164 — January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.6 km MPC · JPL 28462 2000 AO164 — January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28463 2000 AG168 — January 7, 2000 Farpoint Farpoint Obs. V 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28464 2000 AZ185 — January 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28465 Janesmyth 2000 AQ237 Janesmyth January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28466 2000 AV243 — January 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MIT 7.8 km MPC · JPL 28467 Maurentejamie 2000 AA244 Maurentejamie January 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28468 Shichangxu 2000 AG246 Shichangxu January 12, 2000 Xinglong SCAP  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28469 2000 BU8 — January 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.3 km MPC · JPL 28470 2000 BJ12 — January 28, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28471 2000 BZ13 — January 27, 2000 Oizumi T. Kobayashi NYS 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28472 2000 BE14 — January 28, 2000 Oizumi T. Kobayashi EUN 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28473 2000 BF15 — January 31, 2000 Oizumi T. Kobayashi EOS 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28474 Bustamante 2000 BB30 Bustamante January 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28475 Garrett 2000 CU Garrett February 1, 2000 Catalina CSS  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28476 2000 CK2 — February 2, 2000 Oizumi T. Kobayashi FLO 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28477 2000 CB4 — February 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR BRA 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28478 2000 CR24 — February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28479 Varlotta 2000 CF26 Varlotta February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28480 Seojinyoung 2000 CL26 Seojinyoung February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28481 Shindongju 2000 CO26 Shindongju February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAS 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28482 Bauerle 2000 CK29 Bauerle February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.5 km MPC · JPL 28483 Allenyuan 2000 CJ39 Allenyuan February 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28484 Aishwarya 2000 CO43 Aishwarya February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28485 Dastidar 2000 CK49 Dastidar February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28486 2000 CZ51 — February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28487 2000 CB58 — February 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28488 Gautam 2000 CF58 Gautam February 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 28489 2000 CN58 — February 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR ALA 17 km MPC · JPL 28490 2000 CQ58 — February 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 15 km MPC · JPL 28491 2000 CC59 — February 5, 2000 Farpoint Farpoint Obs.  · 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28492 Marik 2000 CM59 Marik February 1, 2000 Piszkéstető JATE Asteroid Survey  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28493 Duncan-Lewis 2000 CC63 Duncan-Lewis February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28494 Jasmine 2000 CW63 Jasmine February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28495 2000 CA64 — February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28496 2000 CR68 — February 1, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HYG 5.6 km MPC · JPL 28497 2000 CJ69 — February 1, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EUT · slow 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28498 2000 CL70 — February 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.3 km MPC · JPL 28499 2000 CG75 — February 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28500 2000 CW76 — February 10, 2000 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević V 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28501–28600 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28501 2000 CO79 — February 8, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 1.2 km MPC · JPL 28502 2000 CV79 — February 8, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch ADE 9.3 km MPC · JPL 28503 Angelazhang 2000 CZ82 Angelazhang February 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28504 Rebeccafaye 2000 CD83 Rebeccafaye February 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28505 Sagarrambhia 2000 CP83 Sagarrambhia February 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28506 2000 CR83 — February 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28507 2000 CD87 — February 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28508 Kishore 2000 CD89 Kishore February 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28509 Feddersen 2000 CB92 Feddersen February 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28510 2000 CC95 — February 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAR 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28511 Marggraff 2000 CW102 Marggraff February 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28512 Tanyuan 2000 CG103 Tanyuan February 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.6 km MPC · JPL 28513 Guo 2000 CM126 Guo February 5, 2000 Kitt Peak M. W. Buie NYS 1.4 km MPC · JPL 28514 2000 DQ2 — February 26, 2000 Oaxaca J. M. Roe  · 5.6 km MPC · JPL 28515 2000 DK3 — February 27, 2000 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević, M. Jurić  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28516 Möbius 2000 DQ3 Möbius February 27, 2000 Prescott P. G. Comba  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28517 2000 DD7 — February 29, 2000 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28518 2000 DE7 — February 29, 2000 Oizumi T. Kobayashi V 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28519 Sweetman 2000 DP15 Sweetman February 26, 2000 Catalina CSS FLO 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28520 2000 DH16 — February 29, 2000 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević FLO 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28521 Mattmcintyre 2000 DK27 Mattmcintyre February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28522 2000 DP34 — February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28523 2000 DH50 — February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28524 Ebright 2000 DA52 Ebright February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28525 Andrewabboud 2000 DY57 Andrewabboud February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28526 2000 DV65 — February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 28527 Kathleenrose 2000 DW68 Kathleenrose February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28528 2000 DC70 — February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28529 2000 DQ70 — February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 28530 Shiyimeng 2000 DR71 Shiyimeng February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28531 Nikbogdanov 2000 DW71 Nikbogdanov February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28532 2000 DE78 — February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28533 Iansohl 2000 DL78 Iansohl February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28534 Taylorwilson 2000 DO82 Taylorwilson February 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28535 Sungjanet 2000 DE85 Sungjanet February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28536 Hunaiwen 2000 DX97 Hunaiwen February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28537 Kirapowell 2000 DJ106 Kirapowell February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28538 Ruisong 2000 DY106 Ruisong February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28539 2000 EO3 — March 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28540 2000 EC4 — March 4, 2000 Reedy Creek J. Broughton  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28541 2000 ED6 — March 2, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28542 Cespedes-Nano 2000 EE10 Cespedes-Nano March 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28543 Solis-Gozar 2000 EF17 Solis-Gozar March 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28544 2000 EM19 — March 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28545 2000 ED20 — March 7, 2000 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević PHO 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28546 2000 EE20 — March 7, 2000 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević VER 17 km MPC · JPL 28547 Johannschröter 2000 EB21 Johannschröter March 3, 2000 Catalina CSS  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28548 2000 EY25 — March 8, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28549 2000 EZ25 — March 8, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28550 2000 EC26 — March 8, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch V 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28551 Paulomi 2000 EO36 Paulomi March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28552 2000 EY38 — March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR RAF · slow 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28553 Bhupatiraju 2000 ED39 Bhupatiraju March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28554 Adambowman 2000 EB41 Adambowman March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28555 Jenniferchan 2000 EM41 Jenniferchan March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28556 Kevinchen 2000 EP41 Kevinchen March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28557 Lillianchin 2000 EY43 Lillianchin March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28558 Kathcordwell 2000 EV44 Kathcordwell March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28559 Anniedai 2000 ET46 Anniedai March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28560 2000 EO48 — March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28561 2000 EP48 — March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 8.6 km MPC · JPL 28562 2000 ET48 — March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28563 Dantzler 2000 EF57 Dantzler March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28564 Gunderman 2000 EV57 Gunderman March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28565 2000 EO58 — March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28566 2000 EV59 — March 10, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 28567 2000 EA61 — March 10, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28568 Jacobjohnson 2000 EU64 Jacobjohnson March 10, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28569 Kallenbach 2000 ES67 Kallenbach March 10, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28570 Peterkraft 2000 EW75 Peterkraft March 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28571 Hannahlarson 2000 EZ76 Hannahlarson March 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28572 Salebreton 2000 EH79 Salebreton March 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28573 2000 EG81 — March 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28574 2000 EV88 — March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28575 McQuaid 2000 ES95 McQuaid March 10, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 4.5 km MPC · JPL 28576 2000 EP96 — March 12, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28577 2000 EW96 — March 10, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.3 km MPC · JPL 28578 2000 EE97 — March 10, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28579 2000 EQ97 — March 10, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28580 2000 EJ104 — March 14, 2000 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević V 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28581 Dyerlytle 2000 ER105 Dyerlytle March 11, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28582 Haileyosborn 2000 EB106 Haileyosborn March 11, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28583 Mehrotra 2000 EJ108 Mehrotra March 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28584 2000 ER110 — March 8, 2000 Haleakala NEAT NYS 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28585 2000 EY110 — March 8, 2000 Haleakala NEAT FLO 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28586 2000 EB113 — March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 8.0 km MPC · JPL 28587 Mundkur 2000 EG114 Mundkur March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28588 2000 EL114 — March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 10 km MPC · JPL 28589 Nisley 2000 EL126 Nisley March 11, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28590 Kyledilger 2000 EX126 Kyledilger March 11, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28591 Racheldilger 2000 EC130 Racheldilger March 11, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28592 O'Leary 2000 EP131 O'Leary March 11, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28593 Ryanhamilton 2000 EZ133 Ryanhamilton March 11, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS EOS 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28594 Ronaldballouz 2000 EF134 Ronaldballouz March 11, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS DOR 11 km MPC · JPL 28595 2000 EP136 — March 12, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 6.0 km MPC · JPL 28596 2000 EK137 — March 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28597 2000 ER137 — March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28598 Apadmanabha 2000 EU137 Apadmanabha March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28599 Terenzoni 2000 EQ138 Terenzoni March 11, 2000 Catalina CSS EUN 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28600 Georgelucas 2000 EO141 Georgelucas March 2, 2000 Catalina CSS V 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28601–28700 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28601 Benton 2000 EK147 Benton March 4, 2000 Catalina CSS  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28602 Westfall 2000 EL147 Westfall March 4, 2000 Catalina CSS  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28603 Jenkins 2000 EW148 Jenkins March 4, 2000 Catalina CSS  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28604 2000 EB151 — March 5, 2000 Haleakala NEAT THM 9.1 km MPC · JPL 28605 2000 ER152 — March 6, 2000 Haleakala NEAT  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28606 2000 ES154 — March 6, 2000 Haleakala NEAT V 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28607 Jiayipeng 2000 EG156 Jiayipeng March 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28608 Sblomquist 2000 EU157 Sblomquist March 12, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28609 Tsirvoulis 2000 EL158 Tsirvoulis March 12, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS MIT 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28610 Stephenriggs 2000 EM158 Stephenriggs March 12, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 14 km MPC · JPL 28611 Liliapopova 2000 EW169 Liliapopova March 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28612 2000 FE2 — March 25, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 6.7 km MPC · JPL 28613 2000 FG5 — March 29, 2000 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 7.4 km MPC · JPL 28614 Vejvoda 2000 FO8 Vejvoda March 25, 2000 Kleť Kleť Obs.  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28615 2000 FS10 — March 31, 2000 Reedy Creek J. Broughton  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 28616 2000 FD11 — March 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 28617 2000 FB13 — March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 12 km MPC · JPL 28618 Scibelli 2000 FK17 Scibelli March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28619 2000 FP24 — March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 12 km MPC · JPL 28620 Anicia 2000 FE26 Anicia March 27, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 8.1 km MPC · JPL 28621 Marcfries 2000 FZ28 Marcfries March 27, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28622 Gabadirwe 2000 FJ29 Gabadirwe March 27, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28623 Olivermoses 2000 FX29 Olivermoses March 27, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28624 2000 FM31 — March 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28625 Selvakumar 2000 FQ32 Selvakumar March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28626 Meghanshea 2000 FR32 Meghanshea March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28627 2000 FH33 — March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.5 km MPC · JPL 28628 Kensenshi 2000 FF34 Kensenshi March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.2 km MPC · JPL 28629 Solimano 2000 FT34 Solimano March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28630 Mayuri 2000 FK35 Mayuri March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.5 km MPC · JPL 28631 Jacktakahashi 2000 FX36 Jacktakahashi March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 8.0 km MPC · JPL 28632 Christraver 2000 FF37 Christraver March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28633 Ratripathi 2000 FK37 Ratripathi March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28634 2000 FR39 — March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28635 2000 FV42 — March 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28636 Vasudevan 2000 FK45 Vasudevan March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28637 2000 FB48 — March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28638 Joywang 2000 FE49 Joywang March 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MIS 6.1 km MPC · JPL 28639 2000 FK49 — March 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 6.1 km MPC · JPL 28640 Cathywong 2000 FQ49 Cathywong March 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28641 2000 FS49 — March 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR DOR 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28642 Zbarsky 2000 FZ49 Zbarsky March 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28643 Kellyzhang 2000 FB50 Kellyzhang March 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28644 Michaelzhang 2000 FD56 Michaelzhang March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28645 2000 FP56 — March 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.5 km MPC · JPL 28646 Alemran 2000 FO62 Alemran March 26, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28647 2000 GW — April 2, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28648 2000 GY — April 2, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28649 2000 GZ1 — April 4, 2000 Fountain Hills C. W. Juels  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 28650 2000 GE8 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 7.5 km MPC · JPL 28651 2000 GP8 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28652 Andybramante 2000 GM15 Andybramante April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.5 km MPC · JPL 28653 Charliebrucker 2000 GC16 Charliebrucker April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28654 Davidcaine 2000 GY20 Davidcaine April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28655 Erincolfax 2000 GY25 Erincolfax April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28656 Doreencurtin 2000 GH28 Doreencurtin April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28657 Briandempsey 2000 GM28 Briandempsey April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28658 2000 GC30 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.9 km MPC · JPL 28659 2000 GB36 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28660 Derbes 2000 GP38 Derbes April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28661 Jimdickens 2000 GE39 Jimdickens April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28662 Ericduran 2000 GL39 Ericduran April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28663 2000 GH43 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 10 km MPC · JPL 28664 Maryellenfay 2000 GV48 Maryellenfay April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28665 Theresafultz 2000 GN51 Theresafultz April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28666 Trudygessler 2000 GO51 Trudygessler April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28667 Whithagins 2000 GW53 Whithagins April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28668 2000 GF54 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28669 Bradhelsel 2000 GG55 Bradhelsel April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 28670 2000 GO55 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.1 km MPC · JPL 28671 2000 GW55 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28672 Karolhiggins 2000 GH56 Karolhiggins April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28673 Valholmes 2000 GT56 Valholmes April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28674 2000 GZ59 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28675 Suejohnston 2000 GB60 Suejohnston April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 7.0 km MPC · JPL 28676 Bethkoester 2000 GK66 Bethkoester April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28677 Laurakowalski 2000 GO66 Laurakowalski April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28678 Lindquester 2000 GN67 Lindquester April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28679 2000 GY68 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 28680 Sandralitvin 2000 GA69 Sandralitvin April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS · slow 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28681 Loseke 2000 GH70 Loseke April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28682 Newhams 2000 GQ70 Newhams April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28683 Victorostrik 2000 GV70 Victorostrik April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28684 2000 GK72 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.7 km MPC · JPL 28685 2000 GU72 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28686 Tamsenprofit 2000 GK74 Tamsenprofit April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28687 Reginareals 2000 GP74 Reginareals April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28688 Diannerister 2000 GQ74 Diannerister April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.2 km MPC · JPL 28689 Rohrback 2000 GA75 Rohrback April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR AGN 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28690 Beshellem 2000 GT75 Beshellem April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAS 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28691 2000 GC76 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.7 km MPC · JPL 28692 Chanleysmall 2000 GA78 Chanleysmall April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 4.0 km MPC · JPL 28693 2000 GS79 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28694 2000 GJ85 — April 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.8 km MPC · JPL 28695 Zwanzig 2000 GP86 Zwanzig April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28696 2000 GU87 — April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 12 km MPC · JPL 28697 Eitanacks 2000 GZ88 Eitanacks April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR AGN 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28698 Aakshi 2000 GF89 Aakshi April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28699 2000 GN89 — April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR DOR 9.1 km MPC · JPL 28700 Balachandar 2000 GB90 Balachandar April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28701–28800 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28701 2000 GK90 — April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.2 km MPC · JPL 28702 2000 GH91 — April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28703 2000 GM91 — April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28704 2000 GU91 — April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MIT 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28705 Michaelbecker 2000 GW91 Michaelbecker April 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28706 2000 GC93 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28707 Drewbecker 2000 GZ94 Drewbecker April 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28708 2000 GR95 — April 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR VER 10 km MPC · JPL 28709 2000 GY96 — April 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 10 km MPC · JPL 28710 Rebeccab 2000 GY100 Rebeccab April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28711 Oliverburnett 2000 GE101 Oliverburnett April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28712 Elizabethcorn 2000 GT102 Elizabethcorn April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28713 2000 GW102 — April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28714 Gandall 2000 GY102 Gandall April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28715 Garimella 2000 GW103 Garimella April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28716 Calebgonser 2000 GP104 Calebgonser April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28717 2000 GT106 — April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAR · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28718 Rivergrace 2000 GH107 Rivergrace April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28719 Sahoolahan 2000 GN107 Sahoolahan April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAS 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28720 Krystalrose 2000 GV107 Krystalrose April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28721 2000 GW107 — April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAR 5.4 km MPC · JPL 28722 Dhruviyer 2000 GN108 Dhruviyer April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28723 Cameronjones 2000 GX108 Cameronjones April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28724 Stott 2000 GG111 Stott April 2, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS FLO 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28725 2000 GB113 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28726 Kailey-Steiner 2000 GM113 Kailey-Steiner April 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28727 2000 GO113 — April 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 28728 2000 GX121 — April 6, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28729 Moivre 2000 GF123 Moivre April 11, 2000 Prescott P. G. Comba FLO 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28730 2000 GU123 — April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EMA 9.4 km MPC · JPL 28731 2000 GX123 — April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EUN 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28732 Rheakamat 2000 GF124 Rheakamat April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28733 2000 GY124 — April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28734 Austinmccoy 2000 GK125 Austinmccoy April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28735 2000 GX125 — April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28736 2000 GE133 — April 12, 2000 Haleakala NEAT  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28737 Mohindra 2000 GR133 Mohindra April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28738 Carolinolan 2000 GQ135 Carolinolan April 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28739 Julisauer 2000 GW135 Julisauer April 8, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.0 km MPC · JPL 28740 Nathansperry 2000 GZ135 Nathansperry April 12, 2000 Socorro LINEAR PAD 6.6 km MPC · JPL 28741 2000 GJ136 — April 12, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.6 km MPC · JPL 28742 Hannahsteele 2000 GA137 Hannahsteele April 12, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28743 Schuitemaker 2000 GO142 Schuitemaker April 7, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS GEF 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28744 Annikagustafsson 2000 GK143 Annikagustafsson April 7, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28745 2000 GV144 — April 7, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28746 2000 GB148 — April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.9 km MPC · JPL 28747 Swintosky 2000 GF151 Swintosky April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28748 2000 GH161 — April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 28749 2000 GP161 — April 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28750 Brennawallin 2000 GN165 Brennawallin April 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28751 Eggl 2000 GT167 Eggl April 4, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 28752 2000 GZ176 — April 3, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28753 2000 HA — April 18, 2000 Modra L. Kornoš, A. Galád PHO 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28754 2000 HV1 — April 25, 2000 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 15 km MPC · JPL 28755 2000 HK4 — April 27, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28756 2000 HA6 — April 24, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 7.3 km MPC · JPL 28757 Seanweber 2000 HQ9 Seanweber April 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.6 km MPC · JPL 28758 2000 HE10 — April 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 11 km MPC · JPL 28759 Joshwentzel 2000 HD11 Joshwentzel April 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28760 Grantwomble 2000 HN12 Grantwomble April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28761 2000 HU12 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28762 2000 HG13 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28763 2000 HK13 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 9.6 km MPC · JPL 28764 2000 HS13 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.2 km MPC · JPL 28765 Katherinewu 2000 HY13 Katherinewu April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28766 Monge 2000 HP14 Monge April 29, 2000 Prescott P. G. Comba  · 10 km MPC · JPL 28767 2000 HA17 — April 24, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 1.8 km MPC · JPL 28768 2000 HP21 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28769 Elisabethadams 2000 HC26 Elisabethadams April 24, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28770 Sarahrines 2000 HC27 Sarahrines April 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR WIT 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28771 2000 HF32 — April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28772 Bonamico 2000 HE34 Bonamico April 25, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 7.4 km MPC · JPL 28773 2000 HU35 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 10 km MPC · JPL 28774 2000 HO36 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EUN 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28775 2000 HE37 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 13 km MPC · JPL 28776 2000 HC41 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28777 2000 HK41 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28778 Michdelucia 2000 HG46 Michdelucia April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR AGN 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28779 Acthieke 2000 HV46 Acthieke April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28780 Lisadeaver 2000 HD47 Lisadeaver April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28781 Timothylohr 2000 HS48 Timothylohr April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.1 km MPC · JPL 28782 Mechling 2000 HE49 Mechling April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28783 2000 HH49 — April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28784 Deringer 2000 HT51 Deringer April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 4.7 km MPC · JPL 28785 Woodjohn 2000 HN52 Woodjohn April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 28786 2000 HA54 — April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28787 Peterpinko 2000 HR54 Peterpinko April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28788 Hayes-Gehrke 2000 HW57 Hayes-Gehrke April 24, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS NYS 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28789 2000 HE58 — April 24, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 6.1 km MPC · JPL 28790 2000 HK58 — April 24, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28791 Edithsykeslowell 2000 HW59 Edithsykeslowell April 25, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28792 Davidlowell 2000 HE61 Davidlowell April 25, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS HEN 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28793 Donaldpaul 2000 HM61 Donaldpaul April 25, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28794 Crowley 2000 HG64 Crowley April 26, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28795 Bibles 2000 HO64 Bibles April 26, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS FLO 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28796 Ragozzine 2000 HW65 Ragozzine April 26, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28797 2000 HH68 — April 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28798 Audreymartin 2000 HJ69 Audreymartin April 25, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 7.9 km MPC · JPL 28799 Christopherford 2000 HB72 Christopherford April 25, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28800 Speth 2000 HV75 Speth April 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28801–28900 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28801 Maryanderson 2000 HJ76 Maryanderson April 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28802 Boborino 2000 HX77 Boborino April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28803 Roe 2000 HR79 Roe April 28, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS MAR 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28804 2000 HC81 — April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28805 Föhring 2000 HY85 Föhring April 30, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28806 2000 HH87 — April 30, 2000 Haleakala NEAT EUN 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28807 Lisawaller 2000 HC90 Lisawaller April 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28808 Ananthnarayan 2000 HO96 Ananthnarayan April 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 28809 Pierrebeck 2000 HY102 Pierrebeck April 27, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28810 Suchandler 2000 JS5 Suchandler May 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.3 km MPC · JPL 28811 2000 JX9 — May 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28812 2000 JS11 — May 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28813 Jeffreykurtz 2000 JV14 Jeffreykurtz May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.3 km MPC · JPL 28814 2000 JA17 — May 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR DOR 8.6 km MPC · JPL 28815 2000 JS17 — May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.5 km MPC · JPL 28816 Kimneville 2000 JC18 Kimneville May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28817 Simoneflood 2000 JJ20 Simoneflood May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28818 Kellyryan 2000 JQ20 Kellyryan May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28819 Karinritchey 2000 JX20 Karinritchey May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28820 Sylrobertson 2000 JJ24 Sylrobertson May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28821 Harryanselmo 2000 JV24 Harryanselmo May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28822 Angelabarker 2000 JW25 Angelabarker May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28823 Archibald 2000 JM26 Archibald May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28824 Marlablair 2000 JY26 Marlablair May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR HYG · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 28825 Bryangoehring 2000 JG28 Bryangoehring May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.6 km MPC · JPL 28826 2000 JQ28 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR PAD 7.6 km MPC · JPL 28827 2000 JK29 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.9 km MPC · JPL 28828 Aalamiharandi 2000 JT29 Aalamiharandi May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.5 km MPC · JPL 28829 Abelsky 2000 JO30 Abelsky May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28830 2000 JY30 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 28831 Abu-Alshaikh 2000 JL32 Abu-Alshaikh May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28832 Akana 2000 JW32 Akana May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28833 Arunachalam 2000 JB35 Arunachalam May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28834 2000 JD37 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28835 2000 JX37 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.6 km MPC · JPL 28836 Ashmore 2000 JH38 Ashmore May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 28837 Nibalachandar 2000 JN38 Nibalachandar May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 28838 2000 JA41 — May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAR · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 28839 2000 JG41 — May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 28840 2000 JB44 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 28841 Kelseybarter 2000 JK45 Kelseybarter May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 28842 Bhowmik 2000 JO45 Bhowmik May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28843 2000 JZ45 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 7.6 km MPC · JPL 28844 2000 JS47 — May 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 28845 2000 JP49 — May 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR ERI 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28846 2000 JQ50 — May 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28847 2000 JT50 — May 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28848 Nicolemarie 2000 JH53 Nicolemarie May 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28849 2000 JC54 — May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EUN 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28850 2000 JS54 — May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.5 km MPC · JPL 28851 Londonbolsius 2000 JE55 Londonbolsius May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.9 km MPC · JPL 28852 Westonbraun 2000 JH55 Westonbraun May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28853 Bukhamsin 2000 JX55 Bukhamsin May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 4.3 km MPC · JPL 28854 Budisteanu 2000 JP56 Budisteanu May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28855 Burchell 2000 JN57 Burchell May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28856 2000 JZ58 — May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 28857 2000 JE59 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR slow 8.3 km MPC · JPL 28858 2000 JK59 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 28859 2000 JC60 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR ADE 9.3 km MPC · JPL 28860 Cappelletto 2000 JQ60 Cappelletto May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28861 2000 JF62 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 20 km MPC · JPL 28862 2000 JF65 — May 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.8 km MPC · JPL 28863 2000 JW65 — May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.6 km MPC · JPL 28864 Franciscocordova 2000 JG70 Franciscocordova May 1, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS MAR 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28865 2000 JX74 — May 4, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch V 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28866 Chakraborty 2000 JX75 Chakraborty May 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28867 2000 JU76 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28868 Rianchandra 2000 JN77 Rianchandra May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.6 km MPC · JPL 28869 Chaubal 2000 JA84 Chaubal May 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28870 2000 JO85 — May 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR WAT 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28871 2000 KA6 — May 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KOR 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28872 2000 KF6 — May 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.3 km MPC · JPL 28873 2000 KM7 — May 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.2 km MPC · JPL 28874 Michaelchen 2000 KC15 Michaelchen May 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 3.0 km MPC · JPL 28875 2000 KH18 — May 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR HYG 12 km MPC · JPL 28876 2000 KL31 — May 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR slow 16 km MPC · JPL 28877 2000 KC41 — May 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.8 km MPC · JPL 28878 Segner 2000 KL41 Segner May 26, 2000 Ondřejov P. Kušnirák  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28879 2000 KK42 — May 28, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 10 km MPC · JPL 28880 2000 KN46 — May 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 7.3 km MPC · JPL 28881 2000 KG48 — May 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.1 km MPC · JPL 28882 2000 KO48 — May 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 12 km MPC · JPL 28883 2000 KS52 — May 24, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28884 Youngjunchoi 2000 KA54 Youngjunchoi May 27, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS ALA 11 km MPC · JPL 28885 2000 KH56 — May 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR GEF 6.5 km MPC · JPL 28886 Ericajawin 2000 KX57 Ericajawin May 24, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS MAR 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28887 Sabina 2000 KQ58 Sabina May 24, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28888 Agrusa 2000 KS60 Agrusa May 25, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 28889 2000 KQ63 — May 26, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS EOS 6.1 km MPC · JPL 28890 Gabaldon 2000 KY65 Gabaldon May 27, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28891 2000 KK75 — May 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 28892 2000 LZ2 — June 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 28893 2000 LL7 — June 6, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28894 Ryanchung 2000 LT8 Ryanchung June 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR SUL 8.4 km MPC · JPL 28895 2000 LS9 — June 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28896 2000 LN10 — June 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.5 km MPC · JPL 28897 2000 LP10 — June 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EUN 6.3 km MPC · JPL 28898 2000 LX10 — June 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAR 4.4 km MPC · JPL 28899 2000 LV11 — June 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 14 km MPC · JPL 28900 2000 LH12 — June 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EUN 5.5 km MPC · JPL 28901–29000 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 28901 2000 LJ14 — June 6, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28902 2000 LZ33 — June 4, 2000 Haleakala NEAT V 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28903 2000 LD35 — June 1, 2000 Haleakala NEAT  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 28904 2000 ML — June 20, 2000 Haleakala NEAT URS 16 km MPC · JPL 28905 2000 MQ — June 24, 2000 Haleakala NEAT GEF 4.7 km MPC · JPL 28906 2000 MP2 — June 24, 2000 Haleakala NEAT  · 6.3 km MPC · JPL 28907 2000 MH3 — June 25, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28908 2000 NY6 — July 4, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch VER 11 km MPC · JPL 28909 2000 NC10 — July 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.8 km MPC · JPL 28910 2000 NH11 — July 10, 2000 Valinhos P. R. Holvorcem GEF · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 28911 Mishacollins 2000 NB16 Mishacollins July 5, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.6 km MPC · JPL 28912 Sonahosseini 2000 NL26 Sonahosseini July 4, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS SYL · 7:4 13 km MPC · JPL 28913 2000 OT — July 23, 2000 Reedy Creek J. Broughton  · 6.5 km MPC · JPL 28914 2000 OC12 — July 23, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 7.4 km MPC · JPL 28915 2000 OU13 — July 23, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 7.7 km MPC · JPL 28916 Logancollins 2000 OL35 Logancollins July 31, 2000 Socorro LINEAR V 1.7 km MPC · JPL 28917 Zacollins 2000 QR17 Zacollins August 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR THM 6.6 km MPC · JPL 28918 2000 QF21 — August 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR 3:2 18 km MPC · JPL 28919 2000 QP27 — August 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28920 2000 QC91 — August 25, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 28921 2000 QZ122 — August 25, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28922 2000 QK132 — August 26, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 19 km MPC · JPL 28923 2000 QJ161 — August 31, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 6.9 km MPC · JPL 28924 Jennanncsele 2000 QD205 Jennanncsele August 31, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28925 2000 QY205 — August 31, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.7 km MPC · JPL 28926 2000 QE231 — August 20, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 12 km MPC · JPL 28927 2000 RA6 — September 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28928 2000 RY12 — September 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28929 2000 RU13 — September 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 11 km MPC · JPL 28930 2000 RA31 — September 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 28931 2000 RU54 — September 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 7.9 km MPC · JPL 28932 Izidoro 2000 RY102 Izidoro September 5, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 14 km MPC · JPL 28933 2000 SZ22 — September 25, 2000 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 10 km MPC · JPL 28934 Meagancurrie 2000 SB113 Meagancurrie September 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.2 km MPC · JPL 28935 Kevincyr 2000 SH123 Kevincyr September 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28936 Dalapati 2000 SF139 Dalapati September 23, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 8.9 km MPC · JPL 28937 2000 SM162 — September 21, 2000 Haleakala NEAT EOS 5.8 km MPC · JPL 28938 2000 SR311 — September 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR ALA 18 km MPC · JPL 28939 2000 TO33 — October 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR HNS 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28940 2000 UD1 — October 22, 2000 Višnjan Observatory K. Korlević  · 7.3 km MPC · JPL 28941 2000 UH8 — October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAR 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28942 Yennydieguez 2000 UJ14 Yennydieguez October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.5 km MPC · JPL 28943 2000 UF51 — October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR AGN 4.0 km MPC · JPL 28944 2000 UA70 — October 25, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 28945 Taideding 2000 UA79 Taideding October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28946 2000 VW56 — November 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28947 2000 WH12 — November 22, 2000 Haleakala NEAT MAR 4.6 km MPC · JPL 28948 Disalvo 2000 WJ34 Disalvo November 20, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28949 2000 WV100 — November 21, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 15 km MPC · JPL 28950 Ailisdooner 2000 WF133 Ailisdooner November 19, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 4.2 km MPC · JPL 28951 2000 WA149 — November 29, 2000 Haleakala NEAT BRA 8.8 km MPC · JPL 28952 Ericepstein 2000 YG35 Ericepstein December 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28953 Hollyerickson 2000 YL37 Hollyerickson December 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28954 Feiyiou 2000 YA41 Feiyiou December 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.4 km MPC · JPL 28955 Kaliadeborah 2000 YZ58 Kaliadeborah December 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 3.9 km MPC · JPL 28956 2001 AA45 — January 15, 2001 Oizumi T. Kobayashi  · 8.9 km MPC · JPL 28957 Danielfulop 2001 BE50 Danielfulop January 21, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28958 Binns 2001 CQ42 Binns February 13, 2001 Socorro LINEAR L4 · ERY 22 km MPC · JPL 28959 2001 DL74 — February 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR EUP 18 km MPC · JPL 28960 2001 DZ81 — February 22, 2001 Kitt Peak Spacewatch L4 17 km MPC · JPL 28961 2001 FO64 — March 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 28962 2001 FL117 — March 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 17 km MPC · JPL 28963 Tamyiu 2001 FY121 Tamyiu March 29, 2001 Desert Beaver W. K. Y. Yeung NYS 2.0 km MPC · JPL 28964 Ashokverma 2001 FG122 Ashokverma March 23, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 9.6 km MPC · JPL 28965 2001 FF162 — March 30, 2001 Haleakala NEAT KOR 3.3 km MPC · JPL 28966 Yuyingshih 2001 HS24 Yuyingshih April 26, 2001 Desert Beaver W. K. Y. Yeung ALA 13 km MPC · JPL 28967 Gerhardter 2001 HK34 Gerhardter April 27, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 28968 Gongmiaoxin 2001 HT36 Gongmiaoxin April 29, 2001 Socorro LINEAR XIZ 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28969 Youngminjeongahn 2001 HM57 Youngminjeongahn April 25, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS MIT 7.8 km MPC · JPL 28970 2001 JJ4 — May 15, 2001 Haleakala NEAT EOS 6.9 km MPC · JPL 28971 2001 KM28 — May 18, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 28972 2001 KV38 — May 22, 2001 Socorro LINEAR EUN 3.5 km MPC · JPL 28973 2001 KN42 — May 21, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 28974 2001 KW59 — May 26, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 28975 Galinborisov 2001 KR69 Galinborisov May 22, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 28976 2001 KN73 — May 24, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 28977 2001 KP73 — May 24, 2001 Socorro LINEAR ADE 9.4 km MPC · JPL 28978 Ixion 2001 KX76 Ixion May 22, 2001 Cerro Tololo DES plutino 844 km MPC · JPL 28979 2001 LW — June 13, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 13 km MPC · JPL 28980 Chowyunfat 2001 LS1 Chowyunfat June 15, 2001 Desert Beaver W. K. Y. Yeung FLO 2.4 km MPC · JPL 28981 2001 LY3 — June 13, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 28982 2001 LJ17 — June 15, 2001 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28983 Omergranek 2001 LK19 Omergranek June 15, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 28984 2001 MS2 — June 16, 2001 Palomar NEAT EOS 5.3 km MPC · JPL 28985 2001 MP5 — June 17, 2001 Palomar NEAT  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28986 2001 MG13 — June 23, 2001 Palomar NEAT V 2.1 km MPC · JPL 28987 Assafin 2001 MP14 Assafin June 28, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 28988 2001 MS23 — June 27, 2001 Haleakala NEAT  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 28989 Lenaadams 2001 MZ24 Lenaadams June 16, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 7.5 km MPC · JPL 28990 Ariheinze 2001 ML27 Ariheinze June 20, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS URS 12 km MPC · JPL 28991 2001 MU27 — June 21, 2001 Socorro LINEAR EOS 10 km MPC · JPL 28992 Timbrothers 2001 MW28 Timbrothers June 27, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS MAS 1.7 km MPC · JPL 28993 2001 NA6 — July 13, 2001 Haleakala NEAT NYS 1.6 km MPC · JPL 28994 Helenabates 2001 OO8 Helenabates July 17, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 28995 2001 OF46 — July 16, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 28996 2001 OL51 — July 21, 2001 Palomar NEAT  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 28997 2020 P-L — September 24, 1960 Palomar PLS  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 28998 2184 P-L — September 24, 1960 Palomar PLS  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 28999 2505 P-L — September 24, 1960 Palomar PLS  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 29000 2607 P-L — September 24, 1960 Palomar PLS  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL back to top See also Meanings of minor planet names: 28001–29000 References ^ "Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023. ^ a b "Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023. ^ "Critical Lists of Asteroids". Lowell Observatory. November 2023. External links Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (25001)–(30000) (IAU Minor Planet Center) vteList of minor planets1–25,000 1–1000 1k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k 8k 9k 10k 11k 12k 13k 14k 15k 16k 17k 18k 19k 20k 21k 22k 23k 24k 25,001–50,000 25k 26k 27k 28k 29k 30k 31k 32k 33k 34k 35k 36k 37k 38k 39k 40k 41k 42k 43k 44k 45k 46k 47k 48k 49k 50,001–75,000 50k 51k 52k 53k 54k 55k 56k 57k 58k 59k 60k 61k 62k 63k 64k 65k 66k 67k 68k 69k 70k 71k 72k 73k 74k 75,001–100,000 75k 76k 77k 78k 79k 80k 81k 82k 83k 84k 85k 86k 87k 88k 89k 90k 91k 92k 93k 94k 95k 96k 97k 98k 99k 100,001–125,000 100k 101k 102k 103k 104k 105k 106k 107k 108k 109k 110k  111k 112k  113k 114k  115k 116k  117k 118k 119k 120k 121k 122k 123k 124k 125,001–150,000 125k 126k 127k 128k 129k 130k 131k 132k 133k 134k 135k 136k 137k 138k 139k 140k 141k 142k 143k 144k 145k 146k 147k 148k 149k 150,001–175,000 150k 151k 152k 153k 154k 155k 156k 157k 158k 159k 160k 161k 162k 163k 164k 165k 166k 167k 168k 169k 170k 171k 172k 173k 174k 175,001–200,000 175k 176k 177k 178k 179k 180k 181k 182k 183k 184k 185k 186k 187k 188k 189k 190k 191k 192k 193k 194k 195k 196k 197k 198k 199k 200,001–225,000 200k 201k 202k 203k 204k 205k 206k 207k 208k 209k 210k 211k 212k 213k 214k 215k 216k 217k 218k 219k 220k 221k 222k 223k 224k 225,001–250,000 225k 226k 227k 228k 229k 230k 231k 232k 233k 234k 235k 236k 237k 238k 239k 240k 241k 242k 243k 244k 245k 246k 247k 248k 249k 250,001–275,000 250k 251k 252k 253k 254k 255k 256k 257k 258k 259k 260k 261k 262k 263k 264k 265k 266k 267k 268k 269k 270k 271k 272k 273k 274k 275,001–300,000 275k 276k 277k 278k 279k 280k 281k 282k 283k 284k 285k 286k 287k 288k 289k 290k 291k 292k 293k 294k 295k 296k 297k 298k 299k 300,001–325,000 300k 301k 302k 303k 304k 305k 306k 307k 308k 309k 310k 311k 312k 313k 314k 315k 316k 317k 318k 319k 320k 321k 322k 323k 324k 325,001–350,000 325k 326k 327k 328k 329k 330k 331k 332k 333k 334k 335k 336k 337k 338k 339k 340k 341k 342k 343k 344k 345k 346k 347k 348k 349k 350,001–375,000 350k 351k 352k 353k 354k 355k 356k 357k 358k 359k 360k 361k 362k 363k 364k 365k 366k 367k 368k 369k 370k 371k 372k 373k 374k 375,001–400,000 375k 376k 377k 378k 379k 380k 381k 382k 383k 384k 385k 386k 387k 388k 389k 390k 391k 392k 393k 394k 395k 396k 397k 398k 399k 400,001–425,000 400k 401k 402k 403k 404k 405k 406k 407k 408k 409k 410k 411k 412k 413k 414k 415k 416k 417k 418k 419k 420k 421k 422k 423k 424k 425,001–450,000 425k 426k 427k 428k 429k 430k 431k 432k 433k 434k 435k 436k 437k 438k 439k 440k 441k 442k 443k 444k 445k 446k 447k 448k 449k 450,001–475,000 450k 451k 452k 453k 454k 455k 456k 457k 458k 459k 460k 461k 462k 463k 464k 465k 466k 467k 468k 469k 470k 471k 472k 473k 474k 475,001–500,000 475k 476k 477k 478k 479k 480k 481k 482k 483k 484k 485k 486k 487k 488k 489k 490k 491k 492k 493k 494k 495k 496k 497k 498k 499k 500,001–525,000 500k 501k 502k 503k 504k 505k 506k 507k 508k 509k 510k 511k 512k 513k 514k 515k 516k 517k 518k 519k 520k 521k 522k 523k 524k 525,001–550,000 525k 526k 527k 528k 529k 530k 531k 532k 533k 534k 535k 536k 537k 538k 539k 540k 541k 542k 543k 544k 545k 546k 547k 548k 549k 550,001–575,000 550k 551k 552k 553k 554k 555k 556k 557k 558k 559k 560k 561k 562k 563k 564k 565k 566k 567k 568k 569k 570k 571k 572k 573k 574k 575,001–600,000 575k 576k 577k 578k 579k 580k 581k 582k 583k 584k 585k 586k 587k 588k 589k 590k 591k 592k 593k 594k 595k 596k 597k 598k 599k 600,001–625,000 600k 601k 602k 603k 604k 605k 606k 607k 608k 609k 610k 611k 612k 613k 614k 615k 616k 617k 618k 619k 620k 621k 622k 623k 624k 625,001–650,000 625k 626k 627k 628k 629k 630k 631k 632k 633k 634k 635k 636k 637k 638k 639k 640k 641k 642k 643k 644k 645k 646k 647k 648k 649k 650,001–675,000 650k 651k 652k 653k 654k 655k 656k 657k 658k 659k 660k 661k 662k 663k 664k 665k 666k 667k 668k 669k 670k 671k 672k 673k 674k 675,001–700,000 675k 676k 677k 678k 679k 680k 681k 682k 683k 684k 685k 686k 687k 688k 689k 690k 691k 692k 693k 694k 695k 696k 697k 698k 699k
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"list of minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets"},{"link_name":"JPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPL-sources-1"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Critical list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical-list_minor_planet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Lowell Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowellCrit-3"},{"link_name":"detailed description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Description_of_partial_lists"},{"link_name":"list of every page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Main_index"},{"link_name":"statistical break-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Diagram-breakup-into-populations"},{"link_name":"dynamical classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"numerical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(numerical)"},{"link_name":"alphabetical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(alphabetical)"},{"link_name":"naming citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_28001%E2%80%9329000"},{"link_name":"Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_for_Small_Bodies_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#Main_index"},{"link_name":"100K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#100K"},{"link_name":"200K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#200K"},{"link_name":"300K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#300K"},{"link_name":"400K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#400K"},{"link_name":"500K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#500K"},{"link_name":"600K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#600K"},{"link_name":"color code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"23,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_23001%E2%80%9324000"},{"link_name":"24,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_24001%E2%80%9325000"},{"link_name":"25,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_25001%E2%80%9326000"},{"link_name":"26,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_26001%E2%80%9327000"},{"link_name":"27,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_27001%E2%80%9328000"},{"link_name":"28,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"29,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_29001%E2%80%9330000"},{"link_name":"30,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_30001%E2%80%9331000"},{"link_name":"31,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_31001%E2%80%9332000"},{"link_name":"32,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_32001%E2%80%9333000"},{"link_name":"33,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_33001%E2%80%9334000"},{"link_name":"28,001…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#001"},{"link_name":"28,101…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#101"},{"link_name":"28,201…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#201"},{"link_name":"28,301…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#301"},{"link_name":"28,401…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#401"},{"link_name":"28,501…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#501"},{"link_name":"28,601…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#601"},{"link_name":"28,701…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#701"},{"link_name":"28,801…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#801"},{"link_name":"28,901…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#901"}],"text":"The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 28001 through 29000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\"[1] and data available from the Minor Planet Center.[2] Critical list information is also provided by the MPC,[2] unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory.[3] A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code\n\n23,000s\n24,000s\n25,000s\n26,000s\n27,000s\n28,000s\n29,000s\n30,000s\n31,000s\n32,000s\n33,000s\n\n\n28,001…\n28,101…\n28,201…\n28,301…\n28,401…\n28,501…\n28,601…\n28,701…\n28,801…\n28,901…","title":"List of minor planets: 28001–29000"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"28001–28100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"28101–28200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"28201–28300"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"28301–28400"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"28401–28500"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"28501–28600"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"28601–28700"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"28701–28800"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"28801–28900"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to topback to top","title":"28901–29000"}]
[]
[{"title":"Meanings of minor planet names: 28001–29000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_28001%E2%80%9329000"}]
[{"reference":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sb_elem","url_text":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://minorplanetcenter.net//data","url_text":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center","url_text":"Minor Planet Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\". Lowell Observatory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asteroid.lowell.edu/critlists/legacy/","url_text":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory","url_text":"Lowell Observatory"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Douglas-Wilson
Ian Douglas-Wilson
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Later life","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
Ian Douglas-WilsonBorn(1912-05-12)12 May 1912Harrogate, Yorkshire, EnglandDied15 October 2013(2013-10-15) (aged 101)NationalityBritishAlma materUniversity of EdinburghOccupation(s)Physician and editorKnown forEditor of The LancetMilitary careerAllegiance United KingdomService/branch British ArmyYears of service1940–1955RankCaptainService number127729 Ian Douglas-Wilson (12 May 1912 – 15 October 2013) was a British physician who was editor of The Lancet, a United Kingdom-based medical journal, from 1965 to 1976. Early life Douglas-Wilson was born on 12 May 1912 in Harrogate, Yorkshire, England. He was educated at Marlborough College, a private school in Marlborough, Wiltshire. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He graduated in 1936, and completed a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 1938. Career Douglas-Wilson began his medical career in Dublin, Ireland helping to deliver newborns. This was followed by work in Pembrokeshire, Wales as a general practitioner. On 3 April 1940, he commissioned into the Royal Army Medical Corps, British Army as a lieutenant. He was given the service number 127729. He took part in the Normandy Landings in June 1944. His experience treating shell-shocked soldiers in the following months, lead to the publication of an article exploring the impact of war and conflict on mental health. This made him one of the first to have work published in this field of expertise. He was one of the first allied medical professionals to reach the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, following its liberation in April 1945. He later told his family he felt guilty because the first troops to arrive fed the famished prisoners high-calorie rations. Many died because they were unused to food. He returned to England with photographs of the camp that he would keep in his desk drawer as a reminder. Following the end of World War II, he attended an interview at the British Medical Journal. This led the then editor Hugh Clegg to offer him a job. Being 'too radical for their publication', he refused and it was suggested that he try The Lancet. In 1946, he was given the position of assistant editor. This was the beginning a 30-year career with the medical journal. In 1952, he was promoted to Deputy Editor. He served as editor from 1965 to 1976. He retired on 30 June 1976. Later life Douglas-Wilson died of heart failure on 15 October 2013 in London, England. He was aged 101. Personal life Douglas-Wilson and his wife had three children; a son, David, and two daughters, Elizabeth and Joanna. He was a supporter of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He attended one of the first Aldermaston marches with his then teenage son. References ^ a b Walters, Max (14 May 2012). "Cricklewood centenarian celebrates his milestone birthday with friends and family". Brent and Kilburn Times. Retrieved 29 October 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h "Dr Ian Douglas-Wilson". The Times. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013. ^ a b c d Pincock, Stephen (23 November 2013). "Ian Douglas-Wilson". The Lancet. 382 (9906): 1697–1698. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62393-4. S2CID 54229048. ^ a b c Wright, Paul (25 October 2013). "Obituary: Renowned 'radical' editor of The Lancet Dr Ian Douglas-Wilson dies aged 101". Hampstead & Highgate Express. Retrieved 29 October 2013. ^ Douglas-Wilson, Ian (1938). "A statistical comparison of the blood sedimentation rate and white blood cell count in acute respiratory conditions, with special reference to lobar pneumonia". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "No. 34843". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 May 1940. pp. 2703–2704. ^ a b Kandela, Peter (1 October 1998). "The editors". The Lancet. 352 (9134): 1141–1143. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08337-8. PMID 9798609. S2CID 54429475. Retrieved 30 October 2013. ^ Horton, Richard (1 May 2012). "Offline: 25×25—the survival of the leanest". The Lancet. 379 (9828): 1774. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60728-4. S2CID 54425334. ^ a b "Ian Douglas-Wilson Successor to Fox and Wakley". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 191 (3): 244. 18 January 1965. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03080030088017. ^ "Editor of the Lancet". Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 26 (164): 199–200. 1976. PMC 2158080. External links Obituary – The Times Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"medical journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_journal"}],"text":"Ian Douglas-Wilson (12 May 1912 – 15 October 2013) was a British physician who was editor of The Lancet, a United Kingdom-based medical journal, from 1965 to 1976.","title":"Ian Douglas-Wilson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrogate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brent_and_Kilburn_Times_-_centenarian-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Times-2"},{"link_name":"Marlborough College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College"},{"link_name":"private school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Marlborough, Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Lancet-3"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Ham_&_High-4"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Lancet-3"}],"text":"Douglas-Wilson was born on 12 May 1912 in Harrogate, Yorkshire, England.[1][2] He was educated at Marlborough College, a private school in Marlborough, Wiltshire.[3] He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh.[4] He graduated in 1936, and completed a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 1938.[5][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"general practitioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Ham_&_High-4"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"Royal Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"service number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_number"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_3_May_1940-6"},{"link_name":"Normandy Landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Times-2"},{"link_name":"shell-shocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell-shocked"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Ham_&_High-4"},{"link_name":"allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Bergen-Belsen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brent_and_Kilburn_Times_-_centenarian-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Times-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Times-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"British Medical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Times-2"},{"link_name":"Hugh Clegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Clegg_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lancet_1998_the_editors-7"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Times-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"medical journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_journal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lancet_1998_the_editors-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAMA-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAMA-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Times-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Douglas-Wilson began his medical career in Dublin, Ireland helping to deliver newborns. This was followed by work in Pembrokeshire, Wales as a general practitioner.[4]On 3 April 1940, he commissioned into the Royal Army Medical Corps, British Army as a lieutenant. He was given the service number 127729.[6] He took part in the Normandy Landings in June 1944.[2] His experience treating shell-shocked soldiers in the following months, lead to the publication of an article exploring the impact of war and conflict on mental health. This made him one of the first to have work published in this field of expertise.[4] He was one of the first allied medical professionals to reach the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, following its liberation in April 1945.[1] He later told his family he felt guilty because the first troops to arrive fed the famished prisoners high-calorie rations. Many died because they were unused to food.[2] He returned to England with photographs of the camp that he would keep in his desk drawer as a reminder.[2]Following the end of World War II, he attended an interview at the British Medical Journal.[2] This led the then editor Hugh Clegg to offer him a job.[7] Being 'too radical for their publication', he refused and it was suggested that he try The Lancet.[2] In 1946, he was given the position of assistant editor.[8] This was the beginning a 30-year career with the medical journal.[7][9] In 1952, he was promoted to Deputy Editor.[9] He served as editor from 1965 to 1976.[2]He retired on 30 June 1976.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Lancet-3"}],"text":"Douglas-Wilson died of heart failure on 15 October 2013 in London, England. He was aged 101.[3]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Lancet-3"},{"link_name":"Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament"},{"link_name":"Aldermaston marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldermaston_marches"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_The_Times-2"}],"text":"Douglas-Wilson and his wife had three children; a son, David, and two daughters, Elizabeth and Joanna.[3] He was a supporter of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He attended one of the first Aldermaston marches with his then teenage son.[2]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Syria
List of ambassadors of the United States to Syria
["1 Ambassadors and chiefs of mission","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Ambassador of the United States to Syriaسفارة الولايات المتحدة في سوريةSeal of the United States Department of StateIncumbentUnknownNominatorThe President of the United StatesInaugural holderGeorge Wadsworthas consul generalFormation1942WebsiteU.S. Embassy - DamascusThis article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Unable to find current Special Envoy. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2022) The United States ambassador to Syria is the official representative of the president of the United States to the president of Syria. From the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 until 1944, had been under the control of France as a part of the League of Nations Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The United States appointed George Wadsworth as agent and consul general to Syria and Lebanon on October 9, 1942, to provide a quasi-diplomatic presence in Damascus until the United States determined that Syria achieved effective independence in 1944. The United States recognized Syria as an independent state on September 8, 1944, when the Syrian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jamil Mardam Bey, informed the United States that Syria fully recognized and would protect existing rights of the United States and its nationals. This Syrian assurance was in response to a letter sent on September 7, 1944, by the U.S. diplomatic agent and consul general in Syria that offered "full and unconditional recognition" upon receipt of such written assurances. The United States established diplomatic relations with Syria when George Wadsworth presented his credentials as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary on November 17, 1944. Wadsworth was concurrently the envoy to Syria and Lebanon while resident in Beirut. Egypt and Syria united to form a new state, the United Arab Republic (UAR) on February 22, 1958 with its capital in Cairo. The U. S. recognized the UAR and the embassy in Damascus was reclassified as a consulate general. Syria seceded from the Union in 1961 and U. S.–Syria diplomatic relations were reestablished on October 10, 1961. The consulate general was once again elevated to embassy status. Syria severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. on June 6, 1967 in the wake of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. In the interim a U.S. Interests Section in Syria was established on February 8, 1974, in the Italian Embassy with Thomas J. Scotes as Principal Officer. Normal relations were resumed in 1974. The U. S. recalled its ambassador to Syria in 2005 after the assassination of Rafic Hariri. A series of chargés d’affaires represented the U.S. until the appointment of Robert Stephen Ford in January 2011. Ambassadors and chiefs of mission U.S. diplomatic terms Career FSO After 1915, The United States Department of State began classifying ambassadors as career Foreign Service Officers (FSOs) for those who have served in the Foreign Service for a specified amount of time.Political appointee A person who is not a career foreign service officer, but is appointed by the president (often as a reward to political friends).Appointed The date that the ambassador took the oath of office; also known as "commissioning". It follows confirmation of a presidential appointment by the Senate, or a Congressional recess appointment by the president. In the case of a recess appointment, the ambassador requires subsequent confirmation by the Senate to remain in office.Presented credentials The date that the ambassador presented his letter of credence to the head of state or appropriate authority of the receiving nation. At this time the ambassador officially becomes the representative of his country. This would normally occur a short time after the ambassador's arrival on station. The host nation may reject the ambassador by not receiving the ambassador's letter, but this occurs only rarely.Terminated mission Usually the date that the ambassador left the country. In some cases a letter of recall is presented, ending the ambassador's commission, either as a means of diplomatic protest or because the diplomat is being reassigned elsewhere and replaced by another envoy.Chargé d'affaires The person in charge of the business of the embassy when there is no ambassador commissioned to the host country.Ad interim Latin phrase meaning "for the time being", "in the meantime". Name Title Appointed Presented credentials Terminated mission Notes George Wadsworth – Career FSO Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary September 21, 1944 November 17, 1944 February 8, 1947 Served as Diplomatic Agent/Consul General from October 1942 to November 1944 James Hugh Keeley, Jr. – Career FSO October 8, 1947 August 2, 1948 July 22, 1950 Cavendish W. Cannon – Career FSO September 20, 1950 October 30, 1950 May 8, 1952 James S. Moose, Jr. – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary June 25, 1952 August 14, 1952 June 30, 1957 On September 30, 1952, the U.S. delegation in Damascus was upgraded to embassy status. This required a promotion and new commission for the envoy. Charles Yost – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary December 24, 1957 January 16, 1958 Embassy downgraded to consulate status, February 22, 1958 Syria joined Egypt to form the United Arab Republic on February 22, 1958. The U.S. embassy in Damascus was downgraded to consulate status. After Syria seceded from the UAR, the consulate was reestablished as an embassy on October 10, 1961. Ridgway B. Knight – Career FSO Chargé d'Affaires ad interim October 10, 1961 — Promoted to Ambassador January 11, 1962 Ridgway B. Knight – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary December 7, 1961 January 11, 1962 May 27, 1965 Hugh H. Smythe – Political appointee Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary July 22, 1965 October 28, 1965 Jun 8, 1967 Syria severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. on June 6, 1967. Ambassador Smythe departed Syria two days later. The U.S. established an Interests Section on February 8, 1974 in the Italian embassy with Thomas J. Scotes as principal officer. The embassy in Damascus was reestablished on June 16, 1974, with Scotes as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim. Thomas J. Scotes – Career FSO Chargé d'Affaires ad interim June 16, 1974 — Superseded by Ambassador Murphy, September 9, 1974 Richard W. Murphy – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary August 9, 1974 September 9, 1974 April 23, 1978 Talcott W. Seelye – Career FSO July 31, 1978 September 17, 1978 August 31, 1981 Robert P. Paganelli – Career FSO September 28, 1981 November 12, 1981 June 13, 1984 William L. Eagleton, Jr. – Career FSO October 4, 1984 December 6, 1984 August 31, 1988 Edward Peter Djerejian – Career FSO August 12, 1988 October 2, 1988 July 25, 1991 Christopher W.S. Ross – Career FSO August 2, 1991 September 25, 1991 March 22, 1998 Ryan Crocker – Career FSO June 29, 1998 June 6, 1999 June 30, 2001 Theodore H. Kattouf – Career FSO August 7, 2001 January 12, 2002 August 23, 2003 Margaret Scobey – Career FSO December 12, 2003 January 10, 2004 February 16, 2005 Ambassador Scobey was recalled "for urgent consultations" on February 15, 2005, after the assassination of Rafic Hariri. Several chargés represented the U.S. until January 2011. Stephen A. Seche Chargé d'Affaires a.i 2005 N/A 2006 Michael H. Corbin 2006 N/A 2008 Maura Connelly 2008 N/A 2009 Charles F. (Chuck) Hunter 2009 N/A 2011 Robert Stephen Ford – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary December 29, 2010 January 27, 2011 February 28, 2014 Syria severed diplomatic relations with United States in 2012 in response to its support of the Syrian rebels during the Syrian Civil War. The U.S. established an Interests Section on February 6, 2012 in the Polish Embassy in Damascus, until the Polish Embassy closed. Since March 1, 2013, a new Interests Section operates via the Government of the Czech Republic through its embassy in Damascus. Only emergency services for U.S. citizens are available. Neither U.S. passports nor visas to the United States can be issued in Damascus. Daniel Rubinstein Special Envoy March 7, 2014 N/A July 27, 2015 Michael Ratney July 27, 2015 N/A January 20, 2017 Joel Rayburn July 23, 2018 N/A January 19, 2021 See also Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C. Syria – United States relations Foreign relations of Syria Ambassadors of the United States References ^ a b c "Syria". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2011-08-27. ^ "Background Note: Syria". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2011-08-27. ^ Wadsworth was oncurrently commissioned to Syria and Lebanon while resident in Beirut. ^ Moose was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on Jun 4, 1953. ^ "About the Embassy". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Damascus. Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-08-27. ^ Knight was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on January 30, 1962. ^ "Obama nominates first US ambassador to Syria since 2005". BBC News. 17 February 2010. ^ Recess appointment; expires at the end of 2011 unless confirmed by the Senate. "List of Ambassadorial Appointments". United States Foreign Service Association. August 19, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-21. United States Department of State: Background notes on Syria  This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State. External links United States Department of State: Chiefs of Mission for Syria United States Department of State: Syria United States Embassy in Damascus vte Syria–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of the United States to Syria Diplomacy Syrian peace process Conflicts Iran–Iraq War United States support for Iraq Gulf War Syrian civil war Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 2021 Erbil rocket attacks February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present) Legislation Sanctions against Syria Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act Trump travel ban Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act Related CIA activities in Syria State Sponsors of Terrorism Category:Syria–United States relations vte Ambassadors of the United StatesCurrent countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros DR Congo Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Suspended relations Iran Defunct countries Czechoslovakia East Germany Hawaii North Yemen Ottoman Empire Prussia South Vietnam South Yemen Soviet Union Tanganyika Two Sicilies United Arab Republic Texas Yugoslavia Other places Curaçao Hong Kong and Macau Jerusalem Taiwan International organizations AU APEC ASEAN SAARC CD EU ICAO NATO OAS OECD OIC OPCW OSCE UN UNESCO UNEP UN Food and Agriculture UNVIE UN in Geneva UN Human Rights WTO Ambassadors-at-large Arctic Counterterrorism Global Women's Issues International Religious Freedom Global Criminal Justice Trafficking in Persons AIDS Antisemitism Ambassadors by President Donald Trump Joe Biden Other Women LGBT
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"president of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"partitioning of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"George Wadsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wadsworth_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"recognized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition"},{"link_name":"Jamil Mardam Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StateHistory1-1"},{"link_name":"United Arab Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StateHistory1-1"},{"link_name":"1967 Arab-Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StateHistory1-1"},{"link_name":"Rafic Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafic_Hariri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BackgroundSyria1-2"}],"text":"The United States ambassador to Syria is the official representative of the president of the United States to the president of Syria.From the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 until 1944, had been under the control of France as \na part of the League of Nations Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The United States appointed George Wadsworth as agent and consul general to Syria and Lebanon on October 9, 1942, to provide a quasi-diplomatic presence in Damascus until the United States determined that Syria achieved effective independence in 1944. The United States recognized Syria as an independent state on September 8, 1944, when the Syrian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jamil Mardam Bey, informed the United States that Syria fully recognized and would protect existing rights of the United States and its nationals. This Syrian assurance was in response to a letter sent on September 7, 1944, by the U.S. diplomatic agent and consul general in Syria that offered \"full and unconditional recognition\" upon receipt of such written assurances. The United States established diplomatic relations with Syria when George Wadsworth presented his credentials as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary on November 17, 1944. Wadsworth was concurrently the envoy to Syria and Lebanon while resident in Beirut.[1]Egypt and Syria united to form a new state, the United Arab Republic (UAR) on February 22, 1958 with its capital in Cairo. The U. S. recognized the UAR and the embassy in Damascus was reclassified as a consulate general. Syria seceded from the Union in 1961 and U. S.–Syria diplomatic relations were reestablished on October 10, 1961. The consulate general was once again elevated to embassy status.[1]Syria severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. on June 6, 1967 in the wake of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. In the interim a U.S. Interests Section in Syria was established on February 8, 1974, in the Italian Embassy with Thomas J. Scotes as Principal Officer. Normal relations were resumed in 1974.[1]The U. S. recalled its ambassador to Syria in 2005 after the assassination of Rafic Hariri. A series of chargés d’affaires represented the U.S. until the appointment of Robert Stephen Ford in January 2011.[2]","title":"List of ambassadors of the United States to Syria"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ambassadors and chiefs of mission"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Syria\". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2011-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/countries/syria","url_text":"\"Syria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Background Note: Syria\". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2011-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm","url_text":"\"Background Note: Syria\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Embassy\". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Damascus. Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110902075607/http://damascus.usembassy.gov/about_the_embassy.html","url_text":"\"About the Embassy\""},{"url":"https://damascus.usembassy.gov/about_the_embassy.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Obama nominates first US ambassador to Syria since 2005\". BBC News. 17 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8519328.stm","url_text":"\"Obama nominates first US ambassador to Syria since 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Ambassadorial Appointments\". United States Foreign Service Association. August 19, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afsa.org/ambassadorlist.aspx","url_text":"\"List of Ambassadorial Appointments\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/","url_text":"U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State","url_text":"United States Department of State"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboGames
RoboGames
["1 Media coverage","2 Events","3 References","4 External links"]
RoboGames 2008 (The large structure in the upper left is the combat robot arena.) RoboGames (previously ROBOlympics) is an annual robot contest held in San Mateo, California. The last RoboGames was held April 6-9, 2023 in Pleasanton, California, having been on hiatus since the previous event in April 2018. Competitions typically involve entrants representing a large selection of countries, who compete in over fifty categories, such as autonomously navigating robots in RoboMagellan, combat robots, stair-climbing, weight-lifting, soccer bots, sumo bots, and kung-fu. About two thirds of the robot events are autonomous, while the remaining third are remotely operated (RCVs). Despite this, a large plurality of entrants in RoboGames remain in the remotely operated events, specifically combat robotics. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the 2005 RoboGames held the record for the world's largest robot competition until being surpassed by VEX Worlds in 2016. RoboGames was selected by Wired for their list of "The Best Ten North American Geek Fests". Media coverage In May/June 2011, Science Channel broadcast selected heavyweight combat division matches from RoboGames in a one-hour special titled Killer Robots: RoboGames 2011. The program was hosted by Grant Imahara. RoboGames built a framework for collaboration between builders and engineers from all over the world. Events RoboGames events are divided into ten general categories: Humanoids, for human-like robots Sumo, where the robots push their opponents Combat, where the object is to destroy one's opponent's robot Junior League, a category for under-18s Autonomous Autos, a navigation category BEAM, a racing competition Art Bots, for aesthetically pleasing robots Robot Soccer, a soccer competition Autonomous Humanoid Challenges Open, a miscellaneous category References ^ "Register to Compete at RoboGames". robogames.net. Retrieved 2022-07-23. ^ a b "RoboGames Event Schedule and Rules". robogames.net. Retrieved 2016-08-25. ^ "Robotics tournament VEX Worlds is named largest in the world after 1,075 teams take part". 27 April 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-30. ^ "The Best: 10 North American Geek Fests". Wired. Retrieved 2016-08-25. ^ "Sci Sports: Killer Robots : Programs : Science Channel : Discovery Press Web". ^ "SN&R • Arts&Culture • Arts & Culture • Robot fight club • Nov 21, 2019". 20 November 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to RoboGames. Official website vteRobot Soccer CompetitionsCompetitions FIRA IranOpen RoboCup RoboCup Junior RoboGames Robot Football See also Soccer robots Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Mateo, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_California"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"RoboMagellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robomagellan"},{"link_name":"combat robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_robots"},{"link_name":"soccer bots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_robot"},{"link_name":"sumo bots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_bot"},{"link_name":"RCVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"robot competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_competition"},{"link_name":"VEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEX_Robotics_Competition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"RoboGames (previously ROBOlympics) is an annual robot contest held in San Mateo, California. The last RoboGames was held April 6-9, 2023 in Pleasanton, California, having been on hiatus since the previous event in April 2018.[1]Competitions typically involve entrants representing a large selection of countries, who compete in over fifty categories, such as autonomously navigating robots in RoboMagellan, combat robots, stair-climbing, weight-lifting, soccer bots, sumo bots, and kung-fu. About two thirds of the robot events are autonomous, while the remaining third are remotely operated (RCVs). Despite this, a large plurality of entrants in RoboGames remain in the remotely operated events, specifically combat robotics.[2]According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the 2005 RoboGames held the record for the world's largest robot competition until being surpassed by VEX Worlds in 2016.[3] RoboGames was selected by Wired for their list of \"The Best Ten North American Geek Fests\".[4]","title":"RoboGames"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Science Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Channel"},{"link_name":"Grant Imahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Imahara"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In May/June 2011, Science Channel broadcast selected heavyweight combat division matches from RoboGames in a one-hour special titled Killer Robots: RoboGames 2011. The program was hosted by Grant Imahara.[5]\nRoboGames built a framework for collaboration between builders and engineers from all over the world.[6]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot-sumo"},{"link_name":"Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_combat"},{"link_name":"BEAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM_robotics"}],"text":"RoboGames events are divided into ten general categories:[2]Humanoids, for human-like robots\nSumo, where the robots push their opponents\nCombat, where the object is to destroy one's opponent's robot\nJunior League, a category for under-18s\nAutonomous Autos, a navigation category\nBEAM, a racing competition\nArt Bots, for aesthetically pleasing robots\nRobot Soccer, a soccer competition\nAutonomous Humanoid Challenges\nOpen, a miscellaneous category","title":"Events"}]
[{"image_text":"RoboGames 2008 (The large structure in the upper left is the combat robot arena.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/RoboGames_2008.jpg/250px-RoboGames_2008.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Register to Compete at RoboGames\". robogames.net. Retrieved 2022-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://robogames.net/registration.php","url_text":"\"Register to Compete at RoboGames\""}]},{"reference":"\"RoboGames Event Schedule and Rules\". robogames.net. Retrieved 2016-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://robogames.net/events.php","url_text":"\"RoboGames Event Schedule and Rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robotics tournament VEX Worlds is named largest in the world after 1,075 teams take part\". 27 April 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2016/4/robotics-tournament-vex-worlds-is-named-largest-in-the-world-after-1-075-teams-ta-426576","url_text":"\"Robotics tournament VEX Worlds is named largest in the world after 1,075 teams take part\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best: 10 North American Geek Fests\". Wired. Retrieved 2016-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2006/02/the-best-10-north-american-geek-fests/","url_text":"\"The Best: 10 North American Geek Fests\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sci Sports: Killer Robots : Programs : Science Channel : Discovery Press Web\".","urls":[{"url":"http://press.discovery.com/us/sci/programs/sci-sports-killer-robots/","url_text":"\"Sci Sports: Killer Robots : Programs : Science Channel : Discovery Press Web\""}]},{"reference":"\"SN&R • Arts&Culture • Arts & Culture • Robot fight club • Nov 21, 2019\". 20 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/robot-fight-club/content?oid=29280059","url_text":"\"SN&R • Arts&Culture • Arts & Culture • Robot fight club • Nov 21, 2019\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakon_connector
Speakon connector
["1 Design","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Cable connector for connecting loudspeakers to amplifiers Neutrik Speakon. The connector barrels are 26 millimetres (1.024 in) overall diameter. Speakon panel connectors (center) provided on a professional PA power amplifier by QSC with a power output of 2 x 700 Watt (4 Ohm) The Speakon (stylized speakON) is a trademarked name for an electrical connector, originally manufactured by Neutrik, mostly used in professional audio systems for connecting loudspeakers to amplifiers. Other manufacturers make compatible products, often under the name "speaker twist connector". Speakon connectors are rated for at least 30 A RMS continuous current, higher than 1/4-inch TS phone connectors, two-pole twist lock, and XLR connectors for loudspeakers. Design A Speakon connector is designed with a locking system that may be designed for soldered or screw-type connections. Line connectors (male) mate with (female) panel connectors and typically a cable will have identical connectors at both ends. If it is needed to join cables, a coupler can be used (which essentially consists of two panel connectors mounted on the ends of a plastic tube). The design was conceived in 1987. Speakon connectors are designed to be unambiguous in their use in speaker cables. With 1/4" speaker jacks and XLR connections, it is possible for users to erroneously use low-current shielded microphone or instrument cables in a high-current speaker application. Speakon cables are intended solely for use in high current audio applications. Speakon connectors arrange their contacts in two concentric rings, with the inner contacts named +1, +2, etc. and the outer contacts connectors (in the four-pole and eight-pole version only) named −1, −2, etc. The phase convention is that positive voltage on the + contact causes air to be pushed away from the speaker. Speakon connectors are made in two, four and eight-pole configurations. The two-pole line connector will mate with the four-pole panel connector, connecting to +1 and −1; but the reverse combination will not work. The eight-pole connector is physically larger to accommodate the extra poles. The four-pole connector is the most common at least from the availability of ready-made leads, as it allows for things like bi-amping (two of the four connections for the higher-frequency signal, with the other two for the lower-frequency signal) without two separate cables. Similarly, the eight-pole connector could be used for tri-amping (two poles each for low, mid and high frequencies with two unused), or quad-amping (two poles each for high, mid, low and sub). Another use for the four-pole cable is to carry two channels of amplified signal from an amplifier to a pair of loudspeakers using a 'combiner' Y-lead connected to the two output channels, and a 'splitter' Y-lead to feed the loudspeakers. The 'combiner' and 'splitter' Y-leads are the same: two two-pole connectors on one end, connected to the ±1 and ±2 pins, respectively, of a four-pole line connector at the other end. Some amplifiers and mixer-amplifiers are configured to do this without the need for a 'combiner'. Also available are 2-pole "combo" receptacles that can also accept 4-pole cables and 1/4″ phone plugs. In 2019 the manufacturer introduced the STX series which included male line connectors and female panel connectors. See also PowerCon References ^ "NL2FX drawing". Neutrik. ^ "Speakon trademark page". Neutrik. ^ E.g. Switchcraft HPC (High Power Connectors) Series ^ Neutrik. "NL4FC". Neutrik. Retrieved 2018-12-04. ^ "Speakon Speaker Connectors - The Basics". gollihurmusic.com. ^ a b "speakON® Connectors". neutrik.com. ^ "Electronics 2000 | Pin-outs | Speakon Connectors". www.electronics2000.co.uk. ^ "MX21's bi-amp information: custom speakon cable". External links Neutrik website vteAudio and video connectorsAnalog audio Banana plug Binding post D-subminiature Euroblock DIN Mini-DIN Audio jack RCA Speaker spring terminal Speakon XLR Digital audio BNC D-sub S/PDIF TOSLINK XLR Video BNC Component RGB Component YPbPr Composite video D-Terminal DB13W3 DFP DIN Mini-DIN DMS-59 LFH DVI Mini-DVI Micro-DVI RCA S-Video UDI VGA Mini-VGA Audio and video ADC Belling-Lee CCJ/EIAJ EVC Type F HDBaseT HDMI DisplayPort mDP MHL (superMHL) Minijack P&D PDMI SCART Visual charts List of video connectors General-purpose Thunderbolt USB
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neutrik_Speakon.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connectors_of_a_QSC_PLX2402_professional_PA_Power_Amplifier.jpg"},{"link_name":"electrical connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_connector"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Neutrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrik"},{"link_name":"professional audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_audio"},{"link_name":"loudspeakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker"},{"link_name":"amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"RMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1/4-inch TS phone connectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)"},{"link_name":"XLR connectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLR_connector"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Neutrik Speakon. The connector barrels are 26 millimetres (1.024 in) overall diameter.[1]Speakon panel connectors (center) provided on a professional PA power amplifier by QSC with a power output of 2 x 700 Watt (4 Ohm)The Speakon (stylized speakON) is a trademarked name for an electrical connector,[2] originally manufactured by Neutrik, mostly used in professional audio systems for connecting loudspeakers to amplifiers. Other manufacturers make compatible products,[3] often under the name \"speaker twist connector\".Speakon connectors are rated for at least 30 A RMS continuous current,[4] higher than 1/4-inch TS phone connectors, two-pole twist lock, and XLR connectors for loudspeakers.[5]","title":"Speakon connector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neutrikpdf-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bi-amping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-amping"},{"link_name":"tri-amping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-amping"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neutrikpdf-6"}],"text":"A Speakon connector is designed with a locking system that may be designed for soldered or screw-type connections. Line connectors (male) mate with (female) panel connectors and typically a cable will have identical connectors at both ends. If it is needed to join cables, a coupler can be used (which essentially consists of two panel connectors mounted on the ends of a plastic tube). The design was conceived in 1987.[6]Speakon connectors are designed to be unambiguous in their use in speaker cables. With 1/4\" speaker jacks and XLR connections, it is possible for users to erroneously use low-current shielded microphone or instrument cables in a high-current speaker application. Speakon cables are intended solely for use in high current audio applications.Speakon connectors arrange their contacts in two concentric rings, with the inner contacts named +1, +2, etc. and the outer contacts connectors (in the four-pole and eight-pole version only)\nnamed −1, −2, etc.[7] The phase convention is that positive voltage on the + contact causes air to be pushed away from the speaker.Speakon connectors are made in two, four and eight-pole configurations. The two-pole line connector will mate with the four-pole panel connector, connecting to +1 and −1; but the reverse combination will not work. The eight-pole connector is physically larger to accommodate the extra poles. The four-pole connector is the most common at least from the availability of ready-made leads, as it allows for things like bi-amping (two of the four connections for the higher-frequency signal, with the other two for the lower-frequency signal) without two separate cables. Similarly, the eight-pole connector could be used for tri-amping (two poles each for low, mid and high frequencies with two unused), or quad-amping (two poles each for high, mid, low and sub).Another use for the four-pole cable is to carry two channels of amplified signal from an amplifier to a pair of loudspeakers using a 'combiner' Y-lead connected to the two output channels, and a 'splitter' Y-lead to feed the loudspeakers. The 'combiner' and 'splitter' Y-leads are the same: two two-pole connectors on one end, connected to the ±1 and ±2 pins, respectively, of a four-pole line connector at the other end.[8] Some amplifiers and mixer-amplifiers are configured to do this without the need for a 'combiner'.Also available are 2-pole \"combo\" receptacles that can also accept 4-pole cables and 1/4″ phone plugs.In 2019 the manufacturer introduced the STX series which included male line connectors and female panel connectors.[6]","title":"Design"}]
[{"image_text":"Neutrik Speakon. The connector barrels are 26 millimetres (1.024 in) overall diameter.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Neutrik_Speakon.jpg/220px-Neutrik_Speakon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Speakon panel connectors (center) provided on a professional PA power amplifier by QSC with a power output of 2 x 700 Watt (4 Ohm)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Connectors_of_a_QSC_PLX2402_professional_PA_Power_Amplifier.jpg/220px-Connectors_of_a_QSC_PLX2402_professional_PA_Power_Amplifier.jpg"}]
[{"title":"PowerCon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerCon"}]
[{"reference":"\"NL2FX drawing\". Neutrik.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neutrik.com/zoolu-website/media/download/11984/Drawing+NL2FX","url_text":"\"NL2FX drawing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Speakon trademark page\". Neutrik.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neutrik.com/en/legal-notices","url_text":"\"Speakon trademark page\""}]},{"reference":"Neutrik. \"NL4FC\". Neutrik. Retrieved 2018-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neutrik.com/en/product/nl4fc","url_text":"\"NL4FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Speakon Speaker Connectors - The Basics\". gollihurmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://gollihurmusic.com/speakon-speaker-connectors-what-are-they-and-why-are-they-used/","url_text":"\"Speakon Speaker Connectors - The Basics\""}]},{"reference":"\"speakON® Connectors\". neutrik.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neutrik.com/media/10094/download/product-guide---section-loundspeaker-connectors.pdf%3Fv%3D1","url_text":"\"speakON® Connectors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electronics 2000 | Pin-outs | Speakon Connectors\". www.electronics2000.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electronics2000.co.uk/pin-out/speakon.php","url_text":"\"Electronics 2000 | Pin-outs | Speakon Connectors\""}]},{"reference":"\"MX21's bi-amp information: custom speakon cable\".","urls":[{"url":"http://greenboy.us/fEARful/biamp.htm#custom_cable","url_text":"\"MX21's bi-amp information: custom speakon cable\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.neutrik.com/zoolu-website/media/download/11984/Drawing+NL2FX","external_links_name":"\"NL2FX drawing\""},{"Link":"http://www.neutrik.com/en/legal-notices","external_links_name":"\"Speakon trademark page\""},{"Link":"http://www.switchcraft.com/Category.aspx?Parent=770","external_links_name":"Switchcraft HPC (High Power Connectors) Series"},{"Link":"https://www.neutrik.com/en/product/nl4fc","external_links_name":"\"NL4FC\""},{"Link":"https://gollihurmusic.com/speakon-speaker-connectors-what-are-they-and-why-are-they-used/","external_links_name":"\"Speakon Speaker Connectors - The Basics\""},{"Link":"https://www.neutrik.com/media/10094/download/product-guide---section-loundspeaker-connectors.pdf%3Fv%3D1","external_links_name":"\"speakON® Connectors\""},{"Link":"https://www.electronics2000.co.uk/pin-out/speakon.php","external_links_name":"\"Electronics 2000 | Pin-outs | Speakon Connectors\""},{"Link":"http://greenboy.us/fEARful/biamp.htm#custom_cable","external_links_name":"\"MX21's bi-amp information: custom speakon cable\""},{"Link":"http://www.neutrik.com/","external_links_name":"Neutrik website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Dutch_general_election
2002 Dutch general election
["1 Background","2 Campaign","3 Opinion polls","4 Result","4.1 By province","5 References","6 Further reading"]
2002 Dutch general election ← 1998 15 May 2002 2003 → All 150 seats in the House of Representatives76 seats needed for a majorityTurnout79.06% ( 5.71pp) Party Leader % Seats +/– CDA Jan Peter Balkenende 27.93 43 +14 LPF Pim Fortuyn (assassinated) 17.00 26 New VVD Hans Dijkstal 15.44 24 −14 PvdA Ad Melkert 15.11 23 −22 GL Paul Rosenmöller 6.95 10 −1 SP Jan Marijnissen 5.90 9 +4 D66 Thom de Graaf 5.10 7 −7 CU Kars Veling 2.54 4 −1 SGP Bas van der Vlies 1.72 2 −1 LN Fred Teeven 1.61 2 +2 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.Most voted-for party by municipality Cabinet before Cabinet after Second Kok cabinetPvdA–VVD–D66 First Balkenende cabinetCDA–LPF–VVD General elections were held in the Netherlands on 15 May 2002. The elections were amongst the most dramatic in Dutch history, not just in terms of the electoral results, as they were completely overshadowed by the assassination of leader Pim Fortuyn only nine days before election day. Fortuyn had led the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) party, a right-wing populist party that represented his political views. He had drawn controversy in the campaign with his views on Islam, attacked the government's immigration policies and had also questioned many aspects of government by the previous 'purple' cabinets of Wim Kok, which he blamed for everything from crime to waiting lists in health services. After his death, the LPF made its general election debut with 17% of the vote, coming in second place. The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), which took a neutral stance towards Fortuyn, gained seats to become the country's largest political party. On the other hand, the three parties in the government all lost a significant number of seats. Two months after the election Jan Peter Balkenende formed his first cabinet, with a coalition of the CDA, the LPF and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). However, the LPF was unstable due to its lack of strong leadership and its members' lack of experience; this resulted in the new cabinet resigning before the end of the year. Background Prime Minister Wim Kok had been in power since the 1994 general election in a coalition between his Labour Party (PvdA), the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and Democrats 66 (D66). The government, which won a second term in the 1998 general election, was often referred to as a 'purple' coalition due to the participation of the 'red' Labour Party and the 'blue' VVD. During its time in power, the government had often enjoyed high approval ratings and presided over a strong economy. They had also introduced innovative social legislation, such as the introduction of same-sex marriage and euthanasia. Kok announced in December 2001 that he would retire from the premiership at the next election. Ad Melkert then replaced Kok as the party leader. The Christian Democratic Appeal, the largest opposition party, was led by newly elected leader Jan Peter Balkenende. Balkenende was at the time considered to be an interim leader who lacked charisma or experience, but his campaign would ultimately prove relatively successful. Campaign At the start of the year, Melkert and the VVD leader Hans Dijkstal appeared to be the frontrunners in the race to become Prime Minister. The situation changed with the arrival of the controversial politician Pim Fortuyn. Fortuyn was a critic of Islam and had questioned whether its culture was compatible with Western society even before the September 11 attacks. He was elected the leader of Liveable Netherlands in November 2001, but he was expelled from the party after making controversial comments in an interview with De Volkskrant on 9 February 2002. Fortuyn had described Islam as a "backward culture", criticizing its attitude to homosexuality (he himself was openly gay). Part of the reason for the uproar was that the Dutch word for "backward" (achterlijk) can also be used in an insulting sense (with a similar meaning to the word "retarded"); Fortuyn stated he used the word in the former sense. Two days later, he formed his own party, the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) in order to contest the upcoming general election, while maintaining the leadership over the local Livable Rotterdam party. In the 2002 municipal elections, held on 6 March, Liveable Rotterdam took 35% of the vote in the city of Rotterdam, a city with a high immigrant population. They formed the city's first non-Labour government since the Second World War. In the same month, he released the book De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars (The Wreckage of eight purple years) criticising the record of the governing coalition. The Economist described the rise in support for Fortuyn as a shock for the Dutch political establishment and their traditional system of consensus. The government resigned on 16 April - only a month before polling day - after the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation published the Srebrenica: a 'safe' area report, criticizing the Dutch government's handling of the events that led to the Srebrenica massacre in 1995. However, the ministers remained in office as a caretaker government until after the elections and the formation of the next government, and the date of the election was not changed. On 6 May, Fortuyn was assassinated in Hilversum by Volkert van der Graaf. Months later, Van der Graaf stated his motivation was his belief that Fortuyn was exploiting Muslims as "scapegoats" and targeting "the weak members of society" in seeking political power. The murder was a shock to the Netherlands; it was denounced by Kok and other Dutch politicians and other national leaders. It was the country's first political assassination in modern times. Opinion polls This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2019) Polling firm Date PvdA VVD CDA D66 GL SP CU SGP LPF LN VSP Lead Interview/NSS 14 May 2002 26 25 35 9 13 8 5 2 24 3 0 9 NIPO 13 May 2002 25 25 31 8 14 8 6 2 28 2 1 3 NIPO 1 May 2002 30 24 29 7 14 7 6 2 26 4 1 1 Interview/NSS 2 Mar 2002 34 28 31 8 11 7 7 3 13 8 0 3 Interview/NSS 6 Oct 2001 45 41 26 6 13 6 6 4 – 3 – 4 1998 election 6 May 1998 45 38 29 14 11 5 3 3 – – – 7 Result The great losers of the election were Labour Party, People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and Democrats 66, the coalition parties of the 'purple' cabinets. Especially the Labour Party under the technocratic leadership of Ad Melkert suffered a landslide defeat. The Christian Democratic Appeal was the surprising winner of the election, gaining 14 seats (from 29 to 43) and becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives. This success is in part owed to its new leader Jan Peter Balkenende, who went on to become prime minister, and to its neutral attitude in the debate with Fortuyn, not having participated in the supposed ‘demonization’ by the political Left. Fortuyn's former party Livable Netherlands also contested the election. While they had been overshadowed by Fortuyn, they also entered the House of Representatives, winning 2 seats. The 15 May 2002 election was the beginning of a year of political chaos in the Netherlands following the LPF leader's assassination on 6 May the same year. The power vacuum resulted in violent internal conflicts in LPF, which eventually led to the fall of the first Balkenende cabinet (CDA-LPF-VVD), which governed from 22 July 2002 to 16 October 2002. The CDA once again became a coalition party after eight years in opposition (1994–2002) in a government which, however, became the shortest-ruling Dutch cabinet since the Second World War, lasting less than five months. PartyVotes%Seats+/–Christian Democratic Appeal2,653,72327.9343+14Pim Fortuyn List1,614,80117.0026NewPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy1,466,72215.4424–14Labour Party1,436,02315.1123–22GroenLinks660,6926.9510–1Socialist Party560,4475.909+4Democrats 66484,3175.107–7Christian Union240,9532.544–1Reformed Political Party163,5621.722–1Livable Netherlands153,0551.612NewFree Indian Party and Elderly Union39,0050.410NewUnited Seniors Party10,0330.110NewDurable Netherlands9,0580.100NewParty of the Future6,3930.070NewNew Middle Party2,3050.020NewRepublican People's Party630.000NewTotal9,501,152100.001500Valid votes9,501,15299.85Invalid/blank votes14,0740.15Total votes9,515,226100.00Registered voters/turnout12,035,93579.06Source: Kiesraad By province Results by province Province CDA LPF VVD PvdA GL SP D66 CU SGP LN Others  Drenthe 26.0 12.3 16.1 23.8 6.2 5.0 4.8 3.4 0.4 1.4 0.6  Flevoland 23.6 19.3 17.2 13.7 6.7 4.8 5.0 4.5 2.3 2.2 0.7  Friesland 33.1 12.3 12.3 19.7 6.6 5.6 4.2 3.7 0.6 1.5 0.4  Gelderland 30.7 13.9 14.8 15.2 7.1 5.4 4.8 3.1 3.3 1.3 0.4  Groningen 22.2 12.2 12.8 23.9 8.9 6.9 5.2 5.5 0.4 1.4 0.6  Limburg 36.7 19.0 12.3 12.4 6.8 5.8 4.1 0.4 0.1 1.7 0.7  North Brabant 32.5 17.6 15.9 11.8 6.4 7.1 5.0 0.7 0.4 1.6 1.0  North Holland 20.6 17.6 18.2 16.5 8.7 7.3 6.5 1.2 0.3 2.0 1.1  Overijssel 36.9 11.2 12.1 15.7 5.9 4.7 4.1 5.2 2.4 1.3 0.5  South Holland 24.0 22.3 15.8 14.3 5.9 5.0 5.0 2.7 2.8 1.6 0.6  Utrecht 25.9 15.2 17.4 13.1 8.4 6.0 5.9 3.7 2.3 1.6 0.5  Zeeland 29.6 15.6 14.0 13.2 5.3 4.5 3.8 3.7 8.1 1.5 0.7 References ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1396 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7 ^ Simons, Marlise (2002-05-08). "Elections to Proceed in the Netherlands, Despite Killing". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-06-13. ^ Once-Struggling Dutch Economy No Longer in the Nether Land ^ Dutch Harry Potter on the way up ^ Tegen de islamisering van onze cultuur: Nederlandse identiteit als fundament, A.W. Bruna, 1997, ISBN 90-229-8338-2 ^ Ad Melkert, meet Pim Fortuyn ^ Dutch government quits over Srebenica ^ Fortuyn killed 'to protect Muslims', The Daily Telegraph, 28 March 2003: said his goal was to stop Fortuyn exploiting Muslims as "scapegoats" and targeting "the weak parts of society to score points" to try to gain political power. ^ "Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn assassinated". The Guardian. 2002-05-06. Archived from the original on 2023-04-15. ^ "Tweede Kamer 15 mei 2002". Kiesraad (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 November 2021. Further reading Van Holsteyn, Joop J. M.; Galen A. Irwin (April 2003). "Never a dull moment: Pim Fortuyn and the Dutch parliamentary election of 2002". West European Politics. 26 (2): 41–86. doi:10.1080/01402380512331341101. vte Elections and referendums in the NetherlandsGeneral 1848 1850 1852 1853 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 (Jun) 1866 (Oct) 1868 1869 1871 1873 1875 1877 1879 1881 1883 1884 1886 1887 1888 1891 1894 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1918 1922 1925 1929 1933 1937 1946 1948 1952 1956 1959 1963 1967 1971 1972 1977 1981 1982 1986 1989 1994 1998 2002 2003 2006 2010 2012 2017 2021 2023 Next Provincial 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1985 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Municipal 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Water board 2008 2015 2019 2023 Electoral college 2019 2023 Island council 2011 2015 2019 2020 2023 European 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Referendums 1797 1798 1801 1805 2005 2016 2018 See also: Senate elections Elections and referendums in Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten Netherlands Antilles
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Pim_Fortuyn"},{"link_name":"Pim Fortuyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn"},{"link_name":"Pim Fortuyn List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn_List"},{"link_name":"right-wing populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_populist"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"'purple'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_(government)"},{"link_name":"Wim Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Kok"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Jan Peter Balkenende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Peter_Balkenende"},{"link_name":"first cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkenende_cabinet"},{"link_name":"People's Party for Freedom and Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy"}],"text":"General elections were held in the Netherlands on 15 May 2002.[1] The elections were amongst the most dramatic in Dutch history,[2] not just in terms of the electoral results, as they were completely overshadowed by the assassination of leader Pim Fortuyn only nine days before election day.Fortuyn had led the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) party, a right-wing populist party that represented his political views. He had drawn controversy in the campaign with his views on Islam, attacked the government's immigration policies and had also questioned many aspects of government by the previous 'purple' cabinets of Wim Kok, which he blamed for everything from crime to waiting lists in health services. After his death, the LPF made its general election debut with 17% of the vote, coming in second place. The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), which took a neutral stance towards Fortuyn, gained seats to become the country's largest political party. On the other hand, the three parties in the government all lost a significant number of seats.Two months after the election Jan Peter Balkenende formed his first cabinet, with a coalition of the CDA, the LPF and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). However, the LPF was unstable due to its lack of strong leadership and its members' lack of experience; this resulted in the new cabinet resigning before the end of the year.","title":"2002 Dutch general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wim Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Kok"},{"link_name":"1994 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"People's Party for Freedom and Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Democrats 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrats_66"},{"link_name":"1998 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"euthanasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"},{"link_name":"Ad Melkert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Melkert"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Jan Peter Balkenende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Peter_Balkenende"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Prime Minister Wim Kok had been in power since the 1994 general election in a coalition between his Labour Party (PvdA), the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and Democrats 66 (D66). The government, which won a second term in the 1998 general election, was often referred to as a 'purple' coalition due to the participation of the 'red' Labour Party and the 'blue' VVD. During its time in power, the government had often enjoyed high approval ratings and presided over a strong economy.[3] They had also introduced innovative social legislation, such as the introduction of same-sex marriage and euthanasia. Kok announced in December 2001 that he would retire from the premiership at the next election. Ad Melkert then replaced Kok as the party leader. The Christian Democratic Appeal, the largest opposition party, was led by newly elected leader Jan Peter Balkenende. Balkenende was at the time considered to be an interim leader who lacked charisma or experience, but his campaign would ultimately prove relatively successful.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Dijkstal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Dijkstal"},{"link_name":"Pim Fortuyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Liveable Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liveable_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"De Volkskrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Volkskrant"},{"link_name":"attitude to homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Pim Fortuyn List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn_List"},{"link_name":"Livable Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livable_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"2002 municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Dutch_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_puinhopen_van_acht_jaar_Paars"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Institute for War Documentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_War_Documentation"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica: a 'safe' area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica:_a_%27safe%27_area"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebenica_massacre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"caretaker government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_government"},{"link_name":"Hilversum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilversum"},{"link_name":"Volkert van der Graaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkert_van_der_Graaf"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"At the start of the year, Melkert and the VVD leader Hans Dijkstal appeared to be the frontrunners in the race to become Prime Minister. The situation changed with the arrival of the controversial politician Pim Fortuyn. Fortuyn was a critic of Islam and had questioned whether its culture was compatible with Western society even before the September 11 attacks.[5] He was elected the leader of Liveable Netherlands in November 2001, but he was expelled from the party after making controversial comments in an interview with De Volkskrant on 9 February 2002. Fortuyn had described Islam as a \"backward culture\", criticizing its attitude to homosexuality (he himself was openly gay). Part of the reason for the uproar was that the Dutch word for \"backward\" (achterlijk) can also be used in an insulting sense (with a similar meaning to the word \"retarded\"); Fortuyn stated he used the word in the former sense. Two days later, he formed his own party, the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) in order to contest the upcoming general election, while maintaining the leadership over the local Livable Rotterdam party.In the 2002 municipal elections, held on 6 March, Liveable Rotterdam took 35% of the vote in the city of Rotterdam, a city with a high immigrant population. They formed the city's first non-Labour government since the Second World War. In the same month, he released the book De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars (The Wreckage of eight purple years) criticising the record of the governing coalition. The Economist described the rise in support for Fortuyn as a shock for the Dutch political establishment and their traditional system of consensus.[6]The government resigned on 16 April - only a month before polling day - after the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation published the Srebrenica: a 'safe' area report, criticizing the Dutch government's handling of the events that led to the Srebrenica massacre in 1995.[7] However, the ministers remained in office as a caretaker government until after the elections and the formation of the next government, and the date of the election was not changed.On 6 May, Fortuyn was assassinated in Hilversum by Volkert van der Graaf. Months later, Van der Graaf stated his motivation was his belief that Fortuyn was exploiting Muslims as \"scapegoats\" and targeting \"the weak members of society\" in seeking political power.[8] The murder was a shock to the Netherlands; it was denounced by Kok and other Dutch politicians and other national leaders. It was the country's first political assassination in modern times.[9]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Opinion polls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"People's Party for Freedom and Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Democrats 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrats_66"},{"link_name":"coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition"},{"link_name":"parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Ad Melkert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Melkert"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Jan Peter Balkenende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Peter_Balkenende"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"Livable Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livable_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disorder"},{"link_name":"first Balkenende cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkenende_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"The great losers of the election were Labour Party, People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and Democrats 66, the coalition parties of the 'purple' cabinets. Especially the Labour Party under the technocratic leadership of Ad Melkert suffered a landslide defeat.The Christian Democratic Appeal was the surprising winner of the election, gaining 14 seats (from 29 to 43) and becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives. This success is in part owed to its new leader Jan Peter Balkenende, who went on to become prime minister, and to its neutral attitude in the debate with Fortuyn, not having participated in the supposed ‘demonization’ by the political Left.Fortuyn's former party Livable Netherlands also contested the election. While they had been overshadowed by Fortuyn, they also entered the House of Representatives, winning 2 seats.The 15 May 2002 election was the beginning of a year of political chaos in the Netherlands following the LPF leader's assassination on 6 May the same year. The power vacuum resulted in violent internal conflicts in LPF, which eventually led to the fall of the first Balkenende cabinet (CDA-LPF-VVD), which governed from 22 July 2002 to 16 October 2002. The CDA once again became a coalition party after eight years in opposition (1994–2002) in a government which, however, became the shortest-ruling Dutch cabinet since the Second World War, lasting less than five months.","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By province","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West European Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_European_Politics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/01402380512331341101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380512331341101"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dutch_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_elections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"referendums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1852_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1854_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1856_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1858_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1862_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1864_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1866 (Jun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_1866_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1866 (Oct)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=October_1866_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1869_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1873_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1875_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1879_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1881_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1884_Dutch_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"Next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"Provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States-Provincial"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1950_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1987_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Dutch_provincial_elections"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Dutch_provincial_elections"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Dutch_provincial_elections"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Dutch_provincial_elections"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Dutch_provincial_elections"},{"link_name":"Municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982_Dutch_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1986_Dutch_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_Dutch_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_Dutch_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Dutch_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Dutch_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Dutch_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Dutch_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Dutch_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Dutch_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Dutch_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"Water board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Dutch_water_board_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Dutch_water_board_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Dutch_water_board_elections"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Dutch_water_board_elections"},{"link_name":"Electoral college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_colleges_for_the_Senate"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Dutch_electoral_college_elections"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Dutch_electoral_college_elections"},{"link_name":"Island council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_council_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Dutch_island_council_elections"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Dutch_island_council_elections"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Dutch_island_council_elections"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Sint_Eustatius_island_council_election"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Dutch_island_council_elections"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Referendums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"1797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1797_Batavian_Republic_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798_Batavian_Republic_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801_Batavian_Republic_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"1805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1805_Batavian_Republic_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Dutch_European_Constitution_referendum"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Dutch_Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement_referendum"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Dutch_Intelligence_and_Security_Services_Act_referendum"},{"link_name":"Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dutch_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"Elections and referendums in Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aruban_elections"},{"link_name":"Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cura%C3%A7ao_elections"},{"link_name":"Sint Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sint_Maarten_elections"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Netherlands_Antilles_elections"}],"text":"Van Holsteyn, Joop J. M.; Galen A. Irwin (April 2003). \"Never a dull moment: Pim Fortuyn and the Dutch parliamentary election of 2002\". West European Politics. 26 (2): 41–86. doi:10.1080/01402380512331341101.vte Elections and referendums in the NetherlandsGeneral\n1848\n1850\n1852\n1853\n1854\n1856\n1858\n1860\n1862\n1864\n1866 (Jun)\n1866 (Oct)\n1868\n1869\n1871\n1873\n1875\n1877\n1879\n1881\n1883\n1884\n1886\n1887\n1888\n1891\n1894\n1897\n1901\n1905\n1909\n1913\n1917\n1918\n1922\n1925\n1929\n1933\n1937\n1946\n1948\n1952\n1956\n1959\n1963\n1967\n1971\n1972\n1977\n1981\n1982\n1986\n1989\n1994\n1998\n2002\n2003\n2006\n2010\n2012\n2017\n2021\n2023\nNext\nProvincial\n1946\n1950\n1954\n1958\n1962\n1966\n1970\n1974\n1978\n1982\n1985\n1987\n1991\n1995\n1999\n2003\n2007\n2011\n2015\n2019\n2023\nMunicipal\n1982\n1986\n1990\n1994\n1998\n2002\n2006\n2010\n2014\n2018\n2022\nWater board\n2008\n2015\n2019\n2023\nElectoral college\n2019\n2023\nIsland council\n2011\n2015\n2019\n2020\n2023\nEuropean\n1979\n1984\n1989\n1994\n1999\n2004\n2009\n2014\n2019\n2024\nReferendums\n1797\n1798\n1801\n1805\n2005\n2016\n2018\n\nSee also: Senate elections\nElections and referendums in Aruba\nCuraçao\nSint Maarten\nNetherlands Antilles","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Simons, Marlise (2002-05-08). \"Elections to Proceed in the Netherlands, Despite Killing\". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/08/world/elections-to-proceed-in-the-netherlands-despite-killing.html","url_text":"\"Elections to Proceed in the Netherlands, Despite Killing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn assassinated\". The Guardian. 2002-05-06. Archived from the original on 2023-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/06/3","url_text":"\"Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn assassinated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/06/3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tweede Kamer 15 mei 2002\". Kiesraad (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl/verkiezingen/detail/TK20020515","url_text":"\"Tweede Kamer 15 mei 2002\""}]},{"reference":"Van Holsteyn, Joop J. M.; Galen A. Irwin (April 2003). \"Never a dull moment: Pim Fortuyn and the Dutch parliamentary election of 2002\". West European Politics. 26 (2): 41–86. doi:10.1080/01402380512331341101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_European_Politics","url_text":"West European Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380512331341101","url_text":"10.1080/01402380512331341101"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Dutch_general_election&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://nieuwscheckers.nl/nieuwscheckers/de-lpf-zou-in-2002-volgens-peilingen-de-grootste-partij-worden-bij-de-verkiezingen/","external_links_name":"Interview/NSS"},{"Link":"https://www.parlement.com/id/vg5nk0xil2ry/nieuws/nipo_peiling_voorspelt_nek_aan_nekrace","external_links_name":"NIPO"},{"Link":"https://www.parlement.com/id/vg5nk0xil2ry/nieuws/nipo_peiling_voorspelt_nek_aan_nekrace","external_links_name":"NIPO"},{"Link":"https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/cda-wordt-volgens-peilingen-tweede-partij-van-nederland~b0c04c4f/","external_links_name":"Interview/NSS"},{"Link":"https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/cda-verliest-twee-kamerzetels-door-machtsstrijd~b9655b5b/","external_links_name":"Interview/NSS"},{"Link":"https://www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl/verkiezingen/detail/TK20020515","external_links_name":"Kiesraad"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/08/world/elections-to-proceed-in-the-netherlands-despite-killing.html","external_links_name":"\"Elections to Proceed in the Netherlands, Despite Killing\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1997-01-26/business/fi-22263_1_dutch-economy-netherlands","external_links_name":"Once-Struggling Dutch Economy No Longer in the Nether Land"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1990620.stm","external_links_name":"Dutch Harry Potter on the way up"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/9022983382","external_links_name":"Tegen de islamisering van onze cultuur: Nederlandse identiteit als fundament"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/node/1057039","external_links_name":"Ad Melkert, meet Pim Fortuyn"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1933144.stm","external_links_name":"Dutch government quits over Srebenica"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/1425944/Fortuyn-killed-to-protect-Muslims.html","external_links_name":"Fortuyn killed 'to protect Muslims'"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/06/3","external_links_name":"\"Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn assassinated\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/06/3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl/verkiezingen/detail/TK20020515","external_links_name":"\"Tweede Kamer 15 mei 2002\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380512331341101","external_links_name":"10.1080/01402380512331341101"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_L._Fagan
Linda L. Fagan
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Awards and decorations","4 Personal life and family","5 References"]
American Coast Guard admiral (born 1963) Linda Fagan27th Commandant of the Coast GuardIncumbentAssumed office June 1, 2022PresidentJoe BidenDeputySteven D. PoulinKevin LundayPreceded byKarl L. Schultz32nd Vice Commandant of the Coast GuardIn officeJune 18, 2021 – May 31, 2022PresidentJoe BidenCommandantKarl L. SchultzPreceded byCharles RaySucceeded bySteven D. Poulin Personal detailsBornLinda Lee Keene (1963-07-01) July 1, 1963 (age 60)Columbus, Ohio, U.S.EducationUnited States Coast Guard Academy (BS)University of Washington (MS)National Defense University (MS)Military serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch/service United States Coast GuardYears of service1985–presentRank AdmiralCommands Commandant of the Coast Guard Coast Guard Pacific Area First Coast Guard District Coast Guard Sector New York AwardsCoast Guard Distinguished Service MedalDefense Superior Service MedalLegion of Merit (3) Linda L. Fagan's voice Fagan outlines her vision for the Coast Guard at a House Homeland Security subcommittee hearingRecorded July 14, 2022 Linda Lee Fagan (born July 1, 1963) is a United States Coast Guard admiral who serves as the 27th Commandant of the Coast Guard. Previously, in 2021 she became the 32nd Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard and the Coast Guard’s first female four-star admiral. Before that, she was the commander of the Coast Guard Pacific Area with prior terms as Coast Guard Deputy for Operations, Policy, and Capabilities, commander, First Coast Guard District, and commander, Coast Guard Sector New York. Fagan is also the Coast Guard's first Gold Ancient Trident, the officer with the longest service record in the Marine Safety Field. In April 2021, Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas announced her nomination as the next Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard, succeeding Charles W. Ray. She was confirmed on June 17, 2021, and assumed office on June 18. In April 2022, it was announced that Fagan would be nominated to succeed Karl L. Schultz as Commandant of the Coast Guard, making her the first woman in American history to lead a military service. Her nomination was sent to the United States Senate on April 7, 2022, receiving confirmation by unanimous consent on May 11. She assumed office on June 1. Early life and education Vice Adm. Fagan is promoted to the rank of admiral during a ceremony at Coast Guard Headquarters, June 18, 2021. Adm. Fagan assumes command of the United States Coast Guard from outgoing commandant, Adm. Karl L. Schultz on June 1, 2022. Born in Columbus, Ohio, Fagan graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy in 1985 with a B.S. degree in marine science. She later earned a Master of Marine Affairs degree from the University of Washington in 2000 and an M.S. degree in national security strategy from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces at the National Defense University in 2008. Career Fagan took over as news broke of an investigation into rape and sexual assault in the Coast Guard Academy of which officials had failed to brief Congress. She apologized to the victims of the sexual assaults and pledged to be more transparent about the agency’s problems. After listening to four women describe being sexually assaulted as U.S. Coast Guard Academy cadets, members of the United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations probing a "culture of cover-up" vowed to hold past and current Coast Guard leadership accountable. "We're going to pursue those two individuals and others," said Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., chairman of the Subcommittee, referring to retired Admiral Karl L. Schultz, the former commandant of the Coast Guard, and his successor, the current commandant, Admiral Linda Fagan. On December 19, 2023, the Subcommittee stated in a press release and a letter to Coast Guard Commandant Linda Fagan, “It is clear from this testimony, and the Subcommittee’s inquiry to date, that the Coast Guard’s culture of cover-up has allowed sexual assault and sexual harassment to persist for decades, both at the Academy and in the Coast Guard. It is equally apparent that accountability and systematic change at both the Coast Guard and the Academy are necessary to address past failures and to ensure that future cadets are protected." The Subcommittee demanded "swift response" to the inquiry and further indicated that "hould the Coast Guard continue to withhold or redact requested records, PSI will have no choice but to utilize other means to ensure compliance with congressional oversight.” Awards and decorations Badge Marine Safety Insignia 1st row Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal 2nd row Defense Superior Service Medal Legion of Merit with two gold award stars Meritorious Service Medal 3rd row Coast Guard Commendation Medal with "O" device and award star Coast Guard Achievement Medal with "O" device and award star Commandant's Letter of Commendation Ribbon with "O" device 4th row Coast Guard Presidential Unit Citation with "hurricane symbol" Joint Meritorious Unit Award DHS Outstanding Unit Award 5th row Secretary of Transportation Outstanding Unit Award Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation with "O" device and award star Meritorious Team Commendation with four award stars 6th row Coast Guard Bicentennial Unit Commendation National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star Antarctica Service Medal 7th row Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Humanitarian Service Medal 8th row Coast Guard Sea Service Ribbon Coast Guard Overseas Service Ribbon U.S. Coast Guard Pistol Marksmanship ribbon Badge Coast Guard Command Ashore insignia Badge Joint Chiefs of Staff ID Badge Badge Commandant Staff Badge Personal life and family Fagan is the daughter of Jon Harley Keene and Loann Carol (Morris) Keene. Her daughter Aileen is also a United States Coast Guard Academy graduate. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linda L. Fagan. ^ "Biographical Information and Qualifications of Linda L. Fagan". U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Retrieved April 20, 2021. ^ "Senate Commerce Committee Coast Guard Nominee Questionnaire, 117th Congress - Linda L. Fagan". U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Retrieved May 13, 2021. ^ "Adm. Linda Fagan Becomes USCG's First Female Four-Star Admiral". The Maritime Executive. ^ "Vice Admiral Linda L. Fagan". Retrieved April 20, 2021. ^ a b "Rear Admiral Linda L. Fagan" (PDF). Retrieved April 20, 2021. ^ U.S. Coast Guard Public Affairs (April 19, 2021). "Vice Adm. Linda L. Fagan nominated to be Coast Guard Vice Commandant, first Coast Guard female 4-star admiral". U.S. Coast Guard. Retrieved April 19, 2021. ^ "Statement by Secretary Mayorkas on President Biden's Nomination of Vice Adm. Fagan for USCG Vice Commandant". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021. ^ "U.S. Coast Guard welcomes new vice commandant". U.S. Coast Guard. June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021. ^ LaGrone, Sam (April 5, 2022). "Biden Nominates Adm. Linda Fagan to Head Coast Guard, First Woman to Lead Military Service". USNI News. National Harbor, Maryland. ^ Benson, Samuel (April 5, 2022). "Biden to nominate first woman to lead a military service". Politico. ^ "PN1947 — Adm. Linda L. Fagan — Coast Guard, 117th Congress (2021-2022)". U.S. Congress. April 7, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022. ^ O'Brien, Connor (May 11, 2022). "Coast Guard admiral approved to be first woman to lead a military service". Politico. ^ "Fagan to be first woman to serve as Coast Guard commandant". Workboat. April 12, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ Hicken, Melanie (August 8, 2023). "Former Coast Guard head covered up secret investigation into sexual assaults at the Coast Guard Academy". CNN. Retrieved August 8, 2023. ^ Blumenthal, Richard (September 14, 2023). "Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Opens Inquiry Into Coast Guard's Lack of Transparency on Sexual Assault Investigation". Senator Richard Blumenthal Press Release. Retrieved December 16, 2023. ^ Recchia, Frank (December 17, 2023). "Sen. Blumenthal continues to fight for survivors of Coast Guard Academy assault". News 12 Connecticut. Retrieved December 17, 2023. ^ Hallenbeck, Brian (December 12, 2023). "Senate panel to pursue Coast Guard leadership over academy sexual assault coverup". The New London Day. Retrieved December 13, 2023. ^ Hicken, Melanie (December 12, 2023). "'No consequences': Women testify about sexual harassment and assault at Coast Guard Academy". CNN. Retrieved December 17, 2023. ^ Johnson, Ron (December 19, 2023). "Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Demands Swift Response to Inquiry into Sexual Assault & Harassment at the Coast Guard Academy". Senator Ron Johnson Press Release. Retrieved December 21, 2023. ^ "Certificate of Birth". Birth Records. No. 106567. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Vital Records Office. 1963. ^ "Nomination Hearing for U.S. Coast Guard Commandant Nominee Admiral Linda Fagan". U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science & Transportation. April 28, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government. Military offices Preceded byFred Midgette Commander of the Coast Guard Pacific Area 2018–2021 Succeeded byPeter GautierActing Preceded byCharles Ray Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard 2021–2022 Succeeded bySteven D. Poulin Preceded byKarl L. Schultz Commandant of the Coast Guard 2022–present Incumbent Order of precedence Preceded byDaniel R. Hokansonas Chief of the National Guard Bureau Order of precedence of the United Statesas Commandant of the Coast Guard Succeeded byJacqueline Van Ovostas Commander of U.S. Transportation Command This biographical article related to the United States Coast Guard is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Previously, in 2021 she became the 32nd Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard and the Coast Guard’s first female four-star admiral.[3] Before that, she was the commander of the Coast Guard Pacific Area with prior terms as Coast Guard Deputy for Operations, Policy, and Capabilities, commander, First Coast Guard District, and commander, Coast Guard Sector New York. Fagan is also the Coast Guard's first Gold Ancient Trident, the officer with the longest service record in the Marine Safety Field. In April 2021, Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas announced her nomination as the next Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard, succeeding Charles W. Ray.[4][5][6][7] She was confirmed on June 17, 2021, and assumed office on June 18.[8]In April 2022, it was announced that Fagan would be nominated to succeed Karl L. Schultz as Commandant of the Coast Guard, making her the first woman in American history to lead a military service.[9][10] Her nomination was sent to the United States Senate on April 7, 2022, receiving confirmation by unanimous consent on May 11.[11][12] She assumed office on June 1.[13]","title":"Linda L. Fagan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vice_Adm._Linda_Fagan_promoted_to_rank_of_admiral_210618-G-BI776-2001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022_Coast_Guard_Commandant_Change_of_Command_220601-G-G0211-1001.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Karl L. Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_L._Schultz"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Industrial College of the Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_School_for_National_Security_and_Resource_Strategy"},{"link_name":"National Defense University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RADM_bio-5"}],"text":"Vice Adm. Fagan is promoted to the rank of admiral during a ceremony at Coast Guard Headquarters, June 18, 2021.Adm. Fagan assumes command of the United States Coast Guard from outgoing commandant, Adm. Karl L. Schultz on June 1, 2022.Born in Columbus, Ohio, Fagan graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy in 1985 with a B.S. degree in marine science. She later earned a Master of Marine Affairs degree from the University of Washington in 2000 and an M.S. degree in national security strategy from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces at the National Defense University in 2008.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard_Academy"},{"link_name":"United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sen. Richard Blumenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen._Richard_Blumenthal"},{"link_name":"Karl L. Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_L._Schultz"},{"link_name":"commandant of the Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Fagan took over as news broke of an investigation into rape and sexual assault in the Coast Guard Academy of which officials had failed to brief Congress. She apologized to the victims of the sexual assaults and pledged to be more transparent about the agency’s problems.[14] After listening to four women describe being sexually assaulted as U.S. Coast Guard Academy cadets, members of the United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations probing a \"culture of cover-up\" vowed to hold past and current Coast Guard leadership accountable.[15] [16]\"We're going to pursue those two individuals and others,\" said Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., chairman of the Subcommittee, referring to retired Admiral Karl L. Schultz, the former commandant of the Coast Guard, and his successor, the current commandant, Admiral Linda Fagan.[17][18] On December 19, 2023, the Subcommittee stated in a press release and a letter to Coast Guard Commandant Linda Fagan, “It is clear from this testimony, and the Subcommittee’s inquiry to date, that the Coast Guard’s culture of cover-up has allowed sexual assault and sexual harassment to persist for decades, both at the Academy and in the Coast Guard. It is equally apparent that accountability and systematic change at both the Coast Guard and the Academy are necessary to address past failures and to ensure that future cadets are protected.\" The Subcommittee demanded \"swift response\" to the inquiry and further indicated that \"[s]hould the Coast Guard continue to withhold or redact requested records, PSI will have no choice but to utilize other means to ensure compliance with congressional oversight.”[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-20"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Fagan is the daughter of Jon Harley Keene and Loann Carol (Morris) Keene.[20] Her daughter Aileen is also a United States Coast Guard Academy graduate.[21]","title":"Personal life and family"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Biographical Information and Qualifications of Linda L. Fagan\". U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Retrieved April 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/0F993919-6E34-4DAF-8ADA-D20831FC3CDD","url_text":"\"Biographical Information and Qualifications of Linda L. Fagan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Commerce Committee Coast Guard Nominee Questionnaire, 117th Congress - Linda L. Fagan\". U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Retrieved May 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/22827B23-AA23-4B31-90AB-56E77FCA4D6F","url_text":"\"Senate Commerce Committee Coast Guard Nominee Questionnaire, 117th Congress - Linda L. Fagan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adm. Linda Fagan Becomes USCG's First Female Four-Star Admiral\". The Maritime Executive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/adm-linda-fagan-becomes-u-s-coast-guard-s-first-four-star-admiral","url_text":"\"Adm. Linda Fagan Becomes USCG's First Female Four-Star Admiral\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vice Admiral Linda L. Fagan\". Retrieved April 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uscg.mil/Biographies/Display/Article/1391225/vice-admiral-linda-l-fagan/","url_text":"\"Vice Admiral Linda L. Fagan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rear Admiral Linda L. Fagan\" (PDF). Retrieved April 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Portals/10/senior_leaders/bio/LindaFagan.pdf","url_text":"\"Rear Admiral Linda L. Fagan\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Coast Guard Public Affairs (April 19, 2021). \"Vice Adm. Linda L. Fagan nominated to be Coast Guard Vice Commandant, first Coast Guard female 4-star admiral\". U.S. Coast Guard. Retrieved April 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCG/bulletins/2cd64a8","url_text":"\"Vice Adm. Linda L. Fagan nominated to be Coast Guard Vice Commandant, first Coast Guard female 4-star admiral\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by Secretary Mayorkas on President Biden's Nomination of Vice Adm. Fagan for USCG Vice Commandant\". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhs.gov/news/2021/04/19/statement-secretary-mayorkas-president-biden-s-nomination-vice-adm-fagan-uscg-vice","url_text":"\"Statement by Secretary Mayorkas on President Biden's Nomination of Vice Adm. Fagan for USCG Vice Commandant\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Coast Guard welcomes new vice commandant\". U.S. Coast Guard. June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCG/bulletins/2e4807b","url_text":"\"U.S. Coast Guard welcomes new vice commandant\""}]},{"reference":"LaGrone, Sam (April 5, 2022). \"Biden Nominates Adm. Linda Fagan to Head Coast Guard, First Woman to Lead Military Service\". USNI News. National Harbor, Maryland.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.usni.org/2022/04/05/biden-nominates-adm-linda-fagan-to-head-coast-guard-first-woman-to-lead-military-service","url_text":"\"Biden Nominates Adm. Linda Fagan to Head Coast Guard, First Woman to Lead Military Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Harbor,_Maryland","url_text":"National Harbor, Maryland"}]},{"reference":"Benson, Samuel (April 5, 2022). \"Biden to nominate first woman to lead a military service\". Politico.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/biden-nominate-first-woman-lead-military-service-00023037?_amp=true","url_text":"\"Biden to nominate first woman to lead a military service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"\"PN1947 — Adm. Linda L. Fagan — Coast Guard, 117th Congress (2021-2022)\". U.S. Congress. April 7, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1947?s=1&r=8","url_text":"\"PN1947 — Adm. Linda L. Fagan — Coast Guard, 117th Congress (2021-2022)\""}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, Connor (May 11, 2022). \"Coast Guard admiral approved to be first woman to lead a military service\". Politico.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/11/coast-guard-confirmed-first-woman-military-service-00031991","url_text":"\"Coast Guard admiral approved to be first woman to lead a military service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"\"Fagan to be first woman to serve as Coast Guard commandant\". Workboat. April 12, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.workboat.com/coast-guard/fagan-to-be-first-woman-to-serve-as-coast-guard-commandant","url_text":"\"Fagan to be first woman to serve as Coast Guard commandant\""}]},{"reference":"Hicken, Melanie (August 8, 2023). \"Former Coast Guard head covered up secret investigation into sexual assaults at the Coast Guard Academy\". CNN. Retrieved August 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/08/politics/coast-guard-sexual-assault-coverup-invs/index.html","url_text":"\"Former Coast Guard head covered up secret investigation into sexual assaults at the Coast Guard Academy\""}]},{"reference":"Blumenthal, Richard (September 14, 2023). \"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Opens Inquiry Into Coast Guard's Lack of Transparency on Sexual Assault Investigation\". Senator Richard Blumenthal Press Release. Retrieved December 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blumenthal.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/permanent-subcommittee-on-investigations-opens-inquiry-into-coast-guards-lack-of-transparency-on-sexual-assault-investigation","url_text":"\"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Opens Inquiry Into Coast Guard's Lack of Transparency on Sexual Assault Investigation\""}]},{"reference":"Recchia, Frank (December 17, 2023). \"Sen. Blumenthal continues to fight for survivors of Coast Guard Academy assault\". News 12 Connecticut. Retrieved December 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://connecticut.news12.com/sen-blumenthal-continues-to-fight-for-survivors-of-coast-guard-academy-assault","url_text":"\"Sen. Blumenthal continues to fight for survivors of Coast Guard Academy assault\""}]},{"reference":"Hallenbeck, Brian (December 12, 2023). \"Senate panel to pursue Coast Guard leadership over academy sexual assault coverup\". The New London Day. Retrieved December 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/senate-panel-pursue-coast-guard-013100141.html","url_text":"\"Senate panel to pursue Coast Guard leadership over academy sexual assault coverup\""}]},{"reference":"Hicken, Melanie (December 12, 2023). \"'No consequences': Women testify about sexual harassment and assault at Coast Guard Academy\". CNN. Retrieved December 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/12/politics/coast-guard-hearing-survivors-testimony-invs/index.html","url_text":"\"'No consequences': Women testify about sexual harassment and assault at Coast Guard Academy\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Ron (December 19, 2023). \"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Demands Swift Response to Inquiry into Sexual Assault & Harassment at the Coast Guard Academy\". Senator Ron Johnson Press Release. Retrieved December 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ronjohnson.senate.gov/2023/12/permanent-subcommittee-on-investigations-demands-swift-response-to-inquiry-into-sexual-assault-harassment-at-the-coast-guard-academy","url_text":"\"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Demands Swift Response to Inquiry into Sexual Assault & Harassment at the Coast Guard Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Certificate of Birth\". Birth Records. No. 106567. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Vital Records Office. 1963.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Nomination Hearing for U.S. Coast Guard Commandant Nominee Admiral Linda Fagan\". U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science & Transportation. April 28, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2022/4/nomination-hearing-for-u-s-coast-guard-commandant-nominee-admiral-linda-fagan","url_text":"\"Nomination Hearing for U.S. Coast Guard Commandant Nominee Admiral Linda Fagan\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/0F993919-6E34-4DAF-8ADA-D20831FC3CDD","external_links_name":"\"Biographical Information and Qualifications of Linda L. Fagan\""},{"Link":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/22827B23-AA23-4B31-90AB-56E77FCA4D6F","external_links_name":"\"Senate Commerce Committee Coast Guard Nominee Questionnaire, 117th Congress - Linda L. Fagan\""},{"Link":"https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/adm-linda-fagan-becomes-u-s-coast-guard-s-first-four-star-admiral","external_links_name":"\"Adm. Linda Fagan Becomes USCG's First Female Four-Star Admiral\""},{"Link":"https://www.uscg.mil/Biographies/Display/Article/1391225/vice-admiral-linda-l-fagan/","external_links_name":"\"Vice Admiral Linda L. Fagan\""},{"Link":"https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Portals/10/senior_leaders/bio/LindaFagan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rear Admiral Linda L. Fagan\""},{"Link":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCG/bulletins/2cd64a8","external_links_name":"\"Vice Adm. Linda L. Fagan nominated to be Coast Guard Vice Commandant, first Coast Guard female 4-star admiral\""},{"Link":"https://www.dhs.gov/news/2021/04/19/statement-secretary-mayorkas-president-biden-s-nomination-vice-adm-fagan-uscg-vice","external_links_name":"\"Statement by Secretary Mayorkas on President Biden's Nomination of Vice Adm. Fagan for USCG Vice Commandant\""},{"Link":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCG/bulletins/2e4807b","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Coast Guard welcomes new vice commandant\""},{"Link":"https://news.usni.org/2022/04/05/biden-nominates-adm-linda-fagan-to-head-coast-guard-first-woman-to-lead-military-service","external_links_name":"\"Biden Nominates Adm. Linda Fagan to Head Coast Guard, First Woman to Lead Military Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/biden-nominate-first-woman-lead-military-service-00023037?_amp=true","external_links_name":"\"Biden to nominate first woman to lead a military service\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1947?s=1&r=8","external_links_name":"\"PN1947 — Adm. Linda L. Fagan — Coast Guard, 117th Congress (2021-2022)\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/11/coast-guard-confirmed-first-woman-military-service-00031991","external_links_name":"\"Coast Guard admiral approved to be first woman to lead a military service\""},{"Link":"https://www.workboat.com/coast-guard/fagan-to-be-first-woman-to-serve-as-coast-guard-commandant","external_links_name":"\"Fagan to be first woman to serve as Coast Guard commandant\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/08/politics/coast-guard-sexual-assault-coverup-invs/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Coast Guard head covered up secret investigation into sexual assaults at the Coast Guard Academy\""},{"Link":"https://www.blumenthal.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/permanent-subcommittee-on-investigations-opens-inquiry-into-coast-guards-lack-of-transparency-on-sexual-assault-investigation","external_links_name":"\"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Opens Inquiry Into Coast Guard's Lack of Transparency on Sexual Assault Investigation\""},{"Link":"https://connecticut.news12.com/sen-blumenthal-continues-to-fight-for-survivors-of-coast-guard-academy-assault","external_links_name":"\"Sen. Blumenthal continues to fight for survivors of Coast Guard Academy assault\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/senate-panel-pursue-coast-guard-013100141.html","external_links_name":"\"Senate panel to pursue Coast Guard leadership over academy sexual assault coverup\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/12/politics/coast-guard-hearing-survivors-testimony-invs/index.html","external_links_name":"\"'No consequences': Women testify about sexual harassment and assault at Coast Guard Academy\""},{"Link":"https://www.ronjohnson.senate.gov/2023/12/permanent-subcommittee-on-investigations-demands-swift-response-to-inquiry-into-sexual-assault-harassment-at-the-coast-guard-academy","external_links_name":"\"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Demands Swift Response to Inquiry into Sexual Assault & Harassment at the Coast Guard Academy\""},{"Link":"https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2022/4/nomination-hearing-for-u-s-coast-guard-commandant-nominee-admiral-linda-fagan","external_links_name":"\"Nomination Hearing for U.S. Coast Guard Commandant Nominee Admiral Linda Fagan\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_L._Fagan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hall_(supervisor)
Tony Hall (supervisor)
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 San Francisco Board of Supervisors","2.2 Treasure Island Development Authority","2.3 Investigation","2.4 Other work","3 References","4 External links"]
American elected official This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tony Hall" supervisor – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tony HallMember of theSan Francisco Board of Supervisorsfrom District 7In office2000–2004Preceded byMabel TengSucceeded bySean Elsbernd Personal detailsNationalityAmericanAlma materUCLA Anthony Hall (born 1942) is a former American elected official. He was a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from 2000 to 2004. He resigned in 2004 to accept appointment as executive director of the Treasure Island Development Authority, a post he held for only 14 months. Hall later filed papers for running against the incumbent Newsom in the 2007 mayoral election but dropped out before the election, citing Newsom's entrenchment. He was known as the lone conservative on the Board of Supervisors and surprised the other board members when he supported Matt Gonzalez's successful bid for president of the board. Early life Born in Los Angeles, Hall attended Loyola High School and graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles with a degree in economics and public administration. He moved to San Francisco in 1964. His volunteer and civic activities have included singing Mass at St. Brendan's Church on Sundays, volunteering as a track coach at St. Ignatius Prep School, and announcing the San Francisco’s St. Patrick's Day Parade. Hall and his band "The Hallmarks" perform at weddings and are a mainstay of the San Francisco music scene. Career He is a former Executive Assistant to the Presiding Judge of the San Francisco Superior Court. San Francisco Board of Supervisors In 2000, Hall was elected to represent District 7 on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. The San Francisco Chronicle said of Hall at the time: "Hall's politics are old-school San Francisco, and he plans to keep it that way". The Chronicle described Hall as "focused on neighborhoods the same way that supervisors were in the late 1970s during the city's first attempt at district elections". He was praised unanimously in a resolution by his colleagues calling Hall "a dedicated legislator serving with integrity, intelligence, and a willingness to work with all parties for the common good of the City". As a Supervisor, Hall: Led the restoration/renovation of the Harding Park Golf Course, resulting in the acquisition of annual PGA tournaments, which have provided the City with millions in revenue. Introduced and passed legislation for the re-build of Laguna Honda Home for the aged. Spearheaded the reconstruction of the Ocean Avenue commercial district. Led the renewal and reconstruction of the City’s Youth Guidance Center. Worked with state and local agencies and private entities to solve the Lake Merced water loss/level problem. Led the restoration and beautification of the City’s Great Highway and the adjoining Ocean Beach. Preserved and initiated maintenance for parks and open spaces, including the building of sports fields, and incorporated after-school recreational and educational programs for youth. Implemented programs within his district to calm traffic in conjunction with street beautification projects. Drafted the "Blueprint for Homeless Reform Policy", introduced in 2001, was the product of a 15-year personal study which encompassed a 7-point package of ordinances and resolutions which established quality of life and civility laws and mandated policy changes within the homeless industry. Hall directly questioned the efficacy of then-Supervisor Gavin Newsom’s "Care-Not-Cash" initiative. Implemented the Safely Surrendered Baby Law (Senate Bill 1368) for San Francisco and passed the Safe Haven for Newborns legislation. Treasure Island Development Authority Hall served on the Board of Supervisors until August 2004, when Mayor Gavin Newsom asked Hall to assume the post of Executive Director of the Treasure Island Development Authority. Mayor Newsom publicly stated that his choice was due to Hall's record of accomplishments in the area of public facilities and special projects. Newsom appointed Sean Elsbernd to replace Hall on the Board of Supervisors. Hall conducted on-going meetings with the developer regarding plans and contract compliance issues, as well as parallel interaction with the United States Navy principals responsible for re-conveyance of the property to San Francisco. The Navy had become skeptical of San Francisco's sincerity and the ability of the developer to issue a concrete redevelopment plan after more than seven years. Newsom insisted upon a renewal of the developer's contract, despite the fact that the developer had not met its terms; there were substantial payment shortfalls for specific developmental milestones, and a series of discarded timetable extensions. Newsom also insisted that other "partners" be allowed to join the development team without going through the public bidding process as mandated by the City Charter. In October 2005, the Treasure Island Development Authority voted to require the resignation of Tony Hall from the project "without cause". Hall subsequently warned of the dangers of development on Treasure Island, calling it a "seismically unsafe toxic landfill" on top of the San Andreas fault. Investigation In 2008, Hall was found guilty of campaign finance violations by the San Francisco Ethics Commission. Hall suggested that "the investigation against him was conspired by Mayor Gavin Newsom, Supervisor Sean Elsbernd and attorney Jim Sutton to prevent Hall from running against Newsom in 2007 and Elsbernd in 2008." Other work Since departing Treasure Island, Hall has maintained a blog on issues related to civic life in San Francisco, and is a columnist for the Westside Observer. In 2007, Hall began a campaign for San Francisco mayor to challenge Newsom, but dropped out. In March 2011, Hall announced he was running for mayor a second time, but his bid was unsuccessful. References ^ Ramakrishnan, Subramanian Karthick; Bloemraad, Irene (2008). Civic hopes and political realities: immigrants, community organizations, and political engagement. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-87154-701-9. ^ Matier, Phillip; Andrew Ross (10 October 2005). "Treasure Island's big developer slams Tony Hall". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 16 April 2011. ^ Lelchuk, Ilene (6 February 2001). "Gonzalez calls the mayor a liar / Brown denies he said candidate is a racist". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ a b c d e Lelchuk, Ilene (6 February 2001). "A New Song Tony Hall has brought a booming voice and feisty energy to the S.F. Board of Supervisors". San Francisco Chronicle. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Resolution commending Tony Hall for his distinguished service as Supervisor of the City and County of San Francisco" (PDF). www.sfbos.org. San Francisco. 17 August 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2023. ^ Gordon, Rachel (9 April 2002). "Supervisors see election results as sign of support". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Murphy, Brian (28 March 2002). "New and Improved Golf Courses Are Springing Up / Renovating Harding Park could bring PGA Tour in 2002". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Murphy, Brian (6 September 2010). "Harding Park bill clearing final hurdles -- maybe". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ "Board of Supervisors |". ^ Gordon, Rachel (13 August 2002). "SF Supervisorial Candidates: District 7". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ "Tony Hall: We Must Rebuild". www.sfrichmondreview.com. San Francisco. Archived from the original on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2023. ^ Stienstra, Tom (5 September 2010). "The fine print behind Lake Merced agreement". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ "SF Supervisor Hall joins homeless crackdown". 15 January 2002. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Resolution establishing a Safe Haven for Newborns Task Force…" (PDF). www.sfbos.org. 16 August 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2023. ^ Gordon, Rachel (31 August 2010). "Board gives maverick Hall a fond farewell". San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Gordon, Rachel (2 September 2010). "SAN FRANCISCO / Newsom confirms he wants Hall for job / 2 panels must OK supervisor to run Treasure Island". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Goodyear, Charlie (29 August 2010). "SAN FRANCISCO / Treasure Island chief decries development delay". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ "Hall Fired Mayor Indicates Treasure Island Reorganization". ^ Vega, Cecilia M. (13 October 2005). "SAN FRANCISCO / Treasure Island chief may lose job in vote set today / Newsom speaks to board of directors about his concerns". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Pellissier, Hank (21 August 2010). "Local Intelligence – Building 1". The New York Times. ^ http://www.fogcityjournal.com/wordpress/955/hall-guilty-on-two-counts-of-campaign-finance-violations/ ^ "An open letter to San Francisco as I announce my formal candidacy for SF Mayor today". tonyhallsf.wordpress.com. San Francisco. Archived from the original on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2023. ^ "Bay Area Reporter". ^ Sabatini, Joshua (29 December 2010). "Tony Hall tweets intent to run for mayor". www.sfexaminer.com. San Francisco: The Examiner. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2023. External links Campaign website Political offices Preceded byDistrict Created Member of the San Francisco Board of SupervisorsDistrict 7 2000–2004 Succeeded bySean Elsbernd
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Board of Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RamakrishnanBloemraad2008-1"},{"link_name":"Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(California)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2007 mayoral election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_mayoral_election,_2007"},{"link_name":"Matt Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Gonzalez"}],"text":"Anthony Hall (born 1942) is a former American elected official. He was a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from 2000 to 2004.[1] He resigned in 2004 to accept appointment as executive director of the Treasure Island Development Authority,[2] a post he held for only 14 months. Hall later filed papers for running against the incumbent Newsom in the 2007 mayoral election but dropped out before the election, citing Newsom's entrenchment.\nHe was known as the lone conservative on the Board of Supervisors and surprised the other board members when he supported Matt Gonzalez's successful bid for president of the board.","title":"Tony Hall (supervisor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lelchuk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lelchuk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lelchuk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lelchuk-4"}],"text":"Born in Los Angeles, Hall attended Loyola High School and graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles with a degree in economics and public administration. He moved to San Francisco in 1964.[3] His volunteer and civic activities have included singing Mass at St. Brendan's Church on Sundays,[4] volunteering as a track coach at St. Ignatius Prep School,[4] and announcing the San Francisco’s St. Patrick's Day Parade.[4]Hall and his band \"The Hallmarks\" perform at weddings and are a mainstay of the San Francisco music scene.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Superior_Court"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He is a former Executive Assistant to the Presiding Judge of the San Francisco Superior Court.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbos.org-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lelchuk-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbos.org-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbos.org-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbos.org-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbos.org-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbos.org-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Great Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Highway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbos.org-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbos.org-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfbos.org-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"San Francisco Board of Supervisors","text":"In 2000, Hall was elected to represent District 7 on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.[5]The San Francisco Chronicle said of Hall at the time: \"Hall's politics are old-school San Francisco, and he plans to keep it that way\". The Chronicle described Hall as \"focused on neighborhoods the same way that supervisors were in the late 1970s during the city's first attempt at district elections\".[4] He was praised unanimously in a resolution by his colleagues calling Hall \"a dedicated legislator serving with integrity, intelligence, and a willingness to work with all parties for the common good of the City\".[5]As a Supervisor, Hall:Led the restoration/renovation of the Harding Park Golf Course, resulting in the acquisition of annual PGA tournaments, which have provided the City with millions in revenue.[6][7][8]\nIntroduced and passed legislation for the re-build of Laguna Honda Home for the aged.[5][9][10]\nSpearheaded the reconstruction of the Ocean Avenue commercial district.[5]\nLed the renewal and reconstruction of the City’s Youth Guidance Center.[5][11]\nWorked with state and local agencies and private entities to solve the Lake Merced water loss/level problem.[5][12]\nLed the restoration and beautification of the City’s Great Highway and the adjoining Ocean Beach.[5]\nPreserved and initiated maintenance for parks and open spaces, including the building of sports fields, and incorporated after-school recreational and educational programs for youth.[5]\nImplemented programs within his district to calm traffic in conjunction with street beautification projects.[5]\nDrafted the \"Blueprint for Homeless Reform Policy\", introduced in 2001, was the product of a 15-year personal study which encompassed a 7-point package of ordinances and resolutions which established quality of life and civility laws and mandated policy changes within the homeless industry. Hall directly questioned the efficacy of then-Supervisor Gavin Newsom’s \"Care-Not-Cash\" initiative.[13]\nImplemented the Safely Surrendered Baby Law (Senate Bill 1368) for San Francisco and passed the Safe Haven for Newborns legislation.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sean Elsbernd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Elsbernd"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Treasure Island Development Authority","text":"Hall served on the Board of Supervisors until August 2004,[15] when Mayor Gavin Newsom asked Hall to assume the post of Executive Director of the Treasure Island Development Authority. Mayor Newsom publicly stated that his choice was due to Hall's record of accomplishments in the area of public facilities and special projects.[16] Newsom appointed Sean Elsbernd to replace Hall on the Board of Supervisors.Hall conducted on-going meetings with the developer regarding plans and contract compliance issues, as well as parallel interaction with the United States Navy principals responsible for re-conveyance of the property to San Francisco. The Navy had become skeptical of San Francisco's sincerity and the ability of the developer to issue a concrete redevelopment plan after more than seven years. Newsom insisted upon a renewal of the developer's contract, despite the fact that the developer had not met its terms; there were substantial payment shortfalls for specific developmental milestones, and a series of discarded timetable extensions. Newsom also insisted that other \"partners\" be allowed to join the development team without going through the public bidding process as mandated by the City Charter.[17]In October 2005, the Treasure Island Development Authority voted to require the resignation of Tony Hall from the project \"without cause\".[18][19] Hall subsequently warned of the dangers of development on Treasure Island, calling it a \"seismically unsafe toxic landfill\" on top of the San Andreas fault.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Ethics Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Ethics_Commission"},{"link_name":"Sean Elsbernd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Elsbernd"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Investigation","text":"In 2008, Hall was found guilty of campaign finance violations by the San Francisco Ethics Commission. Hall suggested that \"the investigation against him was conspired by Mayor Gavin Newsom, Supervisor Sean Elsbernd and attorney Jim Sutton to prevent Hall from running against Newsom in 2007 and Elsbernd in 2008.\"[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Other work","text":"Since departing Treasure Island, Hall has maintained a blog on issues related to civic life in San Francisco, and is a columnist for the Westside Observer.[22]In 2007, Hall began a campaign for San Francisco mayor to challenge Newsom, but dropped out.[23] In March 2011, Hall announced he was running for mayor a second time,[24] but his bid was unsuccessful.","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ramakrishnan, Subramanian Karthick; Bloemraad, Irene (2008). Civic hopes and political realities: immigrants, community organizations, and political engagement. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-87154-701-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=woFWKhnAJGMC&pg=PA344","url_text":"Civic hopes and political realities: immigrants, community organizations, and political engagement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-701-9","url_text":"978-0-87154-701-9"}]},{"reference":"Matier, Phillip; Andrew Ross (10 October 2005). \"Treasure Island's big developer slams Tony Hall\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 16 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-10-10/bay-area/17393277_1_treasure-island-development-authority-city-hall-mayor-s-office","url_text":"\"Treasure Island's big developer slams Tony Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Lelchuk, Ilene (6 February 2001). \"Gonzalez calls the mayor a liar / Brown denies he said candidate is a racist\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sfgate.com/2001-02-06/news/17585618_1_irish-american-wedding-singer-political-appointees","url_text":"\"Gonzalez calls the mayor a liar / Brown denies he said candidate is a racist\""}]},{"reference":"Lelchuk, Ilene (6 February 2001). \"A New Song Tony Hall has brought a booming voice and feisty energy to the S.F. Board of Supervisors\". San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/02/06/MN100340.DTL&ao=2","url_text":"\"A New Song Tony Hall has brought a booming voice and feisty energy to the S.F. Board of Supervisors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resolution commending Tony Hall for his distinguished service as Supervisor of the City and County of San Francisco\" (PDF). www.sfbos.org. San Francisco. 17 August 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfbos.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/bdsupvrs/resolutions04/r0532-04.pdf","url_text":"\"Resolution commending Tony Hall for his distinguished service as Supervisor of the City and County of San Francisco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco","url_text":"San Francisco"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100207075645/http://www.sfbos.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/bdsupvrs/resolutions04/r0532-04.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Rachel (9 April 2002). \"Supervisors see election results as sign of support\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sfgate.com/2002-04-09/bay-area/17539964_1_tee-times-san-franciscans-harding","url_text":"\"Supervisors see election results as sign of support\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Brian (28 March 2002). \"New and Improved Golf Courses Are Springing Up / Renovating Harding Park could bring PGA Tour in 2002\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sfgate.com/2002-03-28/sports/17535579_1_harding-park-new-plan-approved","url_text":"\"New and Improved Golf Courses Are Springing Up / Renovating Harding Park could bring PGA Tour in 2002\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Brian (6 September 2010). \"Harding Park bill clearing final hurdles -- maybe\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/04/07/SP222774.DTL","url_text":"\"Harding Park bill clearing final hurdles -- maybe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Supervisors |\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfbos.org/index.aspx?page=1463","url_text":"\"Board of Supervisors |\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Rachel (13 August 2002). \"SF Supervisorial Candidates: District 7\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sfgate.com/2002-08-13/bay-area/17558362_1_twin-peaks-fund-construction-supervisors","url_text":"\"SF Supervisorial Candidates: District 7\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Hall: We Must Rebuild\". www.sfrichmondreview.com. San Francisco. Archived from the original on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060529035232/http://www.sfrichmondreview.com/archives/richmondreview/2002editions/July02/hallcol.html","url_text":"\"Tony Hall: We Must Rebuild\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco","url_text":"San Francisco"},{"url":"http://www.sfrichmondreview.com/archives/richmondreview/2002editions/July02/hallcol.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stienstra, Tom (5 September 2010). \"The fine print behind Lake Merced agreement\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/07/07/SP224336.DTL","url_text":"\"The fine print behind Lake Merced agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"SF Supervisor Hall joins homeless crackdown\". 15 January 2002. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100716025001/http://hpn.asu.edu/archives/2002-January/005342.html","url_text":"\"SF Supervisor Hall joins homeless crackdown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resolution establishing a Safe Haven for Newborns Task Force…\" (PDF). www.sfbos.org. 16 August 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfbos.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/bdsupvrs/resolutions02/r0615-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Resolution establishing a Safe Haven for Newborns Task Force…\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100207071420/http://www.sfbos.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/bdsupvrs/resolutions02/r0615-02.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Rachel (31 August 2010). \"Board gives maverick Hall a fond farewell\". San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/20/WBGFF86G8P1.DTL","url_text":"\"Board gives maverick Hall a fond farewell\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Rachel (2 September 2010). \"SAN FRANCISCO / Newsom confirms he wants Hall for job / 2 panels must OK supervisor to run Treasure Island\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/01/BAGD68104S1.DTL","url_text":"\"SAN FRANCISCO / Newsom confirms he wants Hall for job / 2 panels must OK supervisor to run Treasure Island\""}]},{"reference":"Goodyear, Charlie (29 August 2010). \"SAN FRANCISCO / Treasure Island chief decries development delay\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/09/27/BAG4OEUHMT1.DTL","url_text":"\"SAN FRANCISCO / Treasure Island chief decries development delay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall Fired Mayor Indicates Treasure Island Reorganization\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fogcityjournal.com/news_in_brief/hall_fired_051012.shtml","url_text":"\"Hall Fired Mayor Indicates Treasure Island Reorganization\""}]},{"reference":"Vega, Cecilia M. (13 October 2005). \"SAN FRANCISCO / Treasure Island chief may lose job in vote set today / Newsom speaks to board of directors about his concerns\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-10-13/bay-area/17395876_1_island-s-board-treasure-island-development-authority-city-hall","url_text":"\"SAN FRANCISCO / Treasure Island chief may lose job in vote set today / Newsom speaks to board of directors about his concerns\""}]},{"reference":"Pellissier, Hank (21 August 2010). \"Local Intelligence – Building 1\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/us/22bcintel.html?_r=2","url_text":"\"Local Intelligence – Building 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"An open letter to San Francisco as I announce my formal candidacy for SF Mayor today\". tonyhallsf.wordpress.com. San Francisco. Archived from the original on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://tonyhallsf.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"An open letter to San Francisco as I announce my formal candidacy for SF Mayor today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco","url_text":"San Francisco"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110108174117/http://tonyhallsf.wordpress.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bay Area Reporter\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=2114","url_text":"\"Bay Area Reporter\""}]},{"reference":"Sabatini, Joshua (29 December 2010). \"Tony Hall tweets intent to run for mayor\". www.sfexaminer.com. San Francisco: The Examiner. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231044946/http://www.sfexaminer.com/blogs/under-dome/2010/12/tony-hall-tweets-his-intent-run-mayor","url_text":"\"Tony Hall tweets intent to run for mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco","url_text":"San Francisco"},{"url":"http://www.sfexaminer.com/blogs/under-dome/2010/12/tony-hall-tweets-his-intent-run-mayor","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_30_(Oklahoma)
Oklahoma State Highway 30
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Junction list","4 References","5 External links"]
Route map: Highway in Oklahoma State Highway 30Route informationMaintained by ODOTLength84.4 mi (135.8 km)ExistedMarch 31, 1936–presentMajor junctionsSouth end US 62 in HollisMajor intersections SH-9 near Madge I-40 / I-40 BL in Erick North endDurham LocationCountryUnited StatesStateOklahoma Highway system Oklahoma State Highway System Interstate US State Turnpikes ← SH-29→ SH-31 Southbound in Erick, Oklahoma State Highway 30 (abbreviated SH-30) is a state highway in Oklahoma. It runs 84.4 miles (135.8 km) south-to-north along the western edge of the state, from U.S. Highway 62 (US-62) in Hollis to the town of Durham, two miles (3 km) north of SH-33. It passes through Harmon, Beckham and Roger Mills counties. SH-30 does not have any letter-suffixed spur routes branching from it. The SH-30 designation dates back to March 31, 1936, when it spanned from Erick to Sweetwater. The highway gradually evolved over the years, reaching its current form in 1970. Route description SH-30 begins at US-62 in Hollis, the seat of Harmon County. It travels north through very sparsely populated terrain to the unincorporated settlement of McKnight, about six miles (9.7 km) north of Hollis. North of McKnight, the highway crosses the Salt Fork of the Red River. SH-30 has a junction with SH-9, nine miles (14 km) north of McKnight. For the next 22 miles (35 km) through rural Western Oklahoma, SH-30 roughly parallels the Texas state line, lying generally about five miles (8.0 km) west of it. The highway bridges over the Elm Fork of the Red River about two miles (3.2 km) before crossing into Beckham County. Two miles (3.2 km) west of Erick, SH-30 intersects Interstate 40 Business. SH-30 begins a concurrency with the business loop, traveling east into the town. In Erick, SH-30 turns back to the north, interchanging with Interstate 40, then crossing the North Fork of the Red River and running through the unincorporated settlement of Mayfield. About fifteen miles (24 km) north of Erick, it comes to an intersection with SH-152 in Sweetwater. At this point, it crosses into Roger Mills County. From Sweetwater, SH-30 travels north for fourteen miles (23 km) to SH-47, which it joins for three miles (4.8 km), to the town of Reydon. Leaving Reydon, SH-30 continues alone across the Black Kettle National Grassland, continuing north for twelve miles (19 km) to its junction with SH-33. After crossing SH-33, SH-30 continues on for two miles (3.2 km) to its terminus at a local road at Durham. History State Highway 30 was added to the highway system on March 31, 1936. At this time, SH-30 began at US-66 in Erick and ended at what was then numbered SH-41 (present-day SH-152) in Sweetwater. On November 18, the highway was extended west along US-66, then south, setting its southern terminus at its present location at US-62 in Hollis. The 1937 state highway map was the first to show SH-30. The following year, a large portion of the highway was removed from the state highway system. On October 19, 1937, between the SH-9 junction and US-66, the route ceased to be maintained by the Department of Highways. SH-30 still appeared as such on the 1938 state highway map, but with dashed lines, indicating the route was not maintained. By the 1940 edition, SH-30 was not marked at all on the map between just north of SH-9 to US-66 west of Erick. As a result, SH-30 was effectively in two sections, one running from Hollis to SH-9, and another between Erick and Sweetwater. On April 14, 1941, the southern SH-30 was extended further to the south. The highway proceeded east from Hollis along US-62, then, at Gould, turned south along what was previously an unnumbered farm-to-market road. The route turned back east to end at SH-34 and SH-44 in Eldorado. This extension encompassed all of the present-day western SH-5. By January 1942, however, this extension of SH-30 would be split off to form the new SH-90. The two sections of SH-30 were reunited on August 13, 1945, with the reincorporation of the SH-9 to Erick stretch into the route. The newly-continuous highway was extended north three months later on November 21, when it was extended north of Sweetwater for the first time, ending in Reydon (concurrent with SH-47). On February 7, 1955, SH-30 was extended north to Durham. From the late 1950s through the 1960s, SH-30 extended south to the Texas state line. On February 18, 1958, the highway was extended to run west along US-62, then split off to the south two miles (3.2 km) east of the north–south Texas state line. The highway then ended at a bridge over the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River, the southern Oklahoma–Texas boundary. The route was truncated back to Hollis on March 2, 1970. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes HarmonHollis0.00.0 US 62Southern terminus ​15.124.3 SH-9 Beckham​37.059.5 I-40 BLWestern end of I-40 Bus. concurrency Erick39.0762.88 I-40 BLEastern end of I-40 Bus. concurrency 39.9564.29 I-40Interchange, I-40 exit 7 Roger MillsSweetwater54.5087.71 SH-152 Rankin68.56110.34 SH-47Southern end of SH-47 concurrency Reydon71.43114.96 SH-47Northern end of SH-47 concurrency ​82.46132.71 SH-33 Durham84.45135.91E0810 RoadNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus References ^ a b Google (September 14, 2013). "Oklahoma State Highway 30" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 14, 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h Oklahoma Department of Transportation. "Memorial Dedication and Revision History, SH 30". Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2010-03-19. ^ a b c Oklahoma Atlas and Gazetteer (Map). 1:200,000. DeLorme. 2006. ^ a b c Official State Map (PDF) (Map) (2009–10 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2010-03-18. ^ Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (April 1937 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19. ^ Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (April 1938 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19. ^ Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (April 1940 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19. ^ Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (April 1941 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19. ^ Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (January 1942 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19. ^ Oklahoma's Highways 1956 (PDF) (Map). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19. ^ 1958 Oklahoma Road Map (PDF) (Map). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Oklahoma State Highway 30KML is from Wikidata SH-30 at OKHighways
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_State_Highway_30_southbound,_Erick_Oklahoma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erick, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_62_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_33_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckham_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Roger Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mills_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Erick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Sweetwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater,_Oklahoma"}],"text":"Highway in OklahomaSouthbound in Erick, OklahomaState Highway 30 (abbreviated SH-30) is a state highway in Oklahoma. It runs 84.4 miles (135.8 km) south-to-north along the western edge of the state, from U.S. Highway 62 (US-62) in Hollis to the town of Durham, two miles (3 km) north of SH-33. It passes through Harmon, Beckham and Roger Mills counties. SH-30 does not have any letter-suffixed spur routes branching from it.The SH-30 designation dates back to March 31, 1936, when it spanned from Erick to Sweetwater. The highway gradually evolved over the years, reaching its current form in 1970.","title":"Oklahoma State Highway 30"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_62_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Harmon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"McKnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McKnight,_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salt Fork of the Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Fork_of_the_Red_River"},{"link_name":"SH-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_9_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delorme-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-2009-10-map-4"},{"link_name":"Elm Fork of the Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Fork_of_the_Red_River"},{"link_name":"Beckham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckham_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delorme-3"},{"link_name":"Erick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_Business_(Erick,_Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-40_(OK)"},{"link_name":"North Fork of the Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_of_the_Red_River"},{"link_name":"Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_152_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Sweetwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Roger Mills County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mills_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-2009-10-map-4"},{"link_name":"SH-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_47_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Reydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reydon,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Black Kettle National Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kettle_National_Grassland"},{"link_name":"SH-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_33_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-2009-10-map-4"}],"text":"SH-30 begins at US-62 in Hollis, the seat of Harmon County. It travels north through very sparsely populated terrain to the unincorporated settlement of McKnight, about six miles (9.7 km) north of Hollis. North of McKnight, the highway crosses the Salt Fork of the Red River. SH-30 has a junction with SH-9, nine miles (14 km) north of McKnight.[3] For the next 22 miles (35 km) through rural Western Oklahoma, SH-30 roughly parallels the Texas state line, lying generally about five miles (8.0 km) west of it.[4] The highway bridges over the Elm Fork of the Red River about two miles (3.2 km) before crossing into Beckham County.[3]Two miles (3.2 km) west of Erick, SH-30 intersects Interstate 40 Business. SH-30 begins a concurrency with the business loop, traveling east into the town. In Erick, SH-30 turns back to the north, interchanging with Interstate 40, then crossing the North Fork of the Red River and running through the unincorporated settlement of Mayfield. About fifteen miles (24 km) north of Erick, it comes to an intersection with SH-152 in Sweetwater. At this point, it crosses into Roger Mills County.[4]From Sweetwater, SH-30 travels north for fourteen miles (23 km) to SH-47, which it joins for three miles (4.8 km), to the town of Reydon. Leaving Reydon, SH-30 continues alone across the Black Kettle National Grassland, continuing north for twelve miles (19 km) to its junction with SH-33. After crossing SH-33, SH-30 continues on for two miles (3.2 km) to its terminus at a local road at Durham.[4]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US-66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-66_(OK)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-1937-map-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-1938-map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-1940-map-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-2"},{"link_name":"Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH-34_(OK)"},{"link_name":"SH-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH-44_(OK)"},{"link_name":"Eldorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH-5_(OK)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-1941-map-8"},{"link_name":"SH-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH-90_(OK)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-1942-map-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-1956-map-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-2"},{"link_name":"Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Dog_Town_Fork_of_the_Red_River"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-1958-map-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-2"}],"text":"State Highway 30 was added to the highway system on March 31, 1936. At this time, SH-30 began at US-66 in Erick and ended at what was then numbered SH-41 (present-day SH-152) in Sweetwater. On November 18, the highway was extended west along US-66, then south, setting its southern terminus at its present location at US-62 in Hollis.[2] The 1937 state highway map was the first to show SH-30.[5]The following year, a large portion of the highway was removed from the state highway system. On October 19, 1937, between the SH-9 junction and US-66, the route ceased to be maintained by the Department of Highways.[2] SH-30 still appeared as such on the 1938 state highway map, but with dashed lines, indicating the route was not maintained.[6] By the 1940 edition, SH-30 was not marked at all on the map between just north of SH-9 to US-66 west of Erick. As a result, SH-30 was effectively in two sections, one running from Hollis to SH-9, and another between Erick and Sweetwater.[7]On April 14, 1941, the southern SH-30 was extended further to the south.[2] The highway proceeded east from Hollis along US-62, then, at Gould, turned south along what was previously an unnumbered farm-to-market road. The route turned back east to end at SH-34 and SH-44 in Eldorado. This extension encompassed all of the present-day western SH-5.[8] By January 1942, however, this extension of SH-30 would be split off to form the new SH-90.[9]The two sections of SH-30 were reunited on August 13, 1945, with the reincorporation of the SH-9 to Erick stretch into the route.[2] The newly-continuous highway was extended north three months later on November 21, when it was extended north of Sweetwater for the first time, ending in Reydon (concurrent with SH-47). On February 7, 1955, SH-30 was extended north to Durham.[2][10]From the late 1950s through the 1960s, SH-30 extended south to the Texas state line. On February 18, 1958,[2] the highway was extended to run west along US-62, then split off to the south two miles (3.2 km) east of the north–south Texas state line. The highway then ended at a bridge over the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River, the southern Oklahoma–Texas boundary.[11] The route was truncated back to Hollis on March 2, 1970.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junction list"}]
[{"image_text":"Southbound in Erick, Oklahoma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oklahoma_State_Highway_30_southbound%2C_Erick_Oklahoma.jpg/293px-Oklahoma_State_Highway_30_southbound%2C_Erick_Oklahoma.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Google (September 14, 2013). \"Oklahoma State Highway 30\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=N+8th+St&daddr=OK-30+N+to:Unknown+road+to:Roger+Miller+Blvd+to:OK-30+N+to:N1720+Rd+to:OK-30+N+to:OK-30+N%2FOK-47+W+to:OK-30+N+to:OK-30+N&hl=en&ll=35.285985,-99.934387&spn=1.27343,2.469177&sll=35.841734,-99.925203&sspn=0.00494,0.009645&geocode=FagzEQId0XUL-g%3BFa6JFAIdL2wL-g%3BFbhUGQIdp58L-g%3BFXlWGQId8icM-g%3BFbiCGQIdSxYM-g%3BFQGAHAIdBXkL-g%3BFe-WHwId-YQL-g%3BFS4IIAIdokAL-g%3BFZN2IgId7kEL-g%3BFfjnIgIdI0IL-g&mra=mi&mrsp=9&sz=17&t=m&z=9","url_text":"\"Oklahoma State Highway 30\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Oklahoma Department of Transportation. \"Memorial Dedication and Revision History, SH 30\". Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2010-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/legal/sh30.htm","url_text":"\"Memorial Dedication and Revision History, SH 30\""}]},{"reference":"Oklahoma Atlas and Gazetteer (Map). 1:200,000. DeLorme. 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Official State Map (PDF) (Map) (2009–10 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2010-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/2009state/pdfs/state-map.pdf","url_text":"Official State Map"}]},{"reference":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (April 1937 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1937.pdf","url_text":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"}]},{"reference":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (April 1938 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1938.pdf","url_text":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"}]},{"reference":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (April 1940 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1940.pdf","url_text":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"}]},{"reference":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (April 1941 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1941.pdf","url_text":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"}]},{"reference":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System (PDF) (Map) (January 1942 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1942.pdf","url_text":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"}]},{"reference":"Oklahoma's Highways 1956 (PDF) (Map). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1956.pdf","url_text":"Oklahoma's Highways 1956"}]},{"reference":"1958 Oklahoma Road Map (PDF) (Map). Oklahoma Department of Highways. Retrieved 2010-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1958.pdf","url_text":"1958 Oklahoma Road Map"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=N+8th+St&daddr=OK-30+N+to:Unknown+road+to:Roger+Miller+Blvd+to:OK-30+N+to:N1720+Rd+to:OK-30+N+to:OK-30+N%2FOK-47+W+to:OK-30+N+to:OK-30+N&hl=en&ll=35.285985,-99.934387&spn=1.27343,2.469177&sll=35.841734,-99.925203&sspn=0.00494,0.009645&geocode=FagzEQId0XUL-g%3BFa6JFAIdL2wL-g%3BFbhUGQIdp58L-g%3BFXlWGQId8icM-g%3BFbiCGQIdSxYM-g%3BFQGAHAIdBXkL-g%3BFe-WHwId-YQL-g%3BFS4IIAIdokAL-g%3BFZN2IgId7kEL-g%3BFfjnIgIdI0IL-g&mra=mi&mrsp=9&sz=17&t=m&z=9","external_links_name":"\"Oklahoma State Highway 30\""},{"Link":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/legal/sh30.htm","external_links_name":"\"Memorial Dedication and Revision History, SH 30\""},{"Link":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/2009state/pdfs/state-map.pdf","external_links_name":"Official State Map"},{"Link":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1937.pdf","external_links_name":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"},{"Link":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1938.pdf","external_links_name":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"},{"Link":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1940.pdf","external_links_name":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"},{"Link":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1941.pdf","external_links_name":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"},{"Link":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1942.pdf","external_links_name":"Map Showing Condition of Improvement of the State Highway System"},{"Link":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1956.pdf","external_links_name":"Oklahoma's Highways 1956"},{"Link":"http://www.odot.org/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1958.pdf","external_links_name":"1958 Oklahoma Road Map"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Oklahoma_State_Highway_30&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Oklahoma_State_Highway_30&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.okhighways.com/","external_links_name":"SH-30 at OKHighways"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisa_Bakhtavar
Parisa Bakhtavar
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 References","4 External links"]
Iranian film and television director This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Parisa Bakhtavar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Parisa BakhtavarBakhtavar in 2016Born (1972-02-02) 2 February 1972 (age 52)Tehran, IranOccupationFilm directorYears active1992–presentSpouse Asghar Farhadi ​(m. 1990)​ChildrenSarinaSaghar Parisa Bakhtavar (Persian: پریسا بخت‌آور) is an Iranian film and television director born on August 16, 1972, in Tehran, Iran. Biography She is best known for her television series Poshte Konkooriha, which followes the lives of high school seniors studying for their college entrance exams. In 2008, Bakhtavar directed Tambourine, which is her debut film that features an ensemble cast. She is married to Iranian film director Asghar Farhadi. Filmography Film Tambourine (2008) Television Auntie Sara (1992) Childhood Notes (2001) Poshte Konkooriha (2002) I'm A Tenant (2004) References ^ (in Persian) Fars News Agency report on Dayereye Zangi ^ (in Persian) Mehr News article on Dayerey Zendegi External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parisa Bakhtavar. Parisa Bakhtavar at IMDb This article about an Iranian film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"}],"text":"Parisa Bakhtavar (Persian: پریسا بخت‌آور) is an Iranian film and television director born on August 16, 1972, in Tehran, Iran.","title":"Parisa Bakhtavar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tambourine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayere_Zangi"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fars-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehr-2"},{"link_name":"Asghar Farhadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi"}],"text":"She is best known for her television series Poshte Konkooriha, which followes the lives of high school seniors studying for their college entrance exams. In 2008, Bakhtavar directed Tambourine, which is her debut film that features an ensemble cast.[1][2]\nShe is married to Iranian film director Asghar Farhadi.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tambourine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayere_Zangi"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Tambourine (2008)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Auntie Sara (1992)\nChildhood Notes (2001)\nPoshte Konkooriha (2002)\nI'm A Tenant (2004)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieky_Holzken
Nieky Holzken
["1 Background","2 Career","2.1 K-1","2.2 Glory","2.3 Boxing","2.4 ONE Championship","3 Personal life","4 Titles","5 Kickboxing record","6 Professional boxing record","7 Special rules record","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Dutch kickboxer Nieky HolzkenBornNicolaas Hubertus Holzken (1983-12-16) December 16, 1983 (age 40)Helmond, NetherlandsOther namesThe NaturalHeight6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Weight170 lb (77 kg; 12 st 2 lb)DivisionLightweight Welterweight MiddleweightReach74 in (188 cm)StyleKickboxingFighting out ofHelmond, NetherlandsTeamGolden Glory (2006–2013) Team Holzken HelmondTrainerSjef WeberYears active2001–presentProfessional boxing recordTotal15Wins14By knockout11Losses1 Kickboxing recordTotal112Wins94By knockout47Losses17By knockout5No contests1 Other informationWebsitehttp://www.niekyholzken.nl/Boxing record from BoxRecLast updated on: Juli 15, 2017 Nicolaas Hubertus Holzken (born December 16, 1983) is a Dutch kickboxer and professional boxer currently signed to ONE Championship, where he competes in the Lightweight division. He is the former Glory Welterweight Champion. In 2018, Holzken participated in the World Boxing Super Series as a substitute. Background After his parents separated when he was an infant, Nieky was raised up by his paternal grandparents. Inspired by martial arts movies, he started training kickboxing at the age of ten. Career K-1 Nieky Holzken made his K-1 debut on November 26, 2006, at K-1 World MAX North European Qualification in Stockholm, Sweden. He won the tournament by three consecutive KO's over Björn Kjöllerström, Joakim Karlsson and Elias Daniel. The win qualified him for the K-1 World MAX 2007 Final Elimination, where he was matched up against the reigning K-1 MAX champion Buakaw Por. Pramuk. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. Glory He faced Murat Direkçi at Glory 2: Brussels on October 6, 2012, in Brussels, Belgium and won via TKO due to a cut in the second round. He defeated Karim Ghajji via TKO due to a cut in an extension round at Glory 6: Istanbul in Istanbul, Turkey on April 6, 2013. He was to fight at SLAMM!! - Soema na Basi IV: Londt vs. Adegbuyi in Paramaribo, Suriname on August 8, 2013 but withdrew for undisclosed reasons. He was initially scheduled to fight Marc de Bonte in the Glory 13: Tokyo - Welterweight World Championship Tournament semi-finals in Tokyo, Japan on December 21, 2013 but his opponent was then changed to Karapet Karapetyan who he had previously fought and beat in February 2012 by decision. He knocked Karapetyan down in rounds one and two en route to a clear unanimous decision win before facing Joseph Valtellini in the final. In a back-and-forth fight where both pressed forward, landing powerful but technical punches and kicks, Holzken scored a TKO in the dying seconds of the third and final round to be crowned the inaugural Glory World Welterweight (-77.1 kg/170 lb) Tournament Champion. He was set to fight for the inaugural Glory Welterweight Championship against Marc de Bonte at Glory 14: Zagreb in Zagreb, Croatia on March 8, 2014 but the fight was cancelled when he suffered a shoulder injury in a car accident. The match was rescheduled for Glory 16: Denver in Broomfield, Colorado, US on May 3, 2014 but his lingering shoulder injury again forced him out, and he was replaced by Karapet Karapetyan. On February 6, 2015, Holzken was part of a one-night, four-man welterweight tournament at Glory 19 to determine who would get the next title shot. In the semifinals, he faced Alexander Stetsurenko and won via unanimous decision. In the finals, he faced Raymond Daniels and won via TKO in the third round. On April 16, 2016, he defeated Yoann Kongolo. After the match-up Holzken expressed his desire to in-ring commentator Joseph Valtellini that he wished to face him again. On July 2, 2018, Holzken announced on his social media that he had rejected a contract offer from Glory and was entertaining offers from other promotions. Boxing Since 2013, Holzken had competed in professional boxing alongside his kickboxing career, but in February 2018 he got the biggest opportunity in the sport when he stepped in at late notice to face Callum Smith in the World Boxing Super Series super-middleweight tournament. The Dutchman was 13-0 coming in, and Smith 23-0. Smith took the win by unanimous decision, and then went on to KO George Groves in the final. ONE Championship Holzken returned to kickboxing when he signed for ONE Championship, making his debut with a second round KO over Cosmo Alexandre at ONE Championship: Warrior's Dream in November 2018. He would challenge Regian Eersel for the inaugural ONE Lightweight Kickboxing World Championship at ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon in May 2019 and lose via unanimous decision. The two would rematch for the title in October 2019 at ONE Championship: Dawn of Valor, but Holzken lost again via unanimous decision. It was announced that Nieky Holzken would face Elliot Compton at ONE Championship: Big Bang 2 on December 11, 2020. It was also revealed that Holzken had signed a six-fight contract extension with ONE after his original contract expired. Holzken knocked Compton out in the first round, with a liver shot. Holzken faced John Wayne Parr in a Muay Thai bout at ONE on TNT 3 on April 21, 2021. He won the bout via TKO after dropping Parr with a head kick in the second round. A mere fortnight after the bout Holzken announced that his contract had expired and he became a free agent. On September 13, 2021, Holzken announced that he had signed a new multi-fight contract with ONE Championship. In November 2021, Combat Press ranked him as the #5 welterweight kickboxer in the world. As the first fight of his new six-fight contract, Holzken was scheduled to face the one-time ONE Lightweight Kickboxing title challenger Islam Murtazaev at ONE: X on March 26, 2022. With the removal of all Russian athletes from the event as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Murtazaev was replaced by Sinsamut Klinmee and the fight was changed to Muay Thai rules. He lost the fight by a second-round knockout. Holzken was scheduled to face Islam Murtazaev at ONE 162 on October 21, 2022. However, Holzken withdrew with an injury on four days before the bout was supposed to take place. Holzken faced Arian Sadiković at ONE Fight Night 11 on June 10, 2023. At the weigh-ins, Holzken weighed in at 176 pounds, 6 pounds over the lightweight limit. As a result, the bout proceeded as a catchweight and Holzken was fined 30% of his fight purse, which went to Sadiković. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. Holzken faced Yoshihiro Akiyama in a special-rules bout at ONE 165 on January 28, 2024. The match, contested in MMA gloves, will be three rounds: the first round being boxing rules, the second round being Muay Thai rules, and the third round being MMA rules. Holzken won the fight by technical knockout in the first round. This win earned the $50,000 Performance of the Night awards. Personal life Holzken's family and in-laws are "woonwagenbewoners", indigenous Dutch Travellers. Holzken and his wife Nathellie have a son and a daughter. Titles Bloody Elbow.com 2013 Fight of the Year vs. Joseph Valtellini on December 21 Glory 2013 Glory Welterweight (-77 kg/169.8 lb) World Championship Tournament Champion 2015 Glory Welterweight (-77 kg/169.8 lb) Contender Tournament Winner Glory Welterweight (-77 kg/169.8 lb) Championship (one time; three defenses; Former) WFCA 2011 WFCA K-1 Rules Super Middleweight World champion SIMTA 2007 SIMTA 72 kg European champion K-1 2007 K-1 MAX North European Qualification champion Liver Kick.com 2013 Fight of the Year vs. Joseph Valtellini on December 21 SIMTA 2005 SIMTA Light Middleweight European champion. Kickboxing record Kickboxing record 94 Wins (58 (T)KO's), 18 Losses, 0 Draws, 1 No Contest Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time Record 2023-06-10 Loss Arian Sadiković ONE Fight Night 11 Bangkok, Thailand Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 94-18-0 2022-03-26 Loss Sinsamut Klinmee ONE: X Kallang, Singapore KO (Punch) 2 1:39 94-17-0 2021-04-21 Win John Wayne Parr ONE on TNT 3 Kallang, Singapore TKO (head kick) 2 1:23 94-16-0 2020-12-11 Win Elliot Compton ONE Championship: Big Bang 2 Kallang, Singapore KO (liver punch) 1 1:36 93-16-0 2019-10-26 Loss Regian Eersel ONE Championship: Dawn Of Valor Jakarta, Indonesia Decision (Unanimous) 5 3:00 92-16-0 For the ONE Kickboxing Lightweight title 2019-05-17 Loss Regian Eersel ONE Championship 96: Enter the Dragon Kallang, Singapore Decision (Unanimous) 5 3:00 92-15-0 For the inaugural ONE Kickboxing Lightweight title 2019-02-22 Win Mustapha Haida ONE Championship 90: Call to Greatness Kallang, Singapore Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 92-14-0 2018-11-17 Win Cosmo Alexandre ONE Championship 84: Warrior's Dream Jakarta, Indonesia KO (uppercut) 2 2:59 91-14-0 2017-12-09 Loss Alim Nabiev Glory 49: Rotterdam Rotterdam, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 90-14-0 2017-06-10 Loss Cédric Doumbé Glory 42: Paris Paris, France Decision (split) 5 3:00 90-13-0 For Glory Welterweight Championship 2016-12-10 Loss Cédric Doumbé Glory: Collision Oberhausen, Germany Decision (split) 5 3:00 90-12-0 Lost Glory Welterweight Championship 2016-10-21 Win Murthel Groenhart Glory 34: Denver Broomfield, Colorado Decision (unanimous) 5 3:00 90-11-0 Defends Glory Welterweight Championship. 2016-04-16 Win Yoann Kongolo Glory 29: Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark Decision (unanimous) 5 3:00 88-11-0 Defends Glory Welterweight Championship. 2015-12-04 Win Murthel Groenhart Glory 26: Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands Decision (split) 5 3:00 87-11-0 Defends Glory Welterweight Championship. 2015-08-07 Win Raymond Daniels Glory 23: Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA TKO (right knee cut) 3 1:36 86-11-0 Wins vacant Glory Welterweight Championship. 2015-02-06 Win Raymond Daniels Glory 19: Virginia Hampton, Virginia, USA TKO (4 Knockdowns) 3 1:25 85-11-0 Wins Glory Welterweight Contender Tournament Final. 2015-02-06 Win Alexander Stetsurenko Glory 19: Virginia Hampton, Virginia, USA Decision (unanimous) 3 3:00 84-11-0 Wins Glory Welterweight Contender Tournament Semi Finals 2014-12-25 Win Yusuf Karakaya One Shot World Series Antalya, Turkey TKO (Referee Stoppage) 1 2:05 83-11-0 2013-12-21 Win Joseph Valtellini Glory 13: Tokyo Tokyo, Japan TKO (right hook) 3 3:00 82-11-0 Wins Glory Welterweight World Championship Tournament Final 2013-12-21 Win Karapet Karapetyan Glory 13: Tokyo Tokyo, Japan Decision (unanimous) 3 3:00 81-11-0 Wins Glory Welterweight Contender Tournament Semi Finals 2013-04-06 Win Karim Ghajji Glory 6: Istanbul Istanbul, Turkey TKO (cut) 4 80-11-0 2012-10-06 Win Murat Direkçi Glory 2: Brussels Brussels, Belgium TKO (cut) 2 79-11-0 2012-09-02 Loss L'houcine Ouzgni Muay Thai Mania V The Hague, Netherlands Extra R. Decision 4 3:00 78-11-0 2012-05-26 Win Alex Tobiasson Harris Glory 1: Stockholm Stockholm, Sweden TKO (3 knockdowns/liver shots) 2 2:42 78-10-0 2012-03-23 Win Davit Kiria United Glory 15: World Series 2012 Moscow, Russia Decision 3 3:00 77-10-0 2012-02-12 Win Karapet Karapetyan Natural Powers Eindhoven, Netherlands Decision 5 3:00 76-10-0 Defends WFCA K-1 Rules World Super Middleweight (-76.20 kg) title 2011-12-23 Win Cyrus Washington Klaar Om Te Bossen 3 Paramaribo, Suriname TKO (Cut) 2 2011-11-06 Win Ky Hollenbeck Muay Thai Premier League: Round 3 The Hague, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2011-09-02 Win Marco Piqué Muaythai Premier League: Round 1 Long Beach, California, USA Decision 3 3:00 2011-05-28 Loss Artur Kyshenko United Glory 14: 2010-2011 World Series Finals Moscow, Russia Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2011-03-19 Win Carlos Tavares United Glory 13: 2010-2011 World Series Semifinals Charleroi, Belgium KO (Punches) 1 2:04 2011-02-27 Win Thilo Schneider Kickboxgala Golden Glory Helmond, Sporthal Haagdijk Eindhoven, Netherlands TKO (Corner stoppage) 2 3:00 Wins the WFCA K-1 Rules World Super Middleweight (-76.20 kg) title 2010-10-16 Win Murthel Groenhart United Glory 12: 2010-2011 World Series Quarterfinals Amsterdam, Netherlands Ext. R Decision 4 3:00 2010-09-12 Loss L'houcine Ouzgni Fightingstars presents: It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam, Netherlands KO (Left flying knee) 1 0:53 2010-06-19 Win Cagri Ermis A1 World Combat Cup Eindhoven, Netherlands Decision 3 3:00 2010-05-29 Win Cosmo Alexandre It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands Decision (4-1) 3 3:00 2010-04-10 Win Mourad Salhi Star Muaythai V Maastricht, Netherlands Ext R. Decision 4 3:00 2010-01-30 Win Leroy Kaestner Beast of the East Zutphen, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2009-12-06 Win Mohammed Medhar GGH Gala Helmond, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2009-10-17 Win Faldir Chahbari Ultimate Glory 11: A Decade of Fights Amsterdam, Netherlands Extr R. Decision (Unanimous) 4 3:00 2009-07-13 Loss Buakaw Por.Pramuk K-1 World MAX 2009 Final 8 Tokyo, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2009-04-21 Win Chahid Oulad El Hadj K-1 World MAX 2009 Final 16 Fukuoka, Japan Decision (Majority) 3 3:00 2008-11-30 Win Marco Pique SLAMM "Nederland vs Thailand V" Almere, Netherlands KO (Left hook) 3 2:56 2008-10-01 Win Virgil Kalakoda K-1 World MAX 2008 Final Tokyo, Japan KO (Right hook) 1 1:42 2008-07-06 Win William Diender Ultimate Glory 9 Nijmegen, Netherlands KO (Left body shot) 4 0:47 2008-05-31 Win José Reis Beast of the East 2008 Zutphen, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 5 3:00 2008-04-26 Win Joerie Mes K-1 World GP 2008 in Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands KO (Spinning back kick) 2 2:21 2008-03-15 Win Karim El Jouharti It's Showtime 75MAX Trophy 2008, Super Fight 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2008-01-26 Loss Alviar Lima Beast of the East Zutphen, Netherlands KO (Left hook) 3 0:36 For WFCA World Thaiboxing Middleweight (-72.57 kg) title 2007-11-24 Loss Andy Souwer Shootboxing in the Autotron Rosmalen, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2007-10-27 Win Lamsongkram Chuwattana SLAMM "One Night in Bangkok" Antwerp, Belgium Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2007-09-09 Win Baker Barakat Ultimate Glory 5 Amersfoort, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2007-06-28 Loss Buakaw Por. Pramuk K-1 World MAX 2007 Final Elimination Tokyo, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2007-05-13 Win Marijn Geuens Fight Night in Veghel Veghel, Netherlands KO (Spinning back kick) 2007-04-07 Win Ruslan Kaladko Balans Fight Night Tilburg, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2007-01-21 Win Steve Neumann Ultimate Glory 2 Amersfoort, Netherlands KO (Left uppercut) 1 2006-11-24 Win Elias Daniel K-1 World MAX North European Qualification 2007 Stockholm, Sweden KO (Left body shot) 3 0:50 Wins K-1 World MAX North European Qualification 2007 tournament title 2006-11-24 Win Joakim Karlsson K-1 World MAX North European Qualification 2007 Stockholm, Sweden KO (Straight right punch) 1 0:34 2006-11-24 Win Björn Kjöllerström K-1 World MAX North European Qualification 2007 Stockholm, Sweden KO (Right hook) 1 2:20 2006-09-23 Win Jan van Denderen It's Showtime 75MAX Trophy Final 2006, Reserve Fight Rotterdam, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2006-03-26 Win Terence Oosterling West Point Fight II Tilburg, Netherlands KO (Left cross) 1 0:10 2006-03-05 Win Travers Schlee Future Battle Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands TKO 2005-12-17 Win Ferhat Atasoy WFCA Gala "The Eye of the Tiger" Arnhem, Netherlands KO 2005-10-30 Loss Donald Berner It's Showtime 75MAX Trophy Alkmaar, Pool B Semi Finals Alkmaar, Netherlands Ext R. Decision (Unanimous) 4 3:00 2005-09-25 Win Daniel Hudson Manchester, England KO (Straight right punch) 1 1:01 Wins SIMTA Muaythai European title 2005-06-18 Win Melvin van Leeuwaarde Showdome IV Amsterdam, Netherlands KO 2005-04-30 Win Ömer Tekin Queens Fight Night Eindhoven, Netherlands TKO (Corner stoppage) 1 2005-02-27 Win Richard Jones Master Sken's Fight Night Manchester, England KO (Straight right punch) 2 1:06 2004-12-12 Win Servet Cakir Face to Face 2nd Edition, Final Apeldoorn, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 5 2:00 Wins M.O.N Dutch Open Amateur tournament (-71kg) title 2004-12-12 Win Felat Atasoy Face to Face 2nd Edition, Semi Final Apeldoorn, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 4 2:00 2004-12-12 Win Radju Ramdjilal Face to Face 2nd Edition, Quarter Final Apeldoorn, Netherlands KO 2004-09-04 Loss Henrik Nygaard Valhalla 2004 Battle of the Vikings Aarhus, Denmark KO 4 2004-03-27 Win Steven Berkolayko WPKL Muay Thai Champions League XIII Rotterdam, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 5 2:00 2004-02-21 NC Mesut Acikyol Test of Talent Reloaded III Mortsel, Belgium No contest 5 2004-02-20 Win Richard Jones Master Sken's Fight Night Manchester, England TKO 4 2004-02-01 Win Nico Lombaerts Thai-Kickboxing Gala Valkenswaard, Netherlands KO (Low kicks) 1 2003-12-19 Win Ali Moftagari Gala in Kampen Kampen, Netherlands KO 2003-06-29 Loss Frank Sonders Dutch Muay Thai Championships Rotterdam, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 5 2:00 2002-11-17 Loss Wesley Robijn Jellema promotion, Sporthal "De Wetering" Houten, Netherlands KO 2002-10-06 Win Dennis Rooy WFCA Gala in Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 2 2:00 2002-04-13 Win Reza Rahimpour TB Den Haag promotion, Fairtex Thaiboksgala The Hague, Netherlands TKO 2 Legend:   Win   Loss   Draw/No contest   Notes Professional boxing record 15 fights 14 wins 1 loss By knockout 11 0 By decision 3 1 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round Date Location Notes 15 Win 14–1 Bernard Donfack TKO 3 (8) 28 Apr 2018 Baden-Arena, Offenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany 14 Loss 13–1 Callum Smith UD 12 24 Feb 2018 Arena Nürnberger Versicherung, Nuremberg, Germany For WBC (Diamond) super middleweight title World Boxing Super Series: super-middleweight semi-final 13 Win 13–0 Viktor Polyakov TKO 2 (10) 3 Feb 2018 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands 12 Win 12–0 Cagri Ermis KO 3 (10) 1 Apr 2017 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands 11 Win 11–0 Matingu Kindele UD 10 9 Jul 2016 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands Retained BeNeLux super middleweight title. 10 Win 10–0 Farouk Daku UD 10 20 Feb 2016 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands Won vacant BeNeLux super middleweight title. 9 Win 9–0 Yesilat Berkta KO 2 (6) 11 Nov 2015 Update Disco, Meppen, Germany 8 Win 8–0 Ahmed El Ghoulbzouri PTS 6 6 Jun 2015 Sporthal Genderbeemd, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 Win 7–0 Mikheil Khutsishvili KO 3 (8) 19 Apr 2015 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands 6 Win 6–0 Ruslan Shchelev KO 6 (8) 12 Oct 2014 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands 5 Win 5–0 Ismael Altintas TKO 2 (6) 13 Jul 2014 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands 4 Win 4–0 Gary Abajyan TKO 3 (6) 14 Oct 2013 Theater Carré, Amsterdam, Netherlands 3 Win 3–0 Philipp Kolodziej TKO 2 (6) 21 Sep 2013 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands 2 Win 2–0 Ata Dogan TKO 1 (4) 6 Jul 2013 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands 1 Win 1–0 Anatolij Baron KO 2 (4) 3 Mar 2013 Sportschool Golden Glory, Helmond, Netherlands Special rules record Professional record breakdown 1 match 1 win 0 losses By knockout 1 0 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Win 1–0 Yoshihiro Akiyama TKO (punches) ONE 165 January 28, 2024 1 1:40 Tokyo, Japan Catchweight (187.25 lb) bout. Three-minute rounds alternating between Boxing, Muay Thai and MMA rules. Performance of the Night. See also List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions References ^ Glory 23 results Nevada Athletic Commission (August 7, 2015) ^ a b Jarrod Boyle (May 16, 2016). "Verhoeven and Holzken: the New Generation of Dutch Dominance". tygertyger.com.au. ^ DiPietro, Monty. "Zimmerman is the Man at K-1 Europe GP". K-1 Grand Prix Website. Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2008-05-24. ^ "How Martial Arts Made Nieky Holzken A Better Person". ONE Championship. November 8, 2018. ^ Rian Scalia. "GLORY 2 Brussels Final Fight Card For This Saturday". LiverKick.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2012-10-04. ^ Rian Scalia (25 September 2019). "GLORY 2 Brussels Live Results". LiverKick.com. ^ Rian Scalia (5 February 2020). "GLORY 6 Poster/Fighters Expected to Participate". LiverKick.com. ^ Rian Scalia (5 February 2020). "Updated GLORY 6 Istanbul Fight Card For Saturday, April 6". LiverKick.com. ^ Rian Scalia (18 May 2018). "GLORY 6 Istanbul: Daniel Ghita vs. Gokhan Saki, Live Results". LiverKick.com. ^ "SLAMM!! – Soema na Basi IV: Ismael Londt vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi | FSA - FightSport Asia". Archived from the original on August 18, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013. ^ "Match ups announced for Glory 13 welterweight tournament in Japan ~ Muay Thai Authority". Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2013. ^ "Raymond Daniels replaces Marc de Bonte in Glory 13 welterweight tournament ~ Muay Thai Authority". Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2013. ^ Dave Walsh (26 October 2018). "GLORY SuperFight Series Tokyo and GLORY 13 Spoilers". LiverKick.com. ^ Dave Walsh (5 February 2020). "GLORY Makes GLORY 14 in Zagreb Official". LiverKick.com. ^ Roy. "GLORY 14 Zagreb: Fight Card". Kickboxingplanet. ^ Dave Walsh (5 February 2020). "Nieky Holzken vs. Marc De Bonte Set for GLORY 16 Denver". LiverKick.com. ^ Dave Walsh (5 February 2020). "Nieky Holzken Forced Out of GLORY 16 Title Fight". LiverKick.com. ^ "Holzken rejects new GLORY Contract". kickboxingz.com. July 2, 2018. ^ Davies, Gareth A. (2018-02-24). "Callum Smith defeats Nieky Holzken to set up George Groves World Boxing Series final". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2019-02-15. ^ "Nieky Holzken Dazzles With A Crushing KO In His ONE Debut | ONE Championship". www.onefc.com. 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2019-02-15. ^ "ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon Results". 17 May 2019. ^ "ONE Championship 2019: Dawn of Valor Results and Highlights". Bleacher Report. ^ "Nieky Holzken booked to face Elliot Compton according to reports in Holland". Asian MMA. 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-10-19. ^ "Nieuw contract en comeback in november voor Nieky Holzken bij ONE Championship: 'Ik blijf dé uitdager'". ed.nl. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "Holzken zorgt met knock-out voor spectaculaire rentree in Singapore". ad.nl. Retrieved 11 December 2020. ^ "John Wayne Parr faces Nieky Holzken at ONE on TNT Part III". Asian MMA. 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2021-03-01. ^ Sherdog.com. "One Championship 'One on TNT 3' Play-by-Play & Results". Sherdog. Retrieved 2021-04-22. ^ Nieky Holzken (May 6, 2021). "My contract has ended successfully at @onechampionship. What's next for me?" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Nieky Holzken (September 13, 2021). "It's official... I am proud to say that I have signed another multi-deal with @onechampionship. This is the best contract of my career so far and I am very happy with it" – via Instagram. ^ Aittama, Zach. "Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: November 2021". combatpress.com. Retrieved 1 December 2021. ^ Robinson, Lucky (28 January 2022). "ONE Championship books Nieky Holzken-Islam Murtazaev kickboxing fight for ONE X super-card". sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ a b Dan Kuhl (March 24, 2022). "ONE X's Nieky Holzken: Back in the Saddle". combatpress.com. ^ "Nieky Holzken faces Sinsamut Klinmee at ONE: 'X'". Asian MMA. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-26. ^ "ONE Championship announces Sinsamut Klinmee as Nieky Holzken's opponent at ONE X". Sportskeeda. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-26. ^ Willemse, Jan (26 March 2022). "Nieky Holzken verliest eerste gevecht van 2022: Thaise vechter slaat Helmonder knock-out". ed.nl. Retrieved 26 March 2022. ^ Pico, Borna (2 October 2022). "Sitthichai takes on undefeated Mohammed Boutasaa, Dutch legend Nieky Holzken vs. Murtazev set for Oct. 21". beyondkick.com. Retrieved 2 October 2022. ^ "More ONE 162 Fight Card Changes". fightsports.tv. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022. ^ Emmerink, Ron (21 May 2023). "Nieky Holzken gaat tegenstander Arian Sadikovic compleet slopen! 'Geen genade'". vechtsportinfo.nl. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ Strobel, Kevin (2023-06-09). "ONE Fight Night 11 Weigh-in Results: Nieky Holzken, Amber Kitchen & Martine Michieletto Miss Weight, Holzken to Forfeit 30% Of His Purse". Beyond Kick - The Home of Kickboxing. Retrieved 2023-06-09. ^ Ottens, Chris (10 June 2023). "Ongeloof bij hoofdschuddende Nieky Holzken na verlies in Bangkok: 'Ben hier niet blij mee'". ed.nl. Retrieved 10 June 2023. ^ "Everything To Know About The Special Rules Super-Fight Between Nieky Holzken And Yoshihiro Akiyama At ONE 165". ONE Championship. 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2024-02-03. ^ "Nieky Holzken Predictably Runs Through Sexyama in Boxing Round of Mixed-Rules Bout". Cageside Press. 2024-01-28. Retrieved 2024-02-03. ^ "Highlights! Nieky Holzken sparks Yoshihiro 'Sexyama' in less than two minutes". MMA Mania. 2024-01-28. Retrieved 2024-02-03. ^ Pekios, Craig (2024-01-28). "ONE 165: Superlek vs. Takeru - Who won the $50,000 bonuses?". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 2024-01-29. ^ AMPD MAGAZINE (17 Feb 2016). "Exclusive interview with Nieky Holzken World Welterweight Champion Kickboxer". YouTube. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ "Woonwagenbewoner krijgt eigen realityprogramma op Spike". 23 Sep 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ Fraser Coffeen (9 January 2014). "Kickboxing 2013 Year End Awards: Fighter, Fight, and KO of the Year". Bloody Elbow. ^ Dave Walsh (5 February 2020). "LiverKick Best of 2013: Fight of the Year". LiverKick.com. External links ONE Championship profile Glory profile Boxing record for Nieky Holzken from BoxRec (registration required)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxer"},{"link_name":"professional boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_boxer"},{"link_name":"ONE Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lightweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight#Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"Glory Welterweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(kickboxing)#Glory_Welterweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Super Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017-18_World_Boxing_Super_Series_-_super_middleweight_division"}],"text":"Nicolaas Hubertus Holzken (born December 16, 1983) is a Dutch kickboxer and professional boxer currently signed to ONE Championship, where he competes in the Lightweight division. He is the former Glory Welterweight Champion.[3] In 2018, Holzken participated in the World Boxing Super Series as a substitute.","title":"Nieky Holzken"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofc18-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tt16-2"}],"text":"After his parents separated when he was an infant, Nieky was raised up by his paternal grandparents.[4] Inspired by martial arts movies, he started training kickboxing at the age of ten.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"KO's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout"},{"link_name":"Joakim Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Karlsson_(kickboxer)"},{"link_name":"K-1 World MAX 2007 Final Elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1_World_MAX_2007_Final_Elimination"},{"link_name":"K-1 MAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1"},{"link_name":"Buakaw Por. Pramuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buakaw_Por._Pramuk"},{"link_name":"unanimous decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanimous_decision"}],"sub_title":"K-1","text":"Nieky Holzken made his K-1 debut on November 26, 2006, at K-1 World MAX North European Qualification in Stockholm, Sweden. He won the tournament by three consecutive KO's over Björn Kjöllerström, Joakim Karlsson and Elias Daniel. The win qualified him for the K-1 World MAX 2007 Final Elimination, where he was matched up against the reigning K-1 MAX champion Buakaw Por. Pramuk. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murat Direkçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Direk%C3%A7i"},{"link_name":"Glory 2: Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_2:_Brussels"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Karim Ghajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Ghajji"},{"link_name":"Glory 6: Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_6:_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marc de Bonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_de_Bonte"},{"link_name":"Glory 13: Tokyo - Welterweight World Championship Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_13:_Tokyo_-_Welterweight_World_Championship_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Karapet Karapetyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapet_Karapetyan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Joseph Valtellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valtellini"},{"link_name":"Glory World Welterweight (-77.1 kg/170 lb) Tournament Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(kickboxing)#Tournament_champions"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Glory Welterweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(kickboxing)#Glory_Welterweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Marc de Bonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_de_Bonte"},{"link_name":"Glory 14: Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_14:_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Glory 16: Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_16:_Denver"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Karapet Karapetyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapet_Karapetyan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"welterweight tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_19:_Virginia#2015_Glory_Welterweight_Contender_Tournament_bracket"},{"link_name":"Glory 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_19"},{"link_name":"Alexander Stetsurenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stetsurenko"},{"link_name":"Raymond Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Daniels_(martial_artist)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Valtellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valtellini"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Glory","text":"He faced Murat Direkçi at Glory 2: Brussels on October 6, 2012, in Brussels, Belgium[5] and won via TKO due to a cut in the second round.[6]He defeated Karim Ghajji via TKO due to a cut in an extension round at Glory 6: Istanbul in Istanbul, Turkey on April 6, 2013.[7][8][9]He was to fight at SLAMM!! - Soema na Basi IV: Londt vs. Adegbuyi in Paramaribo, Suriname on August 8, 2013[10] but withdrew for undisclosed reasons.He was initially scheduled to fight Marc de Bonte in the Glory 13: Tokyo - Welterweight World Championship Tournament semi-finals in Tokyo, Japan on December 21, 2013[11] but his opponent was then changed to Karapet Karapetyan who he had previously fought and beat in February 2012 by decision.[12] He knocked Karapetyan down in rounds one and two en route to a clear unanimous decision win before facing Joseph Valtellini in the final. In a back-and-forth fight where both pressed forward, landing powerful but technical punches and kicks, Holzken scored a TKO in the dying seconds of the third and final round to be crowned the inaugural Glory World Welterweight (-77.1 kg/170 lb) Tournament Champion.[13]He was set to fight for the inaugural Glory Welterweight Championship against Marc de Bonte at Glory 14: Zagreb in Zagreb, Croatia on March 8, 2014[14] but the fight was cancelled when he suffered a shoulder injury in a car accident.[15] The match was rescheduled for Glory 16: Denver in Broomfield, Colorado, US on May 3, 2014[16] but his lingering shoulder injury again forced him out, and he was replaced by Karapet Karapetyan.[17]On February 6, 2015, Holzken was part of a one-night, four-man welterweight tournament at Glory 19 to determine who would get the next title shot. In the semifinals, he faced Alexander Stetsurenko and won via unanimous decision. In the finals, he faced Raymond Daniels and won via TKO in the third round.On April 16, 2016, he defeated Yoann Kongolo. After the match-up Holzken expressed his desire to in-ring commentator Joseph Valtellini that he wished to face him again.On July 2, 2018, Holzken announced on his social media that he had rejected a contract offer from Glory and was entertaining offers from other promotions.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Callum Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callum_Smith"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Super Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Super_Series"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"George Groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Groves_(boxer)"}],"sub_title":"Boxing","text":"Since 2013, Holzken had competed in professional boxing alongside his kickboxing career, but in February 2018 he got the biggest opportunity in the sport when he stepped in at late notice to face Callum Smith in the World Boxing Super Series super-middleweight tournament. The Dutchman was 13-0 coming in, and Smith 23-0.[19] Smith took the win by unanimous decision, and then went on to KO George Groves in the final.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ONE Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Championship"},{"link_name":"Cosmo Alexandre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Alexandre"},{"link_name":"ONE Championship: Warrior's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Warrior's_Dream"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Regian Eersel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regian_Eersel"},{"link_name":"ONE Lightweight Kickboxing World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Enter_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"ONE Championship: Dawn of Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Dawn_of_Valor"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"ONE Championship: Big Bang 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_Championship:_Big_Bang_2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"John Wayne Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne_Parr"},{"link_name":"Muay Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_Thai"},{"link_name":"ONE on TNT 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_ONE_Championship#ONE_on_TNT_3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Islam Murtazaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Murtazaev"},{"link_name":"ONE: X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE:_X"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp22-32"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Sinsamut Klinmee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsamut_Klinmee"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Islam Murtazaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Murtazaev"},{"link_name":"ONE 162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_162"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Arian Sadiković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian_Sadikovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"ONE Fight Night 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Fight_Night_11"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Yoshihiro Akiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Akiyama"},{"link_name":"ONE 165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_165"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"ONE Championship","text":"Holzken returned to kickboxing when he signed for ONE Championship, making his debut with a second round KO over Cosmo Alexandre at ONE Championship: Warrior's Dream in November 2018.[20]He would challenge Regian Eersel for the inaugural ONE Lightweight Kickboxing World Championship at ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon in May 2019 and lose via unanimous decision.[21] The two would rematch for the title in October 2019 at ONE Championship: Dawn of Valor, but Holzken lost again via unanimous decision.[22]It was announced that Nieky Holzken would face Elliot Compton at ONE Championship: Big Bang 2 on December 11, 2020. It was also revealed that Holzken had signed a six-fight contract extension with ONE after his original contract expired.[23][24] Holzken knocked Compton out in the first round, with a liver shot.[25]Holzken faced John Wayne Parr in a Muay Thai bout at ONE on TNT 3 on April 21, 2021.[26] He won the bout via TKO after dropping Parr with a head kick in the second round.[27] A mere fortnight after the bout Holzken announced that his contract had expired and he became a free agent.[28]On September 13, 2021, Holzken announced that he had signed a new multi-fight contract with ONE Championship.[29]In November 2021, Combat Press ranked him as the #5 welterweight kickboxer in the world.[30]As the first fight of his new six-fight contract, Holzken was scheduled to face the one-time ONE Lightweight Kickboxing title challenger Islam Murtazaev at ONE: X on March 26, 2022.[31][32] With the removal of all Russian athletes from the event as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Murtazaev was replaced by Sinsamut Klinmee and the fight was changed to Muay Thai rules.[33][34] He lost the fight by a second-round knockout.[35]Holzken was scheduled to face Islam Murtazaev at ONE 162 on October 21, 2022.[36] However, Holzken withdrew with an injury on four days before the bout was supposed to take place.[37]Holzken faced Arian Sadiković at ONE Fight Night 11 on June 10, 2023.[38] At the weigh-ins, Holzken weighed in at 176 pounds, 6 pounds over the lightweight limit. As a result, the bout proceeded as a catchweight and Holzken was fined 30% of his fight purse, which went to Sadiković.[39] He lost the fight by unanimous decision.[40]Holzken faced Yoshihiro Akiyama in a special-rules bout at ONE 165 on January 28, 2024. The match, contested in MMA gloves, will be three rounds: the first round being boxing rules, the second round being Muay Thai rules, and the third round being MMA rules.[41] Holzken won the fight by technical knockout in the first round.[42][43] This win earned the $50,000 Performance of the Night awards.[44]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch Travellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Travellers"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp22-32"}],"text":"Holzken's family and in-laws are \"woonwagenbewoners\", indigenous Dutch Travellers.[45][46]Holzken and his wife Nathellie have a son and a daughter.[32]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Valtellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valtellini"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(kickboxing)"},{"link_name":"Glory Welterweight (-77 kg/169.8 lb) World Championship Tournament Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_13:_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Glory Welterweight (-77 kg/169.8 lb) Contender Tournament Winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_19:_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Glory Welterweight (-77 kg/169.8 lb) Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(kickboxing)#Glory_Welterweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"2007 K-1 MAX North European Qualification champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1_World_MAX_North_European_Qualification_2007"},{"link_name":"Joseph Valtellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valtellini"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Bloody Elbow.com\n2013 Fight of the Year vs. Joseph Valtellini on December 21[47]\nGlory\n2013 Glory Welterweight (-77 kg/169.8 lb) World Championship Tournament Champion\n2015 Glory Welterweight (-77 kg/169.8 lb) Contender Tournament Winner\nGlory Welterweight (-77 kg/169.8 lb) Championship (one time; three defenses; Former)\nWFCA\n2011 WFCA K-1 Rules Super Middleweight World champion\nSIMTA\n2007 SIMTA 72 kg European champion\nK-1\n2007 K-1 MAX North European Qualification champion\nLiver Kick.com\n2013 Fight of the Year vs. Joseph Valtellini on December 21[48]\nSIMTA\n2005 SIMTA Light Middleweight European champion.","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kickboxing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Special rules record"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of male kickboxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_kickboxers"},{"title":"List of K-1 champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_K-1_champions"}]
[{"reference":"Jarrod Boyle (May 16, 2016). \"Verhoeven and Holzken: the New Generation of Dutch Dominance\". tygertyger.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tygertyger.com.au/verhoeven-and-holzken-the-new-generation-of-dutch-dominance/","url_text":"\"Verhoeven and Holzken: the New Generation of Dutch Dominance\""}]},{"reference":"DiPietro, Monty. \"Zimmerman is the Man at K-1 Europe GP\". K-1 Grand Prix Website. Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2008-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070815220159/http://www.k-1.co.jp/k-1gp/btop.htm","url_text":"\"Zimmerman is the Man at K-1 Europe GP\""},{"url":"http://www.k-1.co.jp/k-1gp/btop.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How Martial Arts Made Nieky Holzken A Better Person\". ONE Championship. November 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onefc.com/features/how-martial-arts-made-nieky-holzken-a-better-person/","url_text":"\"How Martial Arts Made Nieky Holzken A Better Person\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Championship","url_text":"ONE Championship"}]},{"reference":"Rian Scalia. \"GLORY 2 Brussels Final Fight Card For This Saturday\". LiverKick.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2012-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116124437/http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1905%3Aglory-2-brussels-final-fight-card-for-this-saturday&catid=50%3Aglory&Itemid=64","url_text":"\"GLORY 2 Brussels Final Fight Card For This Saturday\""},{"url":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1905%3Aglory-2-brussels-final-fight-card-for-this-saturday&catid=50%3Aglory&Itemid=64","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rian Scalia (25 September 2019). \"GLORY 2 Brussels Live Results\". LiverKick.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1918:glory-2-brussels-live-results&catid=50:glory","url_text":"\"GLORY 2 Brussels Live Results\""}]},{"reference":"Rian Scalia (5 February 2020). \"GLORY 6 Poster/Fighters Expected to Participate\". LiverKick.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2274:glory-6-posterfighters-expected-to-participate&catid=50:glory","url_text":"\"GLORY 6 Poster/Fighters Expected to Participate\""}]},{"reference":"Rian Scalia (5 February 2020). \"Updated GLORY 6 Istanbul Fight Card For Saturday, April 6\". LiverKick.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2423:updated-glory-6-istanbul-fight-card-for-saturday-april-6&catid=50:glory","url_text":"\"Updated GLORY 6 Istanbul Fight Card For Saturday, April 6\""}]},{"reference":"Rian Scalia (18 May 2018). \"GLORY 6 Istanbul: Daniel Ghita vs. Gokhan Saki, Live Results\". LiverKick.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2429:glory-6-istanbul-daniel-ghita-vs-gokhan-saki-live-results&catid=39:europe&Itemid=59","url_text":"\"GLORY 6 Istanbul: Daniel Ghita vs. Gokhan Saki, Live Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"SLAMM!! – Soema na Basi IV: Ismael Londt vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi | FSA - FightSport Asia\". Archived from the original on August 18, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130818224720/http://fightsportasia.com/2013/07/17/slamm-soema-na-basi-iv-ismael-londt-vs-benjamin-adegbuyi/","url_text":"\"SLAMM!! – Soema na Basi IV: Ismael Londt vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi | FSA - FightSport Asia\""},{"url":"http://fightsportasia.com/2013/07/17/slamm-soema-na-basi-iv-ismael-londt-vs-benjamin-adegbuyi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Match ups announced for Glory 13 welterweight tournament in Japan ~ Muay Thai Authority\". Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022034356/http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/10/match-ups-announced-for-glory-13.html","url_text":"\"Match ups announced for Glory 13 welterweight tournament in Japan ~ Muay Thai Authority\""},{"url":"http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/10/match-ups-announced-for-glory-13.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Raymond Daniels replaces Marc de Bonte in Glory 13 welterweight tournament ~ Muay Thai Authority\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. 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This is the best contract of my career so far and I am very happy with it\" – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CTwh9yLApw6/","url_text":"\"It's official... I am proud to say that I have signed another multi-deal with @onechampionship. This is the best contract of my career so far and I am very happy with it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"Aittama, Zach. \"Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: November 2021\". combatpress.com. Retrieved 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://combatpress.com/2021/11/combat-press-kickboxing-rankings-november-2021/","url_text":"\"Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: November 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Lucky (28 January 2022). \"ONE Championship books Nieky Holzken-Islam Murtazaev kickboxing fight for ONE X super-card\". sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-one-championship-reveals-holzken-murtazaev-fight-one-x","url_text":"\"ONE Championship books Nieky Holzken-Islam Murtazaev kickboxing fight for ONE X super-card\""}]},{"reference":"Dan Kuhl (March 24, 2022). \"ONE X's Nieky Holzken: Back in the Saddle\". combatpress.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://combatpress.com/2022/03/one-xs-nieky-holzken-back-in-the-saddle/","url_text":"\"ONE X's Nieky Holzken: Back in the Saddle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nieky Holzken faces Sinsamut Klinmee at ONE: 'X'\". Asian MMA. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://asianmma.com/nieky-holzken-faces-sinsamut-klinmee-at-one-x/","url_text":"\"Nieky Holzken faces Sinsamut Klinmee at ONE: 'X'\""}]},{"reference":"\"ONE Championship announces Sinsamut Klinmee as Nieky Holzken's opponent at ONE X\". Sportskeeda. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-one-championship-announces-sinsamut-klinmee-neiky-holzken-s-opponent-one-x","url_text":"\"ONE Championship announces Sinsamut Klinmee as Nieky Holzken's opponent at ONE X\""}]},{"reference":"Willemse, Jan (26 March 2022). \"Nieky Holzken verliest eerste gevecht van 2022: Thaise vechter slaat Helmonder knock-out\". ed.nl. Retrieved 26 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.nl/sport-regio/nieky-holzken-verliest-eerste-gevecht-van-2022-thaise-vechter-slaat-helmonder-knock-out~a466fdce","url_text":"\"Nieky Holzken verliest eerste gevecht van 2022: Thaise vechter slaat Helmonder knock-out\""}]},{"reference":"Pico, Borna (2 October 2022). \"Sitthichai takes on undefeated Mohammed Boutasaa, Dutch legend Nieky Holzken vs. Murtazev set for Oct. 21\". beyondkick.com. Retrieved 2 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://beyondkick.com/news/sitthichai-takes-on-undefeated-mohammed-boutasaa-dutch-legend-nieky-holzken-vs-murtazev-official-for-oct-21/","url_text":"\"Sitthichai takes on undefeated Mohammed Boutasaa, Dutch legend Nieky Holzken vs. Murtazev set for Oct. 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"More ONE 162 Fight Card Changes\". fightsports.tv. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightsports.tv/more-one-162-changes/","url_text":"\"More ONE 162 Fight Card Changes\""}]},{"reference":"Emmerink, Ron (21 May 2023). \"Nieky Holzken gaat tegenstander Arian Sadikovic compleet slopen! 'Geen genade'\". vechtsportinfo.nl. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vechtsportinfo.nl/kickboks-amp-muay-thai-nieuws/nieky-holzken-gaat-tegenstander-arian-sadikovic-compleet-slopen-geen-genade","url_text":"\"Nieky Holzken gaat tegenstander Arian Sadikovic compleet slopen! 'Geen genade'\""}]},{"reference":"Strobel, Kevin (2023-06-09). \"ONE Fight Night 11 Weigh-in Results: Nieky Holzken, Amber Kitchen & Martine Michieletto Miss Weight, Holzken to Forfeit 30% Of His Purse\". Beyond Kick - The Home of Kickboxing. Retrieved 2023-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://beyondkick.com/news/one-fight-night-11/","url_text":"\"ONE Fight Night 11 Weigh-in Results: Nieky Holzken, Amber Kitchen & Martine Michieletto Miss Weight, Holzken to Forfeit 30% Of His Purse\""}]},{"reference":"Ottens, Chris (10 June 2023). \"Ongeloof bij hoofdschuddende Nieky Holzken na verlies in Bangkok: 'Ben hier niet blij mee'\". ed.nl. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.nl/sport-regio/ongeloof-bij-hoofdschuddende-nieky-holzken-na-verlies-in-bangkok-ben-hier-niet-blij-mee~aa27fde8/","url_text":"\"Ongeloof bij hoofdschuddende Nieky Holzken na verlies in Bangkok: 'Ben hier niet blij mee'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything To Know About The Special Rules Super-Fight Between Nieky Holzken And Yoshihiro Akiyama At ONE 165\". ONE Championship. 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2024-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onefc.com/features/everything-to-know-about-the-special-rules-super-fight-between-nieky-holzken-and-yoshihiro-akiyama-at-one-165/","url_text":"\"Everything To Know About The Special Rules Super-Fight Between Nieky Holzken And Yoshihiro Akiyama At ONE 165\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nieky Holzken Predictably Runs Through Sexyama in Boxing Round of Mixed-Rules Bout\". Cageside Press. 2024-01-28. Retrieved 2024-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2024/01/28/one-165-nieky-holzken-predictably-runs-through-sexyama-in-boxing-round-of-mixed-rules-bout/","url_text":"\"Nieky Holzken Predictably Runs Through Sexyama in Boxing Round of Mixed-Rules Bout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highlights! Nieky Holzken sparks Yoshihiro 'Sexyama' in less than two minutes\". MMA Mania. 2024-01-28. Retrieved 2024-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmamania.com/2024/1/28/24053285/highlights-yoshihiro-sexyama-akiyama-gets-sparked-two-minutes-nieky-holzken-at-one-championship-165","url_text":"\"Highlights! Nieky Holzken sparks Yoshihiro 'Sexyama' in less than two minutes\""}]},{"reference":"Pekios, Craig (2024-01-28). \"ONE 165: Superlek vs. Takeru - Who won the $50,000 bonuses?\". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 2024-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-one-165-superlek-vs-takeru-who-won-50-000-bonuses","url_text":"\"ONE 165: Superlek vs. Takeru - Who won the $50,000 bonuses?\""}]},{"reference":"AMPD MAGAZINE (17 Feb 2016). \"Exclusive interview with Nieky Holzken World Welterweight Champion Kickboxer\". YouTube. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTfDguXshQU#t=01m30s","url_text":"\"Exclusive interview with Nieky Holzken World Welterweight Champion Kickboxer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woonwagenbewoner krijgt eigen realityprogramma op Spike\". 23 Sep 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://radio.nl/819105/woonwagenbewoner-krijgt-eigen-realityprogramma-op-spike","url_text":"\"Woonwagenbewoner krijgt eigen realityprogramma op Spike\""}]},{"reference":"Fraser Coffeen (9 January 2014). \"Kickboxing 2013 Year End Awards: Fighter, Fight, and KO of the Year\". Bloody Elbow.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/1/9/5259334/kickboxing-2013-year-end-awards-fighter-of-the-year-fight-ko-glory-free-fight-video","url_text":"\"Kickboxing 2013 Year End Awards: Fighter, Fight, and KO of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"Dave Walsh (5 February 2020). \"LiverKick Best of 2013: Fight of the Year\". LiverKick.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2806:liverkick-best-of-2013-fight-of-the-year&catid=34:demo-content","url_text":"\"LiverKick Best of 2013: Fight of the Year\""}]}]
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– Soema na Basi IV: Ismael Londt vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi | FSA - FightSport Asia\""},{"Link":"http://fightsportasia.com/2013/07/17/slamm-soema-na-basi-iv-ismael-londt-vs-benjamin-adegbuyi/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022034356/http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/10/match-ups-announced-for-glory-13.html","external_links_name":"\"Match ups announced for Glory 13 welterweight tournament in Japan ~ Muay Thai Authority\""},{"Link":"http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/10/match-ups-announced-for-glory-13.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233740/http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/11/raymond-daniels-replaces-marc-de-bonte.html","external_links_name":"\"Raymond Daniels replaces Marc de Bonte in Glory 13 welterweight tournament ~ Muay Thai Authority\""},{"Link":"http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/11/raymond-daniels-replaces-marc-de-bonte.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2774:glory-superfight-series-tokyo-and-glory-13-spoilers&catid=38:asia&Itemid=59","external_links_name":"\"GLORY SuperFight Series Tokyo and GLORY 13 Spoilers\""},{"Link":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2783:glory-makes-glory-14-in-zagreb-official&catid=50:glory&Itemid=75","external_links_name":"\"GLORY Makes GLORY 14 in Zagreb Official\""},{"Link":"http://www.kickboxingplanet.com/news/glory-14-zagreb-fight-card-till-so-far/","external_links_name":"\"GLORY 14 Zagreb: Fight Card\""},{"Link":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2876:nieky-holzken-vs-marc-de-bonte-set-for-glory-16-denver&catid=50:glory&Itemid=75","external_links_name":"\"Nieky Holzken vs. Marc De Bonte Set for GLORY 16 Denver\""},{"Link":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2921:nieky-holzken-forced-out-of-glory-16-title-fight&catid=50:glory&Itemid=75","external_links_name":"\"Nieky Holzken Forced Out of GLORY 16 Title Fight\""},{"Link":"https://kickboxingz.com/holzken-rejects-new-glory-contract/","external_links_name":"\"Holzken rejects new GLORY Contract\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/boxing/2018/02/24/callum-smith-defeats-nieky-holzken-toset-george-groves-world/","external_links_name":"\"Callum Smith defeats Nieky Holzken to set up George Groves World Boxing Series final\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.onefc.com/articles/nieky-holzken-dazzles-with-a-crushing-knockout-in-his-one-debut/","external_links_name":"\"Nieky Holzken Dazzles With A Crushing KO In His ONE Debut | ONE Championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/5/17/18628929/one-championship-enter-the-dragon-results","external_links_name":"\"ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon Results\""},{"Link":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2859798-one-championship-2029-dawn-of-valor-results-and-highlights","external_links_name":"\"ONE Championship 2019: Dawn of Valor Results and Highlights\""},{"Link":"https://asianmma.com/nieky-holzken-booked-to-face-elliot-compton-according-to-reports-in-holland/","external_links_name":"\"Nieky Holzken booked to face Elliot Compton according to reports in Holland\""},{"Link":"https://www.ed.nl/sport-regio/nieuw-contract-en-comeback-in-november-voor-nieky-holzken-bij-one-championship-ik-blijf-de-uitdager~a89b5ca0","external_links_name":"\"Nieuw contract en comeback in november voor Nieky Holzken bij ONE Championship: 'Ik blijf dé uitdager'\""},{"Link":"https://www.ad.nl/vechtsport/holzken-zorgt-met-knock-out-voor-spectaculaire-rentree-in-singapore~a355ce91/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F","external_links_name":"\"Holzken zorgt met knock-out voor spectaculaire rentree in Singapore\""},{"Link":"https://asianmma.com/john-wayne-parr-faces-nieky-holzken-at-one-on-tnt-part-iii/","external_links_name":"\"John Wayne Parr faces Nieky Holzken at ONE on TNT Part III\""},{"Link":"https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/One-Championship-One-on-TNT-3-PlaybyPlay-Results-178872","external_links_name":"\"One Championship 'One on TNT 3' Play-by-Play & Results\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/niekyholzken/status/1390251478309289984","external_links_name":"\"My contract has ended successfully at @onechampionship. What's next for me?\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CTwh9yLApw6/","external_links_name":"\"It's official... I am proud to say that I have signed another multi-deal with @onechampionship. This is the best contract of my career so far and I am very happy with it\""},{"Link":"https://combatpress.com/2021/11/combat-press-kickboxing-rankings-november-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: November 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-one-championship-reveals-holzken-murtazaev-fight-one-x","external_links_name":"\"ONE Championship books Nieky Holzken-Islam Murtazaev kickboxing fight for ONE X super-card\""},{"Link":"https://combatpress.com/2022/03/one-xs-nieky-holzken-back-in-the-saddle/","external_links_name":"\"ONE X's Nieky Holzken: Back in the Saddle\""},{"Link":"https://asianmma.com/nieky-holzken-faces-sinsamut-klinmee-at-one-x/","external_links_name":"\"Nieky Holzken faces Sinsamut Klinmee at ONE: 'X'\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-one-championship-announces-sinsamut-klinmee-neiky-holzken-s-opponent-one-x","external_links_name":"\"ONE Championship announces Sinsamut Klinmee as Nieky Holzken's opponent at ONE X\""},{"Link":"https://www.ed.nl/sport-regio/nieky-holzken-verliest-eerste-gevecht-van-2022-thaise-vechter-slaat-helmonder-knock-out~a466fdce","external_links_name":"\"Nieky Holzken verliest eerste gevecht van 2022: Thaise vechter slaat Helmonder knock-out\""},{"Link":"https://beyondkick.com/news/sitthichai-takes-on-undefeated-mohammed-boutasaa-dutch-legend-nieky-holzken-vs-murtazev-official-for-oct-21/","external_links_name":"\"Sitthichai takes on undefeated Mohammed Boutasaa, Dutch legend Nieky Holzken vs. Murtazev set for Oct. 21\""},{"Link":"https://www.fightsports.tv/more-one-162-changes/","external_links_name":"\"More ONE 162 Fight Card Changes\""},{"Link":"https://www.vechtsportinfo.nl/kickboks-amp-muay-thai-nieuws/nieky-holzken-gaat-tegenstander-arian-sadikovic-compleet-slopen-geen-genade","external_links_name":"\"Nieky Holzken gaat tegenstander Arian Sadikovic compleet slopen! 'Geen genade'\""},{"Link":"https://beyondkick.com/news/one-fight-night-11/","external_links_name":"\"ONE Fight Night 11 Weigh-in Results: Nieky Holzken, Amber Kitchen & Martine Michieletto Miss Weight, Holzken to Forfeit 30% Of His Purse\""},{"Link":"https://www.ed.nl/sport-regio/ongeloof-bij-hoofdschuddende-nieky-holzken-na-verlies-in-bangkok-ben-hier-niet-blij-mee~aa27fde8/","external_links_name":"\"Ongeloof bij hoofdschuddende Nieky Holzken na verlies in Bangkok: 'Ben hier niet blij mee'\""},{"Link":"https://www.onefc.com/features/everything-to-know-about-the-special-rules-super-fight-between-nieky-holzken-and-yoshihiro-akiyama-at-one-165/","external_links_name":"\"Everything To Know About The Special Rules Super-Fight Between Nieky Holzken And Yoshihiro Akiyama At ONE 165\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2024/01/28/one-165-nieky-holzken-predictably-runs-through-sexyama-in-boxing-round-of-mixed-rules-bout/","external_links_name":"\"Nieky Holzken Predictably Runs Through Sexyama in Boxing Round of Mixed-Rules Bout\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmamania.com/2024/1/28/24053285/highlights-yoshihiro-sexyama-akiyama-gets-sparked-two-minutes-nieky-holzken-at-one-championship-165","external_links_name":"\"Highlights! Nieky Holzken sparks Yoshihiro 'Sexyama' in less than two minutes\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news-one-165-superlek-vs-takeru-who-won-50-000-bonuses","external_links_name":"\"ONE 165: Superlek vs. Takeru - Who won the $50,000 bonuses?\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTfDguXshQU#t=01m30s","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive interview with Nieky Holzken World Welterweight Champion Kickboxer\""},{"Link":"http://radio.nl/819105/woonwagenbewoner-krijgt-eigen-realityprogramma-op-spike","external_links_name":"\"Woonwagenbewoner krijgt eigen realityprogramma op Spike\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/1/9/5259334/kickboxing-2013-year-end-awards-fighter-of-the-year-fight-ko-glory-free-fight-video","external_links_name":"\"Kickboxing 2013 Year End Awards: Fighter, Fight, and KO of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2806:liverkick-best-of-2013-fight-of-the-year&catid=34:demo-content","external_links_name":"\"LiverKick Best of 2013: Fight of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.onefc.com/athletes/nieky-holzken/","external_links_name":"ONE Championship profile"},{"Link":"https://www.glorykickboxing.com/fighters/nieky-holzken:8f03760b-ddfc-4e61-8f5c-0ba740fc3a65","external_links_name":"Glory profile"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/640938","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Nieky Holzken"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC_Records
American Record Corporation
["1 Overview","2 Columbia Phonograph Company US ownership","3 Brunswick Radio Corporation purchased by Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc.","4 Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. acquires American Record Corporation","5 Columbia Recording Corporation","6 Brunswick and Vocalion purchased by Decca Records, Inc.","7 ARC re-activated","8 Labels ARC issued or pressed (1929–1938)","9 See also","10 References"]
American record company Not to be confused with American Recordings, also known as American Recording Company LLC. Not to be confused with the older American Record Company, also known as ARCo. American Record CorporationCompany typeIncentivePredecessorScranton Button WorksFoundedJuly 25, 1929 (1929-07-25)United StatesDefunctDecember 17, 1938 (1938-12-17)FateAcquired for $700,000 in cash and stock by Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.SuccessorColumbia Recording Corporation May 1939HeadquartersUnited StatesParentColumbia Broadcasting System, Inc. American Record Corporation (ARC), also referred to as American Record Company, American Recording Corporation, or ARC Records, was an American record company in operation from 1929 to 1938, and again from 1978 to 1982. Overview ARC was created in January 1929 by Louis G. Sylvester, president of Scranton Button Works ('Scranton'), founded 1885. Scranton owned a pressing plant that manufactured disks for many companies, including Columbia labels and Emerson Records, the latter which it also owned. It then purchased Cameo Record Corporation, which owned the Cameo, Lincoln and Romeo labels), and six labels owned by the Plaza Music Company (Conqueror, Banner, Domino, Jewel, Oriole, and Regal). for $1 each, including liabilities. Pathé-Perfect Phonograph and Radio Corporation, which owned Actuelle, Pathé, and Perfect, was also purchased. 'American Record Corporation' was incorporated in Delaware on July 25, 1929, as a subsidiary of Consolidated Film Industries, Inc. ("CFI"). Louis G. Sylvester became the president of the new company, located at 1776 Broadway in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia Phonograph Company US ownership In March 1925, Louis Sterling, managing director of the UK Columbia Graphophone Company, backed by J.P. Morgan & Co., acquired a controlling interest in the parent company, Columbia Phonograph Company (U.S.), for $2.5 million, in order to purchase the license for new Western Electric patents that Columbia US could not afford. The British firm controlled US operations from 1925 until 1931. Sterling, originally from New York, became chairman. The repercussions of the stock market Crash of 1929 led to huge losses in the recording industry and, in March 1931, J.P Morgan, the major shareholder, steered the Columbia Graphophone Company (along with Odeon records and Parlophone, which it had owned since 1926) into a merger with the Gramophone Company ( ("His Master's Voice") to form Electric and Musical Industries Ltd (EMI). Since the Gramophone Company (HMV) was a wholly owned subsidiary of Victor, and Columbia in America was a subsidiary of UK Columbia, Victor now technically owned its largest rival in the US. To avoid antitrust legislation, EMI had to sell off its US Columbia operation, which continued to release pressings of matrices made in the UK. In December, 1931, the U.S. Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc. was sold to the Grigsby-Grunow Company, the manufacturers of Majestic radios and refrigerators. When Grigsby-Grunow was declared bankrupt in November 1933, Columbia was placed in receivership, and in June 1934, the company was sold to Sacro Enterprises Inc. ("Sacro") for $70,000. Sacro was incorporated a few days before the sale in New York. Public documents do not contain any names. Many suspect that it was a shell corporation set up by ARC's parent, Consolidated Films Industries, Inc. to hold the Columbia stock. This assumption grew out of the ease which CFI later exhibited in selling Columbia in 1938. Brunswick Radio Corporation purchased by Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc. On April 9, 1930, the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company sold its Brunswick and Vocalion trademarks, patents, master recordings, inventory of unsold records, recording studio leases, radio/phonograph manufacturing plants and record pressing plants to Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. (WB), which named its new division the "Brunswick Radio Corporation." The price was $10,000,000. According to a book co-authored by Jack Warner, Jr., Warner Bros. Pictures "bought the radio, record and phonograph divisions of Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company for the company's patents, its record factory, and its 16mm home talkie projector". Before they came to their senses, it was all moved across the country to WB's Sunset studio. WB soon realized it was a terrible mistake; it lost $8 million on the Brunswick deal. Melotone, a subsidiary label of the Brunswick Radio Corporation, was introduced late in 1930. "Brunswick is the first of the big-three disc companies to go into the market shortly with a double-faced disc to sell at 25 cents. Plate is called the Melotone," reported Variety. "Policy of Melotone will be the biggest song, to be delivered as cheaply as possible. No literature or advertising campaigns; cheap nut, quantity is the goal." WB wanted to withdraw from the record business, but economic conditions had deteriorated to the point where no buyer would offer anything close to the $10,000,000 they'd paid for Brunswick just the year before. Unwilling to take a huge loss, an agreement was entered into with Consolidated Film Industries, the parent company of ARC, on December 3, 1931, whereby the record company's artist and staff employment contracts were transferred, and the Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone trademarks and catalog of master recordings were loaned, to the "Brunswick Record Corporation," a newly-formed holding company controlled by ARC. While WB was to be paid a fee on sales of records pressed from Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone masters recorded prior to December 3, 1931, ARC was permitted to release its own master recordings on the Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone labels free of charge. The agreement effectively fixed the minimum retail price of a 10-inch Brunswick record at 75 cents, but allowed ARC free rein to set prices for Vocalion and Melotone (The price of Melotone nonetheless stayed at 25 cents.) In the event that fewer than 250,000 Brunswick records were pressed and sold in the U.S. and Canada during any one-year period, the agreement provided that control of the trademarks and catalog of Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone masters recorded through December 2, 1931 would revert to WB. Brunswick would become ARC's premium label. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. acquires American Record Corporation On December 17, 1938, American Record Corporation was purchased for $700,000 by the Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (CBS). Edward Wallerstein was named president on January 3, 1939. On April 4, 1939 CBS filed an amendment in New York for Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc. Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc., has been chartered to conduct a business in the recording of voices, sounds, etc., in New York, with Frank K. White and Adrian Murphy (employees of CBS), among the directors. Attorney Ralph F. CoUn, 165 Broadway, is third director. White owns four shares; the others three apiece. Capitol stock is $10;000, $10 par value. Rosenberg, Goldmlark & Colin, are filing attorneys. Above incorporation represents the formal change of name of CBS' phonograph subsidiary. The American Record Co. tag is discarded and instead of three corporations embracing the ARC'S various operations there will be one, the Columbia Phonograph Co., Inc. The latter label was taken over by Herbert J. Yates, former head of the American Record Co. several years ago and made file insignia of the combine's classical catelog. The indications are that the Columbia label will be returned to the popular field, replacing Brunswick as the company's fee popular record. On May 22, 1939, Columbia Recording Corporation, Inc., was incorporated with the State of Delaware, and became the CBS phonograph subsidiary. The New York Department of State shows a later incorporation date of April 4, 1947. This corporation changed its name to Columbia Records, Inc. on October 11, 1954, and reverted to CRC on January 2, 1962. Columbia Recording Corporation In February 1939, "American Record Co., now the child of the Columbia Broadcasting System, will shortly' move its recording division from its present location on upper-Broadway, New York, to a site conveniently near the Madison avenue home of its new parent". Studios were established at 799 7th Avenue, New York City, along with corporate offices at 1473 Barnum Avenue, Bridgeport, CT. Also in February, John Hammond was hired by Wallerstein as Associate Director Popular Recording. Another executive from ARC, Art Satherley, was not expected to transition over as easily. "It is understood that CBS and the Levys are not interested in retaining American Record's hillbilly department, and that Art Satherly, who has been running this section for many years, will take it out of the company with him". Fortunately, to the delight of many, this did not happen, and Art went on to many more successful years. Hammond hired Benny Goodman away from Victor to record for the Columbia label. Then came an announcement August 30, 1939, "Columbia drops its Brunswick label at 75c in favor of a 50c platter tagged Columbia, with the issuing of the first of the platters cut by Benny Goodman Sept 3". Brunswick was gradually phased out, the final issue being Brunswick 8520, in April 1940. On December 27, "Columbia Records expects to shift quite a list of artists from its current $.35 Vocalion label to the recently created $.50 Columbia...reason for the shift is that the Columbia label is selling so much faster than the Vocalion." As sales of Brunswick records declined, a minimum threshold required by the 1931 Warner Bros. lease agreement was going unmet, which obliged Columbia to also discontinue Vocalion. The final Vocalion issued under Columbia's aegis, number 5621, was released July 5, 1940. It was priced at 35 cents, as was the next record in the series, OKeh 05622. Okeh Records was revived in June 1940, acquired in the same 1934 bankruptcy sale whereby ARC obtained its Columbia trademarks. By July, it was releasing new Hillbilly platters by Gene Autry and Bob Wills, and re-issuing past Vocalion discs, using the same catalogue numbers with a leading zero added. Okeh was extremely successful until it was merged into the parent label in 1945. When a January 1941 audit found that not more than 150,000 Brunswick records had sold during the period from December 1, 1939 through December 31, 1940, control of the loaned trademarks and catalog of master recordings made prior to December 3, 1931 reverted to Warner Bros. Pictures Brunswick and Vocalion purchased by Decca Records, Inc. On May 2, 1941, Decca Executive Milton Rackmil bought Brunswick Radio Corporation from Warner Brothers for $350,000, which included Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone masters from label inception to December 1931. Decca reactivated the labels for limited purposes from time to time, but it was the valuable catalogues it really wanted. Brunswick masters included Isham Jones, Al Jolson, early Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong and Marion Harris, but it was obscure Jacques Rennard and His Orchestra that had recorded "As Time Goes By" in 1931. Decca re-released it in 1943, to capitalize on 'Casablanca's' (1942) theme music. Because of the AFM's studio recording ban, the only recordings the major labels could find were the Rennard, and a July 1931 rendition by Rudy Vallee and His Connecticut Yankees, released by Victor. Both finished in the top 25 of 1943, with Renard's version selling over 250,000 copies, making Decca management so happy, they gave him a $1,000 bonus, even though he hadn't recorded for years. His record's sales more than paid for the Brunswick Radio Corporation purchase. Rackmil was also promoted and named to the Decca board of directors. ARC re-activated During August 1978 ARC was reactivated by Columbia as Maurice White's vanity label. Acts such as Earth, Wind & Fire, Weather Report, Deniece Williams, Pockets, and The Emotions were signed to the label. One of the label's final releases was Earth, Wind & Fire's 1981 album Raise! As of 2019, the ARC legacy is now part of Sony Music Entertainment. Labels ARC issued or pressed (1929–1938) Labels that existed prior to the formation of ARC are marked + ARC (sold to theaters for background and intermission music 1931–1933?, 1978–1982 vanity label for Maurice White) Banner +1929–1938 Bernardo (client label) Broadway +from 1932 (fulfilling a contract with Montgomery Ward after Paramount ceased production) Brunswick +1932–1938 (under lease agreement from Warner Bros. Pictures) Cameo +1929–1930 Columbia +late 1934–1938 Commodore (client label for Commodore Music Shops) Conqueror +(client label for Sears from 1929–1938) Domino +1929–1931 (but was restarted as a client label for the John Gabel Co. circa 1933–34) Fox Movietone (client label sold only at Fox Theaters, taken over from Victor, circa 1934) Gospel Herald (client label) Gramophone Shop Varieties (client label for The Gramophone Shop) Hollywood 1936–1937 (client label) Homestead +(mail order label 1929 to circa 1931, when it was taken over by Crown Records) Hot Record Society (client label for the Hot Record Society) Jewel +1929 to circa 1932 Liberty Music Shops (client label for the Liberty Music Shops) Lincoln +from 1929–1930 Master 1937 Mel-O-Dee (client label as a specialty jukebox label for Will F. Dillion Associates, Inc.) 1931 Melotone +1932–1938 Oriole +1929–1938 (client label for McCrory) Paramount +1932 to circa 1934. Pressed last of the 13000 series and the short-lived 9000 series Pathé +1929–1930 Perfect +1929–1938 Regal +1929–1931 Romeo +1929–1938 (client label for Kress Stores) Shamrock Stores – (client label for the Shamrock Stores) Supertone +1930 to circa 1931 (client label for Sears whose short-lived series made by Brunswick after the Gennett period ended. This rare series probably hails from right before the ARC takeover of Brunswick) U.H.C.A. – (client label specializing in reissues for United Hot Clubs of America through Commodore) Variety 1937 Vocalion +1932–1938 (under lease agreement from Warner Bros. Pictures) See also Lists of record labels References ^ a b c d Marmorstein, Gary (2007). The label : the story of Columbia Records. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press Avalon Publishing Group. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-1560257073. ^ Appeals, New York (State) Court of (1941). New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs. ^ a b "Frank Walker". Variety. December 21, 1938. p. 24. Retrieved June 18, 2022. ^ "The 78rpm Home Page: Label Pictures". 78rpmrecord.com. Retrieved 2013-07-06. ^ Cox, Jim. American Radio Networks: A History. Google Books. Retrieved 2012-08-11. ^ Wolf, Charles; Lornell, Kip (1999). The Life and Legend of Leadbelly. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 178, 198. ^ Sing Out! 21 (1971), p. 44. ^ a b Rye, Howard (2002). Barry Kernfeld (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p. 49. ISBN 1561592846. ^ Brooks, Tim (ed.), Columbia Corporate History: Electrical Recording and the Late 1920s, Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I (Online ed.), Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR) ^ a b c Brooks, Tim (ed.), Columbia Corporate History: Market Crash, 1929, and the Early 1930s, Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I (Online ed.), Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR) See also Notes section. ^ Walworth, Julia (2005). "Sir Louis Sterling and his library". Jewish Historical Studies. 40. Jewish Historical Society of England: 161. JSTOR 24027031. ^ "EMI: A Brief History". BBC News. 24 January 2000. Retrieved 15 January 2009. ^ Brooks, Tim (2013-03-22). "360 Sound: The Columbia Records Story. Columbia Records: Pioneer in Recorded Sound: America's Oldest Record Company, 1886 to the Present". Book Reviews. ARSC Journal. 44 (1): 133. ^ Sperling, Cass Warner; Milner, Cork Milner; Warner, Jack Jr. (1998). Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story. Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-8131-0958-2. ^ "Melotone". Variety. December 17, 1930. p. 57. Retrieved June 25, 2022. ^ "Columbia drops its Brunswick label". Variety. August 30, 1939. p. 241. Retrieved June 18, 2022. ^ "New Page 11". www.vjm.biz. Retrieved 2022-06-24. ^ "Decca Records 20th Anniversary". The Billboard: 14–46. August 28, 1954. ^ "New ARC Columbia Label on debut". Vol. 90, no. 31. Billboard Magazine. August 5, 1978. p. 19. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) ^ "Maurice White's Prowling for Acts, Building Studios". Vol. 91, no. 28. Billboard Magazine. July 14, 1979. p. 26. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) Wikimedia Commons has media related to ARC Records. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Other MusicBrainz label
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recordings_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"American Record Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Record_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rpmrecord1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"record company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-8"}],"text":"Not to be confused with American Recordings, also known as American Recording Company LLC.Not to be confused with the older American Record Company, also known as ARCo.American Record Corporation (ARC),[4] also referred to as American Record Company, American Recording Corporation,[5] or ARC Records,[6][7] was an American record company in operation from 1929 to 1938, and again from 1978 to 1982.[8]","title":"American Record Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scranton Button Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton_Button_Company"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Emerson Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Records"},{"link_name":"Cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_Records"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Records"},{"link_name":"Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Records"},{"link_name":"Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conqueror_Records"},{"link_name":"Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_Records"},{"link_name":"Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_Records_(1924)"},{"link_name":"Jewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Records_(New_York_record_label)"},{"link_name":"Oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriole_Records_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Records_(1921)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-8"},{"link_name":"Pathé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records"},{"link_name":"Perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Records"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Film Industries, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Film_Industries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StoryColumbia-1"}],"text":"ARC was created in January 1929 by Louis G. Sylvester, president of Scranton Button Works ('Scranton'), founded 1885. Scranton owned a pressing plant that manufactured disks for many companies, including Columbia labels and Emerson Records, the latter which it also owned. It then purchased Cameo Record Corporation, which owned the Cameo, Lincoln and Romeo labels), and six labels owned by the Plaza Music Company (Conqueror, Banner, Domino, Jewel, Oriole, and Regal).[8] for $1 each, including liabilities. Pathé-Perfect Phonograph and Radio Corporation, which owned Actuelle, Pathé, and Perfect, was also purchased. 'American Record Corporation' was incorporated in Delaware on July 25, 1929, as a subsidiary of Consolidated Film Industries, Inc. (\"CFI\"). Louis G. Sylvester became the president of the new company, located at 1776 Broadway in Manhattan, New York City.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia Graphophone Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company"},{"link_name":"J.P. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan"},{"link_name":"Columbia Phonograph Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks_Late_20s-9"},{"link_name":"Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"Odeon records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_records"},{"link_name":"Parlophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlophone"},{"link_name":"Gramophone Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_Company"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-10"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-10"},{"link_name":"Grigsby-Grunow Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_Radios#Grigsby-Grunow_years_(1927-1934)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In March 1925, Louis Sterling, managing director of the UK Columbia Graphophone Company, backed by J.P. Morgan & Co., acquired a controlling interest in the parent company, Columbia Phonograph Company (U.S.), for $2.5 million, in order to purchase the license for new Western Electric patents that Columbia US could not afford.[9]\nThe British firm controlled US operations from 1925 until 1931. Sterling, originally from New York, became chairman.The repercussions of the stock market Crash of 1929 led to huge losses in the recording industry and, in March 1931, J.P Morgan, the major shareholder, steered the Columbia Graphophone Company (along with Odeon records and Parlophone, which it had owned since 1926) into a merger with the Gramophone Company ( (\"His Master's Voice\") to form Electric and Musical Industries Ltd (EMI).[10][11][12] Since the Gramophone Company (HMV) was a wholly owned subsidiary of Victor, and Columbia in America was a subsidiary of UK Columbia, Victor now technically owned its largest rival in the US.[10] To avoid antitrust legislation, EMI had to sell off its US Columbia operation, which continued to release pressings of matrices made in the UK.[10]In December, 1931, the U.S. Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc. was sold to the Grigsby-Grunow Company, the manufacturers of Majestic radios and refrigerators. When Grigsby-Grunow was declared bankrupt in November 1933, Columbia was placed in receivership, and in June 1934, the company was sold to Sacro Enterprises Inc. (\"Sacro\") for $70,000. Sacro was incorporated a few days before the sale in New York. Public documents do not contain any names. Many suspect that it was a shell corporation set up by ARC's parent, Consolidated Films Industries, Inc. to hold the Columbia stock. This assumption grew out of the ease which CFI later exhibited in selling Columbia in 1938.[13]","title":"Columbia Phonograph Company US ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation#History"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Records"},{"link_name":"Vocalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalion_Records"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"Jack Warner, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_M._Warner"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On April 9, 1930, the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company sold its Brunswick and Vocalion trademarks, patents, master recordings, inventory of unsold records, recording studio leases, radio/phonograph manufacturing plants and record pressing plants to Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. (WB), which named its new division the \"Brunswick Radio Corporation.\" The price was $10,000,000.According to a book co-authored by Jack Warner, Jr., Warner Bros. Pictures \"bought the radio, record and phonograph divisions of Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company for the company's patents, its record factory, and its 16mm home talkie projector\".[14] Before they came to their senses, it was all moved across the country to WB's Sunset studio. WB soon realized it was a terrible mistake; it lost $8 million on the Brunswick deal.Melotone, a subsidiary label of the Brunswick Radio Corporation, was introduced late in 1930. \"Brunswick is the first of the big-three disc companies to go into the market shortly with a double-faced disc to sell at 25 cents. Plate is called the Melotone,\" reported Variety. \"Policy of Melotone will be the biggest song, to be delivered as cheaply as possible. No literature or advertising campaigns; cheap nut, quantity is the goal.\"[15]WB wanted to withdraw from the record business, but economic conditions had deteriorated to the point where no buyer would offer anything close to the $10,000,000 they'd paid for Brunswick just the year before. Unwilling to take a huge loss, an agreement was entered into with Consolidated Film Industries, the parent company of ARC, on December 3, 1931, whereby the record company's artist and staff employment contracts were transferred, and the Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone trademarks and catalog of master recordings were loaned, to the \"Brunswick Record Corporation,\" a newly-formed holding company controlled by ARC.While WB was to be paid a fee on sales of records pressed from Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone masters recorded prior to December 3, 1931, ARC was permitted to release its own master recordings on the Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone labels free of charge. The agreement effectively fixed the minimum retail price of a 10-inch Brunswick record at 75 cents, but allowed ARC free rein to set prices for Vocalion and Melotone (The price of Melotone nonetheless stayed at 25 cents.) In the event that fewer than 250,000 Brunswick records were pressed and sold in the U.S. and Canada during any one-year period, the agreement provided that control of the trademarks and catalog of Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone masters recorded through December 2, 1931 would revert to WB. Brunswick would become ARC's premium label.","title":"Brunswick Radio Corporation purchased by Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saleclosed-3"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StoryColumbia-1"}],"text":"On December 17, 1938, American Record Corporation was purchased for $700,000 by the Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (CBS).[3] Edward Wallerstein was named president on January 3, 1939. On April 4, 1939 CBS filed an amendment in New York for Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc.Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc., has been chartered to conduct a business in the recording of voices, sounds, etc., in New York, with Frank K. White and Adrian Murphy (employees of CBS), among the directors. Attorney Ralph F. CoUn, 165 Broadway, is third director. White owns four shares; the others three apiece. Capitol stock is $10;000, $10 par value. \nRosenberg, Goldmlark & Colin, are filing attorneys.[This quote needs a citation]Above incorporation represents the formal change of name of CBS' phonograph subsidiary. The American Record Co. tag is discarded and instead of three corporations embracing the ARC'S various operations there will be one, the Columbia Phonograph Co., Inc. The latter label was taken over by Herbert J. Yates, former head of the American Record Co. several years ago and made file insignia of the combine's classical catelog. The indications are that the Columbia label will be returned to the popular field, replacing Brunswick as the company's fee popular record.[This quote needs a citation]On May 22, 1939, Columbia Recording Corporation, Inc., was incorporated with the State of Delaware,[1] and became the CBS phonograph subsidiary. The New York Department of State shows a later incorporation date of April 4, 1947. This corporation changed its name to Columbia Records, Inc. on October 11, 1954, and reverted to CRC on January 2, 1962.","title":"Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. acquires American Record Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"Art Satherley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Satherley"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"Okeh Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeh_Records"}],"text":"In February 1939, \"American Record Co., now the child of the Columbia Broadcasting System, will shortly' move its recording division from its present location on upper-Broadway, New York, to a site conveniently near the Madison avenue home of its new parent\".[This quote needs a citation] Studios were established at 799 7th Avenue, New York City, along with corporate offices at 1473 Barnum Avenue, Bridgeport, CT. Also in February, John Hammond was hired by Wallerstein as Associate Director Popular Recording. Another executive from ARC, Art Satherley, was not expected to transition over as easily. \"It is understood that CBS and the Levys are not interested in retaining American Record's hillbilly department, and that Art Satherly, who has been running this section for many years, will take it out of the company with him\".[This quote needs a citation] Fortunately, to the delight of many, this did not happen, and Art went on to many more successful years.Hammond hired Benny Goodman away from Victor to record for the Columbia label. Then came an announcement August 30, 1939, \"Columbia drops its Brunswick label at 75c in favor of a 50c platter tagged Columbia, with the issuing of the first of the platters cut by Benny Goodman Sept 3\".[16] Brunswick was gradually phased out, the final issue being Brunswick 8520, in April 1940. On December 27, \"Columbia Records expects to shift quite a list of artists from its current $.35 Vocalion label to the recently created $.50 Columbia...reason for the shift is that the Columbia label is selling so much faster than the Vocalion.\"[This quote needs a citation]As sales of Brunswick records declined, a minimum threshold required by the 1931 Warner Bros. lease agreement was going unmet, which obliged Columbia to also discontinue Vocalion. The final Vocalion issued under Columbia's aegis, number 5621, was released July 5, 1940. It was priced at 35 cents, as was the next record in the series, OKeh 05622. Okeh Records was revived in June 1940, acquired in the same 1934 bankruptcy sale whereby ARC obtained its Columbia trademarks. By July, it was releasing new Hillbilly platters by Gene Autry and Bob Wills, and re-issuing past Vocalion discs, using the same catalogue numbers with a leading zero added. Okeh was extremely successful until it was merged into the parent label in 1945. When a January 1941 audit found that not more than 150,000 Brunswick records had sold during the period from December 1, 1939 through December 31, 1940, control of the loaned trademarks and catalog of master recordings made prior to December 3, 1931 reverted to Warner Bros. Pictures","title":"Columbia Recording Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jacques Rennard and His Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Renard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"As Time Goes By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Time_Goes_By_(song)"},{"link_name":"Casablanca's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Rudy Vallee and His Connecticut Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Vallee"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On May 2, 1941, Decca Executive Milton Rackmil bought Brunswick Radio Corporation from Warner Brothers for $350,000,[17] which included Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone masters from label inception to December 1931. Decca reactivated the labels for limited purposes from time to time, but it was the valuable catalogues it really wanted. Brunswick masters included Isham Jones, Al Jolson, early Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong and Marion Harris, but it was obscure Jacques Rennard and His Orchestra that had recorded \"As Time Goes By\" in 1931. Decca re-released it in 1943, to capitalize on 'Casablanca's' (1942) theme music. Because of the AFM's studio recording ban, the only recordings the major labels could find were the Rennard, and a July 1931 rendition by Rudy Vallee and His Connecticut Yankees, released by Victor. Both finished in the top 25 of 1943, with Renard's version selling over 250,000 copies, making Decca management so happy, they gave him a $1,000 bonus, even though he hadn't recorded for years. His record's sales more than paid for the Brunswick Radio Corporation purchase. Rackmil was also promoted and named to the Decca board of directors.[18]","title":"Brunswick and Vocalion purchased by Decca Records, Inc."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_White"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind & Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire"},{"link_name":"Weather Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Report"},{"link_name":"Deniece Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniece_Williams"},{"link_name":"Pockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pockets_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emotions"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind & Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire"},{"link_name":"Raise!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raise!"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"}],"text":"During August 1978 ARC was reactivated by Columbia as Maurice White's vanity label. Acts such as Earth, Wind & Fire, Weather Report, Deniece Williams, Pockets, and The Emotions were signed to the label. One of the label's final releases was Earth, Wind & Fire's 1981 album Raise![19][20]As of 2019, the ARC legacy is now part of Sony Music Entertainment.","title":"ARC re-activated"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_White"},{"link_name":"Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_Records"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Records_(1920s)"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Records"},{"link_name":"Cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_Records"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Records"},{"link_name":"Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conqueror_Records"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_Records_(1924)"},{"link_name":"Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Records_(1920s)"},{"link_name":"Jewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Records_(New_York_record_label)"},{"link_name":"Liberty Music Shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Music_Shop_Records"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Records"},{"link_name":"Melotone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melotone_Records_(US)"},{"link_name":"Oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriole_Records_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"McCrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCrory_Stores"},{"link_name":"Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Records"},{"link_name":"Pathé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records"},{"link_name":"Perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Records"},{"link_name":"Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Records_(1921)"},{"link_name":"Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Records"},{"link_name":"Supertone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertone_Records"},{"link_name":"Gennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennett"},{"link_name":"Vocalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalion_Records"}],"text":"Labels that existed prior to the formation of ARC are marked +ARC (sold to theaters for background and intermission music 1931–1933?, 1978–1982 vanity label for Maurice White)\nBanner +1929–1938\nBernardo (client label)\nBroadway +from 1932 (fulfilling a contract with Montgomery Ward after Paramount ceased production)\nBrunswick +1932–1938 (under lease agreement from Warner Bros. Pictures)\nCameo +1929–1930\nColumbia +late 1934–1938\nCommodore (client label for Commodore Music Shops)\nConqueror +(client label for Sears from 1929–1938)\nDomino +1929–1931 (but was restarted as a client label for the John Gabel Co. circa 1933–34)\nFox Movietone (client label sold only at Fox Theaters, taken over from Victor, circa 1934)\nGospel Herald (client label)\nGramophone Shop Varieties (client label for The Gramophone Shop)\nHollywood 1936–1937 (client label)\nHomestead +(mail order label 1929 to circa 1931, when it was taken over by Crown Records)\nHot Record Society (client label for the Hot Record Society)\nJewel +1929 to circa 1932\nLiberty Music Shops (client label for the Liberty Music Shops)\nLincoln +from 1929–1930\nMaster 1937\nMel-O-Dee (client label as a specialty jukebox label for Will F. Dillion Associates, Inc.) 1931\nMelotone +1932–1938\nOriole +1929–1938 (client label for McCrory)\nParamount +1932 to circa 1934. Pressed last of the 13000 series and the short-lived 9000 series\nPathé +1929–1930\nPerfect +1929–1938\nRegal +1929–1931\nRomeo +1929–1938 (client label for Kress Stores)\nShamrock Stores – (client label for the Shamrock Stores)\nSupertone +1930 to circa 1931 (client label for Sears whose short-lived series made by Brunswick after the Gennett period ended. This rare series probably hails from right before the ARC takeover of Brunswick)\nU.H.C.A. – (client label specializing in reissues for United Hot Clubs of America through Commodore)\nVariety 1937\nVocalion +1932–1938 (under lease agreement from Warner Bros. Pictures)","title":"Labels ARC issued or pressed (1929–1938)"}]
[]
[{"title":"Lists of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_record_labels"}]
[{"reference":"Marmorstein, Gary (2007). The label : the story of Columbia Records. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press Avalon Publishing Group. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-1560257073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Avalon Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560257073","url_text":"978-1560257073"}]},{"reference":"Appeals, New York (State) Court of (1941). New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VDYJG843cN0C&dq=New+York+corporate+filings+Columbia+Phonograph&pg=PA1330","url_text":"New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Walker\". Variety. December 21, 1938. p. 24. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety132-1938-12/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Denies+Joining+CBS+Subsidiary","url_text":"\"Frank Walker\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 78rpm Home Page: Label Pictures\". 78rpmrecord.com. Retrieved 2013-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://78rpmrecord.com/labelshow.cfm?whichLabel=2344","url_text":"\"The 78rpm Home Page: Label Pictures\""}]},{"reference":"Rye, Howard (2002). Barry Kernfeld (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p. 49. ISBN 1561592846.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1561592846","url_text":"1561592846"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Tim (ed.), Columbia Corporate History: Electrical Recording and the Late 1920s, Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I (Online ed.), Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR)","urls":[{"url":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/114","url_text":"Columbia Corporate History: Electrical Recording and the Late 1920s"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Tim (ed.), Columbia Corporate History: Market Crash, 1929, and the Early 1930s, Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I (Online ed.), Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR)","urls":[{"url":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/115","url_text":"Columbia Corporate History: Market Crash, 1929, and the Early 1930s"}]},{"reference":"Walworth, Julia (2005). \"Sir Louis Sterling and his library\". Jewish Historical Studies. 40. Jewish Historical Society of England: 161. JSTOR 24027031.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027031","url_text":"24027031"}]},{"reference":"\"EMI: A Brief History\". BBC News. 24 January 2000. Retrieved 15 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/616485.stm","url_text":"\"EMI: A Brief History\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Tim (2013-03-22). \"360 Sound: The Columbia Records Story. Columbia Records: Pioneer in Recorded Sound: America's Oldest Record Company, 1886 to the Present\". Book Reviews. ARSC Journal. 44 (1): 133.","urls":[{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=21514402&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA335188716&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs","url_text":"\"360 Sound: The Columbia Records Story. Columbia Records: Pioneer in Recorded Sound: America's Oldest Record Company, 1886 to the Present\""}]},{"reference":"Sperling, Cass Warner; Milner, Cork Milner; Warner, Jack Jr. (1998). Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story. Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-0958-2","url_text":"0-8131-0958-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Melotone\". Variety. December 17, 1930. p. 57. Retrieved June 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety100-1930-12","url_text":"\"Melotone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia drops its Brunswick label\". Variety. August 30, 1939. p. 241. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety135-1939-08/page/n241/mode/2up?q=Brunswick","url_text":"\"Columbia drops its Brunswick label\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Page 11\". www.vjm.biz. Retrieved 2022-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vjm.biz/new_page_11.htm","url_text":"\"New Page 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decca Records 20th Anniversary\". The Billboard: 14–46. August 28, 1954.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=liEEAAAAMBAJ&dq=decca+vocalion+brunswick+1941&pg=PA14","url_text":"\"Decca Records 20th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"New ARC Columbia Label on debut\". Vol. 90, no. 31. Billboard Magazine. August 5, 1978. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ViQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Maurice+White+1978+ARC&pg=PT18","url_text":"\"New ARC Columbia Label on debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice White's Prowling for Acts, Building Studios\". Vol. 91, no. 28. Billboard Magazine. July 14, 1979. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LyQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Deniece+Williams+ARC+1978&pg=PT25","url_text":"\"Maurice White's Prowling for Acts, Building Studios\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VDYJG843cN0C&dq=New+York+corporate+filings+Columbia+Phonograph&pg=PA1330","external_links_name":"New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety132-1938-12/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Denies+Joining+CBS+Subsidiary","external_links_name":"\"Frank Walker\""},{"Link":"http://78rpmrecord.com/labelshow.cfm?whichLabel=2344","external_links_name":"\"The 78rpm Home Page: Label Pictures\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tpxGeViyuPwC&dq=%22american+record%22+%2B+cbs&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"Cox, Jim. American Radio Networks: A History. Google Books"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iJhS9BaFFjIC&dq=leadbelly+%22arc+records%22&pg=PA198","external_links_name":"198"},{"Link":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/114","external_links_name":"Columbia Corporate History: Electrical Recording and the Late 1920s"},{"Link":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/115","external_links_name":"Columbia Corporate History: Market Crash, 1929, and the Early 1930s"},{"Link":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/131","external_links_name":"Notes section"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027031","external_links_name":"24027031"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/616485.stm","external_links_name":"\"EMI: A Brief History\""},{"Link":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=21514402&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA335188716&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs","external_links_name":"\"360 Sound: The Columbia Records Story. Columbia Records: Pioneer in Recorded Sound: America's Oldest Record Company, 1886 to the Present\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety100-1930-12","external_links_name":"\"Melotone\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety135-1939-08/page/n241/mode/2up?q=Brunswick","external_links_name":"\"Columbia drops its Brunswick label\""},{"Link":"http://www.vjm.biz/new_page_11.htm","external_links_name":"\"New Page 11\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=liEEAAAAMBAJ&dq=decca+vocalion+brunswick+1941&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"\"Decca Records 20th Anniversary\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ViQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Maurice+White+1978+ARC&pg=PT18","external_links_name":"\"New ARC Columbia Label on debut\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LyQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Deniece+Williams+ARC+1978&pg=PT25","external_links_name":"\"Maurice White's Prowling for Acts, Building Studios\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153829565","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007087800","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/526f5278-6061-4ec4-a4e3-cce91641d3af","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Negroni
Joe Negroni
["1 Early years","2 The \"Teenagers\"","3 Later years and death","4 See also","5 References"]
American singer (1940–1978) Joe NegroniJoe NegroniBackground informationBirth nameJose NegroniBorn(1940-09-09)September 9, 1940New York City, New YorkDiedSeptember 5, 1978(1978-09-05) (aged 37)New York CityGenresRock and RollOccupation(s)SingerYears active1955–1978LabelsGeeMusical artist Joe Negroni (September 9, 1940 – September 5, 1978) was an American singer of Puerto Rican descent. He was a rock and roll pioneer and founding member of the rock and roll group Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers. Early years Negroni's family moved from Puerto Rico to New York City in the 1930s during the Great Depression era. The family lived in Manhattan where Negroni met and befriended Herman Santiago. In the early 1950s, Negroni, Santiago, and two other friends Jimmy Merchant and Sherman Garnes would get together in front of Santiago's stoops (building stairs) and sing songs to the beat of Doo-Wops. Negroni, who had a baritone voice, and his friends called themselves the "Ermines" with Santiago as lead singer. On one occasion, the Ermines performed alongside the "Cadillacs" at P.S. 143 (Public School 143). The Ermines changed their name to "Coupe de Villes" and later to "The Premiers". The "Teenagers" In 1954, 12-year-old Frankie Lymon worked in a grocery store. One night, The Premiers and Lymon's brother performed in a talent show held at JHS Stitt (Junior High School Stitt). Frankie approached The Premiers, telling them how good they sounded. They started jamming together, and the Premiers were impressed with the sound of Frankie's high tenor/boy soprano voice. Lymon sang a few numbers with them, like "You Painted Pictures" and "Lily Maebelle," and by early 1955, they had invited him to join, with Lymon singing first tenor behind Santiago's lead. In 1955, Richard Barrett, a scout for "Gee Records," heard them singing and introduced them to George Goldner, the owner of Gee. Upon hearing them sing, Goldner signed them to a contract and changed the group's name to "The Teenagers." The following day, the group was supposed to meet with Goldner in the studio for a recording session. Santiago, who was the lead singer, was ill and could not accompany the other members; therefore, he gave Negroni the music sheet with the words to the song that he had written. The song was "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" (which was originally reworked from a poem called "Why Do Birds Sing So Gay"). Since Santiago was not present, Goldner asked Frankie if he could sing the song. Frankie accepted, and they recorded the song. Goldner then changed the group's name to "Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers" and released the record. The song became an instant hit in the United States, and in the United Kingdom, it also became the first top British hit of an American vocal group. In London, the group played at the Palladium. Upon hearing them sing, young girls acted wild, a matter that bothered the establishment more than somewhat. Alan Freed signed them for two movies. The Teenagers had three other hits that reached the top 10 in the R&B charts: "I Want You to Be My Girl" (#3), "Who Can Explain?" (#7), and "The ABC's of Love" (#8). Later years and death In 1957, Frankie Lymon, upon the urging of Goldner, left "the Teenagers" and went solo. Eventually the group broke up. Santiago tried to reunite "the Teenagers" in the 1970s and 1980s, in ill–fated comeback attempts. On February 27, 1968, Lymon was found dead in his grandmother's bathroom from a heroin overdose. In 1977, Garnes had died from a heart attack, and on September 5, 1978, Joe Negroni died from a cerebral hemorrhage in a New York apartment or home, just four days before his 38th birthday. Negroni was survived by his three children, two daughters and a son. In 1993, Joe Negroni, Herman Santiago, Frankie Lymon, Jimmy Merchant, and Sherman Garnes—the original members of "the Teenagers"—were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 2000, they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. In the 1998 film "Why Do Fools Fall in Love," the role of Negroni was played by actor Jon Huertas. See also Puerto Rico portalBiography portal List of Puerto Ricans Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico References ^ a b c d Rockabilly ^ a b c d Doo-Wop ^ Rock & Roll Hall of Fame (August 14, 2014). "Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers". rockhall.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2019. Alt URL ^ Vocal Group Hall of Fame Archived January 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ Why Do Fools Fall in Love (film) vteThe Teenagers Frankie Lymon Jimmy Merchant Herman Santiago Joe Negroni Sherman Garnes Billy Lobrano Howard Kenny Bobo Studio albums The Teenagers Featuring Frankie Lymon Singles "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" "I Want You to Be My Girl" "I Promise to Remember"/"Who Can Explain?" "The ABC's of Love" "I'm Not a Juvenile Delinquent" "Teenage Love" "Out in the Cold Again" "Everything to Me" "My Broken Heart" "Can You Tell Me" "The Lemon-Twist Dance" vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1993Performers Ruth Brown Cream Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, Eric Clapton Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, Tom Fogerty The Doors John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, Jim Morrison Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, Jimmy Merchant, Joe Negroni, Herman Santiago Etta James Van Morrison Sly and the Family Stone Greg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rose Stone, Sly Stone Early influences Dinah Washington Non-performers(Ahmet Ertegun Award) Dick Clark Milt Gabler Authority control databases VIAF
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He was a rock and roll pioneer and founding member of the rock and roll group Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers.","title":"Joe Negroni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Herman Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Merchant"},{"link_name":"Sherman Garnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Garnes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-2"}],"text":"Negroni's family moved from Puerto Rico to New York City in the 1930s during the Great Depression era. The family lived in Manhattan where Negroni met and befriended Herman Santiago. In the early 1950s, Negroni, Santiago, and two other friends Jimmy Merchant and Sherman Garnes would get together in front of Santiago's stoops (building stairs) and sing songs to the beat of Doo-Wops.[1]Negroni, who had a baritone voice, and his friends called themselves the \"Ermines\" with Santiago as lead singer. On one occasion, the Ermines performed alongside the \"Cadillacs\" at P.S. 143 (Public School 143). The Ermines changed their name to \"Coupe de Villes\" and later to \"The Premiers\".[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-2"},{"link_name":"Why Do Fools Fall in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Do_Fools_Fall_in_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB-1"},{"link_name":"I Want You to Be My Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_You_to_Be_My_Girl"},{"link_name":"Who Can Explain?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Can_Explain%3F"},{"link_name":"The ABC's of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ABC%27s_of_Love"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-2"}],"text":"In 1954, 12-year-old Frankie Lymon worked in a grocery store. One night, The Premiers and Lymon's brother performed in a talent show held at JHS Stitt (Junior High School Stitt). Frankie approached The Premiers, telling them how good they sounded. They started jamming together, and the Premiers were impressed with the sound of Frankie's high tenor/boy soprano voice.[1] Lymon sang a few numbers with them, like \"You Painted Pictures\" and \"Lily Maebelle,\" and by early 1955, they had invited him to join, with Lymon singing first tenor behind Santiago's lead.[2]In 1955, Richard Barrett, a scout for \"Gee Records,\" heard them singing and introduced them to George Goldner, the owner of Gee. Upon hearing them sing, Goldner signed them to a contract and changed the group's name to \"The Teenagers.\"The following day, the group was supposed to meet with Goldner in the studio for a recording session. Santiago, who was the lead singer, was ill and could not accompany the other members; therefore, he gave Negroni the music sheet with the words to the song that he had written. The song was \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love\" (which was originally reworked from a poem called \"Why Do Birds Sing So Gay\"). Since Santiago was not present, Goldner asked Frankie if he could sing the song.[1] Frankie accepted, and they recorded the song. Goldner then changed the group's name to \"Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers\" and released the record. The song became an instant hit in the United States, and in the United Kingdom, it also became the first top British hit of an American vocal group. In London, the group played at the Palladium.[1] Upon hearing them sing, young girls acted wild, a matter that bothered the establishment more than somewhat. Alan Freed signed them for two movies.The Teenagers had three other hits that reached the top 10 in the R&B charts: \"I Want You to Be My Girl\" (#3), \"Who Can Explain?\" (#7), and \"The ABC's of Love\" (#8).[2]","title":"The \"Teenagers\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cerebral hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Vocal Group Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Why Do Fools Fall in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Do_Fools_Fall_in_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jon Huertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Huertas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1957, Frankie Lymon, upon the urging of Goldner, left \"the Teenagers\" and went solo. Eventually the group broke up. Santiago tried to reunite \"the Teenagers\" in the 1970s and 1980s, in ill–fated comeback attempts. On February 27, 1968, Lymon was found dead in his grandmother's bathroom from a heroin overdose. In 1977, Garnes had died from a heart attack, and on September 5, 1978, Joe Negroni died from a cerebral hemorrhage in a New York apartment or home, just four days before his 38th birthday.[2] Negroni was survived by his three children, two daughters and a son.[3]In 1993, Joe Negroni, Herman Santiago, Frankie Lymon, Jimmy Merchant, and Sherman Garnes—the original members of \"the Teenagers\"—were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 2000, they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame.[4] In the 1998 film \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love,\" the role of Negroni was played by actor Jon Huertas.[5]","title":"Later years and death"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evert
Chris Evert
["1 Early life and family","2 Tennis career","2.1 Rivalries","2.2 Awards and recognitions","3 Playing style","4 Personal life","5 Current work","6 Career statistics","6.1 Grand Slam singles performance timeline","6.2 Records","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
American tennis player (born 1954) This article is about the tennis player. For the horse, see Chris Evert (horse). Chris EvertEvert in the 1980sFull nameChristine Marie EvertCountry (sports) United StatesResidenceFort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.Born (1954-12-21) December 21, 1954 (age 69)Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.Height5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)Turned pro1972Retired1989PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)CoachJimmy EvertDennis RalstonPrize money$8,895,195Int. Tennis HoF1995 (member page)SinglesCareer record1309–146 (90.0%)Career titles157Highest rankingNo. 1 (November 3, 1975)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian OpenW (1982, 1984)French OpenW (1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986)WimbledonW (1974, 1976, 1981)US OpenW (1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982)Other tournamentsTour FinalsW (1972, 1973, 1975, 1977)Olympic Games3R (1988)DoublesCareer record117–39 (75.0%)Career titles32Highest rankingNo. 13 (September 12, 1988)Grand Slam doubles resultsAustralian OpenF (1988)French OpenW (1974, 1975)WimbledonW (1976)US OpenSF (1973, 1975, 1979)Team competitionsFed CupW (1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1989) Christine Marie Evert (born December 21, 1954), known as Chris Evert Lloyd from 1979 to 1987, is an American former world No. 1 tennis player. Widely considered among the greatest tennis players of all time, Evert won 18 major singles titles, including a record seven French Open titles and a joint-record six US Open titles (tied with Serena Williams). Evert was ranked world No. 1 for 260 weeks, and was the year-end world No. 1 singles player seven times (1974–78, 1980, 1981). Alongside Martina Navratilova, her greatest rival, Evert dominated women's tennis for much of the 1970s and 1980s. Evert contested 34 major singles finals, a record for women's tennis. In singles, Evert reached the semifinals or better in 52 of the 56 majors she played, including at 34 consecutive majors entered from the 1971 US Open through the 1983 French Open. She never lost in the first or second round of a major, and lost in the third round only twice. Evert holds the record of most consecutive years (13) of winning at least one major title. Evert's career winning percentage in singles matches of 89.97% (1309–146) is the second highest in the Open Era, for men or women. On clay courts, Evert's career winning percentage in singles matches of 94.55% (382–22) remains a WTA Tour record. She also won three major doubles titles, two partnering with Navratilova and one partnering with Olga Morozova. Evert served as president of the Women's Tennis Association for eleven years, 1975–76 and 1983–91. She was awarded the Philippe Chatrier award and inducted into the Hall of Fame. In later life, Evert was a coach and is now an analyst for ESPN, and has a line of tennis and active apparel. Early life and family Evert was born in 1954 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to Colette (née Thompson) and Jimmy Evert, and raised in a committed Catholic household. She is a 1973 graduate of St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Ft. Lauderdale. Evert's father was a professional tennis coach, and tennis was a way of life in his family. Chris and her sister Jeanne became professional tennis players; their brother John played tennis on scholarship at the University of Alabama and later at Vanderbilt University, and brother Drew had a tennis scholarship to Auburn University. Youngest sister Clare played scholarship tennis at Southern Methodist University. Chris, John, Jeanne, and Clare, all won titles at the prestigious Junior Orange Bowl in Florida. Tennis career See also: Chris Evert's Grand Slam history and Evert–Navratilova rivalry This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Chris Evert" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Evert began taking tennis lessons from her father Jimmy Evert when she was five years old. He was a professional tennis coach who had won the men's singles title at the Canadian Championships in 1947. By 1969, she had become the No. 1 ranked under-14 girl in the United States. Evert played her first senior tournament in that year also, reaching the semifinals in her hometown of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, losing to Mary-Ann Eisel in three sets. For years, this was the record for the furthest a player had reached in her first senior-level tournament. That record was broken when another Floridian, Jennifer Capriati, reached the final at Boca Raton in 1990. In 1970, Evert won the national 16-and-under championship and was invited to play in an eight-player clay-court tournament in Charlotte, North Carolina. The 15-year-old Evert defeated Françoise Dürr in the first round in straight sets before defeating Margaret Court 7–6, 7–6 in a semifinal. Court was the world No. 1 player and had just won the Grand Slam in singles. These results led to Evert's selection for the U.S. Wightman Cup team as the youngest player ever in the competition. Evert made her Grand Slam tournament debut at age 16 at the 1971 US Open; she received an invitation after winning the national 16-and-under championship. After an easy straight-sets win over Edda Buding in the first round, she faced the American No. 4, Mary-Ann Eisel in the second round. With Eisel serving at 6–4, 6–5 (40–0) in the second set, Evert saved six match points before going on to win 4–6, 7–6, 6–1. She made two further comebacks from a set down, against fifth seed Dürr and Lesley Hunt, both seasoned professionals, before losing in straight sets to top seed Billie Jean King in a semifinal. This defeat ended a 46-match winning streak built up through a variety of professional and junior tour events. In 1973, Evert was the runner-up at the French Open and the Wimbledon Championships. A year later she won both those events during her then-record 55-consecutive-match winning streak, which included eight other tournament wins. She ended the year with a 100–7 match record, winning 16 tournaments including two Grand Slams, having been a finalist in her first Australian Open, and having for a fourth straight year reached the semifinals at the US Open. She was chosen as the year-end number one by the leading tennis experts and authorities of the day – except Bud Collins. For the next five years, Evert was the world's No.1 player. In 1975 she won her second French Open and the first of four straight US Open titles by defeating Cawley in a three-set final. Also in November of that year, the official WTA computer ranking system was instituted, with Evert being the first No. 1. In total, Evert logged 260 weeks at number one. Ten years after she had first achieved the number-one spot, she regained it in November 1985 at the age of 30 years and 11 months. That made her the oldest woman to have reached WTA number one, a record that stood for 27 years until Serena Williams surpassed it in 2013. Evert's domination of the women's game and her calm, steely demeanor on court earned her the nickname of the "Ice Maiden" of tennis. Throughout her career, Evert was ranked number one in the world at the end of seven different years by Tennis magazine, by World Tennis magazine and as well as a majority of other major tennis experts from 1974 through 1978, and in 1980 and 1981. The 1976 season held a unique distinction for Evert, as this was the only time in her career where she won both Wimbledon and the US Open titles in the same year. She defeated Goolagong Cawley in a thrilling three-set final on grass and then dismantled her on clay at Forest Hills, losing just three games. However, Evert lost to Goolagong Cawley again in the final of the Virginia Slims Championships. In all, Evert won 26 of 39 matches with Cawley. Evert's 1976 performance earned her Sports Illustrated's title of Sportsman of the Year. She is the first woman to be the sole recipient of this honor, and is one of only four tennis players to receive it. The years 1977 and 1978 saw Evert continue to dominate the women's game, winning two more US Opens. Evert won the final US Open played at Forest Hills on clay (1977) and the inaugural championship to be held on hard courts at Flushing Meadow (1978). She won 18 of 25 tournaments during this two-year period and had a match record of 126–7. Of particular note is that Evert skipped the French Open during these years (as well as 1976) to play in King's World TeamTennis. The other noteworthy event was Evert's three-set loss to eventual champion Wade in the semifinals of the 1977 Wimbledon Championships. It was Wimbledon's centenary year, coinciding with Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee as monarch. Though she was successful on all surfaces, it was on clay courts where Evert was most dominant. Beginning in August 1973, she won 125 consecutive matches on clay, losing only eight sets throughout; this run continues to stand as the benchmark among both men and women players. The streak was broken on May 12, 1979, in a semifinal of the Italian Open when Evert lost to Tracy Austin in a third-set tiebreaker. Evert said after the match, "Not having the record will take some pressure off me, but I am not glad to have lost it." Evert rebounded with another clay court streak that reached 64 matches (including titles at the 1979 and 1980 French Open) before ending with a semifinal loss to eventual winner Hana Mandlíková at the 1981 French Open (a record of 189 victories in 191 matches on clay from 1973 to 1981). Evert's record of seven French Open singles titles stood for 27 years until being broken in June 2013 by Rafael Nadal. She still holds the French Open singles title record for female players. Evert held the record for most clay court Grand Slam titles (10, with seven French Opens and all three US Opens played on clay in 1975–77) before Nadal won his 11th French Open championship in 2018. Three of her victories came in three-set finals against Navratilova. In 1975, Evert defeated Navratilova 2–6, 6–2, 6–1 to defend her title from the previous year. In 1985, Evert prevailed 6–3, 6–7, 7–5, a win that saw her capture the world No. 1 computer ranking for the fifth and final time. Evert won at least one Grand Slam singles title a year for 13 consecutive years, from 1974 through 1986. During this period, Evert did not participate in the Australian Opens held from 1975 to 1980 and in 1983, or the French Opens from 1976 to 1978. The reasons for Evert's non-participation in the Australian Open during the years of her greatest dominance (she was ranked No.1 in the world five of the six years she was absent from the event between 1975 and 1980) was the relative decline in the status of this Grand Slam tournament during that period. Evert's absence from the French Open in 1976, 1977 and 1978 reflected the allure of World TeamTennis and the generally lesser significance that the top players attached to the traditional Slam events in the early years of the professional era. During this period of dominance (1975–80), she skipped ten Grand Slam tournaments. Between September 1971 (her Grand Slam debut at the US Open) and June 1983 (her 12th visit to the Wimbledon Championships), Evert never failed to reach at least the semi-finals of the 34 Grand Slam singles events she entered. This string, however, was broken in the third round at Wimbledon in 1983 when the All England Club refused Evert's request to delay her match with Kathy Jordan to recover from food poisoning. This defeat also ended her attempt to be the holder of all four Grand Slam singles titles simultaneously, as Evert was then holder of the '82 Australian, U.S., and the '83 French titles. In 56 Grand Slam singles events entered from 1971 to 1989, Evert fell short of the semifinals a mere four times (1983 Wimbledon 3rd round; 1987 US Open quarterfinal; 1988 French Open 3rd round; 1989 US Open quarterfinal). In total, of the record 34 Grand Slam finals reached, Evert won 18 Grand Slam singles titles: seven at the French Open (record for female), six at the US Open (an open era record, male or female, tied with Serena Williams), three at Wimbledon, and two at the Australian Open (both on grass). In addition, Evert won three Grand Slam doubles titles. Evert played a reduced schedule in 1989 and retired from the professional tour after the US Open. Upon her retirement, she had amassed 18 Grand Slam singles titles (at the time, an Open Era record, male or female), won 157 singles titles (at the time, the record for male or female) and 32 doubles titles. Evert won the WTA Tour Championships four times and helped the United States win the Fed Cup eight times. Evert's last match was a 6–3, 6–2 win over Conchita Martínez in the final of the 1989 Fed Cup. Rivalries Main article: Evert–Navratilova rivalry During her career versus selected rivals, Evert was: 40–6 against Virginia Wade, 37–43 against Martina Navratilova, 26–13 against Evonne Goolagong Cawley, 24–0 against Virginia Ruzici, 23–1 against Sue Barker, 22–0 against Betty Stöve, 22–1 against Rosemary Casals, 21–7 against Hana Mandlíková, 20–1 against Wendy Turnbull, 19–7 against Billie Jean King (winning the last 11 matches with a loss of only two sets), 19–3 against Pam Shriver, 18–2 against Kerry Melville Reid, 17–2 against Manuela Maleeva-Fragniere, 17–2 against Helena Suková, 17–3 against Andrea Jaeger, 16–3 against Dianne Fromholtz Balestrat, 15–0 against Olga Morozova, 13–0 against Françoise Dürr, 9–4 against Margaret Court, 8–9 against Tracy Austin, 7–0 against Mary Joe Fernández, 6–3 against Gabriela Sabatini, 6–5 against Nancy Richey Gunter (winning the last six matches), 6–8 against Steffi Graf (losing the last eight matches) and 2–1 against Monica Seles. Awards and recognitions Evert was voted the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year on four occasions and was the first female athlete to be Sports Illustrated magazine's sole recipient of "Sportswoman of the Year" award in 1976. In April 1985, she was voted the "Greatest Woman Athlete of the Last 25 Years" by the Women's Sports Foundation. Evert served as president of the Women's Tennis Association during 1975–76, and from 1983 to 1991. In 1995, she was the fourth player ever to be unanimously elected into the International Tennis Hall of Fame following a worldwide ballot of 185 sports journalists. In 1997, the International Tennis Federation (ITF) presented her with its highest accolade – the Philippe Chatrier Award – for her contributions to tennis, whilst 1999 saw Evert rated No. 50 among ESPN's Greatest North American athletes of the 20th century. In 2005, Tennis named her fourth on its list of 40 Greatest Players of the Tennis era. In 2012, Tennis Channel conducted a poll of players and experts to determine the 100 Greatest Players of all time, in which Evert ranked ninth overall, and fourth highest among women (finishing behind Graf, Navratilova, and Court in that order.) In June 2013, Evert was awarded a special merit from the International Tennis Hall of Fame. They presented her their gold ring in recognition of her outstanding achievements both on and off the tennis court. Playing style Evert was a baseline player who is credited with revolutionising the sport of tennis. She was known for her consistent, counterpunching game, with her being described retrospectively by the International Tennis Hall of Fame as a "human backboard". Evert was one of the first players to play exclusively from the baseline, typically approaching the net to retrieve short balls only; towards the end of her career, however, Evert would approach the net to end points more frequently. Evert's forehand was hit flat, with consistent depth and power, penetrating deep into the court; towards the end of her career with the development of graphite technology, she would begin to apply more topspin to her forehand. Evert was one of the first women who successfully used a double-handed backhand on the WTA tour, which did not have the extra reach that a one-handed backhand afforded, but did provide power and consistency that was previously unseen on the tour, and would later become the norm for female tennis players. Evert would not typically hit large numbers of winners, instead predicating her game on the retrieval of balls with devastating accuracy, and keeping unforced errors to a minimum. Evert did not possess a powerful serve, however, it was reliable and accurate. Evert possessed delicate touch, and had one of the most effective drop shots at the time. Playing in an era where serve and volleying was the dominant style of play, Evert was able to hit difficult passing shots with ease, pushing her opponents behind the baseline, and preventing them from rushing the net. Evert's greatest strengths on court were her speed, detailed footwork, court coverage, fitness, consistency, and mental fortitude. Despite having success on all surfaces, Evert's favourite surface was clay, where the high bounce and slower speed afforded by the surface allowed her to execute her measured, defensive style of play with tremendous success; this is highlighted by her career 382–22 (94.6%) winning record on the surface. Due to her composure, mental toughness, and elegant style of play, Evert was known as the "Ice Princess". Personal life Before she won her first Grand Slam event, Evert signed a contract with Puritan Fashions to endorse a line of sportswear. Company president Carl Rosen thought so highly of her that he named a yearling racehorse Chris Evert in her honor. The horse went on to win the 1974 U.S. Filly Triple Crown, was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Filly, and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. In the 1970s, Evert's romance with the top men's player Jimmy Connors captured the public's imagination, particularly after they both won the 1974 singles titles at Wimbledon. Evert and Connors also occasionally played mixed doubles together. They became engaged when she was 19 and a wedding was planned for November 8, 1974. The romance did not last, and the wedding was called off. In May 2013, Connors wrote in his autobiography that Evert was pregnant with their child and she decided to terminate the pregnancy. Evert replied that she was "extremely disappointed that he used the book to misrepresent a private matter". While playing a match at the 1978 US Open, a diamond line bracelet Evert was wearing, given to her by Connors, fell from her wrist to the surface of the court. She said about this, "I dropped my tennis bracelet", and since then diamond line bracelets have also been called "tennis bracelets". John Lloyd and Evert in Fort Lauderdale, circa 1978 In 1979, Evert married British tennis player John Lloyd and changed her name to Chris Evert Lloyd. After her affair with British singer and actor Adam Faith, the couple separated, but reconciled and chronicled their marriage in a biography Lloyd On Lloyd co-authored by Carol Thatcher. The couple divorced in April 1987. In 1988, Evert married American downhill skier Andy Mill, who had been introduced to her by Martina Navratilova. They have three sons. On November 13, 2006, Evert filed for divorce. The divorce was finalized on December 4, 2006, with Evert paying Mill a settlement of US$7 million in cash and securities. On June 28, 2008, Evert married her third husband, Australian golfer Greg Norman in the Bahamas. On October 2, 2009, they announced they were separating after 15 months. Their divorce was finalized on December 8, 2009. In 2021, Evert became a supporter of the new Women's Sports Policy Working Group, formed in opposition to President Joe Biden's executive order that mandates blanket inclusion for all transgender female athletes. Evert's sister, Jeanne, died of ovarian cancer following a two-year illness. Chris Evert underwent a preventative hysterectomy after learning she carried the BRCA gene mutation. Cancer was uncovered in her resected fallopian tubes in 2022. In May 2022, it was reported that Evert had completed chemotherapy treatment for her ovarian cancer. She stated her doctor told her there was a 90% chance the cancer would never return due to it being diagnosed early. In December 2023, she announced she had been diagnosed with a recurrence of cancer and is undergoing treatment again. Current work Evert owns the Evert Tennis Academy with her brother John in Boca Raton, Florida and helps coach the Saint Andrew's School's high school tennis team. She contributes to Tennis magazine, of which she is also publisher. In June 2011, she joined ESPN as a tennis commentator for Grand Slam tournaments. In 2015, she launched a line of tennis and active apparel in collaboration with Tail Activewear called Chrissie by Tail. She was also a member of the Athlete Advisory Committee for the 2019 Aurora Games. On June 10, 2023, Evert presented the 2023 Women's French Open Singles tournament trophy to Iga Świątek at Roland-Garros. Evert had won one of her own seven French Open titles forty years earlier in 1983. Career statistics Main article: Chris Evert career statistics Grand Slam singles performance timeline Key W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# DNQ A NH (W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record. Tournament 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Career SR W-L Australian Open A A A F A A A A A A A F W A W F NH A F A 2 / 6 30–4 French Open A A F W W A A A W W SF SF W F W W SF 3R A 7 / 13 72–6 Wimbledon A SF F W SF W SF F F F W F 3R F F SF SF SF SF 3 / 18 96–15 US Open SF SF SF SF W W W W F W SF W F F SF SF QF SF QF 6 / 19 101–12 SR 0 / 1 0 / 2 0 / 3 2 / 4 2 / 3 2 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 3 2 / 3 1 / 4 2 / 4 1 / 3 1 / 4 1 / 4 1 / 3 0 / 3 0 / 4 0 / 2 18 / 56 299–37 Year-end ranking 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 10 ^ Evert's last major appearance was at the 1989 US Open, at which time she was ranked world No. 4. She followed this with a 4–0 record at the 1989 Federation Cup in October. Records These records were attained in Open Era of tennis. Records in bold indicate peerless achievements. As Evert elected not to participate in a number of Grand Slam tournaments, the term "consecutive" is inexact. In 19 seasons of professional tennis, Evert competed in all four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year only six times. Time span Selected Grand Slam tournament records Players matched 1973 French Open — 1988 Australian Open 34 finals overall Stands alone 1971 US Open — 1983 French Open 34 consecutive semifinals in tournaments played* Stands alone 1974 French Open — 1986 French Open 13 consecutive years of winning 1+ title Stands alone 1974 French Open — 1981 Wimbledon 3 different Grand Slam titles won without losing a set Steffi GrafLindsay DavenportSerena Williams 1984 French Open — 1984 Australian Open Reached all four finals in a calendar year Margaret CourtMartina NavratilovaSteffi GrafMonica SelesMartina HingisJustine Henin 1971 US Open — 1989 US Open Reached 52 semifinals (92.8%) and 54 quarterfinals (96.4%) out of 56 Grand Slams entered Stands alone 1971 US Open — 1989 US Open Only player to reach singles semi-final or better in each of first six majors entered Stands alone 1974 Australian Open — 1985 US Open Only player to reach singles semifinals of all four majors in the same calendar year five times Stands alone 1973 French Open — 1988 Australian Open Only player to reach five consecutive finals of each major Stands alone 1976 Wimbledon — 1976 US Open 100% (13–0) match winning percentage in 1 season Margaret CourtBillie Jean KingSteffi GrafMonica SelesSerena Williams Grand Slam tournaments Time span Records at each Grand Slam tournament Players matched French Open 1974–1986 7 titles overall Stands alone French Open 1973–1986 9 finals overall Steffi Graf French Open 1983–1986 four consecutive finals Martina NavratilovaSteffi Graf Wimbledon 1973, 1978–1980,1982, 1984, 1985 7 runner-up finishes Stands alone US Open 1975–1982 6 titles overall Serena Williams US Open 1975–1978 Four consecutive titles Stands alone US Open 1975–1979 31 consecutive match wins Stands alone US Open 1975–1979 46 consecutive sets won Stands alone US Open 1975–1977 Won US Open on clay Stands alone US Open 1975–1978 Only female player to win titles on two different surfaces Stands alone US Open 1975–1980 6 consecutive finals Stands alone US Open 1971–1986 16 consecutive semifinals Stands alone US Open 1976–1978 3 titles won without losing a set Serena Williams US Open 1971–1989 89.38% (101–12) match winning percentage Stands alone Australian Open 1984, 1988 Won title on grass and reached final on hard Stands alone Australian Open 1974–1988 14 year gap between first and last finals Serena WilliamsVenus Williams Time span Other selected records Players matched 1971–1988 122 titles outdoor (Open era) Stands alone 1971–1988 70 clay-court titles (Open era) Stands alone 1974–1979 125 consecutive clay-court match victories Stands alone 1972–1988 17 consecutive years ranked inside the top 3 Stands alone 1976–1986 8 Fed Cup titles Stands alone 1972–1989 94.28% (316–20) clay-court match percentage Stands alone 1971–1984 First player to reach 1000 career match wins Stands alone 1971–1989 First player to reach 150 career tournament wins Stands alone 1971–1976 First female to reach one million dollars in career prize money Stands alone See also Tennis portal WTA Tour records List of WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players List of female tennis players List of tennis rivalries Tennis records of the Open Era – Women's singles Open Era tennis records – women's singles Performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final Notes ^ Fourth all-time behind Steffi Graf (377), Martina Navratilova (332), and Serena Williams (309). ^ Evert's consecutive Grand Slam semifinals record was attained in non-consecutive Grand Slam tournaments; she skipped 14 Grand Slam tournaments during her streak. Martina Navratilova holds the all-time consecutive Grand Slam semifinals record at 19. ^ a b c d Evert reached the semifinals or better in her first 6 Australian Opens, 12 French Opens, 11 Wimbledon Championships, and 16 US Opens. All-time record for both male and female players. ^ This is the all-time record for consecutive match victories on a single surface for both male and female players. References ^ "Chris Evert 1980-1989". Florida Memory: State Library and Archives of Florida. Retrieved July 12, 2017. ^ Sarni, Jim (March 22, 1987). "Evert Out To End Drought At Dallas". The Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2014. ^ "International Tennis Hall of Fame". Tennisfame.com. Retrieved May 14, 2023. ^ "Women with most tennis Grand Slam finals appearances". Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2012. ^ "Chris Evert WTA Player Profile". Chrisevert.net. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. 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New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0195113174. ^ Staff, S. I. (February 15, 2013). "Serena Williams, 31, becomes oldest No. 1 in WTA history". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ a b Larry Schwartz. "Evert: grit, grace and glamour". ESPN. Retrieved June 5, 2007. ^ Joe Jares (April 26, 1976). "A net gain for concentration". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 44, no. 17. pp. 28–30, 33. ^ a b Sarah Pileggi. "1976 Sportsman of the Year". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 45, no. 25. Retrieved January 13, 2016. ^ Trott, Jan (July 3, 2017). "Virginia Wade wins Wimbledon - archive July 1977". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ "Chrissie The Great: Match Results and Records". Chrisevert.net. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2011. ^ "Rafael Nadal: Career Titles". atpworldtour.com. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ Ed McGrogan (December 15, 2010). "Do these tennis streaks compare to Favre?". ESPN. ^ Peter Alfano (January 28, 1989). "Evert's retirement plan includes a cutback in her schedule". The New York Times. ^ Robin Finn (September 6, 1989). "Evert bows out as Garrison prevails, 7-6, 6-2". The New York Times. ^ "Chrissie The Great: Match Results and Records". Chrisevert.net. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2020. ^ "Chris Evert to Replace Martina Navratilova at Gibson-Baldwin Grand Slam Jam". University of Texas Frank Erwin Center. April 14, 2004. Retrieved June 5, 2007. ^ "International Tennis Hall of Fame profile". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2007. ^ Larry Schwartz (January 23, 1999). "No. 50: Chris Evert". ESPN. Retrieved June 5, 2007. ^ Peter Bodo. "40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era (1–4)". Tennis. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2007. ^ "Chris Evert". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 28, 2021. ^ Tignor, Steve (May 25, 2017). "Who's the greatest clay-courter of them all – Chris Evert or Rafa Nadal?". Tennis. Retrieved June 28, 2021. ^ Tumaini Carayol (June 30, 2020). "The Greatest: Chris Evert – US revolutionary who helped shape modern tennis". The Guardian. Retrieved September 3, 2020. ^ Judy Klemesrud (January 13, 1973). "Chris Evert Tennis Togs: Netting a Bundle at Age 18". The New York Times. p. 18. ^ Connors, Jimmy (2013). The Outsider. New York: Bantam/HarperCollins. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9780593069271. ^ Connors, Jimmy (May 10, 2013). "Today Show Interview". NBC News Today Show. Retrieved September 6, 2013. ^ Chase, Chris (May 2, 2013). "Jimmy Connors implies Chris Evert was pregnant with his child". USA Today. Retrieved September 6, 2013. ^ a b Carolyn Williams. "Why Are Tennis Bracelets Called Tennis Bracelets?". Livestrong.Com. Retrieved December 18, 2017. ^ Marion Fasel. "The True Story of Chris Evert's Tennis Bracelet". theadventurine.com. Retrieved March 1, 2020. ^ Many sources date the incident to 1987. ^ Hamilton, Fiona (March 10, 2003). "Adam Faith". The Times. London, UK. ^ "ESPN.com: Evert: grit, grace and glamour". Espn.go.com. Retrieved June 30, 2014. ^ Reed, Susan (February 20, 1984). "The Evert Lloyds: Advantage, Adam Faith". People.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014. ^ Lloyd on Lloyd. Chris Evert & John Lloyd with Carol Thatcher. Beaufort Books 1986. ISBN 978-0-8253-0374-6 ^ Dave Scheiber (May 11, 1978). "Turning pain into gain". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 66, no. 19. pp. 93–94. ^ Sun-Sentinel.com Archived December 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Chris Evert divorce calls for tennis great to pay hubby $7 million, December 5, 2006. ^ Wihlborg, Ulrica (June 28, 2008). "Chris Evert and Greg Norman Wed in Bahamas". People. Retrieved May 17, 2011. ^ Steve Friedman (August 17, 2011). "A Separate Peace". Elle. ^ "Greg Norman, Chris Evert finalize divorce in secret". Reuters. January 12, 2010. ^ "About Us". Womessportspolicy.org. Retrieved May 14, 2023. ^ "Sports leaders seek to protect women's sports while accommodating transgender girls and women". USA Today. ^ Death of Jeanne Evert, cancercenter.com. Accessed September 6, 2022. ^ Patel, Vimal (January 15, 2022). "Chris Evert, Tennis Hall of Famer, Says She Has Ovarian Cancer". The New York Times. ^ "Tennis great Chris Evert completes chemotherapy treatment for ovarian cancer". Cnn.com. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022. ^ "Tennis Hall of Famer Evert taking break after cancer returns". Cnn.com. December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023. ^ "Hall of Famer Evert announces cancer recurrence". ESPN.com. December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023. ^ "Chris Evert goes for another win, off the court". Bizjournals.com. Retrieved September 9, 2016. ^ "Aurora Games: Albany to host international women's sports festival in 2019". Syracuse.com. Associated Press. January 29, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Nikolić, Luka (June 10, 2023). "WATCH: Iga Świątek hilariously loses part of her trophy during French Open celebrations". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved June 12, 2023. ^ a b "US Open Most Championship Titles Record Book" (PDF). US Open. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ a b c d e "US Open Singles Record Book" (PDF). US Open. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012. Further reading Amdur, Neil; Evert, Chris (1982). Chrissie, My Own Story. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-44376-3. Howard, Johnette (2006). The Rivals: Chris Evert vs. Martina Navratilova: Their Epic Duels and Extraordinary Friendship. New York: Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-1885-1. Wind, Herbert Warren (October 13, 1986). "The Sporting Scene: Mainly about Chris Evert Lloyd". The New Yorker. Vol. 62, no. 34. pp. 117–145. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Evert. Chris Evert at the Women's Tennis Association Chris Evert at the International Tennis Federation Chris Evert at the International Tennis Hall of Fame Chris Evert at the Billie Jean King Cup Chris Evert at Wimbledon Chris Evert at Olympedia Chris Evert at Olympics.com Chris Evert interviewed by KHOU in 1971 from Texas Archive of the Moving Image vteChris Evert189 WTA Titles: 157 Singles & 32 DoublesCoaches Jimmy Evert (father) Dennis Ralston Career Statistics World No.1 (singles) USA Billie Jean King Cup team Rivalries Rivalry with Martina Navratilova Tennis portal Chris Evert (achievement predecessor & successor) Sporting positions Preceded by—Evonne GoolagongMartina NavratilovaMartina NavratilovaMartina NavratilovaTracy AustinMartina NavratilovaMartina NavratilovaMartina Navratilova World No. 1 November 3, 1975 – April 26, 1976May 10, 1976 – July 9, 1978January 14, 1979 – January 27, 1979February 25, 1979 – April 15, 1979June 25, 1979 – September 9, 1979November 18, 1980 – May 2, 1982May 17, 1982 – June 13, 1982June 10, 1985 – October 13, 1985October 28, 1985 – November 24, 1985 Succeeded byEvonne GoolagongMartina NavratilovaMartina NavratilovaMartina NavratilovaMartina NavratilovaMartina NavratilovaMartina NavratilovaMartina NavratilovaMartina Navratilova Awards and achievements Preceded by—Martina Navratilova ITF World Champion 19781980–1981 Succeeded byMartina NavratilovaMartina Navratilova Preceded byHanni Wenzel United Press InternationalAthlete of the Year 1981 Succeeded byMarita Koch Preceded byJack Nicklaus BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 1981 Succeeded byJimmy Connors Preceded byEvelyn Ashford Flo Hyman Memorial Award 1990 Succeeded byDiana Golden-Brosnihan Preceded by Margaret Court Most Career Grand Slam Singles Titles (Open Era) July 4, 1981 – June 8, 1996(shared w/ Martina Navratilova from July 7, 1990 – June 8, 1996) Succeeded by Steffi Graf Chris Evert in the Grand Slam tournaments vteWomen's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar yearFour wins 1953: Maureen Connolly Brinker 1970: Margaret Court 1988: Steffi Graf Three wins 1928: Helen Wills Moody (FO&WI&US) 1929: Helen Wills Moody (FO&WI&US) 1962: Margaret Court (AO&FO&US) 1965: Margaret Court (AO&WI&US) 1969: Margaret Court (AO&FO&US) 1972: Billie Jean King (FO&WI&US) 1973: Margaret Court (AO&FO&US) 1983: Martina Navratilova (AO&WI&US) 1984: Martina Navratilova (FO&WI&US) 1989: Steffi Graf (AO&WI&US) 1991: Monica Seles (AO&FO&US) 1992: Monica Seles (AO&FO&US) 1993: Steffi Graf (FO&WI&US) 1995: Steffi Graf (FO&WI&US) 1996: Steffi Graf (FO&WI&US) 1997: Martina Hingis (AO&WI&US) 2002: Serena Williams (FO&WI&US) 2015: Serena Williams (AO&FO&WI) Two wins 1925: Suzanne Lenglen (FO&WI) 1927: Helen Wills Moody (WI&US) 1930: Helen Wills Moody (FO&WI) 1931: Cilly Aussem (FO&WI) 1932: Helen Wills Moody (FO&WI) 1939: Alice Marble (WI&US) 1946: Pauline Betz Addie (WI&US) 1949: Margaret Osborne duPont (FO&US) 1950: Louise Bough Clapp (AO&WI) 1952: Maureen Connolly Brinker (WI&US) 1954: Maureen Connolly Brinker (FO&WI) 1956: Shirley Fry Irvin (WI&US) 1957: Althea Gibson (WI&US) 1958: Althea Gibson (WI&US) 1959: Maria Bueno (WI&US) 1960: Darlene Hard (FO&US) 1963: Margaret Court (AO&WI) 1964: Margaret Court (AO&FO) 1964: Maria Bueno (WI&US) 1967: Billie Jean King (WI&US) 1968: Billie Jean King (AO&WI) 1971: Evonne Goolagong Cawley (FO&WI) 1974: Chris Evert (FO&WI) 1975: Chris Evert (FO&US) 1976: Chris Evert (WI&US) 1980: Chris Evert (FO&US) 1982: Martina Navratilova (FO&WI) 1982: Chris Evert (AO&US) 1985: Martina Navratilova (AO&WI) 1986: Martina Navratilova (WI&US) 1987: Martina Navratilova (WI&US) 1994: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (FO&US) 2000: Venus Williams (WI&US) 2001: Jennifer Capriati (AO&FO) 2001: Venus Williams (WI&US) 2003: Serena Williams (AO&WI) 2003: Justine Henin (FO&US) 2006: Amélie Mauresmo (AO&WI) 2007: Justine Henin (FO&US) 2009: Serena Williams (AO&WI) 2010: Serena Williams (AO&WI) 2012: Serena Williams (WI&US) 2013: Serena Williams (FO&US) 2016: Angelique Kerber (AO&US) 2022: Iga Świątek (FO&US) AO=Australian Open, FO=French Open, WI=Wimbledon, US=US Open vteAustralian Open women's singles championsAmateur Era 1922: Margaret Molesworth 1923: Margaret Molesworth 1924: Sylvia Lance Harper 1925: Daphne Akhurst 1926: Daphne Akhurst 1927: Esna Boyd Robertson 1928: Daphne Akhurst 1929: Daphne Akhurst 1930: Daphne Akhurst 1931: Coral McInnes Buttsworth 1932: Coral McInnes Buttsworth 1933: Joan Hartigan 1934: Joan Hartigan 1935: Dorothy Round 1936: Joan Hartigan 1937: Nancye Wynne 1938: Dorothy Bundy Cheney 1939: Emily Hood Westacott 1940: Nancye Wynne 1946: Nancye Wynne Bolton 1947: Nancye Wynne Bolton 1948: Nancye Wynne Bolton 1949: Doris Hart 1950: Louise Brough 1951: Nancye Wynne Bolton 1952: Thelma Coyne Long 1953: Maureen Connolly 1954: Thelma Coyne Long 1955: Beryl Penrose 1956: Mary Carter Reitano 1957: Shirley Fry 1958: Angela Mortimer 1959: Mary Carter Reitano 1960: Margaret Smith Court 1961: Margaret Smith Court 1962: Margaret Smith Court 1963: Margaret Smith Court 1964: Margaret Smith Court 1965: Margaret Smith Court 1966: Margaret Smith Court 1967: Nancy Richey 1968: Billie Jean Moffitt King Open Era 1969: Margaret Court 1970: Margaret Court 1971: Margaret Court 1972: Virginia Wade 1973: Margaret Court 1974: Evonne Goolagong 1975: Evonne Goolagong 1976: Evonne Goolagong 1977 (Jan): Kerry Reid 1977 (Dec): Evonne Goolagong 1978: Chris O'Neil 1979: Barbara Jordan 1980: Hana Mandlíková 1981: Martina Navratilova 1982: Chris Evert 1983: Martina Navratilova 1984: Chris Evert 1985: Martina Navratilova 1987: Hana Mandlíková 1988: Steffi Graf 1989: Steffi Graf 1990: Steffi Graf 1991: Monica Seles 1992: Monica Seles 1993: Monica Seles 1994: Steffi Graf 1995: Mary Pierce 1996: Monica Seles 1997: Martina Hingis 1998: Martina Hingis 1999: Martina Hingis 2000: Lindsay Davenport 2001: Jennifer Capriati 2002: Jennifer Capriati 2003: Serena Williams 2004: Justine Henin 2005: Serena Williams 2006: Amélie Mauresmo 2007: Serena Williams 2008: Maria Sharapova 2009: Serena Williams 2010: Serena Williams 2011: Kim Clijsters 2012: Victoria Azarenka 2013: Victoria Azarenka 2014: Li Na 2015: Serena Williams 2016: Angelique Kerber 2017: Serena Williams 2018: Caroline Wozniacki 2019: Naomi Osaka 2020: Sofia Kenin 2021: Naomi Osaka 2022: Ashleigh Barty 2023: Aryna Sabalenka 2024: Aryna Sabalenka vteFrench Open women's singles championsAmateur Era(national) 1897: Adine Masson 1898: Adine Masson 1899: Adine Masson 1900: Hélène Prévost 1901: Suzanne Girod 1902: Adine Masson 1903: Adine Masson 1904: Kate Gillou 1905: Kate Gillou 1906: Kate Gillou-Fenwick 1907: Comtesse de Kermel 1908: Kate Gillou-Fenwick 1909: Jeanne Matthey 1910: Jeanne Matthey 1911: Jeanne Matthey 1912: Jeanne Matthey 1913: Marguerite Broquedis 1914: Marguerite Broquedis 1915–1919: No competition (World War I) 1920: Suzanne Lenglen 1921: Suzanne Lenglen 1922: Suzanne Lenglen 1923: Suzanne Lenglen 1924: Julie Vlasto Amateur Era(international) 1925: Suzanne Lenglen 1926: Suzanne Lenglen 1927: Kea Bouman 1928: Helen Wills 1929: Helen Wills 1930: Helen Wills Moody 1931: Cilly Aussem 1932: Helen Wills Moody 1933: Margaret Scriven 1934: Margaret Scriven 1935: Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling 1936: Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling 1937: Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling 1938: Simonne Mathieu 1939: Simonne Mathieu 1940–1945: No competition (World War II) 1946: Margaret Osborne duPont 1947: Patricia Canning Todd 1948: Nelly Adamson Landry 1949: Margaret Osborne duPont 1950: Doris Hart 1951: Shirley Fry 1952: Doris Hart 1953: Maureen Connolly 1954: Maureen Connolly 1955: Angela Mortimer 1956: Althea Gibson 1957: Shirley Bloomer 1958: Zsuzsa Körmöczy 1959: Christine Truman 1960: Darlene Hard 1961: Ann Jones 1962: Margaret Smith 1963: Lesley Turner 1964: Margaret Smith 1965: Lesley Turner 1966: Ann Haydon-Jones 1967: Françoise Dürr Open Era 1968: Nancy Richey 1969: Margaret Court 1970: Margaret Court 1971: Evonne Goolagong 1972: Billie Jean King 1973: Margaret Court 1974: Chris Evert 1975: Chris Evert 1976: Sue Barker 1977: Mima Jaušovec 1978: Virginia Ruzici 1979: Chris Evert 1980: Chris Evert 1981: Hana Mandlíková 1982: Martina Navratilova 1983: Chris Evert 1984: Martina Navratilova 1985: Chris Evert 1986: Chris Evert 1987: Steffi Graf 1988: Steffi Graf 1989: Arantxa Sánchez 1990: Monica Seles 1991: Monica Seles 1992: Monica Seles 1993: Steffi Graf 1994: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1995: Steffi Graf 1996: Steffi Graf 1997: Iva Majoli 1998: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1999: Steffi Graf 2000: Mary Pierce 2001: Jennifer Capriati 2002: Serena Williams 2003: Justine Henin 2004: Anastasia Myskina 2005: Justine Henin 2006: Justine Henin 2007: Justine Henin 2008: Ana Ivanovic 2009: Svetlana Kuznetsova 2010: Francesca Schiavone 2011: Li Na 2012: Maria Sharapova 2013: Serena Williams 2014: Maria Sharapova 2015: Serena Williams 2016: Garbiñe Muguruza 2017: Jeļena Ostapenko 2018: Simona Halep 2019: Ashleigh Barty 2020: Iga Świątek 2021: Barbora Krejčíková 2022: Iga Świątek 2023: Iga Świątek 2024: Iga Świątek vteWimbledon women's singles championsAmateur Era 1884: Maud Watson 1885: Maud Watson 1886: Blanche Bingley 1887: Lottie Dod 1888: Lottie Dod 1889: Blanche Bingley Hillyard 1890: Lena Rice 1891: Lottie Dod 1892: Lottie Dod 1893: Lottie Dod 1894: Blanche Bingley Hillyard 1895: Charlotte Cooper 1896: Charlotte Cooper 1897: Blanche Bingley Hillyard 1898: Charlotte Cooper 1899: Blanche Bingley Hillyard 1900: Blanche Bingley Hillyard 1901: Charlotte Sterry 1902: Muriel Robb 1903: Dorothea Douglass 1904: Dorothea Douglass 1905: May Sutton 1906: Dorothea Lambert Chambers 1907: May Sutton 1908: Charlotte Sterry 1909: Dora Boothby 1910: Dorothea Lambert Chambers 1912: Dorethea Lambert Chambers 1913: Ethel Thomson Larcombe 1914: Dorothea Lambert Chambers 1915: Dorothea Lambert Chambers 1915–18: No competition (World War I) 1919: Suzanne Lenglen 1920: Suzanne Lenglen 1921: Suzanne Lenglen 1922: Suzanne Lenglen 1923: Suzanne Lenglen 1924: Kathleen McKane 1925: Suzanne Lenglen 1926: Kathleen McKane Godfree 1927: Helen Wills 1928: Helen Wills 1929: Helen Wills 1930: Helen Wills Moody 1931: Cilly Aussem 1932: Helen Wills Moody 1933: Helen Wills Moody 1934: Dorothy Round 1935: Helen Wills Moody 1936: Helen Jacobs 1937: Dorothy Round 1938: Helen Wills Moody 1939: Alice Marble 1940–45: No competition (World War II) 1946: Pauline Addie 1947: Margaret Osborne 1948: Louise Brough 1949: Louise Brough 1950: Louise Brough 1951: Doris Hart 1952: Maureen Connolly 1953: Maureen Connolly 1954: Maureen Connolly 1955: Louise Brough 1956: Shirley Fry 1957: Althea Gibson 1958: Althea Gibson 1959: Maria Bueno 1960: Maria Bueno 1961: Angela Mortimer 1962: Karen Hantze Susman 1963: Margaret Smith 1964: Maria Bueno 1965: Margaret Smith 1966: Billie Jean King 1967: Billie Jean King Open Era 1968: Billie Jean King 1969: Ann Haydon-Jones 1970: Margaret Court 1971: Evonne Goolagong 1972: Billie Jean King 1973: Billie Jean King 1974: Chris Evert 1975: Billie Jean King 1976: Chris Evert 1977: Virginia Wade 1978: Martina Navratilova 1979: Martina Navratilova 1980: Evonne Goolagong 1981: Chris Evert 1982: Martina Navratilova 1983: Martina Navratilova 1984: Martina Navratilova 1985: Martina Navratilova 1986: Martina Navratilova 1987: Martina Navratilova 1988: Steffi Graf 1989: Steffi Graf 1990: Martina Navratilova 1991: Steffi Graf 1992: Steffi Graf 1993: Steffi Graf 1994: Conchita Martínez 1995: Steffi Graf 1996: Steffi Graf 1997: Martina Hingis 1998: Jana Novotná 1999: Lindsay Davenport 2000: Venus Williams 2001: Venus Williams 2002: Serena Williams 2003: Serena Williams 2004: Maria Sharapova 2005: Venus Williams 2006: Amélie Mauresmo 2007: Venus Williams 2008: Venus Williams 2009: Serena Williams 2010: Serena Williams 2011: Petra Kvitová 2012: Serena Williams 2013: Marion Bartoli 2014: Petra Kvitová 2015: Serena Williams 2016: Serena Williams 2017: Garbiñe Muguruza 2018: Angelique Kerber 2019: Simona Halep 2020: No competition (COVID-19 pandemic) 2021: Ashleigh Barty 2022: Elena Rybakina 2023: Markéta Vondroušová vteUS Open women's singles championsAmateur Era 1887: Ellen Hansell 1888: Bertha Townsend 1889: Bertha Townsend 1890: Ellen Roosevelt 1891: Mabel Cahill 1892: Mabel Cahill 1893: Aline Terry 1894: Helen Hellwig 1895: Juliette Atkinson 1896: Elisabeth Moore 1897: Juliette Atkinson 1898: Juliette Atkinson 1899: Marion Jones 1900: Myrtle McAteer 1901: Elisabeth Moore 1902: Marion Jones 1903: Elisabeth Moore 1904: May Sutton Bundy 1905: Elisabeth Moore 1906: Helen Homans 1907: Evelyn Sears 1908: Maud Barger-Wallach 1909: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 1910: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 1911: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 1912: Mary Browne 1913: Mary Browne 1914: Mary Browne 1915: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1916: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1917: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1918: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1919: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 1920: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1921: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1922: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1923: Helen Wills Moody 1924: Helen Wills Moody 1925: Helen Wills Moody 1926: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1927: Helen Wills Moody 1928: Helen Wills Moody 1929: Helen Wills Moody 1930: Betty Nuthall 1931: Helen Wills Moody 1932: Helen Jacobs 1933: Helen Jacobs 1934: Helen Jacobs 1935: Helen Jacobs 1936: Alice Marble 1937: Anita Lizana 1938: Alice Marble 1939: Alice Marble 1940: Alice Marble 1941: Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1942: Pauline Betz 1943: Pauline Betz 1944: Pauline Betz 1945: Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1946: Pauline Betz 1947: Louise Brough 1948: Margaret Osborne duPont 1949: Margaret Osborne duPont 1950: Margaret Osborne duPont 1951: Maureen Connolly 1952: Maureen Connolly 1953: Maureen Connolly 1954: Doris Hart 1955: Doris Hart 1956: Shirley Fry 1957: Althea Gibson 1958: Althea Gibson 1959: Maria Bueno 1960: Darlene Hard 1961: Darlene Hard 1962: Margaret Smith Court 1963: Maria Bueno 1964: Maria Bueno 1965: Margaret Smith Court 1966: Maria Bueno 1967: Billie Jean Moffitt King Open Era 1968: Virginia Wade 1969: Margaret Court 1970: Margaret Court 1971: Billie Jean King 1972: Billie Jean King 1973: Margaret Court 1974: Billie Jean King 1975: Chris Evert 1976: Chris Evert 1977: Chris Evert 1978: Chris Evert 1979: Tracy Austin 1980: Chris Evert 1981: Tracy Austin 1982: Chris Evert 1983: Martina Navratilova 1984: Martina Navratilova 1985: Hana Mandlíková 1986: Martina Navratilova 1987: Martina Navratilova 1988: Steffi Graf 1989: Steffi Graf 1990: Gabriela Sabatini 1991: Monica Seles 1992: Monica Seles 1993: Steffi Graf 1994: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1995: Steffi Graf 1996: Steffi Graf 1997: Martina Hingis 1998: Lindsay Davenport 1999: Serena Williams 2000: Venus Williams 2001: Venus Williams 2002: Serena Williams 2003: Justine Henin 2004: Svetlana Kuznetsova 2005: Kim Clijsters 2006: Maria Sharapova 2007: Justine Henin 2008: Serena Williams 2009: Kim Clijsters 2010: Kim Clijsters 2011: Samantha Stosur 2012: Serena Williams 2013: Serena Williams 2014: Serena Williams 2015: Flavia Pennetta 2016: Angelique Kerber 2017: Sloane Stephens 2018: Naomi Osaka 2019: Bianca Andreescu 2020: Naomi Osaka 2021: Emma Raducanu 2022: Iga Świątek 2023: Coco Gauff vteFrench Open women's doubles championsAmateur Era(national) 1907: Adine Masson / Yvonne de Pfeffel 1908: Kate Gillou-Fenwick / Cecile Matthey 1909: Jeanne Matthey / Daisy Speranza 1910: Jeanne Matthey / Daisy Speranza 1911: Jeanne Matthey / Daisy Speranza 1912: Jeanne Matthey / Daisy Speranza 1913: Blanche Amblard / Suzanne Amblard 1914: Blanche Amblard / Suzanne Amblard 1915–1919: No competition (World War I) 1920: Élisabeth d'Ayen / Suzanne Lenglen 1921: Suzanne Lenglen / Geramine Pigueron 1922: Suzanne Lenglen / Geramine Pigueron 1923: Suzanne Lenglen / Julie Vlasto 1924: Marguerite Broquedis / Yvonne Bourgeois Amateur Era(international) 1925: Suzanne Lenglen / Julie Vlasto 1926: Suzanne Lenglen / Julie Vlasto 1927: Irene Bowder Peacock / Bobbie Heine 1928: Phoebe Holcroft Watson / Eileen Bennett 1929: Lilí Álvarez / Kea Bouman 1930: Helen Wills Moody / Elizabeth Ryan 1931: Eileen Bennett Whittingstall / Betty Nuthall 1932: Helen Wills Moody / Elizabeth Ryan 1933: Simonne Mathieu / Elizabeth Ryan 1934: Simonne Mathieu / Elizabeth Ryan 1935: Margaret Scriven / Kay Stammers 1936: Simonne Mathieu / Billie Yorke 1937: Simonne Mathieu / Billie Yorke 1938: Simonne Mathieu / Billie Yorke 1939: Simonne Mathieu / Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 1940–1945: No competition (World War II) 1946: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne 1947: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1948: Doris Hart / Patricia Canning Todd 1949: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1950: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1951: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1952: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1953: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1954: Maureen Connolly / Nell Hall Hopman 1955: Beverly Baker Fleitz / Darlene Hard 1956: Angela Buxton / Althea Gibson 1957: Shirley Bloomer / Darlene Hard 1958: Rosie Reyes / Yola Ramírez Ochoa 1959: Sandra Reynolds / Renée Schuurman 1960: Maria Bueno / Darlene Hard 1961: Sandra Reynolds / Renée Schuurman 1962: Sandra Reynolds Price / Renée Schuurman 1963: Ann Haydon-Jones / Renée Schuurman 1964: Margaret Smith / Lesley Turner 1965: Margaret Smith / Lesley Turner 1966: Margaret Smith / Judy Tegart 1967: Françoise Dürr / Gail Chanfreau Open Era 1968: Françoise Dürr / Ann Haydon-Jones 1969: Françoise Dürr / Ann Haydon-Jones 1970: Gail Chanfreau / Françoise Dürr 1971: Gail Chanfreau / Françoise Dürr 1972: Billie Jean King / Betty Stöve 1973: Margaret Court / Virginia Wade 1974: Chris Evert / Olga Morozova 1975: Chris Evert / Martina Navratilova 1976: Fiorella Bonicelli / Gail Chanfreau 1977: Regina Maršíková / Pam Teeguarden 1978: Mima Jaušovec / Virginia Ruzici 1979: Betty Stöve / Wendy Turnbull 1980: Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1981: Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer / Tanya Harford 1982: Martina Navratilova / Anne Smith 1983: Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer / Candy Reynolds 1984: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1985: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1986: Martina Navratilova / Andrea Temesvári 1987: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1988: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1989: Larisa Savchenko Neiland / Natalia Zvereva 1990: Jana Novotná / Helena Suková 1991: Gigi Fernández / Jana Novotná 1992: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1993: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1994: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1995: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1996: Lindsay Davenport / Mary Joe Fernández 1997: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1998: Martina Hingis / Jana Novotná 1999: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2000: Martina Hingis / Mary Pierce 2001: Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2002: Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2003: Kim Clijsters / Ai Sugiyama 2004: Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2005: Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2006: Lisa Raymond / Samantha Stosur 2007: Alicia Molik / Mara Santangelo 2008: Anabel Medina Garrigues / Virginia Ruano Pascual 2009: Anabel Medina Garrigues / Virginia Ruano Pascual 2010: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2011: Andrea Hlaváčková / Lucie Hradecká 2012: Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci 2013: Ekaterina Makarova / Elena Vesnina 2014: Hsieh Su-wei / Peng Shuai 2015: Bethanie Mattek-Sands / Lucie Šafářová 2016: Caroline Garcia / Kristina Mladenovic 2017: Bethanie Mattek-Sands / Lucie Šafářová 2018: Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková 2019: Tímea Babos / Kristina Mladenovic 2020: Tímea Babos / Kristina Mladenovic 2021: Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková 2022: Caroline Garcia / Kristina Mladenovic 2023: Hsieh Su-wei / Wang Xinyu 2024: Coco Gauff / Kateřina Siniaková vteWimbledon women's doubles championsAmateur Era 1913: Winifred McNair / Dora Boothby 1914: Agnes Morton / Elizabeth Ryan 1915–18: No competition (World War I) 1919: Suzanne Lenglen / Elizabeth Ryan 1920: Suzanne Lenglen / Elizabeth Ryan 1921: Suzanne Lenglen / Elizabeth Ryan 1922: Suzanne Lenglen / Elizabeth Ryan 1923: Suzanne Lenglen / Elizabeth Ryan 1924: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Helen Wills 1925: Suzanne Lenglen / Elizabeth Ryan 1926: Mary Browne / Elizabeth Ryan 1927: Helen Wills / Elizabeth Ryan 1928: Peggy Saunders Michel / Phoebe Holcroft Watson 1929: Peggy Saunders Michel / Phoebe Holcroft Watson 1930: Helen Wills Moody / Elizabeth Ryan 1931: Phyllis Mudford / Dorothy Shepherd-Barron 1932: Doris Metaxa / Josane Sigart 1933: Simonne Mathieu / Elizabeth Ryan 1934: Simonne Mathieu / Elizabeth Ryan 1935: Freda James / Kay Stammers 1936: Freda James / Kay Stammers 1937: Simonne Mathieu / Billie Yorke 1938: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Alice Marble 1939: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Alice Marble 1940–45: No competition (World War II) 1946: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1947: Patricia Canning Todd / Doris Hart 1948: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1949: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1950: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1951: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1952: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1953: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1954: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1955: Angela Mortimer Barrett / Anne Shilcock 1956: Angela Buxton / Althea Gibson 1957: Althea Gibson / Darlene Hard 1958: Maria Bueno / Althea Gibson 1959: Jeanne Arth / Darlene Hard 1960: Maria Bueno / Darlene Hard 1961: Karen Hantze Susman / Billie Jean Moffitt 1962: Karen Hantze Susman / Billie Jean Moffitt 1963: Maria Bueno / Darlene Hard 1964: Margaret Court / Lesley Turner Bowrey 1965: Maria Bueno / Billie Jean Moffitt 1966: Maria Bueno / Nancy Richey 1967: Rosemary Casals / Billie Jean King Open Era 1968: Rosemary Casals / Billie Jean King 1969: Margaret Court / Judy Tegart-Dalton 1970: Rosemary Casals / Billie Jean King 1971: Rosemary Casals / Billie Jean King 1972: Billie Jean King / Betty Stöve 1973: Rosemary Casals / Billie Jean King 1974: Evonne Goolagong Cawley / Peggy Michel 1975: Ann Kiyomura / Kazuko Sawamatsu 1976: Chris Evert / Martina Navratilova 1977: Helen Gourlay Cawley / JoAnne Russell 1978: Kerry Melville Reid / Wendy Turnbull 1979: Billie Jean King / Martina Navratilova 1980: Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1981: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1982: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1983: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1984: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1985: Kathy Jordan / Elizabeth Sayers Smylie 1986: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1987: Claudia Kohde-Kilsch / Helena Suková 1988: Steffi Graf / Gabriela Sabatini 1989: Jana Novotná / Helena Suková 1990: Jana Novotná / Helena Suková 1991: Larisa Savchenko Neiland / Natalia Zvereva 1992: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1993: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1994: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1995: Jana Novotná / Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1996: Martina Hingis / Helena Suková 1997: Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1998: Martina Hingis / Jana Novotná 1999: Lindsay Davenport / Corina Morariu 2000: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2001: Lisa Raymond / Rennae Stubbs 2002: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2003: Kim Clijsters / Ai Sugiyama 2004: Cara Black / Rennae Stubbs 2005: Cara Black / Liezel Huber 2006: Yan Zi / Zheng Jie 2007: Cara Black / Liezel Huber 2008: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2009: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2010: Vania King / Yaroslava Shvedova 2011: Květa Peschke / Katarina Srebotnik 2012: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2013: Hsieh Su-wei / Peng Shuai 2014: Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci 2015: Martina Hingis / Sania Mirza 2016: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2017: Ekaterina Makarova / Elena Vesnina 2018: Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková 2019: Hsieh Su-wei / Barbora Strýcová 2020 No competition (COVID-19 pandemic) 2021: Hsieh Su-wei / Elise Mertens 2022: Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková 2023: Hsieh Su-wei / Barbora Strýcová vteGrand Slam achievementsGrand SlamMen's singles 1938: Don Budge 1962: Rod Laver 1969: Rod Laver Women's singles 1953: Maureen Connolly 1970: Margaret Court 1988: Steffi Graf Men's doubles 1951: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman Women's doubles 1960: Maria Bueno 1984: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1998: Martina Hingis Mixed doubles 1963: Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher 1965: Margaret Court 1967: Owen Davidson Non-calendar year Grand SlamMen's singles 2015–16: Novak Djokovic Women's singles 1983–84: Martina Navratilova 1993–94: Steffi Graf 2002–03: Serena Williams 2014–15: Serena Williams Men's doubles 2012–13: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan Women's doubles 1949–50: Louise Brough 1986–87: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1992–93: Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1996–97: Natasha Zvereva 2009–10: Serena Williams / Venus Williams Mixed doubles 1967–68 Billie Jean King Career Grand SlamMen's singles Fred Perry Don Budge Rod Laver (2) Roy Emerson (2) Andre Agassi Roger Federer Rafael Nadal (2) Novak Djokovic (3) Women's singles Maureen Connolly Doris Hart Shirley Fry Irvin Margaret Court (3) Billie Jean King Chris Evert (2) Martina Navratilova (2) Steffi Graf (4) Serena Williams (3) Maria Sharapova Men's doubles Adrian Quist Frank Sedgman (2) Ken McGregor Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall (2) Neale Fraser (2) Roy Emerson (3) John Newcombe (3) / Tony Roche Bob Hewitt John Fitzgerald Anders Järryd Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis Mark Woodforde Todd Woodbridge Jonas Björkman Bob Bryan (2) / Mike Bryan (2) Daniel Nestor Leander Paes Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut Mate Pavić Women's doubles Louise Brough Clapp Doris Hart Shirley Fry Irvin Maria Bueno Lesley Turner Bowrey Margaret Court (2) Judy Tegart-Dalton Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith / Martina Navratilova (7) Pam Shriver (4) Helena Suková Gigi Fernández (2) / Natasha Zvereva (3) Jana Novotná (2) Martina Hingis (2) Serena Williams (2) / Venus Williams (2) Lisa Raymond Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková Mixed doubles Jean Borotra Doris Hart (2) / Frank Sedgman (2) Margaret Court (4) Ken Fletcher Owen Davidson Billie Jean King Marty Riessen Bob Hewitt Mark Woodforde Todd Woodbridge Martina Navratilova Daniela Hantuchová Mahesh Bhupathi (2) Cara Black Leander Paes Martina Hingis Chris Evert achievements vteWomen's Tennis Association (WTA) world No. 1 singles players Chris Evert (1975/1985 – 260 w) Evonne Goolagong (1976 – 2 w) Martina Navratilova (1978/1987 – 331 w) Tracy Austin (1980 – 22 w) Steffi Graf (1987/1997 – 377 w) // Monica Seles (1991/1996 – 178 w) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (1995 – 12 w) Martina Hingis (1997/2001 – 209 w) Lindsay Davenport (1998/2006 – 98 w) Jennifer Capriati (2001/2002 – 17 w) Venus Williams (2002 – 11 w) Serena Williams (2002/2017 – 319 w) Kim Clijsters (2003/2011 – 20 w) Justine Henin (2003/2008 – 117 w) Amélie Mauresmo (2004/2006 – 39 w) Maria Sharapova (2005/2012 – 21 w) Ana Ivanovic (2008 – 12 w) Jelena Janković (2008/2009 – 18 w) Dinara Safina (2009 – 26 w) Caroline Wozniacki (2010/2018 – 71 w) Victoria Azarenka (2012/2013 – 51 w) Angelique Kerber (2016/2017 – 34 w) Karolína Plíšková (2017 – 8 w) Garbiñe Muguruza (2017 – 4 w) Simona Halep (2017/2019 – 64 w) Naomi Osaka (2019 – 25 w) Ashleigh Barty (2019/2022 – 121 w) Iga Świątek (2022/2024 – 96 w) Aryna Sabalenka (2023 – 8 w) WTA rankings incepted on November 3, 1975 (year first held/year last held – number of weeks (w)) current No. 1 in bold, as of week of March 25, 2024 vteWTA Year-end championships women's singles champions 1972: Chris Evert 1973: Chris Evert 1974: Evonne Goolagong 1975: Chris Evert 1976: Evonne Goolagong 1977: Chris Evert 1978: Martina Navratilova 1979: Martina Navratilova 1980: Tracy Austin 1981: Martina Navratilova 1982: Sylvia Hanika 1983: Martina Navratilova 1984: Martina Navratilova 1985: Martina Navratilova 1986 (Mar): Martina Navratilova 1986 (Nov): Martina Navratilova 1987: Steffi Graf 1988: Gabriela Sabatini 1989: Steffi Graf 1990: Monica Seles 1991: Monica Seles 1992: Monica Seles 1993: Steffi Graf 1994: Gabriela Sabatini 1995: Steffi Graf 1996: Steffi Graf 1997: Jana Novotná 1998: Martina Hingis 1999: Lindsay Davenport 2000: Martina Hingis 2001: Serena Williams 2002: Kim Clijsters 2003: Kim Clijsters 2004: Maria Sharapova 2005: Amélie Mauresmo 2006: Justine Henin 2007: Justine Henin 2008: Venus Williams 2009: Serena Williams 2010: Kim Clijsters 2011: Petra Kvitová 2012: Serena Williams 2013: Serena Williams 2014: Serena Williams 2015: Agnieszka Radwańska 2016: Dominika Cibulková 2017: Caroline Wozniacki 2018: Elina Svitolina 2019: Ashleigh Barty 2021: Garbiñe Muguruza 2022: Caroline Garcia 2023: Iga Świątek vteSports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954: Roger Bannister 1955: Johnny Podres 1956: Bobby Morrow 1957: Stan Musial 1958: Rafer Johnson 1959: Ingemar Johansson 1960: Arnold Palmer 1961: Jerry Lucas 1962: Terry Baker 1963: Pete Rozelle 1964: Ken Venturi 1965: Sandy Koufax 1966: Jim Ryun 1967: Carl Yastrzemski 1968: Bill Russell 1969: Tom Seaver 1970: Bobby Orr 1971: Lee Trevino 1972: Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973: Jackie Stewart 1974: Muhammad Ali 1975: Pete Rose 1976: Chris Evert 1977: Steve Cauthen 1978: Jack Nicklaus 1979: Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980: U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981: Sugar Ray Leonard 1982: Wayne Gretzky 1983: Mary Decker 1984: Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 1986: Joe Paterno 1987: Bob Bourne, Judi Brown King, Kipchoge Keino, Dale Murphy, Chip Rives, Patty Sheehan, Rory Sparrow, & Reggie Williams 1988: Orel Hershiser 1989: Greg LeMond 1990: Joe Montana 1991: Michael Jordan 1992: Arthur Ashe 1993: Don Shula 1994: Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995: Cal Ripken Jr. 1996: Tiger Woods 1997: Dean Smith 1998: Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999: U.S. Women's Soccer Team 2000: Tiger Woods 2001: Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002: Lance Armstrong 2003: David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004: Boston Red Sox 2005: Tom Brady 2006: Dwyane Wade 2007: Brett Favre 2008: Michael Phelps 2009: Derek Jeter 2010: Drew Brees 2011: Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012: LeBron James 2013: Peyton Manning 2014: Madison Bumgarner 2015: Serena Williams 2016: LeBron James 2017: José Altuve & J. J. Watt 2018: Golden State Warriors 2019: Megan Rapinoe 2020: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif, LeBron James, Patrick Mahomes, Naomi Osaka, & Breanna Stewart 2021: Tom Brady 2022: Stephen Curry 2023: Deion Sanders vteAssociated Press Female Athlete of the Year 1931: Helene Madison 1932: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1933: Helen Jacobs 1934: Virginia Van Wie 1935: Helen Wills 1936: Helen Stephens 1937: Katherine Rawls 1938: Patty Berg 1939: Alice Marble 1940: Alice Marble 1941: Betty Hicks 1942: Gloria Callen 1943: Patty Berg 1944: Ann Curtis 1945: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1946: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1947: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1948: Fanny Blankers-Koen 1949: Marlene Hagge 1950: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1951: Maureen Connolly 1952: Maureen Connolly 1953: Maureen Connolly 1954: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1955: Patty Berg 1956: Pat McCormick 1957: Althea Gibson 1958: Althea Gibson 1959: Maria Bueno 1960: Wilma Rudolph 1961: Wilma Rudolph 1962: Dawn Fraser 1963: Mickey Wright 1964: Mickey Wright 1965: Kathy Whitworth 1966: Kathy Whitworth 1967: Billie Jean King 1968: Peggy Fleming 1969: Debbie Meyer 1970: Chi Cheng 1971: Evonne Goolagong 1972: Olga Korbut 1973: Billie Jean King 1974: Chris Evert 1975: Chris Evert 1976: Nadia Comăneci 1977: Chris Evert 1978: Nancy Lopez 1979: Tracy Austin 1980: Chris Evert 1981: Tracy Austin 1982: Mary Decker 1983: Martina Navratilova 1984: Mary Lou Retton 1985: Nancy Lopez 1986: Martina Navratilova 1987: Jackie Joyner-Kersee 1988: Florence Griffith Joyner 1989: Steffi Graf 1990: Beth Daniel 1991: Monica Seles 1992: Monica Seles 1993: Sheryl Swoopes 1994: Bonnie Blair 1995: Rebecca Lobo 1996: Amy Van Dyken 1997: Martina Hingis 1998: Pak Se-ri 1999: United States women's national soccer team 2000: Marion Jones 2001: Jennifer Capriati 2002: Serena Williams 2003: Annika Sörenstam 2004: Annika Sörenstam 2005: Annika Sörenstam 2006: Lorena Ochoa 2007: Lorena Ochoa 2008: Candace Parker 2009: Serena Williams 2010: Lindsey Vonn 2011: Abby Wambach 2012: Gabby Douglas 2013: Serena Williams 2014: Mo'ne Davis 2015: Serena Williams 2016: Simone Biles 2017: Katie Ledecky 2018: Serena Williams 2019: Simone Biles 2020: Naomi Osaka 2021: Candace Parker 2022: Katie Ledecky 2023: Simone Biles vteBBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year 1960: Herb Elliott 1961: Valeriy Brumel 1962: Donald Jackson 1963: Jacques Anquetil 1964: Abebe Bikila 1965: Ron Clarke & Gary Player 1966: Eusébio & Garfield Sobers 1967: George Moore 1968: Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov 1969: Rod Laver 1970: Pelé 1971: Lee Trevino 1972: Olga Korbut 1973: Muhammad Ali 1974: Muhammad Ali 1975: Arthur Ashe 1976: Nadia Comăneci 1977: Niki Lauda 1978: Muhammad Ali 1979: Björn Borg 1980: Jack Nicklaus 1981: Chris Evert 1982: Jimmy Connors 1983: Carl Lewis 1984: Seve Ballesteros 1985: Boris Becker 1986: Greg Norman 1987: Martina Navratilova 1988: Steffi Graf 1989: Mike Tyson 1990: Mal Meninga 1991: Mike Powell 1992: Andre Agassi 1993: Greg Norman 1994: Brian Lara 1995: Jonah Lomu 1996: Evander Holyfield & Michael Johnson 1997: Martina Hingis 1998: Mark O'Meara 1999: Maurice Greene 2000: Tiger Woods 2001: Goran Ivanišević 2002: Ronaldo 2003: Lance Armstrong 2004: Roger Federer 2005: Shane Warne 2006: Roger Federer 2007: Roger Federer 2008: Usain Bolt 2009: Usain Bolt 2010: Rafael Nadal 2011: Novak Djokovic 2012: Usain Bolt 2013: Sebastian Vettel 2014: Cristiano Ronaldo 2015: Dan Carter 2016: Simone Biles 2017: Roger Federer 2018: Francesco Molinari 2019: Eliud Kipchoge 2020: Khabib Nurmagomedov 2021: Rachael Blackmore 2022: Lionel Messi 2023: Erling Haaland vteFlorida Women's Hall of FameAdministered by the Florida Commission on the Status of Women1980s1982 Mary McLeod Bethune Helene S. Coleman Elaine Gordon Wilhelmina Celeste Goehring Harvey Paula Mae Milton Barbara Jo Palmer 1984 Roxcy O'Neal Bolton Barbara Landstreet Frye Lena B. Smithers Hughes Zora Neale Hurston Sybil Collins Mobley Helen Muir Gladys Pumariega Soler Julia DeForest Sturtevant Tuttle 1986 Annie Ackerman Rosemary Barkett Gwendolyn Sawyer Cherry Dorothy Dodd Marjory Stoneman Douglas Elsie Jones Hare Elizabeth McCullough Johnson Frances Bartlett Kinne Arva Moore Parks McCabe Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Florence Barbara Seibert Marilyn K. Smith Eartha M. M. White 1990s1992 Jacqueline Cochran Carrie P. Meek Ruth Bryan Owen 1993 Betty Skelton Frankman Erde Paulina Pedroso Janet Reno 1994 Nikki Beare Betty Mae Jumper Gladys Nichols Milton 1995 Evelyn Stocking Crosslin JoAnn Hardin Morgan Sarah Brooks Pryor 1996 Marjorie Harris Carr Betty Castor Ivy Julia Cromartie Stranahan 1997 Alicia Baro Carita Doggett Corse M. Athalie Range 1998 Helen Gordon Davis Mattie Belle Davis Christine Fulwylie-Bankston 1999 Althea Gibson Sister Jeanne O'Laughlin Dessie Smith Prescott 2000s2000 Chris Evert Paula Fickes Hawkins Marianne Mathewson-Chapman 2001 Jessie Ball duPont Lenore Carrero Nesbitt Lynda Keever 2002 Victoria Joyce Ely Toni Jennings Frances Langford Stuart 2003 Sarah Ann Blocker Gloria Estefan Mary R. Grizzle 2005 Shirley D. Coletti Judith Kersey Marion Hammer 2006 Caridad Asensio Tillie Fowler Lucy W. Morgan 2007 Maryly VanLeer Peck Peggy A. Quince 2008 Barbara J. Pariente Pallavi Patel Ileana Ros-Lehtinen 2009 Louise H. Cortelis Gwen Margolis Betty Schlesinger Sembler 2010s2010 Eugenie Clark Claudine Dianne Ryce Dara Grace Torres 2011 Mary Brennan Karl Anna I. Rodriguez 2012 Ruth H. Alexander Elizabeth "Budd" Bell Vicki Bryant Burke 2013 Clara C. Frye Aleene Pridgen Kidd MacKenzie Lillie Pierce Voss 2014 Susan Benton Louise Jones Gopher Dottie Berger MacKinnon 2015 Mary Lee Farrior Evelyn Cahn Keiser Charlotte Edwards Maguire 2016 Carol Jenkins Barnett Helen Aguirre Ferré Elmira Louise Leto 2017 Mary Lou Baker Kathleen Scott Robertson Katherine Fernandez Rundle 2018 Adela Hernandez Gonzmart Janet Petro Lee Bird Leavengood 2019 Doris Mae Barnes Judith A. Bense Mildred Wilborn Gildersleeve 2020s2020 Alice Scott Abbott Alma Lee Loy E. Thelma Waters 2021 Virginia M. Hernandez Covington Barbara Nicklaus Beverly Yeager vteMembers of the International Tennis Hall of FameMenMaster players Manuel Alonso Areizaga James Anderson Mal Anderson Bunny Austin Wilfred Baddeley Jean Borotra John Bromwich Norman Brookes Jacques Brugnon Clarence Clark Henri Cochet Ashley Cooper Jim Courier Jack Crawford Owen Davidson Sven Davidson Jaroslav Drobný Neale Fraser Chuck Garland Andrés Gimeno Arthur Gore Bryan Grant Lew Hoad Harry Hopman Frederick Hovey Karel Koželuh René Lacoste Herbert Lawford Gene Mako Ken McGregor Robert Lindley Murray Hans Nüsslein Alex Olmedo Manuel Orantes Gerald Patterson Theodore Pell Fred Perry Adrian Quist Ernest Renshaw William Renshaw Mervyn Rose Frank Sedgman Pancho Segura Gottfried von Cramm Anthony Wilding Players Fred Alexander Wilmer Allison Karl Behr Don Budge Oliver Campbell Malcolm Greene Chace Joseph Clark William Clothier Dwight F. Davis John Doeg Laurence Doherty Reginald Doherty James Dwight Bob Falkenburg Pancho Gonzales Harold Hackett Joe Hunt Francis Hunter Bill Johnston Jack Kramer William Larned Art Larsen George Lott Maurice McLoughlin Frank Parker Vincent Richards Bobby Riggs Ted Schroeder Richard Sears Frank Shields Henry Slocum Bill Talbert Bill Tilden John Van Ryn Ellsworth Vines Holcombe Ward Watson Washburn Malcolm Whitman R. Norris Williams Sidney Wood Robert Wrenn Beals Wright Recent players Andre Agassi Arthur Ashe Boris Becker Björn Borg Michael Chang Jimmy Connors Rick Draney Stefan Edberg Roy Emerson David Hall Lleyton Hewitt Yevgeny Kafelnikov Jan Kodeš Gustavo Kuerten Goran Ivanišević Rod Laver Ivan Lendl John McEnroe Chuck McKinley Frew McMillan Don McNeill Gardnar Mulloy Ilie Năstase John Newcombe Yannick Noah Rafael Osuna Budge Patty Nicola Pietrangeli Pat Rafter Dennis Ralston Tony Roche Andy Roddick Ken Rosewall Marat Safin Pete Sampras Manuel Santana Dick Savitt Vic Seixas Stan Smith Randy Snow Michael Stich Fred Stolle Tony Trabert Guillermo Vilas Mats Wilander Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde Court tennis players Pierre Etchebaster Tom Pettitt WomenMaster players Daphne Akhurst Blanche Bingley Nancye Wynne Bolton Lesley Turner Bowrey Dorothy Cheney Charlotte Cooper Françoise Dürr Marion Jones Farquhar Kathleen McKane Godfree Suzanne Lenglen Thelma Coyne Long Simonne Mathieu Elisabeth Moore Angela Mortimer Betty Nuthall Nancy Richey Ellen Roosevelt Dorothy Round Elizabeth Ryan Margaret Scriven Eleonora Sears Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling Bertha Townsend Marie Wagner Players Juliette Atkinson Maud Barger-Wallach Pauline Betz Louise Brough Mary Browne Mabel Cahill Maureen Connolly Sarah Palfrey Cooke Lottie Dod Shirley Fry Althea Gibson Ellen Hansell Darlene Hard Doris Hart Helen Jacobs Ann Jones Dorothea Lambert Chambers Molla Mallory Alice Marble Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman Helen Wills Recent players Tracy Austin Maria Bueno Jennifer Capriati Rosemary Casals Kim Clijsters Margaret Court Lindsay Davenport Margaret Osborne duPont Chris Evert Gigi Fernández Evonne Goolagong Cawley Steffi Graf Justine Henin Martina Hingis Monique Kalkman-Van Den Bosch Billie Jean King Li Na Hana Mandlíková Conchita Martínez Amélie Mauresmo Martina Navratilova Jana Novotná Mary Pierce Gabriela Sabatini Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Monica Seles Pam Shriver Helena Suková May Sutton Chantal Vandierendonck Esther Vergeer Virginia Wade Natasha Zvereva Contributors Russ Adams George Adee Lawrence Baker John Barrett Nick Bollettieri Vic Braden Jane Brown Grimes Butch Buchholz Philippe Chatrier Gianni Clerici Bud Collins Joseph Cullman Allison Danzig Mike Davies Herman David Donald Dell Cliff Drysdale Steve Flink David Gray Clarence Griffin Gustaf V Derek Hardwick Gladys Heldman William Hester Lamar Hunt Nancy Jeffett Robert Walter Johnson Perry T. Jones Robert J. Kelleher Peachy Kellmeyer Al Laney Alastair Martin Dan Maskell William McChesney Martin Mark McCormack Julian Myrick Arthur Nielsen Original 9 Mary Ewing Outerbridge Brad Parks Charlie Pasarell Gene Scott Lance Tingay Ted Tinling Ion Țiriac Brian Tobin Jimmy Van Alen Dennis Van der Meer Walter Clopton Wingfield Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Japan Australia Poland Academics CiNii People Trove Other NARA SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Evert (horse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evert_(horse)"},{"link_name":"world No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_singles_tennis_players"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)#Tournaments"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Open"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Martina Navratilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Navratilova"},{"link_name":"greatest rival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert%E2%80%93Navratilova_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1971 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"1983 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Open Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Era"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Career_Percentage-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"clay courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour_records"},{"link_name":"Olga Morozova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Morozova"},{"link_name":"Women's Tennis Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"}],"text":"This article is about the tennis player. For the horse, see Chris Evert (horse).Christine Marie Evert (born December 21, 1954), known as Chris Evert Lloyd from 1979 to 1987, is an American former world No. 1 tennis player. Widely considered among the greatest tennis players of all time, Evert won 18 major singles titles, including a record seven French Open titles and a joint-record six US Open titles (tied with Serena Williams). Evert was ranked world No. 1 for 260 weeks, and was the year-end world No. 1 singles player seven times (1974–78, 1980, 1981).[3] Alongside Martina Navratilova, her greatest rival, Evert dominated women's tennis for much of the 1970s and 1980s.Evert contested 34 major singles finals, a record for women's tennis.[4] In singles, Evert reached the semifinals or better in 52 of the 56 majors she played, including at 34 consecutive majors entered from the 1971 US Open through the 1983 French Open.[5] She never lost in the first or second round of a major, and lost in the third round only twice. Evert holds the record of most consecutive years (13) of winning at least one major title.[6] Evert's career winning percentage in singles matches of 89.97% (1309–146) is the second highest in the Open Era, for men or women.[7][8][9] On clay courts, Evert's career winning percentage in singles matches of 94.55% (382–22) remains a WTA Tour record. She also won three major doubles titles, two partnering with Navratilova and one partnering with Olga Morozova. Evert served as president of the Women's Tennis Association for eleven years, 1975–76 and 1983–91. She was awarded the Philippe Chatrier award and inducted into the Hall of Fame. In later life, Evert was a coach and is now an analyst for ESPN, and has a line of tennis and active apparel.","title":"Chris Evert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Evert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Evert"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-11"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Aquinas High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas_High_School_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jeanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Evert"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"Auburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"Southern Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Evert was born in 1954 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to Colette (née Thompson) and Jimmy Evert,[10] and raised in a committed Catholic household.[11] She is a 1973 graduate of St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Ft. Lauderdale.[12]Evert's father was a professional tennis coach, and tennis was a way of life in his family. Chris and her sister Jeanne became professional tennis players; their brother John played tennis on scholarship at the University of Alabama and later at Vanderbilt University, and brother Drew had a tennis scholarship to Auburn University. Youngest sister Clare played scholarship tennis at Southern Methodist University. Chris, John, Jeanne, and Clare, all won titles at the prestigious Junior Orange Bowl in Florida.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Evert's Grand Slam history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evert%27s_Grand_Slam_history"},{"link_name":"Evert–Navratilova rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert%E2%80%93Navratilova_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Evert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Evert"},{"link_name":"Canadian Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Masters"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Mary-Ann Eisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary-Ann_Eisel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Capriati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Capriati"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Françoise Dürr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_D%C3%BCrr"},{"link_name":"Margaret Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Court"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Wightman Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wightman_Cup"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivals-14"},{"link_name":"1971 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Edda Buding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_Buding"},{"link_name":"Lesley Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_French_Open"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"Bud Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Collins"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"world's No.1 player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_singles_tennis_players"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no1-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoF-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Virginia Slims Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Virginia_Slims_Championships"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sportsman of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Sportsman_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-21"},{"link_name":"World TeamTennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_TeamTennis"},{"link_name":"Silver Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Italian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Italian_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Tracy Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Austin"},{"link_name":"Hana Mandlíková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Mandl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"All England Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Club"},{"link_name":"Kathy Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Jordan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour_Championships"},{"link_name":"Fed Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fed_Cup"},{"link_name":"Conchita Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchita_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"1989 Fed Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Fed_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Chris Evert's Grand Slam history and Evert–Navratilova rivalryEvert began taking tennis lessons from her father Jimmy Evert when she was five years old. He was a professional tennis coach who had won the men's singles title at the Canadian Championships in 1947. By 1969, she had become the No. 1 ranked under-14 girl in the United States. Evert played her first senior tournament in that year also, reaching the semifinals in her hometown of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, losing to Mary-Ann Eisel in three sets.[13] For years, this was the record for the furthest a player had reached in her first senior-level tournament.[citation needed] That record was broken when another Floridian, Jennifer Capriati, reached the final at Boca Raton in 1990. In 1970, Evert won the national 16-and-under championship and was invited to play in an eight-player clay-court tournament in Charlotte, North Carolina. The 15-year-old Evert defeated Françoise Dürr in the first round in straight sets before defeating Margaret Court 7–6, 7–6 in a semifinal. Court was the world No. 1 player and had just won the Grand Slam in singles. These results led to Evert's selection for the U.S. Wightman Cup team as the youngest player ever in the competition.[14]Evert made her Grand Slam tournament debut at age 16 at the 1971 US Open; she received an invitation after winning the national 16-and-under championship. After an easy straight-sets win over Edda Buding in the first round, she faced the American No. 4, Mary-Ann Eisel in the second round. With Eisel serving at 6–4, 6–5 (40–0) in the second set, Evert saved six match points before going on to win 4–6, 7–6, 6–1. She made two further comebacks from a set down, against fifth seed Dürr and Lesley Hunt, both seasoned professionals, before losing in straight sets to top seed Billie Jean King in a semifinal.[15] This defeat ended a 46-match winning streak built up through a variety of professional and junior tour events.[16]In 1973, Evert was the runner-up at the French Open and the Wimbledon Championships. A year later she won both those events during her then-record 55-consecutive-match winning streak, which included eight other tournament wins. She ended the year with a 100–7 match record, winning 16 tournaments including two Grand Slams, having been a finalist in her first Australian Open, and having for a fourth straight year reached the semifinals at the US Open. She was chosen as the year-end number one by the leading tennis experts and authorities of the day – except Bud Collins.[citation needed]For the next five years, Evert was the world's No.1 player. In 1975 she won her second French Open and the first of four straight US Open titles by defeating Cawley in a three-set final. Also in November of that year, the official WTA computer ranking system was instituted, with Evert being the first No. 1. In total, Evert logged 260 weeks[a] at number one. Ten years after she had first achieved the number-one spot, she regained it in November 1985 at the age of 30 years and 11 months. That made her the oldest woman to have reached WTA number one, a record that stood for 27 years until Serena Williams surpassed it in 2013.[17]Evert's domination of the women's game and her calm, steely demeanor on court earned her the nickname of the \"Ice Maiden\" of tennis.[18] Throughout her career, Evert was ranked number one in the world at the end of seven different years by Tennis magazine, by World Tennis magazine and as well as a majority of other major tennis experts from 1974 through 1978, and in 1980 and 1981.[citation needed]The 1976 season held a unique distinction for Evert, as this was the only time in her career where she won both Wimbledon and the US Open titles in the same year. She defeated Goolagong Cawley in a thrilling three-set final on grass and then dismantled her on clay at Forest Hills, losing just three games. However, Evert lost to Goolagong Cawley again in the final of the Virginia Slims Championships.[19] In all, Evert won 26 of 39 matches with Cawley. Evert's 1976 performance earned her Sports Illustrated's title of Sportsman of the Year. She is the first woman to be the sole recipient of this honor, and is one of only four tennis players to receive it.[20]The years 1977 and 1978 saw Evert continue to dominate the women's game, winning two more US Opens. Evert won the final US Open played at Forest Hills on clay (1977) and the inaugural championship to be held on hard courts at Flushing Meadow (1978). She won 18 of 25 tournaments during this two-year period and had a match record of 126–7. Of particular note is that Evert skipped the French Open during these years (as well as 1976) to play in King's World TeamTennis. The other noteworthy event was Evert's three-set loss to eventual champion Wade in the semifinals of the 1977 Wimbledon Championships. It was Wimbledon's centenary year, coinciding with Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee as monarch.[21]Though she was successful on all surfaces, it was on clay courts where Evert was most dominant. Beginning in August 1973, she won 125 consecutive matches on clay, losing only eight sets throughout; this run continues to stand as the benchmark among both men and women players.[22] The streak was broken on May 12, 1979, in a semifinal of the Italian Open when Evert lost to Tracy Austin in a third-set tiebreaker. Evert said after the match, \"Not having the record will take some pressure off me, but I am not glad to have lost it.\" Evert rebounded with another clay court streak that reached 64 matches (including titles at the 1979 and 1980 French Open) before ending with a semifinal loss to eventual winner Hana Mandlíková at the 1981 French Open (a record of 189 victories in 191 matches on clay from 1973 to 1981).[citation needed]Evert's record of seven French Open singles titles stood for 27 years until being broken in June 2013 by Rafael Nadal. She still holds the French Open singles title record for female players. Evert held the record for most clay court Grand Slam titles (10, with seven French Opens and all three US Opens played on clay in 1975–77) before Nadal won his 11th French Open championship in 2018.[23]\nThree of her victories came in three-set finals against Navratilova. In 1975, Evert defeated Navratilova 2–6, 6–2, 6–1 to defend her title from the previous year. In 1985, Evert prevailed 6–3, 6–7, 7–5, a win that saw her capture the world No. 1 computer ranking for the fifth and final time.[citation needed]Evert won at least one Grand Slam singles title a year for 13 consecutive years, from 1974 through 1986.[24] During this period, Evert did not participate in the Australian Opens held from 1975 to 1980 and in 1983, or the French Opens from 1976 to 1978. The reasons for Evert's non-participation in the Australian Open during the years of her greatest dominance (she was ranked No.1 in the world five of the six years she was absent from the event between 1975 and 1980) was the relative decline in the status of this Grand Slam tournament during that period. Evert's absence from the French Open in 1976, 1977 and 1978 reflected the allure of World TeamTennis and the generally lesser significance that the top players attached to the traditional Slam events in the early years of the professional era. During this period of dominance (1975–80), she skipped ten Grand Slam tournaments.[citation needed]Between September 1971 (her Grand Slam debut at the US Open) and June 1983 (her 12th visit to the Wimbledon Championships), Evert never failed to reach at least the semi-finals of the 34 Grand Slam singles events she entered. This string, however, was broken in the third round at Wimbledon in 1983 when the All England Club refused Evert's request to delay her match with Kathy Jordan to recover from food poisoning. This defeat also ended her attempt to be the holder of all four Grand Slam singles titles simultaneously, as Evert was then holder of the '82 Australian, U.S., and the '83 French titles. In 56 Grand Slam singles events entered from 1971 to 1989, Evert fell short of the semifinals a mere four times (1983 Wimbledon 3rd round; 1987 US Open quarterfinal; 1988 French Open 3rd round; 1989 US Open quarterfinal).[citation needed]In total, of the record 34 Grand Slam finals reached, Evert won 18 Grand Slam singles titles: seven at the French Open (record for female), six at the US Open (an open era record, male or female, tied with Serena Williams), three at Wimbledon, and two at the Australian Open (both on grass). In addition, Evert won three Grand Slam doubles titles.[citation needed]Evert played a reduced schedule in 1989 and retired from the professional tour after the US Open.[25][26] Upon her retirement, she had amassed 18 Grand Slam singles titles (at the time, an Open Era record, male or female), won 157 singles titles (at the time, the record for male or female) and 32 doubles titles.[27] Evert won the WTA Tour Championships four times and helped the United States win the Fed Cup eight times. Evert's last match was a 6–3, 6–2 win over Conchita Martínez in the final of the 1989 Fed Cup.[citation needed]","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Wade"},{"link_name":"Martina Navratilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Navratilova"},{"link_name":"Virginia Ruzici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Ruzici"},{"link_name":"Sue Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Barker"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Casals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Casals"},{"link_name":"Wendy Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Turnbull"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King"},{"link_name":"Pam Shriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Shriver"},{"link_name":"Kerry Melville Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Melville_Reid"},{"link_name":"Manuela Maleeva-Fragniere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Maleeva-Fragniere"},{"link_name":"Helena Suková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Sukov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Andrea Jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Jaeger"},{"link_name":"Dianne Fromholtz Balestrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Fromholtz_Balestrat"},{"link_name":"Tracy Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Austin"},{"link_name":"Mary Joe Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Joe_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Sabatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Sabatini"},{"link_name":"Nancy Richey Gunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Richey_Gunter"},{"link_name":"Steffi Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffi_Graf"},{"link_name":"Monica Seles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Seles"}],"sub_title":"Rivalries","text":"During her career versus selected rivals, Evert was: 40–6 against Virginia Wade, 37–43 against Martina Navratilova, 26–13 against Evonne Goolagong Cawley, 24–0 against Virginia Ruzici, 23–1 against Sue Barker, 22–0 against Betty Stöve, 22–1 against Rosemary Casals, 21–7 against Hana Mandlíková, 20–1 against Wendy Turnbull, 19–7 against Billie Jean King (winning the last 11 matches with a loss of only two sets), 19–3 against Pam Shriver, 18–2 against Kerry Melville Reid, 17–2 against Manuela Maleeva-Fragniere, 17–2 against Helena Suková, 17–3 against Andrea Jaeger, 16–3 against Dianne Fromholtz Balestrat, 15–0 against Olga Morozova, 13–0 against Françoise Dürr, 9–4 against Margaret Court, 8–9 against Tracy Austin, 7–0 against Mary Joe Fernández, 6–3 against Gabriela Sabatini, 6–5 against Nancy Richey Gunter (winning the last six matches), 6–8 against Steffi Graf (losing the last eight matches) and 2–1 against Monica Seles.","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_Athlete_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Sportswoman of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsman_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-21"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-29"},{"link_name":"Women's Tennis Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoFa-30"},{"link_name":"International Tennis Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"International Tennis Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"Philippe Chatrier Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Chatrier_Award"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoF-19"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No50-31"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tennis40-32"},{"link_name":"Tennis Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Channel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Awards and recognitions","text":"Evert was voted the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year on four occasions and was the first female athlete to be Sports Illustrated magazine's sole recipient of \"Sportswoman of the Year\" award in 1976.[20][28] In April 1985, she was voted the \"Greatest Woman Athlete of the Last 25 Years\" by the Women's Sports Foundation. Evert served as president of the Women's Tennis Association during 1975–76, and from 1983 to 1991.[29]In 1995, she was the fourth player ever to be unanimously elected into the International Tennis Hall of Fame following a worldwide ballot of 185 sports journalists. In 1997, the International Tennis Federation (ITF) presented her with its highest accolade – the Philippe Chatrier Award – for her contributions to tennis, whilst 1999 saw Evert rated No. 50 among ESPN's Greatest North American athletes of the 20th century.[18][30] In 2005, Tennis named her fourth on its list of 40 Greatest Players of the Tennis era.[31]In 2012, Tennis Channel conducted a poll of players and experts to determine the 100 Greatest Players of all time, in which Evert ranked ninth overall, and fourth highest among women (finishing behind Graf, Navratilova, and Court in that order.) In June 2013, Evert was awarded a special merit from the International Tennis Hall of Fame. They presented her their gold ring in recognition of her outstanding achievements both on and off the tennis court.[citation needed]","title":"Tennis career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"counterpunching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpuncher"},{"link_name":"International Tennis Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"drop shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_shot"},{"link_name":"serve and volleying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve-and-volley"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Evert was a baseline player who is credited with revolutionising the sport of tennis. She was known for her consistent, counterpunching game, with her being described retrospectively by the International Tennis Hall of Fame as a \"human backboard\".[32] Evert was one of the first players to play exclusively from the baseline, typically approaching the net to retrieve short balls only; towards the end of her career, however, Evert would approach the net to end points more frequently. Evert's forehand was hit flat, with consistent depth and power, penetrating deep into the court; towards the end of her career with the development of graphite technology, she would begin to apply more topspin to her forehand. Evert was one of the first women who successfully used a double-handed backhand on the WTA tour, which did not have the extra reach that a one-handed backhand afforded, but did provide power and consistency that was previously unseen on the tour, and would later become the norm for female tennis players.Evert would not typically hit large numbers of winners, instead predicating her game on the retrieval of balls with devastating accuracy, and keeping unforced errors to a minimum. Evert did not possess a powerful serve, however, it was reliable and accurate. Evert possessed delicate touch, and had one of the most effective drop shots at the time. Playing in an era where serve and volleying was the dominant style of play, Evert was able to hit difficult passing shots with ease, pushing her opponents behind the baseline, and preventing them from rushing the net. Evert's greatest strengths on court were her speed, detailed footwork, court coverage, fitness, consistency, and mental fortitude. Despite having success on all surfaces, Evert's favourite surface was clay, where the high bounce and slower speed afforded by the surface allowed her to execute her measured, defensive style of play with tremendous success; this is highlighted by her career 382–22 (94.6%) winning record on the surface.[33] Due to her composure, mental toughness, and elegant style of play, Evert was known as the \"Ice Princess\".[34]","title":"Playing style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"sportswear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"racehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racehorse"},{"link_name":"U.S. Filly Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Tiara_of_Thoroughbred_Racing"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_3-Year-Old_Filly"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Connors"},{"link_name":"terminate the pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"1978 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livestrong1-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-not1987-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-livestrong1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Lloyd_Chris_Evert.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale"},{"link_name":"John Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Adam Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Faith"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Carol Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Andy Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Mill"},{"link_name":"Martina Navratilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Navratilova"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Greg Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Norman"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elle-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Jeanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Evert"},{"link_name":"ovarian cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer"},{"link_name":"BRCA gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_gene"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Before she won her first Grand Slam event, Evert signed a contract with Puritan Fashions to endorse a line of sportswear.[35] Company president Carl Rosen thought so highly of her that he named a yearling racehorse Chris Evert in her honor. The horse went on to win the 1974 U.S. Filly Triple Crown, was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Filly, and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.In the 1970s, Evert's romance with the top men's player Jimmy Connors captured the public's imagination, particularly after they both won the 1974 singles titles at Wimbledon. Evert and Connors also occasionally played mixed doubles together. They became engaged when she was 19 and a wedding was planned for November 8, 1974. The romance did not last, and the wedding was called off. In May 2013, Connors wrote in his autobiography that Evert was pregnant with their child and she decided to terminate the pregnancy. Evert replied that she was \"extremely disappointed that he [Connors] used the book to misrepresent a private matter\".[36][37][38]While playing a match at the 1978 US Open, a diamond line bracelet Evert was wearing, given to her by Connors, fell from her wrist to the surface of the court.[39][40] She said about this, \"I dropped my tennis bracelet\", and since then diamond line bracelets have also been called \"tennis bracelets\".[39][41]John Lloyd and Evert in Fort Lauderdale, circa 1978In 1979, Evert married British tennis player John Lloyd and changed her name to Chris Evert Lloyd. After her affair with British singer and actor Adam Faith, the couple separated,[42][43][44] but reconciled and chronicled their marriage in a biography Lloyd On Lloyd co-authored by Carol Thatcher.[45] The couple divorced in April 1987.[46]In 1988, Evert married American downhill skier Andy Mill, who had been introduced to her by Martina Navratilova. They have three sons. On November 13, 2006, Evert filed for divorce. The divorce was finalized on December 4, 2006, with Evert paying Mill a settlement of US$7 million in cash and securities.[47]On June 28, 2008, Evert married her third husband, Australian golfer Greg Norman in the Bahamas.[48] On October 2, 2009, they announced they were separating after 15 months. Their divorce was finalized on December 8, 2009.[49][50]In 2021, Evert became a supporter of the new Women's Sports Policy Working Group,[51] formed in opposition to President Joe Biden's executive order that mandates blanket inclusion for all transgender female athletes.[52]Evert's sister, Jeanne, died of ovarian cancer following a two-year illness. Chris Evert underwent a preventative hysterectomy after learning she carried the BRCA gene mutation. Cancer was uncovered in her resected fallopian tubes in 2022.[53][54] In May 2022, it was reported that Evert had completed chemotherapy treatment for her ovarian cancer. She stated her doctor told her there was a 90% chance the cancer would never return due to it being diagnosed early. [55] In December 2023, she announced she had been diagnosed with a recurrence of cancer and is undergoing treatment again.\n[56][57]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evert Tennis Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Tennis_Academy"},{"link_name":"Boca Raton, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Saint Andrew's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_School_(Boca_Raton,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"Tennis magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"2019 Aurora Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Aurora_Games"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Iga Świątek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iga_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tek"},{"link_name":"Roland-Garros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Open"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Evert owns the Evert Tennis Academy with her brother John in Boca Raton, Florida and helps coach the Saint Andrew's School's high school tennis team. She contributes to Tennis magazine, of which she is also publisher. In June 2011, she joined ESPN as a tennis commentator for Grand Slam tournaments. In 2015, she launched a line of tennis and active apparel in collaboration with Tail Activewear called Chrissie by Tail.[58] She was also a member of the Athlete Advisory Committee for the 2019 Aurora Games.[59]On June 10, 2023, Evert presented the 2023 Women's French Open Singles tournament trophy to Iga Świątek at Roland-Garros. Evert had won one of her own seven French Open titles forty years earlier in 1983.[60]","title":"Current work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Note1_62-0"},{"link_name":"1989 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_US_Open_(tennis)"}],"sub_title":"Grand Slam singles performance timeline","text":"(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.^ Evert's last major appearance was at the 1989 US Open, at which time she was ranked world No. 4. She followed this with a 4–0 record at the 1989 Federation Cup in October.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Era"}],"sub_title":"Records","text":"These records were attained in Open Era of tennis.\nRecords in bold indicate peerless achievements.\nAs Evert elected not to participate in a number of Grand Slam tournaments, the term \"consecutive\" is inexact. In 19 seasons of professional tennis, Evert competed in all four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year only six times.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-no1_17-0"},{"link_name":"Steffi Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffi_Graf"},{"link_name":"Martina Navratilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Navratilova"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SF_63-0"},{"link_name":"Martina Navratilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Navratilova"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-both_64-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-both_64-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-both_64-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-both_64-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-streak_67-0"}],"text":"^ Fourth all-time behind Steffi Graf (377), Martina Navratilova (332), and Serena Williams (309).\n\n^ Evert's consecutive Grand Slam semifinals record was attained in non-consecutive Grand Slam tournaments; she skipped 14 Grand Slam tournaments during her streak. Martina Navratilova holds the all-time consecutive Grand Slam semifinals record at 19.\n\n^ a b c d Evert reached the semifinals or better in her first 6 Australian Opens, 12 French Opens, 11 Wimbledon Championships, and 16 US Opens. All-time record for both male and female players.\n\n^ This is the all-time record for consecutive match victories on a single surface for both male and female players.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrissie, My Own Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/chrissiemyownsto0000ever"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-671-44376-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44376-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7679-1885-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-1885-1"},{"link_name":"Wind, Herbert Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Warren_Wind"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"}],"text":"Amdur, Neil; Evert, Chris (1982). Chrissie, My Own Story. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-44376-3.\nHoward, Johnette (2006). The Rivals: Chris Evert vs. Martina Navratilova: Their Epic Duels and Extraordinary Friendship. New York: Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-1885-1.\nWind, Herbert Warren (October 13, 1986). \"The Sporting Scene: Mainly about Chris Evert Lloyd\". The New Yorker. Vol. 62, no. 34. pp. 117–145.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"John Lloyd and Evert in Fort Lauderdale, circa 1978","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/John_Lloyd_Chris_Evert.jpg/220px-John_Lloyd_Chris_Evert.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Chris Evert 1980-1989\". Florida Memory: State Library and Archives of Florida. Retrieved July 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/140388","url_text":"\"Chris Evert 1980-1989\""}]},{"reference":"Sarni, Jim (March 22, 1987). \"Evert Out To End Drought At Dallas\". The Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017104402/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-03-22/sports/8701180950_1_clare-evert-jimmy-evert-carling-bassett","url_text":"\"Evert Out To End Drought At Dallas\""},{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-03-22/sports/8701180950_1_clare-evert-jimmy-evert-carling-bassett","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Tennis Hall of Fame\". Tennisfame.com. Retrieved May 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/chris-evert","url_text":"\"International Tennis Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women with most tennis Grand Slam finals appearances\". Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140323210932/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-9098313","url_text":"\"Women with most tennis Grand Slam finals appearances\""},{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-9098313","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Evert WTA Player Profile\". Chrisevert.net. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120613073708/http://www.wtatennis.com/player/chris-evert_2257889_2188","url_text":"\"Chris Evert WTA Player Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.wtatennis.com/player/chris-evert_2257889_2188","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Evert Fast Facts\". CNN. August 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/24/us/chris-evert-fast-facts/index.html","url_text":"\"Chris Evert Fast Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Evert Career Stats\". Chrisevert.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://chrisevert.net/match-results-and-records/chris-evert-stats-totals/","url_text":"\"Chris Evert Career Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margaret Court: An unparalleled legend who set the benchmark\". Sportslumo.com. Retrieved May 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportslumo.com/tennis/margaret-court-an-unparalleled-legend-who-set-the-benchmark/","url_text":"\"Margaret Court: An unparalleled legend who set the benchmark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margaret Smith Court's GS Performance Timeline & Stats\". Db4tennis.com. September 20, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://db4tennis.com/players/female/margaret-smith-court","url_text":"\"Margaret Smith Court's GS Performance Timeline & Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Evert family tree\". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com. Retrieved May 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~battle/celeb/evert.htm","url_text":"\"Chris Evert family tree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tennis great Chris Evert finds new life on the court\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/tennis/tennis-great-chris-evert-finds-new-life-on-the-court/2012/01/17/gIQAhvME8P_print.html","url_text":"\"Tennis great Chris Evert finds new life on the court\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Evert (2005) - Hall of Fame\". fhsaa.com. Retrieved June 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://fhsaa.com/hof.aspx?hof=174","url_text":"\"Chris Evert (2005) - Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, S. I. \"FACES IN THE CROWD\". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com. Retrieved June 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1969/04/14/faces-in-the-crowd","url_text":"\"FACES IN THE CROWD\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Tignor (March 5, 2015). \"1971: Chris Evert reaches U.S. Open semis at 16, becomes national sensation\". Tennis.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2015/03/1971-evert-reaches-us-open-semis-16-becomes-national-sensation/54249/","url_text":"\"1971: Chris Evert reaches U.S. Open semis at 16, becomes national sensation\""}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Glenna (2000). American Women's History : A Student Companion. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0195113174.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanwomenshi00matt","url_text":"American Women's History : A Student Companion"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanwomenshi00matt/page/112","url_text":"112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195113174","url_text":"978-0195113174"}]},{"reference":"Staff, S. I. (February 15, 2013). \"Serena Williams, 31, becomes oldest No. 1 in WTA history\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/tennis/2013/02/15/serena-williams-no-1-ranking-doha","url_text":"\"Serena Williams, 31, becomes oldest No. 1 in WTA history\""}]},{"reference":"Larry Schwartz. \"Evert: grit, grace and glamour\". ESPN. Retrieved June 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014187.html","url_text":"\"Evert: grit, grace and glamour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Joe Jares (April 26, 1976). \"A net gain for concentration\". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 44, no. 17. pp. 28–30, 33.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/issue/43338/30/2","url_text":"\"A net gain for concentration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Sarah Pileggi. \"1976 Sportsman of the Year\". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 45, no. 25. Retrieved January 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1976/12/20/661202/the-court-belongs-to-chris","url_text":"\"1976 Sportsman of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Trott, Jan (July 3, 2017). \"Virginia Wade wins Wimbledon - archive July 1977\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/gnmeducationcentre/2017/jul/03/virginia-wade-wins-wimbledon-archive-july-1977","url_text":"\"Virginia Wade wins Wimbledon - archive July 1977\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Chrissie The Great: Match Results and Records\". Chrisevert.net. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722125416/http://chrisevert.net/CE-Records.html","url_text":"\"Chrissie The Great: Match Results and Records\""},{"url":"http://chrisevert.net/CE-Records.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rafael Nadal: Career Titles\". atpworldtour.com. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/rafael-nadal/n409/titles-and-finals","url_text":"\"Rafael Nadal: Career Titles\""}]},{"reference":"Ed McGrogan (December 15, 2010). \"Do these tennis streaks compare to Favre?\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/blog/tennis/post/_/id/85/do-tennis-streaks-compare-brett-favre","url_text":"\"Do these tennis streaks compare to Favre?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Peter Alfano (January 28, 1989). \"Evert's retirement plan includes a cutback in her schedule\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/28/sports/evert-s-retirement-plan-includes-a-cutback-in-her-schedule.html","url_text":"\"Evert's retirement plan includes a cutback in her schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Robin Finn (September 6, 1989). \"Evert bows out as Garrison prevails, 7-6, 6-2\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/06/sports/evert-bows-out-as-garrison-prevails-7-6-6-2.html","url_text":"\"Evert bows out as Garrison prevails, 7-6, 6-2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Chrissie The Great: Match Results and Records\". Chrisevert.net. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722125416/http://chrisevert.net/CE-Records.html","url_text":"\"Chrissie The Great: Match Results and Records\""},{"url":"http://chrisevert.net/CE-Records.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Evert to Replace Martina Navratilova at Gibson-Baldwin Grand Slam Jam\". University of Texas Frank Erwin Center. April 14, 2004. Retrieved June 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uterwincenter.com/press/2004/0414gsj.html","url_text":"\"Chris Evert to Replace Martina Navratilova at Gibson-Baldwin Grand Slam Jam\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Tennis Hall of Fame profile\". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100330111046/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/chris-evert","url_text":"\"International Tennis Hall of Fame profile\""},{"url":"http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/chris-evert","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larry Schwartz (January 23, 1999). \"No. 50: Chris Evert\". ESPN. Retrieved June 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014189.html","url_text":"\"No. 50: Chris Evert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bodo. \"40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era (1–4)\". Tennis. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090814082556/http://www.tennis.com/features/40greatest/40greatest.aspx?id=194","url_text":"\"40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era (1–4)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)","url_text":"Tennis"},{"url":"http://www.tennis.com/features/40greatest/40greatest.aspx?id=194","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Evert\". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/chris-evert","url_text":"\"Chris Evert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"International Tennis Hall of Fame"}]},{"reference":"Tignor, Steve (May 25, 2017). \"Who's the greatest clay-courter of them all – Chris Evert or Rafa Nadal?\". Tennis. Retrieved June 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/who-s-the-greatest-clay-courter-of-them-all-chris-evert-or-rafa-nadal","url_text":"\"Who's the greatest clay-courter of them all – Chris Evert or Rafa Nadal?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)","url_text":"Tennis"}]},{"reference":"Tumaini Carayol (June 30, 2020). \"The Greatest: Chris Evert – US revolutionary who helped shape modern tennis\". The Guardian. Retrieved September 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/jun/30/the-greatest-chris-evert-us-revolutionary-who-helped-shape-modern-tennis","url_text":"\"The Greatest: Chris Evert – US revolutionary who helped shape modern tennis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Judy Klemesrud (January 13, 1973). \"Chris Evert Tennis Togs: Netting a Bundle at Age 18\". The New York Times. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/13/archives/chris-evert-tennis-togs-netting-a-bundle-at-age-18-50000-a-year.html","url_text":"\"Chris Evert Tennis Togs: Netting a Bundle at Age 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Connors, Jimmy (2013). The Outsider. New York: Bantam/HarperCollins. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9780593069271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593069271","url_text":"9780593069271"}]},{"reference":"Connors, Jimmy (May 10, 2013). \"Today Show Interview\". NBC News Today Show. Retrieved September 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.today.com/news/jimmy-connors-chris-evert-abortion-we-were-young-1C9872997","url_text":"\"Today Show Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Chase, Chris (May 2, 2013). \"Jimmy Connors implies Chris Evert was pregnant with his child\". USA Today. Retrieved September 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftw.usatoday.com/2013/05/jimmy-connors-chris-evert-pregnant/","url_text":"\"Jimmy Connors implies Chris Evert was pregnant with his child\""}]},{"reference":"Carolyn Williams. \"Why Are Tennis Bracelets Called Tennis Bracelets?\". Livestrong.Com. Retrieved December 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livestrong.com/article/148725-why-are-tennis-bracelets-called-tennis-bracelets/","url_text":"\"Why Are Tennis Bracelets Called Tennis Bracelets?\""}]},{"reference":"Marion Fasel. \"The True Story of Chris Evert's Tennis Bracelet\". theadventurine.com. Retrieved March 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theadventurine.com/culture/jewelry-history/chris-evert-tells-us-the-true-story-of-her-tennis-bracelet/","url_text":"\"The True Story of Chris Evert's Tennis Bracelet\""}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Fiona (March 10, 2003). \"Adam Faith\". The Times. London, UK.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1117876.ece","url_text":"\"Adam Faith\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESPN.com: Evert: grit, grace and glamour\". Espn.go.com. Retrieved June 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014187.html","url_text":"\"ESPN.com: Evert: grit, grace and glamour\""}]},{"reference":"Reed, Susan (February 20, 1984). \"The Evert Lloyds: Advantage, Adam Faith\". People.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141112045445/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20087089,00.html","url_text":"\"The Evert Lloyds: Advantage, Adam Faith\""},{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20087089,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dave Scheiber (May 11, 1978). \"Turning pain into gain\". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 66, no. 19. pp. 93–94.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/issue/702447/121/2","url_text":"\"Turning pain into gain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Wihlborg, Ulrica (June 28, 2008). \"Chris Evert and Greg Norman Wed in Bahamas\". People. Retrieved May 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20209402,00.html","url_text":"\"Chris Evert and Greg Norman Wed in Bahamas\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Friedman (August 17, 2011). \"A Separate Peace\". Elle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elle.com/life-love/sex-relationships/advice/a2463/chris-evert-marriages/","url_text":"\"A Separate Peace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)","url_text":"Elle"}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Norman, Chris Evert finalize divorce in secret\". Reuters. January 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norman-divorce-idUSTRE60B0VH20100112","url_text":"\"Greg Norman, Chris Evert finalize divorce in secret\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Womessportspolicy.org. Retrieved May 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://womenssportspolicy.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports leaders seek to protect women's sports while accommodating transgender girls and women\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2021/02/01/group-protect-womens-sports-accommodate-transgender-athletes/4345854001/","url_text":"\"Sports leaders seek to protect women's sports while accommodating transgender girls and women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Patel, Vimal (January 15, 2022). \"Chris Evert, Tennis Hall of Famer, Says She Has Ovarian Cancer\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/14/sports/tennis/chris-evert-ovarian-cancer.html","url_text":"\"Chris Evert, Tennis Hall of Famer, Says She Has Ovarian Cancer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tennis great Chris Evert completes chemotherapy treatment for ovarian cancer\". Cnn.com. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/10/tennis/chris-evert-completes-cancer-treatment-spt-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Tennis great Chris Evert completes chemotherapy treatment for ovarian cancer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tennis Hall of Famer Evert taking break after cancer returns\". Cnn.com. December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/39071949/tennis-hall-famer-evert-taking-break-cancer-returns","url_text":"\"Tennis Hall of Famer Evert taking break after cancer returns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Famer Evert announces cancer recurrence\". ESPN.com. December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/39071949/tennis-hall-famer-evert-taking-break-cancer-returns","url_text":"\"Hall of Famer Evert announces cancer recurrence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Evert goes for another win, off the court\". Bizjournals.com. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/profiles-strategies/2016/09/tennis-off-the-court-chris-evert-is-playing-a-new.html","url_text":"\"Chris Evert goes for another win, off the court\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aurora Games: Albany to host international women's sports festival in 2019\". Syracuse.com. Associated Press. January 29, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.com/sports/2018/10/aurora_games_albany_to_host_all-women_international_sports_festival_in_2019.html","url_text":"\"Aurora Games: Albany to host international women's sports festival in 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Nikolić, Luka (June 10, 2023). \"WATCH: Iga Świątek hilariously loses part of her trophy during French Open celebrations\". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved June 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news-iga-swiatek-hilariously-loses-part-trophy-french-open-celebrations","url_text":"\"WATCH: Iga Świątek hilariously loses part of her trophy during French Open celebrations\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Open Most Championship Titles Record Book\" (PDF). US Open. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110913191148/http://www.usopen.org/pdf/Record_Book_Most_Championship_Titles.pdf","url_text":"\"US Open Most Championship Titles Record Book\""},{"url":"http://www.usopen.org/pdf/Record_Book_Most_Championship_Titles.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Open Singles Record Book\" (PDF). US Open. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120906233151/http://www.usopen.org/pdf/Record_Book_Singles_Records.pdf","url_text":"\"US Open Singles Record Book\""},{"url":"http://www.usopen.org/pdf/Record_Book_Singles_Records.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amdur, Neil; Evert, Chris (1982). Chrissie, My Own Story. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-44376-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chrissiemyownsto0000ever","url_text":"Chrissie, My Own Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44376-3","url_text":"0-671-44376-3"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Johnette (2006). The Rivals: Chris Evert vs. Martina Navratilova: Their Epic Duels and Extraordinary Friendship. New York: Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-1885-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-1885-1","url_text":"0-7679-1885-1"}]},{"reference":"Wind, Herbert Warren (October 13, 1986). \"The Sporting Scene: Mainly about Chris Evert Lloyd\". The New Yorker. Vol. 62, no. 34. pp. 117–145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Warren_Wind","url_text":"Wind, Herbert Warren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Murphy_(actor)
Kevin Murphy (actor)
["1 Biography","1.1 Early career","1.2 MST3K era","1.3 RiffTrax era","2 Other work","2.1 Personal life","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
American actor and writer For other people named Kevin Murphy, see Kevin Murphy (disambiguation). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kevin Murphy" actor – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kevin MurphyKevin Murphy in August 2012BornKevin Wagner Murphy (1956-11-03) November 3, 1956 (age 67)River Forest, Illinois, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Utah (BA)University of Wisconsin (MA)Occupation(s)Actor, puppeteer, television writer, authorSpouseJane Murphy Kevin Wagner Murphy (born November 3, 1956) is an American actor and writer best known as the voice and puppeteer of Tom Servo on the Peabody Award-winning comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000. Murphy also records audio commentary tracks with Michael J. Nelson and Bill Corbett for Nelson's RiffTrax website. Biography Early career Murphy was born and raised in the Chicago suburb of River Forest, Illinois. After graduating from the University of Utah with a BA in journalism, he attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, studying stage, film and television directing, and earned a Master of Arts degree. After graduation he worked on the staff of Madison PBS affiliate WHA-TV. Murphy's production work on Jim Mallon's 1987 horror film, Blood Hook, led to Murphy following Mallon to Minneapolis television station KTMA, where Mystery Science Theater 3000 began airing the following year. MST3K era For eleven years, Murphy was a writer for MST3K; for nine of those years, he also voiced and operated the robot Tom Servo, replacing original cast member J. Elvis Weinstein. After taking over the role of Servo, an anonymous person sent him a 6-foot-long (1.8 m) banner that read "I Hate Tom Servo's New Voice". Flattered by the enormous amount of effort taken to heckle him, Murphy hung the banner in his office for over a year. During the final three years of the series, he additionally portrayed Professor Bobo, an English-speaking mountain gorilla in the style of Planet of the Apes. After the end of MST3K, Murphy spent the year 2001 going to a movie every day and wrote a book about this experience, entitled A Year at the Movies: One Man's Filmgoing Odyssey. During his year at the movies, Murphy samples theatres from small-town boxes to urban megaplexes, attempts (and rejects) a theatre-food diet, suffers a kidney stone, visits both the Sundance and Cannes film festivals, sneaks Thanksgiving dinner into a showing of Monsters, Inc., and records all of these experiences, both good and bad. His feat – viewing over four hundred films on four continents – was mentioned in Ripley's Believe It or Not!. RiffTrax era Murphy (right) with Bill Corbett and Michael J. Nelson performing at w00tstock in 2011 Since 2006, Murphy has joined Michael J. Nelson on many audio commentaries for Nelson's RiffTrax movie-riffing website, along with MST3K alumnus Bill Corbett. He was notably absent from Joel Hodgson's Cinematic Titanic series, which included most of the original cast of Mystery Science Theater 3000. During a 2008 interview, Hodgson was asked if Murphy harbored any sort of animosity towards him or the Cinematic Titanic members; he responded: "I can't really speak for him. We saw him at ComicCon, and we did the Mystery Science Theater 20th anniversary panel, and he seemed totally happy to be there, willing to be there, but he's doing RiffTrax." Murphy also did not appear in a 2008 reunion sketch, which otherwise featured all of the original cast members from the Comedy Central era reprising their roles (excluding Weinstein). Other work In 2013, Murphy recorded a voice for the computer game Tesla Effect, playing Smart Alex, a Siri-like AI assistant that serves as a sidekick to the main character and heckles the player's failures. Personal life Murphy resides in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area with his wife, Jane. See also Mystery Science Theater 3000 Timmy Big Hands The Film Crew RiffTrax References ^ Murphy, Kevin (July 18, 2007). "Interview: Kevin Murphy" (Interview). Interviewed by Kenneth Plume. Fred Entertainment. ^ Graziano, John (2002-04-27). "Ripley's Believe It or Not by John Graziano for April 27, 2002 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 2021-02-25. ^ "Interview: "Cinematic Titanic"/MST3K". Chicagoist. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. ^ "DVD of the Day #259 - MST3K: The Giant Gila Monster". Icon. Showstoppah. Main Eventah. 2009-09-16. Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2022-08-20. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kevin Murphy. Kevin Murphy at IMDb RiffTrax profile "An Interview With Kevin Murphy". Rock! Shock! Pop!. "MST3K's Kevin Murphy: A Dialogue (Part 1)". (chat transcript), Sci Fi Channel. August 8, 1999. Archived from the original on August 24, 2003. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz vteMystery Science Theater 3000Media Episodes Home video Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie Flash animation series Clowns in the Sky CharactersSatellite of Love crew Joel Robinson Mike Nelson Jonah Heston Crow T. Robot Tom Servo GPC Cambot "The Mads" Dr. Clayton Forrester Dr. Laurence Erhardt TV's Frank Pearl Forrester Professor Bobo Observer Related Best Brains RiffTrax List Game 372 Pages We'll Never Get Back The Film Crew Cinematic Titanic Incognito Cinema Warriors XP List Darkstar: The Interactive Movie The Adventures of Edward the Less Timmy Big Hands What the Dub? It Came From Hollywood Leonard Maltin
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After graduating from the University of Utah with a BA in journalism, he attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, studying stage, film and television directing, and earned a Master of Arts degree.[1]After graduation he worked on the staff of Madison PBS affiliate WHA-TV. Murphy's production work on Jim Mallon's 1987 horror film, Blood Hook, led to Murphy following Mallon to Minneapolis television station KTMA, where Mystery Science Theater 3000 began airing the following year.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Servo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Servo"},{"link_name":"J. 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Elvis Weinstein. After taking over the role of Servo, an anonymous person sent him a 6-foot-long (1.8 m) banner that read \"I Hate Tom Servo's New Voice\". Flattered by the enormous amount of effort taken to heckle him, Murphy hung the banner in his office for over a year. During the final three years of the series, he additionally portrayed Professor Bobo, an English-speaking mountain gorilla in the style of Planet of the Apes.After the end of MST3K, Murphy spent the year 2001 going to a movie every day and wrote a book about this experience, entitled A Year at the Movies: One Man's Filmgoing Odyssey. During his year at the movies, Murphy samples theatres from small-town boxes to urban megaplexes, attempts (and rejects) a theatre-food diet, suffers a kidney stone, visits both the Sundance and Cannes film festivals, sneaks Thanksgiving dinner into a showing of Monsters, Inc., and records all of these experiences, both good and bad. His feat – viewing over four hundred films on four continents – was mentioned in Ripley's Believe It or Not!.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Corbett,_Michael_J._Nelson,_%26_Kevin_Murphy_Wootstock_2011_(6004301927).jpg"},{"link_name":"w00tstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W00tstock"},{"link_name":"Michael J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(CSA)
General officers in the Confederate States Army
["1 History","2 Brigadier general","3 Major general","3.1 Major generals by seniority","4 Lieutenant general","4.1 Lieutenant generals by seniority","5 General","5.1 Generals by seniority","6 General in Chief","7 Militia generals","8 Uniform insignia","9 Pay","10 Legacy","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 Further reading"]
Senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America Confederate States Army general officers collar badge The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces. Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States. History Robert E. Lee, the best known CSA general. Lee is shown with the insignia of a Confederate colonel, which he chose to wear throughout the war. Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure and customs of the United States Army when the Confederate States Congress established the Confederate States War Department on February 21, 1861. The Confederate States Army was composed of three parts; the Army of the Confederate States of America (ACSA, intended to be the permanent, regular army), the Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS, or "volunteer" Army, to be disbanded after hostilities), and the various state militias. Graduates from United States Military Academy and Mexican–American War veterans were highly sought after by Jefferson Davis for military service, especially as general officers. Like their U.S. Army counterparts, the Confederate Army had both professional and political generals within it. Ranks throughout the CSA were roughly based on the U.S. Army in design and seniority. On February 27, 1861, a general staff for the army was authorized, consisting of four positions: an adjutant general, a quartermaster general, a commissary general, and a surgeon general. Initially, the last of these was to be a staff officer only. The post of adjutant general was filled by Samuel Cooper (the position he had held as a colonel in the U.S. Army from 1852 until resigning) and he held it throughout the Civil War, as well as the army's inspector general. Initially, the Confederate States Army commissioned only brigadier generals in both the volunteer and regular services; however, the Congress quickly passed legislation allowing for the appointment of major generals as well as generals, thus providing clear and distinct seniority over the existing major generals in the various state militias. On May 16, 1861, when there were only five officers at the grade of brigadier general, this legislation was passed, which stated in part: That the five general officers provided by existing laws for the Confederate States shall have the rank and denomination of 'general', instead of 'brigadier-general', which shall be the highest military grade known to the Confederate States ... As of September 18, 1862, when lieutenant generals were authorized, the Confederate States Army had four grades of general officers; they were (in order of increasing rank) brigadier general, major general, lieutenant general, and general. As officers were appointed to the various grades of general by Jefferson Davis (and were confirmed), he would create the promotion lists himself. The dates of rank, as well as seniority of officers appointed to the same grade on the same day, were determined by Davis, "usually following the guidelines established for the prewar U.S. Army." P. G. T. Beauregard, the Confederacy's first brigadier general, later the fifth-ranking general Brigadier general These generals were most often infantry or cavalry brigade commanders, aides to other higher-ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. By the war's end, the Confederacy had at least 383 different men who held this rank in the PACS and three in the ACSA: Samuel Cooper, Robert E. Lee, and Joseph E. Johnston. The Confederate States Congress authorized the organization of regiments into brigades on March 6, 1861. Brigadier generals commanded them, and these generals were nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate. Though close to the U.S. Army in assignments, Confederate brigadiers mainly commanded brigades, while U.S. brigadiers sometimes led divisions and brigades, particularly in the first years of the war. These generals also often led sub-districts within military departments, with command over soldiers in their sub-district. These generals outranked Confederate States Army colonels, who commonly led infantry regiments. This rank was equivalent to brigadier general in the modern U.S. Army. Major general Maj. Gen. Benjamin Huger, CSA These generals were most commonly infantry division commanders, aides to other higher-ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. They also led the districts that made up military departments and had command over the troops in their districts. Some Major generals also led smaller military departments. By the end of the war, the Confederacy had at least 88 men who had held this rank, all in the PACS. The Confederate States Congress authorized divisions on March 6, 1861, and major generals would command them. These generals were to be nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate. Major generals outranked brigadiers and all other lesser officers. This rank was not synonymous with use in the U.S. Army, where major generals led divisions, corps, and entire armies. This rank was equivalent in most respects to a major general in the modern U.S. Army. Major generals by seniority Not further promoted Abbreviations: KIA = killed in action, MW = mortally wounded, NC = non-combat death List of major generals by seniority Name Date of rank Rank terminated Reason David E. Twiggs May 22, 1861 October 11, 1861 retired Earl Van Dorn September 19, 1861 May 8, 1863 murdered, Spring Hill, TN Gustavus W. Smith September 19, 1861 February 17, 1863 resigned Benjamin Huger October 7, 1861 June 12, 1865 paroled John B. Magruder October 7, 1861 no record no record Mansfield Lovell October 7, 1861 no record no record George B. Crittenden November 9, 1861 October 23, 1862 resigned William W. Loring February 15, 1862 May 1, 1865 paroled Sterling Price March 6, 1862 no record no record Benjamin F. Cheatham March 10, 1862 May 1, 1865 paroled Samuel Jones March 10, 1862 May 12, 1865 paroled John P. McCown March 10, 1862 May 12, 1865 paroled Daniel Harvey Hill March 26, 1862 no record no record Jones M. Withers April 6, 1862 May 11, 1865 paroled John C. Breckinridge April 14, 1862 no record no record Thomas C. Hindman April 14, 1862 no record no record Lafayette McLaws May 23, 1862 no record no record Richard H. Anderson July 14, 1862 no record no record J.E.B. Stuart July 25, 1862 May 12, 1864 MW, Battle of Yellow Tavern Samuel G. French August 31, 1862 April 1865 paroled George Pickett October 10, 1862 April 9, 1865 paroled Carter L. Stevenson October 10, 1862 May 1, 1865 paroled David R. Jones October 11, 1862 January 15, 1863 NC, Richmond, VA John H. Forney October 27, 1862 June 20, 1865 paroled Dabney H. Maury November 4, 1862 May 11, 1865 paroled Martin Luther Smith November 4, 1862 May 1865 paroled John G. Walker November 8, 1862 no record no record Arnold Elzey December 4, 1862 May 9, 1865 paroled Patrick Cleburne December 13, 1862 Nov 30, 1864 KIA, Battle of Franklin Franklin Gardner December 13, 1862 May 11, 1865 paroled Isaac R. Trimble January 17, 1863 April 16, 1865 paroled Jubal Early January 17, 1863 no record no record Daniel S. Donelson January 17, 1863 April 17, 1863 NC, Knoxville, TN Joseph Wheeler January 20, 1863 June 9, 1865 paroled W.H.C. Whiting February 28, 1863 March 10, 1865 NC, New York City Edward Johnson February 28, 1863 July 22, 1865 paroled Robert E. Rodes May 2, 1863 September 19, 1864 KIA, Third Battle of Winchester W.H.T. Walker May 23, 1863 July 22, 1864 KIA, Battle of Atlanta Henry Heth May 24, 1863 April 9, 1865 paroled John S. Bowen May 25, 1863 July 6, 1863 Died with Rank unconfirmed Robert Ransom, Jr. May 26, 1863 no record no record Dorsey Pender May 27, 1863 July 18, 1863 MW, Battle of Gettysburg Cadmus M. Wilcox August 3, 1863 April 9, 1865 paroled Jeremy F. Gilmer August 3, 1863 no record no record, assignment incomplete Fitzhugh Lee August 3, 1863 April 9, 1865 paroled William Smith August 12, 1863 January 1, 1864 resigned Howell Cobb September 9, 1863 May 18, 1865 paroled John A. Wharton November 10, 1863 April 6, 1865 murdered, Houston, TX William T. Martin November 10, 1863 May 11, 1865 paroled Charles W. Field February 14, 1864 April 9, 1865 paroled J. Patton Anderson February 17, 1865 May 1, 1865 paroled William B. Bate February 24, 1864 May 1, 1865 paroled Prince de Polignac April 8, 1864 no record no record Robert F. Hoke April 20, 1864 April 1, 1865 paroled W.H.F. Lee April 23, 1864 April 9, 1865 paroled James F. Fagan April 24, 1864 June 20, 1865 Temporary promotion, paroled John B. Gordon May 14, 1864 April 9, 1865 paroled Joseph B. Kershaw May 18, 1864 no record no record Bushrod Johnson May 21, 1863 May 9, 1865 paroled Stephen D. Ramseur June 1, 1864 June 20, 1865 Temporary promotion, MW, Battle of Cedar Creek Edward C. Walthall June 6, 1864 no record Temporary promotion, no record Henry Clayton July 1, 1864 April 1865 Temporary promotion, resigned William Mahone July 30, 1864 April 9, 1865 paroled John C. Brown August 4, 1864 May 2, 1865 Temporary promotion, paroled Lunsford L. Lomax August 10, 1864 May 2, 1865 Temporary promotion, paroled Matthew C. Butler September 9, 1864 May 1, 1865 paroled James L. Kemper September 9, 1864 May 2, 1865 paroled G.W.C. Lee October 20, 1864 April 6, 1865 paroled Thomas L. Rosser November 1, 1864 May 1865 Temporary promotion, paroled P.M.B. Young December 12, 1864 no record Temporary promotion, no record Bryan Grimes February 15, 1865 April 9, 1865 paroled William W. Allen March 4, 1865, May 1865 Unconfirmed paroled Thomas J. Churchill March 17, 1865 June 7, 1865 Temporary promotion, paroled John S. Marmaduke March 18, 1865 July 24, 1865 paroled Evander Mclver Law was promoted to the rank of major general on March 20, 1865, on the recommendation of generals Johnston and Hampton just before the surrender. The promotion was too late to be confirmed by the Confederate Congress however. Lieutenant general Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, CSA There were 18 lieutenant generals in the Confederate States Army, and these general officers were often corps commanders within armies or military department heads in charge of geographic sections and all soldiers in those boundaries. All of the Confederate lieutenant generals were in the PACS. The Confederate Congress legalized the creation of army corps on September 18, 1862, and directed that lieutenant generals lead them. These generals were to be nominated by President Davis and confirmed by the C.S. Senate. Lieutenant generals outranked major generals and all other lesser officers. Most were graduates of the United States Military Academy and were former officers in the United States Army, with the exceptions of Richard Taylor, Wade Hampton, and Nathan Bedford Forrest. This rank was not synonymous with the U.S. Army's use of it; Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) was one of only two U.S. lieutenant generals during the war, the other being Winfield Scott (1786–1866), General-in-Chief of the United States Army 1841–1861, at the beginning of the American Civil War who also served in the War of 1812 (1812–1815), and led an army in the field during the Mexican–American War (1846–1849), received a promotion to brevet lieutenant general by a special Act of Congress in 1855. Gen. Grant was the only U.S. Army lieutenant general in active service at the time of his promotion on March 9, 1864. Grant became General-in-Chief, commander of the United States Army ("Union Army"), answering directly to President Abraham Lincoln and charged with the task of leading the U.S. Army to victory over the Confederate States Army. The CSA lieutenant general rank is also roughly equivalent to lieutenant general in the modern U.S. Army. The Confederate Congress passed legislation in May 1864 to allow for "temporary" general officers in the PACS, to be appointed by President Jefferson Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate and given a non-permanent command by Davis. Under this law, Davis appointed several officers to fill open positions. Richard H. Anderson was appointed a "temporary" lieutenant general on May 31, 1864, and given command of the First Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen. Lee (following the wounding of Lee's second-in-command, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet on May 6 in the Battle of the Wilderness.) With Longstreet's return that October, Anderson reverted to a major general. Jubal Early was appointed a "temporary" lieutenant general on May 31, 1864, and given command of the Second Corps (following the reassignment of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to other duties) and led the Corps as an army into the third Confederate attack on the United States in July 1864 during the Battle of Monocacy near Frederick, Maryland and the Battle of Fort Stevens outside the U.S. capital city, Washington, D.C., until December 1864, when he too reverted to a major general. Likewise, both Stephen D. Lee and Alexander P. Stewart were appointed to fill vacancies in the Western Theater as "temporary" lieutenant generals and also reverted to their prior grades as major generals as those assignments ended. However, Lee was nominated a second time for lieutenant general on March 11, 1865. Lieutenant generals by seniority Abbreviations: KIA = killed in action, MW = mortally wounded List of lieutenant generals by seniority Name Date of Rank Nominated Confirmed Rank Terminated Reason James Longstreet October 9, 1862 October 10, 1862 October 11, 1862 April 9, 1865 paroled Edmund Kirby Smith October 9, 1862 October 10, 1862 October 11, 1862 February 19, 1864 promoted to general Leonidas Polk October 10, 1862 October 10, 1862 October 11, 1862 June 14, 1864 KIA, Pine Mountain Theophilus H. Holmes October 10, 1862 October 10, 1862 October 11, 1862 May 1, 1865 paroled William J. Hardee October 10, 1862 October 10, 1862 October 11, 1862 May 1, 1865 paroled Stonewall Jackson October 10, 1862 October 10, 1862 October 11, 1862 May 10, 1863 MW, Chancellorsville John C. Pemberton October 10, 1862 October 10, 1862 October 13, 1862 May 18, 1864 resigned Richard S. Ewell May 23, 1863 May 23, 1863 February 2, 1864 July 19, 1865 paroled A.P. Hill May 24, 1863 May 23, 1863 January 15, 1864 April 2, 1865 KIA, Petersburg D.H. Hill July 11, 1863 ? withdrawn October 15, 1863 Rift with General Bragg after the Battle of Chattanooga John Bell Hood September 20, 1863 February 1, 1864 February 4, 1864 May 31, 1865 paroled Richard Taylor April 8, 1864 May 14, 1864 May 16, 1864 May 11, 1865 paroled Jubal Early May 31, 1864 May 31, 1864 May 31, 1864 no record Temporary Rank Richard H. Anderson May 31, 1864 May 31, 1864 May 31, 1864 no record Temporary Rank Alexander P. Stewart June 23, 1864 June 23, 1864 February 20, 1865 May 1, 1865 paroled Stephen D. Lee June 23, 1864 March 11, 1865 March 16, 1865 May 1, 1865 paroled Simon B. Buckner September 20, 1864 September 20, 1864 January 17, 1865 June 9, 1865 paroled Wade Hampton February 14, 1865 February 14, 1865 February 15, 1865 no record no record Nathan Bedford Forrest February 28, 1865 March 2, 1865 March 2, 1865 May 10, 1865 paroled General Gen. Samuel Cooper, CSA Originally five officers in the Confederate States Army were appointed to the rank of general, and only two more would follow. These generals occupied the senior posts in the Confederate Army, mostly entire army or military department commanders and advisers to Jefferson Davis. This rank was equivalent to the general in the modern U.S. Army. The grade is often referred to in modern writings as "full general" to help differentiate it from the generic term "general", meaning simply "general officer". All Confederate generals were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers, except for Edmund Kirby Smith, who was appointed general late in the war and into the PACS. Pierre G.T. Beauregard, had also initially been appointed a PACS general, was elevated to ACSA two months later with the same date of rank. These generals outranked all other grades of generals and lesser officers in the Confederate States Army. All were graduates of the United States Military Academy and were former officers in the United States Army. The first group of officers appointed to general was Samuel Cooper, Albert Sidney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, and Pierre G.T. Beauregard, with their seniority in that order. This ordering caused Cooper, a staff officer who would not see combat, to be the senior general officer in the CSA. That seniority strained the relationship between Joseph E. Johnston and Jefferson Davis. Johnston considered himself the senior officer in the Confederate States Army and resented the ranks that President Davis had authorized. However, his previous position in the U.S. Army was staff, not line, which was a criterion for Davis regarding establishing seniority and rank in the subsequent Confederate States Army. On February 17, 1864, Congress passed legislation to allow President Davis to appoint an officer to command the Trans-Mississippi Department in the Far West, with the rank of general in the PACS. Edmund Kirby Smith was the only officer appointed to this position. Braxton Bragg was appointed a general in the ACSA with a date of rank of April 6, 1862, the day his commanding officer Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston died in combat at Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing. The Confederate Congress passed legislation in May 1864 to allow for "temporary" general officers in the PACS, to be appointed by Davis and confirmed by the C.S. Senate and given a non-permanent command by Davis. John Bell Hood was appointed a "temporary" general on July 18, 1864, the date he took command of the Army of Tennessee in the Atlanta Campaign, but the Congress did not later confirm this appointment, and he reverted to his rank of lieutenant general in January 1865. Later in March 1865, shortly before the end of the war, Hood's status was spelled out by the Confederate States Senate, which stated: Resolved, That General J. B. Hood, having been appointed General, with temporary rank and command, and having been relieved from duty as Commander of the Army of Tennessee, and not having been reappointed to any other command appropriate to the rank of General, he has lost the rank of General, and therefore cannot be confirmed as such. Generals by seniority Abbreviations: KIA = killed in action List of generals by seniority Name Date of rank Nominated Confirmed Rank terminated Reason Samuel Cooper May 16, 1861 August 31, 1861 August 31, 1861 May 3, 1865 paroled Albert Sidney Johnston May 30, 1861 August 31, 1861 August 31, 1861 April 6, 1862 KIA, Shiloh Robert E. Lee June 14, 1861 August 31, 1861 August 31, 1861 April 9, 1865 paroled Joseph E. Johnston July 4, 1861 August 31, 1861 August 31, 1861 May 2, 1865 paroled P.G.T. Beauregard July 21, 1861 August 31, 1861 August 31, 1861 May 1, 1865 paroled Braxton Bragg April 6, 1862 April 12, 1862 April 12, 1862 May 10, 1865 paroled Edmund Kirby Smith August 21, 1862 February 19, 1864 May 11, 1864 May 17, 1865 paroled John Bell Hood July 18, 1864 - - January 23, 1865 Temporary rank During 1863, Beauregard, Cooper, J. Johnston, and Lee all had their ranks re-nominated on February 20 and then re-confirmed on April 23 by the Confederate Congress. This was in response to debates on February 17 about whether confirmations made by the provisional legislature needed re-confirmation by the permanent legislature, which was done by an Act of Congress issued two days later. General in Chief The position of General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States was created on January 23, 1865. Gen. Robert E. Lee, the only officer appointed to it, served from February 6 until April 12. Militia generals Main article: Militia Act of 1792 The Confederate states had maintained militias since the American Revolutionary War, consistent with the U.S. Militia Act of 1792. They went by various names such as state "militia", "armies", or "guard" and were activated and expanded when the Civil War began. These units were commanded by "militia generals" to defend their particular state and sometimes did not leave the state to fight for the Confederate Army. The Confederate militias used the brigadier and major general officer ranks. The regulations in the act of 1792 provided for two classes of militia, divided by age. Class one included men from 22 to 30 years old, and class two consisted of men from 18 to 20 years and from 31 to 45 years old. The various Confederate states used this system during the war. Uniform insignia Main article: Ranks and insignia of the Confederate States All Confederate generals wore the same uniform insignia regardless of their general rank, except for Robert E. Lee, who wore the uniform of a Confederate colonel, as well as Joseph E. Johnston who wore a Colonel's insignia with a larger six pointed star in the center, similar to the stars worn by George Washington during the American Revolution. Wade Hampton additionally wore shoulder straps with general stars to denote his specific general's rank, and was apparently the only Confederate general to ever do so. The only visible difference was the button groupings on their uniforms; groups of three buttons for lieutenant and major generals and two for brigadier generals. In either case, a general's buttons were also distinguished from other ranks by their eagle insignia. Joseph Reid Anderson in a CSA brigadier general's uniform. Rank Collar insignia Sleeve insignia Buttons General (all grades) (all grades) Lieutenant general Groups of three buttons Major general Groups of three buttons Brigadier general Groups of two buttons To the right is a picture of the CSA general's full uniform, in this case, of Brigadier General Joseph R. Anderson of the Confederate Bureau of Ordnance. All of the Confederate generals wore uniforms like this regardless of their general grade, and all with gold-colored embroidering. Pay The general officers of the Confederate States Army were paid for their services, and exactly how much (in Confederate dollars (CSD)) depended on their rank and whether they held a field command or not. On March 6, 1861, when the army only contained brigadier generals, their pay was $301 CSD monthly, and their aide-de-camp lieutenants would receive an additional $35 CSD per month beyond regular pay. As more grades of the general officer were added, the pay scale was adjusted. By June 10, 1864, a general received $500 CSD monthly, plus another $500 CSD if they led an army in the field. Also, by that date, lieutenant generals got $450 CSD and major generals $350 CSD, and brigadiers would receive $50 CSD in addition to regular pay if they served in combat. Legacy The Confederate States Army lost more general officers killed in combat than the United States Army throughout the war, in the ratio of about 5-to-1 for the Confederacy compared to roughly 12-to-1 for the United States. The most famous of them is General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, among the best-known Confederate commanders, after General Robert E. Lee. Jackson's death was the result of pneumonia which emerged subsequently after a friendly fire incident had occurred at the Battle of Chancellorsville on the night of May 2, 1863. Replacing these fallen generals was an ongoing problem during the war, often having men promoted beyond their abilities (a common criticism of officers such as John Bell Hood and George Pickett, but an issue for both armies), or gravely wounded in combat but needed, such as Richard S. Ewell. The problem was made more difficult by the Confederacy's depleting workforce, especially near the war's end. The last Confederate general in the field, Stand Watie, surrendered on June 23, 1865, and the war's last surviving Confederate full general, Edmund Kirby Smith, died on March 28, 1893. James Longstreet died on January 2, 1904, and was considered "the last of the high command of the Confederacy". The Confederate States Army's system of using four grades of general officers is currently the same rank structure used by the U.S. Army (in use since shortly after the Civil War) and is also the system used by the U.S. Marine Corps (in use since World War II). See also American Civil War portal List of American Civil War generals (Union) List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union) List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate) General officers in the United States Notes ^ Eicher pp. 24–25. This resulted from the Confederacy's adoption of the U.S. 'Rules and Regulations of the Army' as their own, just with "Confederate States of America" put in wherever "United States of America" was in its text. ^ a b c d e Eicher, p. 23. ^ Eicher, p. 23. "Actually, commissions in the ACSA were usually one grade higher than the former commissions in the U.S. Army, while commissions in the PACS usually amounted to whatever was suggested by the size of the volunteer unit accepted into the Confederate service." ^ Dupuy, p. 190. ^ a b Eicher, p. 24. ^ Wright, p. 9. Confederate Congress Act of 16 May 1861, section 2. ^ a b Eicher, p. 25 ^ a b c d e f g h i Eicher, p. 807. ^ Eicher, p. 817. ^ a b Eicher, p. 810. ^ promotion was not confirmed by the Confederate Senate ^ a b Wright, p. 13. Confederate Congress Act of 31 May 1864. ^ a b c d e f Eicher, pp. 787–788. ^ Eicher, p. 808. ^ The usage of the somewhat incorrect term "full general" is very unofficial, but commonly occurs in modern military writings; referring to a colonel as "full" and/or "bird" colonel (as compared to a lieutenant colonel, who ranks behind them) in U.S. forces also occurs. ^ Eicher, p. 787. ^ Eicher, p. 69. ^ Wright, p. 12. ^ Eicher, p. 141. ^ Eicher, p. 303. ^ Wright, p. 13. Confederate Senate Resolution, 16 March 1865. ^ Eicher, p. 26. ^ Eicher, p. 70. ^ Eicher, p. 69. The original regulations for uniforms were issued when the Confederate States Congress authorized only brigadier generals. These regulations were never reissued when the higher ranks of generals were authorized later. ^ , Katcher, p. 60. ^ Foote, p. 1040. Of 583 U.S. general officers, 47 were killed due to combat; of 425 C.S. general officers, 77 fell. ^ Jackson biography at Civil War Home. ^ Dupuy, p. 346. "an excellent brigade and divisional commander, he was out of his depth with larger commands." ^ Dupuy, p. 597. "his abilities were not suited to directing larger forces, as demonstrated at Five Forks." ^ Dupuy, p. 244. "but it was a mark of the South's desperation for able leaders that a man with his disabilities should have spent so much time on active campaign." ^ Dupuy, p. 406. ^ Warner, p. 193. References Dupuy, Trevor N., Johnson, Curt, and Bongard, David L., Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, Castle Books, 1992, 1st Ed., ISBN 0-7858-0437-4. Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. Foote, Shelby, The Civil War: A Narrative: Vol. III Red River to Appomattox, Vintage Books, 1986, ISBN 0-394-74622-8. Katcher, Philip, The Army of Robert E. Lee, Sterling Publishing Co., 1994, ISBN 1-85409-174-3. Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray: The Lives of the Confederate Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1959, ISBN 0-8071-3150-4. Wright, Marcus J., General Officers of the Confederate Army, J. M. Carroll & Co., 1983, ISBN 0-8488-0009-5. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg"},{"link_name":"general officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"regular army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"president of the Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"military forces of the Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_forces_of_the_Confederate_States"}],"text":"Confederate States Army general officers collar badgeThe general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.","title":"General officers in the Confederate States Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Confederate States War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_War_Department"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher23-2"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"political generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_general"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"adjutant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant_general"},{"link_name":"quartermaster general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_general"},{"link_name":"commissary general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissariat"},{"link_name":"surgeon general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher23-2"},{"link_name":"Samuel Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"inspector general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_general"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dupuy190-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher23-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher24-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher25-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher807Davis-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_G_T_Beauregard_CSA_ACW.jpeg"},{"link_name":"P. G. T. Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard"}],"text":"Robert E. Lee, the best known CSA general. Lee is shown with the insignia of a Confederate colonel, which he chose to wear throughout the war.Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure and customs of the United States Army[1] when the Confederate States Congress established the Confederate States War Department on February 21, 1861.[2] The Confederate States Army was composed of three parts; the Army of the Confederate States of America (ACSA, intended to be the permanent, regular army), the Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS, or \"volunteer\" Army, to be disbanded after hostilities), and the various state militias.Graduates from United States Military Academy and Mexican–American War veterans were highly sought after by Jefferson Davis for military service, especially as general officers. Like their U.S. Army counterparts, the Confederate Army had both professional and political generals within it. Ranks throughout the CSA were roughly based on the U.S. Army in design and seniority.[3] On February 27, 1861, a general staff for the army was authorized, consisting of four positions: an adjutant general, a quartermaster general, a commissary general, and a surgeon general. Initially, the last of these was to be a staff officer only.[2] The post of adjutant general was filled by Samuel Cooper (the position he had held as a colonel in the U.S. Army from 1852 until resigning) and he held it throughout the Civil War, as well as the army's inspector general.[4]Initially, the Confederate States Army commissioned only brigadier generals in both the volunteer and regular services;[2] however, the Congress quickly passed legislation allowing for the appointment of major generals as well as generals, thus providing clear and distinct seniority over the existing major generals in the various state militias.[5] On May 16, 1861, when there were only five officers at the grade of brigadier general, this legislation was passed, which stated in part:That the five general officers provided by existing laws for the Confederate States shall have the rank and denomination of 'general', instead of 'brigadier-general', which shall be the highest military grade known to the Confederate States ...[6]As of September 18, 1862, when lieutenant generals were authorized, the Confederate States Army had four grades of general officers; they were (in order of increasing rank) brigadier general, major general, lieutenant general, and general.[7] As officers were appointed to the various grades of general by Jefferson Davis (and were confirmed), he would create the promotion lists himself. The dates of rank, as well as seniority of officers appointed to the same grade on the same day, were determined by Davis, \"usually following the guidelines established for the prewar U.S. Army.\"[8]P. G. T. Beauregard, the Confederacy's first brigadier general, later the fifth-ranking general","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Samuel Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher817-9"},{"link_name":"regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher23-2"},{"link_name":"colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"}],"text":"These generals were most often infantry or cavalry brigade commanders, aides to other higher-ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. By the war's end, the Confederacy had at least 383 different men who held this rank in the PACS and three in the ACSA: Samuel Cooper, Robert E. Lee, and Joseph E. Johnston.[9] The Confederate States Congress authorized the organization of regiments into brigades on March 6, 1861. Brigadier generals commanded them, and these generals were nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate.[2]Though close to the U.S. Army in assignments, Confederate brigadiers mainly commanded brigades, while U.S. brigadiers sometimes led divisions and brigades, particularly in the first years of the war. These generals also often led sub-districts within military departments, with command over soldiers in their sub-district. These generals outranked Confederate States Army colonels, who commonly led infantry regiments.This rank was equivalent to brigadier general in the modern U.S. Army.","title":"Brigadier general"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Huger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Huger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Huger_(general)"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher810-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher23-2"}],"text":"Maj. Gen. Benjamin Huger, CSAThese generals were most commonly infantry division commanders, aides to other higher-ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. They also led the districts that made up military departments and had command over the troops in their districts. Some Major generals also led smaller military departments. By the end of the war, the Confederacy had at least 88 men who had held this rank, all in the PACS.[10]The Confederate States Congress authorized divisions on March 6, 1861, and major generals would command them. These generals were to be nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate.[2] Major generals outranked brigadiers and all other lesser officers.This rank was not synonymous with use in the U.S. Army, where major generals led divisions, corps, and entire armies. This rank was equivalent in most respects to a major general in the modern U.S. Army.","title":"Major general"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evander Mclver Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_M._Law"},{"link_name":"Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston"},{"link_name":"Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III"},{"link_name":"Confederate Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States"}],"sub_title":"Major generals by seniority","text":"Not further promotedAbbreviations: KIA = killed in action, MW = mortally wounded, NC = non-combat deathEvander Mclver Law was promoted to the rank of major general on March 20, 1865, on the recommendation of generals Johnston and Hampton just before the surrender. The promotion was too late to be confirmed by the Confederate Congress however.","title":"Major general"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Longstreet.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet"},{"link_name":"corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"military department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_district"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher810-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher25-7"},{"link_name":"Richard Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)"},{"link_name":"Wade Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III"},{"link_name":"Nathan Bedford Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Winfield Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"brevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"Act of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright_p._13-12"},{"link_name":"Richard H. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)"},{"link_name":"First Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"James Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Jubal Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_Anderson_Early"},{"link_name":"Second Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richard S. Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monocacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monocacy"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fort Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Stephen D. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_D._Lee"},{"link_name":"Alexander P. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_P._Stewart"},{"link_name":"Western Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher787-8-13"}],"text":"Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, CSAThere were 18 lieutenant generals in the Confederate States Army, and these general officers were often corps commanders within armies or military department heads in charge of geographic sections and all soldiers in those boundaries. All of the Confederate lieutenant generals were in the PACS.[10] The Confederate Congress legalized the creation of army corps on September 18, 1862, and directed that lieutenant generals lead them. These generals were to be nominated by President Davis and confirmed by the C.S. Senate.[7] Lieutenant generals outranked major generals and all other lesser officers. Most were graduates of the United States Military Academy and were former officers in the United States Army, with the exceptions of Richard Taylor, Wade Hampton, and Nathan Bedford Forrest.This rank was not synonymous with the U.S. Army's use of it; Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) was one of only two U.S. lieutenant generals during the war, the other being Winfield Scott (1786–1866), General-in-Chief of the United States Army 1841–1861, at the beginning of the American Civil War who also served in the War of 1812 (1812–1815), and led an army in the field during the Mexican–American War (1846–1849), received a promotion to brevet lieutenant general by a special Act of Congress in 1855. Gen. Grant was the only U.S. Army lieutenant general in active service at the time of his promotion on March 9, 1864. Grant became General-in-Chief, commander of the United States Army (\"Union Army\"), answering directly to President Abraham Lincoln and charged with the task of leading the U.S. Army to victory over the Confederate States Army. The CSA lieutenant general rank is also roughly equivalent to lieutenant general in the modern U.S. Army.The Confederate Congress passed legislation in May 1864 to allow for \"temporary\" general officers in the PACS, to be appointed by President Jefferson Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate and given a non-permanent command by Davis.[12] Under this law, Davis appointed several officers to fill open positions. Richard H. Anderson was appointed a \"temporary\" lieutenant general on May 31, 1864, and given command of the First Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen. Lee (following the wounding of Lee's second-in-command, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet on May 6 in the Battle of the Wilderness.) With Longstreet's return that October, Anderson reverted to a major general. Jubal Early was appointed a \"temporary\" lieutenant general on May 31, 1864, and given command of the Second Corps (following the reassignment of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to other duties) and led the Corps as an army into the third Confederate attack on the United States in July 1864 during the Battle of Monocacy near Frederick, Maryland and the Battle of Fort Stevens outside the U.S. capital city, Washington, D.C., until December 1864, when he too reverted to a major general. Likewise, both Stephen D. Lee and Alexander P. Stewart were appointed to fill vacancies in the Western Theater as \"temporary\" lieutenant generals and also reverted to their prior grades as major generals as those assignments ended. However, Lee was nominated a second time for lieutenant general on March 11, 1865.[13]","title":"Lieutenant general"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lieutenant generals by seniority","text":"Abbreviations: KIA = killed in action, MW = mortally wounded","title":"Lieutenant general"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Cooper_(g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral).jpg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)"},{"link_name":"entire army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_army"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher24-5"},{"link_name":"Edmund Kirby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith"},{"link_name":"Pierre G.T. Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Samuel Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)"},{"link_name":"Albert Sidney Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston"},{"link_name":"Pierre G.T. Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard"},{"link_name":"staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(military)"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_officer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher69-17"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mississippi Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Edmund Kirby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Braxton Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Bragg"},{"link_name":"Albert Sidney Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright_p._13-12"},{"link_name":"John Bell Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_Hood"},{"link_name":"Army of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Gen. Samuel Cooper, CSAOriginally five officers in the Confederate States Army were appointed to the rank of general, and only two more would follow. These generals occupied the senior posts in the Confederate Army, mostly entire army or military department commanders and advisers to Jefferson Davis. This rank was equivalent to the general in the modern U.S. Army. The grade is often referred to in modern writings as \"full general\" to help differentiate it from the generic term \"general\", meaning simply \"general officer\".[15]All Confederate generals were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers,[5] except for Edmund Kirby Smith, who was appointed general late in the war and into the PACS. Pierre G.T. Beauregard, had also initially been appointed a PACS general, was elevated to ACSA two months later with the same date of rank.[16] These generals outranked all other grades of generals and lesser officers in the Confederate States Army. All were graduates of the United States Military Academy and were former officers in the United States Army.The first group of officers appointed to general was Samuel Cooper, Albert Sidney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, and Pierre G.T. Beauregard, with their seniority in that order. This ordering caused Cooper, a staff officer who would not see combat, to be the senior general officer in the CSA. That seniority strained the relationship between Joseph E. Johnston and Jefferson Davis. Johnston considered himself the senior officer in the Confederate States Army and resented the ranks that President Davis had authorized. However, his previous position in the U.S. Army was staff, not line, which was a criterion for Davis regarding establishing seniority and rank in the subsequent Confederate States Army.[17]On February 17, 1864, Congress passed legislation to allow President Davis to appoint an officer to command the Trans-Mississippi Department in the Far West, with the rank of general in the PACS. Edmund Kirby Smith was the only officer appointed to this position.[18] Braxton Bragg was appointed a general in the ACSA with a date of rank of April 6, 1862, the day his commanding officer Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston died in combat at Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing.[19]The Confederate Congress passed legislation in May 1864 to allow for \"temporary\" general officers in the PACS, to be appointed by Davis and confirmed by the C.S. Senate and given a non-permanent command by Davis.[12]\nJohn Bell Hood was appointed a \"temporary\" general on July 18, 1864, the date he took command of the Army of Tennessee in the Atlanta Campaign, but the Congress did not later confirm this appointment, and he reverted to his rank of lieutenant general in January 1865.[20] Later in March 1865, shortly before the end of the war, Hood's status was spelled out by the Confederate States Senate, which stated:Resolved, That General J. B. Hood, having been appointed General, with temporary rank and command, and having been relieved from duty as Commander of the Army of Tennessee, and not having been reappointed to any other command appropriate to the rank of General, he has lost the rank of General, and therefore cannot be confirmed as such.[21]","title":"General"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher787-8-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher26-22"}],"sub_title":"Generals by seniority","text":"Abbreviations: KIA = killed in actionDuring 1863, Beauregard, Cooper, J. Johnston, and Lee all had their ranks re-nominated on February 20 and then re-confirmed on April 23 by the Confederate Congress.[13] This was in response to debates on February 17 about whether confirmations made by the provisional legislature needed re-confirmation by the permanent legislature, which was done by an Act of Congress issued two days later.[22]","title":"General"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_in_Chief_of_the_Armies_of_the_Confederate_States"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"}],"text":"The position of General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States was created on January 23, 1865. Gen. Robert E. Lee, the only officer appointed to it, served from February 6 until April 12.","title":"General in Chief"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eicher70-23"}],"text":"The Confederate states had maintained militias since the American Revolutionary War, consistent with the U.S. Militia Act of 1792. They went by various names such as state \"militia\", \"armies\", or \"guard\" and were activated and expanded when the Civil War began. These units were commanded by \"militia generals\" to defend their particular state and sometimes did not leave the state to fight for the Confederate Army. The Confederate militias used the brigadier and major general officer ranks.The regulations in the act of 1792 provided for two classes of militia, divided by age. Class one included men from 22 to 30 years old, and class two consisted of men from 18 to 20 years and from 31 to 45 years old.[23] The various Confederate states used this system during the war.","title":"Militia generals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Joseph_Reid_Anderson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Reid Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Reid_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Joseph R. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Anderson"}],"text":"All Confederate generals wore the same uniform insignia regardless of their general rank,[24] except for Robert E. Lee, who wore the uniform of a Confederate colonel, as well as Joseph E. Johnston who wore a Colonel's insignia with a larger six pointed star in the center, similar to the stars worn by George Washington during the American Revolution. Wade Hampton additionally wore shoulder straps with general stars to denote his specific general's rank, and was apparently the only Confederate general to ever do so. The only visible difference was the button groupings on their uniforms; groups of three buttons for lieutenant and major generals and two for brigadier generals. In either case, a general's buttons were also distinguished from other ranks by their eagle insignia.Joseph Reid Anderson in a CSA brigadier general's uniform.To the right is a picture of the CSA general's full uniform, in this case, of Brigadier General Joseph R. Anderson of the Confederate Bureau of Ordnance. All of the Confederate generals wore uniforms like this regardless of their general grade, and all with gold-colored embroidering.","title":"Uniform insignia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confederate dollars (CSD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America_dollar"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The general officers of the Confederate States Army were paid for their services, and exactly how much (in Confederate dollars (CSD)) depended on their rank and whether they held a field command or not. On March 6, 1861, when the army only contained brigadier generals, their pay was $301 CSD monthly, and their aide-de-camp lieutenants would receive an additional $35 CSD per month beyond regular pay. As more grades of the general officer were added, the pay scale was adjusted. By June 10, 1864, a general received $500 CSD monthly, plus another $500 CSD if they led an army in the field. Also, by that date, lieutenant generals got $450 CSD and major generals $350 CSD, and brigadiers would receive $50 CSD in addition to regular pay if they served in combat.[25]","title":"Pay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"John Bell Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_Hood"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"George Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pickett"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Richard S. Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Stand Watie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Watie"},{"link_name":"Edmund Kirby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The Confederate States Army lost more general officers killed in combat than the United States Army throughout the war, in the ratio of about 5-to-1 for the Confederacy compared to roughly 12-to-1 for the United States.[26] The most famous of them is General Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson, among the best-known Confederate commanders, after General Robert E. Lee.[27] Jackson's death was the result of pneumonia which emerged subsequently after a friendly fire incident had occurred at the Battle of Chancellorsville on the night of May 2, 1863. Replacing these fallen generals was an ongoing problem during the war, often having men promoted beyond their abilities (a common criticism of officers such as John Bell Hood[28] and George Pickett,[29] but an issue for both armies), or gravely wounded in combat but needed, such as Richard S. Ewell.[30] The problem was made more difficult by the Confederacy's depleting workforce, especially near the war's end.The last Confederate general in the field, Stand Watie, surrendered on June 23, 1865, and the war's last surviving Confederate full general, Edmund Kirby Smith, died on March 28, 1893.[31] James Longstreet died on January 2, 1904, and was considered \"the last of the high command of the Confederacy\".[32]The Confederate States Army's system of using four grades of general officers is currently the same rank structure used by the U.S. Army (in use since shortly after the Civil War) and is also the system used by the U.S. Marine Corps (in use since World War II).","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher23_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher23_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher23_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher23_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher23_2-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dupuy190_4-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher24_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher24_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher25_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher25_7-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher807Davis_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher807Davis_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher807Davis_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher807Davis_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher807Davis_8-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher807Davis_8-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher807Davis_8-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher807Davis_8-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher807Davis_8-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher817_9-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher810_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher810_10-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wright_p._13_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wright_p._13_12-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher787-8_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher787-8_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher787-8_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher787-8_13-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher787-8_13-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher787-8_13-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher808_14-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher69_17-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher26_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eicher70_23-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Jackson biography at Civil War Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.civilwarhome.com/jackbio.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"}],"text":"^ Eicher pp. 24–25. This resulted from the Confederacy's adoption of the U.S. 'Rules and Regulations of the Army' as their own, just with \"Confederate States of America\" put in wherever \"United States of America\" was in its text.\n\n^ a b c d e Eicher, p. 23.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 23. \"Actually, commissions in the ACSA were usually one grade higher than the former commissions in the U.S. Army, while commissions in the PACS usually amounted to whatever was suggested by the size of the volunteer unit accepted into the Confederate service.\"\n\n^ Dupuy, p. 190.\n\n^ a b Eicher, p. 24.\n\n^ Wright, p. 9. Confederate Congress Act of 16 May 1861, section 2.\n\n^ a b Eicher, p. 25\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Eicher, p. 807.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 817.\n\n^ a b Eicher, p. 810.\n\n^ promotion was not confirmed by the Confederate Senate\n\n^ a b Wright, p. 13. Confederate Congress Act of 31 May 1864.\n\n^ a b c d e f Eicher, pp. 787–788.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 808.\n\n^ The usage of the somewhat incorrect term \"full general\" is very unofficial, but commonly occurs in modern military writings; referring to a colonel as \"full\" and/or \"bird\" colonel (as compared to a lieutenant colonel, who ranks behind them) in U.S. forces also occurs.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 787.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 69.\n\n^ Wright, p. 12.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 141.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 303.\n\n^ Wright, p. 13. Confederate Senate Resolution, 16 March 1865.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 26.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 70.\n\n^ Eicher, p. 69. The original regulations for uniforms were issued when the Confederate States Congress authorized only brigadier generals. These regulations were never reissued when the higher ranks of generals were authorized later.\n\n^ , Katcher, p. 60.\n\n^ Foote, p. 1040. Of 583 U.S. general officers, 47 were killed due to combat; of 425 C.S. general officers, 77 fell.\n\n^ Jackson biography at Civil War Home.\n\n^ Dupuy, p. 346. \"an excellent brigade and divisional commander, he was out of his depth with larger commands.\"\n\n^ Dupuy, p. 597. \"his abilities were not suited to directing larger forces, as demonstrated at Five Forks.\"\n\n^ Dupuy, p. 244. \"but it was a mark of the South's desperation for able leaders that a man with his disabilities should have spent so much time on active campaign.\"\n\n^ Dupuy, p. 406.\n\n^ Warner, p. 193.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evans, Clement A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_A._Evans"},{"link_name":"Confederate Military History – Volume I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WJtYAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Timeline leading to the War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Border states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850"},{"link_name":"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Kansas-Nebraska Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act"},{"link_name":"Lincoln–Douglas debates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates"},{"link_name":"Missouri Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Compromise"},{"link_name":"Nullification crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_crisis"},{"link_name":"Origins of the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Popular sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Declaration of Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession"},{"link_name":"States' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers"},{"link_name":"Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Cornerstone Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech"},{"link_name":"Crittenden Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise"},{"link_name":"Dred Scott v. Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"Fire-Eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-Eaters"},{"link_name":"Fugitive slave laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Plantations in the American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Positive good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Slave Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Power"},{"link_name":"Slavery in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Treatment of slaves in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin"},{"link_name":"Abolitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Abolitionism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Susan B. Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony"},{"link_name":"James G. Birney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Birney"},{"link_name":"John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"Frederick Douglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Lane Debates on Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery"},{"link_name":"Elijah Parish Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"J. Sella Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Sella_Martin"},{"link_name":"Lysander Spooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysander_Spooner"},{"link_name":"George Luther Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns"},{"link_name":"Thaddeus Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Charles Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Caning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Harriet Tubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman"},{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Revenue Cutter Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Lower Seaboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union naval blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_blockade"},{"link_name":"campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Anaconda Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Plan"},{"link_name":"Blockade runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign"},{"link_name":"Jackson's Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign"},{"link_name":"Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_campaign"},{"link_name":"Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_campaign"},{"link_name":"Stones River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign"},{"link_name":"Tullahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign"},{"link_name":"Morgan's Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid"},{"link_name":"Bristoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristoe_campaign"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_campaign"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_campaign"},{"link_name":"Overland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_campaign"},{"link_name":"Valley 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864"},{"link_name":"Bermuda Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign"},{"link_name":"Richmond-Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Franklin–Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign"},{"link_name":"Price's Missouri Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Sherman's March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Carolinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas"},{"link_name":"Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)"},{"link_name":"Appomattox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattox_campaign"},{"link_name":"battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles"},{"link_name":"Fort Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter"},{"link_name":"1st Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"Wilson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"Fort Donelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson"},{"link_name":"Pea Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip"},{"link_name":"Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth"},{"link_name":"Seven Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines"},{"link_name":"Seven Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles"},{"link_name":"2nd Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"link_name":"Perryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"Stones River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River"},{"link_name":"Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg"},{"link_name":"Chickamauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign"},{"link_name":"Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Fort Pillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow"},{"link_name":"Spotsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House"},{"link_name":"Cold 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badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges"},{"link_name":"U.S. Balloon Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps"},{"link_name":"U.S. Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Military Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Committee on the Conduct of the War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate States presidential election of 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Confiscation Act of 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861"},{"link_name":"Confiscation Act of 1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862"},{"link_name":"Copperheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"Habeas Corpus Act of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference"},{"link_name":"National Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Politicians killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Radical Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans"},{"link_name":"Trent Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Affair"},{"link_name":"Union Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League"},{"link_name":"U.S. Presidential Election of 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"War Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Democrat"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Battle Hymn of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_(song)"},{"link_name":"John Brown's Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body"},{"link_name":"A Lincoln Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait"},{"link_name":"Marching Through Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Maryland, My Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland"},{"link_name":"When Johnny Comes Marching Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home"},{"link_name":"Daar kom die Alibama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama"},{"link_name":"Baltimore riot of 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861"},{"link_name":"Battlefield preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate war finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_war_finance"},{"link_name":"Confederate States dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies"},{"link_name":"Confederate Secret Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service"},{"link_name":"Great Revival of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival"},{"link_name":"Gender issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Juneteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth"},{"link_name":"Naming the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Catawba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Choctaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"New York City Gold Hoax of 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax"},{"link_name":"New York City riots of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots"},{"link_name":"Photographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Richmond riots of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bread_riots"},{"link_name":"Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Tokens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_token"},{"link_name":"U.S. Sanitary Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission"},{"link_name":"Women soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers"},{"link_name":"List of films and television shows about the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Evans, Clement A., Confederate Military History – Volume I, Confederate Publishing Company, 1899, Atlanta, Ga., facsimile reprint by The National Historical Society, 2008.vteAmerican Civil WarOriginsOrigins\nTimeline leading to the War\nBleeding Kansas\nBorder states\nCompromise of 1850\nJohn Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\nKansas-Nebraska Act\nLincoln–Douglas debates\nMissouri Compromise\nNullification crisis\nOrigins of the American Civil War\nPanic of 1857\nPopular sovereignty\nSecession\nSouth Carolina Declaration of Secession\nStates' rights\nPresident Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers\nSlavery\nAfrican Americans\nCornerstone Speech\nCrittenden Compromise\nDred Scott v. Sandford\nEmancipation Proclamation\nFire-Eaters\nFugitive slave laws\nPlantations in the American South\nPositive good\nSlave Power\nSlavery in the United States\nTreatment of slaves in the United States\nUncle Tom's Cabin\nAbolitionism\nAbolitionism in the United States\nSusan B. Anthony\nJames G. Birney\nJohn Brown\nFrederick Douglass\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison\nLane Debates on Slavery\nElijah Parish Lovejoy\nJ. Sella Martin\nLysander Spooner\nGeorge Luther Stearns\nThaddeus Stevens\nCharles Sumner\nCaning\nHarriet Tubman\nUnderground Railroad\nCombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStatesCombatantsUnion\nArmy\nNavy\nMarine Corps\nRevenue Cutter Service\nConfederacy\nArmy\nNavy\nMarine Corps\nTheaters\nEastern\nWestern\nLower Seaboard\nTrans-Mississippi\nPacific Coast\nUnion naval blockade\nMajor campaigns\nAnaconda Plan\nBlockade runners\nNew Mexico\nJackson's Valley\nPeninsula\nNorthern Virginia\nMaryland\nStones River\nVicksburg\nTullahoma\nGettysburg\nMorgan's Raid\nBristoe\nKnoxville\nRed River\nOverland\nAtlanta\nValley 1864\nBermuda Hundred\nRichmond-Petersburg\nFranklin–Nashville\nPrice's Missouri Expedition\nSherman's March\nCarolinas\nMobile\nAppomattox\nMajor battles\nFort Sumter\n1st Bull Run\nWilson's Creek\nFort Donelson\nPea Ridge\nHampton Roads\nShiloh\nNew Orleans\nCorinth\nSeven Pines\nSeven Days\n2nd Bull Run\nAntietam\nPerryville\nFredericksburg\nStones River\nChancellorsville\nGettysburg\nVicksburg\nChickamauga\nChattanooga\nWilderness\nFort Pillow\nSpotsylvania\nCold Harbor\nAtlanta\nCrater\nMobile Bay\nFranklin\nNashville\nFive Forks\nInvolvementStates andterritories\nAlabama\nArkansas\nArizona\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDakota Territory\nDistrict of Columbia\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndian Territory\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nOhio\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nCities\nAtlanta\nCharleston\nChattanooga\nNew Orleans\nRichmond\nWashington, D.C.\nWinchester\nLeadersConfederateMilitary\nR. H. Anderson\nBeauregard\nBragg\nBuchanan\nCooper\nEarly\nEwell\nForrest\nGorgas\nHill\nHood\nJackson\nA. S. Johnston\nJ. E. Johnston\nLee\nLongstreet\nMorgan\nMosby\nPolk\nPrice\nSemmes\nE. K. Smith\nStuart\nTaylor\nWheeler\nCivilian\nBenjamin\nBocock\nBreckinridge\nDavis\nHunter\nMallory\nMemminger\nSeddon\nStephens\nUnionMilitary\nAnderson\nBuell\nBurnside\nButler\nDu Pont\nFarragut\nFoote\nFrémont\nGrant\nHalleck\nHooker\nHunt\nMcClellan\nMcDowell\nMeade\nMeigs\nOrd\nPope\nD. D. Porter\nRosecrans\nScott\nSheridan\nSherman\nThomas\nCivilian\nAdams\nChase\nEricsson\nHamlin\nLincoln\nPinkerton\nSeward\nStanton\nStevens\nWade\nWelles\nAftermathConstitution\nReconstruction Amendments\n13th Amendment\n14th Amendment\n15th Amendment\nReconstruction\nAlabama Claims\nBrooks–Baxter War\nCarpetbaggers\nColfax riot of 1873\nCompromise of 1877\nConfederate refugees\nConfederados\nEufaula riot of 1874\nFreedmen's Bureau\nFreedman's Savings Bank\nHomestead Acts\nSouthern Homestead Act of 1866\nTimber Culture Act of 1873\nImpeachment of Andrew Johnson\ntrial\nefforts\ntimeline\nfirst inquiry\nsecond inquiry\nimpeachment managers investigation\nKirk–Holden war\nKnights of the White Camelia\nKu Klux Klan\nEthnic violence\nMemphis riots of 1866\nMeridian riot of 1871\nNew Orleans riot of 1866\nPulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867\nSouth Carolina riots of 1876\nReconstruction acts\nHabeas Corpus Act of 1867\nEnforcement Act of 1870\nEnforcement Act of February 1871\nEnforcement Act of April 1871\nReconstruction era\nReconstruction military districts\nReconstruction Treaties\nIndian Council at Fort Smith\nRed Shirts\nRedeemers\nScalawags\nSouth Carolina riots of 1876\nSouthern Claims Commission\nWhite League\nPost-Reconstruction\nCommemoration\nCentennial\nCivil War Discovery Trail\nCivil War Roundtables\nCivil War Trails Program\nCivil War Trust\nConfederate History Month\nConfederate Memorial Day\nDecoration Day\nHistorical reenactment\nRobert E. Lee Day\nConfederate Memorial Hall\nDisenfranchisement\nBlack Codes\nJim Crow\nHistoriographic issues\nLost Cause mythology\nModern display of the Confederate flag\nRed Shirts\nSons of Confederate Veterans\nSons of Union Veterans of the Civil War\nSouthern Historical Society\nUnited Confederate Veterans\nUnited Daughters of the Confederacy\nChildren of the Confederacy\nWilmington insurrection of 1898\nMonumentsand memorialsUnion\nList\nGrand Army of the Republic\nmemorials to Lincoln\nConfederate\nList\nartworks in Capitol\nmemorials to Davis\nmemorials to Lee\nRemoval\nCemeteries\nLadies' Memorial Associations\nU.S. national cemeteries\nVeterans\n1913 Gettysburg reunion\n1938 Gettysburg reunion\nConfederate Memorial Hall\nConfederate Veteran\nGrand Army of the Republic\nMilitary Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.\nOld soldiers' homes\nSouthern Cross of Honor\nUnited Confederate Veterans\nRelated topicsMilitary\nArms\nCampaign Medal\nCavalry\nConfederate Home Guard\nConfederate railroads\nConfederate revolving cannon\nField artillery\nMedal of Honor recipients\nMedicine\nNaval battles\nOfficial Records\nPartisan rangers\nPOW camps\nRations\nSignal Corps\nTurning point\nUnion corps badges\nU.S. Balloon Corps\nU.S. Home Guard\nU.S. Military Railroad\nPolitical\nCommittee on the Conduct of the War\nConfederate States presidential election of 1861\nConfiscation Act of 1861\nConfiscation Act of 1862\nCopperheads\nEmancipation Proclamation\nHabeas Corpus Act of 1863\nHampton Roads Conference\nNational Union Party\nPoliticians killed\nRadical Republicans\nTrent Affair\nUnion Leagues\nU.S. Presidential Election of 1864\nWar Democrats\nMusic\nBattle Hymn of the Republic\nDixie\nJohn Brown's Body\nA Lincoln Portrait\nMarching Through Georgia\nMaryland, My Maryland\nWhen Johnny Comes Marching Home\nDaar kom die Alibama\nOther topics\nBaltimore riot of 1861\nBattlefield preservation\nBibliography\nConfederate war finance\nConfederate States dollar\nEspionage\nConfederate Secret Service\nGreat Revival of 1863\nGender issues\nJuneteenth\nNaming the war\nNative Americans\nCatawba\nCherokee\nChoctaw\nSeminole\nNew York City Gold Hoax of 1864\nNew York City riots of 1863\nPhotographers\nRichmond riots of 1863\nSalt\nSupreme Court cases\nTokens\nU.S. Sanitary Commission\nWomen soldiers\nRelated\nList of films and television shows about the American Civil War\n\n Category\n Portal","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Confederate States Army general officers collar badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/220px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Robert E. Lee, the best known CSA general. Lee is shown with the insignia of a Confederate colonel, which he chose to wear throughout the war.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/220px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg"},{"image_text":"P. G. T. Beauregard, the Confederacy's first brigadier general, later the fifth-ranking general","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/P_G_T_Beauregard_CSA_ACW.jpeg/220px-P_G_T_Beauregard_CSA_ACW.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Maj. Gen. Benjamin Huger, CSA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Benjamin_Huger.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Huger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, CSA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Longstreet.jpg/220px-James_Longstreet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gen. Samuel Cooper, CSA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Samuel_Cooper_%28g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%29.jpg/220px-Samuel_Cooper_%28g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph Reid Anderson in a CSA brigadier general's uniform.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_Joseph_Reid_Anderson.jpg/200px-General_Joseph_Reid_Anderson.jpg"}]
[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of American Civil War generals (Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)"},{"title":"List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_brevet_generals_(Union)"},{"title":"List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Confederate)"},{"title":"List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Acting_Confederate)"},{"title":"General officers in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officers_in_the_United_States"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.civilwarhome.com/jackbio.htm","external_links_name":"Jackson biography at Civil War Home"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WJtYAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Confederate Military History – Volume I"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Connolly
Wayne Connolly
["1 Career","1.1 Musician","1.2 Production and audio engineering","1.3 Film and television","2 Studios","3 Selected credits","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]
Wayne ConnollyBirth nameWayne Paul ConnollyOccupation(s)Music produceraudio engineermusiciancomposer/songwriterInstrument(s)GuitarvocalsYears active1991–presentMember of Knievel Formerly of The Welcome Mat Websitewayneconnolly.com.auMusical artist Wayne Paul Connolly is an Australian music producer, audio engineer and musician. From 1991 to 1997 Connolly played lead guitar and sang in guitar group The Welcome Mat and released two studio albums. Since 1994, he has played in Knievel with Tracy Ellis and Nick Kennedy. Knievel have released four studio albums and a compilation of B-sides and rarities. Career Musician Connolly formed The Welcome Mat in 1990 with Cory Messenger on vocals and guitar, Pete Bennett on drums (ex-Fiction Romance) and Dave Moss on bass guitar. Leo Mullins (of The Benedicts) replaced Moss on bass guitar in 1991. They released two albums Gram (1993) and Lap of Honour (1996) before disbanding in 1997. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane says, " started out as a chirpy, jangly guitar pop outfit before heading in a tougher, though still melodic and harmony-laced, power pop direction." In 1994 Connolly formed Knievel on lead guitar and vocals with Tracy Ellis (ex-Oliver) on bass guitar and Nick Kennedy (ex-Templebears, Big Heavy Stuff) on drums. The group have issued four studio albums, We Fear Change (1995), Steep Hill Climb (1997), The Name Rings a Bell That Drowns out Your Voice (2000) and Emerald City (2012) as well as a B-sides and demos compilation No One's Going to Understand in My Way. Knievel achieved rotation on national youth radio Triple J with several singles, toured locally and internationally, and supported bands such as Luna, Teenage Fanclub, and Death Cab for Cutie. Production and audio engineering Connolly has balanced playing music with a varied and successful career as a producer and engineer for some of Australia's most respected artists, including Josh Pyke, The Vines, Boy & Bear, Paul Dempsey, Youth Group, Underground Lovers, Died Pretty, Hoodoo Gurus and You Am I. In the early 1990s he took a job managing Paradise Studios for rooART, which put him in touch with emerging artists providing songs for the Youngblood compilation series. Among these were Underground Lovers, Glide, and Custard, all of whom formed working relationships with the producer. Production credits from the 1990s include Wahooti Fandango by Custard, Fill Yourself With Music by Screamfeeder, The Young Need Discipline, Lazy Highways and Future Spa by The Fauves, In Your Bright Ray by The Go-Betweens' Grant McLennan, and Sold by Died Pretty. Since the early 2000s, Connolly has also worked with Neil Finn, Cloud Control, Dallas Crane, Sarah Blasko, Silverchair, Jimmy Barnes, The Living End, Grinspoon, Powderfinger, The Veronicas, Midnight Oil's Jim Moginie, Halfway, Dappled Cities, Old Man River, The Grates, Turnstyle and many more. Recent credits include albums for The Apartments, Community Radio, All Our Exes Live in Texas, Husky, Hungry Kids of Hungary, Knievel, Sounds Like Sunset, Babe Rainbow, Tim Hart, Perry Keyes and The Paper Kites. Film and television In addition to his work in the music recording industry, Connolly has produced work for film and television. His credits include Friday On My Mind, The Kettering Incident, Love Child, The Black Balloon, Newcastle, Little Fish, Monkey Puzzle, Mullet, Willful and Dirty Deeds. The track, "When We Get There", produced for The Black Balloon, won best song at the 2008 AGSC/APRA awards. Studios From 2007 to 2015, Connolly worked largely from his own studio within the Albert Music premises in Sydney where he housed his restored Neve 8026 desk. Since 2016 he has worked extensively at Hercules Street Studios in Sydney and at the newly refurbished Music Farm Studios in Byron Bay. Selected credits Credits: 1992: Leaves Me Blind by Underground Lovers 1993: Coprolalia by You Am I Sound as Ever by You Am I 1994: Dream It Down by Underground Lovers Wahooti Fandango by Custard The Young Need Discipline by The Fauves 1995: Hi Fi Way by You Am I (selected tracks) Higher Up the Firetrails by Bluebottle Kiss Sold by Died Pretty 1996: Hourly Daily by You Am I Rushall Station by Underground Lovers Disappear Here by Glide Future Spa by The Fauves 1997: In Your Bright Ray by Grant McLennan Steep Hill Climb by Knievel 1998: Lazy Highways by The Fauves Using My Gills as a Roadmap by Died Pretty 1999: Sweeter Than the Radio by Icecream Hands King Autumn by Hoolahan 2000: Everydaydream by Died Pretty Urban & Eastern by Youth Group The Name Rings a Bell that Drowns out your Voice by Knievel 2001: Size of the Ocean by Big Heavy Stuff First Translated in 1965 by Ides of Space Griffith Sunset EP by Evan Dando 2002: Drag (EP) by Drag We Got This! by New Christs 2004: Dallas Crane by Dallas Crane Skeleton Jar by Youth Group The Truth About Love by David McCormack & The Polaroids Dear Friends and Enemies by Big Heavy Stuff Farewell to the Fainthearted by Halfway 2006: Forever Young by Youth Group Factory Girls by Dallas Crane Casino Twilight Dogs by Youth Group Vision Valley by The Vines Nervous Flashlights by The Fauves Flame Trees by Sarah Blasko Remember The River by Halfway 2007: The Bells Line by 78 Saab Memories & Dust by Josh Pyke 2008: When Good Times Go Good by The Fauves Chimney's Afire by Josh Pyke Easy Fever: A Tribute to the Easybeats and Stevie Wright by Various Artists (including Neil Finn, Jimmy Barnes and Iva Davies) 2009: Zounds by Dappled Cities Everything Is True by Paul Dempsey Ragged & Ecstatic (select tracks) by Yves Klein Blue 2010: An Outpost of Promise by Halfway 2012: Young North by The Paper Kites Serious Magic by Community Radio Emerald City/Through the Rainbow Dark by Knievel 2013: Harlequin Dream by Boy & Bear You're A Shadow by Hungry Kids of Hungary States by The Paper Kites Lemons by Woodlock 2014: Labour of Love by Woodlock Echoes in the Aviary by Jane Tyrell Broken Lines by Patrick James We Could Leave Tonight by Sounds Like Sunset 2015: Baby Blue by Noire No Song, No Spell, No Madrigal by The Apartments 2016: Look Now You're Cursed by Community Radio When We Fall by All Our Exes Live in Texas Zone by Cloud Control 2018: Jim Salmon's Lament by Perry Keyes The Narrow Corner by Tim Hart 2021: Changing Colours by Babe Rainbow To Find Happiness by Josh Pyke (selected tracks) 2022: Chariot of the Gods by Hoodoo Gurus 2023: Treats by Victoria (selected tracks) Awards and nominations In 1992, Connolly produced the Underground Lovers album, Leaves Me Blind, and subsequently received Rolling Stone magazine's Best Australian Record award. The following year he engineered You Am I's fourth EP Coprolalia and their debut album Sound As Ever, alongside Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth. This album went on to win the 1993 ARIA for Best Alternative Release. He has received numerous ARIA nominations and awards for his work, including Producer of the Year for his work on Josh Pyke's Memories and Dust in 2007, and Engineer of the Year for his work on Paul Dempsey's "Fast Friends" in 2010. 1996 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for You Am I, Hourly Daily 2007 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for Josh Pyke, Memories and Dust 2007 – ARIA Award for Producer of the Year for Josh Pyke, Memories and Dust 2010 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for Paul Dempsey, "Fast Friends" Nominations 2006 – ARIA Producer of the Year for Youth Group, Casino Twilight Dogs 2006 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for The Vines, Vision Valley 2009 – ARIA Producer of the Year for Paul Dempsey, "Everything is True" 2023 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for The Teskey Brothers, "The Winding Way" References ^ a b c d e f McFarlane, Ian (2017). "Encyclopedia entry for 'The Welcome Mat'". The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. Jenkins, Jeff (Foreword) (2nd ed.). Gisborne, VIC: Third Stone Press. pp. 508–509. ISBN 978-0-9953856-0-3. ^ Lewis, Jonathan. "Knievel – We Fear Change Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 September 2022. ^ "Knievel – Steep Hill Climb Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 September 2022. Note: shows US release year. ^ Torreano, Bradley. "Knievel – The Name Rings a Bell That Drowns out Your Voice Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 September 2022. Note: shows US release year ^ a b Alberts (2012). "Wayne Connolly". Alberts. ALBERTS PTY LTD. Retrieved 2 September 2012. ^ "Home of Aussie rock still rolling". The Australian. News Ltd. Retrieved 2 August 2014. ^ "Wayne Connolly | Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022. Note: incorrectly gives composer credit for US folk group, Beers Family's Season of Peace (1971). It is a different Wayne Connolly. ^ "Winners by Award – Producer of the Year". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Retrieved 5 November 2016. ^ "17th Annual ARIA Awards". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 22 February 2004. Retrieved 5 November 2016. Note: User may be required to access archived information by selecting 'The History', then 'By Award', 'Producer of the Year' and 'Option Show Nominations'. ^ The Music Network (28 September 2010). "Angus & Julia, Connolly and Moyes win ARIA Artisan Awards". The Music Network. Retrieved 2 September 2012. External links Official website Alberts Music Knievel's Facebook page Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Welcome Mat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Welcome_Mat"}],"text":"Musical artistWayne Paul Connolly is an Australian music producer, audio engineer and musician. From 1991 to 1997 Connolly played lead guitar and sang in guitar group The Welcome Mat and released two studio albums. Since 1994, he has played in Knievel with Tracy Ellis and Nick Kennedy. Knievel have released four studio albums and a compilation of B-sides and rarities.","title":"Wayne Connolly"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Welcome Mat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Welcome_Mat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_tWM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_tWM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_tWM-1"},{"link_name":"Ian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_tWM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_tWM-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG_Steep-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torreano-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_tWM-1"},{"link_name":"Triple J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"},{"link_name":"Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_(1990s_American_band)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Fanclub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Fanclub"},{"link_name":"Death Cab for Cutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Cab_for_Cutie"}],"sub_title":"Musician","text":"Connolly formed The Welcome Mat in 1990 with Cory Messenger on vocals and guitar, Pete Bennett on drums (ex-Fiction Romance) and Dave Moss on bass guitar.[1] Leo Mullins (of The Benedicts) replaced Moss on bass guitar in 1991.[1] They released two albums Gram (1993) and Lap of Honour (1996) before disbanding in 1997.[1] Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane says, \"[they] started out as a chirpy, jangly guitar pop outfit before heading in a tougher, though still melodic and harmony-laced, power pop direction.\"[1]In 1994 Connolly formed Knievel on lead guitar and vocals with Tracy Ellis (ex-Oliver) on bass guitar and Nick Kennedy (ex-Templebears, Big Heavy Stuff) on drums.[1] The group have issued four studio albums, We Fear Change (1995),[2] Steep Hill Climb (1997),[3] The Name Rings a Bell That Drowns out Your Voice (2000)[4] and Emerald City (2012)[1] as well as a B-sides and demos compilation No One's Going to Understand in My Way. Knievel achieved rotation on national youth radio Triple J with several singles, toured locally and internationally, and supported bands such as Luna, Teenage Fanclub, and Death Cab for Cutie.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Pyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Pyke"},{"link_name":"The Vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vines_(band)"},{"link_name":"Boy & Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_%26_Bear"},{"link_name":"Paul Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Youth Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Group"},{"link_name":"Underground Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Died Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Died_Pretty"},{"link_name":"Hoodoo Gurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodoo_Gurus"},{"link_name":"You Am I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Am_I"},{"link_name":"rooART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RooART"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"Underground Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard_(band)"},{"link_name":"Custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard_(band)"},{"link_name":"Screamfeeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamfeeder"},{"link_name":"The Fauves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauves"},{"link_name":"In Your Bright Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Your_Bright_Ray"},{"link_name":"Grant McLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_McLennan"},{"link_name":"Died Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Died_Pretty"},{"link_name":"Neil Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Finn"},{"link_name":"Cloud Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Control"},{"link_name":"Dallas Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Crane"},{"link_name":"Sarah Blasko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Blasko"},{"link_name":"Silverchair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverchair"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Barnes"},{"link_name":"The Living End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_End"},{"link_name":"Grinspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinspoon"},{"link_name":"Powderfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderfinger"},{"link_name":"The Veronicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Veronicas"},{"link_name":"Jim Moginie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Moginie"},{"link_name":"Halfway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfway_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dappled Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dappled_Cities"},{"link_name":"Old Man River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Man_River_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Grates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grates"},{"link_name":"Turnstyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnstyle_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apartments"},{"link_name":"All Our Exes Live in Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Our_Exes_Live_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Husky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husky_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hungry Kids of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Kids_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Sounds Like Sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_Like_Sunset"},{"link_name":"Babe Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Rainbow_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tim Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hart_(Australian_musician)"},{"link_name":"Perry Keyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Keyes"},{"link_name":"The Paper Kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Kites"}],"sub_title":"Production and audio engineering","text":"Connolly has balanced playing music with a varied and successful career as a producer and engineer for some of Australia's most respected artists, including Josh Pyke, The Vines, Boy & Bear, Paul Dempsey, Youth Group, Underground Lovers, Died Pretty, Hoodoo Gurus and You Am I.In the early 1990s he took a job managing Paradise Studios for rooART,[5] which put him in touch with emerging artists providing songs for the Youngblood compilation series. Among these were Underground Lovers, Glide, and Custard, all of whom formed working relationships with the producer. Production credits from the 1990s include Wahooti Fandango by Custard, Fill Yourself With Music by Screamfeeder, The Young Need Discipline, Lazy Highways and Future Spa by The Fauves, In Your Bright Ray by The Go-Betweens' Grant McLennan, and Sold by Died Pretty.Since the early 2000s, Connolly has also worked with Neil Finn, Cloud Control, Dallas Crane, Sarah Blasko, Silverchair, Jimmy Barnes, The Living End, Grinspoon, Powderfinger, The Veronicas, Midnight Oil's Jim Moginie, Halfway, Dappled Cities, Old Man River, The Grates, Turnstyle and many more. Recent credits include albums for The Apartments, Community Radio, All Our Exes Live in Texas, Husky, Hungry Kids of Hungary, Knievel, Sounds Like Sunset, Babe Rainbow, Tim Hart, Perry Keyes and The Paper Kites.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friday On My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_On_My_Mind_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Kettering Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kettering_Incident"},{"link_name":"Love Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Child_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Black Balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Balloon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(film)"},{"link_name":"Little Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Fish_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Monkey Puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Puzzle_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullet_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dirty Deeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Deeds_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"APRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"In addition to his work in the music recording industry, Connolly has produced work for film and television. His credits include Friday On My Mind, The Kettering Incident, Love Child, The Black Balloon, Newcastle, Little Fish, Monkey Puzzle, Mullet, Willful and Dirty Deeds. The track, \"When We Get There\", produced for The Black Balloon, won best song at the 2008 AGSC/APRA awards.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Neve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve_Electronics"}],"text":"From 2007 to 2015, Connolly worked largely from his own studio within the Albert Music[6] premises in Sydney where he housed his restored Neve 8026 desk. Since 2016 he has worked extensively at Hercules Street Studios in Sydney and at the newly refurbished Music Farm Studios in Byron Bay.","title":"Studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG_credits-7"},{"link_name":"Leaves Me Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves_Me_Blind"},{"link_name":"Underground Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Coprolalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprolalia_(EP)"},{"link_name":"You Am I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Am_I"},{"link_name":"Sound as Ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_as_Ever"},{"link_name":"You Am I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Am_I"},{"link_name":"Dream It Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_It_Down"},{"link_name":"Underground Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Wahooti Fandango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahooti_Fandango"},{"link_name":"Custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Young Need Discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Need_Discipline"},{"link_name":"The Fauves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauves_(group)"},{"link_name":"Hi Fi Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi_Fi_Way"},{"link_name":"You Am I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Am_I"},{"link_name":"Bluebottle Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebottle_Kiss"},{"link_name":"Sold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sold_(Died_Pretty_album)"},{"link_name":"Died Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Died_Pretty"},{"link_name":"Hourly Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourly_Daily"},{"link_name":"You Am I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Am_I"},{"link_name":"Rushall Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushall_Station"},{"link_name":"Underground Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Future Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Spa_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Fauves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauves_(group)"},{"link_name":"In Your Bright Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Your_Bright_Ray"},{"link_name":"Grant McLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_McLennan"},{"link_name":"Lazy Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_Highways"},{"link_name":"The Fauves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauves_(group)"},{"link_name":"Using My Gills as a Roadmap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Using_My_Gills_as_a_Roadmap"},{"link_name":"Died Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Died_Pretty"},{"link_name":"Sweeter Than the Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeter_Than_the_Radio"},{"link_name":"Icecream Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icecream_Hands"},{"link_name":"Everydaydream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everydaydream"},{"link_name":"Died Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Died_Pretty"},{"link_name":"Urban & Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_%26_Eastern"},{"link_name":"Youth Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Group"},{"link_name":"Big Heavy Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Heavy_Stuff"},{"link_name":"Ides of Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ides_of_Space&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Griffith Sunset EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Brattle_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Evan Dando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Dando"},{"link_name":"Drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(band)"},{"link_name":"New Christs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Christs"},{"link_name":"Dallas Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Crane_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dallas Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Crane"},{"link_name":"Skeleton Jar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_Jar"},{"link_name":"Youth Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Group"},{"link_name":"David McCormack & The Polaroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCormack"},{"link_name":"Big Heavy Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Heavy_Stuff"},{"link_name":"Halfway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfway_(band)"},{"link_name":"Forever Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Young_(Youth_Group_song)"},{"link_name":"Youth Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Group"},{"link_name":"Factory Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Girls_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dallas Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Crane"},{"link_name":"Casino Twilight Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Twilight_Dogs"},{"link_name":"Youth Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Group"},{"link_name":"Vision Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_Valley"},{"link_name":"The Vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vines_(band)"},{"link_name":"Nervous Flashlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_Flashlights"},{"link_name":"The Fauves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauves_(group)"},{"link_name":"Flame Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_Trees"},{"link_name":"Sarah Blasko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Blasko"},{"link_name":"Halfway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfway_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Bells Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bells_Line"},{"link_name":"78 Saab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78_Saab"},{"link_name":"Memories & Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_%26_Dust"},{"link_name":"Josh Pyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Pyke"},{"link_name":"When Good Times Go Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Good_Times_Go_Good"},{"link_name":"The Fauves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauves_(group)"},{"link_name":"Chimney's Afire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney%27s_Afire"},{"link_name":"Josh Pyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Pyke"},{"link_name":"Easybeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easybeats"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wright"},{"link_name":"Neil Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Finn"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Iva Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Davies"},{"link_name":"Zounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zounds_(Dappled_Cities_album)"},{"link_name":"Dappled Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dappled_Cities"},{"link_name":"Everything Is True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Is_True"},{"link_name":"Paul Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Ragged & Ecstatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragged_%26_Ecstatic"},{"link_name":"Yves Klein Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Klein_Blue"},{"link_name":"Halfway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfway_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Paper Kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Kites"},{"link_name":"Harlequin Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_Dream"},{"link_name":"Boy & Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_%26_Bear"},{"link_name":"You're A Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_A_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Hungry Kids of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Kids_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Paper Kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Kites"},{"link_name":"Woodlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlock"},{"link_name":"Woodlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlock"},{"link_name":"Sounds Like Sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_Like_Sunset"},{"link_name":"The Apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apartments"},{"link_name":"When We Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_We_Fall_(All_Our_Exes_Live_in_Texas_album)"},{"link_name":"All Our Exes Live in Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Our_Exes_Live_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cloud Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Control"},{"link_name":"Jim Salmon's Lament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Salmon%27s_Lament"},{"link_name":"Perry Keyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Keyes"},{"link_name":"Tim Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hart_(Australian_musician)"},{"link_name":"Babe Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Rainbow_(band)"},{"link_name":"To Find Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Find_Happiness"},{"link_name":"Josh Pyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Pyke"},{"link_name":"Chariot of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_of_the_Gods_(album)"},{"link_name":"Hoodoo Gurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodoo_Gurus"}],"text":"Credits:[7]1992:Leaves Me Blind by Underground Lovers1993:Coprolalia by You Am I\nSound as Ever by You Am I1994:Dream It Down by Underground Lovers\nWahooti Fandango by Custard\nThe Young Need Discipline by The Fauves1995:Hi Fi Way by You Am I (selected tracks)\nHigher Up the Firetrails by Bluebottle Kiss\nSold by Died Pretty1996:Hourly Daily by You Am I\nRushall Station by Underground Lovers\nDisappear Here by Glide\nFuture Spa by The Fauves1997:In Your Bright Ray by Grant McLennan\nSteep Hill Climb by Knievel1998:Lazy Highways by The Fauves\nUsing My Gills as a Roadmap by Died Pretty1999:Sweeter Than the Radio by Icecream Hands\nKing Autumn by Hoolahan2000:Everydaydream by Died Pretty\nUrban & Eastern by Youth Group\nThe Name Rings a Bell that Drowns out your Voice by Knievel2001:Size of the Ocean by Big Heavy Stuff\nFirst Translated in 1965 by Ides of Space\nGriffith Sunset EP by Evan Dando2002:Drag (EP) by Drag\nWe Got This! by New Christs2004:Dallas Crane by Dallas Crane\nSkeleton Jar by Youth Group\nThe Truth About Love by David McCormack & The Polaroids\nDear Friends and Enemies by Big Heavy Stuff\nFarewell to the Fainthearted by Halfway2006:Forever Young by Youth Group\nFactory Girls by Dallas Crane\nCasino Twilight Dogs by Youth Group\nVision Valley by The Vines\nNervous Flashlights by The Fauves\nFlame Trees by Sarah Blasko\nRemember The River by Halfway2007:The Bells Line by 78 Saab\nMemories & Dust by Josh Pyke2008:When Good Times Go Good by The Fauves\nChimney's Afire by Josh Pyke\nEasy Fever: A Tribute to the Easybeats and Stevie Wright by Various Artists (including Neil Finn, Jimmy Barnes and Iva Davies)2009:Zounds by Dappled Cities\nEverything Is True by Paul Dempsey\nRagged & Ecstatic (select tracks) by Yves Klein Blue2010:An Outpost of Promise by Halfway2012:Young North by The Paper Kites\nSerious Magic by Community Radio\nEmerald City/Through the Rainbow Dark by Knievel2013:Harlequin Dream by Boy & Bear\nYou're A Shadow by Hungry Kids of Hungary\nStates by The Paper Kites\nLemons by Woodlock2014:Labour of Love by Woodlock\nEchoes in the Aviary by Jane Tyrell\nBroken Lines by Patrick James\nWe Could Leave Tonight by Sounds Like Sunset2015:Baby Blue by Noire\nNo Song, No Spell, No Madrigal by The Apartments2016:Look Now You're Cursed by Community Radio\nWhen We Fall by All Our Exes Live in Texas\nZone by Cloud Control2018:Jim Salmon's Lament by Perry Keyes\nThe Narrow Corner by Tim Hart2021:Changing Colours by Babe Rainbow\nTo Find Happiness by Josh Pyke (selected tracks)2022:Chariot of the Gods by Hoodoo Gurus2023:Treats by Victoria (selected tracks)","title":"Selected credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"You Am I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Am_I"},{"link_name":"Lee Ranaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ranaldo"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Producer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Producer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Producer-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIA_Awards_Pandora-9"},{"link_name":"Engineer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Engineer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ARIA Engineer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Engineer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"ARIA Award for Producer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Producer_of_the_Year"}],"text":"In 1992, Connolly produced the Underground Lovers album, Leaves Me Blind, and subsequently received Rolling Stone magazine's Best Australian Record award.[5] The following year he engineered You Am I's fourth EP Coprolalia and their debut album Sound As Ever, alongside Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth. This album went on to win the 1993 ARIA for Best Alternative Release. He has received numerous ARIA nominations and awards for his work, including Producer of the Year for his work on Josh Pyke's Memories and Dust in 2007,[8][9] and Engineer of the Year for his work on Paul Dempsey's \"Fast Friends\" in 2010.[10]1996 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for You Am I, Hourly Daily\n2007 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for Josh Pyke, Memories and Dust\n2007 – ARIA Award for Producer of the Year for Josh Pyke, Memories and Dust\n2010 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for Paul Dempsey, \"Fast Friends\"Nominations2006 – ARIA Producer of the Year for Youth Group, Casino Twilight Dogs\n2006 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for The Vines, Vision Valley\n2009 – ARIA Producer of the Year for Paul Dempsey, \"Everything is True\"\n2023 – ARIA Engineer of the Year for The Teskey Brothers, \"The Winding Way\"","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (2017). \"Encyclopedia entry for 'The Welcome Mat'\". The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. Jenkins, Jeff (Foreword) (2nd ed.). Gisborne, VIC: Third Stone Press. pp. 508–509. ISBN 978-0-9953856-0-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9953856-0-3","url_text":"978-0-9953856-0-3"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Jonathan. \"Knievel – We Fear Change Album Reviews, Songs & More\". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/we-fear-change-mw0001155124","url_text":"\"Knievel – We Fear Change Album Reviews, Songs & More\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knievel – Steep Hill Climb Album Reviews, Songs & More\". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/steep-hill-climb-mw0001220512","url_text":"\"Knievel – Steep Hill Climb Album Reviews, Songs & More\""}]},{"reference":"Torreano, Bradley. \"Knievel – The Name Rings a Bell That Drowns out Your Voice Album Reviews, Songs & More\". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-name-rings-a-bell-that-drowns-out-your-voice-mw0000658277","url_text":"\"Knievel – The Name Rings a Bell That Drowns out Your Voice Album Reviews, Songs & More\""}]},{"reference":"Alberts (2012). \"Wayne Connolly\". Alberts. ALBERTS PTY LTD. Retrieved 2 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://albertmusic.com/musicians/wayne-connolly","url_text":"\"Wayne Connolly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home of Aussie rock still rolling\". The Australian. News Ltd. Retrieved 2 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/music/home-of-aussie-rock-still-rolling/news-story/d8e492fd80f53a7c088f96d230b09ba5","url_text":"\"Home of Aussie rock still rolling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne Connolly | Credits\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/wayne-connolly-mn0000817219/credits","url_text":"\"Wayne Connolly | Credits\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220918230407/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/wayne-connolly-mn0000817219/credits","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners by Award – Producer of the Year\". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/award/Producer-Of-The-Year?view=list","url_text":"\"Winners by Award – Producer of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"17th Annual ARIA Awards\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 22 February 2004. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040222130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/40484/20040223-0000/aria_awards/main.htm","url_text":"\"17th Annual ARIA Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.aria_awards.com.au/main.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Music Network (28 September 2010). \"Angus & Julia, Connolly and Moyes win ARIA Artisan Awards\". The Music Network. Retrieved 2 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-news/industry/2010/09/28/aria-artisan-winners-announced/","url_text":"\"Angus & Julia, Connolly and Moyes win ARIA Artisan Awards\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://wayneconnolly.com.au/","external_links_name":"wayneconnolly.com.au"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/we-fear-change-mw0001155124","external_links_name":"\"Knievel – We Fear Change Album Reviews, Songs & More\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/steep-hill-climb-mw0001220512","external_links_name":"\"Knievel – Steep Hill Climb Album Reviews, Songs & More\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-name-rings-a-bell-that-drowns-out-your-voice-mw0000658277","external_links_name":"\"Knievel – The Name Rings a Bell That Drowns out Your Voice Album Reviews, Songs & More\""},{"Link":"http://albertmusic.com/musicians/wayne-connolly","external_links_name":"\"Wayne Connolly\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/music/home-of-aussie-rock-still-rolling/news-story/d8e492fd80f53a7c088f96d230b09ba5","external_links_name":"\"Home of Aussie rock still rolling\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/wayne-connolly-mn0000817219/credits","external_links_name":"\"Wayne Connolly | Credits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220918230407/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/wayne-connolly-mn0000817219/credits","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/award/Producer-Of-The-Year?view=list","external_links_name":"\"Winners by Award – Producer of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040222130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/40484/20040223-0000/aria_awards/main.htm","external_links_name":"\"17th Annual ARIA Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria_awards.com.au/main.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-news/industry/2010/09/28/aria-artisan-winners-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Angus & Julia, Connolly and Moyes win ARIA Artisan Awards\""},{"Link":"http://wayneconnolly.com.au/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.albertmusic.com/","external_links_name":"Alberts Music"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/knievelmusic/","external_links_name":"Knievel's Facebook page"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/af6830ea-3205-4a92-af2b-35bdbdd91f3b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Joner
Kristoffer Joner
["1 Career","2 Awards","2.1 Amanda Award","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
Norwegian actor This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kristoffer Joner" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kristoffer JonerBorn (1972-09-19) 19 September 1972 (age 51)Stavanger, NorwayNationalityNorwegianOccupationActorYears active1996–present Kristoffer Joner (born 19 September 1972) is a Norwegian actor. He is best known for his roles in Villmark and The Man Who Loved Yngve. He was a part of Rogaland Teater when he was 14 years of age until his early 20s. He was one of the founders of Cementen pub located in Stavanger, Norway. In 1996, he got the role as Ståle Pettersen in an original NRK series called Offshore, a role he kept until the shows cancellation in 2000. In the same year, he got his first movie role in a Pål Jackman movie by the name of Detektor, where he played the role of a satanist. In 2005, Joner received Amanda Award for best male actor, for his role in the movie Naboer, and again in 2012 for his role in The Orheim Company. Additionally, he is the nephew of musician Sverre Joner, and cousin of singer Alexandra Joner. Career Joner's films include Detector, Mongoland, Villmark, Loose Ends, Samaritan, Min Misunnelige Frisør, Kissed by Winter, Naboer, Gymnaslærer Pedersen, The Man Who Loved Yngve, Hidden (Skjult) and War Sailor. He was named one of the "Shooting Stars" by European Film Promotion in 2003. Awards Amanda Award 2005 Best Male Actor – Naboer 2012 Best Male Actor – The Orheim Company 2017 Best Male Actor - Hjertestart Filmography This filmography is not full but rather a representative one. Year Film (English Title) Original Title Role Notes 1996 Offshore Offshore Ståle Pettersen TV series 2000 Detector Detektor Jorgen (patient) 2001 Mongoland Mongoland Kristoffer 2002 Music For Weddings and Funerals Musikk for Bryllup og Begravelser Kelner Falling Sky Himmelfall Reidar ~ Wendy House Lekestue Jostein TV series 2003 Dark Woods Villmark Lasse 2004 A Cry in the Woods Den som frykter ulven Erkki Jorma Monster Thursday Monstertorsdag Doctor My Jealous Barber Min misunnelige frisør Christian All For Egil Alt for Egil Egil Garfield: The Movie Happy Chapman Norwegian voice 2005 Next Door Naboer John Amandaprisen for Best Male Actor Kissed by Winter Vinterkyss Kai 2006 Comrade Pedersen Gymnaslærer Pedersen Knut Pedersen Lotte from Gadgetville Leiutajateküla Lotte Susumu Norwegian voice 2007 Codename Hunter Kodenavn Hunter Frode Müller TV series 2008 The Man Who Loved Yngve Mannen som elsket Yngve Tom The Last Joint Venture Den siste revejakta Carl Vang 2009 Hidden Skjult Kai Koss (KK) Rat Nights (Sleepless Nights) Rottenetter Frank Kristiansen 2010 King of Devil's Island Kongen av Bastøy Bråthen Brown Gold Tomme Tønner Finish Bad Faith Ond Tro (Swedish) "X" The Legend of the Fjord Witch Kurt Josef Wagle Og Legenden om Fjordheksa Gregor Hykkerud 2011 Pax Pax Peter Empty Barrels Tomme Tønner 2/Det brune gullet Finish Graduates Hjelp, vi er Russ The Bambi Effect Bambieffekten Jonas The Monitor Babycall Helge 2012 The Orheim Company Kompani Orheim Terje Orheim Amandaprisen for Best Male Actor All That Matters Is Past Uskyld- Det viktigste er forbi William Call Girl Call Girl Sören Laurin-Wall 2013 DAG DAG Kristoffer TV series Kiss Me You Moron Kyss meg for faen i helvete! Theater instructor 2014 Dead Snow 2: Red vs. Dead Død Snø 2 Sidekick Zombie Doktor Proktor's Magic Powder Doktor Proktors prompepulver Doktor Proktor 2015 The Swimmer The Swimmer Frank Mango: Life's Coincidences Mango: Life's Coincidences Trond The Wave Bølgen Kristian Eikjord The Revenant The Revenant Murphy 2018 Mission: Impossible – Fallout Mission: Impossible – Fallout Nils Debruuk The Quake Skjelvet Kristian Eikjord History of Love 2020, 2022 The Machinery Maskineriet Olle Hultén TV series 2022 War Sailor References ^ New Stills: After Dark 2010's Hidden ^ Rooney, David (2022-11-18). "'War Sailor' Review: Norway's Oscar Submission Is a Bruising Epic of WWII Conflict and Its Lingering Psychological Toll". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2022-12-09. ^ Keslassy, Elsa (2015-08-18). "Haugesund: Norwegian Breakout Star Kristoffer Joner to Topline 'Handle With Care' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 2022-12-09. External links Kristoffer Joner at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Villmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villmark"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Loved Yngve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Loved_Yngve"},{"link_name":"Rogaland Teater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaland_Teater"},{"link_name":"Stavanger, Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger,_Norway"},{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"Pål Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Jackman"},{"link_name":"satanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanist"},{"link_name":"Amanda Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Award"},{"link_name":"Naboer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboer"},{"link_name":"The Orheim Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orheim_Company"},{"link_name":"Sverre Joner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverre_Joner"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Joner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Joner"}],"text":"Kristoffer Joner (born 19 September 1972) is a Norwegian actor. He is best known for his roles in Villmark and The Man Who Loved Yngve. He was a part of Rogaland Teater when he was 14 years of age until his early 20s. He was one of the founders of Cementen pub located in Stavanger, Norway.\nIn 1996, he got the role as Ståle Pettersen in an original NRK series called Offshore, a role he kept until the shows cancellation in 2000. In the same year, he got his first movie role in a Pål Jackman movie by the name of Detektor, where he played the role of a satanist.In 2005, Joner received Amanda Award for best male actor, for his role in the movie Naboer, and again in 2012 for his role in The Orheim Company.Additionally, he is the nephew of musician Sverre Joner, and cousin of singer Alexandra Joner.","title":"Kristoffer Joner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mongoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoland"},{"link_name":"Villmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villmark"},{"link_name":"Kissed by Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissed_by_Winter"},{"link_name":"Naboer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboer"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Loved Yngve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Loved_Yngve"},{"link_name":"Hidden (Skjult)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_(Skjult)"},{"link_name":"War Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Sailor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Shooting Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_Stars_Award"},{"link_name":"European Film Promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Promotion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Joner's films include Detector, Mongoland, Villmark, Loose Ends, Samaritan, Min Misunnelige Frisør, Kissed by Winter, Naboer, Gymnaslærer Pedersen, The Man Who Loved Yngve, Hidden (Skjult) and War Sailor.[1][2][3]He was named one of the \"Shooting Stars\" by European Film Promotion in 2003.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naboer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboer"},{"link_name":"The Orheim Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orheim_Company"}],"sub_title":"Amanda Award","text":"2005 Best Male Actor – Naboer2012 Best Male Actor – The Orheim Company2017 Best Male Actor - Hjertestart","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This filmography is not full but rather a representative one.","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rooney, David (2022-11-18). \"'War Sailor' Review: Norway's Oscar Submission Is a Bruising Epic of WWII Conflict and Its Lingering Psychological Toll\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2022-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/war-sailor-norway-international-oscar-submission-1235264908/","url_text":"\"'War Sailor' Review: Norway's Oscar Submission Is a Bruising Epic of WWII Conflict and Its Lingering Psychological Toll\""}]},{"reference":"Keslassy, Elsa (2015-08-18). \"Haugesund: Norwegian Breakout Star Kristoffer Joner to Topline 'Handle With Care' (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved 2022-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/film/news/haugesund-norwegian-breakout-star-kristoffer-joner-to-topline-handle-with-care-exclusive-1201571921/","url_text":"\"Haugesund: Norwegian Breakout Star Kristoffer Joner to Topline 'Handle With Care' (EXCLUSIVE)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre_Barons
Wilkes-Barre Barons
["1 Wilkes-Barre Barons (ABL) I","1.1 Year-by-year","2 Wilkes-Barre Barons (ABL) II","2.1 Year-by-year","3 References"]
For the football team, see Wilkes-Barre Barons (football). For the minor league baseball teams, see Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons and Wilkes-Barre Barons (baseball). Basketball team in Kingston, PennsylvaniaWilkes-Barre BaronsLeaguesEPBL1946–1947ABL1947–1953EPBL1954–1970EBA1970–1978CBA1978–1980Founded1914HistoryWilkes-Barre Barons 1914–1978ArenaKingston ArmoryLocationKingston, PennsylvaniaTeam colorsGreen, yellow, whiteOwnershipEddie WhiteChampionships11 EPBL: 6 (1947, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1969)ABL: 2 (1948, 1949, 1952)EBA: 2 (1973, 1978) Home The Wilkes-Barre Barons were a basketball team from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. The Barons played between 1933 and 1980 in different American leagues. The team won 11 titles during this time, including while playing in the American Basketball League and the Continental Basketball Association. The team was owned and coached by Eddie White, Sr. They played in the Kingston Armory, as well as Kings College and Coughlin High School, in their latter years. Wilkes-Barre Barons (ABL) I The Wilkes-Barre Barons were an American basketball team based in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania that was a member of the American Basketball League. During the 1939/40 season, the team dropped out of the league on February 2, 1940. Year-by-year Year League Reg. Season Playoffs 1938/39 ABL 5th did not qualify 1939/40 ABL 6th N/A Wilkes-Barre Barons (ABL) II The Wilkes-Barre Barons were an American basketball team based in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania that was a member of the Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League and the American Basketball League. The franchise was one of six original teams in the EPBL, and won the 1946-1947 President's Cup playoffs that season before moving to the American Basketball League. In 1955, the Barons returned to the Eastern League, and won seven more championships between 1955 and 1978. The aftereffects of Hurricane Agnes forced the Barons to fold midway through the 1973-74 season; the team returned to action for the 1975-76 season. For the 1979-80 season they were rebranded as the Pennsylvania Barons; this would be the team's last year in Wilkes-Barre. (The team played the 1980-81 CBA season in Scranton as the Scranton Aces before folding completely.) Year-by-year Year League Reg. Season Playoffs 1946/47 EPBL 1st Champion 1947/48 ABL 1st Champion 1948/49 ABL 1st Champion 1949/50 ABL 3rd Playoffs 1950/51 ABL 2nd No playoff 1951/52 ABL 3rd Champion 1952/53 ABL 2nd Finals 1953/54 n/a did not play 1954/55 EPBL 2nd Champion 1955/56 EPBL 2nd Champion 1956/57 EPBL 5th No playoff 1957/58 EPBL 1st Champion 1958/59 EPBL 2nd Champion 1959/60 EPBL 6th No playoff 1960/61 EPBL tied 4th No playoff 1961/62 EPBL 5th No playoff 1962/63 EPBL 3rd Finals 1963/64 EPBL 5th No playoff 1964/65 EPBL 6th No playoff 1965/66 EPBL 1st, West Finals 1966/67 EPBL 4th, West Playoffs 1967/68 EPBL 3rd Finals 1968/69 EPBL 1st, West Champion 1969/70 EPBL 5th No playoff 1970/71 EBA 4th, West No playoff 1971/72 EBA tied 5th No playoff 1972/73 EBA 2nd Champion 1973/74 EBA folded midseason 1974/75 n/a did not play 1975/76 EBA 7th No playoff 1976/77 EBA 4th No playoff 1977/78 EBA 2nd, West Champion 1978/79 CBA 1st, South Playoffs 1979/80 CBA 2nd, South Playoffs References ^ Wolff, Alexander (March 14, 2005). "The Man Has Seen 'em All". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved June 28, 2018. ^ O'Boyle, Bill (October 22, 2016). "Beyond the Byline: Remembering basketball days of old". Times Leader. Retrieved June 28, 2018. ^ Burian, Evan (April 25, 2015). "Decades before the IronPigs and Phantoms, the Lehigh Valley enjoyed a 'Jets Age'". The Morning Call. Retrieved June 28, 2018. ^ "History of the Eastern League". Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved 6 December 2012. vteDefunct sports teams based in PennsylvaniaBaseball Major leagues American League Philadelphia Athletics American Association Philadelphia Athletics Federal League Pittsburgh Rebels NABBP Athletic of Philadelphia National Association of Professional Base Ball Players Philadelphia White Stockings Philadelphia Centennials Negro leagues Harrisburg Giants Hilldale Daisies Homestead Grays Philadelphia Giants Philadelphia Pythians Philadelphia Stars Philadelphia Tigers Pittsburgh Crawfords Pittsburgh Keystones Players' League Philadelphia Quakers Pittsburgh Burghers Union Association Altoona Mountain Citys Philadelphia Keystones Pittsburgh Stogies Minor Leagues Atlantic League Lehigh Valley Black Diamonds Pennsylvania Road Warriors Blue Ridge League Chambersburg Maroons Chambersburg Young Yanks Gettysburg Patriots Gettysburg Ponies Hanover Hornets Hanover Raiders Waynesboro Villagers Waynesboro Red Birds Eastern League Allentown Brooks Allentown Cardinals Allentown Chiefs Allentown Red Sox Hazleton Red Sox Johnstown Johnnies Johnstown Red Sox Lancaster Red Roses Reading Brooks Reading Red Sox Scranton Miners Scranton Red Sox Wilkes-Barre Indians York Pirates York White Roses Interstate League Reading Chicks Sunbury Senators Sunbury Indians Sunbury Yankees Sunbury Reds Sunbury A's York Bees International Association for Professional Base Ball Players Pittsburgh Allegheny New York–Penn League Bradford Blue Wings Erie Cardinals Erie Orioles Erie Sailors Erie Tigers Williamsport Astros Williamsport Red Sox Northern League Allentown Ambassadors Basketball NBA Philadelphia Warriors ABA Pittsburgh Pipers Pittsburgh Condors ABL Pittsburgh Rens ABA (est. 2000) Pittsburgh Phantoms BAA Pittsburgh Ironmen CBA Allentown Jets Lancaster Red Roses Pittsburgh Piranhas Pittsburgh Xplosion Scranton Miners Wilkes-Barre Barons NABL Philadelphia Tapers USBL Northeast Pennsylvania Breakers Philadelphia Aces Philadelphia Spirit Pennsylvania ValleyDawgs Football NFL Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners Pottsville Maroons NFL World War II Mergers Phil-Pitt "Steagles" (1943) Chicago-Pittsburgh "Card-Pitt" (1944) AFL (1926) Philadelphia Quakers AFL (1936) Pittsburgh Americans USFL Philadelphia Stars Pittsburgh Maulers World Football League Philadelphia Bell NFL (1902) Philadelphia Athletics Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Stars AA Bethlehem Bulldogs Wilkes-Barre Bullets Erie Vets AL Coaldale Big Green Gilberton Cadamounts Shenandoah Yellow Jackets Wilkes-Barre Barons ELPF Bethlehem Bears All-Lancaster Red Roses Mount Carmel Wolverines Shenandoah Red Jackets EPFL Hazleton Redskins Reading/Shenandoah Rams Wilkes-Barre Panthers Scranton Miners Independents Allegheny Athletic Association Conshohocken Athletic Club Duquesne Country and Athletic Club Franklin Athletic Club Glassport Odds Greensburg Athletic Association Holmesburg Athletic Club Homestead Library & Athletic Club Jeannette Athletic Club J.P. Rooneys Latrobe Athletic Association McKeesport Olympics Oil City Athletic Club Pitcairn Quakers Pittsburgh Athletic Club Pittsburgh Lyceum Union Club of Phoenixville Union Quakers of Philadelphia Arena-Indoor Football AFL Pittsburgh Gladiators Pittsburgh Power AIFA/AIFL/AIF Central Penn Capitals Erie Freeze Pittsburgh RiverRats / Erie Explosion Johnstown Riverhawks Harrisburg Stampede Philadelphia Yellow Jackets Reading Express NIFL Johnstown J Dogs Hockey NHL Philadelphia Quakers Pittsburgh Pirates AHL Erie Blades Philadelphia Firebirds Philadelphia Arrows Philadelphia Ramblers Philadelphia Rockets Pittsburgh Hornets EHL Johnstown Jets Johnstown Red Wings ECHL Erie Panthers Johnstown Chiefs MAHL Mon Valley Thunder IHL Pittsburgh Shamrocks Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets IPHL Pittsburgh Professionals WPHL Duquesne Athletic Club Duquesne Country and Athletic Club Pittsburgh Athletic Club Pittsburgh Bankers Pittsburgh Keystones Pittsburgh Lyceum Pittsburgh Pirates Pittsburgh Victorias NAHL Keystone Ice Miners Pittsburgh Forge RHI Philadelphia Bulldogs Pittsburgh Phantoms USAHA Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets Fort Pitt Hornets Lacrosse NLL Pittsburgh Bulls Pittsburgh CrosseFire Soccer USL-2 Philadelphia Freedom MISL Philadelphia Fever Pittsburgh Spirit CSL Pittsburgh Stingers NPSL Philadelphia Spartans Pittsburgh Phantoms NASL Philadelphia Atoms Philadelphia Fury Australian rules football USAFL Lehigh Valley Crocs Pittsburgh Wallabies Category: Defunct sports clubs and teams in Pennsylvania
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre Barons (football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre_Barons_(football)"},{"link_name":"minor league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_Red_Barons"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre Barons (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre_Barons_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_league"},{"link_name":"American Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925-1955)"},{"link_name":"Continental Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blake-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-remembering-2"}],"text":"For the football team, see Wilkes-Barre Barons (football). For the minor league baseball teams, see Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons and Wilkes-Barre Barons (baseball).Basketball team in Kingston, PennsylvaniaThe Wilkes-Barre Barons were a basketball team from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.The Barons played between 1933 and 1980 in different American leagues. The team won 11 titles during this time, including while playing in the American Basketball League and the Continental Basketball Association. The team was owned and coached by Eddie White, Sr.[1] They played in the Kingston Armory,[2] as well as Kings College and Coughlin High School, in their latter years.","title":"Wilkes-Barre Barons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"American Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925-1955)"}],"text":"The Wilkes-Barre Barons were an American basketball team based in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania that was a member of the American Basketball League.During the 1939/40 season, the team dropped out of the league on February 2, 1940.","title":"Wilkes-Barre Barons (ABL) I"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-by-year","title":"Wilkes-Barre Barons (ABL) I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"American Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925-1955)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jetsage-3"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Agnes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apbr-4"}],"text":"The Wilkes-Barre Barons were an American basketball team based in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania that was a member of the Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League and the American Basketball League.[3] The franchise was one of six original teams in the EPBL, and won the 1946-1947 President's Cup playoffs that season before moving to the American Basketball League. In 1955, the Barons returned to the Eastern League, and won seven more championships between 1955 and 1978. The aftereffects of Hurricane Agnes forced the Barons to fold midway through the 1973-74 season; the team returned to action for the 1975-76 season.[4] For the 1979-80 season they were rebranded as the Pennsylvania Barons; this would be the team's last year in Wilkes-Barre. (The team played the 1980-81 CBA season in Scranton as the Scranton Aces before folding completely.)","title":"Wilkes-Barre Barons (ABL) II"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-by-year","title":"Wilkes-Barre Barons (ABL) II"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps
Counterintelligence Corps
["1 Origins","2 World War II","2.1 Manhattan Project","3 Post-war operations","3.1 Operation Paperclip","3.2 Project Happiness","3.3 Other activities","4 The \"ratline\" controversy","5 Notable CIC agents","6 See also","7 Footnotes","8 Sources","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Former intelligence agency within the United States Army The Counter Intelligence Corps (Army CIC) was a World War II and early Cold War intelligence agency within the United States Army consisting of highly trained special agents. Its role was taken over by the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps in 1961 and, in 1967, by the United States Army Intelligence Agency. Its functions are now performed by its modern-day descendant organization, United States Army Counterintelligence. The National Counter Intelligence Corps Association (NCICA), a veterans' association, was established in the years immediately following World War II by former military intelligence agents. U.S. Army Counterintelligence Corps Special Agent Badge around World War II Origins The CIC had its origins in the Corps of Intelligence Police founded by Ralph Van Deman in 1917. This organization, operating within the USA and on attachment to the American Expeditionary Force in France, at its peak numbered over 600 men. However, in the post-war period, the policy of isolationism, retrenchment of military spending, and economic depression meant that by the mid-1930s its numbers had fallen to fewer than 20 personnel. World War II The looming threat of war in the late 1930s brought an expansion of the CIP back to its World War I levels, and the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941 brought an even greater expansion and a new name. On 13 December 1941, the Adjutant General of the Army issued an order renaming the CIP as the Counter Intelligence Corps, effective from 1 January 1942. A new complement of 543 officers and 4,431 non-commissioned agents was authorized. The CIC recruited men with legal, police, or other investigative backgrounds, and particularly looked for men with foreign language skills. Special CIC teams were created during World War II in Europe, in large part from the Military Intelligence Service personnel (see Ritchie Boys). However, there were never enough of these, and local interpreters were often recruited. As most CIC agents in the field (as well as Military Intelligence Service in Europe) held only non-commissioned officer rank— corporals and various grades of sergeant— they wore either plain clothes, or uniforms without badges of rank; in place of rank insignia, and so as not to be perceived as privates, agents typically wore officer "U.S." collar insignia. They were instructed to identify themselves only as "Agent" or "Special Agent" as appropriate, in order to facilitate their work. These practices continue among modern counterintelligence agents. Within the U.S. the CIC, in collaboration with the Provost Marshal General and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), carried out background checks on military personnel having access to classified material, investigations of possible sabotage and subversion, and allegations of disloyalty, especially those directed against Americans of Japanese, Italian or German ancestry. Despite the prohibitions in the delimitation agreement with the FBI, the CIC ended up devoting considerable effort to civilian investigations. As Volume 7 of The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps explains: "Espionage and sabotage, being enemy directed, involved more than one person. Usually there were a number in the chain extending from the agent in the United States back through cutouts and couriers to the enemy country. This inevitably involved civilians with military suspects and the case became connected with the FBI. The military aspect became minor, and major investigative effort was in the civilian community to locate the higher-ups who presumably were controlling more than one agent." However the use of informants within the Army became politically controversial, and CIC was forced to curtail its activities. In particular, the CIC was ordered to cease its domestic investigations, to destroy its investigative records, and to ship its agents out to overseas theaters. The reason for this sudden and unprecedented expulsion has never been clarified. One leading theory was expressed in the official history of the Corps, "the speed left little doubt that someone—possibly Communists who still held key positions in government—was determined to halt CIC investigative activities in the United States". Another possible explanation is that the CIC mistakenly bugged the hotel room of Eleanor Roosevelt and incurred the President’s wrath. In any event, the CIC protected the investigative records it had so painstakingly accumulated. According to Sayer and Botting (p. 47) "When the command was given to cease any investigations of known or suspected Communists and destroy all files on such persons immediately, eight of the nine Corps Area Commanders took the remarkable step of disobeying this order". According to the official history of the Corps, this information proved highly valuable in controlling communism: "the information acquired by CIC from May 1941 to September 1945 regarding communism and its adherents played a major part in keeping communism under control in the United States ever since". Manhattan Project CIC units were also involved in providing security for the Manhattan Project, including duty as couriers of fissionable bomb materials from Los Alamos, New Mexico to Tinian. They also operated in 1945 at the United Nations Organizing Conference in San Francisco, over which Alger Hiss presided as secretary-general. Three years later, when Alger Hiss was accused of being a Communist and filed a libel suit against his accuser, his lawyers unwittingly hired an undercover CIC Special Agent as their Chief Investigator to help prepare his libel suit. In the European and Pacific theaters of operations CIC deployed detachments at all levels. These detachments provided tactical intelligence about the enemy from captured documents, interrogations of captured troops, and from para-military and civilian sources. They were also involved in providing security for military installations and staging areas, located enemy agents, and acted to counter stay-behind networks. They also provided training to combat units in security, censorship, the seizure of documents, and the dangers of booby traps. In some cases CIC agents such as Henry Kissinger found themselves acting as the de facto military government on the occupation of large towns before the arrival of Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories (AMGOT) officers. As the war in Europe came to a close, CIC were involved in the Operations Alsos, Paperclip and TICOM, searching for German personnel and research in atomic weapons, rockets and cryptography. Post-war operations Operation Paperclip At the end of World War II CIC agents were successful in Operation Paperclip that obtained German rocket scientists for the United States before the Soviets took them. This action aided in the success of the American rocket development program and resultant adventure into space. CIC actively continued counterintelligence activities in the Cold War, Korean War and Vietnam War. Project Happiness After the war, in West Germany, the CIC also directed the so-called "Project Happiness" that sought to recruit former Gestapo and SD members as informants to infiltrate East German communist parties, such as the SED and KPD. Other activities In the immediate post-war period, the CIC operated in the occupied countries, particularly Japan, Germany and Austria, countering the black market, and searching for and arresting notable members of the previous regime. Despite the problem of demobilization, with many experienced agents returning to civilian life, CIC became the leading intelligence organization in the American occupation zones, and very soon found themselves facing a new enemy in the emerging Cold War. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 meant that CIC was once again involved in a military conflict, and it underwent a major expansion. However this proved to be CIC's last chance to enjoy resources and recruits. The proliferation of intelligence agencies had meant duplication of effort and disputes over responsibility, so in 1961 the CIC ceased to exist as an independent organization, as it was rolled into the Army's new Military Intelligence Branch. While serving in the U.S. Army in the 1960s, Christopher H. Pyle learned that "Army intelligence had 1500 plain clothes agents watching every demonstration of 20 people or more throughout the United States". Pyle’s disclosures led to Congressional investigations and a crackdown on what was regarded as the Army's investigative excesses. This ended what advocates regarded as the peak of counterintelligence efficiency: "At the height of the disturbance period, a CIC agent could get a report from the street to Fort Holabird HQ in 20 minutes, from practically any city in the U.S., seconds or brief minutes later the report was in Operations Center in a lower basement of the Pentagon". The "ratline" controversy This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) One of CIC's operations in post-war Europe was the operation of a "rat-line" – a conduit for spiriting informants and defectors out of the Soviet Zones of Occupation to safety in South America, via Italy or Spain, with false identities and documets paid for by CIC and made by the Vatican. A Department of Justice investigation also uncovered the CIC's dealings with Father Krunoslav Draganović, a Croatian cleric based in Rome, who while working for CIC, also operated his own clandestine rat-line to transport Ustaše war criminals to Latin America. A further report in 1988 also examined the CIC's use of Nazi war criminals and collaborators as informants in the years after World War II. In June 1988, Office of Special Investigations within the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice issued a public report which revealed that "at least 14 suspected Nazi war criminals, a number of whom likely were involved in the murder of Jews in occupied Europe, had been employed as intelligence informants by the CIC in Austria." Notable CIC agents Leroy Anderson, composer Donald L. Barlett, journalist Noel Behn, writer and theatrical producer Willy Brandt, later German chancellor John F. Collins, Mayor of Boston Hugh Colopy, Akron, Ohio attorney Miles Copeland Jr., musician Philip J. Corso, Lieutenant Colonel at Roswell, New Mexico J. Griffin Crump, editor, The Journal of Intergroup Relations William E. Dannemeyer, California congressman Ahn Doo-hee, lieutenant, Assassin Foxtrot, Art Dealer Mike Gravel, Alaska senator Bill Hartman, athlete Anthony Hecht, poet Clint Hill. former United States Secret Service Agent Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State Arthur Komori, District Court judge, Military Intelligence Hall of Fame inductee. Morton Kondracke, journalist Donald Lunde, psychiatrist of Ed Kemper and Patty Hearst Robie Macauley, editor and novelist John J. McFall, California congressman William A. McNeill, DET 430th CIC Ib Melchior, film producer Horace Miner, anthropologist George J. Mitchell, Maine senator Tom Moody, Mayor of Columbus, Ohio William Hughes Mulligan, Federal judge Walter Pincus, journalist Cruz Reynoso, lawyer and jurist Richard Sakakida, USAF Lt Col after war, Military Intelligence Hall of Fame inductee. J. D. Salinger, novelist Robert Saxton Taylor, Library Officer Jerry Seltzer, roller derby promoter Richard A. Snyder, Pennsylvania State Senator Bob Shamansky, Ohio congressman Michel Thomas, Linguist, Language Teacher Waldo Tobler, geography professor William Lewis Uanna, Security Expert See also Corps of Intelligence Police Military Intelligence Corps The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps United States Army Counterintelligence Footnotes ^ "COUNTER-ESPIONAGE IS REVIVED BY ARMY: Corps Reorganized to Combat Sabotage and Disloyalty," The New York Times, 13 January 1942; p. 11. ^ "Counter Intelligence Corps: History and Mission in WWII", U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5008. ^ Counter Intelligence in World War II ^ The quotation is on p. 1093. For an account of CIC encroachment into territory designated by the chapter World War II: Expanding the Boundaries. ^ On 5 November 1943 the Army ordered all CIC agents out of Washington, D.C. On the following day, the Army Inspector General submitted a devastating report on the CIC. In February 1944 the position of Chief, Counter Intelligence Corps was abolished and CIC Headquarters was dissolved. ^ The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps, p. 70. ^ The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps, volume 7, p. 1123. ^ For the account of one agent working undercover at the San Francisco conference and photos of fellow agents there, see Special Agent Leonard L. (Igor) Gorin "United Nations Formation 1945—CIC Security Role". Golden Sphinx, Serial Issue #2004-3, Winter 2004-5, pp. 16–20. ^ See "Bringing Alger Hiss to Justice" by Stephen Salant. ^ The quotation is from Ann Bray, one of the contributors to The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps. At the time of her death, she was writing a book on the Corps and this passage from its last chapter is quoted in Duval Edwards' account on pp. 281–2. ^ "Implementation of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act: An Interim Report to Congress," October 1999 ^ Wiegrefe, Klaus (17 December 2021). "(S+) Informant »O-35-VIII«: Willy Brandt war für den US-Geheimdienst aktiv". Der Spiegel. ^ "Donald Lunde, psychiatrist in infamous Bay Area cases, dies at 70". 25 December 2007. ^ "Horace Miner collection, 1941-1992 (majority within 1941-1945) - University of Michigan William L. Clements Library - University of Michigan Finding Aids". findingaids.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024. Sources CIC Records: A Valuable Tool for Researchers (scroll down) Counter Intelligence Corps History and Mission in World War II (PDF) Further reading Edwards, Duval A. Spy Catchers of the U.S. Army in the War with Japan (The Unfinished Story of the Counterintelligence Corps). Red Apple Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-880222-14-0 Gilbert, James L., John P. Finnegan and Ann Bray. In the Shadow of the Sphinx: A History of Army Counterintelligence, History Office, Office of Strategic Management and Information, US Army Intelligence and Security Command, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, Dec 2005. ISBN 1234461366 (This file might take time to load.) Jensen, Joan M. Army Surveillance in America: 1775–1980. Yale University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-300-04668-7. Koudelka, Edward R. Counter Intelligence: The Conflict and the Conquest: Recollections of a World War II Agent in Europe. Ranger Associates, 1986. ISBN 0-934588-09-0 Melchior, Ib. Case by Case: A U.S. Army Counterintelligence Agent in World War II. Presidio, 1993. ISBN 0-89141-444-4 Mendelsohn, John (1989). The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC). New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-7960-4. (Published as part 11 of Covert Warfare: Intelligence, Counterintelligence and Military Deception During the World War II Era) Milano, James V., and Patrick Brogan. Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line: America's Undeclared War Against the Soviets. Potomac Books (2000) ISBN 1-57488-304-6 Myers, Larry, Hey Nazis, I'm Coming For You: Memories of Counter Intelligence Corps Activities in WWII. Gainsway Press (2004). ISBN 1930807104 Sayer, Ian, and Douglas Botting. America's Secret Army: The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps. Grafton Books, 1989. ISBN 0-246-12690-6 Schwartzwalder, John, We Caught Spies: Adventures of an American Counter Intelligence Agent in Europe, Duell, Sloan and Pearce (1946). Selby, Scott Andrew. The Axmann Conspiracy: The Nazi Plan for a Fourth Reich and How the U.S. Army Defeated It. Berkley (Penguin), Sept. 2012. ISBN 0425252701 Vaughn, Bradley, Counterspy Mission in World War II: Recollections and Impressions of a United States Army Counter Intelligence Corps Special Agent, Professional Pr (September 1993). ISBN 188036557X External links 441st Counterintelligence and Military Intelligence Official History National Counterintelligence Center – CIC in WWII Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii
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Its role was taken over by the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps in 1961 and, in 1967, by the United States Army Intelligence Agency. Its functions are now performed by its modern-day descendant organization, United States Army Counterintelligence. 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This organization, operating within the USA and on attachment to the American Expeditionary Force in France, at its peak numbered over 600 men. However, in the post-war period, the policy of isolationism, retrenchment of military spending, and economic depression meant that by the mid-1930s its numbers had fallen to fewer than 20 personnel.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"December 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Adjutant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant_General"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Boys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Provost Marshal General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_Marshal_General"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Counter_Intelligence_Corps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"official history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Counter_Intelligence_Corps"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"official history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Counter_Intelligence_Corps"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The looming threat of war in the late 1930s brought an expansion of the CIP back to its World War I levels, and the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941 brought an even greater expansion and a new name. On 13 December 1941, the Adjutant General of the Army issued an order renaming the CIP as the Counter Intelligence Corps, effective from 1 January 1942.[1] A new complement of 543 officers and 4,431 non-commissioned agents was authorized. The CIC recruited men with legal, police, or other investigative backgrounds, and particularly looked for men with foreign language skills. Special CIC teams were created during World War II in Europe, in large part from the Military Intelligence Service personnel (see Ritchie Boys). However, there were never enough of these, and local interpreters were often recruited.[2]As most CIC agents in the field (as well as Military Intelligence Service in Europe) held only non-commissioned officer rank— corporals and various grades of sergeant— they wore either plain clothes, or uniforms without badges of rank; in place of rank insignia, and so as not to be perceived as privates, agents typically wore officer \"U.S.\" collar insignia. They were instructed to identify themselves only as \"Agent\" or \"Special Agent\" as appropriate, in order to facilitate their work. These practices continue among modern counterintelligence agents.[3]Within the U.S. the CIC, in collaboration with the Provost Marshal General and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), carried out background checks on military personnel having access to classified material, investigations of possible sabotage and subversion, and allegations of disloyalty, especially those directed against Americans of Japanese, Italian or German ancestry.\nDespite the prohibitions in the delimitation agreement with the FBI, the CIC ended up devoting considerable effort to civilian investigations. As Volume 7 of The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps explains:\n\"Espionage and sabotage, being enemy directed, involved more than one person. Usually there were a number in the chain extending from the agent in the United States back through cutouts and couriers to the enemy country. This inevitably involved civilians with military suspects and the case became connected with the FBI. The military aspect became minor, and major investigative effort was in the civilian community to locate the higher-ups who presumably were controlling more than one agent.\"[4]However the use of informants within the Army became politically controversial, and CIC was forced to curtail its activities. In particular, the CIC was ordered to cease its domestic investigations, to destroy its investigative records, and to ship its agents out to overseas theaters.[5] The reason for this sudden and unprecedented expulsion has never been clarified. One leading theory was expressed in the official history of the Corps, \"the speed [of these events] left little doubt that someone—possibly Communists who still held key positions in government—was determined to halt CIC investigative activities in the United States\".[6] Another possible explanation is that the CIC mistakenly bugged the hotel room of Eleanor Roosevelt and incurred the President’s wrath. In any event, the CIC protected the investigative records it had so painstakingly accumulated. According to Sayer and Botting (p. 47) \"When the command was given to cease any investigations of known or suspected Communists and destroy all files on such persons immediately, eight of the nine Corps Area Commanders took the remarkable step of disobeying this order\". According to the official history of the Corps, this information proved highly valuable in controlling communism: \"the information acquired by CIC from May 1941 to September 1945 regarding communism and its adherents played a major part in keeping communism under control in the United States ever since\".[7]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"Los Alamos, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian"},{"link_name":"United Nations Organizing Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization"},{"link_name":"Alger Hiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger_Hiss"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater"},{"link_name":"stay-behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-behind"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Military_Government_for_Occupied_Territories"},{"link_name":"Alsos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Alsos"},{"link_name":"Paperclip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip"},{"link_name":"TICOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TICOM"}],"sub_title":"Manhattan Project","text":"CIC units were also involved in providing security for the Manhattan Project, including duty as couriers of fissionable bomb materials from Los Alamos, New Mexico to Tinian. They also operated in 1945 at the United Nations Organizing Conference in San Francisco, over which Alger Hiss presided as secretary-general.[8] Three years later, when Alger Hiss was accused of being a Communist and filed a libel suit against his accuser, his lawyers unwittingly hired an undercover CIC Special Agent as their Chief Investigator to help prepare his libel suit.[9]In the European and Pacific theaters of operations CIC deployed detachments at all levels. These detachments provided tactical intelligence about the enemy from captured documents, interrogations of captured troops, and from para-military and civilian sources. They were also involved in providing security for military installations and staging areas, located enemy agents, and acted to counter stay-behind networks. They also provided training to combat units in security, censorship, the seizure of documents, and the dangers of booby traps. In some cases CIC agents such as Henry Kissinger found themselves acting as the de facto military government on the occupation of large towns before the arrival of Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories (AMGOT) officers. As the war in Europe came to a close, CIC were involved in the Operations Alsos, Paperclip and TICOM, searching for German personnel and research in atomic weapons, rockets and cryptography.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post-war operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Paperclip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip"}],"sub_title":"Operation Paperclip","text":"At the end of World War II CIC agents were successful in Operation Paperclip that obtained German rocket scientists for the United States before the Soviets took them. This action aided in the success of the American rocket development program and resultant adventure into space. CIC actively continued counterintelligence activities in the Cold War, Korean War and Vietnam War.","title":"Post-war operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"SD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst"},{"link_name":"SED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"KPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"}],"sub_title":"Project Happiness","text":"After the war, in West Germany, the CIC also directed the so-called \"Project Happiness\" that sought to recruit former Gestapo and SD members as informants to infiltrate East German communist parties, such as the SED and KPD.","title":"Post-war operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Christopher H. Pyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Pyle"},{"link_name":"Fort Holabird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Holabird"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Other activities","text":"In the immediate post-war period, the CIC operated in the occupied countries, particularly Japan, Germany and Austria, countering the black market, and searching for and arresting notable members of the previous regime. Despite the problem of demobilization, with many experienced agents returning to civilian life, CIC became the leading intelligence organization in the American occupation zones, and very soon found themselves facing a new enemy in the emerging Cold War.The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 meant that CIC was once again involved in a military conflict, and it underwent a major expansion. However this proved to be CIC's last chance to enjoy resources and recruits.The proliferation of intelligence agencies had meant duplication of effort and disputes over responsibility, so in 1961 the CIC ceased to exist as an independent organization, as it was rolled into the Army's new Military Intelligence Branch.While serving in the U.S. Army in the 1960s, Christopher H. Pyle learned that \"Army intelligence had 1500 plain clothes agents watching every demonstration of 20 people or more throughout the United States\". Pyle’s disclosures led to Congressional investigations and a crackdown on what was regarded as the Army's investigative excesses. This ended what advocates regarded as the peak of counterintelligence efficiency: \"At the height of the disturbance period, a CIC agent could get a report from the street to Fort Holabird HQ in 20 minutes, from practically any city in the U.S., seconds or brief minutes later the report was in Operations Center in a lower basement of the Pentagon\".[10]","title":"Post-war operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rat-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratlines_(history)"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Krunoslav Draganović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krunoslav_Draganovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ustaše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"One of CIC's operations in post-war Europe was the operation of a \"rat-line\" – a conduit for spiriting informants and defectors out of the Soviet Zones of Occupation to safety in South America, via Italy or Spain, with false identities and documets paid for by CIC and made by the Vatican.A Department of Justice investigation also uncovered the CIC's dealings with Father Krunoslav Draganović, a Croatian cleric based in Rome, who while working for CIC, also operated his own clandestine rat-line to transport Ustaše war criminals to Latin America.A further report in 1988 also examined the CIC's use of Nazi war criminals and collaborators as informants in the years after World War II. In June 1988, Office of Special Investigations within the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice issued a public report which revealed that \"at least 14 suspected Nazi war criminals, a number of whom likely were involved in the murder of Jews in occupied Europe, had been employed as intelligence informants by the CIC in Austria.\"[11]","title":"The \"ratline\" controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leroy Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Donald L. Barlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_L._Barlett"},{"link_name":"Noel Behn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Behn"},{"link_name":"Willy Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John F. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Collins"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Miles Copeland Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Copeland_Jr."},{"link_name":"Philip J. Corso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Corso"},{"link_name":"Roswell, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"William E. Dannemeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Dannemeyer"},{"link_name":"Ahn Doo-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahn_Doo-hee"},{"link_name":"Mike Gravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gravel"},{"link_name":"Bill Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hartman"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hecht"},{"link_name":"Clint Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Hill_(Secret_Service)"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Arthur Komori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Komori"},{"link_name":"Military Intelligence Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Morton Kondracke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Kondracke"},{"link_name":"Donald Lunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_Lunde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ed Kemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Kemper"},{"link_name":"Patty Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Hearst"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Robie Macauley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_Macauley"},{"link_name":"John J. McFall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McFall"},{"link_name":"Ib Melchior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib_Melchior"},{"link_name":"Horace Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mitchell_Miner"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"George J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Tom Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Moody_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"William Hughes Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hughes_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Walter Pincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pincus"},{"link_name":"Cruz Reynoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Reynoso"},{"link_name":"Richard Sakakida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sakakida"},{"link_name":"Military Intelligence Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"J. D. Salinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Salinger"},{"link_name":"Robert Saxton Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Saxton_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seltzer"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Snyder"},{"link_name":"Bob Shamansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Shamansky"},{"link_name":"Michel Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Waldo Tobler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_Tobler"},{"link_name":"William Lewis Uanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lewis_Uanna"}],"text":"Leroy Anderson, composer\nDonald L. Barlett, journalist\nNoel Behn, writer and theatrical producer\nWilly Brandt, later German chancellor[12]\nJohn F. Collins, Mayor of Boston\nHugh Colopy, Akron, Ohio attorney\nMiles Copeland Jr., musician\nPhilip J. Corso, Lieutenant Colonel at Roswell, New Mexico\nJ. Griffin Crump, editor, The Journal of Intergroup Relations\nWilliam E. Dannemeyer, California congressman\nAhn Doo-hee, lieutenant, Assassin\nFoxtrot, Art Dealer\nMike Gravel, Alaska senator\nBill Hartman, athlete\nAnthony Hecht, poet\nClint Hill. former United States Secret Service Agent\nHenry Kissinger, Secretary of State\nArthur Komori, District Court judge, Military Intelligence Hall of Fame inductee.\nMorton Kondracke, journalist\nDonald Lunde, psychiatrist of Ed Kemper and Patty Hearst[13]\nRobie Macauley, editor and novelist\nJohn J. McFall, California congressman\nWilliam A. McNeill, DET 430th CIC\nIb Melchior, film producer\nHorace Miner, anthropologist[14]\nGeorge J. Mitchell, Maine senator\nTom Moody, Mayor of Columbus, Ohio\nWilliam Hughes Mulligan, Federal judge\nWalter Pincus, journalist\nCruz Reynoso, lawyer and jurist\nRichard Sakakida, USAF Lt Col after war, Military Intelligence Hall of Fame inductee.\nJ. D. Salinger, novelist\nRobert Saxton Taylor, Library Officer\nJerry Seltzer, roller derby promoter\nRichard A. Snyder, Pennsylvania State Senator\nBob Shamansky, Ohio congressman\nMichel Thomas, Linguist, Language Teacher\nWaldo Tobler, geography professor\nWilliam Lewis Uanna, Security Expert","title":"Notable CIC agents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Counter Intelligence Corps: History and Mission in WWII\", U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5008.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fas.org/irp/agency/army/cic-wwii.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Counter Intelligence in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch1_c.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"1093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.hiss1111.0220.001"},{"link_name":"chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VnQduXa4JdoC&pg=PA366"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.hiss1111.0175.001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"1123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.hiss1111.0220.001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"United Nations Formation 1945—CIC Security Role\". Golden Sphinx, Serial Issue #2004-3, Winter 2004-5, pp. 16–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.hiss1111.0206.001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Bringing Alger Hiss to Justice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//quod.lib.umich.edu/h/hiss/"},{"link_name":"Stephen Salant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Salant"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Implementation of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act: An Interim Report to Congress,\" October 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.archives.gov/iwg/reports/nazi-war-crimes-interim-report-october-1999/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"(S+) Informant »O-35-VIII«: Willy Brandt war für den US-Geheimdienst aktiv\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.spiegel.de/panorama/willy-brandt-war-bis-1952-informant-des-us-geheimdienstes-cic-a-1d29dd17-55a0-44b9-8f65-7d726772f988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Lunde, psychiatrist in infamous Bay Area cases, dies at 70\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Donald-Lunde-psychiatrist-in-infamous-Bay-Area-3299313.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Horace Miner collection, 1941-1992 (majority within 1941-1945) - University of Michigan William L. Clements Library - University of Michigan Finding Aids\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//findingaids.lib.umich.edu/catalog/umich-wcl-M-2884min"}],"text":"^ \"COUNTER-ESPIONAGE IS REVIVED BY ARMY: Corps Reorganized to Combat Sabotage and Disloyalty,\" The New York Times, 13 January 1942; p. 11.\n\n^ \"Counter Intelligence Corps: History and Mission in WWII\", U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5008.\n\n^ Counter Intelligence in World War II\n\n^ The quotation is on p. 1093. For an account of CIC encroachment into territory designated by the chapter World War II: Expanding the Boundaries.\n\n^ On 5 November 1943 the Army ordered all CIC agents out of Washington, D.C. On the following day, the Army Inspector General submitted a devastating report on the CIC. In February 1944 the position of Chief, Counter Intelligence Corps was abolished and CIC Headquarters was dissolved.\n\n^ The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps, p. 70.\n\n^ The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps, volume 7, p. 1123.\n\n^ For the account of one agent working undercover at the San Francisco conference and photos of fellow agents there, see Special Agent Leonard L. (Igor) Gorin \"United Nations Formation 1945—CIC Security Role\". Golden Sphinx, Serial Issue #2004-3, Winter 2004-5, pp. 16–20.\n\n^ See \"Bringing Alger Hiss to Justice\" by Stephen Salant.\n\n^ The quotation is from Ann Bray, one of the contributors to The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps. At the time of her death, she was writing a book on the Corps and this passage from its last chapter is quoted in Duval Edwards' account on pp. 281–2.\n\n^ \"Implementation of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act: An Interim Report to Congress,\" October 1999\n\n^ Wiegrefe, Klaus (17 December 2021). \"(S+) Informant »O-35-VIII«: Willy Brandt war für den US-Geheimdienst aktiv\". Der Spiegel.\n\n^ \"Donald Lunde, psychiatrist in infamous Bay Area cases, dies at 70\". 25 December 2007.\n\n^ \"Horace Miner collection, 1941-1992 (majority within 1941-1945) - University of Michigan William L. Clements Library - University of Michigan Finding Aids\". findingaids.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CIC Records: A Valuable Tool for Researchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//307thcic.wordpress.com/2007/03/20/history-of-the-cic-in-wwii/"},{"link_name":"Counter Intelligence Corps History and Mission in World War II (PDF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fas.org/irp/agency/army/cic.pdf"}],"text":"CIC Records: A Valuable Tool for Researchers (scroll down)\nCounter Intelligence Corps History and Mission in World War II (PDF)","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-880222-14-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880222-14-0"},{"link_name":"In the Shadow of the Sphinx: A History of Army Counterintelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps103181/GPO_Army_318-530.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1234461366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1234461366"},{"link_name":"Jensen, Joan M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_M._Jensen"},{"link_name":"Army Surveillance in America: 1775–1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/armysurveillance00jens"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-04668-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04668-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-934588-09-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934588-09-0"},{"link_name":"Melchior, Ib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib_Melchior"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89141-444-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-444-4"},{"link_name":"The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Counter_Intelligence_Corps"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8240-7960-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-7960-4"},{"link_name":"Covert Warfare: Intelligence, Counterintelligence and Military Deception During the World War II Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_Warfare_(book)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57488-304-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-304-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1930807104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1930807104"},{"link_name":"Sayer, Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Sayer"},{"link_name":"Douglas Botting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Botting"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-246-12690-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-246-12690-6"},{"link_name":"The Axmann Conspiracy: The Nazi Plan for a Fourth Reich and How the U.S. Army Defeated It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scottselby.com/axmann"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0425252701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0425252701"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"188036557X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/188036557X"}],"text":"Edwards, Duval A. Spy Catchers of the U.S. Army in the War with Japan (The Unfinished Story of the Counterintelligence Corps). Red Apple Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-880222-14-0\nGilbert, James L., John P. Finnegan and Ann Bray. In the Shadow of the Sphinx: A History of Army Counterintelligence, History Office, Office of Strategic Management and Information, US Army Intelligence and Security Command, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, Dec 2005. ISBN 1234461366 (This file might take time to load.)\nJensen, Joan M. Army Surveillance in America: 1775–1980. Yale University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-300-04668-7.\nKoudelka, Edward R. Counter Intelligence: The Conflict and the Conquest: Recollections of a World War II Agent in Europe. Ranger Associates, 1986. ISBN 0-934588-09-0\nMelchior, Ib. Case by Case: A U.S. Army Counterintelligence Agent in World War II. Presidio, 1993. ISBN 0-89141-444-4\nMendelsohn, John (1989). The History of the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC). New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-7960-4. (Published as part 11 of Covert Warfare: Intelligence, Counterintelligence and Military Deception During the World War II Era)\nMilano, James V., and Patrick Brogan. Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line: America's Undeclared War Against the Soviets. Potomac Books (2000) ISBN 1-57488-304-6\nMyers, Larry, Hey Nazis, I'm Coming For You: Memories of Counter Intelligence Corps Activities in WWII. Gainsway Press (2004). ISBN 1930807104\nSayer, Ian, and Douglas Botting. America's Secret Army: The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps. Grafton Books, 1989. ISBN 0-246-12690-6\nSchwartzwalder, John, We Caught Spies: Adventures of an American Counter Intelligence Agent in Europe, Duell, Sloan and Pearce (1946).\nSelby, Scott Andrew. The Axmann Conspiracy: The Nazi Plan for a Fourth Reich and How the U.S. Army Defeated It. Berkley (Penguin), Sept. 2012. ISBN 0425252701\nVaughn, Bradley, Counterspy Mission in World War II: Recollections and Impressions of a United States Army Counter Intelligence Corps Special Agent, Professional Pr (September 1993). ISBN 188036557X","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid_Ua_Duibhne
Diarmuid Ua Duibhne
["1 Legend","1.1 Family","1.2 Curse","1.3 Ball Seirce","1.4 King Under-Wave","1.5 Diarmuid and Gráinne","1.6 Famous weapons","2 In popular culture","3 Notes","4 References"]
Demigod in Irish mythology This article is about the Irish mythological figure. For the character from Guy Gavriel Kay's novel, see The Fionavar Tapestry. "Diarmait" redirects here. For similarly named persons, see Diarmaid. Diarmuid, illustration by Beatrice Elvery in Violet Russell's Heroes of the Dawn (1914) Diarmuid Ua Duibhne (Irish pronunciation: ), also known as Diarmuid of the Love Spot, is a hero and demigod in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology, traditionally thought to be set in the 2nd to 4th century. He is the son of Donn, son of Duibhne of the Fianna, and Cochrann, daughter of Cathaír Mór. Diarmuid becomes the foster son and protégé of Aengus Óg, one of the Tuatha Dé Danann and the god of love, to the extent that a god of love can be said to exist in the corpus. He grows up to be a skilled warrior and a well-liked, valued member of the Fianna who on one occasion saves Fionn and his band by single-handedly slaying over three thousand enemies in battle. Diarmuid is best known as the lover of Gráinne, the intended wife of Fianna leader Fionn mac Cumhaill in the legend The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne. Among his sons were Donnchadh, Iollann, Ruchladh and Ioruad. Diarmuid Ua Duibhne is said to be the founder of the Scottish Clan Campbell. On the Campbell crest is a boar's head, a reference to Diarmuid's geis and death. Legend Family Diarmuid is a scion of the Fianna in both the paternal and the maternal line. His father's name is usually given as Donn, sometimes Corc; Duibhne of the Fianna is his paternal grandfather. His mother is Cochrann, Cróchnat or Crochnuit, daughter of Cathaír Mór and close relative of Fionn's herself. Around the time of Diarmuid's birth, his father is banished from the Fianna on account of an unspecified dispute. Diarmuid is taken in by Aengus Óg, to be raised in Aengus' house at Brú na Bóinne. Curse When Crochnuit later bears a son to Roc Diocain following an adulterous affair, Fionn's steward, Aengus, accepts Diarmuid's new half brother as his foster son as well. Donn has refused to accept the child into his household for the stated reason of the father being a commoner. Attending a dinner party hosted by Aengus at Brú na Bóinne, Donn becomes jealous when the household lavishes the son of Roc with as much attention as his own son. He kills the steward's son, Congus, when no one is looking, but is eventually identified as the murderer through magical means. Roc suggests killing Diarmuid in retaliation but is prevented from immediately doing so by Aengus. With the help of a druid, Roc later resurrects his dead son in the form of a boar, then puts the boar under bonds to bring Diarmuid to death. Ball Seirce Diarmuid grows up to become a strong warrior. He is given a place among the Fianna and accomplishes many great deeds in their service, on one occasion fighting a wild ox for seven consecutive days and nights. He is popular with women. After one of their hunting trips, Diarmuid and his companions discover they have ventured so far they are unable to get back home for the night. Aimlessly walking through the woods, they encounter a dwelling inhabited by an old man, a young girl, and a cat. The old man invites the group to dinner. Diarmuid and his friends prove their prowess by wrestling a wether – they lose, but only barely, and only because the wether fights with "the strength of the world", whose embodiment it turns out to be. The wether is ultimately subdued by the cat, a personification of death. The group retires to bed. The men, one after the other, attempt to sleep with the young girl. The girl, who turns out to be a personification of youth, rejects the men – all of them in some versions, all of them except Diarmuid in others – on the grounds that she belonged to them once and cannot belong to them again. She does mark Diarmuid with the ball seirce, a magical love spot that makes him irresistible to any woman who lies eyes on him. King Under-Wave One snowy winter night an unkempt and repugnant woman, "very wild and ugly", appears at the lodge of the Fianna and requests to share one of the men's bedsteads. She is rejected by all but Diarmuid. She makes additional demands on the group's hospitality, which Diarmuid points out are impertinent given her appearance but grants regardless. In the morning, the visitor has magically become young and beautiful, and a grand new house has magically appeared on a nearby hill, "ready for them, with food and servants; and everything they could wish for." Overjoyed, Diarmuid asks the woman to move into the new house with him. She agrees on one condition: he cannot say out loud how ugly she looked on the night they met, at least not three times. After three days in his new house, Diarmuid grows restless. The woman encourages his to join his comrades for the day. She promises to take good care of Diarmuid's beloved greyhound and her three new pups. While Diarmuid spends the day hunting, however, one of the Fianna manipulates the woman into giving him one of the pups. Returning home, Diarmuid gets upset and mentions the repellent state the woman arrived in. The following two days, the Fianna convince the woman to give away the remaining two pups, and Diarmuid again brings up her former ugliness. The third time he does so, the woman and the house disappear, and the greyhound dies. Carrying his dead dog, Diarmuid sets out to search for his lady. An enchanted ship carries Diarmuid "out over the sea, and then down below it", to the otherworldly "Land-under-Waves". Walking its plains, he finds and collect three drops of blood. He also learns that the daughter of King Under-Wave has just returned home from abroad. She has been under some form of enchantment for seven years and is now gravely ill, beyond the help of physicians. The daughter turns out to be Diarmuid's lady. She is overjoyed to see Diarmuid again but states that she will never be well again – partly because of the drop of blood from her heart she lost every time she thought of him on her way home, partly because the cure for her illness consists in three draughts from the cup of the King of Magh an Ionganaidh, the faraway Plain of Wonder. Diarmuid leaves to retrieve the cup. With the assistance of a mysterious "low-sized, reddish man", Diarmuid reaches the dun of the King of the Plain of Wonder and demands the cup. The kings sends multiple waves of fighting men, whom Diarmuid slays in many hours of battle. Having lost his army, the king himself emerges. Having learned that Diarmuid is a man of the Fianna of Ireland, the king realizes that Diarmuid is fullfilling a prophecy and willingly parts with his cup. The "red man" instructs Diarmuid in the use of the cup but warns him that, along with her sickness, Diarmuid's love for the King's daughter will be gone. He identifies himself as a messenger from beyond the world who has come to Diarmuid's help because Diarmuid's "own heart is hot to come to the help of another". He further warns Diarmuid not to accept the "great riches" the King will offer him for healing his daughter but to ask only for a ship to bring him home to Ireland. The red man's prediction turns out to be correct. Diarmuid departs. In some versions of the story, the King's daughter restored the greyhound to life as a farewell gift. Diarmuid and Gráinne Main article: The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne Fionn has been without female companionship since the death of his wife Maighneis, daughter of Black Garraidh. His son Oisin offers to bring him any woman, "willing or unwilling", Fionn will care to indicate. Diorraing the Druid suggests that the best woman for Fionn would be Gráinne, daughter of Cormac mac Airt, the High King of Ireland, "the woman of the best make and shape ... in the whole world". Fionn sends Osin and Diorraing to ask for Gráinne's hand in marriage. Citing tension between Cormac and himself, he stays behind. Cormac leave the decision to Gráinne, who at first accepts but develops second thoughts when she meets Fionn and notices his advanced age. At the wedding feast, Diarmuid catches her eye. She makes most of those present fall asleep using enchanted wine and asks Diarmuid to abscond with her. When Diarmuid refuses, she puts a spell on him. Diarmuid is magically compelled to leave the party, Gráinne in tow, knowing full well that Fionn will hunt the two of them down. Diarmuid and Gráinne cross the Sionnan and hide in the Doire-da-Bhoth, the Wood of the Two Huts. When Fionn wakes up in the morning, he is gripped by "a scorching jealously" and immediately sends his trackers after the couple. The trackers, many of them loyal friends of Diarmuid's, declare themselves unable to carry the track across the Sionnan until Fionn threatens them with execution. Once across the Sionnan, Fionn guesses that the couple are hiding in the Wood of the Two Huts. Diarmuid's friends arrange for multiple warnings to be sent to Diarmuid, but Diarmuid chooses to stand and confront Fionn, much to Gráinne's dismay. Diarmuid's protector Aengus Óg is given a vision of the danger Diarmuid is in, magically rushed to the Wood, and offers to sneak him out of his hideout under his cloak. Diarmuid declines but convinces Aengus to save Gráinne. Aengus brings Gráinne to Ros-da-Shoileach, the Headland of the Two Sallows. Diarmuid's friends offer to let his escape, but Diarmuid declines again; he does not wish to bring Fionn's wrath down upon them. He identifies the exact spot where Fionn himself would be facing him, then vaults across Fionn and his immediate retinue with the assistance of his spear. He joins Aengus and Gráinne in Ros-da-Shoileach. Aengus makes it clear to him that he will be on the run for the rest of his life. Diarmuid and Gráinne travel on, fording rivers, crossing marshes, sleeping in caves. A young man named Muadhan volunteers to become their servant; he turns out to be of miraculous strength. Diarmuid encounters a great fleet of ships carrying three kings of the Green Champions. The kings, who have been summoned by Fionn to catch Diarmuid, are travelling with twenty hundred good fighting men and three invulnerable magical hounds. Diarmuid denies being Diarmuid but hints he may be in the general vicinity. On two consecutive nights, he shows off great and dangerous feats of strength. He manipulates large numbers of men into killing themselves trying to emulate him. On the third night, he kills most of the fighting men remaining, eventually subduing the kings themselves and tying them up. The kings are found by a woman messenger of Fionn's, who is however unable to loosen the ropes they are bound with. The kings manage to their hounds to track him down. Muadhan kills the dogs using magic, and Diarmuid kills the last few fighting men. The kings are slowly crushed to death by their ropes. Only the messenger survives. In the centre of the Forest of Dubros were magical berries from the rowan tree that could restore the youth of an old person, guarded by the giant Searbhan on the instructions of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Diarmuid and Gráinne asked Searbhan if they could live and hunt game in the forest. Searbhan agreed on the condition that they would not eat the berries. Gráinne asked to eat the berries. Searbhan refused and attacked Diarmuid with his massive club. Diarmuid used Searbhan's own weapon to kill him. Fionn gathered the Fianna and travelled to the wood where he had a fidchell board set up, and played his son Oisín. Oscar and Cailte assisted Oisín in the game, since no one except Diarmuid was a match against Fionn in this game. Diarmuid watched the game from above, and couldn't resist aiding Oisín in the game by tossing berries at the pieces. Fionn lost three straight matches to his son. Fionn realised that the couple were hiding in the tree and ordered men to kill his rival. Diarmuid killed seven warriors named Garbh. Oscar, Fionn's grandson, warned that anyone who harmed Diarmuid would face his anger, and escorted the couple safely away through the forest. Fionn went to the Land of Promise to ask his old nurse Bodhmall to kill Diarmuid. Diarmuid was hunting in the forest beside the river Boyne and Bodhmall flew through the air on a flying water-lily and hurled poisoned darts that could penetrate his shield and armour. Diarmuid suffered agony where the darts struck him; he killed her with the Gáe Dearg. Fionn pardoned Diarmuid after Aonghus Óg interceded on the couple's behalf; Diarmuid and Gráinne lived in peace at Ceis Chorainn in present-day County Sligo for several years. They had five children, four sons and a daughter. Diarmuid built a fort, Rath Gráinia. However, they went for years without visiting Grainne's father Cormac Mac Art and Diarmuid's former comrades. Gráinne persuaded Diarmuid to invite their friends and relations to a feast, including Fionn and the Fianna. Fionn invited Diarmuid on a boar hunt on the heath of Benn Gulbain; Diarmuid only took his short sword Beagalltach and his yellow spear, Gáe Buide, not his best weapons. He was gored by a giant boar which had already killed a number of men and hounds. Water drunk from Fionn's hands had the power of healing, but when Fionn gathered water, he twice let it run through his fingers before he could bring it to Diarmuid. Threatened by his son Oisín and grandson Oscar, he fetched water a third time, but this time he was too late: Diarmuid had died. After Diarmuid's death, Aengus took his body back to the Brugh, where he breathed life into it whenever he wished to speak with the hero. Tóraigheacht Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne has often been compared with the earlier love triangle between Deirdre, Noísi and King Conchobar of Ulster, Longes mac nUislenn (The Exile of the Sons of Uisliu), which is part of the Ulster Cycle. Famous weapons Manannán mac Lir, a sea god, presents Aengus Óg with an invincible magical sword named either Móralltach or Nóralltach, the Great Fury. In The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne it is said of Móralltach that it left no stroke nor blow unfinished at the first trial. Aengus passes Móralltach on to Diarmuid, along with a second sword, Beagalltach, the Little Fury. Diarmuid also owns several other weapons known by specific names, including Gáe Buidhe, the Yellow Spear, Crann Buidhe, the Yellow Shaft, and Gáe Dearg, the Red Spear. The spears inflict wounds that cannot be healed. Diarmuid uses Móralltach and Gáe Dearg for adventures that are matters of life and death, Beagalltach and Gáe Buidhe and lesser battles. In popular culture One of the many craters on Europa named after Celtic figures is named specifically after Diarmuid. Notes ^ Ellis 1992. ^ Klęczar 2012, p. 164. ^ a b c d e f g h MacKillop 2004, p. 74. ^ MacKillop 2004, p. 11. ^ O'Grady 1857, p. 301. ^ Dawson 2002, p. 76. ^ a b Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 375. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 375–376. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 376–377. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 377. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 378. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 378–379. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 379–380. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 381. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 382. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 382–383. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 383–384. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 385. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 386. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 386–387. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 387–388. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 388. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 406. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 407–409. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 409–410. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 411–412. ^ "Diarmuid and Gráinne". Bard Mythologies. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ "The Legend of Diarmuid and Grainne". www.discoveringireland.com. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 412. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 413. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 414–415. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 415–416. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 416–417. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 416–418. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 419–420. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 420–421. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 421–425. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 425–428. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 428–429. ^ "Diarmuid and Gráinne: A Love Triangle and a Tragic Tale of Loyalty and Betrayal - IrishHistory.com". www.irishhistory.com. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ Heaney, Marie (1995), Over Nine Waves: A Book of Irish Legends, Faber & Faber, p. 211, ISBN 9780571175185. ^ The Reader: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Vol. 4. Bobbs-Merrill Co. 1904. p. 314. ISBN 1-27872158-4. ^ MacKillop 2004, p. 168. ^ MacQuarrie 2019, p. 11. ^ MacKillop 2004, p. 160. ^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 423. ^ Boyce 2010, p. 639. References Boyce, Joseph; et al. (2010). "Rampart craters on Ganymede: Their implications for fluidized ejecta emplacement". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 45 (4): 638–661. Bibcode:2010M&PS...45..638B. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01044.x. Dawson, Jane E.A. (2002). The Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Earl of Argyll and the Struggle for Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-52103749-2. Retrieved 23 February 2024. Ellis, Peter Berresford (1992). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282871-1. Klęczar, Aleksandra (2012). "'Who lives and must not die'. The myth of Adonis in Hellenistic poetry". Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization (16): 157–165. ISSN 0083-4300. Lady Gregory, Augusta; Yeats, William Butler (2012) . Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha De Danaan and of the Fianna of Ireland. Auckland: The Floating Press. MacKillop, James (2004). A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-01-986-0967-4. MacQuarrie, Charles William (2019). "Introduction: Manannán and His Neighbors". In MacQuarrie, Charles William; Nagy, Joseph Falaky (eds.). The Medieval Cultures of the Irish Sea and the North Sea: Manannán and His Neighbors. Amsterdam University Press. p. 11. O'Grady, Standish Hayes (1857). The pursuit after Diarmuid O' Duibhne, the daughter of Cormac Mac Airt, King of Ireland in the third century. Transactions of the Ossianic Society for the year 1955 Vol III, Dublin. vteIrish mythology: the Fenian CycleSupernatural figures Abarta Aengus Aillen Finvarra Manannán mac Lir Mug Ruith Niamh Plor na mBan Sadb Fianna Caílte Caoimhe Conán mac Lia Conán mac Morna Cumhall Diarmuid Fionn Goll Liath Luachra Oisín Oscar Others Baíscne Bodhmall Cairbre Lifechair Cas Corach Cormac mac Airt Dáire Fíacha Sroiptine Finn Eces Fintan mac Bóchra Gráinne Liath Luachra Muirne Tadg mac Nuadat Uirne Creatures Bran and Sceólang Caoránach Enbarr Salmon of Knowledge Symbols Sunburst Locations Binn Ghulbain Cnoc Alúine Connla's Well Fionntrá Teamhair Tír na nÓg Texts Fotha Catha Chnucha The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn Fionn and Gráinne The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne Cath Gabhra Agallamh na Seanórach Agallamh Bheag Fianshruth Cath Finntrágha part of a series on Celtic mythology Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Gavriel Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Gavriel_Kay"},{"link_name":"The Fionavar Tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fionavar_Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Diarmaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmaid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heroes_of_the_dawn_(1914)_(14772697833).jpg"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Elvery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Elvery"},{"link_name":"['dʲiəɾˠmˠədʲ uə 'dˠɪvʲnʲə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish"},{"link_name":"demigod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demigod"},{"link_name":"Fenian Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Irish mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythology"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_century"},{"link_name":"4th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_century"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1992-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C4%99czar2012164-2"},{"link_name":"Donn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donn"},{"link_name":"Fianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474-3"},{"link_name":"Aengus Óg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aengus"},{"link_name":"Tuatha Dé Danann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann"},{"link_name":"corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_corpus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200411-4"},{"link_name":"Gráinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1inne"},{"link_name":"Fionn mac Cumhaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill"},{"link_name":"The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Diarmuid_and_Gr%C3%A1inne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Grady1857301-5"},{"link_name":"Clan Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200276-6"}],"text":"This article is about the Irish mythological figure. For the character from Guy Gavriel Kay's novel, see The Fionavar Tapestry.\"Diarmait\" redirects here. For similarly named persons, see Diarmaid.Diarmuid, illustration by Beatrice Elvery in Violet Russell's Heroes of the Dawn (1914)Diarmuid Ua Duibhne (Irish pronunciation: ['dʲiəɾˠmˠədʲ uə 'dˠɪvʲnʲə]), also known as Diarmuid of the Love Spot, is a hero and demigod in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology, traditionally thought to be set in the 2nd to 4th century.[1][2]\nHe is the son of Donn, son of Duibhne of the Fianna, and Cochrann, daughter of Cathaír Mór.[3]\nDiarmuid becomes the foster son and protégé of Aengus Óg, one of the Tuatha Dé Danann and the god of love, to the extent that a god of love can be said to exist in the corpus.[4]\nHe grows up to be a skilled warrior and a well-liked, valued member of the Fianna who on one occasion saves Fionn and his band by single-handedly slaying over three thousand enemies in battle.Diarmuid is best known as the lover of Gráinne, the intended wife of Fianna leader Fionn mac Cumhaill in the legend The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne. Among his sons were Donnchadh, Iollann, Ruchladh and Ioruad.[5]Diarmuid Ua Duibhne is said to be the founder of the Scottish Clan Campbell. On the Campbell crest is a boar's head, a reference to Diarmuid's geis and death.[6]","title":"Diarmuid Ua Duibhne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna"},{"link_name":"Donn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donn"},{"link_name":"Fionn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill"},{"link_name":"Aengus Óg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aengus"},{"link_name":"Brú na Bóinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012375-7"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"Diarmuid is a scion of the Fianna in both the paternal and the maternal line. His father's name is usually given as Donn, sometimes Corc; Duibhne of the Fianna is his paternal grandfather. His mother is Cochrann, Cróchnat or Crochnuit, daughter of Cathaír Mór and close relative of Fionn's herself.\nAround the time of Diarmuid's birth, his father is banished from the Fianna on account of an unspecified dispute. Diarmuid is taken in by Aengus Óg, to be raised in Aengus' house at Brú na Bóinne.[3][7]","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012375-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012375%E2%80%93376-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012376%E2%80%93377-9"}],"sub_title":"Curse","text":"When Crochnuit later bears a son to Roc Diocain following an adulterous affair, Fionn's steward, Aengus, accepts Diarmuid's new half brother as his foster son as well. Donn has refused to accept the child into his household for the stated reason of the father being a commoner.[3][7]Attending a dinner party hosted by Aengus at Brú na Bóinne, Donn becomes jealous when the household lavishes the son of Roc with as much attention as his own son. He kills the steward's son, Congus, when no one is looking, but is eventually identified as the murderer through magical means.[8] Roc suggests killing Diarmuid in retaliation but is prevented from immediately doing so by Aengus. With the help of a druid, Roc later resurrects his dead son in the form of a boar, then puts the boar under bonds to bring Diarmuid to death.[3][9]","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012377-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012378-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012378%E2%80%93379-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012379%E2%80%93380-13"}],"sub_title":"Ball Seirce","text":"Diarmuid grows up to become a strong warrior. He is given a place among the Fianna and accomplishes many great deeds in their service, on one occasion fighting a wild ox for seven consecutive days and nights. He is popular with women.[10]After one of their hunting trips, Diarmuid and his companions discover they have ventured so far they are unable to get back home for the night. Aimlessly walking through the woods, they encounter a dwelling inhabited by an old man, a young girl, and a cat. The old man invites the group to dinner.[11] Diarmuid and his friends prove their prowess by wrestling a wether – they lose, but only barely, and only because the wether fights with \"the strength of the world\", whose embodiment it turns out to be. The wether is ultimately subdued by the cat, a personification of death.[3][12]The group retires to bed. The men, one after the other, attempt to sleep with the young girl. The girl, who turns out to be a personification of youth, rejects the men – all of them in some versions, all of them except Diarmuid in others – on the grounds that she belonged to them once and cannot belong to them again. She does mark Diarmuid with the ball seirce, a magical love spot that makes him irresistible to any woman who lies eyes on him.[3][13]","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012381-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012382-15"},{"link_name":"greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012382%E2%80%93383-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012383%E2%80%93384-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012385-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012386-19"},{"link_name":"dun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012386%E2%80%93387-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012387%E2%80%93388-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012388-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"King Under-Wave","text":"One snowy winter night an unkempt and repugnant woman, \"very wild and ugly\", appears at the lodge of the Fianna and requests to share one of the men's bedsteads. She is rejected by all but Diarmuid. She makes additional demands on the group's hospitality, which Diarmuid points out are impertinent given her appearance but grants regardless.[14] In the morning, the visitor has magically become young and beautiful, and a grand new house has magically appeared on a nearby hill, \"ready for them, with food and servants; and everything they could wish for.\" Overjoyed, Diarmuid asks the woman to move into the new house with him. She agrees on one condition: he cannot say out loud how ugly she looked on the night they met, at least not three times.[15]After three days in his new house, Diarmuid grows restless. The woman encourages his to join his comrades for the day. She promises to take good care of Diarmuid's beloved greyhound and her three new pups. While Diarmuid spends the day hunting, however, one of the Fianna manipulates the woman into giving him one of the pups. Returning home, Diarmuid gets upset and mentions the repellent state the woman arrived in.[16] The following two days, the Fianna convince the woman to give away the remaining two pups, and Diarmuid again brings up her former ugliness. The third time he does so, the woman and the house disappear, and the greyhound dies. Carrying his dead dog, Diarmuid sets out to search for his lady.[17]An enchanted ship carries Diarmuid \"out over the sea, and then down below it\", to the otherworldly \"Land-under-Waves\". Walking its plains, he finds and collect three drops of blood. He also learns that the daughter of King Under-Wave has just returned home from abroad. She has been under some form of enchantment for seven years and is now gravely ill, beyond the help of physicians.[18] The daughter turns out to be Diarmuid's lady. She is overjoyed to see Diarmuid again but states that she will never be well again – partly because of the drop of blood from her heart she lost every time she thought of him on her way home, partly because the cure for her illness consists in three draughts from\nthe cup of the King of Magh an Ionganaidh, the faraway Plain of Wonder. Diarmuid leaves to retrieve the cup.[19]With the assistance of a mysterious \"low-sized, reddish man\", Diarmuid reaches the dun of the King of the Plain of Wonder and demands the cup. The kings sends multiple waves of fighting men, whom Diarmuid slays in many hours of battle. Having lost his army, the king himself emerges. Having learned that Diarmuid is a man of the Fianna of Ireland, the king realizes that Diarmuid is fullfilling a prophecy and willingly parts with his cup.[20]The \"red man\" instructs Diarmuid in the use of the cup but warns him that, along with her sickness, Diarmuid's love for the King's daughter will be gone.[21] He identifies himself as a messenger from beyond the world who has come to Diarmuid's help because Diarmuid's \"own heart is hot to come to the help of another\". He further warns Diarmuid not to accept the \"great riches\" the King will offer him for healing his daughter but to ask only for a ship to bring him home to Ireland. The red man's prediction turns out to be correct. Diarmuid departs.[22] In some versions of the story, the King's daughter restored the greyhound to life as a farewell gift.[citation needed]","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gráinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1inne"},{"link_name":"Cormac mac Airt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt"},{"link_name":"High King of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012406-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012407%E2%80%93409-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012409%E2%80%93410-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012411%E2%80%93412-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sionnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012412-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012413-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012414%E2%80%93415-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012415%E2%80%93416-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012416%E2%80%93417-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012416%E2%80%93418-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012419%E2%80%93420-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012420%E2%80%93421-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012421%E2%80%93425-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012425%E2%80%93428-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012428%E2%80%93429-39"},{"link_name":"Tuatha Dé Danann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann"},{"link_name":"fidchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidchell"},{"link_name":"County Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Sligo"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Benn Gulbain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benbulbin"},{"link_name":"boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Deirdre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre"},{"link_name":"Noísi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoise"},{"link_name":"Conchobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchobar"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reader-42"}],"sub_title":"Diarmuid and Gráinne","text":"Fionn has been without female companionship since the death of his wife Maighneis, daughter of Black Garraidh. His son Oisin offers to bring him any woman, \"willing or unwilling\", Fionn will care to indicate. Diorraing the Druid suggests that the best woman for Fionn would be Gráinne, daughter of Cormac mac Airt, the High King of Ireland, \"the woman of the best make and shape ... in the whole world\". Fionn sends Osin and Diorraing to ask for Gráinne's hand in marriage. Citing tension between Cormac and himself, he stays behind.[23] Cormac leave the decision to Gráinne, who at first accepts but develops second thoughts when she meets Fionn and notices his advanced age.[24] At the wedding feast, Diarmuid catches her eye. She makes most of those present fall asleep using enchanted wine and asks Diarmuid to abscond with her. When Diarmuid refuses, she puts a spell on him.[25] Diarmuid is magically compelled to leave the party, Gráinne in tow, knowing full well that Fionn will hunt the two of them down.[26][27][28] Diarmuid and Gráinne cross the Sionnan and hide in the Doire-da-Bhoth, the Wood of the Two Huts.[29]When Fionn wakes up in the morning, he is gripped by \"a scorching jealously\" and immediately sends his trackers after the couple. The trackers, many of them loyal friends of Diarmuid's, declare themselves unable to carry the track across the Sionnan until Fionn threatens them with execution. Once across the Sionnan, Fionn guesses that the couple are hiding in the Wood of the Two Huts.[30] Diarmuid's friends arrange for multiple warnings to be sent to Diarmuid, but Diarmuid chooses to stand and confront Fionn, much to Gráinne's dismay.[31]Diarmuid's protector Aengus Óg is given a vision of the danger Diarmuid is in, magically rushed to the Wood, and offers to sneak him out of his hideout under his cloak. Diarmuid declines but convinces Aengus to save Gráinne. Aengus brings Gráinne to Ros-da-Shoileach, the Headland of the Two Sallows.[32] Diarmuid's friends offer to let his escape, but Diarmuid declines again; he does not wish to bring Fionn's wrath down upon them. He identifies the exact spot where Fionn himself would be facing him, then vaults across Fionn and his immediate retinue with the assistance of his spear.[33] He joins Aengus and Gráinne in Ros-da-Shoileach. Aengus makes it clear to him that he will be on the run for the rest of his life.[34]Diarmuid and Gráinne travel on, fording rivers, crossing marshes, sleeping in caves. A young man named Muadhan volunteers to become their servant; he turns out to be of miraculous strength.[35] Diarmuid encounters a great fleet of ships carrying three kings of the Green Champions. The kings, who have been summoned by Fionn to catch Diarmuid, are travelling with twenty hundred good fighting men and three invulnerable magical hounds. Diarmuid denies being Diarmuid but hints he may be in the general vicinity.[36] On two consecutive nights, he shows off great and dangerous feats of strength. He manipulates large numbers of men into killing themselves trying to emulate him. On the third night, he kills most of the fighting men remaining, eventually subduing the kings themselves and tying them up.[37] The kings are found by a woman messenger of Fionn's, who is however unable to loosen the ropes they are bound with. The kings manage to their hounds to track him down. Muadhan kills the dogs using magic, and Diarmuid kills the last few fighting men.[38] The kings are slowly crushed to death by their ropes. Only the messenger survives.[39]In the centre of the Forest of Dubros were magical berries from the rowan tree that could restore the youth of an old person, guarded by the giant Searbhan on the instructions of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Diarmuid and Gráinne asked Searbhan if they could live and hunt game in the forest. Searbhan agreed on the condition that they would not eat the berries. Gráinne asked to eat the berries. Searbhan refused and attacked Diarmuid with his massive club. Diarmuid used Searbhan's own weapon to kill him.Fionn gathered the Fianna and travelled to the wood where he had a fidchell board set up, and played his son Oisín. Oscar and Cailte assisted Oisín in the game, since no one except Diarmuid was a match against Fionn in this game. Diarmuid watched the game from above, and couldn't resist aiding Oisín in the game by tossing berries at the pieces. Fionn lost three straight matches to his son. Fionn realised that the couple were hiding in the tree and ordered men to kill his rival. Diarmuid killed seven warriors named Garbh. Oscar, Fionn's grandson, warned that anyone who harmed Diarmuid would face his anger, and escorted the couple safely away through the forest.Fionn went to the Land of Promise to ask his old nurse Bodhmall to kill Diarmuid. Diarmuid was hunting in the forest beside the river Boyne and Bodhmall flew through the air on a flying water-lily and hurled poisoned darts that could penetrate his shield and armour. Diarmuid suffered agony where the darts struck him; he killed her with the Gáe Dearg.Fionn pardoned Diarmuid after Aonghus Óg interceded on the couple's behalf; Diarmuid and Gráinne lived in peace at Ceis Chorainn in present-day County Sligo for several years.[40] They had five children, four sons and a daughter. Diarmuid built a fort, Rath Gráinia. However, they went for years without visiting Grainne's father Cormac Mac Art and Diarmuid's former comrades. Gráinne persuaded Diarmuid to invite their friends and relations to a feast, including Fionn and the Fianna. Fionn invited Diarmuid on a boar hunt on the heath of Benn Gulbain; Diarmuid only took his short sword Beagalltach and his yellow spear, Gáe Buide, not his best weapons. He was gored by a giant boar which had already killed a number of men and hounds.Water drunk from Fionn's hands had the power of healing, but when Fionn gathered water, he twice let it run through his fingers before he could bring it to Diarmuid. Threatened by his son Oisín and grandson Oscar, he fetched water a third time, but this time he was too late: Diarmuid had died.After Diarmuid's death, Aengus took his body back to the Brugh, where he breathed life into it whenever he wished to speak with the hero.[41]Tóraigheacht Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne has often been compared with the earlier love triangle between Deirdre, Noísi and King Conchobar of Ulster, Longes mac nUislenn (The Exile of the Sons of Uisliu), which is part of the Ulster Cycle.[42]","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manannán mac Lir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004168-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacQuarrie201911-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004160-45"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474-3"},{"link_name":"The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Diarmuid_and_Gr%C3%A1inne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474-3"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012423-46"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Famous weapons","text":"Manannán mac Lir, a sea god,[43][44] presents Aengus Óg with an invincible magical sword named either Móralltach[45] or Nóralltach, the Great Fury.[3]\nIn The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne it is said of Móralltach that it left no stroke nor blow unfinished at the first trial.[citation needed]\nAengus passes Móralltach on to Diarmuid, along with a second sword, Beagalltach, the Little Fury.[citation needed]Diarmuid also owns several other weapons known by specific names, including Gáe Buidhe, the Yellow Spear, Crann Buidhe, the Yellow Shaft, and Gáe Dearg, the Red Spear.[3] The spears inflict wounds that cannot be healed.[46] Diarmuid uses Móralltach and Gáe Dearg for adventures that are matters of life and death, Beagalltach and Gáe Buidhe and lesser battles.[citation needed]","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"craters on Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Europa"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce2010639-47"}],"text":"One of the many craters on Europa named after Celtic figures is named specifically after Diarmuid.[47]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1992_1-0"},{"link_name":"Ellis 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEllis1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C4%99czar2012164_2-0"},{"link_name":"Klęczar 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKl%C4%99czar2012"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200474_3-7"},{"link_name":"MacKillop 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacKillop2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop200411_4-0"},{"link_name":"MacKillop 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Yeats 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGregoryYeats2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012425%E2%80%93428_38-0"},{"link_name":"Gregory & Yeats 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGregoryYeats2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012428%E2%80%93429_39-0"},{"link_name":"Gregory & Yeats 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGregoryYeats2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"Diarmuid and Gráinne: A Love Triangle and a Tragic Tale of Loyalty and Betrayal - IrishHistory.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irishhistory.com/myths-legends/legendary-heroes/diarmuid-and-grainne-a-love-triangle-and-a-tragic-tale-of-loyalty-and-betrayal/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Over Nine Waves: A Book of Irish Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=d5LC423kbSQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780571175185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571175185"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reader_42-0"},{"link_name":"The Reader: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=unYEAAAAMAAJ&q=naoise+diarmuid"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-27872158-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-27872158-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004168_43-0"},{"link_name":"MacKillop 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacKillop2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacQuarrie201911_44-0"},{"link_name":"MacQuarrie 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacQuarrie2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKillop2004160_45-0"},{"link_name":"MacKillop 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacKillop2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoryYeats2012423_46-0"},{"link_name":"Gregory & Yeats 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGregoryYeats2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce2010639_47-0"},{"link_name":"Boyce 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoyce2010"}],"text":"^ Ellis 1992.\n\n^ Klęczar 2012, p. 164.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h MacKillop 2004, p. 74.\n\n^ MacKillop 2004, p. 11.\n\n^ O'Grady 1857, p. 301.\n\n^ Dawson 2002, p. 76.\n\n^ a b Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 375.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 375–376.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 376–377.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 377.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 378.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 378–379.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 379–380.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 381.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 382.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 382–383.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 383–384.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 385.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 386.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 386–387.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 387–388.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 388.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 406.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 407–409.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 409–410.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 411–412.\n\n^ \"Diarmuid and Gráinne\". Bard Mythologies. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2020.\n\n^ \"The Legend of Diarmuid and Grainne\". www.discoveringireland.com. Retrieved 11 January 2020.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 412.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 413.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 414–415.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 415–416.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 416–417.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 416–418.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 419–420.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 420–421.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 421–425.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 425–428.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, pp. 428–429.\n\n^ \"Diarmuid and Gráinne: A Love Triangle and a Tragic Tale of Loyalty and Betrayal - IrishHistory.com\". www.irishhistory.com. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.\n\n^ Heaney, Marie (1995), Over Nine Waves: A Book of Irish Legends, Faber & Faber, p. 211, ISBN 9780571175185.\n\n^ The Reader: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Vol. 4. Bobbs-Merrill Co. 1904. p. 314. ISBN 1-27872158-4.\n\n^ MacKillop 2004, p. 168.\n\n^ MacQuarrie 2019, p. 11.\n\n^ MacKillop 2004, p. 160.\n\n^ Gregory & Yeats 2012, p. 423.\n\n^ Boyce 2010, p. 639.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Diarmuid, illustration by Beatrice Elvery in Violet Russell's Heroes of the Dawn (1914)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Heroes_of_the_dawn_%281914%29_%2814772697833%29.jpg/220px-Heroes_of_the_dawn_%281914%29_%2814772697833%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Diarmuid and Gráinne\". Bard Mythologies. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bardmythologies.com/diarmuid-and-grainne/","url_text":"\"Diarmuid and Gráinne\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Legend of Diarmuid and Grainne\". www.discoveringireland.com. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discoveringireland.com/the-legend-of-diarmuid-and-grainne/","url_text":"\"The Legend of Diarmuid and Grainne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diarmuid and Gráinne: A Love Triangle and a Tragic Tale of Loyalty and Betrayal - IrishHistory.com\". www.irishhistory.com. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishhistory.com/myths-legends/legendary-heroes/diarmuid-and-grainne-a-love-triangle-and-a-tragic-tale-of-loyalty-and-betrayal/","url_text":"\"Diarmuid and Gráinne: A Love Triangle and a Tragic Tale of Loyalty and Betrayal - IrishHistory.com\""}]},{"reference":"Heaney, Marie (1995), Over Nine Waves: A Book of Irish Legends, Faber & Faber, p. 211, ISBN 9780571175185","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d5LC423kbSQC","url_text":"Over Nine Waves: A Book of Irish Legends"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571175185","url_text":"9780571175185"}]},{"reference":"The Reader: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Vol. 4. Bobbs-Merrill Co. 1904. p. 314. ISBN 1-27872158-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=unYEAAAAMAAJ&q=naoise+diarmuid","url_text":"The Reader: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-27872158-4","url_text":"1-27872158-4"}]},{"reference":"Boyce, Joseph; et al. (2010). \"Rampart craters on Ganymede: Their implications for fluidized ejecta emplacement\". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 45 (4): 638–661. Bibcode:2010M&PS...45..638B. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01044.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010M&PS...45..638B","url_text":"2010M&PS...45..638B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2010.01044.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01044.x"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Jane E.A. (2002). The Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Earl of Argyll and the Struggle for Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-52103749-2. Retrieved 23 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R1REPJCtN2IC&pg=PA76","url_text":"The Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Earl of Argyll and the Struggle for Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52103749-2","url_text":"0-52103749-2"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Peter Berresford (1992). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282871-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis","url_text":"Ellis, Peter Berresford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282871-1","url_text":"0-19-282871-1"}]},{"reference":"Klęczar, Aleksandra (2012). \"'Who lives and must not die'. The myth of Adonis in Hellenistic poetry\". Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization (16): 157–165. ISSN 0083-4300.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=180792","url_text":"\"'Who lives and must not die'. The myth of Adonis in Hellenistic poetry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0083-4300","url_text":"0083-4300"}]},{"reference":"Lady Gregory, Augusta; Yeats, William Butler (2012) [1903]. Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha De Danaan and of the Fianna of Ireland. Auckland: The Floating Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gregory","url_text":"Lady Gregory, Augusta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats","url_text":"Yeats, William Butler"}]},{"reference":"MacKillop, James (2004). A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-01-986-0967-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_MacKillop_(author)","url_text":"MacKillop, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-986-0967-4","url_text":"978-01-986-0967-4"}]},{"reference":"MacQuarrie, Charles William (2019). \"Introduction: Manannán and His Neighbors\". In MacQuarrie, Charles William; Nagy, Joseph Falaky (eds.). The Medieval Cultures of the Irish Sea and the North Sea: Manannán and His Neighbors. Amsterdam University Press. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Grady, Standish Hayes (1857). The pursuit after Diarmuid O' Duibhne, the daughter of Cormac Mac Airt, King of Ireland in the third century. Transactions of the Ossianic Society for the year 1955 Vol III, Dublin.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standish_Hayes_O%27Grady","url_text":"O'Grady, Standish Hayes"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIKEY
MIKEY
["1 Purpose of MIKEY","2 Using MIKEY in practice","2.1 Use cases","3 Key transport and exchange methods","4 MIKEY messages","4.1 MIKEY message content","5 See also","6 References"]
This article is about the cryptographic protocol. For the CPU, see Atari Lynx. For other uses, see Mikey. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "MIKEY" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY) is a key management protocol that is intended for use with real-time applications. It can specifically be used to set up encryption keys for multimedia sessions that are secured using SRTP, the security protocol commonly used for securing real-time communications such as VoIP. MIKEY was first defined in RFC 3830. Additional MIKEY modes have been defined in RFC 4650, RFC 4738, RFC 6043, RFC 6267 and RFC 6509. Purpose of MIKEY As described in RFC 3830, the MIKEY protocol is intended to provide end-to-end security between users to support a communication. To do this, it shares a session key, known as the Traffic Encryption Key (TEK), between the participants of a communication session. The MIKEY protocol may also authenticate the participants of the communication. MIKEY provides many methods to share the session key and authenticate participants. Using MIKEY in practice MIKEY is used to perform key management for securing a multimedia communication protocol. As such, MIKEY exchanges generally occur within the signalling protocol which supports the communication. A common setup is for MIKEY to support Secure VoIP by providing the key management mechanism for the VoIP protocol (SRTP). Key management is performed by including MIKEY messages within the SDP content of SIP signalling messages. Use cases MIKEY considers how to secure the following use cases: One-to-one communications Conference communications Group Broadcast Call Divert Call Forking Delayed delivery (Voicemail) Not all MIKEY methods support each use case. Each MIKEY method also has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of feature support, computational complexity and latency of communication setup. Key transport and exchange methods MIKEY supports eight different methods to set up a common secret (to be used as e.g. a session key or a session KEK): Pre-Shared Key (MIKEY-PSK): This is the most efficient way to handle the transport of the Common Secret, since only symmetric encryption is used and only a small amount of data has to be exchanged. However, an individual key has to be shared with every single peer, which leads to scalability problems for larger user groups. Public-Key (MIKEY-PK): The Common Secret is exchanged with the help of public key encryption. In larger systems, this requires a PKI to handle the secure distribution of public keys. Diffie–Hellman (MIKEY-DH): A Diffie–Hellman key exchange is used to set up the Common Secret. This method has a higher resource consumption (both computation time and bandwidth) than the previous ones, but has the advantage of providing perfect forward secrecy. Also, it can be used without any PKI. DH-HMAC (MIKEY-DHHMAC) (HMAC-Authenticated Diffie–Hellman): This is a light-weight version of Diffie–Hellman MIKEY: instead of certificates and RSA signatures it uses HMAC to authenticate the two parts to one another. DH-HMAC is defined in RFC 4650. RSA-R (MIKEY-RSA-R) (Reverse RSA): The Common Secret is exchanged with the help of public key encryption in a way that doesn't require any PKI: the initiator sends its public RSA key to the responder, which responds by selecting the Common Secret and then send it back to the initiator encrypted with the initiator's public key. RSA-R is defined in RFC 4738. TICKET (MIKEY-TICKET): Ticket-Based Modes of Key Distribution in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY). MIKEY-TICKET is defined in RFC 6043. IBAKE (MIKEY-IBAKE): Identity-Based Authenticated Key Exchange (IBAKE) Mode of Key Distribution in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY). MIKEY-IBAKE is defined in RFC 6267. SAKKE (MIKEY-SAKKE): Sakai-Kasahara Key Encryption in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY). This is an Identity-Based Authenticated Key Exchange method. MIKEY-SAKKE is defined in RFC 6509. MIKEY messages The majority of MIKEY methods requires the initiator to send a message to participants (the I_MESSAGE), and the receivers to respond with another message (the R_MESSAGE). Once this exchange has completed, the session key can be generated by the participants. MIKEY-SAKKE does not require an R_MESSAGE. MIKEY message content MIKEY messages are made up of a number of payloads. Each payload describes the next payload in the MIKEY message. In this way the MIKEY protocol has shown it is flexible to being extended and adapted. The first payload is always the Common Header (HDR). This identifies the version of the MIKEY protocol, the method used (data type), whether a response is required and it identifies the cryptographic session that will be established via the exchange. Further payloads are defined by the MIKEY method in use. Frequently these will include information payloads such as: A timestamp payload (T) - this contains the time and hence helps protect against replay attacks. Identity Payloads (ID) - this identifies the participants. This payload type can also contain certificates (CERT). This was extended in RFC 6043 to include the 'role' of the user as part of the ID (IDR). A RAND payload (RAND) - this is random data used to salt the post-exchange key derivation. Security Policies (SP) - this contains a limited set of security policies to support the communication. Certificate Hash (CHASH) - a hash indicating a certificate used for public-key encryption. In addition to this, the MIKEY message will contain at least one payload which encapsulates key material. These include: Key data transport (KEMAC) - this encapsulating the key by encrypting it using a pre-shared secret. This is extended by RFC 4650 to support authenticated Diffie–Hellman (DHHMAC). Diffie–Hellman (DH) - this contains cryptographic information supporting the Diffie–Hellman protocol. Envelope Data (PKE) - this encapsulates the key using public key encryption. This is extended by RFC 4738 and RFC 6267. Sakai-Kasahara (SAKKE) - this encapsulates the key using the identity-based Sakai-Kasahara protocol. This is defined by RFC 6509. Ticket (TICKET) - provides a cryptographic token to request key material from an external server (KMS). This is defined by RFC 6043. Finally, the MIKEY message may contain an authentication payload. These include: Signature (SIGN) - a signature on the MIKEY message. Verification (V) - a MAC sent by the receiver to verify receipt. See also ZRTP - an alternative to MIKEY as cryptographic key-agreement protocol for SRTP SDES Session Description Protocol Security Descriptions for Media Streams Key-agreement protocol Internet Key Exchange (IKE): Another key management protocol wolfSSL : A SSL/TLS library that has integration with MIKEY SAKKE References ^ Aghila, G.; Chandirasekaran, D. (2011). "An Analysis of VoIP Secure Key Exchange Protocols Against Man-In-The-Middle Attack" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Applications. 33 (7): 46–52.
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For the CPU, see Atari Lynx. For other uses, see Mikey.Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY) is a key management protocol that is intended for use with real-time applications. It can specifically be used to set up encryption keys for multimedia sessions that are secured using SRTP, the security protocol commonly used for securing real-time communications such as VoIP.MIKEY was first defined in RFC 3830. Additional MIKEY modes have been defined in RFC 4650, RFC 4738, RFC 6043, RFC 6267 and RFC 6509.","title":"MIKEY"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Key_Transport_and_Exchange_Methods"}],"text":"As described in RFC 3830, the MIKEY protocol is intended to provide end-to-end security between users to support a communication. To do this, it shares a session key, known as the Traffic Encryption Key (TEK), between the participants of a communication session. The MIKEY protocol may also authenticate the participants of the communication.MIKEY provides many methods to share the session key and authenticate participants.","title":"Purpose of MIKEY"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Description_Protocol"},{"link_name":"SIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"MIKEY is used to perform key management for securing a multimedia communication protocol. As such, MIKEY exchanges generally occur within the signalling protocol which supports the communication.A common setup is for MIKEY to support Secure VoIP by providing the key management mechanism for the VoIP protocol (SRTP). Key management is performed by including MIKEY messages within the SDP content of SIP signalling messages.[1]","title":"Using MIKEY in practice"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Use cases","text":"MIKEY considers how to secure the following use cases:One-to-one communications\nConference communications\nGroup Broadcast\nCall Divert\nCall Forking\nDelayed delivery (Voicemail)Not all MIKEY methods support each use case. Each MIKEY method also has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of feature support, computational complexity and latency of communication setup.","title":"Using MIKEY in practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KEK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Encryption_Key"},{"link_name":"Pre-Shared Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-shared_key"},{"link_name":"symmetric encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_encryption"},{"link_name":"Public-Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography"},{"link_name":"public key encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_encryption"},{"link_name":"PKI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Diffie–Hellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman"},{"link_name":"Diffie–Hellman key exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange"},{"link_name":"perfect forward secrecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_forward_secrecy"},{"link_name":"HMAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)"},{"link_name":"public key encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_encryption"},{"link_name":"IBAKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID-based_cryptography"},{"link_name":"SAKKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai%E2%80%93Kasahara_scheme"}],"text":"MIKEY supports eight different methods to set up a common secret (to be used as e.g. a session key or a session KEK):Pre-Shared Key (MIKEY-PSK): This is the most efficient way to handle the transport of the Common Secret, since only symmetric encryption is used and only a small amount of data has to be exchanged. However, an individual key has to be shared with every single peer, which leads to scalability problems for larger user groups.\nPublic-Key (MIKEY-PK): The Common Secret is exchanged with the help of public key encryption. In larger systems, this requires a PKI to handle the secure distribution of public keys.\nDiffie–Hellman (MIKEY-DH): A Diffie–Hellman key exchange is used to set up the Common Secret. This method has a higher resource consumption (both computation time and bandwidth) than the previous ones, but has the advantage of providing perfect forward secrecy. Also, it can be used without any PKI.\nDH-HMAC (MIKEY-DHHMAC) (HMAC-Authenticated Diffie–Hellman): This is a light-weight version of Diffie–Hellman MIKEY: instead of certificates and RSA signatures it uses HMAC to authenticate the two parts to one another. DH-HMAC is defined in RFC 4650.\nRSA-R (MIKEY-RSA-R) (Reverse RSA): The Common Secret is exchanged with the help of public key encryption in a way that doesn't require any PKI: the initiator sends its public RSA key to the responder, which responds by selecting the Common Secret and then send it back to the initiator encrypted with the initiator's public key. RSA-R is defined in RFC 4738.\nTICKET (MIKEY-TICKET): Ticket-Based Modes of Key Distribution in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY). MIKEY-TICKET is defined in RFC 6043.\nIBAKE (MIKEY-IBAKE): Identity-Based Authenticated Key Exchange (IBAKE) Mode of Key Distribution in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY). MIKEY-IBAKE is defined in RFC 6267.\nSAKKE (MIKEY-SAKKE): Sakai-Kasahara Key Encryption in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY). This is an Identity-Based Authenticated Key Exchange method. MIKEY-SAKKE is defined in RFC 6509.","title":"Key transport and exchange methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MIKEY-SAKKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai%E2%80%93Kasahara_scheme"}],"text":"The majority of MIKEY methods requires the initiator to send a message to participants (the I_MESSAGE), and the receivers to respond with another message (the R_MESSAGE). Once this exchange has completed, the session key can be generated by the participants. MIKEY-SAKKE does not require an R_MESSAGE.","title":"MIKEY messages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diffie–Hellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman"},{"link_name":"public key encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_encryption"},{"link_name":"Sakai-Kasahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai%E2%80%93Kasahara_scheme"}],"sub_title":"MIKEY message content","text":"MIKEY messages are made up of a number of payloads. Each payload describes the next payload in the MIKEY message. In this way the MIKEY protocol has shown it is flexible to being extended and adapted.The first payload is always the Common Header (HDR). This identifies the version of the MIKEY protocol, the method used (data type), whether a response is required and it identifies the cryptographic session that will be established via the exchange.Further payloads are defined by the MIKEY method in use. Frequently these will include information payloads such as:A timestamp payload (T) - this contains the time and hence helps protect against replay attacks.\nIdentity Payloads (ID) - this identifies the participants. This payload type can also contain certificates (CERT). This was extended in RFC 6043 to include the 'role' of the user as part of the ID (IDR).\nA RAND payload (RAND) - this is random data used to salt the post-exchange key derivation.\nSecurity Policies (SP) - this contains a limited set of security policies to support the communication.\nCertificate Hash (CHASH) - a hash indicating a certificate used for public-key encryption.In addition to this, the MIKEY message will contain at least one payload which encapsulates key material. These include:Key data transport (KEMAC) - this encapsulating the key by encrypting it using a pre-shared secret. This is extended by RFC 4650 to support authenticated Diffie–Hellman (DHHMAC).\nDiffie–Hellman (DH) - this contains cryptographic information supporting the Diffie–Hellman protocol.\nEnvelope Data (PKE) - this encapsulates the key using public key encryption. This is extended by RFC 4738 and RFC 6267.\nSakai-Kasahara (SAKKE) - this encapsulates the key using the identity-based Sakai-Kasahara protocol. This is defined by RFC 6509.\nTicket (TICKET) - provides a cryptographic token to request key material from an external server (KMS). This is defined by RFC 6043.Finally, the MIKEY message may contain an authentication payload. These include:Signature (SIGN) - a signature on the MIKEY message.\nVerification (V) - a MAC sent by the receiver to verify receipt.","title":"MIKEY messages"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Vancouver_(1916)
Hotel Vancouver (1916)
["1 Famous Guests","2 Structure and Location","3 World War II","4 Media depictions","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°16′57″N 123°07′05″W / 49.2825°N 123.1181°W / 49.2825; -123.1181Hotel in British Columbia, Canada This article is about the second Hotel Vancouver. For the current building, see Hotel Vancouver. Hotel Vancouver, Vancouver, British Columbia (ca. 1923)General informationArchitectural styleRenaissance Revival architectureLocationVancouverOpened1916Demolished1949Technical detailsSize77 mFloor count15Design and constructionArchitect(s)Francis S. Swales The Hotel Vancouver, the second of three by that name, was a 15 story (77m) Italian Renaissance style hotel built in 1916 by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The architect was Francis S. Swales. The hotel closed in 1939, when an arrangement was made with rival Canadian National Railway (CNR) to jointly operate CNR's new hotel, located two blocks away. That hotel, which took over the name Hotel Vancouver, is still operating today. The 1916 CPR building survived until 1949 when it was demolished by the Eaton's department store chain. Famous Guests Many famous people stayed at this hotel, including Winston Churchill, Sarah Bernhardt, Babe Ruth, Ethel Barrymore, and Anna Pavlova. It was also much loved by the people of Vancouver, who made its rooftop dining room and dance floor, the Panorama Roof, a favourite place for a night out. Structure and Location The upstart Canadian Northern wanted to impress the town to further its rivalry with the Canadian Pacific. To this end, the east side of False Creek was filled in to expand rail yards and situate a Beaux Arts railway station. Once flanked by a much more elaborate Great Northern station, since demolished, the Pacific Central Station still stands today. In an agreement with the city, the Canadian Northern promised to build a new hotel. However, the First World War and the insolvency of the Canadian Northern Railway delayed the start of the project; the successor Canadian National began construction in 1928. The Great Depression delayed the opening of the third Hotel Vancouver until 1939. Money to complete the hotel was finally provided by the Canadian government in 1937 as an unemployment relief projet in the dark days of the Depression. Fearing the market was not large enough for competing hotels, the railways agreed to a joint CP-CN hotel as a condition of the completion. World War II During the Second World War, the second Hotel Vancouver was used as a barracks. The building was boarded up and placed under guard at the end of the war, a time when returning veterans were having difficulty finding housing. In January 1946 thirty-five veterans, unimpeded by Army sentries, took over the vacant hotel and announced the building was now veterans housing. They organized themselves and soon were housing approximately 1,000 veterans and some spouses. The building was used by the veterans until 1948 and torn down a year later. The block became a parking lot until 1969. The Pacific Centre, including the TD Tower and the main Vancouver Eaton's Store (now Nordstrom), was constructed between 1969 and 1973 and stands on the site today. Media depictions The hotel was shown prominently in the opening scene of A. D. Kean's feature film Policing the Plains (1924-1927), as shown in a production still from May 1924. The film has since been lost. The hotel was recreated in virtual form in the 2014 interactive work Circa 1948. References ^ Woods, Will (26 June 2012). "The Secret History of the Hotel Vancouver". Inside Vancouver. Retrieved 23 February 2018. ^ Ahearn, Victoria (23 April 2014). "NFB's Circa 1948 project at Tribeca Film Festival". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 23 April 2014. ^ Farago, Jason (22 April 2014). "Stan Douglas' Circa 1948: 'It's not a game, it's a story'". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2014. External links Emporis Listing BC Archives Photo: Second Hotel Vancouver, Georgia & Granville, c.1920 at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2006-10-23) BC Archives Photo: Billiard Room, Second Hotel Vancouver, 1920s BC Archives Photo: Dining Room, Second Hotel Vancouver, 1920s BC Archives Photo: Interior, Second Hotel Vancouver, 1916 Floor plans from 1916 magazine article vteDefunct hotels in Canada List of defunct hotels in Canada Chateau Aeroport-Mirabel Chestnut Residence Donegana's Hotel Duke of York Inn, Toronto The Edwin Empress Hotel (Toronto) Exchange Coffee House, Montreal Ford Hotel Grand Forks Hotel Guild Inn Highland Inn Hotel Vancouver (1916) Inn on the Park John Finch's Hotel Laurentian Hotel Lord Simcoe Hotel Minaki Lodge Montgomery's Inn Mount Royal Hotel Ottawa Hotel, Montreal Place Viger Rossin House Hotel Royal Edward Arms Russell House (Ottawa) Warwick Hotel (Toronto) Windsor Hotel (Montreal) Hotels portal Companies portal Canada portal  Category: Defunct hotels in Canada 49°16′57″N 123°07′05″W / 49.2825°N 123.1181°W / 49.2825; -123.1181
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hotel Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"},{"link_name":"Hotel Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Eaton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton%27s"}],"text":"Hotel in British Columbia, CanadaThis article is about the second Hotel Vancouver. For the current building, see Hotel Vancouver.The Hotel Vancouver, the second of three by that name, was a 15 story (77m) Italian Renaissance style hotel built in 1916 by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The architect was Francis S. Swales.The hotel closed in 1939, when an arrangement was made with rival Canadian National Railway (CNR) to jointly operate CNR's new hotel, located two blocks away. That hotel, which took over the name Hotel Vancouver, is still operating today. The 1916 CPR building survived until 1949 when it was demolished by the Eaton's department store chain.","title":"Hotel Vancouver (1916)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Ethel Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Anna Pavlova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pavlova"}],"text":"Many famous people stayed at this hotel, including Winston Churchill, Sarah Bernhardt, Babe Ruth, Ethel Barrymore, and Anna Pavlova. It was also much loved by the people of Vancouver, who made its rooftop dining room and dance floor, the Panorama Roof, a favourite place for a night out.","title":"Famous Guests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Central_Station_(Vancouver)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The upstart Canadian Northern wanted to impress the town to further its rivalry with the Canadian Pacific. To this end, the east side of False Creek was filled in to expand rail yards and situate a Beaux Arts railway station. Once flanked by a much more elaborate Great Northern station, since demolished, the Pacific Central Station still stands today. In an agreement with the city, the Canadian Northern promised to build a new hotel. However, the First World War and the insolvency of the Canadian Northern Railway delayed the start of the project; the successor Canadian National began construction in 1928. The Great Depression delayed the opening of the third Hotel Vancouver until 1939. Money to complete the hotel was finally provided by the Canadian government in 1937 as an unemployment relief projet in the dark days of the Depression. Fearing the market was not large enough for competing hotels, the railways agreed to a joint CP-CN hotel as a condition of the completion.[1]","title":"Structure and Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TD Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Tower_(Vancouver)"}],"text":"During the Second World War, the second Hotel Vancouver was used as a barracks. The building was boarded up and placed under guard at the end of the war, a time when returning veterans were having difficulty finding housing. In January 1946 thirty-five veterans, unimpeded by Army sentries, took over the vacant hotel and announced the building was now veterans housing. They organized themselves and soon were housing approximately 1,000 veterans and some spouses.The building was used by the veterans until 1948 and torn down a year later. The block became a parking lot until 1969. The Pacific Centre, including the TD Tower and the main Vancouver Eaton's Store (now Nordstrom), was constructed between 1969 and 1973 and stands on the site today.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. D. Kean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Kean"},{"link_name":"Policing the Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policing_the_Plains"},{"link_name":"production still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search-bcarchives.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/royal-canadian-mounted-police-led-by-asst-commissioner-t-wroughton-in-one-of-opening-scenes-policing-plains-may-1924"},{"link_name":"Circa 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa_1948"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahearn-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farago-3"}],"text":"The hotel was shown prominently in the opening scene of A. D. Kean's feature film Policing the Plains (1924-1927), as shown in a production still from May 1924. The film has since been lost.The hotel was recreated in virtual form in the 2014 interactive work Circa 1948.[2][3]","title":"Media depictions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Woods, Will (26 June 2012). \"The Secret History of the Hotel Vancouver\". Inside Vancouver. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidevancouver.ca/2012/06/26/the-secret-history-of-the-hotel-vancouver/","url_text":"\"The Secret History of the Hotel Vancouver\""}]},{"reference":"Ahearn, Victoria (23 April 2014). \"NFB's Circa 1948 project at Tribeca Film Festival\". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/visualarts/2014/04/23/nfbs_circa_1948_project_at_tribeca_film_festival.html","url_text":"\"NFB's Circa 1948 project at Tribeca Film Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Press","url_text":"The Canadian Press"}]},{"reference":"Farago, Jason (22 April 2014). \"Stan Douglas' Circa 1948: 'It's not a game, it's a story'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/apr/22/stan-douglas-vancouver-circa-film-new-york","url_text":"\"Stan Douglas' Circa 1948: 'It's not a game, it's a story'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bossuet
Musée Bossuet
["1 Buildings","1.1 The episcopal palace","1.2 Garden","2 Collections","3 Rooms","3.1 Access ramp: Bishops of Meaux","3.2 Rooms 1 and 2: Mannerism","3.3 Rooms 3 and 4: Classical period","3.4 Rooms 5 and 6: Eighteenth century","3.5 Room 7: Bossuet","3.6 Rooms 8 and 9 : The nineteenth century","3.7 Room 10: The Apothecary","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Musée Bossuet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Musée BossuetView of the museum from the gardenLocation within FranceEstablished1927LocationMeaux, Ile-de-France, FranceCoordinates48°57′39″N 2°52′42″E / 48.960698°N 2.878316°E / 48.960698; 2.878316Collection sizePaintings, sculpture and decorative artsWebsitewww.musee-bossuet.fr The Musée Bossuet is the art and history museum of the town of Meaux, France. Situated in the old episcopal palace, it takes its name from the famous orator and theologian, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux from 1681 to 1704. Buildings The episcopal palace Built in the twelfth century around 1160, then rebuilt in the seventeenth century, the episcopal palace architecturally is a mix of medieval and Renaissance styles. The most interesting example of eighteenth century work is the south facade of the palace, built of brick and stone, with large cross windows. The north facade is also representative of the Grand Siècle style. The lower rooms of the palace are the oldest, dating from the second half of the twelfth century. The low and high chapels also date from this time, but were expanded and redesigned in the fifteenth century. Garden The Bossuet garden is beside the episcopal palace. It is a formal garden in the French style with the shape of a miter. The garden was created in the seventeenth century during the episcopate of Dominique Séguier. It took the name of the great prelate in 1911, when it was opened to the public as a city park. On crossing it one reaches the study of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet. Collections Henri Mauperché: Landscape with the temple of the Sybil Antoine Rivalz: Charity The episcopal palace houses collections of paintings and sculptures, as well as items of local history. The collections have expanded thanks to the legacy of the chemist and collector Henri Moissan in 1914 and, more recently, thanks to the donation of the neuro-biologist Jean-Pierre Changeux. He enriched the museum with forty works, the last of which entered the collection in 2006. Different schools of painting are shown from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are very well represented with canvasses of religious subjects by Frans Floris and Bon Boullogne as well as works of Gianfrancesco Penni, Giuseppe Cesari, Domenichino, Claude Deruet, Claude Vignon, Jean Tassel, Jacques Blanchard, the Le Nain brothers (L'Adoration des Mages), Henri Mauperché, Sébastien Bourdon (Saint Martin ressuscitant un jeune homme and Laban cherchant ses idoles), Noël Coypel and Jacques Courtois (two battle scenes), Charles de La Fosse and Hyacinthe Rigaud. From the eighteenth century there as mythological scenes by François-Alexandre Verdier, François de Troy, Antoine Rivalz, Charles-Antoine Coypel, François Lemoyne, Jean II Restout, Charles-André van Loo, Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre, Philip James de Loutherbourg, Jacques Gamelin and Jean-Baptiste Regnault. The nineteenth century is represented by landscapes from the Barbizon school and a fine collection of paintings of the orientalists. Sculptures include some by anonymous medieval artists and works by artists such as Edmé Bouchardon and Louis-Ernest Barrias from the nineteenth century. Rooms Access ramp: Bishops of Meaux There are many pictures of the successive Bishops of Meaux along the access ramp. Rooms 1 and 2: Mannerism In Europe: Giuseppe Cesari Frans Floris, Jean Senelle Rooms 3 and 4: Classical period Preclassicism Le Grand Siècle Rooms 5 and 6: Eighteenth century Mythology Neo-Classicism Room 7: Bossuet The memory of Bishop Bossuet of Meaux (1682-1704) is evoked by his portraits by Hyacinthe Rigaud and after Pierre Mignard gathered in his old study. Rooms 8 and 9 : The nineteenth century Orientalism and realism Romanticism Room 10: The Apothecary Gallery Portrait of Cardinal Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy (1657-1737). Anonymous The Conversion of Henri, Duke of Joyeuse. Jean Tardieu, around 1819 "La mort de Paetus", oil on canvas, by Antoine Rivalz References Citations Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musée Bossuet. Page on the town of Meaux web site (in French) External links Official web site (in French) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaux"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Meaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Meaux"}],"text":"The Musée Bossuet is the art and history museum of the town of Meaux, France. \nSituated in the old episcopal palace, it takes its name from the famous orator and theologian, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux from 1681 to 1704.","title":"Musée Bossuet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"}],"sub_title":"The episcopal palace","text":"Built in the twelfth century around 1160, then rebuilt in the seventeenth century, the episcopal palace architecturally is a mix of medieval and Renaissance styles. The most interesting example of eighteenth century work is the south facade of the palace, built of brick and stone, with large cross windows. The north facade is also representative of the Grand Siècle style. The lower rooms of the palace are the oldest, dating from the second half of the twelfth century. The low and high chapels also date from this time, but were expanded and redesigned in the fifteenth century.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominique Séguier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominique_S%C3%A9guier&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Garden","text":"The Bossuet garden is beside the episcopal palace. It is a formal garden in the French style with the shape of a miter. The garden was created in the seventeenth century during the episcopate of Dominique Séguier. It took the name of the great prelate in 1911, when it was opened to the public as a city park. On crossing it one reaches the study of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henri_Mauperch%C3%A9_-_Paysage_avec_le_temple_de_la_Sybille.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henri Mauperché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Mauperch%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rivalz_-_La_Charit%C3%A9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antoine Rivalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Rivalz"},{"link_name":"Henri Moissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Moissan"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Changeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux"},{"link_name":"Frans Floris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Floris"},{"link_name":"Bon Boullogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Boullogne"},{"link_name":"Gianfrancesco Penni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfrancesco_Penni"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Cesari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Cesari"},{"link_name":"Domenichino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenichino"},{"link_name":"Claude Deruet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Deruet"},{"link_name":"Claude Vignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Vignon"},{"link_name":"Jean Tassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Tassel"},{"link_name":"Jacques Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"Le Nain brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Nain_brothers"},{"link_name":"Henri Mauperché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Mauperch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Bourdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdon"},{"link_name":"Noël Coypel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel"},{"link_name":"Jacques Courtois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Courtois"},{"link_name":"Charles de La Fosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_La_Fosse"},{"link_name":"Hyacinthe Rigaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud"},{"link_name":"François-Alexandre Verdier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Alexandre_Verdier"},{"link_name":"François de Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy"},{"link_name":"Antoine Rivalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Rivalz"},{"link_name":"Charles-Antoine Coypel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Antoine_Coypel"},{"link_name":"François Lemoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lemoyne"},{"link_name":"Jean II Restout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_II_Restout"},{"link_name":"Charles-André van Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Pierre"},{"link_name":"Philip James de Loutherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Gamelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Gamelin"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Regnault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Regnault"},{"link_name":"Barbizon school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbizon_school"},{"link_name":"Edmé Bouchardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edm%C3%A9_Bouchardon"},{"link_name":"Louis-Ernest Barrias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ernest_Barrias"}],"text":"Henri Mauperché: Landscape with the temple of the SybilAntoine Rivalz: CharityThe episcopal palace houses collections of paintings and sculptures, as well as items of local history. The collections have expanded thanks to the legacy of the chemist and collector Henri Moissan in 1914 and, more recently, thanks to the donation of the neuro-biologist Jean-Pierre Changeux. He enriched the museum with forty works, the last of which entered the collection in 2006. Different schools of painting are shown from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries.The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are very well represented with canvasses of religious subjects by Frans Floris and Bon Boullogne as well as works of Gianfrancesco Penni, Giuseppe Cesari, Domenichino, Claude Deruet, Claude Vignon, Jean Tassel, Jacques Blanchard, the Le Nain brothers (L'Adoration des Mages), Henri Mauperché, Sébastien Bourdon (Saint Martin ressuscitant un jeune homme and Laban cherchant ses idoles), Noël Coypel and Jacques Courtois (two battle scenes), Charles de La Fosse and Hyacinthe Rigaud.\nFrom the eighteenth century there as mythological scenes by François-Alexandre Verdier, François de Troy, Antoine Rivalz, Charles-Antoine Coypel, François Lemoyne, Jean II Restout, Charles-André van Loo, Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre, Philip James de Loutherbourg, Jacques Gamelin and Jean-Baptiste Regnault.\nThe nineteenth century is represented by landscapes from the Barbizon school and a fine collection of paintings of the orientalists.\nSculptures include some by anonymous medieval artists and works by artists such as Edmé Bouchardon and Louis-Ernest Barrias from the nineteenth century.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rooms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Access ramp: Bishops of Meaux","text":"There are many pictures of the successive Bishops of Meaux along the access ramp.","title":"Rooms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Cesari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Cesari"},{"link_name":"Frans Floris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Floris"},{"link_name":"Jean Senelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Senelle"}],"sub_title":"Rooms 1 and 2: Mannerism","text":"In Europe: Giuseppe Cesari\nFrans Floris, Jean Senelle","title":"Rooms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rooms 3 and 4: Classical period","text":"Preclassicism\nLe Grand Siècle","title":"Rooms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rooms 5 and 6: Eighteenth century","text":"Mythology\nNeo-Classicism","title":"Rooms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyacinthe Rigaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud"},{"link_name":"Pierre Mignard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mignard"}],"sub_title":"Room 7: Bossuet","text":"The memory of Bishop Bossuet of Meaux (1682-1704) is evoked by his portraits by Hyacinthe Rigaud and after Pierre Mignard gathered in his old study.","title":"Rooms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rooms 8 and 9 : The nineteenth century","text":"Orientalism and realism\nRomanticism","title":"Rooms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Room 10: The Apothecary","title":"Rooms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardinal_Henri-Pons_de_Thiard_de_Bissy-mus%C3%A9e_Bossuet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Pons_de_Thiard_de_Bissy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Tardieu_-_la_conversion_de_Jean_de_Joyeuse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henri, Duke of Joyeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_Duke_of_Joyeuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rivalz_-_La_Mort_de_Paetus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antoine Rivalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Rivalz"}],"text":"Portrait of Cardinal Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy (1657-1737). Anonymous\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Conversion of Henri, Duke of Joyeuse. Jean Tardieu, around 1819\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"La mort de Paetus\", oil on canvas, by Antoine Rivalz","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Henri Mauperché: Landscape with the temple of the Sybil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Henri_Mauperch%C3%A9_-_Paysage_avec_le_temple_de_la_Sybille.jpg/220px-Henri_Mauperch%C3%A9_-_Paysage_avec_le_temple_de_la_Sybille.jpg"},{"image_text":"Antoine Rivalz: Charity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rivalz_-_La_Charit%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Rivalz_-_La_Charit%C3%A9.jpg"}]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusair
Musa ibn Nusayr
["1 Background","2 Islamic conquest of Maghreb","2.1 Governor","3 Conquest of Al-Andalus","3.1 Background","3.2 Invasion","4 Return to Damascus","5 Death","6 In legend","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References"]
Arab military commander provincial governor (640-716) Musa ibn NusayrUmayyad governor of IfriqiyaIn office703–715MonarchsAbd al MalikAl-Walid IPreceded byHassan ibn al-Nu'manSucceeded byMuhammad ibn Yazid Personal detailsBornc. 640HebronDied716HejazRelationsAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr (grandson)Children Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa Marwan ibn Musa Abd Allah ibn Musa ParentNusayrMilitary serviceAllegianceUmayyad CaliphateBattles/wars Muslim conquest of the Maghreb Umayyad conquest of Hispania Musa ibn Nusayr (Arabic: موسى بن نصير Mūsá bin Nuṣayr; c. 640 – c. 716) was an Arab general and governor who served under the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I. He ruled over the Muslim provinces of North Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom that controlled the Iberian Peninsula and part of what is now southern France (Septimania). Background Various suggestions have been made as to his ancestry. Some say his father belonged to the Lakhmid clan of semi-nomads who lived east of the Euphrates and were allies of the Sassanians, while others claim he belonged to the Banu Bakr confederation. One account stated that Musa's father was taken captive after the fall of the Mesopotamian city of Ayn al-Tamr (633). According to this account, he was an Arab Christian who was one of a number being held hostage there. However, al-Baladhuri, relating the same events, states he was an Arab of the Balī tribe, from Jabal al-Jalīl in Palestine . As a slave, Musa's father entered the service of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (governor of Egypt and son of the caliph Marwan I) who gave him his freedom. He returned to Syria where Musa was born at a place called Kafarmara or Kafarmathra. The date of his birth has been given as 640. Musa was made co-governor of Iraq by the caliph Abd al-Malik, together with the caliph's brother Bishr ibn Marwan. There was some quarrel over missing tax money, and Musa was given the choice: pay a huge fine, or pay with his head. His father's patron, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, had a high opinion of Musa, and paid the ransom; he was later responsible for appointing Musa to be governor of Ifriqiya. Islamic conquest of Maghreb Hasan ibn al-Nu'man was sent to continue the Islamic conquest in North Africa all the way to Morocco. He was relieved of his command for allowing continuing Byzantine attacks. Musa bin Nusayr was then sent to renew the attacks against the Berbers. But he did not impose Islam by force, rather, he respected Berber traditions and used diplomacy in subjugating them. This proved highly successful, as many Berbers converted to Islam and even entered his army as soldiers and officers, possibly including Tariq bin Ziyad who would lead the later Islamic expedition in Iberia. Governor In 698, Musa was made the governor of Ifriqiya and was responsible for completing the conquest of North Africa and of the Balearic Islands and Sardinia. He was the first governor of Ifriqiya not to be subordinate to the governor of Egypt. He was the first Muslim general to take Tangiers and occupy it; his troops also conquered the Sous, effectively taking control of all of the northern half of Morocco. He also had to deal with constant attacks from the Byzantine navy and he built a navy that would go on to conquer the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Menorca. Conquest of Al-Andalus See also: Umayyad conquest of Hispania (Note: Most of what follows in this section is to be found first in Ibn Abd al-Hakam, then repeated by others, e.g. the Akhbār majmūʿa, with more detail but little real variation.) Background Muslim and Christian sources quote that while Musa bin Nusayr was eager to cross the Straits of Gibraltar to Hispania, he determined to do so only when a Visigoth nobleman, Julian, Count of Ceuta, had encouraged him to invade Iberia, telling him of the people's sufferings and the injustice of their king, Roderic, while giving him cause for conquest by telling him of the riches that would be found, and of the many palaces, gardens and beauties of Hispania. Legend tells that Julian wished for the fall of the Visigothic kingdom because his daughter, Florinda la Cava, had been raped by Roderic. Invasion This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Musa ibn Nusayr in Iberia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) After a successful minor raid on the Spanish coast at Tarifa where the raiding force returned with a booty captured without any reported resistance, Musa decided to land a larger invasion force. Tariq bin Ziyad crossed the strait with approximately 7,000 Berbers and Arabs, and landed at Gibraltar (from Jebel Tariq, meaning Tariq's mountain in Arabic). The expedition's purpose must have been to conduct further raids and explore the territory. Tariq's army contained some guides supplied by Julian. Three weeks after his landing, the Muslims were faced with a superior Visigoth royal army of 100,000 troops under Roderic. The Muslims won the Battle of Guadalete, and the entire Visigoth nobility was all but exterminated at the battle. The Muslims then marched towards Córdoba, bypassing several strong fortifications. The well-defended city fell, and Tariq established a garrison there consisting mainly of the city's Jews who welcomed the invaders, having been subjected to conversion from the Visigoths for centuries. Tariq then continued on his way to Toledo. Musa, learning of Tariq's successes, landed in Iberia with an army of 18,000 Berbers and Arabs. He planned to rendezvous with Tariq at Toledo, but first proceeded to take Seville, which Tariq had bypassed, and where Musa met stiff resistance, and succeeded after three months of siege. He then campaigned in the province of Lusitania, eliminating the remaining Gothic resistance there. His last destination before meeting Tariq was to subdue Mérida, capital of Lusitania. After five months of siege and inconclusive fighting, a group of Ceutans pretended to be Christian reinforcements and managed to convince the guards into opening the gates. Once inside, the "reinforcements", nearly 700, overwhelmed the guards and managed to keep the gates open for the Muslims to enter the city and capture it. After Mérida, Musa divided his forces, taking the majority with him to meet Tariq at Toledo where he would remain for winter. The remainder of his forces were led by his son 'Abd al-Aziz, who would return to Seville to deal with an uprising. 'Abd al-Aziz made short work of the rebellion. He then conducted several campaigns on the return journey in the territories of Lusitania. Coimbra and Santarém were captured in the spring of 714. 'Abd al-Aziz then campaigned in Murcia. The Duke of Murcia, Theodemir, or Tudmir as he was called by the Muslims, surrendered to 'Abd al-Aziz after several hard-fought engagements in April 713. The terms imposed on Theodemir declared that the duke would keep the citadel of Orihuela and several other settlements, including Alicante and Lorca on the Mediterranean, that his followers will not be killed, taken prisoner, forced into Islam, and that their churches will not be burned. It also demanded that Theodemir not encourage or support others to resist the Muslims, and that he and every citizen of his dominion pay an annual tax in money and other goods. Musa finally met up with Tariq where there was an argument over the latter's booty, which reportedly included a gold table covered with gems and other precious stones that had reputedly once belonged to Solomon. Meanwhile, Musa's messenger, Mughith al-Rumi (the Roman) who had been sent to Caliph al-Walid I to inform him of the situation in Hispania, had returned. The Caliph requested Musa to withdraw and to report in person to Damascus. Musa chose to ignore this order temporarily, knowing that if he did not continue his advance, Visigoth resistance may increase and turn the tables against the Muslims. Having done so, he continued with Tariq to the north; Musa heading for Zaragoza, to which he lay siege, while Tariq continued to the provinces of León and Castile, capturing the towns of León and Astorga. Musa continued after taking Zaragoza to the north, taking Oviedo and reaching as far as the Bay of Biscay. The Islamic conquest of Iberia now complete, Musa proceeded to place governors and prefects throughout the newly conquered Al-Andalus, before returning to Damascus with most of the booty captured from the Jihad. Return to Damascus Both conquerors of Spain were therefore summoned by the caliph to Damascus. Tariq arrived first, according to some accounts. But then the caliph was taken ill. So the caliph's brother, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik became temporarily in charge, and asked Musa, who was arriving with a cavalcade of soldiers and spoils, to delay his grand entry into the city. He most certainly intended to claim the glories brought from the conquest for himself. But Musa dismissed this request, triumphantly entered Damascus anyway, and brought the booty before the ailing Al-Walid I, which brought Musa and Tariq unprecedented popularity amongst the people of Damascus. Al-Walid I then died a few days later and was succeeded by his brother Sulayman, who demanded that Musa deliver up all his spoils. When Musa complained, Sulayman stripped him of his rank and confiscated all the booty, including the table which had reputedly once belonged to Solomon. One of Musa's sons, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, married Egilona who was wife of Roderic. She asked 'Abd al-Aziz why his guests did not bow to him as they used to do in the presence of his father. It was reported that he began to force guests to bow to him. It was rumoured that he had secretly become a Christian, and a group of Arabs assassinated him, cut off his head and sent it to the caliph. Sulayman had Musa in his audience when the head arrived, and seeing whose it was, callously asked Musa if he recognized it. Musa maintained his dignity, saying he recognized it as belonging to someone who had always practiced the faith fervently, and cursed the men who had killed him. Another son, Abd Allah, who had acted as governor of Ifriqiya after Musa, was executed on the orders of the caliph on suspicion of having had killed the man who had replaced him. Death Musa died naturally while on the Hajj pilgrimage with Sulayman in about the year 715–716. Because of his disgrace, and the misfortunes of his sons, there was a tendency among medieval historians of the Maghreb to attribute his deeds (the conquest of Tangiers and the Sous) to Uqba ibn Nafi. The Moroccan peak Jebel Musa is named for Musa bin Nusayr according to the 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta. Al-Bakri in his al-Maslik wa al-Mamalik, mentions that Musa Ibn Nusayr was buried in Zaragoza. In legend Less than 200 years after his death, Musa ibn Nusayr became the subject of fantastic legends. These tales were first recorded in the late 9th or early 10th century by ibn al-Faqih, who wrote that Musa was ordered by the caliph to investigate reports of a strange city called al-Baht. Musa marched from Qayrawan to the deserts of Spain and came upon a city that was surrounded by walls with no entrance. Those who attempted to look over the wall became entranced and jumped, laughing deliriously. Musa then proceeded to a nearby lake, which contained copper jars. When opened, a genie emerged from each one. A more extensive version of the same legend is recorded in "The City of Brass," a tale in One Thousand and One Nights, in which Musa encounters many other marvels, such as a palace filled with jewels, whose only human occupant was the embalmed corpse of a beautiful woman, guarded by two robot warriors. The 17th-century historian Ibn Abi Dinar used Musa's decline in fortune as an object lesson in the vagaries of human existence, with some exaggerations: "Musa, who had conquered half the inhabited world, who had acquired so many riches, died in poverty, begging alms from passers-by, after having been abandoned by the last of his servants. Overcome by shame and misery, he wished for death, and God gave it to him. I only mention the details of Musa's death to give my contemporaries, who are poorly read, a striking example of the vicissitudes of human life." Probably the most extensive work to be inspired by the life of Musa is a section of the anonymous Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa, which contains a lengthy description of his deeds accompanied by many supposed speeches and sayings. Unlike many other authors, such as Ibn Abd al-Hakam, the work is entirely favourable to Musa. See also Umayyad conquest of North Africa Umayyad conquest of Hispania Timeline of the Muslim Occupation of the Iberian peninsula Al-Andalus Notes ^ Editor's note, p. 41 of the Spanish translation of Al-Bakri. ^ These conflicting accounts are mentioned by al-Baladhuri (p. 362 of English translation), Al-Bakri (p. 41 of Spanish translation). ^ English translation, pp. 396–397. ^ Hitti, on p. 397 of his translation of al-Baladhuri, states this is Mt. Galilee, presumably intending the reader to infer the place of that name near Jerusalem. But according to Yaqut, Kitāb mu'jam al-buldān, the name applies to mountains which extend up the coast of Syria to Homs and across to Damascus. ^ al-Baladhuri, p. 397 of English translation; the same in other sources, although Al-Bakri (p. 41 of Spanish translation) says that some say he was liberated by Uthman. ^ al-Baladhuri, p. 397 of English translation, and editor's note. ^ Al-Bakri, p. 42 of Spanish translation. ^ Ibn Abd al-Hakam, p. 329 of the English translation, p. 203 of Torrey's Arabic text. ^ "tarikhe.me". ww38.tarikhe.me. ^ It is not completely certain that Tariq was a Berber. See the article on Tariq bin Ziyad for a list of the several possibilities. ^ al-Baladhuri, p. 362 of English translation. ^ Lewis, David Levering (12 January 2009). God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215. W. W. Norton. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-393-06790-3. ^ The Sword of Islam: A.D. 565 to 740 : the Muslim Onslaught All But Destroys Christendom. Christian History Project. 2004. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-9689873-4-6. ^ Syed Ameer Ali (1899). A Short History of the Saracens (2004 ed.). Kegan Paul. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7103-0918-1. ^ See the article on Tariq bin Ziyad for more details of the supposed disagreements, accounts of which vary considerably. ^ Ibn Abd al-Hakam, pp. 212–213 of Arabic text, pp. 51–52 of Spanish translation. ^ Ibn Abd al-Hakam, pp. 213–214 of Arabic text, pp. 55–56 of Spanish translation. ^ See, for example, article by Ahmed Benabbès cited below which analyzes this tendency. Brunschvig, cited below, has stated that medieval historians could be divided into those for or against Musa. ^ Norris, H.T. (1959), "Ibn Battutah's Andalusian Journey", The Geographical Journal. ^ al-Bakri (c. 1048). المسالك والممالك (al-Masalik wa al-Mamlik). ^ Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadānī, pp. 108–112 of French translation. ^ The tale of "The City of Brass", in Burton's edition vol. 6, pp. 86–121. ^ Ibn Abi Dinar, pp. 60–61 of French translation. ^ It has been suggested that this life of Musa originated with an Egyptian descendant of his son Marwan, in the 2nd half of the 9th century: M. Makki, "Egipto y los orígenes de la historiografía árabe-española", Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid, v. 5, 157–248 (1957). References Al-Bakri, Kitāb al-masālik w'al-mamālik. Spanish translation of extracts relating to Spain, E. Vidal Beltran, Geografia de España, Textos Medievales vol. 53, Zaragoza, 1982. al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, translated by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of the Islamic State (1916, 1924). Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Spanish translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid, 1867. Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. English translation by Torrey of portion of this 9th century work covering the period: "The Mohammedan conquest of Egypt and North Africa in the Years 643-705 A.D., translated from the Original Arabic of Ibn 'Abd-el Hakem'", Biblical and Semitic Studies vol. 1 (1901), 279-330 (covers North Africa only, not Spain). Critical Arabic edition of the whole work published by Torrey, Yale University Press, 1932. Spanish translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African and Spanish parts of Torrey's Arabic text: "Conquista de Africa del Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966. An online copy of an older and less reliable (19th-century) English translation of the portion dealing only with Spain is at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain A. Benabbès: "Les premiers raids arabes en Numidie Byzantine: questions toponymiques." In Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique, University of Rouen, 2005 (ISBN 2-87775-391-3) Muhammad ibn Abi Dinar al-Qayrawānī, Al-Mu’nis fi Akhbar Ifriqiya wa Tunis (1681). French translation by E. Pellisier & E. Rémusat, Histoire de l'Afrique, Paris, 1845. Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadānī, Kitāb al-buldān. French translation by H. Massé: Abrégé du Livre des Pays, Damascus, 1973. Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. English translation of al-Maqqari and other authors. Anon., Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa (9th-10th century?). English translation: Appendix E of Gayangos' The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. Robert Brunschvig, "Ibn 'Abdalh'akam et la conquête de l'Afrique du Nord par les Arabes." Annales de l'Institut d'Etudes Orientales, v. 6 (1942–44) 108-155. Reprinted in Al-Andalus, 40 (1975), pp. 129–179. M.J. Viguera Molina, "The Muslim settlement of Spania/al-Andalus", p. 13-38 in The Foundation of al-Andalus. Part 1: History and Society (ed. M. Martin), Ashgate, UK, 1998 (vol. 46 of The Foundation of the Classical Islamic World series). Reviews all Arabic sources. Preceded byHassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani Governor of Ifriqiya 703–715 Succeeded byMuhammad ibn Yazid Preceded byTariq ibn-Ziyad Governor of Al-Andalus 712–714 Succeeded byAbd al-Aziz ibn Musa vteUmayyad governors of al-AndalusDependent Musa ibn Nusayr Abd al-Aziz Ayyub ibn Habib al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Samh ibn Malik Abd al-Rahman Anbasa ibn Suhaym Udhra ibn Abd Allah Yahya ibn Salama Hudhaifa ibn al-Ahwas Uthman ibn Abi Nis'a al-Haytham ibn Ubayd Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Abd al-Rahman Abd al-Malik Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj Abd al-Malik Balj ibn Bishr Thalaba ibn Salama Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam Tuwaba ibn Salama Abd al-Rahman Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman IndependentUmayyad emirs Abd al-Rahman I Al-Ala ibn Mughith Abd al-Rahman Hisham I al-Hakam I Abd ar-Rahman II Muhammad I al-Mundhir Abdallah ibn Muhammad Abd al-Rahman III Umayyad caliphs Abd al-Rahman III Al-Hakam II Hisham II Muhammad II Sulayman II Hisham II Sulayman II al-Mu'ayti Abd al-Rahman IV Hammudid caliphs Ali ibn Hammud Al-Qasim ibn Hammud Yahya ibn Ali Al-Qasim ibn Hammud Umayyad caliphs Abd al-Rahman V Muhammad III Hisham III Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other İslâm Ansiklopedisi
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Umayyad caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Al-Walid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Islamic conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania"},{"link_name":"Visigothic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Septimania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania"}],"text":"Musa ibn Nusayr (Arabic: موسى بن نصير Mūsá bin Nuṣayr; c. 640 – c. 716) was an Arab general and governor who served under the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I. He ruled over the Muslim provinces of North Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom that controlled the Iberian Peninsula and part of what is now southern France (Septimania).","title":"Musa ibn Nusayr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakhmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmids"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Sassanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Banu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ayn al-Tamr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ayn_al-Tamr"},{"link_name":"al-Baladhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yahya_al-Baladhuri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Balī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Marwan_ibn_al-Hakam"},{"link_name":"governor of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Islamic_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Marwan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_I"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan"},{"link_name":"Bishr ibn Marwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishr_ibn_Marwan"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Marwan_ibn_al-Hakam"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"}],"text":"Various suggestions have been made as to his ancestry. Some say his father belonged to the Lakhmid clan of semi-nomads who lived east of the Euphrates and were allies of the Sassanians,[1] while others claim he belonged to the Banu Bakr confederation.[2] One account stated that Musa's father was taken captive after the fall of the Mesopotamian city of Ayn al-Tamr (633). According to this account, he was an Arab Christian who was one of a number being held hostage there. However, al-Baladhuri, relating the same events,[3] states he was an Arab of the Balī tribe, from Jabal al-Jalīl in Palestine .[4]As a slave, Musa's father entered the service of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (governor of Egypt and son of the caliph Marwan I) who gave him his freedom.[5] He returned to Syria where Musa was born at a place called Kafarmara or Kafarmathra.[6] The date of his birth has been given as 640.[7]Musa was made co-governor of Iraq by the caliph Abd al-Malik, together with the caliph's brother Bishr ibn Marwan. There was some quarrel over missing tax money, and Musa was given the choice: pay a huge fine, or pay with his head. His father's patron, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, had a high opinion of Musa, and paid the ransom;[8] he was later responsible for appointing Musa to be governor of Ifriqiya.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hasan ibn al-Nu'man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_al-Nu%27man"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tariq bin Ziyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_bin_Ziyad"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Hasan ibn al-Nu'man was sent to continue the Islamic conquest in North Africa all the way to Morocco. He was relieved of his command for allowing continuing Byzantine attacks. Musa bin Nusayr was then sent to renew the attacks against the Berbers. But he did not impose Islam by force, rather, he respected Berber traditions and used diplomacy in subjugating them. This proved highly successful, as many Berbers converted to Islam and even entered his army as soldiers and officers,[9] possibly including Tariq bin Ziyad[10] who would lead the later Islamic expedition in Iberia.","title":"Islamic conquest of Maghreb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"conquest of North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Tangiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangiers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiza"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorca"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Governor","text":"In 698, Musa was made the governor of Ifriqiya and was responsible for completing the conquest of North Africa and of the Balearic Islands and Sardinia. He was the first governor of Ifriqiya not to be subordinate to the governor of Egypt. He was the first Muslim general to take Tangiers and occupy it;[11] his troops also conquered the Sous, effectively taking control of all of the northern half of Morocco. He also had to deal with constant attacks from the Byzantine navy and he built a navy that would go on to conquer the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Menorca.[citation needed]","title":"Islamic conquest of Maghreb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umayyad conquest of Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania"},{"link_name":"Akhbār majmūʿa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhb%C4%81r_majm%C5%AB%CA%BFa"}],"text":"See also: Umayyad conquest of Hispania(Note: Most of what follows in this section is to be found first in Ibn Abd al-Hakam, then repeated by others, e.g. the Akhbār majmūʿa, with more detail but little real variation.)","title":"Conquest of Al-Andalus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Straits of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Julian, Count of Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian,_Count_of_Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Roderic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic"},{"link_name":"Florinda la Cava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florinda_la_Cava"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis2009-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Muslim and Christian sources quote that while Musa bin Nusayr was eager to cross the Straits of Gibraltar to Hispania, he determined to do so only when a Visigoth nobleman, Julian, Count of Ceuta, had encouraged him to invade Iberia, telling him of the people's sufferings and the injustice of their king, Roderic, while giving him cause for conquest by telling him of the riches that would be found, and of the many palaces, gardens and beauties of Hispania. Legend tells that Julian wished for the fall of the Visigothic kingdom because his daughter, Florinda la Cava, had been raped by Roderic.[12][13]","title":"Conquest of Al-Andalus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarifa"},{"link_name":"Tariq bin Ziyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_bin_Ziyad"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ali2004-14"},{"link_name":"Battle of Guadalete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Ceutans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Musa"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Santarém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Murcia"},{"link_name":"Theodemir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemir_(Visigoth)"},{"link_name":"Orihuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orihuela"},{"link_name":"Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicante"},{"link_name":"Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorca,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mughith al-Rumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughith_al-Rumi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Walid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(province)"},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Astorga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astorga,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Oviedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviedo"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"Al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"}],"sub_title":"Invasion","text":"After a successful minor raid on the Spanish coast at Tarifa where the raiding force returned with a booty captured without any reported resistance, Musa decided to land a larger invasion force. Tariq bin Ziyad crossed the strait with approximately 7,000 Berbers and Arabs, and landed at Gibraltar (from Jebel Tariq, meaning Tariq's mountain in Arabic). The expedition's purpose must have been to conduct further raids and explore the territory. Tariq's army contained some guides supplied by Julian. Three weeks after his landing, the Muslims were faced with a superior Visigoth royal army of 100,000 troops under Roderic.[14] The Muslims won the Battle of Guadalete, and the entire Visigoth nobility was all but exterminated at the battle. The Muslims then marched towards Córdoba, bypassing several strong fortifications. The well-defended city fell, and Tariq established a garrison there consisting mainly of the city's Jews who welcomed the invaders, having been subjected to conversion from the Visigoths for centuries. Tariq then continued on his way to Toledo.Musa, learning of Tariq's successes, landed in Iberia with an army of 18,000 Berbers and Arabs. He planned to rendezvous with Tariq at Toledo, but first proceeded to take Seville, which Tariq had bypassed, and where Musa met stiff resistance, and succeeded after three months of siege. He then campaigned in the province of Lusitania, eliminating the remaining Gothic resistance there. His last destination before meeting Tariq was to subdue Mérida, capital of Lusitania. After five months of siege and inconclusive fighting, a group of Ceutans pretended to be Christian reinforcements and managed to convince the guards into opening the gates. Once inside, the \"reinforcements\", nearly 700, overwhelmed the guards and managed to keep the gates open for the Muslims to enter the city and capture it.After Mérida, Musa divided his forces, taking the majority with him to meet Tariq at Toledo where he would remain for winter. The remainder of his forces were led by his son 'Abd al-Aziz, who would return to Seville to deal with an uprising. 'Abd al-Aziz made short work of the rebellion. He then conducted several campaigns on the return journey in the territories of Lusitania. Coimbra and Santarém were captured in the spring of 714. 'Abd al-Aziz then campaigned in Murcia. The Duke of Murcia, Theodemir, or Tudmir as he was called by the Muslims, surrendered to 'Abd al-Aziz after several hard-fought engagements in April 713. The terms imposed on Theodemir declared that the duke would keep the citadel of Orihuela and several other settlements, including Alicante and Lorca on the Mediterranean, that his followers will not be killed, taken prisoner, forced into Islam, and that their churches will not be burned. It also demanded that Theodemir not encourage or support others to resist the Muslims, and that he and every citizen of his dominion pay an annual tax in money and other goods.Musa finally met up with Tariq where there was an argument over the latter's booty, which reportedly included a gold table covered with gems and other precious stones that had reputedly once belonged to Solomon.[15] Meanwhile, Musa's messenger, Mughith al-Rumi (the Roman) who had been sent to Caliph al-Walid I to inform him of the situation in Hispania, had returned. The Caliph requested Musa to withdraw and to report in person to Damascus. Musa chose to ignore this order temporarily, knowing that if he did not continue his advance, Visigoth resistance may increase and turn the tables against the Muslims. Having done so, he continued with Tariq to the north; Musa heading for Zaragoza, to which he lay siege, while Tariq continued to the provinces of León and Castile, capturing the towns of León and Astorga. Musa continued after taking Zaragoza to the north, taking Oviedo and reaching as far as the Bay of Biscay. The Islamic conquest of Iberia now complete, Musa proceeded to place governors and prefects throughout the newly conquered Al-Andalus, before returning to Damascus with most of the booty captured from the Jihad.","title":"Conquest of Al-Andalus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik"},{"link_name":"Al-Walid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I"},{"link_name":"Al-Walid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Musa"},{"link_name":"Egilona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egilona"},{"link_name":"Roderic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Both conquerors of Spain were therefore summoned by the caliph to Damascus. Tariq arrived first, according to some accounts. But then the caliph was taken ill. So the caliph's brother, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik became temporarily in charge, and asked Musa, who was arriving with a cavalcade of soldiers and spoils, to delay his grand entry into the city. He most certainly intended to claim the glories brought from the conquest for himself. But Musa dismissed this request, triumphantly entered Damascus anyway, and brought the booty before the ailing Al-Walid I, which brought Musa and Tariq unprecedented popularity amongst the people of Damascus. Al-Walid I then died a few days later and was succeeded by his brother Sulayman, who demanded that Musa deliver up all his spoils. When Musa complained, Sulayman stripped him of his rank and confiscated all the booty, including the table which had reputedly once belonged to Solomon.One of Musa's sons, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, married Egilona who was wife of Roderic. She asked 'Abd al-Aziz why his guests did not bow to him as they used to do in the presence of his father. It was reported that he began to force guests to bow to him. It was rumoured that he had secretly become a Christian, and a group of Arabs assassinated him, cut off his head and sent it to the caliph. Sulayman had Musa in his audience when the head arrived, and seeing whose it was, callously asked Musa if he recognized it. Musa maintained his dignity, saying he recognized it as belonging to someone who had always practiced the faith fervently, and cursed the men who had killed him.[16] Another son, Abd Allah, who had acted as governor of Ifriqiya after Musa, was executed on the orders of the caliph on suspicion of having had killed the man who had replaced him.[17]","title":"Return to Damascus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"Tangiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangiers"},{"link_name":"Sous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous"},{"link_name":"Uqba ibn Nafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Jebel Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Musa,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Ibn Battuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-htn-19"},{"link_name":"Al-Bakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bakri"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Musa died naturally while on the Hajj pilgrimage with Sulayman in about the year 715–716. Because of his disgrace, and the misfortunes of his sons, there was a tendency among medieval historians of the Maghreb to attribute his deeds (the conquest of Tangiers and the Sous) to Uqba ibn Nafi.[18]The Moroccan peak Jebel Musa is named for Musa bin Nusayr according to the 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta.[19]Al-Bakri in his al-Maslik wa al-Mamalik, mentions that Musa Ibn Nusayr was buried in Zaragoza.[20]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ibn al-Faqih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Qayrawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qayrawan"},{"link_name":"One Thousand and One Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abi Dinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Dinar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Imama_wa_al-Siyasa"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abd al-Hakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abd-el-Hakem"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Less than 200 years after his death, Musa ibn Nusayr became the subject of fantastic legends. These tales were first recorded in the late 9th or early 10th century by ibn al-Faqih, who wrote that Musa was ordered by the caliph to investigate reports of a strange city called al-Baht.[21] Musa marched from Qayrawan to the deserts of Spain and came upon a city that was surrounded by walls with no entrance. Those who attempted to look over the wall became entranced and jumped, laughing deliriously. Musa then proceeded to a nearby lake, which contained copper jars. When opened, a genie emerged from each one.A more extensive version of the same legend is recorded in \"The City of Brass,\" a tale in One Thousand and One Nights, in which Musa encounters many other marvels, such as a palace filled with jewels, whose only human occupant was the embalmed corpse of a beautiful woman, guarded by two robot warriors.[22]The 17th-century historian Ibn Abi Dinar used Musa's decline in fortune as an object lesson in the vagaries of human existence, with some exaggerations: \"Musa, who had conquered half the inhabited world, who had acquired so many riches, died in poverty, begging alms from passers-by, after having been abandoned by the last of his servants. Overcome by shame and misery, he wished for death, and God gave it to him. I only mention the details of Musa's death to give my contemporaries, who are poorly read, a striking example of the vicissitudes of human life.\"[23]Probably the most extensive work to be inspired by the life of Musa is a section of the anonymous Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa, which contains a lengthy description of his deeds accompanied by many supposed speeches and sayings. Unlike many other authors, such as Ibn Abd al-Hakam, the work is entirely favourable to Musa.[24]","title":"In legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Al-Bakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bakri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"al-Baladhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yahya_al-Baladhuri"},{"link_name":"Al-Bakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bakri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"al-Baladhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yahya_al-Baladhuri"},{"link_name":"Yaqut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi"},{"link_name":"Kitāb mu'jam al-buldān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_mu%27jam_al-buldan"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"al-Baladhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yahya_al-Baladhuri"},{"link_name":"Al-Bakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bakri"},{"link_name":"Uthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"al-Baladhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yahya_al-Baladhuri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Al-Bakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bakri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abd al-Hakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abd-el-Hakem"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"tarikhe.me\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ww38.tarikhe.me/2021/02/+.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Tariq bin Ziyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_bin_Ziyad"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"al-Baladhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yahya_al-Baladhuri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lewis2009_12-0"},{"link_name":"Lewis, David Levering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Levering_Lewis"},{"link_name":"God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Zxuar_ISdcUC&pg=PA119"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-06790-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06790-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"The Sword of Islam: A.D. 565 to 740 : the Muslim Onslaught All But Destroys Christendom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0sdrb9ABIkIC&pg=PA243"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9689873-4-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9689873-4-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ali2004_14-0"},{"link_name":"Syed Ameer Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali"},{"link_name":"A Short History of the Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rz8UAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7103-0918-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0918-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Tariq bin Ziyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_bin_Ziyad"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abd al-Hakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abd-el-Hakem"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abd al-Hakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abd-el-Hakem"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-htn_19-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadānī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abi Dinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Dinar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"}],"text":"^ Editor's note, p. 41 of the Spanish translation of Al-Bakri.\n\n^ These conflicting accounts are mentioned by al-Baladhuri (p. 362 of English translation), Al-Bakri (p. 41 of Spanish translation).\n\n^ English translation, pp. 396–397.\n\n^ Hitti, on p. 397 of his translation of al-Baladhuri, states this is Mt. Galilee, presumably intending the reader to infer the place of that name near Jerusalem. But according to Yaqut, Kitāb mu'jam al-buldān, the name applies to mountains which extend up the coast of Syria to Homs and across to Damascus.\n\n^ al-Baladhuri, p. 397 of English translation; the same in other sources, although Al-Bakri (p. 41 of Spanish translation) says that some say he was liberated by Uthman.\n\n^ al-Baladhuri, p. 397 of English translation, and editor's note.\n\n^ Al-Bakri, p. 42 of Spanish translation.\n\n^ Ibn Abd al-Hakam, p. 329 of the English translation, p. 203 of Torrey's Arabic text.\n\n^ \"tarikhe.me\". ww38.tarikhe.me.\n\n^ It is not completely certain that Tariq was a Berber. See the article on Tariq bin Ziyad for a list of the several possibilities.\n\n^ al-Baladhuri, p. 362 of English translation.\n\n^ Lewis, David Levering (12 January 2009). God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215. W. W. Norton. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-393-06790-3.\n\n^ The Sword of Islam: A.D. 565 to 740 : the Muslim Onslaught All But Destroys Christendom. Christian History Project. 2004. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-9689873-4-6.\n\n^ Syed Ameer Ali (1899). A Short History of the Saracens (2004 ed.). Kegan Paul. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7103-0918-1.\n\n^ See the article on Tariq bin Ziyad for more details of the supposed disagreements, accounts of which vary considerably.\n\n^ Ibn Abd al-Hakam, pp. 212–213 of Arabic text, pp. 51–52 of Spanish translation.\n\n^ Ibn Abd al-Hakam, pp. 213–214 of Arabic text, pp. 55–56 of Spanish translation.\n\n^ See, for example, article by Ahmed Benabbès cited below which analyzes this tendency. Brunschvig, cited below, has stated that medieval historians could be divided into those for or against Musa.\n\n^ Norris, H.T. (1959), \"Ibn Battutah's Andalusian Journey\", The Geographical Journal.\n\n^ al-Bakri (c. 1048). المسالك والممالك (al-Masalik wa al-Mamlik).\n\n^ Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadānī, pp. 108–112 of French translation.\n\n^ The tale of \"The City of Brass\", in Burton's edition vol. 6, pp. 86–121.\n\n^ Ibn Abi Dinar, pp. 60–61 of French translation.\n\n^ It has been suggested that this life of Musa originated with an Egyptian descendant of his son Marwan, in the 2nd half of the 9th century: M. Makki, \"Egipto y los orígenes de la historiografía árabe-española\", Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid, v. 5, 157–248 (1957).","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Umayyad conquest of North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa"},{"title":"Umayyad conquest of Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania"},{"title":"Timeline of the Muslim Occupation of the Iberian peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_Occupation_of_Spain"},{"title":"Al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barron
Charles Barron
["1 Early years and education","2 Early activism","2.1 Black Panther Party","2.2 National Black United Front","3 City Council","4 2005 New York City mayoral campaign","5 2006 Congressional campaigns","6 2010 gubernatorial campaign","7 2012 Congressional campaign","8 2014 State Assembly campaign","9 Political positions","9.1 Education","9.2 Walmart","9.3 Same-sex marriage and civil unions","9.4 Israel and its blockade of Gaza","9.5 Muammar Gaddafi, Robert Mugabe, and Louis Farrakhan","9.6 Police brutality","9.7 Reparations for slavery","9.8 African-American history","9.9 Clemency and compensation for the wrongly accused","9.10 Immigration","9.11 Pledge of Allegiance","9.12 Capitalism","9.13 Gentrification","9.14 Subprime mortgage crisis","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
American activist and politician For the Scottish writer and playwright, see Charles Barron (playwright). Charles BarronMember of the New York City Councilfrom the 42nd districtIn officeJanuary 1, 2022 – December 31, 2023Preceded byInez BarronSucceeded byChris BanksIn officeJanuary 1, 2002 – December 31, 2013Preceded byPriscilla A. WootenSucceeded byInez BarronMember of the New York State Assemblyfrom the 60th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 2015 – January 1, 2021Preceded byInez BarronSucceeded byNikki Lucas Personal detailsBorn (1950-10-07) October 7, 1950 (age 73)New York City, New York, U.S.Political partyDemocratic (1982–2010, 2012–present)Other politicalaffiliationsBlack Panther (1968–1982)Freedom Party of New York (2010–present)SpouseInez SmithChildren2EducationNew York City College of TechnologyHunter College (BA) Charles Barron (born October 7, 1950) is an American activist and politician who served in the New York City Council, representing Brooklyn's 42nd district from 2022 to 2023. He previously held the same seat from 2002 to 2013, and served in the New York Assembly from the 60th district between 2015 and 2022. A self-described "elected activist", Barron ran for Mayor of New York City in 2005. In 2006 he was narrowly defeated by Edolphus Towns in the Democratic Party primary for the U.S. House of Representatives (10th Congressional District). He ran again in the Democratic primary for New York's 8th congressional district, which was being vacated by Towns, but lost to State Assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries, 28% to 72%. Barron began his career working as a community activist in the East New York neighborhood of Brooklyn in the 1980s. He became chief of staff for Rev. Herbert Daughtry before running for the New York city council, where he served from 2001 to 2013. Early years and education Barron was born on October 7, 1950. For six years his family lived in Corona, Queens, then moved to the Lillian Wald housing project in Lower Manhattan. He attended Seward Park High School in Lower Manhattan, but left before graduating, but later earned his GED. He went on to attend New York City Technical College (then known as New York City Community College), earning an associate degree, and Hunter College, where he graduated with a B.A. in Sociology. Early activism Black Panther Party In 1969, when he was 18 years old, Barron was recruited to the Harlem branch of the Black Panther Party by a member named Mark Holder. Barron distributed newspapers for the party, and developed an interest in politics. He studied the Third World independence movement and the ideas of African leaders as Kwame Nkrumah (president of Ghana) and Ahmed Sékou Touré (president of Guinea). Barron became increasingly critical of U.S. foreign policy. He opposed the Duvaliers in Haiti, Pinochet in Chile, Marcos in the Philippines, Pahlavi of Iran, and Somoza of Nicaragua. He recalled in 2010, "It was strange, because everybody I was against, America was for." ... I still say I'm a Black Panther to my heart because in the 10-Point Program we talked about an immediate end to police brutality and exemption from us going into the military because we're not going to fight against countries and people of color abroad when we don't even have our freedom domestically and we fought for housing and clothing, shelter and relevant education, and this was all part of the 10-Point Program of the Black Panther Party which is still what I'm fighting for today. —Charles Barron during an interview in 2010 National Black United Front In 1979, Barron joined the National Black United Front (NBUF), and was the founding chairperson of its Harlem Chapter. In 1982, as head of the Harlem Chapter, Barron was arrested with Preston Wilcox from the Institute of African Research because they, with roughly 12 to 20 other protesters, attempted to "forcibly remove" Robert Morris, a white historian, from the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Morris had been appointed chief archivist of the center. The members of the group were charged with harassment and criminal trespassing. Shortly after the incident, Barron was appointed chief of staff to the Reverend Herbert Daughtry, chairperson of the NBUF and minister at Brooklyn's House of the Lord Church. In 1983, Barron moved to East New York, where he and his wife founded the Dynamics of Leadership Company. He spoke at many organizations and schools, including Harvard and Yale, teaching principles of negotiation, team-building, emotional intelligence, and leadership. From 1982 to 1987, Barron served as secretary general of the African Peoples Christian Organization (APCO). He traveled across the United States visiting college campuses, churches, prisons and communities "organizing around international, national and local issues." On December 21, 1987, Barron participated in a "day of outrage" to protest racism in the New York City Police Department and local courts. The protest involved blocking traffic during the evening rush hour, including eastbound traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge, as well as stopping subway trains in several stations. More than 70 protesters were arrested; most were charged with obstruction of government administration and disorderly conduct. Among the few who actually stood on the subway tracks included Barron, Rev. Al Sharpton, Rev. Benjamin Chavis, Rev. Timothy Mitchell, Assemblyman Roger Greene, and lawyer C. Vernon Mason, who were additionally charged with criminal trespass. All were held overnight in jail, which elicited further claims of racial bias. Sharpton, Mitchell and Barron were convicted in February 1990, with Mitchell and Barron being jailed for 45 days. Barron spent another 25 days in jail, with Sharpton, for a protest related to the Tawana Brawley rape allegations. In 1988, Barron published two children's books: Up You Mighty People, You Can Accomplish What You Will and Look For Me in the Whirlwind, written about the life of Marcus Garvey. One successful accomplishment of Barron and his allies was preventing the construction by the city of a wood-burning incinerator in the neighborhood. In 1996, Barron and community groups also fought the building of a natural gas generator. Barron said his opposition to the incinerator is what catapulted him into electoral politics. City Council In 1997, Barron ran for the city council. He attacked the incumbent, East New York councilmember Priscilla Wooten, for supporting Mayor Rudy Giuliani, saying her politics were out of date and she did not take enough initiative for neighborhood and community development. Barron was endorsed by black leaders David Dinkins and Al Sharpton, but he ended up losing to Wooten. Barron ran again in 2001, when term limits prevented Wooten from running. He defeated her son, Donald Wooten, and became City Councillor for the 42nd District. Barron was re-elected in 2005 and 2009, each time with over 85% of the popular vote. In 2002, Barron was appointed chair of the city council's Higher Education Committee. As chair, he criticized the City University of New York (CUNY) for eliminating remedial courses and raising admission standards, claiming CUNY raised the standards in order to restrict minority student access. He argued that students should not be denied admission to CUNY because of their performance at the pre-college level, adding that when the CUNY ended open admissions the number of black students declined while changes in the proportions of other ethnic groups were minimal. In January 2006, Barron was the only Council member to vote against Christine Quinn by voting for Bill de Blasio for the speakership position. Quinn moved his seat in the chamber to one next to a statue of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, whom Barron has criticized. Barron told reporters, "I don't think it was deliberate, but it does bother me to be placed so near Jefferson, who was a slaveholder, a hypocrite, and a rapist." In late 2009, Barron intensified his opposition to Quinn, proposing a "Democratic Reform Movement" with City Councillor Tony Avella to shift power away from the council speaker to rank-and-file members. Barron and Avella proposed electing a black or Latino member as speaker to replace Quinn. Barron challenged Quinn for the speakership but was defeated by a council vote of 48 to 1. Quinn then organized a 47–1 vote removing Barron as chairman of the Higher Education Committee. Barron stated that the move to strip him of the committee chairmanship was racist. Quinn disagreed, stating that the Council needed chairpersons "that are unifying forces." In January 2010, Barron ran against Quinn for the position of Speaker, and lost 50–1. During the vote, his supporters shouted "sellout" and "Uncle Tom" to black members who voted for Quinn. 2005 New York City mayoral campaign Barron entered the race for mayor of New York city in 2005. According to the New York Post, he stated that one of his reasons for running was to redress an unfair balance of power between Whites and blacks in New York City: "White men have too much power in this city". He raised funds and campaigned but in early February 2005, dropped out and threw his support to C. Virginia Fields. His campaign funding amounted to about $49,000, far less than that of some of other Democratic candidates; Fernando Ferrer raised $1.2 million in six months, and Gifford Miller raised $1 million in 6 months. Barron chose to endorse Fields rather than attempt a long-shot campaign. "I think two blacks in the race cancel each other out", he said, indicating a fear that the black vote would be divided and weakened by the choice of two candidates. Barron vowed that he would run again, saying "I will be back. I will be mayor of New York City before I leave this planet. It may be in 2009 or it may not be until 2013, but I will be mayor someday." During the campaign, he criticized rival Democrat Fernando Ferrer for the latter's comments regarding the Amadou Diallo shooting. Barron said the comments brought "irreversible" damage to Ferrer's campaign and hoped Ferrer would drop out of the race and endorse Fields. In 2006, Barron expressed his disaffection from the Democratic Party, disappointed by the large number of cross-endorsements Bloomberg received from Democrats. He said the Party was in need of a "political audit" and had "moved so far to the right that they might as well be called Republicrats." He told the Amsterdam News, "Black folks need to consider a mass exodus from the Democratic Party and build a new party of their own, because the Democrats have turned their backs on them on too many occasions. We should not give any party blind loyalty and support. Instead, we should really form a grassroots, Black-agenda-based third-party option." 2006 Congressional campaigns In 2006, Barron ran for a House seat representing the 10th district, which includes East New York. He ran against the 24-year incumbent, Democrat Edolphus Towns, and lost by 8 points. Although considered a potentially strong contender in the 2008 Congressional election, he chose not to run. 2010 gubernatorial campaign See also: Freedom Party of New York (2010) and New York gubernatorial election, 2010 On June 14, 2010, Barron announced he had formed a new party, the New York Democratic Freedom Party, and would challenge Democratic gubernatorial nominee Andrew Cuomo. He noted that Cuomo had picked a white politician to run for the position of Lieutenant Governor and that all the other statewide Democratic Party candidates were white. When speaking about Cuomo, Barron said, "He's done nothing to deserve our support; he's hurt the black community. Remember he was with his father, when his father built more prisons than any other governor in the history of New York State. Andrew was with daddy and the apple doesn't fall far from the tree ... Andrew's arrogant, he's just like his father." Barron expressed resentment towards the Democratic Party, saying it had taken African-Americans for granted: "It's time for us to be for us. It's time for us to be a self-determining people." Barron aimed to get 50,000 votes in the governor's race, enough to gain ballot access for the party, but ended up with 24,560 votes out of over 3,000,000 cast. More than 75% of the votes cast for Barron originated in New York City. A month after Cuomo began his term as governor, on February 21, 2011, Barron interrupted a Cuomo speech in Brooklyn, leading the crowd in chants of "tax the rich". He criticized Cuomo's budget proposals, which called for deep cuts in health care and education spending, and his decision not to extend the state's so-called millionaire's tax, which expires at the end of 2012. 2012 Congressional campaign Barron announced that he would seek the 2012 Democratic nomination for the House seat due to the retirement of the long-term incumbent, Edolphus Towns. By mid-June 2012, candidate Hakeem Jeffries had raised $700,000 in campaign donations compared to Barron's $50,000. Towns gave Barron a surprise endorsement, but Barron was publicly embarrassed when David Duke made a video where he endorsed Barron over Jeffries, stating that he liked Barron's anti-Israel views and making racial insults towards Jeffries. Barron tried to deflect Duke's unwelcome praise but the news was widely circulated by Jeffries' supporters, who were amused that Barron couldn't really counter Duke's endorsement because they did share some common beliefs. On June 11, 2012, former Mayor Ed Koch, Congressman Jerrold Nadler, Councilman David G. Greenfield, Assemblyman Dov Hikind gathered with several other elected officials to support Jeffries and denounce Barron. Barron was described as anti-Semitic, and his support of Zimbabwe ruler Robert Mugabe and former Libya ruler Muammar Gaddafi was denounced. Greenfield described Barron as "a hate-monger and an anti-Semite." Barron responded that such attacks had not been raised when he spoke before Jewish groups in Brooklyn, and that his constituents were interested in discussing "bread and butter" issues, not foreign policy. The candidates differed strongly on charter schools. Barron is one of the charter schools' strongest critics, while Jeffries endorses them. Barron lost the Democratic nomination to Jeffries, with Jeffries taking 72% for the vote to Barron's 28% on June 26, 2012. Barron refused to congratulate Jeffries, accusing the Jeffries campaign of "a smear campaign show a lack of character". He added: "They had the media. They called us names — The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, the New York Post, the white media — because we were endorsed by the Amsterdam News and Black Star. We had the Wall Street corporate elite, the Democratic establishment, and the media all against us. But we put the state and nation on notice." Jeffries stated in his own victory speech that "The political pundits said that this was going to be a close race, but that was before the people had spoken." 2014 State Assembly campaign On November 4, 2013, Barron announced in a Web Video, that he will run for the State Assembly seat, currently vacated by his wife, Inez, who ran for his term-limited City council seat. Barron said that he will fight Gov. Andrew Cuomo, Speaker Sheldon Silver, and the Democratic establishment to raise taxes and to increase Pre-K funding. Political positions Education On February 3, 2011, Barron was among hundreds of angry parents and students who protested loudly during a hearing closing 12 schools classified as failing. On March 3, Barron celebrated with supporters as they learned that one of their protests had been successful, and that PS 114 in Canarsie would remain open. Walmart On February 3, 2011, the city council discussed allowing a Walmart into Brooklyn, with East New York one of the neighborhoods being considered by Walmart. Barron called Walmart a "roving plantation" and said "There are no slaves in East New York. We will not be your slave workers." Same-sex marriage and civil unions In November 2011, Barron said that he opposed same sex marriage, but at a June 2012 debate declined to state a position on the issue. Earlier in 2010, while running for governor, Barron stated that he was a strong supporter of civil unions, adding, "I voted positively on all legislation in the City Council regarding civil union and gay rights. I believe homosexuals deserve equal protection under the law, like everyone else." When asked in 2011 about the argument that the fight for same-sex marriage is the modern-day equivalent of the civil rights struggle, Barron answered, "I don't consider it the civil-rights issue of our time. Comparing it to our struggle when we were stolen from Africa, enslaved, murdered, raped, hung, lynched. I'm not even going to give it the same breath as our movement in this country." Israel and its blockade of Gaza Main article: Viva Palestina A leader of the Viva Palestina-USA group, Barron in July 2009 joined 200 other participants, mostly U.S. citizens, as the George Galloway led Viva Palestina relief convoy penetrated the Israeli-Egyptian blockade of Gaza. The convoy brought more than $1 million in medical equipment and supplies to Gaza's one and a half million inhabitants. The U.S.-based Anti-Defamation League asked the U.S. Justice Department to investigate the U.S. Viva Palestina group, but the group stated that it would adhere to U.S. law and not provide Hamas assistance, instead delivering its aid to nongovernmental organizations. In July 2009, Barron stated that the Gaza Strip section of the Palestinian Territories was "a virtual death camp, the same kind of conditions the Nazis imposed on the Jews." 11 months later he stated, "There's too many children and women and innocent men of Gaza dying because you're isolating them and not allowing anything in. It's like having a concentration death camp. It's horrible, and the whole world is and should be outraged." Muammar Gaddafi, Robert Mugabe, and Louis Farrakhan In November 2011, after the end of the Libyan civil war, Barron voiced support for Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi, stating "Out there, they don't know that Qaddafi was our brother." also rejected claims of Gaddafi's brutality, stating "People say 'Didn't he kill all those people?' I say, 'I don't know anything. The man was a freedom fighter.'" On September 12, 2002, Barron hosted an event at New York City Hall honoring Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe, whom Barron praised as the liberator of black Africans in then-Rhodesia. In 2008, he again voiced support for Mugabe, who had allegedly committed crimes and atrocities in Zimbabwe. Specifically, Barron said, "In the year 2000, when he said one farm, one farmer, he was vilified", arguing that Mugabe was popular internationally only while his government "didn't take the land from the whites". He added that in South Africa, whites "still own 80 to 90 percent of the land," which is why international powers support South African leaders such Nelson Mandela. Barron stated he had seen no evidence which tied the Mugabe government to any attacks on supporters of the Zimbabwe opposition. Barron has defended Louis Farrakhan against allegations that Farrakhan is a racist. Police brutality Barron has sided with black leaders in supporting victims of police brutality, including Amadou Diallo. He has said that crime is not the fault of the black community, but rather, is a consequence of the community's economic plight. Barron said that crime could only be reduced by economic opportunities and advancement, and without economic opportunities, "every black community is a powder keg." In response to the New York City Police Department (NYPD) shooting of three individuals—including the fatal shooting of a 23-year-old prospective bridegroom, Sean Bell outside of a Jamaica, Queens strip club in 2006, Barron made a number of controversial statements, including one that implied that members of Bell's community would be justified in exercising non-peaceful or violent methods in response to his death. Barron has publicly stated "we don't shoot anybody, they shoot us." Barron's name was floated with death threats on NYPD Rant, an internet forum, during 2007. Barron and the 100 Blacks in Law Enforcement called for a prompt investigation, and security detail was increased. Reparations for slavery Barron has spoken passionately on the issue of reparations for slavery and, while on the city council, proposed creating a commission in New York City to study the effects of slavery on modern African Americans and use city funding for reparations. He also introduced a bill to support restitution from companies that had benefited from past slavery. In 2002, Barron was criticized for stating at a reparations rally, "I want to go up to the closest white person and say, 'You can't understand this, it's a black thing' and then slap him, just for my mental health." Barron explained that the remark was hyperbole and not to be taken seriously. African-American history Barron believes that United States history is not accurately taught in schools, and has expressed interest in promoting African-American history throughout the New York City public school system. He has drafted legislation mandating the teaching of African-American history in required school curriculum. He has used his position as Councilman to propose renaming buildings and schools as well as decorating them with mementos of black history. He wishes to publicize black history greater, including erecting portraits of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, as important leaders in American history. Barron proposed bills to honor America's African American heritage and such individuals as Malcolm X, Marcus Garvey, Frederick Douglass, Paul Robeson, and W. E. B. Du Bois. He drafted a bill that would have asked President George W. Bush to cancel all debts African nations owe the U.S. Clemency and compensation for the wrongly accused Barron has twice sought clemency for individuals he described as "political prisoners". For example, In 2002, he asked that Anthony Bottom, Albert Washington, and Herman Bell be released. Although they were convicted for killing two police officers in 1971, conflicting evidence surfaced through COINTELPRO that suggests questionable government tactics in the prosecution of the three men. The bill was hotly debated and rejected. Barron asked in 2005 that Assata Shakur, a fugitive wanted by the federal government, be granted clemency for the alleged 1973 killing of a state trooper. In 2009, Barron asked that the City of New York compensate the five men wrongly accused in the Central Park Jogger case. Immigration Barron, appearing on the Fox network television program The O'Reilly Factor in April, 2006, stated that opposition to present-day immigration involves skin color. He argued that Germans, Jews, Poles, Greeks, and Italians who immigrated to the United States during the late 19th century were welcomed because of the color of their skin. In contrast, "All of a sudden when the complexion of immigration changes, now it's 'these people'." He stated to host Bill O'Reilly that the original European immigrants had received preferential treatment: "They had enough black people here already that were skilled and couldn't get the jobs that your people were able to get." Many viewers responded to the episode, upset that Barron did not concede that white immigrants were also discriminated against. Pledge of Allegiance Barron says he does not salute the flag or believe in the Pledge of Allegiance, stating that the pledge's assertion that there is equality and justice for all is a lie that is not true for African-Americans. In 2004, he strongly objected to a move by the City Council that would begin each meeting with a voluntary Pledge. Capitalism Barron has criticized crony capitalism, calling it a "deeply-rooted illness" within America. Barron wrote a scathing editorial on the $700 billion bailout package in 2008, calling it the "biggest welfare check in the history of the planet". He said it was "a contradiction of capitalism" to give money to Wall Street during a slump while it had said for years that there was "no money for the people." Gentrification At the National Summit on Gentrification in 2019, Barron discussed strategies on keeping his district Black to the exclusion of White people, boasting: "East New York, the community has had the largest increase in the black population is in East New York 13.2%. Harlemn lost 14% of its blacks, 400% increase of whites ... I have the distinct honor to be able to come before you and say I actually lost white population in my community. I lost, They left. I didn't ask them why they left. So if you see one or two or three or four or five whites in my neighborhood they're passing through." Subprime mortgage crisis Barron held a mortgage crisis forum in 2007 to address concerns from residents who were in danger of house foreclosure. Barron said the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007 predominantly hurt African-Americans, who were lied to by predatory business practices. See also New York City Council Land reform in Zimbabwe References ^ a b "Black Panther Charles Barron Invades New York City Council" Archived May 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Hip Hop Wired, March 11, 2010. ^ "Jeffries defeats Barron" Archived February 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, June 27, 2012. ^ "Charles Barron, Elected Activist" Archived December 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Barron's New York City Council bio ^ a b In Brooklyn, a Longtime Provocateur Surges in a Primary Race for Congress Archived October 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times; June 15, 2012 ^ City Portraits: "Charles Barron's East New York" Archived October 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, PBS-WNET-New York Public Media, August 19, 2010 ^ a b c Allah, Dasun, Black Panther Charles Barron Invades New York City Council Archived May 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Hip Hop Wired, March 11, 2010 ^ Charles Barron's NY City Council webpage; accessed May 2010. ^ "The City" section of The New York Times. November 16, 1982. p. B3 ^ "City Portraits: Charles Barron's East New York | City Portraits". Thirteen. August 19, 2010. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Charles Barron's web page at New York City Council ^ David E. Pitt, "Hundreds Rally for 69 Held in Rush-Hour Protest" Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 23, 1987. ^ "Protest Against Racism Disrupts New York Rush Hour" Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 22, 1987. ^ "Sharpton Convicted in '87 Demonstration." Archived January 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine New York Times. February 14, 1990. p. B4. ^ Edward-Isaac Dovere (October 25, 2010). "The Sharpton-Barron Relationship Is ... Complicated". Cityhallnews.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ a b Fenner, Austin (April 24, 1997). "Down And Dirty In 42d District". New York: Articles.nydailynews.com. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Shelby, Joyce (August 8, 1996). "Nabe Fumes Over Gas Generator". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Sengupta, Somini (September 29, 1996). "After Victory Comes 'Dirty' Politics". The New York Times. ^ Fenner, Austin (April 22, 1997). "Barron Takes On Wooten For Council". Daily News. New York. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "NYC Council 42 - D Primary Race". Our Campaigns. September 9, 1997. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "First, Punish the Candidates". The New York Times. August 24, 1997. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "Wooten'S Son Facing Tough Competition". Daily News. New York. April 12, 2001. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "Candidate - Charles Barron". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Barron v Wooten race results (2005) Archived July 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Barron v Wooten race results (2009) Archived August 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Pol Rips Tougher CUNY as 'Racist'". New York Post. February 20, 2002. p. 7 ^ Hu, Winnie. "Council Critic of 3rd President Gets Seat in Jefferson's Shadow." New York Times. January 19, 2006. p. B.2 ^ Boyd, Herb. "Barron made to sit with "rapist" in City Council", New York Amsterdam News. January 26, 2006. Vol. 97 Issue 5, p. 11 ^ This, the list, and the previous quote are from: Azi Paybarah, "The Barron-Avella Agenda" Archived June 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily Observer, November 30, 2009. ^ "City Council slaps down Charles Barron, the only Dem without committee seat". Daily News. New York. February 8, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Azi Paybarah, "Quinn Demotes Barron, Lone Dissenter" Archived June 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily Observer, January 21, 2010.Also, Frank Lombardi, "City Council Speaker Quinn ousts arch-rival Charles Barron..." Archived January 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily News, January 21, 2010. ^ Azi Paybarah, "Saving Barron's Chair" Archived January 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily Observer, December 29, 2009. ^ Moynihan, Colin (December 2, 2009). "Councilman and CUNY Trustee Trade Insults at Ceremony". The New York Times. ^ Lombardi, "City Council Speaker Christine Quinn ousts arch-rival Charles Barron from education committee, op cit.Reid Pillifant, "Jeffrey Weisenfeld Gets Under Charles Barron's Skin, Too" Archived January 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily Observer, December 1, 2009. ^ https://gothamist.com/news/quinn-re-elected-as-council-speaker-in-racially-charged-vote ^ "Barron's Mayoral 'Race'; Running Because 'White Men Have Too Much Power'". New York Post. December 4, 2003. p. 20 ^ Winnie Hu, "Councilman Expects to Quit Democratic Mayoral Race", The New York Times, February 9, 2005.Michael Slackman and Jim Rutenberg, "Spitzer Leads Fund-Raising with $3 Million in 6 Months" Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, January 19, 2005 ^ Hu, Winnie. "Councilman Expects to Quit Democratic Mayoral Race." New York Times. February 9, 2005. p. B.6 ^ Saul, Michael. "Barron wants Ferrer to quit and back Fields", Daily News. May 23, 2005 ^ a b Arinde, Nayaba (January 25, 2006). "Republicrats: Barron calls for a political audit of city Democratic Party". New York Amsterdam News. Find Articles at BNET. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Hicks, Jonathan P. "Councilman Plans to Challenge Veteran Brooklyn Congressman." The New York Times. February 13, 2006. p. B2 ^ "Charles Barron Is in a Hurry". The New York Observer. May 22, 2007. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "Charles Barron, upset at all-white Dem ticket, running for gov as head of all-black Freedom Party". New York Daily News. June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2012. ^ "Cuomo's Mississippi on the Hudson". The New York Observer. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Jen Chung (June 18, 2010). "Councilman Charles Barron's Freedom Party Bid For Governor". Gothamist. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "Charles Barron, upset at all-white dem ticket, running for gov as head of all-black Freedom Party". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 21, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010. Adam Lisberg, "Charles Barron, upset at all-white Dem ticket, running for gov as head of all-black Freedom Party" "New York Daily News" June 18, 2010. ^ "RevisedGovReturns12_1_10". Scribd.com. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ The Daily Politics (February 21, 2011). "Gov. Cuomo speech drowned out with City Councilman Charles Barron-led yells of 'Tax the rich!'". Daily News. New York. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "NYC's Towns retiring after 30 years in Congress". Yahoo News. April 16, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2015. ^ Big shots gettin' jumpy about Charles Barron By Juan Gonzalez, New York Daily News, June 13, 2012 ^ Hunter Walker. "Politicians Gather To Denounce Charles Barron As An 'Anti-Semite' And 'Enemy of the State of Israel'". Observer. Retrieved March 3, 2015. ^ https://jewishvoiceny.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1356&catid=115&Itemid=775 ^ Charles Barron Dismisses ‘Anti-Semitic’ Press Conference As A ‘Distraction’ Archived October 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Politicker, June 11, 2012 ^ "Unions are split on endorsement in Brooklyn congress race" Archived September 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. GothamSchools. May 23, 2012. ^ Barron loses in Brooklyn congressional primary Archived August 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 26, 2012. ^ "Hakeem Jeffries Defeats Charles Barron in Bitter Democratic Primary" Archived February 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine by Gersh Kuntzman, The Local (Fort Green/Clinton Hill), June 27, 2012. ^ "Charles Barron won't accept landslide loss in Brooklyn's 8th Congressional District against Hakeem Jeffries" Archived June 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine by Erin Durkin, Reuven Blau and Tina Moore, New York Daily News, June 26, 2012. ^ "Hakeem Jeffries Beats Charles Barron In New York Democratic Primary For 8th Congressional District" Archived January 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Huffington Post, June 27, 2012. ^ Edward-Isaac Dovere (November 1, 2010). "Another Complicated Chapter In The Complicated Barron-Sharpton Relationship". Cityhallnews.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Gonen, Yoav (February 21, 2011). "Schools Chancellor Cathie Black met with heckles at hearing where 12 schools were slated to shut". New York Post. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Mary Frost (July 21, 2010). "City Reverses Decision To Close Canarsie School". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "Canarsie Community Celebrates Successful Effort To Keep P.S. 114 On Remsen Ave. In Brooklyn Open". CBS New York. March 1, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Walz, Maura (February 28, 2011). "After protests, city reverses decision to close Brooklyn school". GothamSchools. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "New York City Officials To Walmart: Keep Out". NPR. February 4, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Stewart, Henry (February 4, 2011). "City Council to Walmart: "We Will Not Be Your Slave Workers"". Thelmagazine.com. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ a b Charles Barron opposes gay marriage, fake entries on his Wikipedia page Archived April 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Capital November 28, 2011 ^ LIVE BLOG: 8th Congressional District Debate Archived July 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Bed-Stuy Patch June 4, 2012 ^ Barron: Paladino is a sick, racist homophobic loose cannon Archived January 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Room Eight, New York Politics, October 11, 2010 ^ Viva Palestina delivers aid to Gaza Archived July 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, July 16, 2009. ^ Viva Palestina delivers aid to Gaza Archived August 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Workers World, July 23, 2009 ^ Activists' convoy permitted Gaza crossing Archived September 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine JTA July 17, 2009 ^ "Barron: Israeli Blockade of Gaza Like "Concentration Death Camp" | New York Daily News". Daily News. New York. June 2, 2010. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "Qaddafi Eulogized in Bed-Stuy". thebrooklynink.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Cardwell, Diane. "President of Zimbabwe Visits City Hall", The New York Times. September 13, 2002. p. B3 ^ a b Azi Paybarah (June 27, 2008). "Barron Praises Robert Mugabe for Doing What Mandela and Tutu Wouldn't". Observer. Retrieved March 3, 2015. ^ "Farrakhan, Qaddafi Fan Could Be Headed to Congress". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2015. ^ Brown, Derek (February 25, 2002). "Quotes from Louis Farrakhan". The Guardian. London. ^ Cardwell, Diane. "But Some Say Charles Barron Risks Going Too Far." New York Times. July 10, 2002. p. B.1. ^ Sean Hannity & Alan Colmes. Televised on Fox News. "Is Cincinnati Facing a Crime Wave?", July 25, 2001. ^ Staff. "Mayor: "Seems Excessive Force" Was Used By Police In Shooting". NY1.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2010. ^ "The New York City Council: Res 0041-2002". Legistar.council.nyc.gov. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ a b Greg Gilderman, (January 27, 2004). "'King of East New York'" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, New York Press, accessed May 26, 2006. ^ Darius Tajanko. "The New York City Council - File #: Res 0981-2003". nyc.gov. Retrieved March 3, 2015. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer. "Resolution on 'Political Prisoners' Roils Council". New York Times. June 27, 2002. p. B2 ^ "Resolution calling upon the New Jersey State Police Department and the United States Department of Justice to cease portraying Assata Shakur as a terrorist, and calling upon the appropriate authorities to rescind the reward for Shakur's capture and grant her clemency". legistar.council.nyc.gov. May 25, 2005. Retrieved February 23, 2018. ^ Eligon, John (April 19, 2011). "New York Won't Settle Suits in Central Park Jogger Case". The New York Times. ^ "The Central Park five, again". New York Post. April 21, 2011. ^ Bill O'Reilly. Televised on Fox News. "New York Councilman Leads Charge to Let Immigrants Vote. April 11, 2006. ^ Bill O'Reilly. Televised on Fox News as "Most Ridiculous Item: War on Christianity", April 12, 2006. ^ Edge with Paula Zahn. Televised on Fox News. "Is the American Flag a Salute to Slavery?" July 3, 2001. ^ Pledge Of Allegiance Is Divisible Issue At Council. New York Post. September 12, 2004. p. 23 ^ https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4813968/user-clip-charles-barron-keeping-whites Excerpt of 2019 National Summit on Gentrification ^ "Barron Hosts Mortgage Woes Forum". Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2011. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Charles Barron. Charles Barron: NYC Council Info. Page Charles Barron for City Council, District 42 Political offices Preceded byPriscilla A. Wooten Member of the New York City Councilfrom the 42nd district 2002–2013 Succeeded byInez Barron Preceded byInez Barron Member of the New York City Councilfrom the 42nd district 2022–2024 Succeeded byChris Banks New York State Assembly Preceded byInez Barron Member of the New York Assemblyfrom the 60th district 2015–2021 Succeeded byNikki Lucas vteDistricts and members of the New York City Council Speaker: Adrienne Adams (D) Majority Leader: Keith Powers (D) Minority Leader: Joe Borelli (R) 1    Christopher Marte (D) 2    Carlina Rivera (D) 3    Erik Bottcher (D) 4    Keith Powers (D) 5    Julie Menin (D) 6    Gale Brewer (D) 7    Shaun Abreu (D) 8    Diana Ayala (D) 9    Yusef Salaam (D) 10    Carmen De La Rosa (D) 11    Eric Dinowitz (D) 12    Kevin Riley (D) 13    Kristy Marmorato (R) 14    Pierina Sanchez (D) 15    Oswald Feliz (D) 16    Althea Stevens (D) 17    Rafael Salamanca (D) 18    Amanda Farías (D) 19    Vickie Paladino (R) 20    Sandra Ung (D) 21    Francisco Moya (D) 22    Tiffany Cabán (D) 23    Linda Lee (D) 24    James Gennaro (D) 25    Shekar Krishnan (D) 26    Julie Won (D) 27    Nantasha Williams (D) 28    Adrienne Adams (D) 29    Lynn Schulman (D) 30    Robert Holden (D) 31    Selvena Brooks-Powers (D) 32    Joann Ariola (R) 33    Lincoln Restler (D) 34    Jennifer Gutiérrez (D) 35    Crystal Hudson (D) 36    Chi Ossé (D) 37    Sandy Nurse (D) 38    Alexa Avilés (D) 39    Shahana Hanif (D) 40    Rita Joseph (D) 41    Darlene Mealy (D) 42    Chris Banks (D) 43    Susan Zhuang (D) 44    Kalman Yeger (D) 45    Farah Louis (D) 46    Mercedes Narcisse (D) 47    Justin Brannan (D) 48    Inna Vernikov (R) 49    Kamillah Hanks (D) 50    David Carr (R) 51    Joe Borelli (R)    Democratic (45)    Republican (6) Mayor Eric Adams Public Advocate Jumaane Williams Comptroller Brad Lander vteBlack Panther PartyFounders Huey P. Newton Bobby Seale Leadership Elaine Brown Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Donald Cox Fred Hampton David Hilliard MembersWest Coast based JoNina Abron-Ervin Richard Aoki Charles Barron William Lee Brent Ed Bullins Bunchy Carter Mark Comfort Aaron Dixon Emory Douglas B. Kwaku Duren Barbara Easley-Cox Kent Ford Reggie Forte Raymond "Masai" Hewitt Elbert "Big Man" Howard John Huggins Ericka Huggins Bobby Hutton George Jackson Joan Tarika Lewis Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom) Pat Parker Geronimo Pratt Robert Trivers Michael Zinzun East Coast based Mumia Abu-Jamal Sundiata Acoli Ashanti Alston Kuwasi Balagoon Dhoruba bin Wahad Veronza Bowers Jr. Safiya Bukhari W. Paul Coates Marshall "Eddie" Conway Jamal Joseph Chaka Khan Warren Kimbro Lonnie McLucas Denise Oliver-Velez Larry Pinkney Alex Rackley Nile Rodgers George W. Sams Jr. Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Russell Maroon Shoatz Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor James Dixon York Southern based H. Rap Brown Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin Mark Essex James Forman Robert Hillary King Pete O'Neal Malik Rahim Herman Wallace Albert Woodfox Chicago based Mark Clark William O'Neal Bobby Rush Marion Stamps Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson) Others Stokely Carmichael Connie Matthews Influences Black power Deacons for Defense and Justice W. E. B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon Harry Haywood Lowndes County Freedom Organization Malcolm X Robert F. Williams Programs and projects Ten-Point Program Free Breakfast for Children The Black Panther (newspaper) Rainbow Coalition United Front Against Fascism Inspired groupsContemporary American Indian Movement Black Guerrilla Family Black Liberation Army Black Liberators Black Panthers (Israel) British Black Panthers Dalit Panthers George Jackson Brigade Gray Panthers I Wor Kuen Ngā Tamatoa Polynesian Panthers Red Guard Party The Pink Panthers Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi White Panther Party Young Lords Subsequent Assata's Daughters Black Panther Militia Black Riders Liberation Party Black Women's Defense League Huey P. Newton Gun Club New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Black Panther Party New Panther Vanguard Movement Revolutionary Black Panther Party Films and television Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America (1968) Black Panthers: A Report (1968) Black Panthers (1968) Mayday (1969) Interview with Bobby Seale (1969) Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther (1969) Finally Got the News (1970) The Murder of Fred Hampton (1971) Teach Our Children (1973) In the Event Anyone Disappears (1974) Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom (1992) Panther (1995) All Power to the People (1996) Public Enemy (1999) A Huey P. Newton Story (2001) Night Catches Us (2010) The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution (2015) Judas and the Black Messiah (2021) The Big Cigar (2024) Books Soul on Ice (1968) Seize the Time (1970) Blood in My Eye (1972) Revolutionary Suicide (1973) A Taste of Power (1992) Black Against Empire (2013) Related articles 1968 Olympics Black Power salute COINTELPRO Intercommunalism Murder of Betty Van Patter New Haven Black Panther trials Panther 21 Rice–Poindexter case Robert Templeton Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971) "Panther Power" (2000) Black power movement Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention Category|Black Panther Party
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Barron (playwright)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barron_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"New York City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"42nd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City%27s_42nd_City_Council_district"},{"link_name":"New York Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Edolphus Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edolphus_Towns"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiphopwired.com-1"},{"link_name":"New York's 8th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Hakeem Jeffries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"East New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiphopwired.com-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-4"}],"text":"For the Scottish writer and playwright, see Charles Barron (playwright).Charles Barron (born October 7, 1950) is an American activist and politician who served in the New York City Council, representing Brooklyn's 42nd district from 2022 to 2023. He previously held the same seat from 2002 to 2013, and served in the New York Assembly from the 60th district between 2015 and 2022.A self-described \"elected activist\", Barron ran for Mayor of New York City in 2005. In 2006 he was narrowly defeated by Edolphus Towns in the Democratic Party primary for the U.S. House of Representatives (10th Congressional District).[1] He ran again in the Democratic primary for New York's 8th congressional district, which was being vacated by Towns, but lost to State Assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries, 28% to 72%.[2]Barron began his career working as a community activist in the East New York neighborhood of Brooklyn in the 1980s.[1][3] He became chief of staff for Rev. Herbert Daughtry before running for the New York city council, where he served from 2001 to 2013.[4]","title":"Charles Barron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corona, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York City Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Technical_College"},{"link_name":"New York City Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Hunter College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Barron was born on October 7, 1950. For six years his family lived in Corona, Queens, then moved to the Lillian Wald housing project in Lower Manhattan. He attended Seward Park High School in Lower Manhattan, but left before graduating, but later earned his GED. He went on to attend New York City Technical College (then known as New York City Community College), earning an associate degree, and Hunter College, where he graduated with a B.A. in Sociology.[5]","title":"Early years and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Panther Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiphop-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World"},{"link_name":"Kwame Nkrumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Sékou Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Pinochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Somoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somoza_family"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiphop-6"},{"link_name":"10-Point Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-Point_Program_(Black_Panther_Party)"},{"link_name":"police brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiphop-6"}],"sub_title":"Black Panther Party","text":"In 1969, when he was 18 years old, Barron was recruited to the Harlem branch of the Black Panther Party by a member named Mark Holder.[6][7] Barron distributed newspapers for the party, and developed an interest in politics. He studied the Third World independence movement and the ideas of African leaders as Kwame Nkrumah (president of Ghana) and Ahmed Sékou Touré (president of Guinea). Barron became increasingly critical of U.S. foreign policy. He opposed the Duvaliers in Haiti, Pinochet in Chile, Marcos in the Philippines, Pahlavi of Iran, and Somoza of Nicaragua. He recalled in 2010, \"It was strange, because everybody I was against, America was for.\"[6]... I still say I'm a Black Panther to my heart because in the 10-Point Program we talked about an immediate end to police brutality and exemption from us going into the military because we're not going to fight against countries and people of color abroad when we don't even have our freedom domestically and we fought for housing and clothing, shelter and relevant education, and this was all part of the 10-Point Program of the Black Panther Party which is still what I'm fighting for today.\n\n\n—Charles Barron during an interview in 2010[6]","title":"Early activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Black United Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Black_United_Front"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"East New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"emotional intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"New York City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge"},{"link_name":"subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"Al Sharpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Chavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Chavis"},{"link_name":"C. Vernon Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Vernon_Mason"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tawana Brawley rape allegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawana_Brawley_rape_allegations"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Marcus Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.nydailynews.com-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"National Black United Front","text":"In 1979, Barron joined the National Black United Front (NBUF), and was the founding chairperson of its Harlem Chapter. In 1982, as head of the Harlem Chapter, Barron was arrested with Preston Wilcox from the Institute of African Research because they, with roughly 12 to 20 other protesters, attempted to \"forcibly remove\" Robert Morris, a white historian, from the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Morris had been appointed chief archivist of the center. The members of the group were charged with harassment and criminal trespassing.[8]Shortly after the incident, Barron was appointed chief of staff to the Reverend Herbert Daughtry, chairperson of the NBUF and minister at Brooklyn's House of the Lord Church. In 1983, Barron moved to East New York, where he and his wife founded the Dynamics of Leadership Company. He spoke at many organizations and schools, including Harvard and Yale, teaching principles of negotiation, team-building, emotional intelligence, and leadership.[9] From 1982 to 1987, Barron served as secretary general of the African Peoples Christian Organization (APCO). He traveled across the United States visiting college campuses, churches, prisons and communities \"organizing around international, national and local issues.\"[10]On December 21, 1987, Barron participated in a \"day of outrage\" to protest racism in the New York City Police Department and local courts. The protest involved blocking traffic during the evening rush hour, including eastbound traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge, as well as stopping subway trains in several stations. More than 70 protesters were arrested; most were charged with obstruction of government administration and disorderly conduct. Among the few who actually stood on the subway tracks included Barron, Rev. Al Sharpton, Rev. Benjamin Chavis, Rev. Timothy Mitchell, Assemblyman Roger Greene, and lawyer C. Vernon Mason, who were additionally charged with criminal trespass. All were held overnight in jail, which elicited further claims of racial bias.[11][12] Sharpton, Mitchell and Barron were convicted in February 1990, with Mitchell and Barron being jailed for 45 days.[13] Barron spent another 25 days in jail, with Sharpton, for a protest related to the Tawana Brawley rape allegations.[14]In 1988, Barron published two children's books: Up You Mighty People, You Can Accomplish What You Will and Look For Me in the Whirlwind, written about the life of Marcus Garvey. [citation needed]One successful accomplishment of Barron and his allies was preventing the construction by the city of a wood-burning incinerator in the neighborhood.[15] In 1996, Barron and community groups also fought the building of a natural gas generator.[16] Barron said his opposition to the incinerator is what catapulted him into electoral politics.[17]","title":"Early activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Priscilla Wooten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Wooten"},{"link_name":"Rudy Giuliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.nydailynews.com-15"},{"link_name":"David Dinkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dinkins"},{"link_name":"Al Sharpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydailynews.com-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"City University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"CUNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York#The_end_of_open_admissions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Christine Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Quinn"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POTUS"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Tony Avella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Avella"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"In 1997, Barron ran for the city council. He attacked the incumbent, East New York councilmember Priscilla Wooten, for supporting Mayor Rudy Giuliani, saying her politics were out of date and she did not take enough initiative for neighborhood and community development.[15] Barron was endorsed by black leaders David Dinkins and Al Sharpton, but he ended up losing to Wooten.[18][19][20] Barron ran again in 2001, when term limits prevented Wooten from running. He defeated her son, Donald Wooten, and became City Councillor for the 42nd District.[21] Barron was re-elected in 2005 and 2009, each time with over 85% of the popular vote.[22][23][24]In 2002, Barron was appointed chair of the city council's Higher Education Committee. As chair, he criticized the City University of New York (CUNY) for eliminating remedial courses and raising admission standards, claiming CUNY raised the standards in order to restrict minority student access.[25] He argued that students should not be denied admission to CUNY because of their performance at the pre-college level, adding that when the CUNY ended open admissions the number of black students declined while changes in the proportions of other ethnic groups were minimal. [citation needed]In January 2006, Barron was the only Council member to vote against Christine Quinn by voting for Bill de Blasio for the speakership position. Quinn moved his seat in the chamber to one next to a statue of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, whom Barron has criticized.[26] Barron told reporters, \"I don't think it was deliberate, but it does bother me to be placed so near Jefferson, who was a slaveholder, a hypocrite, and a rapist.\"[27]In late 2009, Barron intensified his opposition to Quinn, proposing a \"Democratic Reform Movement\" with City Councillor Tony Avella to shift power away from the council speaker to rank-and-file members. Barron and Avella proposed electing a black or Latino member as speaker to replace Quinn.[28] Barron challenged Quinn for the speakership but was defeated by a council vote of 48 to 1. Quinn then organized a 47–1 vote removing Barron as chairman of the Higher Education Committee.[29][30][31] Barron stated that the move to strip him of the committee chairmanship was racist.[32] Quinn disagreed, stating that the Council needed chairpersons \"that are unifying forces.\"[33] In January 2010, Barron ran against Quinn for the position of Speaker, and lost 50–1. During the vote, his supporters shouted \"sellout\" and \"Uncle Tom\" to black members who voted for Quinn.[34]","title":"City Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"C. Virginia Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Virginia_Fields"},{"link_name":"Fernando Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"Gifford Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Miller"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Amadou Diallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Diallo"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republicrats-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republicrats-39"}],"text":"Barron entered the race for mayor of New York city in 2005. According to the New York Post, he stated that one of his reasons for running was to redress an unfair balance of power between Whites and blacks in New York City: \"White men have too much power in this city\".[35] He raised funds and campaigned but in early February 2005, dropped out and threw his support to C. Virginia Fields. His campaign funding amounted to about $49,000, far less than that of some of other Democratic candidates; Fernando Ferrer raised $1.2 million in six months, and Gifford Miller raised $1 million in 6 months.[36] Barron chose to endorse Fields rather than attempt a long-shot campaign. \"I think two blacks in the race cancel each other out\", he said, indicating a fear that the black vote would be divided and weakened by the choice of two candidates.[37] Barron vowed that he would run again, saying \"I will be back. I will be mayor of New York City before I leave this planet. It may be in 2009 or it may not be until 2013, but I will be mayor someday.\" [citation needed]During the campaign, he criticized rival Democrat Fernando Ferrer for the latter's comments regarding the Amadou Diallo shooting. [clarification needed] Barron said the comments brought \"irreversible\" damage to Ferrer's campaign and hoped Ferrer would drop out of the race and endorse Fields.[38]In 2006, Barron expressed his disaffection from the Democratic Party, disappointed by the large number of cross-endorsements Bloomberg received from Democrats.[39] He said the Party was in need of a \"political audit\" and had \"moved so far to the right that they might as well be called Republicrats.\" He told the Amsterdam News, \"Black folks need to consider a mass exodus from the Democratic Party and build a new party of their own, because the Democrats have turned their backs on them on too many occasions. We should not give any party blind loyalty and support. Instead, we should really form a grassroots, Black-agenda-based third-party option.\"[39]","title":"2005 New York City mayoral campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Edolphus Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edolphus_Towns"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"In 2006, Barron ran for a House seat representing the 10th district, which includes East New York.[40] He ran against the 24-year incumbent, Democrat Edolphus Towns, and lost by 8 points. Although considered a potentially strong contender in the 2008 Congressional election, he chose not to run.[41]","title":"2006 Congressional campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom Party of New York (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)"},{"link_name":"New York gubernatorial election, 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_gubernatorial_election,_2010"},{"link_name":"Freedom Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"See also: Freedom Party of New York (2010) and New York gubernatorial election, 2010On June 14, 2010, Barron announced he had formed a new party, the New York Democratic Freedom Party, and would challenge Democratic gubernatorial nominee Andrew Cuomo. He noted that Cuomo had picked a white politician to run for the position of Lieutenant Governor and that all the other statewide Democratic Party candidates were white.[42][43] When speaking about Cuomo, Barron said, \"He's done nothing to deserve our support; he's hurt the black community. Remember he was with his father, when his father built more prisons than any other governor in the history of New York State. Andrew was with daddy and the apple doesn't fall far from the tree ... Andrew's arrogant, he's just like his father.\" [citation needed]Barron expressed resentment towards the Democratic Party, saying it had taken African-Americans for granted: \"It's time for us to be for us. It's time for us to be a self-determining people.\"[44] Barron aimed to get 50,000 votes in the governor's race, enough to gain ballot access for the party,[45] but ended up with 24,560 votes out of over 3,000,000 cast. More than 75% of the votes cast for Barron originated in New York City.[46]A month after Cuomo began his term as governor, on February 21, 2011, Barron interrupted a Cuomo speech in Brooklyn, leading the crowd in chants of \"tax the rich\". He criticized Cuomo's budget proposals, which called for deep cuts in health care and education spending, and his decision not to extend the state's so-called millionaire's tax, which expires at the end of 2012.[47]","title":"2010 gubernatorial campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Edolphus Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edolphus_Towns"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"David Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duke"},{"link_name":"Ed Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Koch"},{"link_name":"Jerrold Nadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler"},{"link_name":"David G. Greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Greenfield"},{"link_name":"Dov Hikind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov_Hikind"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_News"},{"link_name":"Black Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blackstarnews.com/"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Barron announced that he would seek the 2012 Democratic nomination for the House seat due to the retirement of the long-term incumbent, Edolphus Towns.[48] By mid-June 2012, candidate Hakeem Jeffries had raised $700,000 in campaign donations compared to Barron's $50,000.[49] Towns gave Barron a surprise endorsement, but Barron was publicly embarrassed when David Duke made a video where he endorsed Barron over Jeffries, stating that he liked Barron's anti-Israel views and making racial insults towards Jeffries. Barron tried to deflect Duke's unwelcome praise but the news was widely circulated by Jeffries' supporters, who were amused that Barron couldn't really counter Duke's endorsement because they did share some common beliefs.On June 11, 2012, former Mayor Ed Koch, Congressman Jerrold Nadler, Councilman David G. Greenfield, Assemblyman Dov Hikind gathered with several other elected officials to support Jeffries and denounce Barron. Barron was described as anti-Semitic, and his support of Zimbabwe ruler Robert Mugabe and former Libya ruler Muammar Gaddafi was denounced.[50] Greenfield described Barron as \"a hate-monger and an anti-Semite.\"[51] Barron responded that such attacks had not been raised when he spoke before Jewish groups in Brooklyn, and that his constituents were interested in discussing \"bread and butter\" issues, not foreign policy.[52] The candidates differed strongly on charter schools. Barron is one of the charter schools' strongest critics, while Jeffries endorses them.[53]Barron lost the Democratic nomination to Jeffries, with Jeffries taking 72% for the vote to Barron's 28% on June 26, 2012. Barron refused to congratulate Jeffries, accusing the Jeffries campaign of \"a smear campaign [and] show[ing] a lack of character\". He added: \"They had the media. They called us names — The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, the New York Post, the white media — because we were endorsed by the Amsterdam News and Black Star. We had the Wall Street corporate elite, the Democratic establishment, and the media all against us. But we put the state and nation on notice.\" Jeffries stated in his own victory speech that \"The political pundits said that this was going to be a close race, but that was before the people had spoken.\"[54][55][56][57]","title":"2012 Congressional campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Silver"}],"text":"On November 4, 2013, Barron announced in a Web Video, that he will run for the State Assembly seat, currently vacated by his wife, Inez, who ran for his term-limited City council seat.[58] Barron said that he will fight Gov. Andrew Cuomo, Speaker Sheldon Silver, and the Democratic establishment to raise taxes and to increase Pre-K funding.","title":"2014 State Assembly campaign"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Canarsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarsie"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"On February 3, 2011, Barron was among hundreds of angry parents and students who protested loudly during a hearing closing 12 schools classified as failing.[59] On March 3, Barron celebrated with supporters as they learned that one of their protests had been successful, and that PS 114 in Canarsie would remain open.[60][61][62]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Walmart","text":"On February 3, 2011, the city council discussed allowing a Walmart into Brooklyn, with East New York one of the neighborhoods being considered by Walmart. Barron called Walmart a \"roving plantation\" and said \"There are no slaves in East New York. We will not be your slave workers.\"[63][64]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"same sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capitalnewyork.com-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"civil rights struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capitalnewyork.com-65"}],"sub_title":"Same-sex marriage and civil unions","text":"In November 2011, Barron said that he opposed same sex marriage,[65] but at a June 2012 debate declined to state a position on the issue.[66] Earlier in 2010, while running for governor, Barron stated that he was a strong supporter of civil unions, adding, \"I voted positively on all legislation in the City Council regarding civil union and gay rights. I believe homosexuals deserve equal protection under the law, like everyone else.\"[67]When asked in 2011 about the argument that the fight for same-sex marriage is the modern-day equivalent of the civil rights struggle, Barron answered, \"I don't consider it the civil-rights issue of our time. Comparing it to our struggle when we were stolen from Africa, enslaved, murdered, raped, hung, lynched. I'm not even going to give it the same breath as our movement in this country.\"[65]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Viva Palestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Palestina"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Anti-Defamation League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Territories"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-4"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Israel and its blockade of Gaza","text":"A leader of the Viva Palestina-USA group, Barron in July 2009 joined 200 other participants, mostly U.S. citizens, as the George Galloway led Viva Palestina relief convoy penetrated the Israeli-Egyptian blockade of Gaza. The convoy brought more than $1 million in medical equipment and supplies to Gaza's one and a half million inhabitants.[68][69] The U.S.-based Anti-Defamation League asked the U.S. Justice Department to investigate the U.S. Viva Palestina group, but the group stated that it would adhere to U.S. law and not provide Hamas assistance, instead delivering its aid to nongovernmental organizations.[70]In July 2009, Barron stated that the Gaza Strip section of the Palestinian Territories was \"a virtual death camp, the same kind of conditions the Nazis imposed on the Jews.\"[4] 11 months later he stated, \"There's too many children and women and innocent men of Gaza dying because you're isolating them and not allowing anything in. It's like having a concentration death camp. It's horrible, and the whole world is and should be outraged.\"[71]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Libyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-observer.com-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-observer.com-74"},{"link_name":"Louis Farrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Muammar Gaddafi, Robert Mugabe, and Louis Farrakhan","text":"In November 2011, after the end of the Libyan civil war, Barron voiced support for Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi, stating \"Out there, they don't know that Qaddafi was our brother.\" [Barron] also rejected claims of Gaddafi's brutality, stating \"People say 'Didn't he kill all those people?' I say, 'I don't know anything. The man was a freedom fighter.'\"[72]On September 12, 2002, Barron hosted an event at New York City Hall honoring Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe, whom Barron praised as the liberator of black Africans in then-Rhodesia.[73] In 2008, he again voiced support for Mugabe, who had allegedly committed crimes and atrocities in Zimbabwe.[74] Specifically, Barron said, \"In the year 2000, when he said one farm, one farmer, he was vilified\", arguing that Mugabe was popular internationally only while his government \"didn't take the land from the whites\". He added that in South Africa, whites \"still own 80 to 90 percent of the land,\" which is why international powers support South African leaders such Nelson Mandela. Barron stated he had seen no evidence which tied the Mugabe government to any attacks on supporters of the Zimbabwe opposition.[74]Barron has defended Louis Farrakhan against allegations that Farrakhan is a racist.[75][76]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amadou Diallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Diallo"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cardwell,_Diane_2002-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"New York City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Sean Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Bell"},{"link_name":"Jamaica, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Police brutality","text":"Barron has sided with black leaders in supporting victims of police brutality, including Amadou Diallo. He has said that crime is not the fault of the black community, but rather, is a consequence of the community's economic plight. Barron said that crime could only be reduced by economic opportunities and advancement, and without economic opportunities, \"every black community is a powder keg.\"[77][78]In response to the New York City Police Department (NYPD) shooting of three individuals—including the fatal shooting of a 23-year-old prospective bridegroom, Sean Bell outside of a Jamaica, Queens strip club in 2006, Barron made a number of controversial statements, including one that implied that members of Bell's community would be justified in exercising non-peaceful or violent methods in response to his death.[79] Barron has publicly stated \"we don't shoot anybody, they shoot us.\"Barron's name was floated with death threats on NYPD Rant, an internet forum, during 2007. Barron and the 100 Blacks in Law Enforcement called for a prompt investigation, and security detail was increased.[citation needed]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reparations for slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moore-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nypress2006-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nypress2006-81"}],"sub_title":"Reparations for slavery","text":"Barron has spoken passionately on the issue of reparations for slavery and, while on the city council, proposed creating a commission in New York City to study the effects of slavery on modern African Americans and use city funding for reparations.[80] He also introduced a bill to support restitution from companies that had benefited from past slavery.In 2002, Barron was criticized for stating at a reparations rally, \"I want to go up to the closest white person and say, 'You can't understand this, it's a black thing' and then slap him, just for my mental health.\"[81] Barron explained that the remark was hyperbole and not to be taken seriously.[81]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African-American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X"},{"link_name":"Marcus Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey"},{"link_name":"Frederick Douglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass"},{"link_name":"Paul Robeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"African-American history","text":"Barron believes that United States history is not accurately taught in schools, and has expressed interest in promoting African-American history throughout the New York City public school system. He has drafted legislation mandating the teaching of African-American history in required school curriculum. He has used his position as Councilman to propose renaming buildings and schools as well as decorating them with mementos of black history. He wishes to publicize black history greater, including erecting portraits of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, as important leaders in American history. Barron proposed bills to honor America's African American heritage and such individuals as Malcolm X, Marcus Garvey, Frederick Douglass, Paul Robeson, and W. E. B. Du Bois. He drafted a bill that would have asked President George W. Bush to cancel all debts African nations owe the U.S.[82]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clemency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemency"},{"link_name":"COINTELPRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COINTELPRO"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Assata Shakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assata_Shakur"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Central Park Jogger case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_Jogger_case"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Clemency and compensation for the wrongly accused","text":"Barron has twice sought clemency for individuals he described as \"political prisoners\". For example, In 2002, he asked that Anthony Bottom, Albert Washington, and Herman Bell be released. Although they were convicted for killing two police officers in 1971, conflicting evidence surfaced through COINTELPRO that suggests questionable government tactics in the prosecution of the three men. The bill was hotly debated and rejected.[83] Barron asked in 2005 that Assata Shakur, a fugitive wanted by the federal government, be granted clemency for the alleged 1973 killing of a state trooper.[84]In 2009, Barron asked that the City of New York compensate the five men wrongly accused in the Central Park Jogger case.[85][86]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_network"},{"link_name":"The O'Reilly Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Bill O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Immigration","text":"Barron, appearing on the Fox network television program The O'Reilly Factor[87] in April, 2006, stated that opposition to present-day immigration involves skin color. He argued that Germans, Jews, Poles, Greeks, and Italians who immigrated to the United States during the late 19th century were welcomed because of the color of their skin. In contrast, \"All of a sudden when the complexion of immigration changes, now it's 'these people'.\" He stated to host Bill O'Reilly that the original European immigrants had received preferential treatment: \"They had enough black people here already that were skilled and couldn't get the jobs that your people [i.e., European-Americans] were able to get.\" Many viewers responded to the episode, upset that Barron did not concede that white immigrants were also discriminated against.[88]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pledge of Allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Pledge of Allegiance","text":"Barron says he does not salute the flag or believe in the Pledge of Allegiance, stating that the pledge's assertion that there is equality and justice for all is a lie that is not true for African-Americans.[89] In 2004, he strongly objected to a move by the City Council that would begin each meeting with a voluntary Pledge.[90]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crony capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"$700 billion bailout package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_responses_to_the_subprime_crisis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Capitalism","text":"Barron has criticized crony capitalism, calling it a \"deeply-rooted illness\" within America.[citation needed] Barron wrote a scathing editorial on the $700 billion bailout package in 2008, calling it the \"biggest welfare check in the history of the planet\". He said it was \"a contradiction of capitalism\" to give money to Wall Street during a slump while it had said for years that there was \"no money for the people.\"[citation needed]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSPAN-91"}],"sub_title":"Gentrification","text":"At the National Summit on Gentrification in 2019, Barron discussed strategies on keeping his district Black to the exclusion of White people, boasting:\"East New York, the community has had the largest increase in the black population is in East New York 13.2%. Harlemn lost 14% of its blacks, 400% increase of whites ... I have the distinct honor to be able to come before you and say I actually lost white population in my community. I lost, They left. I didn't ask them why they left. So if you see one or two or three or four or five whites in my neighborhood they're passing through.\"[91]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subprime mortgage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Subprime mortgage crisis","text":"Barron held a mortgage crisis forum in 2007 to address concerns from residents who were in danger of house foreclosure. Barron said the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007 predominantly hurt African-Americans, who were lied to by predatory business practices.[92]","title":"Political positions"}]
[]
[{"title":"New York City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Council"},{"title":"Land reform in Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe"}]
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Complicated\""},{"url":"http://www.cityhallnews.com/newyork/article-1630-the-sharpton-barron-relationship-ishellipcomplicated.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fenner, Austin (April 24, 1997). \"Down And Dirty In 42d District\". New York: Articles.nydailynews.com. Retrieved March 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.nydailynews.com/1997-04-24/local/18041476_1_charles-barron-movie-multiplex-giuliani-administration","url_text":"\"Down And Dirty In 42d District\""}]},{"reference":"Shelby, Joyce (August 8, 1996). \"Nabe Fumes Over Gas Generator\". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. 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The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/02/nyregion/02fiterman.html","url_text":"\"Councilman and CUNY Trustee Trade Insults at Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"Arinde, Nayaba (January 25, 2006). \"Republicrats: Barron calls for a political audit of city Democratic Party\". New York Amsterdam News. Find Articles at BNET. Retrieved March 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/new-york-amsterdam-news/mi_8153/is_20060119/republicrats-barron-calls-political-audit/ai_n50585602/?tag=content;col1","url_text":"\"Republicrats: Barron calls for a political audit of city Democratic Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Barron Is in a Hurry\". The New York Observer. May 22, 2007. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Emergency_(video_game)
State of Emergency (video game)
["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 Reception","4 Sequel","5 References","6 External links"]
This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (April 2013) 2002 video gameState of EmergencyDeveloper(s)VIS EntertainmentPublisher(s)Rockstar Games (PlayStation 2, Xbox)Global Star Software (Windows)Platform(s)PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft WindowsReleasePlayStation 2NA: 12 February 2002EU: 22 February 2002XboxNA: 25 March 2003EU: 4 April 2003Microsoft WindowsEU: 1 August 2003NA: 5 August 2003Genre(s)Beat 'em up, Shoot 'em upMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer State of Emergency is a beat 'em up/shoot 'em up video game developed by VIS Entertainment and published by Rockstar Games for PlayStation 2 and Xbox, and by Global Star Software for Microsoft Windows. Plot Set in a dystopian United States where big business gradually took over national affairs and suspended elections. It wasn't before long that the American Trade Organization, most commonly known as "The Corporation", performs a coup and takes control in 2023, establishing a totalitarian corporate regime. Years later, in 2035, an underground movement called "Freedom" sparks a national riot and The Corporation declares a state of emergency in response. The game takes place in Capital City, the player joins Freedom to topple The Corporation; they must play as one of a selection of five characters, each with their own unique backgrounds. Characters The player is given the choice of choosing their characters to play as, however can only choose two and others need to be unlocked. Roy MacNeil (AKA "Mack") - MacNeil was a cop for fifteen years before he was fired from the force for refusing to open fire on a group of rioters looting a Corporation grocery store. A highly respected and high-ranking officer, MacNeil's dismissal resulted in a city-wide strike of protest by his fellow officers. The Corporation retaliated by replacing the entire force with their own security firm. MacNeil and his fellow officers continued to protest, eventually uncovering evidence that Corporation was funding organized crime outfits to harass non-Corporation businesses. When the ex-officers attempted to air their findings, key members were assassinated, prompting MacNeil to go into hiding. He has since been instrumental in organizing the underground revolutionary group, Freedom. Anna Price (AKA "Libra") - Anna was an up-and-coming criminal attorney who once believed in the Corporation model of rebuilding America, until she was blackmailed by the security forces to falsify evidence against political prisoners. When Anna refused to railroad her clients and threatened to expose Corporation, she paid a horrible price. A car bomb planted by Corporation thugs killed her husband and daughter, but she survived the blast. Believed to be officially dead, Anna has now hooked up with Freedom seeking revenge on the fascist state. Hector Soldado (AKA "Spanky") - Spanky remembers the way his neighbourhood used to be. Although it wasn't always the nicest place to live, it now seems like paradise compared to the veritable war zone that it has become. Overrun by state-sponsored death squads and gangs, The Corporation has launched a war of attrition against the forgotten people of Spanky's neighbourhood. Once a hardened gang member, this charismatic figure has now turned his efforts to organizing his community into an armed resistance against the Corporation. Ricky Thang (AKA "Freak" or "Phreak") - Ricky was orphaned in high school when his parents were arrested as political dissidents and were never seen again. Ricky went into hiding with other runaways before he was recruited by agents of Freedom. As Ricky's father used to run a PC repair shop, he has been using PC's since he was a child, and has become a prolific hacker and phone phreak. He is personally responsible for several attacks against Corporation's infrastructure, which first attracted the Freedom movement to put the hacker to good use. Edward Raymonds (AKA "The Bull") - The Bull graduated from Mesa High and joined the armed forces before the Corporation takeover. He was discovered by a sports agent while playing for the army's football team, and was recruited to play professionally. The Bull enjoyed a legendary career until the Corporation bought the professional football league. When he refused to participate in Corporation-sponsored match fixing, he was framed for illegal drug-use, and served five years in prison. With his future bleak and reputation destroyed, The Bull was ready to go take out as many of the men responsible as he could. The Bull now uses his experience to train new recruits to Freedom and lead organized attacks against the Corporation. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScorePCPS2XboxMetacritic65/10071/10067/100Review scoresPublicationScorePCPS2XboxAllGameN/AEdgeN/A4/10N/AElectronic Gaming MonthlyN/A6.33/106.33/10EurogamerN/A4/10N/AGame InformerN/A8/107/10GameProN/AGameRevolutionN/AC−N/AGameSpot7.2/108.5/107.8/10GameSpyN/A70%GameZone6.8/108.3/108/10IGN6.6/108.3/106.6/10Official U.S. PlayStation MagazineN/AN/AOfficial Xbox Magazine (US)N/AN/A6.5/10PC Gamer (US)43%N/AN/AThe Cincinnati EnquirerN/AN/AEntertainment WeeklyN/ACN/A By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version of State of Emergency had sold 700,000 copies and earned $28 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 90th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined sales of the State of Emergency line reached 900,000 units in the United States by July 2006. State of Emergency received "mixed or average" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. The game's strengths were considered to be the value for money as a budget title, the simplistic fun offered, the technical achievement of having hundreds of people running around on a modest system, and the satirical sense of humor. Weaknesses cited include gameplay that might be considered too simple, and a poor multiplayer mode on the PC. FHM gave the PS2 version a score of four stars out of five and called it "Manic, frenzied and violent gaming at its gripping best." The Cincinnati Enquirer also gave the same version four stars out of five and stated that "This new 'bad boy' of the video game industry is extremely fun to play — for those old enough and mature enough to purchase it — as a campy stress releaser at the end of a bad day." However, Maxim gave the same version a score of six out of ten and said, "Such virtual destruction may once have seemed innocent, but these days the whole thing hits a little close to home." Entertainment Weekly gave said version a C, saying, "Four levels are too few to stay interesting for all 175-plus missions, which are too bloody repetitive." The Village Voice gave the Xbox version a similar score of five out of ten and said, "In 'Revolution' mode—a series of nearly identical, frustrating mini-missions—the jackbooted thugs, now armed with pistols, make life much tougher. (Deeply flawed camera views don't help.) What's the point if you can't steal your family some diapers?" Before its release, the game was denounced by Washington state politicians for its similarity to the real-life 1999 World Trade Organization riots and protests in Seattle which caused $3 million in damages. The game features the fictional "American Trade Organization" as the antagonistic establishment. It was a runner-up for GameSpot's annual "Best Graphics (Technical) on PlayStation 2" award, which went to Ratchet & Clank. Sequel A sequel, State of Emergency 2, was released in 2006. This game was once again developed by VIS Entertainment; during production, the company became insolvent and the game was completed by DC Studios before being released by SouthPeak Games. References ^ Marriott, Scott Alan. "State of Emergency (PS2) - Review". AllGame. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Deci, T.J. "State of Emergency (Xbox) - Review". AllGame. Archived from the original on November 16, 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Edge staff (April 2002). "State of Emergency (PS2)". Edge. No. 109. ^ EGM staff (April 2002). "State of Emergency (PS2)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 153. ^ EGM staff (May 2003). "State of Emergency (Xbox)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 166. p. 134. ^ Bramwell, Tom (5 March 2002). "State of Emergency (PS2)". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Reiner, Andrew (April 2002). "State of Emergency (PS2)". Game Informer. No. 108. p. 70. Archived from the original on 24 August 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Brogger, Kristian (May 2003). "State of Emergency (Xbox)". Game Informer. No. 121. p. 91. Archived from the original on 15 November 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Major Mike (1 March 2002). "State of Emergency Review for PS2 on GamePro.com". GamePro. Archived from the original on 6 February 2005. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Bro Buzz (17 April 2003). "State of Emergency Review for Xbox on GamePro.com". GamePro. Archived from the original on 9 February 2005. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Silverman, Ben (March 2002). "State of Emergency Review (PS2)". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Gerstmann, Jeff (15 August 2003). "State of Emergency Review (PC)". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Gerstmann, Jeff. "State of Emergency Review (PS2)". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Gerstmann, Jeff (28 March 2003). "State of Emergency Review (Xbox)". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Osborne, Scott (3 March 2002). "State of Emergency (PS2)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on December 12, 2004. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Stratton, Stephen (5 April 2003). "GameSpy: State of Emergency (Xbox)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Hopper, Steven (14 October 2003). "State of Emergency - PC - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2016. ^ Krause, Kevin (23 February 2002). "State of Emergency - PS2 - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Zacarias, Eduardo (30 March 2003). "State of Emergency - XB - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Boulding, Aaron (8 September 2003). "State of Emergency (PC)". IGN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Perry, Douglass C. (15 February 2002). "State of Emergency (PS2)". IGN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Boulding, Aaron (27 March 2003). "State of Emergency Review (Xbox)". IGN. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ "State of Emergency". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. April 2002. p. 108. ^ "State of Emergency". Official Xbox Magazine. May 2003. p. 74. ^ Kuo, Li C. (December 2003). "State of Emergency". PC Gamer: 132. Archived from the original on 15 March 2006. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ a b Saltzman, Marc (13 March 2002). "Gaming getaways". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ a b Robischon, Noah (22 March 2002). "State of Emergency (PS2)". Entertainment Weekly. No. 645. p. 114. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ a b "State of Emergency for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ a b "State of Emergency for PlayStation 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ a b "State of Emergency for Xbox Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Campbell, Colin; Keiser, Joe (July 29, 2006). "The Top 100 Games of the 21st Century". Next Generation. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. ^ Moynihan, David (3 March 2002). "State of Emergency (PS2)". FHM. Archived from the original on 10 April 2002. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Porter, Alex (7 February 2002). "State of Emergency (PS2)". Maxim. Archived from the original on 24 January 2002. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ Catucci, Nick (15 April 2003). "Special Forces". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ "The Good, The Bad, The Ugly". Game Informer. Vol. XI, no. 100. August 2001. p. 17. ^ GameSpot Staff (December 30, 2002). "GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2002". GameSpot. Archived from the original on February 7, 2003. External links State of Emergency official website, hosted by Rockstar Games State of Emergency at MobyGames vteTake-Two Interactive2KCurrent studios 31st Union Cat Daddy Games Cloud Chamber Firaxis Games games Gearbox Software Hangar 13 HB Studios Mass Media Visual Concepts Former studios 2K Australia 2K China 2K Czech 2K Los Angeles 2K Marin Frog City Software Indie Built Irrational Games PopTop Software Venom Games Notable games BioShock series Borderlands series Civilization series Duke Nukem series Evolve Lego 2K Drive Mafia series Prey Spec Ops series The Darkness series XCOM series 2K series MLB 2K series NBA 2K series NBA 2K League NHL 2K series PGA Tour 2K WWE 2K series Rockstar GamesCurrent studios Rockstar Dundee Rockstar India Rockstar Leeds Rockstar Lincoln Rockstar London Rockstar New England Rockstar North Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Toronto Former studios Dhruva Interactive Rockstar Vancouver Rockstar Vienna Notable games Bully Grand Theft Auto series L.A. Noire Manhunt series Max Payne series Midnight Club series Red Dead series The Warriors Technology Rockstar Advanced Game Engine ZyngaCurrent studios NaturalMotion BossAlien Peak Games Small Giant Games Zynga Eugene Zynga with Friends Notable games Chess with Friends Clay Jam Drop7 Empires & Allies FarmVille Gems with Friends Hit It Rich! Word Streak with Friends Words with Friends Zynga Poker Technology Chartboost Euphoria Other Ghost Story Games Nordeus Private Division Roll7 Socialpoint List of games List of acquisitions Former labels Double Take Comics Gathering of Developers Global Star Software Gotham Games Jack of All Games Take-Two Licensing TalonSoft Authority control databases: National France BnF data
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A highly respected and high-ranking officer, MacNeil's dismissal resulted in a city-wide strike of protest by his fellow officers. The Corporation retaliated by replacing the entire force with their own security firm. MacNeil and his fellow officers continued to protest, eventually uncovering evidence that Corporation was funding organized crime outfits to harass non-Corporation businesses. When the ex-officers attempted to air their findings, key members were assassinated, prompting MacNeil to go into hiding. He has since been instrumental in organizing the underground revolutionary group, Freedom.Anna Price (AKA \"Libra\") - Anna was an up-and-coming criminal attorney who once believed in the Corporation model of rebuilding America, until she was blackmailed by the security forces to falsify evidence against political prisoners. When Anna refused to railroad her clients and threatened to expose Corporation, she paid a horrible price. A car bomb planted by Corporation thugs killed her husband and daughter, but she survived the blast. Believed to be officially dead, Anna has now hooked up with Freedom seeking revenge on the fascist state.Hector Soldado (AKA \"Spanky\") - Spanky remembers the way his neighbourhood used to be. Although it wasn't always the nicest place to live, it now seems like paradise compared to the veritable war zone that it has become. Overrun by state-sponsored death squads and gangs, The Corporation has launched a war of attrition against the forgotten people of Spanky's neighbourhood. Once a hardened gang member, this charismatic figure has now turned his efforts to organizing his community into an armed resistance against the Corporation.Ricky Thang (AKA \"Freak\" or \"Phreak\") - Ricky was orphaned in high school when his parents were arrested as political dissidents and were never seen again. Ricky went into hiding with other runaways before he was recruited by agents of Freedom. As Ricky's father used to run a PC repair shop, he has been using PC's since he was a child, and has become a prolific hacker and phone phreak. He is personally responsible for several attacks against Corporation's infrastructure, which first attracted the Freedom movement to put the hacker to good use.Edward Raymonds (AKA \"The Bull\") - The Bull graduated from Mesa High and joined the armed forces before the Corporation takeover. He was discovered by a sports agent while playing for the army's football team, and was recruited to play professionally. The Bull enjoyed a legendary career until the Corporation bought the professional football league. When he refused to participate in Corporation-sponsored match fixing, he was framed for illegal drug-use, and served five years in prison. With his future bleak and reputation destroyed, The Bull was ready to go take out as many of the men responsible as he could. The Bull now uses his experience to train new recruits to Freedom and lead organized attacks against the Corporation.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"PS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS2-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXBOX-30"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"PS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Electronic 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Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_U.S._PlayStation_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Official Xbox Magazine (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Xbox_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Cincinnati Enquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cincinnati-26"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-27"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nextgensales-31"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS2-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXBOX-30"},{"link_name":"FHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHM"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"The Cincinnati Enquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cincinnati-26"},{"link_name":"Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-27"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization riots and protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Ratchet & Clank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_%26_Clank_(2002_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestworst2002-36"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScorePCPS2XboxMetacritic65/100[28]71/100[29]67/100[30]Review scoresPublicationScorePCPS2XboxAllGameN/A[1][2]EdgeN/A4/10[3]N/AElectronic Gaming MonthlyN/A6.33/10[4]6.33/10[5]EurogamerN/A4/10[6]N/AGame InformerN/A8/10[7]7/10[8]GameProN/A[9][10]GameRevolutionN/AC−[11]N/AGameSpot7.2/10[12]8.5/10[13]7.8/10[14]GameSpyN/A70%[15][16]GameZone6.8/10[17]8.3/10[18]8/10[19]IGN6.6/10[20]8.3/10[21]6.6/10[22]Official U.S. PlayStation MagazineN/A[23]N/AOfficial Xbox Magazine (US)N/AN/A6.5/10[24]PC Gamer (US)43%[25]N/AN/AThe Cincinnati EnquirerN/A[26]N/AEntertainment WeeklyN/AC[27]N/ABy July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version of State of Emergency had sold 700,000 copies and earned $28 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 90th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined sales of the State of Emergency line reached 900,000 units in the United States by July 2006.[31]State of Emergency received \"mixed or average\" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.[28][29][30] The game's strengths were considered to be the value for money as a budget title, the simplistic fun offered, the technical achievement of having hundreds of people running around on a modest system, and the satirical sense of humor. Weaknesses cited include gameplay that might be considered too simple, and a poor multiplayer mode on the PC.FHM gave the PS2 version a score of four stars out of five and called it \"Manic, frenzied and violent gaming at its gripping best.\"[32] The Cincinnati Enquirer also gave the same version four stars out of five and stated that \"This new 'bad boy' of the video game industry is extremely fun to play — for those old enough and mature enough to purchase it — as a campy stress releaser at the end of a bad day.\"[26] However, Maxim gave the same version a score of six out of ten and said, \"Such virtual destruction may once have seemed innocent, but these days the whole thing hits a little close to home.\"[33] Entertainment Weekly gave said version a C, saying, \"Four levels are too few to stay interesting for all 175-plus missions, which are too bloody repetitive.\"[27] The Village Voice gave the Xbox version a similar score of five out of ten and said, \"In 'Revolution' mode—a series of nearly identical, frustrating mini-missions—the jackbooted thugs, now armed with pistols, make life much tougher. (Deeply flawed camera views don't help.) What's the point if you can't steal your family some diapers?\"[34]Before its release, the game was denounced by Washington state politicians for its similarity to the real-life 1999 World Trade Organization riots and protests in Seattle which caused $3 million in damages. The game features the fictional \"American Trade Organization\" as the antagonistic establishment.[35]It was a runner-up for GameSpot's annual \"Best Graphics (Technical) on PlayStation 2\" award, which went to Ratchet & Clank.[36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State of Emergency 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Emergency_2"},{"link_name":"SouthPeak Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthPeak_Games"}],"text":"A sequel, State of Emergency 2, was released in 2006. This game was once again developed by VIS Entertainment; during production, the company became insolvent and the game was completed by DC Studios before being released by SouthPeak Games.","title":"Sequel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Marriott, Scott Alan. \"State of Emergency (PS2) - Review\". AllGame. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141114221350/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=34845&tab=review","url_text":"\"State of Emergency (PS2) - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame","url_text":"AllGame"},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=34845&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Deci, T.J. \"State of Emergency (Xbox) - Review\". AllGame. Archived from the original on November 16, 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141116014303/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=38558&tab=review","url_text":"\"State of Emergency (Xbox) - Review\""},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=38558&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edge staff (April 2002). \"State of Emergency (PS2)\". Edge. 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Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020410230437/http://www.fhm.com/games/reviews/gamereview.asp?intID=1741","url_text":"\"State of Emergency (PS2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHM","url_text":"FHM"},{"url":"http://www.fhm.com/games/reviews/gamereview.asp?intID=1741","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Alex (7 February 2002). \"State of Emergency (PS2)\". Maxim. Archived from the original on 24 January 2002. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020124113338/http://www.maximonline.com/entertainment/reviews/review_games_2497.html","url_text":"\"State of Emergency (PS2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)","url_text":"Maxim"},{"url":"http://www.maximonline.com/entertainment/reviews/review_games_2497.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Catucci, Nick (15 April 2003). \"Special Forces\". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Tremblay
Michel Tremblay
["1 Career and impact","2 Political views","3 Awards and honours","4 Works","4.1 Novels and short story collections","4.2 Plays","4.3 Film scripts","5 Works about Tremblay","6 References","7 External links"]
Canadian writer For other people named Michel Tremblay, see Michel Tremblay (disambiguation). Michel TremblayGOQMichel Tremblay at the Salon du livre de Montréal (2017)Born (1942-06-25) June 25, 1942 (age 81)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaOccupationWriter, Novelist, Theatre PlaywrightLanguageFrenchNotable works Les Belles-sœurs (1968) À toi, pour toujours, ta Marie-Lou (1970) La grosse femme d'à côté est enceinte (1978) Albertine, en cinq temps (1984) Le Vrai Monde ? (1987) Encore une fois, si vous permettez (1998) Literature portal Michel Tremblay GOQ (born 25 June 1942) is a Québécois novelist and playwright. Tremblay was born in Montreal, Quebec, where he grew up in the French-speaking neighbourhood of Plateau Mont-Royal; at the time of his birth, a neighbourhood with a working-class character and joual dialect - something that would heavily influence his work. Tremblay's first professionally produced play, Les Belles-Sœurs, was written in 1965 and premiered at the Théâtre du Rideau Vert on August 28, 1968. It transformed the old guard of Canadian theatre and introduced joual to the mainstream. It stirred up controversy by portraying the lives of working-class women and attacking the strait-laced, deeply religious society of mid-20th century Quebec. Career and impact Tremblay's early plays, including Hosanna and La Duchesse de Langeais, challenged the boundaries of French Canadian society. Until the Quiet Revolution of the early 1960s, Tremblay saw Quebec as a poor, working-class province dominated by an English-speaking elite and the Roman Catholic Church. Tremblay's work was part of a vanguard of liberal, nationalist thought that helped create an essentially modern society. His most famous plays are usually centred on gay characters. The first Canadian play about and starring a drag queen was his play Hosanna, which was first performed at Théâtre de Quat'Sous in Montreal in 1973. The women in his plays are usually strong but possessed with demons they must vanquish. It is said he sees Quebec as a matriarchal society. He is considered one of the best playwrights for women. In the late 1980s, Les Belles-sœurs ("The Sisters-in-Law") was produced in Scotland in Scots, as The Guid-Sisters ("guid-sister" being Scots for "sister-in-law"). His work has been translated into many languages, including Yiddish, and including such works as Sainte-Carmen de la Main, Ç'ta ton tour, Laura Cadieux, and Forever Yours, Marilou (À toi pour toujours, ta Marie-Lou). He has been openly gay throughout his public life, and he has written many novels (The Duchess and the Commoner, La nuit des princes charmants, Le Coeur découvert, Le Coeur éclaté) and plays (Hosanna, La duchesse de Langeais, Fragments de mensonges inutiles) centred on gay characters. In a 1987 interview with Shelagh Rogers for CBC Radio's The Arts Tonight, he remarked that he has always avoided behaviours he has considered masculine; for example, he does not smoke and he noted that he was 45 years old and did not know how to drive a car. "I think I am a rare breed," he said, "A homosexual who doesn't like men." He claims one of his biggest regrets in life was not telling his mother that he was gay before she died. His latest play to receive wide acclaim is For the Pleasure of Seeing Her Again, a comedic and nostalgic play, centred on the memories of his mother. He later published the Plateau Mont-Royal Chronicles, a cycle of six novels including The Fat Woman Next Door is Pregnant (La grosse femme d'à côté est enceinte, 1978) and The Duchess and the Commoner (La duchesse et le roturier, 1982). The second novel of this series, Therese and Pierrette and the Little Hanging Angel (Thérèse et Pierrette à l'école des Saints-Anges, 1980), was one of the novels chosen for inclusion in the French version of Canada Reads, Le combat des livres, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2005, where it was championed by union activist Monique Simard. Tremblay also worked on a television series entitled Le Cœur découvert (The Heart Laid Bare), about the lives of a gay couple in Quebec, for the French-language TV network Radio-Canada. In 2005 he completed another novel cycle, the Cahiers (Le Cahier noir (translated as The Black Notebook), Le Cahier rouge, Le Cahier bleu), dealing with the changes that occurred in 1960s Montreal during the Quiet Revolution. In 2009 The Fat Woman Next Door was a finalist in CBC's prestigious Canada Reads competition. Political views For many years, Tremblay has believed that the only reasonable solution for Quebec is to separate from Canada. Once the Parti Québécois was elected in Quebec, he softened his views on allowing his plays to be produced in English there. He made it clear, however, that that did not mean that he agreed with bilingualism, calling it "stupid" and stating that he thought it ridiculous to expect a housewife in Vancouver to be fluent in both English and French. Despite his often outspoken views in public, Tremblay's treatment of politics in his plays is subtle. Speaking of politics and the theatre in an CBC interview in 1978, Tremblay said: "I know what I want in the theatre. I want a real political theatre, but I know that political theatre is dull. I write fables." In April 2006 he declared that he did not support the arguments put forward for the separation of Quebec. But he clarified his thoughts some time later by saying he was still a supporter of Quebec sovereignty, though critical of the actual state of the debate, which in his opinion was too much focused on economic issues. In response to this, the columnist Marc Cassivi of La Presse wrote that "there was only one closet a Quebec artist could never exit and that was the federalist one." Awards and honours Tremblay has received numerous awards in recognition of his work. These include the Prix Victor-Morin (1974), the Prix France-Québec (1984), the Chalmers Award (1986) and the Molson Prize (1994). He received the Lieutenant-Governor's award for Ontario in 1976 and 1977. Tremblay was named the "Montréalais le plus remarquable des deux dernières décennies dans le domaine du théâtre" (the most remarkable Montrealer of the past two decades in theatre) (1978). In 1991 he was appointed Officier de l'Ordre de France, and in the same year, Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Québec. He is also a recipient of the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de France (1994). In 1999, Tremblay received a Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts. This produced controversy when several well-known Quebec nationalists suggested that he should refuse the award. While he did not do this, he did admit, for the first time, that he had refused the Order of Canada in 1990. In 2000, Encore une fois, si vous le permettez (For The Pleasure of Seeing Her Again) won a Chalmers Award and a Dora Mavor Moore Award. Works Novels and short story collections Note: Most titles also available in English translations Contes pour buveurs attardés (1966) (Tales for Belated Drinkers) La Cité dans l'œuf (1969) (The City in the Egg) C't'à ton tour, Laura Cadieux (1973) (It's Your Turn, Laura Cadieux) Le Cœur découvert (1986) (The Heart Laid Bare) Les Vues animées (1990) (The Animated Views) Douze coups de théâtre: récits (1992) (Twelve Strokes of Drama: Stories) Le Cœur éclaté (1993) (The Heart Broken) Un ange cornu avec des ailes de tôle (1994) La nuit des princes charmants (1995) (Some Night My Prince Will Come) Le Fantôme de Don Carlos(1996) (The Phantom of Don Carlos) Quarante-quatre minutes, quarante-quatre secondes (1997) (Forty-Four Minutes, Forty-Four Seconds) Hôtel Bristol New York, N.Y (1999) (Bristol Hotel New York, NY) L'Homme qui entendait siffler une bouilloire (2001) (The Man who heard a Whistling Kettle) Bonbons assortis (2002) (Assorted Candies) Le Trou dans le mur (2006) (The Hole in the Wall) La Traversée du continent (2007) (Crossing the Continent) La Traversée de la ville (2008) (Crossing the City) La Traversée des sentiments (2009) (Crossing Feelings) Le passage obligé (2010) La grande mêlée (2011) Au hazard la chance (2012) Les clefs du Paradise (2013) Chroniques du Plateau Mont-Royal, series of six novels: La grosse femme d'à côté est enceinte (1978) (The Fat Woman Next Door is Pregnant) Therese and Pierrette and the Little Hanging Angel|Thérèse et Pierrette à l'école des Saints-Anges (1980) (Therese and Pierrette and the Little Hanging Angel) La Duchesse et le roturier (1982) (The Duchess and the Commoner) Des nouvelles d'Édouard (1984) (News from Édouard) Le Premier Quartier de la lune (1989) (The First Quarter of the Moon) Un objet de beauté (1997) (A Thing of Beauty) The Notebook Trilogy: Le Cahier noir (2003) (The Black Notebook) Le Cahier rouge (2004) (The Red Notebook) Le Cahier bleu (Tremblay)|Le Cahier bleu (2005) (The Blue Notebook) Plays Note: Most titles also available in English translations Le Train, 1964. ("The Train") En pièces détachées, 1970. (available in English as "In Parts") Trois petits tourts, 1971. ("Three Pies") À toi, pour toujours, ta Marie-Lou (1971) (Forever Yours, Marilou) Les Belles-Sœurs, 1968. (available in English as "The Sisters In-Law" and in Scots as The Guid-Sisters) Demain matin, Montréal m'attend, 1972. ("Tomorrow Morning, Montreal Waits for Me") Hosanna et La Duchesse de Langeais, 1973. (available in English as Hosanna and La Duchesse de Langeais) Bonjour, là, bonjour, 1974. (available in English as Hello There, Hello) Les Héros de mon enfance, 1976. ("The Heroes of my Childhood") Sainte Carmen de la Main et Surprise ! Surprise !, 1976 (Under the name Sainte-Carmen of the Main, this play received its first U.S. run at New York City's Cubiculo Theatre in 1986) Damnée Manon, sacrée Sandra, 1977. ("Manon Damned, Sacred Sandra," available in English as Damnée Manon, sacrée Sandra) L'Impromptu d'Outremont, 1980. (The Impromptu of Outremont) Les Anciennes Odeurs, 1981. ("The Ancient Odours") Albertine en cinq temps, 1984 (Albertine in Five Times) Le Gars de Québec: d'après le Revizor de Gogol, 1985. ("The Boys of Quebec from the Government Inspector by Gogol") Le Vrai Monde ?, 1987. (The Real World?) Nelligan, 1990. ("Nelligan") La Maison suspendue, 1990. (The House Adjourned, available in English as La Maison suspendue) Marcel poursuivi par les chiens, 1992. (Marcel Pursued by the Hounds) En circuit fermé, 1994. ("Closed Circuit") Messe solennelle pour une pleine lune d'été, 1996. ("Solemn Mass for a Full Moon Summer") Encore une fois si vous permettez, 1998 (For The Pleasure of Seeing Her Again) L'État des lieux, 2002. ("The Current Situation") Impératif présent, 2003. ("Present") Bonbons assortis au théâtre, 2006 (Assorted Candy for the Theatre) Le Paradis à la fin de vos jours, 2008 ("Paradise at the end of your days") Fragments de mensonges inutiles, 2009 ("Pieces of useless lies") L'Oratorio de Noël, 2012 Film scripts Françoise Durocher, Waitress - 1972 Once Upon a Time in the East (Il était une fois dans l'est) - 1974 Let's Talk About Love (Parlez-nous d'amour) - 1976 The Late Blossom (Le Soleil se lève en retard) - 1977 The Heart Exposed (Le Cœur découvert) - 1987 It's Your Turn, Laura Cadieux (C't'à ton tour, Laura Cadieux) - 1998 Works about Tremblay Tremblay, Michel. (2003). Birth of a Bookworm. Translated by Sheila Fischman. Talonbooks: Vancouver, BC. ISBN 978-0-88922-476-6. Tremblay, Michel. (1998). Bambi and Me. Translated by Sheila Fischman. Talonbooks: Vancouver, BC. ISBN 978-0-88922-380-6. Renate Usmiani, Michel Tremblay. Douglas and McIntyre, 1982, ISBN 0-295-95863-4 Gilbert David and Pierre Lavoie, editors, "Le Monde de Michel Tremblay". Cahiers de Théâtre JEU/Éditions Lansman, 1993. Craig Walker, "Michel Tremblay: Existential Mythopoeia," The Buried Astrolabe: Canadian Dramatic Imagination and Western Tradition. McGill-Queen's UP, 2001, ISBN 0-7735-2074-0 (hardcover), ISBN 0-7735-2075-9 (paperback) References ^ Burke, Jim (May 11, 2018). "Michel Tremblay's Hosanna: a Quebec classic or transphobic?". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved May 1, 2024. ^ Lambert, Simon (November 22, 2019). "La duchesse de Langeais: l'amour qui brûle". Le Devoir (in French). Retrieved May 1, 2024. ^ Page, Morgan M (November 24, 2017). "Why we don't need another revival of Michel Tremblay's Hosanna". Canadian Broadcasting Company. Retrieved May 1, 2024. ^ Tremblay, Michel (1991) . Hosanna. Translated by Van Burek, John; Glassco, Bill. Vancouver, BC: Leméac Éditeur. ^ Lachance, François (2002), "Tremblay, Michel", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 2007-08-14, retrieved 2007-08-18 ^ a b CBC March 28, 1978 ^ The belief that dares not speak its nom, The Globe and Mail, April 15, 2006 ^ "Michel Tremblay biography". Governor General's Performing Arts Awards Foundation. Retrieved 4 February 2015. ^ Tremblay, Michel Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia 2005-02-04 External links Official Biography of Tremblay (Agence Goodwin) CBC Digital Archives – Michel Tremblay: L'enfant terrible of Canadian Theatre Interview, online from CBC Words at Large (audio excerpt) CBC Digital Archives – Impressions of Michel Tremblay Michel Tremblay entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Watch The Wanderer, an adaptation of Michel Tremblay's short story The Devil and the Mushroom (in French) Fonds Michel Tremblay (R11821) at Library and Archives Canada Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii 2 Artists MusicBrainz People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michel Tremblay (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Tremblay_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"GOQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people"},{"link_name":"novelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"French-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Plateau Mont-Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plateau"},{"link_name":"joual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joual"},{"link_name":"Les Belles-Sœurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Belles-S%C5%93urs"},{"link_name":"joual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joual"}],"text":"For other people named Michel Tremblay, see Michel Tremblay (disambiguation).Michel Tremblay GOQ (born 25 June 1942) is a Québécois novelist and playwright.Tremblay was born in Montreal, Quebec, where he grew up in the French-speaking neighbourhood of Plateau Mont-Royal; at the time of his birth, a neighbourhood with a working-class character and joual dialect - something that would heavily influence his work. Tremblay's first professionally produced play, Les Belles-Sœurs, was written in 1965 and premiered at the Théâtre du Rideau Vert on August 28, 1968. It transformed the old guard of Canadian theatre and introduced joual to the mainstream. It stirred up controversy by portraying the lives of working-class women and attacking the strait-laced, deeply religious society of mid-20th century Quebec.","title":"Michel Tremblay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke_Gazette_2018_x750-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert_2019_e372-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Page_2017_q439-3"},{"link_name":"Quiet Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_Revolution"},{"link_name":"English-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Hosanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosanna_(play)"},{"link_name":"Théâtre de Quat'Sous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Quat%27Sous"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Les Belles-sœurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Belles-s%C5%93urs"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"openly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glbtq-5"},{"link_name":"Shelagh Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelagh_Rogers"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"The Fat Woman Next Door is Pregnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fat_Woman_Next_Door_is_Pregnant"},{"link_name":"La grosse femme d'à côté est enceinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_grosse_femme_d%27%C3%A0_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_est_enceinte"},{"link_name":"Canada Reads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Reads"},{"link_name":"Radio-Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"union activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Radio-Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"}],"text":"Tremblay's early plays, including Hosanna[1] and La Duchesse de Langeais,[2] challenged the boundaries of French Canadian society.[3] Until the Quiet Revolution of the early 1960s, Tremblay saw Quebec as a poor, working-class province dominated by an English-speaking elite and the Roman Catholic Church. Tremblay's work was part of a vanguard of liberal, nationalist thought that helped create an essentially modern society. His most famous plays are usually centred on gay characters. The first Canadian play about and starring a drag queen was his play Hosanna, which was first performed at Théâtre de Quat'Sous in Montreal in 1973.[4]The women in his plays are usually strong but possessed with demons they must vanquish. It is said he sees Quebec as a matriarchal society. He is considered one of the best playwrights for women. In the late 1980s, Les Belles-sœurs (\"The Sisters-in-Law\") was produced in Scotland in Scots, as The Guid-Sisters (\"guid-sister\" being Scots for \"sister-in-law\"). His work has been translated into many languages, including Yiddish, and including such works as Sainte-Carmen de la Main, Ç'ta ton tour, Laura Cadieux, and Forever Yours, Marilou (À toi pour toujours, ta Marie-Lou).He has been openly gay throughout his public life, and he has written many novels (The Duchess and the Commoner, La nuit des princes charmants, Le Coeur découvert, Le Coeur éclaté) and plays (Hosanna, La duchesse de Langeais, Fragments de mensonges inutiles) centred on gay characters.[5] In a 1987 interview with Shelagh Rogers for CBC Radio's The Arts Tonight, he remarked that he has always avoided behaviours he has considered masculine; for example, he does not smoke and he noted that he was 45 years old and did not know how to drive a car. \"I think I am a rare breed,\" he said, \"A homosexual who doesn't like men.\" He claims one of his biggest regrets in life was not telling his mother that he was gay before she died.His latest play to receive wide acclaim is For the Pleasure of Seeing Her Again, a comedic and nostalgic play, centred on the memories of his mother. He later published the Plateau Mont-Royal Chronicles, a cycle of six novels including The Fat Woman Next Door is Pregnant (La grosse femme d'à côté est enceinte, 1978) and The Duchess and the Commoner (La duchesse et le roturier, 1982). The second novel of this series, Therese and Pierrette and the Little Hanging Angel (Thérèse et Pierrette à l'école des Saints-Anges, 1980), was one of the novels chosen for inclusion in the French version of Canada Reads, Le combat des livres, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2005, where it was championed by union activist Monique Simard.Tremblay also worked on a television series entitled Le Cœur découvert (The Heart Laid Bare), about the lives of a gay couple in Quebec, for the French-language TV network Radio-Canada. In 2005 he completed another novel cycle, the Cahiers (Le Cahier noir (translated as The Black Notebook), Le Cahier rouge, Le Cahier bleu), dealing with the changes that occurred in 1960s Montreal during the Quiet Revolution. In 2009 The Fat Woman Next Door was a finalist in CBC's prestigious Canada Reads competition.","title":"Career and impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parti Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois"},{"link_name":"bilingualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L'enfant-6"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L'enfant-6"},{"link_name":"Quebec sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement"},{"link_name":"La Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Presse_(Canadian_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For many years, Tremblay has believed that the only reasonable solution for Quebec is to separate from Canada. Once the Parti Québécois was elected in Quebec, he softened his views on allowing his plays to be produced in English there. He made it clear, however, that that did not mean that he agreed with bilingualism, calling it \"stupid\" and stating that he thought it ridiculous to expect a housewife in Vancouver to be fluent in both English and French.[6]Despite his often outspoken views in public, Tremblay's treatment of politics in his plays is subtle. Speaking of politics and the theatre in an CBC interview in 1978, Tremblay said:\"I know what I want in the theatre. I want a real political theatre, but I know that political theatre is dull. I write fables.\"[6]In April 2006 he declared that he did not support the arguments put forward for the separation of Quebec. But he clarified his thoughts some time later by saying he was still a supporter of Quebec sovereignty, though critical of the actual state of the debate, which in his opinion was too much focused on economic issues. In response to this, the columnist Marc Cassivi of La Presse wrote that \"there was only one closet a Quebec artist could never exit and that was the federalist one.\"[7]","title":"Political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chalmers Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_S._Chalmers_Canadian_Play_Awards"},{"link_name":"Molson Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molson_Prize"},{"link_name":"l'Ordre National du Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Governor General's Performing Arts Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Performing_Arts_Award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Dora Mavor Moore Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Mavor_Moore_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Tremblay has received numerous awards in recognition of his work. These include the Prix Victor-Morin (1974), the Prix France-Québec (1984), the Chalmers Award (1986) and the Molson Prize (1994).He received the Lieutenant-Governor's award for Ontario in 1976 and 1977. Tremblay was named the \"Montréalais le plus remarquable des deux dernières décennies dans le domaine du théâtre\" (the most remarkable Montrealer of the past two decades in theatre) (1978). In 1991 he was appointed Officier de l'Ordre de France, and in the same year, Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Québec. He is also a recipient of the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de France (1994).In 1999, Tremblay received a Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts.[8] This produced controversy when several well-known Quebec nationalists suggested that he should refuse the award. While he did not do this, he did admit, for the first time, that he had refused the Order of Canada in 1990.In 2000, Encore une fois, si vous le permettez (For The Pleasure of Seeing Her Again) won a Chalmers Award and a Dora Mavor Moore Award.[9]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C't'à ton tour, Laura Cadieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27t%27%C3%A0_ton_tour,_Laura_Cadieux"},{"link_name":"La grosse femme d'à côté est enceinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_grosse_femme_d%27%C3%A0_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_est_enceinte"}],"sub_title":"Novels and short story collections","text":"Note: Most titles also available in English translationsContes pour buveurs attardés (1966) (Tales for Belated Drinkers)\nLa Cité dans l'œuf (1969) (The City in the Egg)\nC't'à ton tour, Laura Cadieux (1973) (It's Your Turn, Laura Cadieux)\nLe Cœur découvert (1986) (The Heart Laid Bare)\nLes Vues animées (1990) (The Animated Views)\nDouze coups de théâtre: récits (1992) (Twelve Strokes of Drama: Stories)\nLe Cœur éclaté (1993) (The Heart Broken)\nUn ange cornu avec des ailes de tôle (1994)\nLa nuit des princes charmants (1995) (Some Night My Prince Will Come)\nLe Fantôme de Don Carlos(1996) (The Phantom of Don Carlos)\nQuarante-quatre minutes, quarante-quatre secondes (1997) (Forty-Four Minutes, Forty-Four Seconds)\nHôtel Bristol New York, N.Y (1999) (Bristol Hotel New York, NY)\nL'Homme qui entendait siffler une bouilloire (2001) (The Man who heard a Whistling Kettle)\nBonbons assortis (2002) (Assorted Candies)\nLe Trou dans le mur (2006) (The Hole in the Wall)\nLa Traversée du continent (2007) (Crossing the Continent)\nLa Traversée de la ville (2008) (Crossing the City)\nLa Traversée des sentiments (2009) (Crossing Feelings)\nLe passage obligé (2010)\nLa grande mêlée (2011)\nAu hazard la chance (2012)\nLes clefs du Paradise (2013)\nChroniques du Plateau Mont-Royal, series of six novels:La grosse femme d'à côté est enceinte (1978) (The Fat Woman Next Door is Pregnant)\nTherese and Pierrette and the Little Hanging Angel|Thérèse et Pierrette à l'école des Saints-Anges (1980) (Therese and Pierrette and the Little Hanging Angel)\nLa Duchesse et le roturier (1982) (The Duchess and the Commoner)\nDes nouvelles d'Édouard (1984) (News from Édouard)\nLe Premier Quartier de la lune (1989) (The First Quarter of the Moon)\nUn objet de beauté (1997) (A Thing of Beauty)The Notebook Trilogy:Le Cahier noir (2003) (The Black Notebook)\nLe Cahier rouge (2004) (The Red Notebook)\nLe Cahier bleu (Tremblay)|Le Cahier bleu (2005) (The Blue Notebook)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Les Belles-Sœurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Belles-S%C5%93urs"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Hosanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosanna_(play)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Albertine en cinq temps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_in_Five_Times"},{"link_name":"Le Vrai Monde ?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World%3F"}],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"Note: Most titles also available in English translationsLe Train, 1964. (\"The Train\")\nEn pièces détachées, 1970. (available in English as \"In Parts\")\nTrois petits tourts, 1971. (\"Three Pies\")\nÀ toi, pour toujours, ta Marie-Lou (1971) (Forever Yours, Marilou)\nLes Belles-Sœurs, 1968. (available in English as \"The Sisters In-Law\" and in Scots as The Guid-Sisters)\nDemain matin, Montréal m'attend, 1972. (\"Tomorrow Morning, Montreal Waits for Me\")\nHosanna et La Duchesse de Langeais, 1973. (available in English as Hosanna and La Duchesse de Langeais)\nBonjour, là, bonjour, 1974. (available in English as Hello There, Hello)\nLes Héros de mon enfance, 1976. (\"The Heroes of my Childhood\")\nSainte Carmen de la Main et Surprise ! Surprise !, 1976 (Under the name Sainte-Carmen of the Main, this play received its first U.S. run at New York City's Cubiculo Theatre in 1986)[citation needed]\nDamnée Manon, sacrée Sandra, 1977. (\"Manon Damned, Sacred Sandra,\" available in English as Damnée Manon, sacrée Sandra)\nL'Impromptu d'Outremont, 1980. (The Impromptu of Outremont)\nLes Anciennes Odeurs, 1981. (\"The Ancient Odours\")\nAlbertine en cinq temps, 1984 (Albertine in Five Times)\nLe Gars de Québec: d'après le Revizor de Gogol, 1985. (\"The Boys of Quebec from the Government Inspector by Gogol\")\nLe Vrai Monde ?, 1987. (The Real World?)\nNelligan, 1990. (\"Nelligan\")\nLa Maison suspendue, 1990. (The House Adjourned, available in English as La Maison suspendue)\nMarcel poursuivi par les chiens, 1992. (Marcel Pursued by the Hounds)\nEn circuit fermé, 1994. (\"Closed Circuit\")\nMesse solennelle pour une pleine lune d'été, 1996. (\"Solemn Mass for a Full Moon Summer\")\nEncore une fois si vous permettez, 1998 (For The Pleasure of Seeing Her Again)\nL'État des lieux, 2002. (\"The Current Situation\")\nImpératif présent, 2003. (\"Present\")\nBonbons assortis au théâtre, 2006 (Assorted Candy for the Theatre)\nLe Paradis à la fin de vos jours, 2008 (\"Paradise at the end of your days\")\nFragments de mensonges inutiles, 2009 (\"Pieces of useless lies\")\nL'Oratorio de Noël, 2012","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Françoise Durocher, Waitress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Durocher,_Waitress"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_the_East_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Let's Talk About Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Talk_About_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Late Blossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Blossom"},{"link_name":"The Heart Exposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_Exposed"},{"link_name":"It's Your Turn, Laura Cadieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Your_Turn,_Laura_Cadieux"}],"sub_title":"Film scripts","text":"Françoise Durocher, Waitress - 1972\nOnce Upon a Time in the East (Il était une fois dans l'est) - 1974\nLet's Talk About Love (Parlez-nous d'amour) - 1976\nThe Late Blossom (Le Soleil se lève en retard) - 1977\nThe Heart Exposed (Le Cœur découvert) - 1987\nIt's Your Turn, Laura Cadieux (C't'à ton tour, Laura Cadieux) - 1998","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88922-476-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88922-476-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88922-380-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88922-380-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-295-95863-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95863-4"},{"link_name":"Craig Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Walker_(writer)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7735-2074-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2074-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7735-2075-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2075-9"}],"text":"Tremblay, Michel. (2003). Birth of a Bookworm. Translated by Sheila Fischman. Talonbooks: Vancouver, BC. ISBN 978-0-88922-476-6.\nTremblay, Michel. (1998). Bambi and Me. Translated by Sheila Fischman. Talonbooks: Vancouver, BC. ISBN 978-0-88922-380-6.\nRenate Usmiani, Michel Tremblay. Douglas and McIntyre, 1982, ISBN 0-295-95863-4\nGilbert David and Pierre Lavoie, editors, \"Le Monde de Michel Tremblay\". Cahiers de Théâtre JEU/Éditions Lansman, 1993.\nCraig Walker, \"Michel Tremblay: Existential Mythopoeia,\" The Buried Astrolabe: Canadian Dramatic Imagination and Western Tradition. McGill-Queen's UP, 2001, ISBN 0-7735-2074-0 (hardcover), ISBN 0-7735-2075-9 (paperback)","title":"Works about Tremblay"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Burke, Jim (May 11, 2018). \"Michel Tremblay's Hosanna: a Quebec classic or transphobic?\". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved May 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/local-arts/michel-tremblays-hosanna-a-quebec-classic-or-transphobic","url_text":"\"Michel Tremblay's Hosanna: a Quebec classic or transphobic?\""}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Simon (November 22, 2019). \"La duchesse de Langeais: l'amour qui brûle\". Le Devoir (in French). Retrieved May 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/theatre/567590/la-duchesse-de-langeais-l-amour-qui-brule","url_text":"\"La duchesse de Langeais: l'amour qui brûle\""}]},{"reference":"Page, Morgan M (November 24, 2017). \"Why we don't need another revival of Michel Tremblay's Hosanna\". Canadian Broadcasting Company. Retrieved May 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/arts/why-we-don-t-need-another-revival-of-michel-tremblay-s-hosanna-1.4418362","url_text":"\"Why we don't need another revival of Michel Tremblay's Hosanna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"Canadian Broadcasting Company"}]},{"reference":"Tremblay, Michel (1991) [1973]. Hosanna. Translated by Van Burek, John; Glassco, Bill. Vancouver, BC: Leméac Éditeur.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lachance, François (2002), \"Tremblay, Michel\", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 2007-08-14, retrieved 2007-08-18","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070814125050/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/tremblay_m.html","url_text":"\"Tremblay, Michel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glbtq.com","url_text":"glbtq.com"},{"url":"http://www.glbtq.com/literature/tremblay_m.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michel Tremblay biography\". Governor General's Performing Arts Awards Foundation. Retrieved 4 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ggpaa.ca/award-recipients/1999/tremblay-michel.aspx","url_text":"\"Michel Tremblay biography\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/local-arts/michel-tremblays-hosanna-a-quebec-classic-or-transphobic","external_links_name":"\"Michel Tremblay's Hosanna: a Quebec classic or transphobic?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/theatre/567590/la-duchesse-de-langeais-l-amour-qui-brule","external_links_name":"\"La duchesse de Langeais: l'amour qui brûle\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/arts/why-we-don-t-need-another-revival-of-michel-tremblay-s-hosanna-1.4418362","external_links_name":"\"Why we don't need another revival of Michel Tremblay's Hosanna\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070814125050/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/tremblay_m.html","external_links_name":"\"Tremblay, Michel\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbtq.com/literature/tremblay_m.html","external_links_name":"the 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Tremblay: L'enfant terrible of Canadian Theatre"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/wordsatlarge/features/feature.php?storyId=476","external_links_name":"Interview, online from CBC Words at Large (audio excerpt)"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/archives/discover/programs/i/impressions/michel-tremblay.html","external_links_name":"CBC Digital Archives – Impressions of Michel Tremblay"},{"Link":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008117","external_links_name":"Michel Tremblay entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607121953/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008117","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nfb.ca/film/wanderer/","external_links_name":"Watch The Wanderer, an adaptation of Michel Tremblay's short story The Devil and the Mushroom"},{"Link":"http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3673147&lang=eng","external_links_name":"Fonds Michel Tremblay (R11821)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3476/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121192767","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7397839","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxYRC9XQTgcpt7VwC4v3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1456848","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119270390","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119270390","external_links_name":"BnF 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_University
Everest University
["1 History","1.1 Operation by Corinthian Colleges","1.2 Operation by Zenith Education","2 Campuses","3 Accreditation and credit transfer","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 27°59′48″N 82°29′51″W / 27.9968°N 82.4975°W / 27.9968; -82.4975Former University in Florida Everest University was a private for-profit university based in Florida. From 2015 to 2020, the schools were operated by nonprofit Zenith Education Group, after former for-profit owner Corinthian Colleges shut down its operations. It was founded in 1940 as Fort Lauderdale College of Business and Finance and later known as the Florida Metropolitan University, a name it held until 2010. The Florida-based university offered online courses for students throughout the country. Programs focused on career orientation, offering day, night, weekend and online programs for working adults, with programs and schedules varying by campus. History Founded as Fort Lauderdale College of Business and Finance in 1940, the College was renamed Fort Lauderdale College in 1976. Another name change created the Florida Metropolitan University. The three remaining schools are branded as Altierus Career College. Operation by Corinthian Colleges In 2006, an arbitration process ruled in favor of FMU/Everest and a lawsuit regarding transfer of credits dating to 2004 was dismissed. In August 2007, an investigation of company practices was closed by the State of Florida with no fines, penalties, or finding of wrongdoing. The investigation inquired into FMU's "advertising, marketing and business practices related to the sale of educational services to Florida Residents." The resulting assurance of voluntary compliance between FMU and the Florida Office of the Attorney General indicated that FMU would pay $99,900 to the Office of the Attorney General for its investigation and in contributions to various consumer education purposes. It indicated that FMU would "modify" its pre-enrollment documents to include "Clear and Conspicuous" language regarding credit transfer, its refund policy, and its tuition costs, among other stipulations that, in part, serve to "better train" its teaching personnel to meet certain student needs. The Assurance of Voluntary Compliance found that FMU/Everest participates in the Florida Statewide Course Numbering System to facilitate the transfer of eligible credits to other institutions. Everest University's previous parent company, Corinthian Colleges, is currently being sued by the state of California for "false and predatory advertising, intentional misrepresentations to students, securities fraud and unlawful use of military seals in advertisements." "According to (California Attorney General) Harris' complaint, CCI's predatory marketing efforts specifically target vulnerable, low-income job seekers and single parents who have annual incomes near the federal poverty line. In internal company documents obtained by the Department of Justice, CCI describes its target demographic as 'isolated,' 'impatient,' individuals with 'low self-esteem,' who have 'few people in their lives who care about them' and who are 'stuck' and 'unable to see and plan well for future.' It is alleged the schools targeted people meeting these targets through aggressive and persistent internet and telemarketing campaigns and through television ads on daytime shows like Jerry Springer and Maury Povich." In 2012 and 2013, Everest faced site shutdowns as a result of low job placement rates. In November 2013, Corinthian Colleges reported that they were under investigation by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Operation by Zenith Education In February 2015, ECMC, a non-profit education firm, took ownership of more than half of Corinthian Colleges' campuses. ECMC also agreed to forgive student debt on Corinthian College's Genesis loans after a series of years. Zenith Education Group, a newly created nonprofit provider of career school training, announced in February 2015 that it had finalized its acquisition of more than 50 Everest and WyoTech campuses from Corinthian Colleges Inc., a transaction that was first announced in November. The deal will allow nearly 30,000 students to pursue their career goals without disruption, and will give those students the opportunity to complete their education under new management that is set to implement a new plan to improve the education of its students. Everest University was then known as Altierus Career College and Career Education. Their program offerings were limited to associate degrees and career diplomas in Health Care, Trades, Technical, and Business areas. Campuses Houston Norcross, Georgia Tampa Accreditation and credit transfer When it closed, Everest University was not accredited. The Everest University campuses in Florida were accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS) to award diplomas, associate, bachelor's and master's degrees. However, in 2016 the United States Secretary of Education denied ACICS's accrediting status for failing to meet 21 recognition criteria. Everest University participated in Florida's optional credit transfer program, the Florida Statewide Course Numbering System (SCNS). SCNS was established to facilitate the transfer of students and credits between Florida's public postsecondary educational institutions and participating nonpublic educational institutions, such as Everest University. "Courses that have the same academic content and are taught by faculty with comparable credentials are given the same prefix and number, and are considered equivalent courses. Equivalent courses are guaranteed to transfer to any other institution participating in SCNS, and the credit awarded for these equivalent courses will satisfy the receiving institution's institutional requirements on the same basis as credits awarded to native students." All Florida public universities and colleges participate in SCNS as well as numerous career/technical education centers and nonpublic institutions, such as Everest University. On August 24, 2010, Everest University had 709 courses listed on SCNS. References ^ "Corinthian Colleges Reports Favorable Arbitration Award in Satz Case - Arbitrator Finds in Favor of Company on All Counts". Send2press.com. 23 January 2006. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ a b c Archived February 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Institution List". Scns.fldoe.org:80. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ Archived October 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Corinthian Colleges' stock tumbles 23% since disclosing SEC probe". Los Angeles Times. 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ Attorney General Kamala D. Harris Files Suit in Alleged For-Profit College Predatory Scheme, State of California Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, 10 October 2013, retrieved 29 August 2014 ^ "Daniel Bice - Job-placement performance of Everest College proves dismal". Jsonline.com. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ Carter Dougherty (2013-11-23). "For-Profit Colleges Face Consumer Bureau Probe on Lending Roles". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ Douglas, Danielle (2015-02-02). "Here's how a debt collector plans to turn around failing for-profit colleges". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ "More than 50 Corinthian Campuses Transition to Nonprofit Status under Zenith Education Group | U.S. Department of Education". Ed.gov. 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ "Altierus - Earn Your Diploma or Degree". www.altierus.org. Retrieved 2017-08-16. ^ "Search For Career Training Programs Near You - Altierus". www.altierus.org. Retrieved 2017-08-16. ^ "ACICS Loss of Accreditation Recognition". Retrieved 2017-04-10. ^ Regional accreditation Regional Accreditation and its meaning ^ a b c Archived August 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine". Leg.state.fl.us. 1986-07-01. Retrieved 2016-01-12. ^ External links Official website Authority control databases ISNI 27°59′48″N 82°29′51″W / 27.9968°N 82.4975°W / 27.9968; -82.4975
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The Florida-based university offered online courses for students throughout the country. Programs focused on career orientation, offering day, night, weekend and online programs for working adults, with programs and schedules varying by campus.","title":"Everest University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altierus Career College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altierus_Career_College"}],"text":"Founded as Fort Lauderdale College of Business and Finance in 1940, the College was renamed Fort Lauderdale College in 1976. Another name change created the Florida Metropolitan University. The three remaining schools are branded as Altierus Career College.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FMU_Settlement-2"},{"link_name":"assurance of voluntary compliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurance_of_voluntary_compliance"},{"link_name":"consumer education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_education"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FMU_Settlement-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FMU_Settlement-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Operation by Corinthian Colleges","text":"In 2006, an arbitration process ruled in favor of FMU/Everest and a lawsuit regarding transfer of credits dating to 2004 was dismissed.[1]In August 2007, an investigation of company practices was closed by the State of Florida with no fines, penalties, or finding of wrongdoing. The investigation inquired into FMU's \"advertising, marketing and business practices related to the sale of educational services to Florida Residents.\"[2] The resulting assurance of voluntary compliance between FMU and the Florida Office of the Attorney General indicated that FMU would pay $99,900 to the Office of the Attorney General for its investigation and in contributions to various consumer education purposes.[2] It indicated that FMU would \"modify\" its pre-enrollment documents to include \"Clear and Conspicuous\" language regarding credit transfer, its refund policy, and its tuition costs, among other stipulations that, in part, serve to \"better train\" its teaching personnel to meet certain student needs. The Assurance of Voluntary Compliance found that FMU/Everest participates in the Florida Statewide Course Numbering System to facilitate the transfer of eligible credits to other institutions.[2][3] Everest University's previous parent company, Corinthian Colleges, is currently being sued by the state of California for \"false and predatory advertising, intentional misrepresentations to students, securities fraud and unlawful use of military seals in advertisements.\"[4][5]\"According to (California Attorney General) Harris' complaint, CCI's predatory marketing efforts specifically target vulnerable, low-income job seekers and single parents who have annual incomes near the federal poverty line. In internal company documents obtained by the Department of Justice, CCI describes its target demographic as 'isolated,' 'impatient,' individuals with 'low self-esteem,' who have 'few people in their lives who care about them' and who are 'stuck' and 'unable to see and plan well for future.' It is alleged the schools targeted people meeting these targets through aggressive and persistent internet and telemarketing campaigns and through television ads on daytime shows like Jerry Springer and Maury Povich.\"[6]In 2012 and 2013, Everest faced site shutdowns as a result of low job placement rates.[7]In November 2013, Corinthian Colleges reported that they were under investigation by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Zenith Education Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_Education_Group"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Altierus Career College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altierus_Career_College"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Operation by Zenith Education","text":"In February 2015, ECMC, a non-profit education firm, took ownership of more than half of Corinthian Colleges' campuses. ECMC also agreed to forgive student debt on Corinthian College's Genesis loans after a series of years.[9]Zenith Education Group, a newly created nonprofit provider of career school training, announced in February 2015 that it had finalized its acquisition of more than 50 Everest and WyoTech campuses from Corinthian Colleges Inc., a transaction that was first announced in November. The deal will allow nearly 30,000 students to pursue their career goals without disruption, and will give those students the opportunity to complete their education under new management that is set to implement a new plan to improve the education of its students.[10]Everest University was then known as Altierus Career College and Career Education.[11] Their program offerings were limited to associate degrees and career diplomas in Health Care, Trades, Technical, and Business areas.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Norcross, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norcross,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"}],"text":"Houston\nNorcross, Georgia\nTampa","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accredited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrediting_Council_for_Independent_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Important_Information_on_the_Derecognition_of_ACICS-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fldoe1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fldoe1-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fldoe1-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"When it closed, Everest University was not accredited. The Everest University campuses in Florida were accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS) to award diplomas, associate, bachelor's and master's degrees. However, in 2016 the United States Secretary of Education denied ACICS's accrediting status for failing to meet 21 recognition criteria.[13][14]Everest University participated in Florida's optional credit transfer program, the Florida Statewide Course Numbering System (SCNS).[15] SCNS was established to facilitate the transfer of students and credits between Florida's public postsecondary educational institutions and participating nonpublic educational institutions, such as Everest University.[16] \"Courses that have the same academic content and are taught by faculty with comparable credentials are given the same prefix and number, and are considered equivalent courses. Equivalent courses are guaranteed to transfer to any other institution participating in SCNS, and the credit awarded for these equivalent courses will satisfy the receiving institution's institutional requirements on the same basis as credits awarded to native students.\"[15] All Florida public universities and colleges participate in SCNS as well as numerous career/technical education centers and nonpublic institutions, such as Everest University.[15] On August 24, 2010, Everest University had 709 courses listed on SCNS.[17]","title":"Accreditation and credit transfer"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bonaiuto
Anna Bonaiuto
["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
Italian actress (born 1950) Anna BonaiutoBonaiuto and Andrej "Kolya" Chalimon in First the Music, then the WordsBorn (1950-01-28) 28 January 1950 (age 74)Latisana, ItalyOccupationActressYears active1973–present Anna Bonaiuto (born 28 January 1950) is an Italian actress. She has appeared in 48 films and television shows since 1973. She starred in L'amore molesto, which was entered into the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. Selected filmography Year Film Role Notes 1973 Love and Anarchy Prostitute 1977 A Spiral of Mist Armida 1989 Donna d'ombra Carla Nominated—David di Donatello for Best ActressNominated—Italian Golden Globe Award for Best Actress 1990 The King's Whore Countess Longhi 1992 Brothers and Sisters Gloria Grolla d'oro for Best ActressNominated—Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress 1992 Death of a Neapolitan Mathematician Anna 1993 Dove siete? Io sono qui Mother Volpi Cup for best supporting actress 1993 Giovanni Falcone Francesca Morvillo 1994 Il Postino: The Postman Matilde 1995 Nasty Love Delia (The film is based on the novel Troubling Love by Elena Ferrante)David di Donatello for Best ActressNastro d'Argento for Best ActressItalian Golden Globe Award for Best ActressGrolla d'oro for Best Actress 1997 The Vesuvians 1998 Rehearsals for War Sara Cataldi Nominated—David di Donatello for Best Actress 1998 First the Music, then the Words Marina Moltedo 2006 The Caiman Pubblico Ministero 2007 My Brother Is an Only Child Bella Nastri Nominated—Golden Ciak for Best Supporting Actress 2007 The Girl by the Lake Mrs. Sanzio Nominated—David di Donatello for Best ActressNominated—Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting Actress (also for Black and White) 2008 Black and White Adua 2008 Il Divo Livia Danese, Giulio Andreotti's wife Nominated—Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting ActressNominated—Golden Ciak for Best Supporting Actress 2010 Io, loro e Lara Beatrice Mascolo Nominated—Golden Ciak for Best Supporting Actress 2010 We Believed Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso 2012 The Worst Christmas of My Life Clara 2013 Long Live Freedom Evelina Pileggi Nominated—David di Donatello for Best Supporting Actress 2014 Good for Nothing Boss 2015 Banana Professor Colonna References ^ "Anna Bonaiuto". MyMovies. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Nasty Love". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 3 September 2009. External links Anna Bonaiuto at IMDb vteDavid di Donatello Award for Best Actress1956–1975 Gina Lollobrigida (1956) Anna Magnani (1958) Anna Magnani (1959) Sophia Loren (1961) Gina Lollobrigida / Silvana Mangano (1963) Sophia Loren (1964) Sophia Loren (1965) Giulietta Masina (1966) Silvana Mangano (1967) Claudia Cardinale (1968) Gina Lollobrigida / Monica Vitti (1969) Sophia Loren (1970) Florinda Bolkan / Monica Vitti (1971) Claudia Cardinale (1972) Florinda Bolkan / Silvana Mangano (1973) Sophia Loren / Monica Vitti (1974) Mariangela Melato (1975) 1976–2000 Monica Vitti (1976) Mariangela Melato (1977) Sophia Loren / Mariangela Melato (1978) Monica Vitti (1979) Virna Lisi (1980) Valeria D'Obici / Mariangela Melato (1981) Eleonora Giorgi (1982) Giuliana De Sio (1983) Lina Sastri (1984) Lina Sastri (1985) Ángela Molina (1986) Liv Ullmann (1987) Yelena Safonova (1988) Stefania Sandrelli (1989) Elena Sofia Ricci (1990) Margherita Buy (1991) Giuliana De Sio (1992) Antonella Ponziani (1993) Asia Argento (1994) Anna Bonaiuto (1995) Valeria Bruni Tedeschi (1996) Asia Argento (1997) Valeria Bruni Tedeschi (1998) Margherita Buy (1999) Licia Maglietta (2000) 2001–present Laura Morante (2001) Marina Confalone (2002) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2003) Penélope Cruz (2004) Barbora Bobuľová (2005) Valeria Golino (2006) Kseniya Rappoport (2007) Margherita Buy (2008) Alba Rohrwacher (2009) Micaela Ramazzotti (2010) Paola Cortellesi (2011) Zhao Tao (2012) Margherita Buy (2013) Valeria Bruni Tedeschi (2014) Margherita Buy (2015) Ilenia Pastorelli (2016) Valeria Bruni Tedeschi (2017) Jasmine Trinca (2018) Elena Sofia Ricci (2019) Jasmine Trinca (2020) Sophia Loren (2021) Swamy Rotolo (2022) Barbara Ronchi (2023) Paola Cortellesi (2024) vteNastro d'Argento Award for Best Actress1946–1970 Clara Calamai (1946) Alida Valli (1947) Anna Magnani (1948) Anna Magnani (1949) Pier Angeli (1951) Anna Magnani (1952) Ingrid Bergman (1953) Gina Lollobrigida (1954) Silvana Mangano (1955) Anna Magnani (1957) Giulietta Masina (1958) Eleonora Rossi Drago (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) Gina Lollobrigida (1963) Silvana Mangano (1964) Claudia Cardinale (1965) Giovanna Ralli (1966) Lisa Gastoni (1967) Monica Vitti (1969) Paola Pitagora (1970) 1971–1990 Ottavia Piccolo (1971) Mariangela Melato (1972) Mariangela Melato (1973) Laura Antonelli (1974) Lisa Gastoni (1975) Monica Vitti (1976) Mariangela Melato (1977) Sophia Loren (1978) Mariangela Melato (1979) Ida Di Benedetto (1980) Mariangela Melato (1981) Eleonora Giorgi (1982) Giuliana De Sio (1983) Lina Sastri (1984) Claudia Cardinale (1985) Giulietta Masina (1986) Valeria Golino (1987) Ornella Muti (1988) Ornella Muti (1989) Virna Lisi (1990) 1991–2010 Margherita Buy (1991) Francesca Neri (1992) Antonella Ponziani (1993) Chiara Caselli (1994) Sabrina Ferilli (1995) Anna Bonaiuto (1996) Iaia Forte / Virna Lisi (1997) Francesca Neri (1998) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (1999) Licia Maglietta (2000) Margherita Buy (2001) Valeria Golino (2002) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2003) Jasmine Trinca / Adriana Asti / Sonia Bergamasco / Maya Sansa (2004) Laura Morante (2005) Katia Ricciarelli (2006) Margherita Buy (2007) Margherita Buy (2008) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2009) Stefania Sandrelli / Micaela Ramazzotti (2010) 2011–present Alba Rohrwacher (2011) Micaela Ramazzotti (2012) Jasmine Trinca (2013) Kasia Smutniak (2014) Margherita Buy (2015) Valeria Bruni Tedeschi / Micaela Ramazzotti (2016) Jasmine Trinca (2017) Elena Sofia Ricci (2018) Anna Foglietta (2019) Jasmine Trinca (2020) Teresa Saponangelo (2021) Teresa Saponangelo (2022) Barbara Ronchi (2023) vteVolpi Cup for Best Actress1932–1968 Helen Hayes (1932) Katharine Hepburn (1934) Paula Wessely (1935) Annabella (1936) Bette Davis (1937) Norma Shearer (1938) Luise Ullrich (1941) Kristina Söderbaum (1942) Anna Magnani (1947) Jean Simmons (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Eleanor Parker (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Ingrid Bergman (1952) Lilli Palmer (1953) Maria Schell (1956) Dzidra Ritenberga (1957) Sophia Loren (1958) Madeleine Robinson (1959) Shirley MacLaine (1960) Suzanne Flon (1961) Emmanuelle Riva (1962) Delphine Seyrig (1963) Harriet Andersson (1964) Annie Girardot (1965) Natalya Arinbasarova (1966) Shirley Knight (1967) Laura Betti (1968) 1983–2000 Darling Légitimus (1983) Pascale Ogier (1984) Valeria Golino (1986) Kang Soo-yeon (1987) Isabelle Huppert / Shirley MacLaine (1988) Peggy Ashcroft / Geraldine James (1989) Gloria Münchmeyer (1990) Tilda Swinton (1991) Gong Li (1992) Juliette Binoche / Anna Bonaiuto (1993) Maria de Medeiros / Vanessa Redgrave (1994) Sandrine Bonnaire / Isabelle Huppert / Isabella Ferrari (1995) Victoire Thivisol (1996) Robin Tunney (1997) Catherine Deneuve (1998) Nathalie Baye (1999) Rose Byrne (2000) 2001–present Sandra Ceccarelli (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Katja Riemann (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Cate Blanchett (2007) Dominique Blanc (2008) Kseniya Rappoport (2009) Ariane Labed (2010) Deanie Ip (2011) Hadas Yaron (2012) Elena Cotta (2013) Alba Rohrwacher (2014) Valeria Golino (2015) Emma Stone (2016) Charlotte Rampling (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Ariane Ascaride (2019) Vanessa Kirby (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Cailee Spaeny (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Synchronkartei Other SNAC IdRef This article about an Italian actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewpie
Kewpie
["1 Background and history","2 Production","2.1 German bisque: 1912–1915","2.2 Composition and celluloid: 1916–1930s","2.3 Later models: 1944–present","3 Collectibility","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Dolls popular in the early 20th century For other uses, see Kewpie (disambiguation). "Kewpie Doll" redirects here. For the song, see Kewpie Doll (song). KewpieOriginal German-made bisque Kewpie, c. 1912TypeDoll, figurineInventor(s)Rose O'NeillCompany J. D. Kestner (1912–1920s) Cameo Co. (c. 1930s–1960s) Jesco (c. 1970s––present) CountryUnited StatesAvailability1912–presentMaterialsBisque, composition, celluloid Kewpie is a brand of dolls and figurines that were conceived as comic strip characters by cartoonist Rose O'Neill. The illustrated cartoons, appearing as baby cupid characters, began to gain popularity after the publication of O'Neill's comic strips in 1909, and O'Neill began to illustrate and sell paper doll versions of the Kewpies. The characters were first produced as bisque dolls in Waltershausen, Germany, beginning in 1912, and became extremely popular in the early 20th century. The Kewpie dolls were initially made out of bisque exclusively, but composition versions were introduced in the 1920s, and celluloid versions were manufactured in the following decades. In 1949, Effanbee created the first hard plastic versions of the dolls, and soft rubber and vinyl versions were produced by Cameo Co. and Jesco between the 1960s and 1990s. The earlier bisque and composition versions of Kewpie dolls are widely sought-after by antique and doll collectors, who especially want those hand-signed by O'Neill. Kewpies should not be confused with the baby-like Billiken figures that debuted in 1908. Background and history Rose O'Neill (c. 1907) Rose O'Neill, a Nebraska native who had worked as a writer and illustrator in New York City, initially conceptualized the Kewpie as a cartoon intended for a comic strip in 1909. According to O'Neill, the idea for the Kewpies came to her in a dream. The comic, featuring the cherub-faced characters, was first printed in Ladies' Home Journal in the December 1909 issue. O'Neill described the characters as "a sort of little round fairy whose one idea is to teach people to be merry and kind at the same time." The name Kewpies is derived from Cupid, the Roman god of erotic love. After the characters gained popularity among both adults and children, O'Neill began illustrating paper dolls of them, called Kewpie Kutouts. O'Neill produced a Sunday comic strip for newspapers starting December 2, 1917, syndicated by the McClure Syndicate. The strip ended nine months later, on July 28, 1918. She produced a second Sunday strip starting November 25, 1934, and that version lasted until February 6, 1937. Production German bisque: 1912–1915 Soldier-themed bisque Kewpies at the Ralph Foster Museum Kewpies in a Jell-O newspaper ad from 1915 As demand for the Kewpie characters increased, Geo. Borgfeldt & Co. in New York contacted O'Neill in 1912 about developing a line of dolls and figurines. O'Neill agreed, and J.D. Kestner, a German toy company located in Waltershausen, set forth to manufacture small bisque dolls of the Kewpies. After the company manufactured the first run of dolls, they sent samples to O'Neill, who disapproved of the design because she felt they "did not look like her characters." O'Neill traveled to Germany and had the company destroy the moulds of the dolls, and oversaw the final redesign of them, working with a 17-year-old art student named Joseph Kallus. The dolls were then released in nine different sizes, ranging from 1 to 12 inches (25–305 mm) in height. These early Kewpies wore a heart-shaped decal on their chests, which read "Kewpie, Germany", and some had jointed arms. Many of these original German Kewpies were signed by O'Neill herself, and some were featured in various poses. The small dolls became an international hit, and by 1914, O'Neill had become the highest-paid female illustrator in the country, garnering a small fortune from the wild popularity of the dolls. The Kewpie brand soon became a household name, and was used widely in product advertising, including promotion for Jell-O, Colgate, Kellogg's Corn Flakes, and Sears. The Kewpies also appeared as a brand on a multitude of household items and other memorabilia, such as dishware, rattles, soap, pepper shakers, coloring books, poetry collections, and stationery. O'Neill also famously used the characters to promote the women's suffrage movement, using the illustrations in slogans and cartoons. Composition and celluloid: 1916–1930s Kewpie Fusion toys in Japan Kewpie mayonnaise from Japan After World War I began in Europe, production of the bisque Kewpie dolls moved from Germany to France and Belgium, due to rising tensions after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Around this time, the dolls also began to be produced in the United States, made of composition material rather than bisque, due to bisque's fragility. The manufacturers also began to increase the sizes of the dolls, producing 22-inch (560 mm) versions in addition to the 12-inch (300 mm) versions. The American composition dolls also had the distinctive heart-shaped decal on the chest, reading "Kewpies, des. & copyright by Rose O'Neill." Like the original bisque models, some of the composition Kewpies were also hand-signed by O'Neill, and they all included jointed arms. In the mid-1920s, small-sized celluloid versions of Kewpies appeared, and were often given out as prizes at carnivals. Many of the celluloid versions were mainly manufactured in Japan, unlicensed, and were of a lower quality than other Kewpies. During this time, many Kewpies were sold with clothing, as well. Later models: 1944–present As photographs became more commonplace in advertising, the prominence of Kewpies in the marketing circuit began to wane. O'Neill returned to Missouri, where she died purportedly impoverished of complications from a series of strokes in 1944. Despite the lessening in popularity, Kewpies continued to be manufactured for the majority of the century, including hard plastic versions, as well as all-bisque replicas of the original Kewpies, produced by Jesco and Cameo Co. in the 1960s until the 1990s. These reproduction Kewpies lack the heart-shaped decal that distinguishes the original, older versions. Collectibility According to 200 Years of Dolls (fourth edition), a 10-inch Kewpie with a bisque head, composition body, and glass eyes today is worth $6,500, while a 20-inch (510 mm) doll is valued at $20,000. Many of the original, small-sized German-produced bisque Kewpies (c. 1912-1915) range from $200–$500 among collectors. Composition Kewpies range from $100–$300, while celluloid versions (especially unlicensed Japanese reproductions) are worth considerably less. Kewpies that were hand-signed by Rose O'Neill (most often etched on their arms or feet) are much rarer than unsigned Kewpies. Gallery Original German bisque Kewpies Back of bisque Kewpie, c. 1912: All official Kewpies have signature blue wings on the back of their necks. Signature of Rose O'Neill on bottom of a c. 1912 bisque Kewpie Postcard promoting women's suffrage movement, illustrated by O'Neill, 1914 Composition Kewpie, c. 1920 Celluloid Kewpie, c. 1930s: These were often given out as prizes at carnivals. See also Kewpie doll effect Chocolate Kewpies Kewpie (mayonnaise) References ^ a b c "Kewpie dolls to reach century mark". Columbia Tribune. September 12, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ a b c "Kewpie doll". Museum of Childhood. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ "Inventor of the Week: Archive". MIT. Archived from the original on August 28, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2013. ^ a b c "Rose O'Neill". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ V & A Museum of Childhood ^ a b c Knight, Marcy Kennedy (December 8, 2011). "The Kewpie Doll". The History Channel Club. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ a b Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 225. ISBN 9780472117567. ^ a b Hirshey, Gerri (March 8, 2008). "Who Knew? 'Kewpie Lady' Had Quite a Colorful Life". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ "Whiting's Kewpie papers". The Independent. December 7, 1914. Retrieved July 24, 2012. ^ "The Prolific Illustrator Behind Kewpies Used Her Cartoons for Women's Rights". Smithsonian. Retrieved June 14, 2019. ^ Van Patten, Denise. "Celluloid Dolls: An Introduction". About.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ Van Patten, Denise. "All-Bisque Kewpie Doll". About.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ Van Patten, Denise. "Kewpie Price Guide". About.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ Herlocher, Dawn (1996). 200 Years of Dolls: Identification and Price Guide. Kraus Publications. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0930625290. Further reading "The Rose of Washington Square: A Novel of Rose O'Neill, Creator of the Kewpie Doll" Pat Wahler, Evergreen Tree Press, ISBN 1732387699 Kewpies Dolls & Art With Value Guide: Dolls & Art, With Value Guide September 2001, ISBN 978-0-87588-589-6 Bum Rap In Branson Kewpie dolls and Rose O'Neill play a prominent part in this mystery novel by J.R. Ripley (Glenn Meganck), Beachfront Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-892339-89-8 Kewpies And Beyond Shelley Armitage, University Press of Mississippi, ISBN 978-0-87805-711-5 "Rose O'Neill: The Girl Who Loved to Draw" Linda Brewster, Boxing Day Press, ISBN 978-0-9798332-3-6 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kewpie. Bonniebrook Gallery, Museum, and Homestead, the Rose O'Neill homestead, on Wayback Machine The Kewpie Gathering Place, alumni site for the "Kewpies" of Hickman High School, Columbia MO, O'Neill's school vteKewpeeRelated restaurants Halo Burger Dortch Enterprises Mr. Fables Yesterdog Wendy's Wilson's Sandwich Shop Other Kewpie doll vteDollsModels andmanufacturersAmericasArgentinaMarilú (1932–1960)United States American Girl Barbie Blythe (1972) Bratz Cabbage Patch Kids Ever After High Kewpie Monster High Playpal R. John Wright Dolls Schoenhut doll AsiaIran Layli Sara and Dara dolls Japan Blythe (2001–present) Jenny Licca-chan South Korea Pullip EuropeFrance Bleuette Jumeau Petitcollin Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets Germany Armand Marseille Bild Lilli Ernst Heubach Götz My Friend Cayla Simon & Halbig Other countries Lenci doll (Italy) Mariquita Pérez (Spain) Sasha Morgenthaler (Switzerland) Sindy (UK) Types of manufacture Bisque Ball-jointed China Composition Crash test dummy Mannequin Peg wooden Rag Collections in museums Bangkok Doll Museum Denver Museum of Miniatures, Dolls and Toys Doll Asylum Doll Museum of Castell d'Aro Dunster Museum & Doll Collection İstanbul Toy Museum Judges' Lodgings, Lancaster Philadelphia Doll Museum Rochester Guildhall Shankar's International Dolls Museum Victoria and Albert Museum Related topics Haunted doll Annabelle Robert Category Commons Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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For the song, see Kewpie Doll (song).Kewpie is a brand of dolls and figurines that were conceived as comic strip characters by cartoonist Rose O'Neill. The illustrated cartoons, appearing as baby cupid characters, began to gain popularity after the publication of O'Neill's comic strips in 1909, and O'Neill began to illustrate and sell paper doll versions of the Kewpies. The characters were first produced as bisque dolls in Waltershausen, Germany, beginning in 1912, and became extremely popular in the early 20th century.[1]The Kewpie dolls were initially made out of bisque exclusively, but composition versions were introduced in the 1920s, and celluloid versions were manufactured in the following decades. 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Kewpies should not be confused with the baby-like Billiken figures that debuted in 1908.[2]","title":"Kewpie"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_O%27Neill.jpg"},{"link_name":"cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ladies' Home Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhs-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhs-4"},{"link_name":"Cupid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mythology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"paper dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_doll"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-6"},{"link_name":"McClure Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClure_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz-7"}],"text":"Rose O'Neill (c. 1907)Rose O'Neill, a Nebraska native who had worked as a writer and illustrator in New York City, initially conceptualized the Kewpie as a cartoon intended for a comic strip in 1909. According to O'Neill, the idea for the Kewpies came to her in a dream.[3] The comic, featuring the cherub-faced characters, was first printed in Ladies' Home Journal in the December 1909 issue.[4] O'Neill described the characters as \"a sort of little round fairy whose one idea is to teach people to be merry and kind at the same time.\"[4]\nThe name Kewpies is derived from Cupid, the Roman god of erotic love.[5] After the characters gained popularity among both adults and children, O'Neill began illustrating paper dolls of them, called Kewpie Kutouts.[6]O'Neill produced a Sunday comic strip for newspapers starting December 2, 1917, syndicated by the McClure Syndicate. The strip ended nine months later, on July 28, 1918.[7] She produced a second Sunday strip starting November 25, 1934, and that version lasted until February 6, 1937.[7]","title":"Background and history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kewpie_dolls_at_the_Ralph_Foster_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ralph Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_D._Foster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kewpies_and_Jello.pdf"},{"link_name":"Jell-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jell-O"},{"link_name":"Waltershausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltershausen"},{"link_name":"bisque dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisque_doll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-columbia-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-columbia-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museum-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhs-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ny-8"},{"link_name":"Jell-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jell-O"},{"link_name":"Colgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_(toothpaste)"},{"link_name":"Kellogg's Corn Flakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Corn_Flakes"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museum-2"},{"link_name":"coloring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloring_book"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"German bisque: 1912–1915","text":"Soldier-themed bisque Kewpies at the Ralph Foster MuseumKewpies in a Jell-O newspaper ad from 1915As demand for the Kewpie characters increased, Geo. Borgfeldt & Co. in New York contacted O'Neill in 1912 about developing a line of dolls and figurines. O'Neill agreed, and J.D. Kestner, a German toy company located in Waltershausen, set forth to manufacture small bisque dolls of the Kewpies. After the company manufactured the first run of dolls, they sent samples to O'Neill, who disapproved of the design because she felt they \"did not look like her characters.\"[1]O'Neill traveled to Germany and had the company destroy the moulds of the dolls, and oversaw the final redesign of them, working with a 17-year-old art student named Joseph Kallus.[1][6] The dolls were then released in nine different sizes, ranging from 1 to 12 inches (25–305 mm) in height. These early Kewpies wore a heart-shaped decal on their chests, which read \"Kewpie, Germany\", and some had jointed arms.[2] Many of these original German Kewpies were signed by O'Neill herself, and some were featured in various poses.The small dolls became an international hit, and by 1914, O'Neill had become the highest-paid female illustrator in the country,[4] garnering a small fortune from the wild popularity of the dolls.[8] The Kewpie brand soon became a household name, and was used widely in product advertising, including promotion for Jell-O, Colgate, Kellogg's Corn Flakes, and Sears.[2] The Kewpies also appeared as a brand on a multitude of household items and other memorabilia, such as dishware, rattles, soap, pepper shakers, coloring books, poetry collections, and stationery.[9]O'Neill also famously used the characters to promote the women's suffrage movement, using the illustrations in slogans and cartoons.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kewpie_fusion.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_0529_Kewpie_mayonnaise_NL.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_doll"},{"link_name":"celluloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid"},{"link_name":"carnivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivals"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Composition and celluloid: 1916–1930s","text":"Kewpie Fusion toys in JapanKewpie mayonnaise from JapanAfter World War I began in Europe, production of the bisque Kewpie dolls moved from Germany to France and Belgium, due to rising tensions after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Around this time, the dolls also began to be produced in the United States, made of composition material rather than bisque, due to bisque's fragility. The manufacturers also began to increase the sizes of the dolls, producing 22-inch (560 mm) versions in addition to the 12-inch (300 mm) versions. The American composition dolls also had the distinctive heart-shaped decal on the chest, reading \"Kewpies, des. & copyright by Rose O'Neill.\" Like the original bisque models, some of the composition Kewpies were also hand-signed by O'Neill, and they all included jointed arms.In the mid-1920s, small-sized celluloid versions of Kewpies appeared, and were often given out as prizes at carnivals.[11] Many of the celluloid versions were mainly manufactured in Japan, unlicensed, and were of a lower quality than other Kewpies. During this time, many Kewpies were sold with clothing, as well.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ny-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Later models: 1944–present","text":"As photographs became more commonplace in advertising, the prominence of Kewpies in the marketing circuit began to wane. O'Neill returned to Missouri, where she died purportedly impoverished of complications from a series of strokes in 1944.[8] Despite the lessening in popularity, Kewpies continued to be manufactured for the majority of the century, including hard plastic versions, as well as all-bisque replicas of the original Kewpies, produced by Jesco and Cameo Co. in the 1960s until the 1990s.[12] These reproduction Kewpies lack the heart-shaped decal that distinguishes the original, older versions.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"According to 200 Years of Dolls (fourth edition), a 10-inch Kewpie with a bisque head, composition body, and glass eyes today is worth $6,500, while a 20-inch (510 mm) doll is valued at $20,000.[6] Many of the original, small-sized German-produced bisque Kewpies (c. 1912-1915) range from $200–$500 among collectors.[13] Composition Kewpies range from $100–$300,[14] while celluloid versions (especially unlicensed Japanese reproductions) are worth considerably less. Kewpies that were hand-signed by Rose O'Neill (most often etched on their arms or feet) are much rarer than unsigned Kewpies.","title":"Collectibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German-bisque-kewpies.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Back_of_Kewpie_with_wings.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_O%27Neill_Kewpie_signature.png"},{"link_name":"Rose O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kewpie_votes_for_women_postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1920s_Composite_Kewpie_Rose_O%27Neill.png"},{"link_name":"Composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_doll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celluloid_Kewpie_doll.jpg"},{"link_name":"Celluloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid"}],"text":"Original German bisque Kewpies\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBack of bisque Kewpie, c. 1912: All official Kewpies have signature blue wings on the back of their necks.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSignature of Rose O'Neill on bottom of a c. 1912 bisque Kewpie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPostcard promoting women's suffrage movement, illustrated by O'Neill, 1914\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tComposition Kewpie, c. 1920\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCelluloid Kewpie, c. 1930s: These were often given out as prizes at carnivals.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1732387699","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1732387699"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87588-589-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87588-589-6"},{"link_name":"Glenn Meganck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Meganck"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-892339-89-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892339-89-8"},{"link_name":"University Press of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87805-711-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-711-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9798332-3-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9798332-3-6"}],"text":"\"The Rose of Washington Square: A Novel of Rose O'Neill, Creator of the Kewpie Doll\" Pat Wahler, Evergreen Tree Press, ISBN 1732387699\nKewpies Dolls & Art With Value Guide: Dolls & Art, With Value Guide September 2001, ISBN 978-0-87588-589-6\nBum Rap In Branson Kewpie dolls and Rose O'Neill play a prominent part in this mystery novel by J.R. Ripley (Glenn Meganck), Beachfront Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-892339-89-8\nKewpies And Beyond Shelley Armitage, University Press of Mississippi, ISBN 978-0-87805-711-5\n\"Rose O'Neill: The Girl Who Loved to Draw\" Linda Brewster, Boxing Day Press, ISBN 978-0-9798332-3-6","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Rose O'Neill (c. 1907)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rose_O%27Neill.jpg/220px-Rose_O%27Neill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soldier-themed bisque Kewpies at the Ralph Foster Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kewpie_dolls_at_the_Ralph_Foster_Museum.jpg/220px-Kewpie_dolls_at_the_Ralph_Foster_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kewpies in a Jell-O newspaper ad from 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kewpies_and_Jello.pdf/page1-220px-Kewpies_and_Jello.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kewpie Fusion toys in Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kewpie_fusion.JPG/220px-Kewpie_fusion.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kewpie mayonnaise from Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/2016_0529_Kewpie_mayonnaise_NL.jpg/220px-2016_0529_Kewpie_mayonnaise_NL.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Kewpie doll effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewpie_doll_effect"},{"title":"Chocolate Kewpies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%27s_Candy"},{"title":"Kewpie (mayonnaise)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewpie_(mayonnaise)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Kewpie dolls to reach century mark\". Columbia Tribune. September 12, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.columbiatribune.com/wire/kewpie-dolls-to-reach-century-mark/article_e4d69c0f-06b2-52d4-b041-aef8b45068d3.html","url_text":"\"Kewpie dolls to reach century mark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kewpie doll\". Museum of Childhood. Retrieved August 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museumofchildhood.org.uk/collections/dolls/kewpie-doll","url_text":"\"Kewpie doll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inventor of the Week: Archive\". MIT. Archived from the original on August 28, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060828221346/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/oneill.html","url_text":"\"Inventor of the Week: Archive\""},{"url":"http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/oneill.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rose O'Neill\". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420202337/http://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/o/oneill/","url_text":"\"Rose O'Neill\""},{"url":"http://shs.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/o/oneill/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Marcy Kennedy (December 8, 2011). \"The Kewpie Doll\". The History Channel Club. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120110061651/http://www.thehistorychannelclub.com/articles/articletype/articleview/articleid/1472/the-kewpie-doll","url_text":"\"The Kewpie Doll\""},{"url":"http://www.thehistorychannelclub.com/articles/articletype/articleview/articleid/1472/the-kewpie-doll","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 225. ISBN 9780472117567.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press","url_text":"University of Michigan Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472117567","url_text":"9780472117567"}]},{"reference":"Hirshey, Gerri (March 8, 2008). \"Who Knew? 'Kewpie Lady' Had Quite a Colorful Life\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/16colct.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&","url_text":"\"Who Knew? 'Kewpie Lady' Had Quite a Colorful Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whiting's Kewpie papers\". The Independent. December 7, 1914. Retrieved July 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/382/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Whiting's Kewpie papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Prolific Illustrator Behind Kewpies Used Her Cartoons for Women's Rights\". Smithsonian. Retrieved June 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/prolific-illustrator-behind-kewpies-used-her-cartoons-womens-rights-180968497/","url_text":"\"The Prolific Illustrator Behind Kewpies Used Her Cartoons for Women's Rights\""}]},{"reference":"Van Patten, Denise. \"Celluloid Dolls: An Introduction\". About.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512141335/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/celluloiddolls.htm","url_text":"\"Celluloid Dolls: An Introduction\""},{"url":"http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/celluloiddolls.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Patten, Denise. \"All-Bisque Kewpie Doll\". About.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512135823/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/antiquedolls1800s1920s/ig/Antique-Dolls-Price-Guide/Kewpie-Doll--All-Bisque.-ANn.htm","url_text":"\"All-Bisque Kewpie Doll\""},{"url":"http://collectdolls.about.com/od/antiquedolls1800s1920s/ig/Antique-Dolls-Price-Guide/Kewpie-Doll--All-Bisque.-ANn.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Patten, Denise. \"Kewpie Price Guide\". About.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211032/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/antiquedolls1800s1920s/ig/Kewpie-Price-Guide/","url_text":"\"Kewpie Price Guide\""},{"url":"http://collectdolls.about.com/od/antiquedolls1800s1920s/ig/Kewpie-Price-Guide/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Herlocher, Dawn (1996). 200 Years of Dolls: Identification and Price Guide. Kraus Publications. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0930625290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0930625290","url_text":"978-0930625290"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenjerai_Hunzvi
Chenjerai Hunzvi
["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 References"]
Chenjerai HunzviMember of the Parliament of Zimbabwefor ChikombaIn office2000 – 4 June 2001Preceded byConstituency createdSucceeded byTichaona JokonyaChairman of the Zimbabwe Liberation War Veterans AssociationIn office1997 – 4 June 2001Preceded byJohn GwitiraSucceeded byJabulani Sibanda Personal detailsBorn23 October 1949Chiminya, Southern RhodesiaDied4 June 2001(2001-06-04) (aged 51)Harare, ZimbabwePolitical partyZAPUZANU–PFSpouseWieslawa KanclerzChildren4Alma materUniversity of Warsaw Chenjerai "Hitler" Hunzvi (23 October 1949 – 4 June 2001) served as Chairman of the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association beginning in 1997. Early life Hunzvi was born in Chiminya, Southern Rhodesia on 23 October 1949. He said that he joined the struggle against white minority rule in Rhodesia at the age of 16 taking the nom-de-guerre of "Hitler". He was reported to have been interned in Gonakudzingwa and Wha Wha prisons between 1967 and 1970, and to have been a prominent leader in Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), though these claims have been denied by some other elders of the campaigns. He left the country and having been identified as being bright, was sent to study in Romania, becoming fluent in Romanian and French, and subsequently began medical studies in Poland where he married a Polish woman with whom he had two children. He represented ZAPU while in Poland, and in 1979, during his medical studies, Hunzvi visited London to attend the ceasefire and constitutional negotiations for the Lancaster House Agreement. Hunzvi returned to Zimbabwe in 1990, working initially at Harare Central Hospital, and later founding a medical practice in Budiriro, in the township of Harare. His wife fled Zimbabwe in 1992 to escape violence from her husband. She described Hunzvi as a "cruel and vile man who took delight in beating me. And as for the war, he never fired a shot. He saw no action at all." He subsequently remarried and has two other children. Political career Hunzvi was subsequently elected chairman of the Zimbabwean Liberation War Veterans' Association in 1997, which was, at the time, a relatively inactive organisation. A born orator, Hunzvi organised rowdy demonstrations demanding gratuities and pensions from President Robert Mugabe, and critiqued the president. The pressure tactics were successful and the 50,000 war veterans were granted one-off payments of US$2,500, as well as monthly pensions of US$100. A compensation fund was also set up to benefit those who were disabled following war service, with the amount paid determined by the degree of disability. The fund was the subject of enormous fraud, with government officials, party officials and others (including Hunzvi) determined to be 117% disabled. Experts have claimed that the settlements were a major factor in the economic crisis in Zimbabwe. In 1999, Hunzvi was arrested in corruption case regarding the alleged embezzlement of Z$45m of the war veterans' funds. He was denied bail, due to fear that he would intimidate witnesses or abscond. The actual trial was repeatedly postponed, and the war veterans' leadership voted to remove him from office. In 2000 Hunzvi led the campaign involving war veterans and other supporters of ZANU-PF in the seizure of white-owned land. During parliamentary elections in 1999, he incited followers to intimidate and harass members of the opposition group, the Movement for Democratic Change. Calling himself "the biggest terrorist in Zimbabwe" he was identified by numerous witnesses for participation in beatings and torture, and his medical clinic labelled a "torture chamber" by Amnesty International in 2000. Hunzvi was elected to parliament in 2000, but died in 2001 in Harare's Parirenyatwa Hospital. His death was variously ascribed to malaria, a heart condition, or AIDS. References ^ a b c d e f g h Meldrum, Andrew (5 June 2001). "Obituary: Chenjerai Hunzvi". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 April 2008. ^ a b c d "Obituary: War Veterans leader 'Hitler' Hunzvi". BBC News. 4 June 2001. Retrieved 26 April 2008. ^ a b c d e f g Duval Smith, Alex (5 June 2001). "Chenjerai Hunzvi". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2008. ^ a b c Hill, Geoff (2003). The battle for Zimbabwe: the final countdown. Zebra. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-86872-652-3. ^ Nyarota, Geoffrey (2006). Against the Grain: Memoirs of a Zimbabwean Newsman. Zebra. p. 214. ISBN 1-77007-112-1. vteMembers of the 5th Parliament of Zimbabwe (2000–2005) Speaker: Emmerson Mnangagwa (ZANU–PF); Deputy Speaker: Edna Madzongwe (ZANU–PF) ZANU–PF Baloyi Bhuka Chanetsa Chapfika Chauke Chigwedere Chikiyi Chimutengwende Chinamasa Chindanya Chindori-Chininga Chipanga Chitongo Chiyangwa Chombo Dokora Dzinzi Gezi (Manyika) Goche J. Gumbo R. Gumbo Gwanzura (Mutinhiri) Hungwe Hunzvi (Makokove) Kangai Karimanzira Kasukuwere Kaukonde Kuruneri Mabhena Machaya Mackenzie Made M. Madiro (P. Madiro) Madzongwe Mahachi (Munyoro) Mahofa Majange Makoni Mangwana Manyonda Marumahoko Matiza Mazikana Mbalekwa Mkandla Mnangagwa Mohadi Mombeshora (Paradza) Jonathan Moyo July Moyo N. Moyo Msika Msipa Muchena Mudenge Mugabe Mujuru Mumbengegwi Mupukuta Murerwa Mushowe Mutasa Mutiwekuziva Mutsauri Muzenda (Tungamirai) A. Ncube D. Ncube Ndlovu Nhema J. Nkomo S. Nkomo Nyauchi Parirenyatwa Rusere Sekeramayi Shumba Stamps Tungamirai Ziyambi Zvobgo (Mzembi) (Midzi) (Mudenda) (Nyoni) MDC Auret (Zwizwai) Bennett Bhebhe Biti Chaibva Chebundo Chirewamangu Coltart Dulini Ncube J. Khumalo N. Khumalo Khuphe Gabuza Gasela Gonese Gwetu Gwisai (Mungofa) Jongwe (Chamisa) Mabikwa Madzimure Madzore Mafudze Makuvaza Makwembere Malinga Man'ono Masaiti Mashakada Matewu Mdhlongwa Mhashu Misihairambwi Mkhosi Moyo Mpala (M. Khumalo) Mpariwa Mukahlera Mukwecheni Munyanyi Mupandawana (Mutema) Musekiwa (Chigumba) Mushoriwa Mutendadzamera Mutongi (Makova) Mutsekwa Ncube G. Ndlovu (Langa) M. Ndlovu Nyathi Nyoni Sansole Shoko G. Sibanda M. Sibanda Sikhala Stevenson Tumbare-Mutasa (Chihota) ZANU–Ndonga Khumbula
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Liberation_War_Veterans_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"}],"text":"Chenjerai \"Hitler\" Hunzvi (23 October 1949 – 4 June 2001) served as Chairman of the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association beginning in 1997.[1][2]","title":"Chenjerai Hunzvi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiminya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiminya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"nom-de-guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym#Noms_de_guerre"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Gonakudzingwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonakudzingwa_Restriction_Camp"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe African People's Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-3"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"medical studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-3"},{"link_name":"Lancaster House Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"Budiriro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budiriro"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wife-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-3"}],"text":"Hunzvi was born in Chiminya, Southern Rhodesia on 23 October 1949.[1] He said that he joined the struggle against white minority rule in Rhodesia at the age of 16 taking the nom-de-guerre of \"Hitler\". He was reported to have been interned in Gonakudzingwa and Wha Wha prisons between 1967 and 1970, and to have been a prominent leader in Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), though these claims have been denied by some other elders of the campaigns.[3] He left the country and having been identified as being bright, was sent to study in Romania, becoming fluent in Romanian and French, and subsequently began medical studies in Poland where he married a Polish woman with whom he had two children.[3] He represented ZAPU while in Poland, and in 1979, during his medical studies, Hunzvi visited London to attend the ceasefire and constitutional negotiations for the Lancaster House Agreement.[1]Hunzvi returned to Zimbabwe in 1990, working initially at Harare Central Hospital, and later founding a medical practice in Budiriro, in the township of Harare. His wife fled Zimbabwe in 1992 to escape violence from her husband. She described Hunzvi as a \"cruel and vile man who took delight in beating me. And as for the war, he never fired a shot. He saw no action at all.\"[3][4] He subsequently remarried and has two other children.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wife-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"ZANU-PF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU-PF"},{"link_name":"Movement for Democratic Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(pre-2005)"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-3"},{"link_name":"Parirenyatwa Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parirenyatwa_Hospital"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wife-4"}],"text":"Hunzvi was subsequently elected chairman of the Zimbabwean Liberation War Veterans' Association in 1997, which was, at the time, a relatively inactive organisation.[1] A born orator, Hunzvi organised rowdy demonstrations demanding gratuities and pensions from President Robert Mugabe, and critiqued the president.[4] The pressure tactics were successful and the 50,000 war veterans were granted one-off payments of US$2,500, as well as monthly pensions of US$100. A compensation fund was also set up to benefit those who were disabled following war service, with the amount paid determined by the degree of disability. The fund was the subject of enormous fraud, with government officials, party officials and others (including Hunzvi) determined to be 117% disabled. Experts have claimed that the settlements were a major factor in the economic crisis in Zimbabwe.[1][2][3][5]In 1999, Hunzvi was arrested in corruption case regarding the alleged embezzlement of Z$45m of the war veterans' funds. He was denied bail, due to fear that he would intimidate witnesses or abscond.[2] The actual trial was repeatedly postponed, and the war veterans' leadership voted to remove him from office.[1][2] In 2000 Hunzvi led the campaign involving war veterans and other supporters of ZANU-PF in the seizure of white-owned land. During parliamentary elections in 1999, he incited followers to intimidate and harass members of the opposition group, the Movement for Democratic Change. Calling himself \"the biggest terrorist in Zimbabwe\" he was identified by numerous witnesses for participation in beatings and torture, and his medical clinic labelled a \"torture chamber\" by Amnesty International in 2000.[1][3]Hunzvi was elected to parliament in 2000, but died in 2001 in Harare's Parirenyatwa Hospital. His death was variously ascribed to malaria, a heart condition, or AIDS.[1][3][4]","title":"Political career"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blum
William Blum
["1 Early life","2 Journalism","2.1 Osama bin Laden statement","3 Death","4 Works","5 References","6 External links"]
American writer, critic, and socialist (1933–2018) William BlumBlum in 2007BornWilliam Henry Blum(1933-03-06)March 6, 1933Brooklyn, New York, U.S.DiedDecember 9, 2018(2018-12-09) (aged 85)Arlington, Virginia, U.S.OccupationJournalist, author, U.S. foreign policy criticGenrePolitical journalism, historyNotable works The CIA: A Forgotten History (1986) Rogue State (2000) Killing Hope (2003) Websitewilliamblum.org William Henry Blum (/bluːm/; March 6, 1933 – December 9, 2018) was an American author and journalist and a critic of United States foreign policy. Early life Blum was born at Beth Moses Hospital (now part of Maimonides Medical Center) in Brooklyn, to Ruth (née Katz) and Isidore Blum, who were Polish Jewish immigrants. His father was a machinist. He was a graduate of Erasmus Hall High School and gained a degree in accountancy in 1955 from the City College School of Business and Civic Administration, which later became Baruch College of the City University of New York. Blum worked as a computer programmer for IBM and later the U.S. State Department. He had the ambition of becoming a foreign service officer to, as he explained, "take part in the great anti-Communist crusade" but was later disillusioned by the Vietnam War. Blum became involved in anti–Vietnam War activism and was pressured to resign his government post in 1967. By then he had already taken part in anti-war protests and become a founder and editor of the Washington Free Press, an alternative bi-weekly newspaper. Journalism In 1969, Blum wrote and published an exposé of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in which were revealed the names and addresses of more than 200 CIA employees. He worked as freelance journalist in the United States, Europe and South America. In 1972–1973, Blum worked as a journalist in Chile where he reported on the Allende government's "socialist experiment" before the U.S backed coup and the regime of Augusto Pinochet. In the mid-1970s, he worked in London with ex-CIA officer Philip Agee and his associates "on their project of exposing CIA personnel and their misdeeds". He supported himself with his writing and speaking engagements on college campuses. One of Blum's stories on Iraq was listed by Project Censored as one of "The Top Ten Censored Stories of 1998" In his books and online columns, Blum devoted substantial attention to CIA interventions and assassination plots. Noam Chomsky has called Blum's book Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, "far and away the best book on the topic." Blum supported Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns. He circulated a monthly newsletter by email called "The Anti-Empire Report". Blum described his life's mission as: "If not ending, at least slowing down the American Empire. At least injuring the beast. It's causing so much suffering around the world." In an interview with C-SPAN in 2006, Blum stated: "Speaking about U.S. foreign policy, which is my specialty, the authors I would most recommend would be Michael Parenti and Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman and Howard Zinn and Alexander Cockburn." According to Blum, left-wing publications such as The Nation declined to publish his work because they considered him too much of a fanatic. Osama bin Laden statement In early 2006, Blum briefly became the subject of widespread media attention when Osama bin Laden issued a public statement in which he quoted Blum and recommended that all Americans read Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower. As a result of the mention, sales of his book greatly increased. "I was quite surprised and even shocked and amused when I found out what he'd said," Blum commented. "I was glad. I knew it would help the book's sales and I was not bothered by who it was coming from. If he shares with me a deep dislike for certain aspects of US foreign policy, then I'm not going to spurn any endorsement of the book by him. I think it's good that he shares those views and I'm not turned off by that." On the Bin Laden endorsement, Blum stated, "This is almost as good as being an Oprah book." In an interview on MSNBC Countdown, he said: "Basically it's US foreign policy which creates anti-American terrorists. It's the things we do to the world. It's not, as the White House tells us, that they hate our freedom and democracy. That's just propaganda." In a May 22, 2006, article entitled "Come Out of the White House With Your Hands Up", Blum wrote: "Since the bin Laden recommendation, January 19, I have not been offered a single speaking engagement on any campus. . . . This despite January–May normally being the most active period for me and other campus speakers." Death Blum died on December 9, 2018, in Arlington, Virginia, from kidney failure at the age of 85 following a fall in his apartment two months earlier. Works Articles (DV) Blum: "Come Out of the White House With Your Hands Up!" Dissident Voice (May 22, 2006). "Hit List." CovertAction Information Bulletin (Fall 1993), p. 9. "The Painful Truths Told by Phil Agee." Consortium News (Jun. 27, 2013). Books The CIA: A Forgotten History. Zed Books (1986). ISBN 0-86232-480-7. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press (1995). ISBN 1-56751-052-3. UK edition. Zed Books (2003). Revised in 2014. ISBN 978-1783601776. 2nd edition, updated. Common Courage Press (2004). ISBN 1-56751-252-6. ISBN 1-56751-253-4. Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower. Common Courage Press (2000). ISBN 1-56751-194-5. Full text available. West-Bloc Dissident: A Cold War Memoir. Soft Skull Press (2002). ISBN 1-56751-306-9. Freeing the World to Death: Essays on the American Empire. Common Courage Press (2004). ISBN 1567513069. America's Deadliest Export: Democracy - The Truth About US Foreign Policy and Everything Else. Zed Books (2013). ISBN 1-78032-445-6. References ^ a b c d e Roberts, Sam (December 12, 2018). "William Blum, U.S. Policy Critic Cited by bin Laden, Dies at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2018. ^ McCann, G.; Ó hAdhmaill, F. (2020). International Human Rights, Social Policy and Global Development: Critical Perspectives. Policy Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-4473-4922-8. Retrieved July 8, 2023. ^ Agee, Chris (December 17, 2018). "William Blum (6 Mar 1933 – 9 Dec 2018), Renowned U.S. Foreign Policy Critic, Dead at 85". Transcend Media Service. Retrieved February 22, 2019. ^ a b c Langer, Emily (December 13, 2018). "William Blum, policy critic of U.S. praised by Osama bin Laden, dies at 85". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 14, 2018. even left-wing publications such as the Nation declined to publish his works, Mr. Blum said, because they judged him too fanatical. ^ Bill Blum's ZSpace Page Archived May 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Z Magazine online, accessed May 31, 2008. ^ a b c Montgomery, David (January 21, 2006). "The Author Who Got A Big Boost From bin Laden". The Washington Post. pp. C01. ^ Peter Phillips and Project Censored, Censored 2001: 25 Years of Censored News and the Top Censored Stories of the Year, New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001. p. 245. Retrieved December 24, 2018. ^ Falcone, Daniel (January 4, 2014). "Our Leaders Do Not Mean Well". Truthout. ^ Blum, William On Liberals, Phil Agee, and the 9-11 Truth Movement, Dissident Voice, January 14, 2008. Accessed May 31, 2008. ^ The Anti-Empire Report, williamblum.org. Online copies of issues of "The Anti-Empire Report". Retrieved December 24, 2018. ^ Killing Hope, killinghope.org. Online copies of early issues of "The Anti-Empire Report". Retrieved December 24, 2018. ^ William Blum in the Media Whirlwind, pressaction.com. "Transcript of Blum’s Jan. 28, 2006 appearance on C-Span." Retrieved December 24, 2018. ^ "Bin Laden plug boosts book sales". Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. January 21, 2006. ^ Oliver, Mark (January 23, 2006). "Osama bin Laden recommends". The Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2018. ^ Blum, William, "Come Out of the White House with Your Hands Up!", informationclearinghouse.info. Retrieved December 24, 2018. ^ Chris Agee and Louis Wolf, William Blum, Renowned U.S. Foreign Policy Critic, Dead at 85, covertactionmagazine.com. Retrieved December 24, 2018. External links Media related to William Blum at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to William Blum at Wikiquote Official website William Blum at IMDb American Exceptionalism: The Naked Truth by William Blum at CovertAction Magazine William Blum's articles at Foreign Policy Journal William Blum's articles at Z Communications (archive.org) America's most feared man Interview with Nerve Magazine, Issue 2, Summer 2003 William Blum in the Media Whirlwind Appearance on C-SPAN's call-in show Washington Journal, January 28, 2006 Killing Hope Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/bluːm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-1"},{"link_name":"United States foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCann_%C3%93_hAdhmaill-2"}],"text":"William Henry Blum (/bluːm/;[1] March 6, 1933 – December 9, 2018) was an American author and journalist and a critic of United States foreign policy.[2]","title":"William Blum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maimonides Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agee-3"},{"link_name":"Polish Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Hall High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Hall_High_School"},{"link_name":"Baruch College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_College"},{"link_name":"City University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer-4"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"U.S. State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._State_Department"},{"link_name":"foreign service officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_service_officer"},{"link_name":"anti-Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Communist"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"anti–Vietnam War activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-1"},{"link_name":"Washington Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-1"}],"text":"Blum was born at Beth Moses Hospital (now part of Maimonides Medical Center) in Brooklyn,[3] to Ruth (née Katz) and Isidore Blum, who were Polish Jewish immigrants. His father was a machinist. He was a graduate of Erasmus Hall High School and gained a degree in accountancy in 1955 from the City College School of Business and Civic Administration, which later became Baruch College of the City University of New York.[1][4] Blum worked as a computer programmer for IBM and later the U.S. State Department. He had the ambition of becoming a foreign service officer to, as he explained, \"take part in the great anti-Communist crusade\" but was later disillusioned by the Vietnam War. Blum became involved in anti–Vietnam War activism and was pressured to resign his government post in 1967.[1] By then he had already taken part in anti-war protests and become a founder and editor of the Washington Free Press, an alternative bi-weekly newspaper.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Allende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27etat"},{"link_name":"Augusto Pinochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Philip Agee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Agee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montgomery-6"},{"link_name":"Project Censored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Censored"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Noam Chomsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky"},{"link_name":"Killing Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Hope"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ralph Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"American Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_imperialism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montgomery-6"},{"link_name":"C-SPAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN"},{"link_name":"Michael Parenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Parenti"},{"link_name":"Noam Chomsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky"},{"link_name":"Edward Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Herman"},{"link_name":"Howard Zinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Zinn"},{"link_name":"Alexander Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer-4"}],"text":"In 1969, Blum wrote and published an exposé of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in which were revealed the names and addresses of more than 200 CIA employees. He worked as freelance journalist in the United States, Europe and South America. In 1972–1973, Blum worked as a journalist in Chile where he reported on the Allende government's \"socialist experiment\" before the U.S backed coup and the regime of Augusto Pinochet. In the mid-1970s, he worked in London with ex-CIA officer Philip Agee and his associates \"on their project of exposing CIA personnel and their misdeeds\".[5] He supported himself with his writing and speaking engagements on college campuses.[6] One of Blum's stories on Iraq was listed by Project Censored as one of \"The Top Ten Censored Stories of 1998\"[7]In his books and online columns, Blum devoted substantial attention to CIA interventions and assassination plots. Noam Chomsky has called Blum's book Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, \"far and away the best book on the topic.\"[8] Blum supported Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns.[9] He circulated a monthly newsletter by email called \"The Anti-Empire Report\".[10][11] Blum described his life's mission as: \"If not ending, at least slowing down the American Empire. At least injuring the beast. It's causing so much suffering around the world.\"[6]In an interview with C-SPAN in 2006, Blum stated: \"Speaking about U.S. foreign policy, which is my specialty, the authors I would most recommend would be Michael Parenti and Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman and Howard Zinn and Alexander Cockburn.\"[12] According to Blum, left-wing publications such as The Nation declined to publish his work because they considered him too much of a fanatic.[4]","title":"Journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"a public statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_January_2006_Osama_bin_Laden_tape"},{"link_name":"Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_State:_A_Guide_to_the_World%27s_Only_Superpower"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Oprah book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah%27s_Book_Club"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montgomery-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Osama bin Laden statement","text":"In early 2006, Blum briefly became the subject of widespread media attention when Osama bin Laden issued a public statement in which he quoted Blum and recommended that all Americans read Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower. As a result of the mention, sales of his book greatly increased.[4] \"I was quite surprised and even shocked and amused when I found out what he'd said,\" Blum commented. \"I was glad. I knew it would help the book's sales and I was not bothered by who it was coming from. If he shares with me a deep dislike for certain aspects of US foreign policy, then I'm not going to spurn any endorsement of the book by him. I think it's good that he shares those views and I'm not turned off by that.\"[13] On the Bin Laden endorsement, Blum stated, \"This is almost as good as being an Oprah book.\"[6] In an interview on MSNBC Countdown, he said: \"Basically it's US foreign policy which creates anti-American terrorists. It's the things we do to the world. It's not, as the White House tells us, that they hate our freedom and democracy. That's just propaganda.\"[14]In a May 22, 2006, article entitled \"Come Out of the White House With Your Hands Up\", Blum wrote: \"Since the bin Laden recommendation, January 19, I have not been offered a single speaking engagement on any campus. . . . This despite January–May normally being the most active period for me and other campus speakers.\"[15]","title":"Journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Blum died on December 9, 2018, in Arlington, Virginia, from kidney failure at the age of 85 following a fall in his apartment two months earlier.[1][16]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"(DV) Blum: \"Come Out of the White House With Your Hands Up!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dissidentvoice.org/May06/Blum22.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Hit List.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/hitlistbywilliamblum/Hit%20List%2C%20by%20William%20Blum.pdf"},{"link_name":"CovertAction Information Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CovertAction_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"\"The Painful Truths Told by Phil Agee.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//consortiumnews.com/2013/06/27/the-painful-truths-told-by-phil-agee/?print=pdf"},{"link_name":"Consortium News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium_News"},{"link_name":"The CIA: A Forgotten History.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/ciaforgottenhist00blum"},{"link_name":"Zed Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zed_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86232-480-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86232-480-7"},{"link_name":"Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Hope"},{"link_name":"Common Courage Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Courage_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56751-052-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56751-052-3"},{"link_name":"UK edition.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/KillingHope"},{"link_name":"Zed Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zed_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1783601776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783601776"},{"link_name":"2nd edition, updated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9781567512526/"},{"link_name":"Common Courage Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Courage_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56751-252-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56751-252-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56751-253-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56751-253-4"},{"link_name":"Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_State:_A_Guide_to_the_World%27s_Only_Superpower"},{"link_name":"Common Courage Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Courage_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56751-194-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56751-194-5"},{"link_name":"Full text available.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/WilliamBlumRogueState/William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56751-306-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56751-306-9"},{"link_name":"Common Courage Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Courage_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1567513069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1567513069"},{"link_name":"America's Deadliest Export: Democracy - The Truth About US Foreign Policy and Everything Else.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/AmericasDeadliestExportBlumWilliam/America%27s%20Deadliest%20Export-%20William%20Blum%20%5BPDF%20%26%20Epub%5D%20%5BStormRG%5D/America%27s%20Deadliest%20Export%20-%20Blum%2C%20William.pdf"},{"link_name":"Zed Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zed_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-78032-445-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-78032-445-6"}],"text":"Articles(DV) Blum: \"Come Out of the White House With Your Hands Up!\" Dissident Voice (May 22, 2006).\n\"Hit List.\" CovertAction Information Bulletin (Fall 1993), p. 9.\n\"The Painful Truths Told by Phil Agee.\" Consortium News (Jun. 27, 2013).BooksThe CIA: A Forgotten History. Zed Books (1986). ISBN 0-86232-480-7.\nKilling Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press (1995). ISBN 1-56751-052-3.\nUK edition. Zed Books (2003). Revised in 2014. ISBN 978-1783601776.\n2nd edition, updated. Common Courage Press (2004). ISBN 1-56751-252-6. ISBN 1-56751-253-4.\nRogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower. Common Courage Press (2000). ISBN 1-56751-194-5.\nFull text available.\nWest-Bloc Dissident: A Cold War Memoir. Soft Skull Press (2002). ISBN 1-56751-306-9.\nFreeing the World to Death: Essays on the American Empire. Common Courage Press (2004). ISBN 1567513069.\nAmerica's Deadliest Export: Democracy - The Truth About US Foreign Policy and Everything Else. Zed Books (2013). ISBN 1-78032-445-6.","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Roberts, Sam (December 12, 2018). \"William Blum, U.S. Policy Critic Cited by bin Laden, Dies at 85\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/obituaries/william-blum-dead.html","url_text":"\"William Blum, U.S. Policy Critic Cited by bin Laden, Dies at 85\""}]},{"reference":"McCann, G.; Ó hAdhmaill, F. (2020). International Human Rights, Social Policy and Global Development: Critical Perspectives. Policy Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-4473-4922-8. Retrieved July 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CureDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146","url_text":"International Human Rights, Social Policy and Global Development: Critical Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-4922-8","url_text":"978-1-4473-4922-8"}]},{"reference":"Agee, Chris (December 17, 2018). \"William Blum (6 Mar 1933 – 9 Dec 2018), Renowned U.S. Foreign Policy Critic, Dead at 85\". Transcend Media Service. Retrieved February 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transcend.org/tms/2018/12/william-blum-6-mar-1933-9-dec-2018-renowned-u-s-foreign-policy-critic-dead-at-85/","url_text":"\"William Blum (6 Mar 1933 – 9 Dec 2018), Renowned U.S. Foreign Policy Critic, Dead at 85\""}]},{"reference":"Langer, Emily (December 13, 2018). \"William Blum, policy critic of U.S. praised by Osama bin Laden, dies at 85\". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 14, 2018. even left-wing publications such as the Nation declined to publish his works, Mr. Blum said, because they judged him too fanatical.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/william-blum-policy-critic-of-us-praised-by-osama-bin-laden-dies-at-85/2018/12/13/d634f72e-fe13-11e8-862a-b6a6f3ce8199_story.html","url_text":"\"William Blum, policy critic of U.S. praised by Osama bin Laden, dies at 85\""}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, David (January 21, 2006). \"The Author Who Got A Big Boost From bin Laden\". The Washington Post. pp. C01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/20/AR2006012001971.html","url_text":"\"The Author Who Got A Big Boost From bin Laden\""}]},{"reference":"Falcone, Daniel (January 4, 2014). \"Our Leaders Do Not Mean Well\". Truthout.","urls":[{"url":"https://truthout.org/articles/our-leaders-do-not-mean-well/","url_text":"\"Our Leaders Do Not Mean Well\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bin Laden plug boosts book sales\". Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. January 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://smh.com.au/news/world/bin-laden-plug-boosts-book-sales/2006/01/21/1137734175551.html","url_text":"\"Bin Laden plug boosts book sales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Mark (January 23, 2006). \"Osama bin Laden recommends\". The Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2006/jan/23/osamabinladen","url_text":"\"Osama bin Laden recommends\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Woolsey
Mount Woolsey
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 44°24′04″N 107°10′36″W / 44.40111°N 107.17667°W / 44.40111; -107.17667Mountain in Wyoming, United States Mount WoolseyBlack Tooth Mountain, as viewed from the summit of Cloud Peak. Mount Woolsey is to the immediate right of Black Tooth Mountain.Highest pointElevation12,982 ft (3,957 m)Prominence338 ft (103 m)Coordinates44°24′04″N 107°10′36″W / 44.40111°N 107.17667°W / 44.40111; -107.17667GeographyMount WoolseyLocation in WyomingShow map of WyomingMount WoolseyLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United States LocationBig Horn / Johnson counties, Wyoming, U.S.Parent rangeBighorn MountainsTopo mapUSGS Cloud PeakClimbingFirst ascent1933, W. B. Willcox et al Mount Woolsey (12,982 feet or 3,957 metres) is located in the Bighorn Mountains in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The peak is the third highest in the range after Cloud Peak, which is only 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to the south, and the summit is located in the Cloud Peak Wilderness of Bighorn National Forest. Black Tooth Mountain, the second highest mountain in the Bighorns, is an adjacent summit only .20 mi (0.32 km) to the northwest. Mount Woolsey is on a knife-like ridge known as an arête and is connected to both Black Tooth Mountain and Cloud Peak by this ridge. Along the arête is another mountain peak known as The Innominate. A small glacier lies below the arête to the southeast of Mount Woolsey. References ^ a b c d "Mount Woolsey, Wyoming". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ "Mount Woolsey". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Willcox, W.B. "An American Tyrol, Climbs in the Bighorns 1933". American Alpine Club. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ Cloud Peak, WY (Map). TopoQwest (United States Geological Survey Maps). Retrieved October 5, 2014. vteMountains of WyomingAbsaroka Range Abiathar Peak Atkins Peak Barronette Peak Breccia Peak Clayton Mountain Colter Peak Druid Peak Eagle Peak Fortress Mountain Francs Peak Index Peak Mount Chittenden First Peoples Mountain Mount Hornaday Mount Langford Mount Norris Mount Schurz Mount Stevenson Pilot Peak Sheep Mesa The Thunderer Washakie Needles Younts Peak Bighorn Mountains Bighorn Peak Black Tooth Mountain Bomber Mountain Cloud Peak Darton Peak Hallelujah Peak The Innominate Mather Peaks Mount Woolsey Penrose Peak Black HillsBear Lodge Mountains Inyan Kara Mountain Others Missouri Buttes Gallatin Range Antler Peak Bannock Peak Bunsen Peak Clagett Butte Dome Mountain (Park County) Echo Peak Gray Peak Joseph Peak Mount Everts Mount Haynes Mount Holmes Mount Jackson Purple Mountain Quadrant Mountain Sepulcher Mountain Terrace Mountain Three Rivers Peak Trilobite Point White Peaks Gros Ventre Range Darwin Peak Doubletop Peak Sheep Mountain Laramie Mountains Casper Mountain Laramie Peak Muddy Mountain Medicine Bow Mountains Elk Mountain (Carbon County) Medicine Bow Peak Salt River Range Mount Fitzpatrick Teton Range Albright Peak Battleship Mountain Bivouac Peak Buck Mountain Cathedral Group Cleaver Peak Cloudveil Dome Disappointment Peak Doane Peak Dry Ridge Mountain Eagles Rest Peak Elk Mountain (Teton County) Forellen Peak Fossil Mountain Grand Teton Green Lakes Mountain Housetop Mountain The Jaw Littles Peak Maidenform Peak Middle Teton Moose Mountain Mount Bannon Mount Glory Mount Hunt Mount Jedediah Smith Mount Meek Mount Moran Mount Owen Mount Saint John Mount Wister Mount Woodring Mount Woodrow Wilson Nez Perce Peak Owl Peak Prospectors Mountain Rammell Mountain Ranger Peak Raynolds Peak Red Mountain Rendezvous Mountain Rendezvous Peak Rock of Ages Rockchuck Peak Rolling Thunder Mountain Shadow Peak South Teton Spearhead Peak Static Peak Survey Peak Symmetry Spire Table Mountain Teepe Pillar Teewinot Mountain Temple Peak Thor Peak Traverse Peak Veiled Peak The Wall Window Peak Uinta Mountains Humpy Peak Medicine Butte Wind River Range American Legion Peak Atlantic Peak Bair Peak Bastion Peak Bastion Peak-Northeast Peak Bears Ears Mountain Big Sandy Mountain Block Tower Bow Mountain Brown Cliffs North Cathedral Peak Desolation Peak Dog Tooth Peak Dome Mountain (Hot Springs County) Doublet Peak Downs Mountain East Temple Peak Flagstone Peak (Fremont County) Fremont Peak Gannett Peak Harrower Peak Henderson Peak Jackson Peak Klondike Peak Knife Point Mountain Lander Peak Lizard Head Peak Mitchell Peak Mount Bonneville Mount Chauvenet Mount Febbas Mount Helen Mount Hooker Mount Koven Mount Lander Mount Nystrom Mount Owen Mount Sacagawea Mount Warren Mount Washakie Mount Whitecap Overhanging Tower Payson Peak Pingora Peak Pylon Peak Raid Peak Rampart Peak Roaring Fork Mountain Roberts Mountain Shale Mountain Sharks Nose South Downs Mountain The Sphinx Split Mountain Sunbeam Peak Three Waters Mountain Torrey Peak Turret Peak Twin Peaks Union Peak Valentine Mountain Valentine Peak War Bonnet Peak Warrior Peaks Watch Tower Whiskey Mountain Wind River Peak Wolfs Head Wyoming Range Wyoming Peak Others Amethyst Mountain Aspen Mountain Barlow Peak Bridger Mountains Cook Peak Copper Mountain Dirty Mountain Douglas Knob Dunraven Peak Factory Hill Ferris Mountains Folsom Peak Garfield Peak Granite Mountains Granite Peak Heart Mountain Hedges Peak Hoyt Peak Jelm Mountain Mansface Hill Mount Hancock Mount Leidy Mount Sheridan Mount Washburn National Park Mountain Owl Creek Mountains Prospect Peak (Park County) Rawhide Buttes Roaring Mountain Sierra Madre Range Signal Mountain Snake River Range Specimen Ridge Sublette Mountain Tongue Butte Trischman Knob White Mountain Wilkins Peak This article about a location in Wyoming is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustrafjorden
Sognefjord
["1 Geography","1.1 Branches","1.2 Lustrafjorden","2 Origin and geology","3 Tourism","4 Transport","5 Other","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 61°06′N 5°10′E / 61.100°N 5.167°E / 61.100; 5.167Fjord in Norway SognefjordenSognefjordView of the fjordSognefjordenLocationVestland county, NorwayCoordinates61°06′N 5°10′E / 61.100°N 5.167°E / 61.100; 5.167Basin countriesNorwayMax. length205 km (127 mi)Max. width4.5 km (2.8 mi)Max. depth1,308 m (4,291 ft) The Sognefjord or Sognefjorden (Urban East Norwegian: , English: Sogn Fjord), nicknamed the King of the Fjords (Norwegian: Fjordenes konge), is the largest and deepest fjord in Norway. Located in Vestland county in Western Norway, it stretches 205 kilometres (127 mi) inland from the ocean to the small village of Skjolden in the municipality of Luster. The fjord gives its name to the surrounding district of Sogn. The name is related to Norwegian word súg- "to suck", presumably from the surge or suction of the tidal currents at the mouth of the fjord. Geography View of the fjord near Vangsnes The fjord runs through many municipalities: Solund, Gulen, Hyllestad, Høyanger, Vik, Sogndal, Lærdal, Aurland, Årdal, and Luster. The fjord reaches a maximum depth of 1,308 metres (4,291 ft) below sea level, and the greatest depths are found in the central parts of the fjord near Høyanger. Sognefjord is more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) deep for about 100 kilometres (60 mi) of its length, from Rutledal to Hermansverk. Near its mouth, the bottom rises abruptly to a sill about 100 metres (330 ft) below sea level. The seabed in Sognefjord is covered by some 200-metre-thick (660 ft) sediments such that the bedrock is some 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) below sea level. The fjord is up to six kilometres (3+1⁄2 mi) wide. The average width of the main branch of the Sognefjord is less than five kilometres (3 mi). The depth increases gradually from Årdal to a central basin reaching more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in depth located between Leikanger and Brekke. From Brekke the floor rises rapidly to Losna island, then drops gradually with a threshold at about 150 metres (500 ft) in the Solund area. Thresholds occur in an area with sounds, valleys, and low land where the glacier was allowed spread out and lose its erosive effect. Cliffs surrounding the fjord rise almost sheer from the water to heights of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and more. Around the outer area the land rises to about 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the sea, while in the inner areas of the fjord, they reach about 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). The inner part has extensive tributary fjords such as Aurlandsfjorden, while the outer part is connected by narrow sounds to neighbouring fjords. Near the coast the fjord mouth is bounded largely by low islands and skerries that are part of the strandflat. The inner end of the Sognefjord is southeast of a mountain range rising to about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level and covered by the Jostedalsbreen, continental Europe's largest glacier. Thus the climate of the inner end of Sognefjorden and its branches are not as wet as on the outer coastline. Hurrungane range at the eastern end of the fjord reaches 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). The greatest elevation from seabed to summit is at Sogndal. Several rivers pour fresh water into the fjord with an annual "spring" flood in June. The mouth of the fjord is surrounded by many islands including Sula, Losna, and Hiserøyna. The Sognefjord cuts through a northwestern gneiss area with a south-west to north-east structure, and penetrates the Caledonian fold through in the inner part. There is no clear relation between the east–west direction of the main fjord and the fold patterns of the bedrock, while some of tributary fjords in the parts corresponds to fold pattern. The volume of the whole Sognefjorden including its various branches is about 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi), while the total volume of rock eroded by glaciers from the entire Sognefjord system and adjacent valleys is about 4,000 cubic kilometres (960 cu mi). Branches There are many smaller fjords which branch off the main fjord. Sognesjøen (mouth), 35 km (21+1⁄2 mi) Lifjorden, 6 km (3+1⁄2 mi) Høyangsfjord, 8 km (5 mi) Arnafjord, 8 km (5 mi) Esefjord, 4 km (2+1⁄2 mi) Fjærlandsfjord, 27 km (17 mi) Sogndalsfjord, 21 km (13 mi) Aurlandsfjord, 29 km (18 mi) Nærøyfjord (a World Heritage Site), 18 km (11 mi) Lærdalsfjord, 9 km (5+1⁄2 mi) Årdalsfjord, 16 km (10 mi) Lustrafjord (innermost), 42 km (26 mi) Lustrafjorden The innermost arm of the Sognefjorden is called the Lustrafjord, in the municipality of Luster. At its end is the village of Skjolden, which is an access point to Jotunheimen National Park. In earlier times, transport between Bergen and the Scandinavian inland was by boat between Bergen and Skjolden and from there on a simple road over the highlands (today Norwegian County Road 55), or by boat to Lærdal and through the mountain pass to Valdres (now European route E16). Panorama of Lustrafjord viewed from the mountain Molden Origin and geology The valley of Sognefjord is one of various valleys of western Norway that certainly predates the Quaternary glaciations. It existed already as part of the ancient Paleic surface but had at the time much gentler slopes. The fjords of western Norway formed in connection to the east-ward tilting of much of Norway during the Cenozoic uplift of the Scandinavian Mountains. This uplift, that occurred long before the Quaternary glaciations, enabled rivers to incise deeply the Paleic relief. An estimate of 7610 km3 of rock has been eroded from the Sognefjord drainage basin since the Paleic surface formed. The fluvial and glacial erosion that made the fjords has followed structural weaknesses in the crust. During the last glaciation the ice reached a maximum thickness of nearly 3000 meters in the Sognefjord area. Confluence of tributary fjords led excavation of the deepest fjord basin. Until about 30 km from the very coast the Sognefjord glacier was apparently constricted to its narrow channel of homogeneous gneiss, then the glacier suddenly spread out presumably through sounds and low valleys. Tourism Nærøyfjord 1853 painting of Sognefjord by Hans Gude and Adolph Tidemand. Boats connect settlements along the fjord and its sidearms. Larger villages on the fjord and its branches include Leirvik, Ytre Oppedal, Vadheim, Høyanger, Vikøyri, Balestrand, Hermansverk, Sogndalsfjøra, Gudvangen, Flåm, Aurlandsvangen, Lærdalsøyri, Årdalstangen, Gaupne and Solvorn. Gudvangen is situated by the Nærøyfjord, a branch of the Sognefjord particularly noted for its unspoiled nature and dramatic scenery, and only 300 metres (1,000 ft) across at its narrowest point. Together with the Geirangerfjord in Møre og Romsdal, the Nærøyfjord is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the village of Flåm, the Flåm Railway climbs 864 metres (2,835 ft) up to Myrdal Station in a distance of only 20 kilometres (12 mi)— one of the steepest unassisted railway climb in the world. Around the inner end of the fjord, three of Norway's famous stave churches have survived: Kaupanger and Urnes (along the shoreline) and Borgund (30 km or 20 mi into the Lærdal valley). The Sognefjord Span (power lines) crosses the fjord with a span of 4,597 metres (15,082 ft). This is the second largest span of power lines in the world. The fjord has become a tourist attraction with summer tourists being an important part of the local economy. Transport There is a plan to build a road across the Sognefjord, crossing through a submerged tube in mid-water anchored to floats. This will avoid storms on the surface, and will not have to go over a kilometer deep to get below the bed of the fjord. There are many ferry crossings of the Sognefjord. One of the ferryboats that traverses this fjord is the MV Ampere, the world's first battery-electric car ferry, which crosses the fjord between the towns of Lavik and Ytre Oppedal. Other On 24 November 1972, the submarine KNM Sklinna of the Royal Norwegian Navy had "contact" with what they presumed was a Russian Whiskey-class submarine after a 14-day pursuit in the Sognefjorden. Military documents released later confirm this episode. See also List of Norwegian fjords References ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2003. p. 813. ^ Fodor's Norway. London: Fodor's. 2004. p. 137. ISBN 9781400013227. ^ Rafferty, John P. (2012). Landforms. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 210. ^ a b c Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 351. ISBN 0-89577-087-3. ^ Helland, Amund (1901). "Almindelig del. I serien Norges land og folk topografisk-statistisk beskrevet". Nordre Bergenhus Amt (in Norwegian). Kristiania: Aschehoug. Sognefjordens egentlige navn er Sogn, medens Sogn nu alene bruges om det omgivende landskab, og brugtes saaledes allerede i middelalderen. Navnet er som landskapsnavn hankjønsord og har udentvil været det ogsaa som fjordnavn. ^ Bergum, Leiv (1998). Sognefjorden. Leikanger: Skald. ISBN 8279590005. ^ Øi, Ørnulf (1987). Norges sjøatlas : fra svenskegrensen til Sognefjorden. Oslo: Nautisk forlag i samarbeid med Statens kartverk, Norges sjøkartverk. pp. 225, 244. ISBN 8290335024. ^ Store norske leksikon. "Sognefjorden" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2010-09-04. ^ a b Andersen, Bjørn G. (2000). Istider i Norge. Landskap formet av istidenes breer. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 30. ISBN 9788200451341. ^ a b c d Holtedahl, H (1967). "Notes on the formation of fjords and fjord-valleys". Geografiska Annaler. Series A. Physical Geography. Vol. 49. pp. 188–203. ^ Holmesland, Arthur m.fl. (1973). Norge. Oslo: Aschehoug. ^ "Sognefjorden – Store norske leksikon". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 2016-11-22. ^ a b Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Ollier, C.D.; Sulebak, J.R. (2000). "Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway". Global and Planetary Change. 24 (3): 211–231. Bibcode:2000GPC....24..211L. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6. ^ Holtedahl, H. (1967). "Notes on the formation of fjords and fjord valleys". Geografiska Annaler. 49 (2–4): 188–203. doi:10.1080/04353676.1967.11879749. ^ a b Nesje, A.; Dahl, S.O.; Valen, V.; Øvstedal, J. (1992). "Quaternary erosion in the Sognefjord drainage basin, western Norway". Geomorphology. 5 (6): 511–520. Bibcode:1992Geomo...5..511N. doi:10.1016/0169-555X(92)90022-G. ^ Nesje, A.; Whillans, I.M. (1994). "Erosion of the Sognefjord, Norway". Geomorphology. 9 (1): 33–45. Bibcode:1994Geomo...9...33N. doi:10.1016/0169-555X(94)90029-9. ^ Aarseth, I., Nesje, A., & Fredin, O. (2014). West Norwegian fjords. Geological Society of Norway (NGF), Trondheim, 2014. ISBN 978-82-92-39491-5 ^ a b "Sognefjord". Retrieved 2010-09-04. ^ "This floating underwater tunnel in Norway could save half a day in travel time". Business Insider. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2019-02-24. Retrieved 2019-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Ampere Electric-Powered Ferry". Ship Technology. Retrieved 2020-05-09. ^ Aftenposten(Norwegian Language) (including pictures) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sognefjorden. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sognefjorden. www.sognefjord.no Flåmsbana information Art of the States: Bright Days of Little Sunlight musical work inspired by the Sognefjord Google Earth view of the Sognefjord Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Sweden
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name to the surrounding district of Sogn.[5] The name is related to Norwegian word súg- \"to suck\", presumably from the surge or suction of the tidal currents at the mouth of the fjord.[6]","title":"Sognefjord"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vangsnes_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solund"},{"link_name":"Gulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulen"},{"link_name":"Hyllestad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyllestad"},{"link_name":"Høyanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yanger"},{"link_name":"Vik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vik,_Sogn"},{"link_name":"Sogndal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndal"},{"link_name":"Lærdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6rdal"},{"link_name":"Aurland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurland"},{"link_name":"Årdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rdal"},{"link_name":"Luster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luster,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Høyanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yanger"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Store_norske_leksikon-8"},{"link_name":"Rutledal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutledal"},{"link_name":"Hermansverk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermansverk"},{"link_name":"sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Leikanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermansverk"},{"link_name":"Brekke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekke_(village)"},{"link_name":"Losna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losna_(island)"},{"link_name":"Solund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solund"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtedahl-10"},{"link_name":"Aurlandsfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurlandsfjorden"},{"link_name":"strandflat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandflat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtedahl-10"},{"link_name":"Jostedalsbreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jostedalsbreen"},{"link_name":"glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norge-11"},{"link_name":"Hurrungane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrungane"},{"link_name":"Sogndal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula,_Solund"},{"link_name":"Losna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losna_(island)"},{"link_name":"Hiserøyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiser%C3%B8yna"},{"link_name":"gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"Caledonian fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtedahl-10"},{"link_name":"glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"View of the fjord near VangsnesThe fjord runs through many municipalities: Solund, Gulen, Hyllestad, Høyanger, Vik, Sogndal, Lærdal, Aurland, Årdal, and Luster. The fjord reaches a maximum depth of 1,308 metres (4,291 ft) below sea level, and the greatest depths are found in the central parts of the fjord near Høyanger.[7][8] Sognefjord is more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) deep for about 100 kilometres (60 mi) of its length, from Rutledal to Hermansverk. Near its mouth, the bottom rises abruptly to a sill about 100 metres (330 ft) below sea level. The seabed in Sognefjord is covered by some 200-metre-thick (660 ft) sediments such that the bedrock is some 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) below sea level. The fjord is up to six kilometres (3+1⁄2 mi) wide.[9] The average width of the main branch of the Sognefjord is less than five kilometres (3 mi). The depth increases gradually from Årdal to a central basin reaching more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in depth located between Leikanger and Brekke. From Brekke the floor rises rapidly to Losna island, then drops gradually with a threshold at about 150 metres (500 ft) in the Solund area. Thresholds occur in an area with sounds, valleys, and low land where the glacier was allowed spread out and lose its erosive effect.[10]Cliffs surrounding the fjord rise almost sheer from the water to heights of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and more. Around the outer area the land rises to about 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the sea, while in the inner areas of the fjord, they reach about 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). The inner part has extensive tributary fjords such as Aurlandsfjorden, while the outer part is connected by narrow sounds to neighbouring fjords. Near the coast the fjord mouth is bounded largely by low islands and skerries that are part of the strandflat.[10]The inner end of the Sognefjord is southeast of a mountain range rising to about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level and covered by the Jostedalsbreen, continental Europe's largest glacier. Thus the climate of the inner end of Sognefjorden and its branches are not as wet as on the outer coastline.[11] Hurrungane range at the eastern end of the fjord reaches 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). The greatest elevation from seabed to summit is at Sogndal. Several rivers pour fresh water into the fjord with an annual \"spring\" flood in June.[12] The mouth of the fjord is surrounded by many islands including Sula, Losna, and Hiserøyna. The Sognefjord cuts through a northwestern gneiss area with a south-west to north-east structure, and penetrates the Caledonian fold through in the inner part. There is no clear relation between the east–west direction of the main fjord and the fold patterns of the bedrock, while some of tributary fjords in the parts corresponds to fold pattern.[10]The volume of the whole Sognefjorden including its various branches is about 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi), while the total volume of rock eroded by glaciers from the entire Sognefjord system and adjacent valleys is about 4,000 cubic kilometres (960 cu mi).[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sognesjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sognesj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"Esefjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esefjord"},{"link_name":"Fjærlandsfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A6rlandsfjord"},{"link_name":"Sogndalsfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndalsfjorden"},{"link_name":"Aurlandsfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurlandsfjord"},{"link_name":"Nærøyfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6r%C3%B8yfjord"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Lærdalsfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6rdalsfjord"},{"link_name":"Årdalsfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rdalsfjord"},{"link_name":"Lustrafjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lustrafjord&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Branches","text":"There are many smaller fjords which branch off the main fjord.Sognesjøen (mouth), 35 km (21+1⁄2 mi)\nLifjorden, 6 km (3+1⁄2 mi)\nHøyangsfjord, 8 km (5 mi)\nArnafjord, 8 km (5 mi)\nEsefjord, 4 km (2+1⁄2 mi)\nFjærlandsfjord, 27 km (17 mi)\nSogndalsfjord, 21 km (13 mi)\nAurlandsfjord, 29 km (18 mi)\nNærøyfjord (a World Heritage Site), 18 km (11 mi)\nLærdalsfjord, 9 km (5+1⁄2 mi)\nÅrdalsfjord, 16 km (10 mi)\nLustrafjord (innermost), 42 km (26 mi)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lustrafjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lustrafjord&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-readersnatural-4"},{"link_name":"Skjolden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjolden"},{"link_name":"Jotunheimen National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotunheimen_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Norwegian County Road 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_County_Road_55"},{"link_name":"Lærdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6rdal"},{"link_name":"Valdres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdres"},{"link_name":"European route E16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Lustrafjord.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Lustrafjorden","text":"The innermost arm of the Sognefjorden is called the Lustrafjord, in the municipality of Luster.[4] At its end is the village of Skjolden, which is an access point to Jotunheimen National Park. In earlier times, transport between Bergen and the Scandinavian inland was by boat between Bergen and Skjolden and from there on a simple road over the highlands (today Norwegian County Road 55), or by boat to Lærdal and through the mountain pass to Valdres (now European route E16).Panorama of Lustrafjord viewed from the mountain Molden","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paleic surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleic_surface"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lidmar-Bergstrometal2000-13"},{"link_name":"Cenozoic uplift of the Scandinavian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains#Geology"},{"link_name":"Quaternary glaciations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation"},{"link_name":"incise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_incision"},{"link_name":"Paleic relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleic_surface"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nesjeetal1992-15"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Paleic surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleic_surface"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nesjeetal1992-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lidmar-Bergstrometal2000-13"},{"link_name":"structural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_geology"},{"link_name":"weaknesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weakness_zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_crust"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtedahl-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The valley of Sognefjord is one of various valleys of western Norway that certainly predates the Quaternary glaciations. It existed already as part of the ancient Paleic surface but had at the time much gentler slopes.[13] The fjords of western Norway formed in connection to the east-ward tilting of much of Norway during the Cenozoic uplift of the Scandinavian Mountains. This uplift, that occurred long before the Quaternary glaciations, enabled rivers to incise deeply the Paleic relief.[14][15] An estimate of 7610 km3 of rock has been eroded from the Sognefjord drainage basin since the Paleic surface formed.[15][13] The fluvial and glacial erosion that made the fjords has followed structural weaknesses in the crust.[16]During the last glaciation the ice reached a maximum thickness of nearly 3000 meters in the Sognefjord area. Confluence of tributary fjords led excavation of the deepest fjord basin. Until about 30 km from the very coast the Sognefjord glacier was apparently constricted to its narrow channel of homogeneous gneiss, then the glacier suddenly spread out presumably through sounds and low valleys.[10][17]","title":"Origin and geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fjord_in_Norway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nærøyfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6r%C3%B8yfjord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans Gude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Gude"},{"link_name":"Adolph Tidemand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand"},{"link_name":"Leirvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirvik,_Sogn_og_Fjordane"},{"link_name":"Ytre Oppedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytre_Oppedal"},{"link_name":"Vadheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadheim"},{"link_name":"Høyanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yanger_(village)"},{"link_name":"Vikøyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vik%C3%B8yri"},{"link_name":"Balestrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balestrand_(village)"},{"link_name":"Hermansverk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermansverk"},{"link_name":"Sogndalsfjøra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndalsfj%C3%B8ra"},{"link_name":"Gudvangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudvangen"},{"link_name":"Flåm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A5m"},{"link_name":"Aurlandsvangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurlandsvangen"},{"link_name":"Lærdalsøyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6rdals%C3%B8yri"},{"link_name":"Årdalstangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rdalstangen"},{"link_name":"Gaupne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaupne"},{"link_name":"Solvorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvorn"},{"link_name":"Nærøyfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6r%C3%B8yfjord"},{"link_name":"Geirangerfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geirangerfjord"},{"link_name":"Møre og Romsdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Flåm Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A5m_Railway"},{"link_name":"Myrdal Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrdal_Station"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sognefjord-18"},{"link_name":"stave churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stave_church"},{"link_name":"Kaupanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupanger_Stave_Church"},{"link_name":"Urnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnes_Stave_Church"},{"link_name":"Borgund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgund_Stave_Church"},{"link_name":"Lærdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6rdal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sognefjord-18"},{"link_name":"Sognefjord Span","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sognefjord_Span"}],"text":"Nærøyfjord1853 painting of Sognefjord by Hans Gude and Adolph Tidemand.Boats connect settlements along the fjord and its sidearms. Larger villages on the fjord and its branches include Leirvik, Ytre Oppedal, Vadheim, Høyanger, Vikøyri, Balestrand, Hermansverk, Sogndalsfjøra, Gudvangen, Flåm, Aurlandsvangen, Lærdalsøyri, Årdalstangen, Gaupne and Solvorn. Gudvangen is situated by the Nærøyfjord, a branch of the Sognefjord particularly noted for its unspoiled nature and dramatic scenery, and only 300 metres (1,000 ft) across at its narrowest point. Together with the Geirangerfjord in Møre og Romsdal, the Nærøyfjord is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the village of Flåm, the Flåm Railway climbs 864 metres (2,835 ft) up to Myrdal Station in a distance of only 20 kilometres (12 mi)— one of the steepest unassisted railway climb in the world.[18]Around the inner end of the fjord, three of Norway's famous stave churches have survived: Kaupanger and Urnes (along the shoreline) and Borgund (30 km or 20 mi into the Lærdal valley).[18]The Sognefjord Span (power lines) crosses the fjord with a span of 4,597 metres (15,082 ft). This is the second largest span of power lines in the world. The fjord has become a tourist attraction with summer tourists being an important part of the local economy.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"submerged tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submerged_floating_tunnel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"MV Ampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Ampere"},{"link_name":"Lavik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavik"},{"link_name":"Ytre Oppedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytre_Oppedal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"There is a plan to build a road across the Sognefjord, crossing through a submerged tube in mid-water anchored to floats. This will avoid storms on the surface, and will not have to go over a kilometer deep to get below the bed of the fjord.[19][20]There are many ferry crossings of the Sognefjord. One of the ferryboats that traverses this fjord is the MV Ampere, the world's first battery-electric car ferry, which crosses the fjord between the towns of Lavik and Ytre Oppedal.[21]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Norwegian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Whiskey-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"On 24 November 1972, the submarine KNM Sklinna of the Royal Norwegian Navy had \"contact\" with what they presumed was a Russian Whiskey-class submarine after a 14-day pursuit in the Sognefjorden. Military documents released later confirm this episode.[22]","title":"Other"}]
[{"image_text":"View of the fjord near Vangsnes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vangsnes_1.jpg/220px-Vangsnes_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nærøyfjord","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fjord_in_Norway.jpg/220px-Fjord_in_Norway.jpg"},{"image_text":"1853 painting of Sognefjord by Hans Gude and Adolph Tidemand.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg/220px-Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Norwegian fjords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_fjords"}]
[{"reference":"The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2003. p. 813.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fodor's Norway. London: Fodor's. 2004. p. 137. ISBN 9781400013227.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fodorsnorway00fodo_0","url_text":"Fodor's Norway"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fodorsnorway00fodo_0/page/137","url_text":"137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400013227","url_text":"9781400013227"}]},{"reference":"Rafferty, John P. (2012). Landforms. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 210.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 351. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89577-087-3","url_text":"0-89577-087-3"}]},{"reference":"Helland, Amund (1901). \"Almindelig del. I serien Norges land og folk topografisk-statistisk beskrevet\". Nordre Bergenhus Amt (in Norwegian). Kristiania: Aschehoug. Sognefjordens egentlige navn er Sogn, medens Sogn nu alene bruges om det omgivende landskab, og brugtes saaledes allerede i middelalderen. Navnet er som landskapsnavn hankjønsord og har udentvil været det ogsaa som fjordnavn.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bergum, Leiv (1998). Sognefjorden. Leikanger: Skald. ISBN 8279590005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8279590005","url_text":"8279590005"}]},{"reference":"Øi, Ørnulf (1987). Norges sjøatlas : fra svenskegrensen til Sognefjorden. Oslo: Nautisk forlag i samarbeid med Statens kartverk, Norges sjøkartverk. pp. 225, 244. ISBN 8290335024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8290335024","url_text":"8290335024"}]},{"reference":"Store norske leksikon. \"Sognefjorden\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Sognefjorden","url_text":"\"Sognefjorden\""}]},{"reference":"Andersen, Bjørn G. (2000). Istider i Norge. Landskap formet av istidenes breer. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 30. ISBN 9788200451341.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetsforlaget","url_text":"Universitetsforlaget"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788200451341","url_text":"9788200451341"}]},{"reference":"Holtedahl, H (1967). \"Notes on the formation of fjords and fjord-valleys\". Geografiska Annaler. Series A. Physical Geography. Vol. 49. pp. 188–203.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Holmesland, Arthur m.fl. (1973). Norge. Oslo: Aschehoug.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sognefjorden – Store norske leksikon\". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 2016-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Sognefjorden","url_text":"\"Sognefjorden – Store norske leksikon\""}]},{"reference":"Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Ollier, C.D.; Sulebak, J.R. (2000). \"Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway\". Global and Planetary Change. 24 (3): 211–231. Bibcode:2000GPC....24..211L. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karna_Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m","url_text":"Lidmar-Bergström, Karna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Ollier","url_text":"Ollier, C.D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_and_Planetary_Change","url_text":"Global and Planetary Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GPC....24..211L","url_text":"2000GPC....24..211L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-8181%2800%2900009-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6"}]},{"reference":"Holtedahl, H. (1967). \"Notes on the formation of fjords and fjord valleys\". Geografiska Annaler. 49 (2–4): 188–203. doi:10.1080/04353676.1967.11879749.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holtedahl","url_text":"Holtedahl, H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografiska_Annaler","url_text":"Geografiska Annaler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F04353676.1967.11879749","url_text":"10.1080/04353676.1967.11879749"}]},{"reference":"Nesje, A.; Dahl, S.O.; Valen, V.; Øvstedal, J. (1992). \"Quaternary erosion in the Sognefjord drainage basin, western Norway\". Geomorphology. 5 (6): 511–520. Bibcode:1992Geomo...5..511N. doi:10.1016/0169-555X(92)90022-G.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology_(journal)","url_text":"Geomorphology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Geomo...5..511N","url_text":"1992Geomo...5..511N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-555X%2892%2990022-G","url_text":"10.1016/0169-555X(92)90022-G"}]},{"reference":"Nesje, A.; Whillans, I.M. (1994). \"Erosion of the Sognefjord, Norway\". Geomorphology. 9 (1): 33–45. Bibcode:1994Geomo...9...33N. doi:10.1016/0169-555X(94)90029-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology_(journal)","url_text":"Geomorphology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Geomo...9...33N","url_text":"1994Geomo...9...33N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-555X%2894%2990029-9","url_text":"10.1016/0169-555X(94)90029-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Sognefjord\". Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sognefjord.no/en/","url_text":"\"Sognefjord\""}]},{"reference":"\"This floating underwater tunnel in Norway could save half a day in travel time\". Business Insider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/norway-might-get-floating-underwater-tunnel-2016-7?r=US&IR=T","url_text":"\"This floating underwater tunnel in Norway could save half a day in travel time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2019-02-24. Retrieved 2019-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190224231240/https://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/274047/binary/485789","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/274047/binary/485789","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ampere Electric-Powered Ferry\". Ship Technology. Retrieved 2020-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/norled-zerocat-electric-powered-ferry/","url_text":"\"Ampere Electric-Powered Ferry\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Rogers_(racing_driver)
Lee Rogers (racing driver)
["1 Notable Achievement","2 References","3 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Lee Rogers" racing driver – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Lee Rogers" racing driver – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lee "Roge" RogersLee RogersNationalityDebut season2005Current teamTeam Rogers RacingCar number69Engine16v Vauxhall 2.3Crew chiefMike SerjeantSpotterAnnie RogersChampionships2013 Pro 2 Drivers ChampionshipWins0Best finish3rd (Pro 2) in 2013 Lee Rogers (born 10 March 1972) is a race car driver; he has raced the #69 pickup since 2005 in the UK Pickup Truck Racing series. Notable Achievement Lee was the Hot Rod Autospeed points champion in 2001 and 2002. Career history 2005 - 2016 Pickup Truck Racing: 2013 - Pro 2 Drivers Champion 2013 - Team of the Year 2008 - Spirit of Pickup Truck Racing Award 2005 - Pickup Truck Racing Championship - 13th, 2nd in Rookie Championship Pre Pickups 2004 Autospeed Stock Rods Overall Points Championship runner-up 2nd Overall, 2nd Taunton track championship, 2nd St. Day track championship, 2nd West of England championship, 2nd Grand National championship 2002 Hot Rod Autospeed points champion, 3rd Mendips Raceway points, Cornish champion 2001 Hot Rod Autospeed points champion, Mendips Raceway points champion, Western final runner up, Devon champion 1999 Hot Rod West of England runner up 1998 Hot Rod West of England champion 1997 Hot Rod Mendips Raceway Top red grade 5th overall 1996 Hot Rod 2nd Autospeed points championship References ^ "Pickup Truck Racing profile". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011. ^ Oval Racing in Devon and Cornwall, Andrew Weltch, ISBN 0752429310 ^ Stock Car and Hot Rod Heritage magazine External links Official Website This biographical article related to English motor racing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Department
Florida Department
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°47′0″S 55°50′0″W / 33.78333°S 55.83333°W / -33.78333; -55.83333For other uses, see Florida. Place in UruguayFlorida Department FlagCoat of armsLocation of Florida Department and its capitalCoordinates (Florida): 34°6′S 56°13′W / 34.100°S 56.217°W / -34.100; -56.217Country UruguayCapital of DepartmentFloridaGovernment • IntendantCarlos Enciso • Ruling partyPartido NacionalArea • Total10,457 km2 (4,037 sq mi)Population (2011 census) • Total67,048 • Density6.4/km2 (17/sq mi)DemonymFloridenseTime zoneUTC-3 (UYT)ISO 3166 codeUY-FDWebsitewww.imf.gub.uy Florida (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Florida. It is located in the south of the central part of the country with Durazno Department to its north, the departments of Treinta y Tres and Lavalleja to its east, Canelones Department to its south and the departments of Flores and San José to its west. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The flag of the independent Provincia Oriental approved by the Congreso de la Florida in 1825. Florida Department was formed on 10 July 1856 from part of San José Department. In 1760 the first populated place in its territory started by creating a fortress, the Fortín del Pintado, and in 1809 the "Villa de San Fernando de la Florida" was created. During the events of the Independence of Uruguay, a temporary government was set up in this town, and on 25 August 1825, the Congreso de la Florida proclaimed the three fundamental laws of the new independent country. Historic Estancia, Southern Departamento Florida Geography Most of the border of the department with Durazno Department in the north is formed by the Yí River, with many of its tributaries flowing in the north part of the department. From east to west, these are the streams: Arroyo del Pescado, Arroyo Molles del Pescado, Arroyo Illescas, Arroyo Sauce, Arroyo Mansavillagra, Arroyo Timote, Arroyo Molles del Timote, Arroyo de Castro, Arroyo Sarandí and Arroyo Sauce de Villaneuva, which also forms the border near the city of Durazno. The border then follows Arroyo Batoví a tributary of Arroyo Maciel, the later forming big part of the border of the department with Flores Department to the west and is itself a tributary of Yí River. Further south, separating the department from San José Department to the west, is the stream Arroyo de la Virgen, a tributary of Santa Lucia River. The later forms the south border of the department, separating it from Canelones Department, with its tributaries flowing through the south part of the department. From east to west, these are: Arroyo Chamaré and Arroyo Casurá, both of which are part of the east border of the department, Arroyo Chamizo, Arroyo de Arias and the Santa Lucia Chico River, with Arroyo de Pintadito as its tributary. A dam in the course of the Santa Lucia Chico River near 25 de Mayo and Cardal forms the Paso de Severino Reservoir. Crossing the middle of the department from west to east and separating the streams of the north with those of the south, is the Cuchilla Grande Inferior hillrange, which joins the Cuchilla Grande hillrange in the east of the department. Demographics Topographic map of Florida Department showing main populated places and roads As of the census of 2011, Florida Department had a population of 67,048 (32,953 male and 34,095 female) and 29,437 households. Demographic data for Florida Department in 2010: Population growth rate: 0.431% Birth Rate: 13.92 births/1,000 people Death Rate: 9.56 deaths/1,000 people Average age: 33.5 (32.4 male, 34.6 female) Life Expectancy at Birth: Total population: 77.43 years Male: 74.28 years Female: 80.91 years Average per household income: 21,978 pesos/month Urban per capita income: 9,039 pesos/month 2010 Data Source: Main Urban Centres Other towns and villages Population stated according to the 2011 census. City / Town Population Florida 33,639 Sarandí Grande 6,130 Casupá 2,402 Fray Marcos 2,398 Veinticinco de Mayo 1,852 Veinticinco de Agosto 1,849 Alejandro Gallinal 1,357 Cardal 1,202 Nico Pérez 1,030 Town / Village Population Capilla del Sauce 835 Mendoza Chico 810 La Cruz 747 Mendoza 730 Chamizo 540 Cerro Chato 409 Independencia 396 Rural population According to the 2011 census, Florida department has a rural population of 9,101. See also List of populated places in Uruguay#Florida Department Detailed map of Florida Departmentshowing all populated placesand secondary roads.See full size version in Commons. References ^ a b "Censos 2011 Florida (needs flash plugin)". INE. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012. ^ "Uruguay en cifras" (PDF) (in Spanish). INE. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012. ^ "Censos 2011 Cuadros Florida". INE. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florida Department. photo impressions of Florida Department INE map of Florida Department Nuestra Terra, Colección Los Departamentos, Vol.6 "Florida" 33°47′0″S 55°50′0″W / 33.78333°S 55.83333°W / -33.78333; -55.83333 vte Florida Department of UruguayCapital: FloridaTowns and villages Capilla del Sauce Cardal Casupá Cerro Chato Alejandro Gallinal Chamizo Florida Fray Marcos La Cruz Mendoza Mendoza Chico Nico Pérez Sarandí Grande Valentines Veinticinco de Agosto Veinticinco de Mayo Sights vteDepartments of Uruguay Artigas Canelones Cerro Largo Colonia Durazno Flores Florida Lavalleja Maldonado Montevideo Paysandú Río Negro Rivera Rocha Salto San José Soriano Tacuarembó Treinta y Tres Authority control databases International FAST VIAF 2 National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[floˈɾiða]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_(subnational_entity)"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida,_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Durazno Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durazno_Department"},{"link_name":"Treinta y Tres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treinta_y_Tres_Department"},{"link_name":"Lavalleja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavalleja_Department"},{"link_name":"Canelones Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canelones_Department"},{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Department"},{"link_name":"San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Department"}],"text":"For other uses, see Florida.Place in UruguayFlorida (Spanish pronunciation: [floˈɾiða]) is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Florida. It is located in the south of the central part of the country with Durazno Department to its north, the departments of Treinta y Tres and Lavalleja to its east, Canelones Department to its south and the departments of Flores and San José to its west.","title":"Florida Department"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Uruguay_(1825-1828).svg"},{"link_name":"San José Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estanciahistorica-florida-uruguay.jpg"}],"text":"The flag of the independent Provincia Oriental approved by the Congreso de la Florida in 1825.Florida Department was formed on 10 July 1856 from part of San José Department.In 1760 the first populated place in its territory started by creating a fortress, the Fortín del Pintado, and in 1809 the \"Villa de San Fernando de la Florida\" was created. During the events of the Independence of Uruguay, a temporary government was set up in this town, and on 25 August 1825, the Congreso de la Florida proclaimed the three fundamental laws of the new independent country.Historic Estancia, Southern Departamento Florida","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durazno Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durazno_Department"},{"link_name":"Yí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AD_River"},{"link_name":"Durazno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durazno"},{"link_name":"Flores Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Department"},{"link_name":"San José Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Santa Lucia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Lucia_River"},{"link_name":"Canelones Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canelones_Department"},{"link_name":"25 de Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veinticinco_de_Mayo,_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Cardal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardal,_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Cuchilla Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuchilla_Grande"}],"text":"Most of the border of the department with Durazno Department in the north is formed by the Yí River, with many of its tributaries flowing in the north part of the department. From east to west, these are the streams: Arroyo del Pescado, Arroyo Molles del Pescado, Arroyo Illescas, Arroyo Sauce, Arroyo Mansavillagra, Arroyo Timote, Arroyo Molles del Timote, Arroyo de Castro, Arroyo Sarandí and Arroyo Sauce de Villaneuva, which also forms the border near the city of Durazno. The border then follows Arroyo Batoví a tributary of Arroyo Maciel, the later forming big part of the border of the department with Flores Department to the west and is itself a tributary of Yí River.Further south, separating the department from San José Department to the west, is the stream Arroyo de la Virgen, a tributary of Santa Lucia River. The later forms the south border of the department, separating it from Canelones Department, with its tributaries flowing through the south part of the department. From east to west, these are: Arroyo Chamaré and Arroyo Casurá, both of which are part of the east border of the department, Arroyo Chamizo, Arroyo de Arias and the Santa Lucia Chico River, with Arroyo de Pintadito as its tributary. A dam in the course of the Santa Lucia Chico River near 25 de Mayo and Cardal forms the Paso de Severino Reservoir.Crossing the middle of the department from west to east and separating the streams of the north with those of the south, is the Cuchilla Grande Inferior hillrange, which joins the Cuchilla Grande hillrange in the east of the department.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florida_Department_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-1"}],"text":"Topographic map of Florida Department showing main populated places and roadsAs of the census of 2011, Florida Department had a population of 67,048 (32,953 male and 34,095 female) and 29,437 households.[1]Demographic data for Florida Department in 2010:Population growth rate: 0.431%\nBirth Rate: 13.92 births/1,000 people\nDeath Rate: 9.56 deaths/1,000 people\nAverage age: 33.5 (32.4 male, 34.6 female)\nLife Expectancy at Birth:\nTotal population: 77.43 years\nMale: 74.28 years\nFemale: 80.91 years\nAverage per household income: 21,978 pesos/month\nUrban per capita income: 9,039 pesos/month2010 Data Source:[2]Rural populationAccording to the 2011 census, Florida department has a rural population of 9,101.[1]","title":"Demographics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Boyne
Viscount Boyne
["1 Viscounts Boyne (1717)","2 Ancestry","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Title in the Peerage of Ireland Gustavus Hamilton, 2nd Viscount Boyne Arms of Gustavus Russell Hamilton-Russell, 8th Viscount Boyne and his descendants: Russell quartering Hamilton, with arms of Russell in the positions of greatest honour A plaque in the ringing chamber of St. Brandon's Church, Brancepeth, Co. Durham. Viscount Boyne, in the province of Leinster, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1717 for the Scottish military commander Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Baron Hamilton of Stackallan. He had already been created Baron Hamilton of Stackallan, in the County of Meath in 1715, also in the Peerage of Ireland. Hamilton was the youngest son of Sir Frederick Hamilton, youngest son of Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley (from whom the Dukes of Abercorn descend), third son of James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (from whom the Dukes of Hamilton descend). His grandson, the second Viscount, represented Newport (Isle of Wight) in the House of Commons. His first cousin, the fourth Viscount, sat as a member of the Irish House of Commons for Navan. His great-grandson, the seventh Viscount, married Emma Maria Russell, sister and heiress of William Russell of Brancepeth Castle, County Durham, children of Matthew Russell of the same, and in 1850 assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Russell. In 1866, he was created Baron Brancepeth, of Brancepeth in the County of Durham, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Prior to the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, the Viscounts Boyne sat in the House of Lords in right of this title. As of 2010 the titles are held by the seventh Viscount's great-great-great-grandson, the eleventh Viscount, who succeeded his father in 1995. The family seat is at Burwarton House, near Bridgnorth, Shropshire. Viscounts Boyne (1717) Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Viscount Boyne (1642–1723) Hon. Frederick Hamilton (c. 1663–1715) Gustavus Hamilton, 2nd Viscount Boyne (1710–1746) Frederick Hamilton, 3rd Viscount Boyne (1718–1772) Richard Hamilton, 4th Viscount Boyne (1724–1789) Gustavus Hamilton, 5th Viscount Boyne (1749–1816) Gustavus Hamilton, 6th Viscount Boyne (1777–1855) Gustavus Frederick Hamilton-Russell, 7th Viscount Boyne (1798–1872) Gustavus Russell Hamilton-Russell, 8th Viscount Boyne (1830–1907) Gustavus William Hamilton-Russell, 9th Viscount Boyne (1864–1942) Gustavus Michael George Hamilton-Russell, 10th Viscount Boyne (1931–1995) Gustavus Michael Stucley Hamilton-Russell, 11th Viscount Boyne (born 1965) The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest twin son the Hon. Gustavus Archie Edward Hamilton-Russell (born 1999) Ancestry Ancestors of Viscount Boyne 8. Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, 9th Viscount Boyne 4. Hon. Gustavus Hamilton-Russell 9. Lady Margaret Selina Lascelles 2. Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, 10th Viscount Boyne 10. Harry Lloyd-Verney 5. Joan Lloyd-Verney 11. Lady Joan Cuffe 1. Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, 11th Viscount Boyne 12. Sir Hugh Stucley, 4th Baronet 6. Sir Dennis Stucley, 5th Baronet 13. Gladys Bankes 3. Rosemary Stucley 14. George Bampfylde, 4th Baron Poltimore 7. Hon. Sheila Bampfylde 15. Cynthia Lascelles See also Duke of Hamilton Duke of Abercorn References ^ "No. 5368". The London Gazette. 27 September 1715. p. 2. ^ "No. 5561". The London Gazette. 3 August 1717. p. 1. ^ Cokayne, G. E. & Gibbs, Vicary, eds. (1912). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning). 2 (2nd ed.). London: The St. Catherine Press, p.268 Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: London: Dean & son, limited. p. 130. Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990. Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Gustavus Frederick Hamilton-Russell, 7th Viscount Boyne Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Gustavus Russell Hamilton-Russell, 8th Viscount Boyne Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Gustavus William Hamilton-Russell, 9th Viscount Boyne Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Gustavus Michael Stucley Hamilton-Russell, 11th Viscount Boyne vteExtant viscountcies in the peerages of Britain and IrelandSorted by kingdom in which created, then creation dateEngland Hereford Scotland Falkland Arbuthnott Oxfuird Great Britain Bolingbroke St John Cobham Falmouth Torrington Hood Ireland Gormanston Mountgarret Valentia Dillon Massereene Charlemont Downe Molesworth Chetwynd Midleton Boyne Gage Galway Powerscourt Ashbrook Southwell de Vesci Lifford Bangor Doneraile Harberton Hawarden Ferrard Monck Gort UnitedKingdom St Vincent Melville Sidmouth Exmouth Combermere Hill Hardinge Bridport Portman Hampden Hambleden Knutsford Esher Goschen Ridley Colville of Culross Selby Knollys Allendale Chilston Scarsdale Mersey Cowdray Devonport Astor Wimborne St Davids Rothermere Allenby Chelmsford Long Ullswater Younger of Leckie Bearsted Craigavon Bridgeman Hailsham Brentford Buckmaster Bledisloe Hanworth Trenchard Samuel Runciman of Doxford Davidson Weir Caldecote Camrose Stansgate Margesson Daventry Addison Kemsley Marchwood Montgomery of Alamein Waverley Thurso Brookeborough Norwich Leathers Soulbury Chandos Malvern De L'Isle Monckton of Brenchley Tenby Mackintosh of Halifax Dunrossil Stuart of Findhorn Rochdale Slim Head Boyd of Merton Mills Blakenham Eccles Dilhorne Italics: This title is held by a peer who holds another of higher precedence.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustavus_Hamilton,_2nd_Viscount_Boyne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Hamilton, 2nd Viscount Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Hamilton,_2nd_Viscount_Boyne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Viscount_Boyne.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8th_Viscount_Boyne_Plaque_Ringing_Chamber_St_Brandon%27s_Church_Brancepeth.png"},{"link_name":"Peerage of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Baron Hamilton of Stackallan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Hamilton,_1st_Viscount_Boyne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claud_Hamilton,_1st_Lord_Paisley"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Abercorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Abercorn"},{"link_name":"James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton,_2nd_Earl_of_Arran"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Newport (Isle of Wight)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_(Isle_of_Wight)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Irish House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Navan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navan_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"William Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Russell_(Durham_MP)"},{"link_name":"Brancepeth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancepeth_Castle"},{"link_name":"Matthew Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Russell_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"House of Lords Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_Boyne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Burwarton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwarton"},{"link_name":"Bridgnorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgnorth"}],"text":"Gustavus Hamilton, 2nd Viscount BoyneArms of Gustavus Russell Hamilton-Russell, 8th Viscount Boyne and his descendants: Russell quartering Hamilton, with arms of Russell in the positions of greatest honourA plaque in the ringing chamber of St. Brandon's Church, Brancepeth, Co. Durham.Viscount Boyne, in the province of Leinster, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland.[1] It was created in 1717 for the Scottish military commander Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Baron Hamilton of Stackallan. He had already been created Baron Hamilton of Stackallan, in the County of Meath in 1715, also in the Peerage of Ireland.[2] Hamilton was the youngest son of Sir Frederick Hamilton, youngest son of Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley (from whom the Dukes of Abercorn descend), third son of James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (from whom the Dukes of Hamilton descend). His grandson, the second Viscount, represented Newport (Isle of Wight) in the House of Commons. His first cousin, the fourth Viscount, sat as a member of the Irish House of Commons for Navan.His great-grandson, the seventh Viscount, married Emma Maria Russell, sister and heiress of William Russell of Brancepeth Castle, County Durham, children of Matthew Russell of the same, and in 1850 assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Russell.[3] In 1866, he was created Baron Brancepeth, of Brancepeth in the County of Durham, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Prior to the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, the Viscounts Boyne sat in the House of Lords in right of this title. As of 2010[update] the titles are held by the seventh Viscount's great-great-great-grandson, the eleventh Viscount, who succeeded his father in 1995.The family seat is at Burwarton House, near Bridgnorth, Shropshire.","title":"Viscount Boyne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Viscount Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Hamilton,_1st_Viscount_Boyne"},{"link_name":"Hon. Frederick Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton_(Donegal_politician)"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Hamilton, 2nd Viscount Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Hamilton,_2nd_Viscount_Boyne"},{"link_name":"Richard Hamilton, 4th Viscount Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hamilton,_4th_Viscount_Boyne"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Michael George Hamilton-Russell, 10th Viscount Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Hamilton-Russell,_10th_Viscount_Boyne"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"text":"Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Viscount Boyne (1642–1723)\nHon. Frederick Hamilton (c. 1663–1715)\nGustavus Hamilton, 2nd Viscount Boyne (1710–1746)\nFrederick Hamilton, 3rd Viscount Boyne (1718–1772)\nRichard Hamilton, 4th Viscount Boyne (1724–1789)\nGustavus Hamilton, 5th Viscount Boyne (1749–1816)\nGustavus Hamilton, 6th Viscount Boyne (1777–1855)\nGustavus Frederick Hamilton-Russell, 7th Viscount Boyne (1798–1872)\nGustavus Russell Hamilton-Russell, 8th Viscount Boyne (1830–1907)\nGustavus William Hamilton-Russell, 9th Viscount Boyne (1864–1942)\nGustavus Michael George Hamilton-Russell, 10th Viscount Boyne (1931–1995)\nGustavus Michael Stucley Hamilton-Russell, 11th Viscount Boyne (born 1965)The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest twin son the Hon. Gustavus Archie Edward Hamilton-Russell (born 1999)","title":"Viscounts Boyne (1717)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, 10th Viscount Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Hamilton-Russell,_10th_Viscount_Boyne"},{"link_name":"George Bampfylde, 4th Baron Poltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wentworth_Warwick_Bampfylde,_4th_Baron_Poltimore"}],"text":"Ancestors of Viscount Boyne 8. Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, 9th Viscount Boyne 4. Hon. Gustavus Hamilton-Russell 9. Lady Margaret Selina Lascelles 2. Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, 10th Viscount Boyne 10. Harry Lloyd-Verney 5. Joan Lloyd-Verney 11. Lady Joan Cuffe 1. Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, 11th Viscount Boyne 12. Sir Hugh Stucley, 4th Baronet 6. Sir Dennis Stucley, 5th Baronet 13. Gladys Bankes 3. Rosemary Stucley 14. George Bampfylde, 4th Baron Poltimore 7. Hon. Sheila Bampfylde 15. Cynthia Lascelles","title":"Ancestry"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narnia_(world)
Narnia (world)
["1 Inspiration","1.1 Narnia and Narni, Italy","2 Fictional geography","2.1 Narnia","2.2 Archenland","2.3 Calormen","2.4 Northern Countries","2.5 Eastern Ocean","2.6 Western Lands","2.7 Cosmology","2.8 Underground","3 Fictional cosmology","4 Fictional timeline","4.1 Consistency with other works","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Fantasy world created by C.S. Lewis, setting of The Chronicles of Narnia For other uses, see Narnia (disambiguation). NarniaThe Chronicles of Narnia location1972 Map of Narnia by Pauline BaynesCreated byC. S. LewisGenreChildren's fantasyIn-universe informationTypeFantasy worldEthnic group(s)Narnians, Wild Westerners, Telmarines, Archenlanders, Calormenes, Ettinsmoorish, Northerners, Underlanders, Bismites, Merpeople, Galmanes, Terebinthians, Seven Islanders, Lone Islanders, Burnt Islanders (actual name unknown), Duffers, Sea PeopleRace(s)Centaurs, Dragons, Dwarves, Dufflepuds, Earthmen, Ettins, Fauns, Hags, Giants, Humans, Marsh-wiggles, Minotaurs, Ogres, Nymphs, Sea Serpents, Talking Animals, Werewolves, etc.LocationsNarnia (country), Archenland, Calormen, Underland, Aslan's CountryCharactersAslan, White Witch, Lucy, Mr. Tumnus Narnia is a fantasy world created by C. S. Lewis as the primary location for his series of seven fantasy novels for children, The Chronicles of Narnia. The world is named after the country of Narnia, where much of the Chronicles takes place. In Narnia, some animals talk, mythical beasts abound, and magic is common. The series tracks the story of Narnia when humans, usually children, enter the Narnian world from Earth. The entire Narnian timeline, from its creation to its end (c. 1–2555), ran parallel to 49 Earth-years (c. 1900–1949), thus on average a year on Earth meant 52.14 time dilation years in Narnia. Inspiration Dunluce Castle, the inspiration for Cair Paravel, as it appeared in the 1890s. The landscape of Lewis's native Ireland, in particular his native Ulster, played a large part in the creation of the Narnian landscape. In his essay On Stories, Lewis wrote "I have seen landscapes, notably in the Mourne Mountains and southwards which under a particular light made me feel that at any moment a giant might raise his head over the next ridge". In a letter to his brother, Lewis would later confide "that part of Rostrevor which overlooks Carlingford Lough is my idea of Narnia". Although in adult life Lewis lived in England, he returned to Ulster often and retained fond memories of the Irish scenery, saying "I yearn to see County Down in the snow; one almost expects to see a march of dwarfs dashing past. How I long to break into a world where such things were true." Beginning in 1906, young C.S. Lewis (1898–1963) visited the northern Irish seaside near Portrush in the north of County Antrim many times. In later years, Lewis remembered the sounds of the sea, the cliffs rising above it, and the ruined medieval towers of Dunluce Castle which many authors have speculated may have inspired his creation of Cair Paravel. Narnia and Narni, Italy Concerning Narnia and Narni, Roger Lancelyn Green writes about C.S. Lewis and Walter Hooper: When Walter Hooper asked where he found the word 'Narnia', Lewis showed him Murray's Small Classical Atlas, ed. G.B. Grundy (1904), which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr . On plate 8 of the Atlas is a map of ancient Italy. Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia, simply because he liked the sound of it. Narnia – or 'Narni' in Italian – is in Umbria, halfway between Rome and Assisi.Narnia, a small medieval town, is situated at the top of an olive-covered hill. It was already ancient when the Romans defeated it in 299 BC. Its thirteenth-century fortress dominates a deep, narrow gorge of the Nera river which runs below. One of its most important archaeological features is a Romanesque cathedral, which contains the relics of a number of Umbrian saints. Fictional geography Narnia Kingdom of NarniaThe Chronicles of Narnia locationMap of the Narnian RealmFlag of the Narnian Realm (Golden Age)Flag of the Narnian Realm (later years)Created byC. S. LewisGenreJuvenile fantasyIn-universe informationOther name(s)NarniaTypeAbsolute MonarchyRace(s)Telmarines (formerly Humans from Earth), Dwarfs, Giants, Fauns, Centaurs, Nymphs, Marsh-wiggles, Talking Animals, Humans, etc.LocationsCair Paravel (capital), Lantern Waste, Beaversdam, BerunaCharactersMr. Tumnus, White Witch, Caspian X, Trumpkin The novels revolve around the fantastical country of Narnia. The nation of Narnia, often and officially the Kingdom of Narnia, was guarded over by Aslan, the Great Lion, and was filled with humans, talking animals, and other mythical creatures. Narnia was a land of rolling hills rising into low mountains to the south, and was predominantly forested, except for marshlands in the north. The country is bordered on the east by the Eastern Ocean, on the west by a great mountain range, on the north by the River Shribble, and on the south by Archenland. The economic heart of the country centres on the Great River of Narnia, which crosses the country from the northwest on an east-southeasterly course to the Eastern Ocean. The seat of government is the castle of Cair Paravel, originally on a peninsula, later an island, at the mouth of the Great River on the coast of the Great Eastern Ocean. Other communities along the river include (from east to west): Beruna: One of four named towns in the country of Narnia. Beruna grew as a strategic location because of the fords on the Great River that were located there. When Narnia was conquered by the Telmarines, a town was built at the Fords of Beruna and a bridge over the river was constructed. In Prince Caspian, Susan Pevensie and Lucy Pevensie accompany Aslan to the bridge, and Bacchus destroys it at the request of the river-god ("Loose my chains"). Beaversdam: A community named after the dam in the area built by Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, who met (Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy) on their arrival in Narnia, and led three of them to the Stone Table to meet Aslan, while Edmund betrayed them to the White Witch and was later rescued by Aslan’s followers. These events were a key point in (LWW). The name kept alive memory of the beavers, though in later times they became extinct in Narnia. The community developed some time between then and the Telmarine conquest (unless the Telmarines named it after the "Old Narnian" story of the Pevensies', which is unlikely), but it still existed under the Telmarine rule and seemed to have hosted a majority of the Telmarine-descent population. At the time when the usurper Miraz purged the aristocracy of anyone who might threaten his rule, two brothers who were the lords of Beaversdam were locked up as "madmen" (PC) Chippingford: One of four towns named in the country of Narnia. It is mentioned briefly at the start of The Last Battle when Shift the Ape sends Puzzle the donkey there to buy oranges and bananas. It is a British English name, made up as if derived from the Anglo-Saxon Cēapungford which means "market ford". (LB) Archenland Conjectured flag for Archenland, based on a colour illustration by Pauline Baynes of the uniforms of Cor's attendants in chapter 14 of The Horse and His Boy (1998 ed.). Archenland is a mountainous country south of Narnia. It is bordered on the north by Narnia and on the south by the Winding Arrow River and further south is the Great Desert. The seat of government is at Anvard, in the heart of the country, a fortified area. Calormen Main article: Calormen Calormen is a semi-arid empire in the south of the world of Narnia. The capital of Calormen is Tashbaan, located on an island near the mouth of the River of Calormen, which flows from west to east in the north of Calormen, just south of the Great Desert. The city of Azim Balda, to the south of Tashbaan, is a hub where many roads meet; it hosts the government's postal system. Prince Caspian describes slave trade between Calormen and Telmar from areas far south of Calormen. Northern Countries North of Narnia lies Ettinsmoor, a cold barren plain home to the once civilized, now anarchistic giants. North of Ettinsmoor is a deep gorge crossed by an ancient bridge known simply as the "Giant Bridge", part of a long-abandoned road. This leads to the Wild Lands of the North, home of the Ruined City of the Giants and the castle Harfang, which is still inhabited by giants. Eastern Ocean East of Narnia is the Great Eastern Ocean, where the Bight of Calormen is home to the Merpeople and the islands of Galma, Terebinthia, Seven Isles, and the Lone Islands. Beyond the Bight of Calormen is more ocean, including the islands of Dragon Island, Burnt Island, Death Water Island, Island of the Duffers, Dark Island, and the Island of the Star. Beyond the Island of the Star, is another undersea country called the Eastern Last Sea, the water of white lilies known as the Silver Sea, and the Utter East, which is a small plain, bordering a perpetual wave and the high mountains of Aslan's Country. Western Lands To Narnia's west is the landlocked Western Wild, south of this country and also west of Calormen is the Far West region, and somewhere beyond this is Telmar, and eventually on the other side of the unnamed continent is the Western Sea. The Western Sea is an uncharted territory of the Narnian world, but some claim that on its islands are "strange and unearthly creatures". Cosmology In the domed sky are the sun and moon, which rise from the Utter East and set in the Utter West. The Last Sea in the east is bright with a "drinkable light". There are stars and planets in the sky but in the Narnian world they are people who move accordingly, and some live on the surface. Underground Deep below Narnia's surface is a dark sunless country Underland and even deeper than that, at the world's base, is the fiery nation of Bism, home to the Gnomes and Salamanders. Fictional cosmology The flat world of Narnia is connected to Earth and many other worlds through a nexus called the Wood between the Worlds. Travel is possible through a pool each for every world. The Wood is so named by Polly Plummer, who is transported there when Digory Kirke's Uncle Andrew tricks her into picking up a magic yellow ring. It has a slothful influence on those travelling it, which is explained by C.S. Lewis as the Wood being a place where nothing ever happens, unlike the different worlds that it connects. For the child protagonists, this experience is pleasant and relaxing. However, it affects the White Witch Jadis negatively: she shrieks in despair that the wood is "killing" her, and she is sickly and pale. It could be described as a nexus of sorts, existing outside the other worlds and not being a world on its own. The wood derives its name from The Wood Beyond the World, a fantasy novel by William Morris, an author who Lewis greatly admired. However, the location's function stems from another Morris novel, The Well at the World's End. Some scholars have suggested Dante's Divine Comedy or Algnernon Blackwood's "The Education of Uncle Paul", both of which Lewis was known to have enjoyed, as possible secondary influences. Fictional timeline Lewis provided a timeline of events related to The Chronicles of Narnia, in emulation of The Tale of the Years chronology in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. He gave an "Outline of Narnian History" in manuscript form to Walter Hooper, who included it in his essay Past Watchful Dragons: The Fairy Tales of C. S. Lewis. The novels never explicitly mention the year or years in which events take place, so the timeline is the only source for this information. Kathryn Lindskoog, along with other Lewis scholars, has challenged the authenticity of some posthumous works attributed to Lewis and edited by Hooper, but the validity of the outline in particular has not been questioned. The outline is accepted by Lewis experts and has been included in works by Paul Ford, Martha Sammons and others. Consistency with other works Several people have pointed out more or less significant areas where Lewis's Outline is not consistent with the text of the Chronicles. For example, the outline dates Queen Swanwhite c. 1502, though according to The Last Battle she ruled Narnia before Jadis returned (meaning that her reign must have ended before 898). Paul Ford, author of Companion to Narnia, points out that the text of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe states that Lucy and Edmund are one year apart in age; the years given in the timeline for their births, 1930 and 1932 respectively, would put their ages at something more than a year. Devin Brown, author of Inside Narnia: A Guide to Exploring The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, uses the timeline as a way to reconcile some of the statements concerning the timing of Aslan's appearances in Narnia with other characters' recollections of those appearances. See also Speculative fiction portal Outline of Narnia Pauline Baynes, original illustrator for the Narnia books and maps; she also illustrated some of J. R. R. Tolkien's books, and drew two poster maps of Middle-earth (but not the ones published in the books). The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)—for details on the films Land of Oz Middle-earth Neverland Red Moon and Black Mountain Wonderland References ^ Lewis, C. S. (2017). On stories : and other essays on literature (First ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-06-264360-5. OCLC 948560259.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Poe, Harry Lee (2019). Becoming C. S. Lewis (1898–1918): A Biography of Young Jack Lewis. Vol. 1. Crossway. p. 138. ISBN 978-1433562730. In its glory, Dunluce would have been the model of a kingly castle, but Lewis saw it in ruins, as the four Pevensie children saw Cair Paravel upon their return to Narnia in Prince Caspian. ^ a b Duriez, Colin (2013). C. S. Lewis: A Biography of Friendship. Lion Books. ISBN 978-0745955872. I have some vague memories of the cliffs round there and of Dunluce Castle, and some memories that are not at all vague of the same coast a little further on at Castlerock where we used to go in the old days. (letter from Lewis to Arthur Greeves, written in 1915) ^ "Ruined UK castles spring back to life". CNN. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2020. …the dramatically situated clifftop Dunluce Castle (pictured above) in County Atrium, Northern Ireland. Its otherworldly look is said to have inspired CS Lewis, author of the Chronicles of Narnia series. Apparently, the ruins formed the basis for the Narnian castle of Cair Paravel. ^ Howard, Thomas (2006-02-01). Narnia and Beyond: A Guide to the Fiction of C.S. Lewis. Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-58617-148-3. ^ Dunlop, Cheryl; Bell, James Jr. (2007-10-02). The Complete Idiot's Guide to the World of Narnia. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4406-2611-1. ^ Manguel, Alberto; Gianni Guadalupi (2000). The Dictionary of Imaginary Places (Newly updated and expanded ed.). San Diego: Harcourt. p. 31. ISBN 0-15-600872-6. ^ Duriez, Colin (2004). A field guide to Narnia. InterVarsity Press. pp. 168–169. ISBN 0-8308-3207-6. ^ A Horse and his Boy, Chapter 3 ^ Duriez, Colin (2013). A Field Guide to Narnia. Strould, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9554-5. ^ a b Pierce, Seth (2021-08-23). A Theory of Spectral Rhetoric: The Word between the Worlds. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-69679-5. ^ Murrin, Michael (1982). "THE DIALECTIC OF MULTIPLE WORLDS: An Analysis of C. S. Lewis's Narnia Stories". VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center. 3: 93–112. JSTOR 45296095. Retrieved 2022-07-18. ^ Ford, Paul F. (2005). Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition. San Francisco: Harper. p. 458. ISBN 978-0-06-079127-8. A name inspired by William Morris' novel, The Wood Beyond the World. For an indication of Lewis' esteem for Morris see... ^ Edwards, Bruce L. (2005). Not a Tame Lion. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House. p. 458. ISBN 978-1-4143--0381-9. ...is taken from the title of a fantasy novel, The Wood Beyond the World, by nineteenth century novelist, William Morris, a writer Lewis loved. ^ a b Downing, David C. (2005). Into the Wardrobe. Wheaton, Illinois: Jossey-Bass. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7879-7890-7. ^ a b Christopher, Joe R. (2001). "Mount Purgatory Arises Near Narnia". Mythlore. 23 (2): 65–90. ^ Hooper, Walter (1979). Past Watchful Dragons: The Narnian Chronicles of C. S. Lewis. New York: Macmillan Pub Co. pp. 41–44. ISBN 0-02-051970-2. ^ Schakel, Peter (1979). Reading with the Heart: The Way into Narnia. Grand Rapids: Eerdnabs. pp. 143. ISBN 0-8028-1814-5. ^ Lindskoog, Kathryn (1988). The C. S. Lewis Hoax. Portland, Oregon: Multnomah. ISBN 0-88070-258-3. ^ a b Ford, Paul (2005). Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition. San Francisco: harper. p. 465ff. ISBN 0-06-079127-6. ^ Sammons, Martha (1979). A Guide Through Narnia. Wheaton, Illinois: Shaw. p. 54. ISBN 0-87788-325-4. ^ Brown, Devin (2005). Inside Narnia: A Guide to Exploring The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. Grand Rapids: Baker Books. pp. 125ff. ISBN 978-0-8010-6599-6. External links HarperCollins site for the books Disney Map of Narnia NarniaMap.jpg, 2244 x 1692, 1359 KB Six maps of Narnia vteThe Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. LewisBooks The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician's Nephew The Last Battle AdaptationsTelevision 1967 TV serial 1979 animated special 1988–1990 BBC series The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian and the Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair Film series The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe soundtrack attraction video game Prince Caspian soundtrack attraction video game The Voyage of the Dawn Treader soundtrack Cast list Music Accolades Characters Aravis Aslan Bree Caspian Coriakin Lord Drinian Edmund Pevensie Emeth Eustace Scrubb Hwin Jill Pole Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Pevensie Maugrim Miraz Peter Pevensie Polly Plummer Puddleglum Ramandu Ramandu's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta/Cor Shift Susan Pevensie Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Places Narnia (world) Aslan's How Calormen Charn Underland General Deplorable Word Food Magical creatures Religion Category Outline Authority control databases: National Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narnia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narnia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"fantasy world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_world"},{"link_name":"C. S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Narnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia"},{"link_name":"country of Narnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narnia_(country)"},{"link_name":"mythical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"time dilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation"}],"text":"For other uses, see Narnia (disambiguation).Narnia is a fantasy world created by C. S. Lewis as the primary location for his series of seven fantasy novels for children, The Chronicles of Narnia. The world is named after the country of Narnia, where much of the Chronicles takes place.In Narnia, some animals talk, mythical beasts abound, and magic is common. The series tracks the story of Narnia when humans, usually children, enter the Narnian world from Earth. The entire Narnian timeline, from its creation to its end (c. 1–2555), ran parallel to 49 Earth-years (c. 1900–1949), thus on average a year on Earth meant 52.14 time dilation years in Narnia.","title":"Narnia (world)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunluce_Castle._County_Antrim,_Ireland-LCCN2002717364.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dunluce Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunluce_Castle"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Mourne Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourne_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rostrevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrevor"},{"link_name":"Carlingford Lough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlingford_Lough"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down"},{"link_name":"dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"C.S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Portrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrush"},{"link_name":"County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YoungLewis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiogFriendship-3"},{"link_name":"Dunluce Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunluce_Castle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YoungLewis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiogFriendship-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-4"}],"text":"Dunluce Castle, the inspiration for Cair Paravel, as it appeared in the 1890s.The landscape of Lewis's native Ireland, in particular his native Ulster, played a large part in the creation of the Narnian landscape. In his essay On Stories, Lewis wrote \"I have seen landscapes, notably in the Mourne Mountains and southwards which under a particular light made me feel that at any moment a giant might raise his head over the next ridge\".[1] In a letter to his brother, Lewis would later confide \"that part of Rostrevor which overlooks Carlingford Lough is my idea of Narnia\". Although in adult life Lewis lived in England, he returned to Ulster often and retained fond memories of the Irish scenery, saying \"I yearn to see County Down in the snow; one almost expects to see a march of dwarfs dashing past. How I long to break into a world where such things were true.\"[citation needed]Beginning in 1906, young C.S. Lewis (1898–1963) visited the northern Irish seaside near Portrush in the north of County Antrim many times.[2][3] In later years, Lewis remembered the sounds of the sea, the cliffs rising above it, and the ruined medieval towers of Dunluce Castle which many authors have speculated may have inspired his creation of Cair Paravel.[2][3][4]","title":"Inspiration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narni"},{"link_name":"Roger Lancelyn Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green"},{"link_name":"Walter Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Walter Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hooper"},{"link_name":"G.B. Grundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Beardoe_Grundy"},{"link_name":"the classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"Mr [William T. Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"Great Bookham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bookham"},{"link_name":"Narni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narni"},{"link_name":"Umbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbria"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_people"}],"sub_title":"Narnia and Narni, Italy","text":"Concerning Narnia and Narni, Roger Lancelyn Green writes about C.S. Lewis and Walter Hooper:When Walter Hooper asked [C.S. Lewis] where he found the word 'Narnia', Lewis showed him Murray's Small Classical Atlas, ed. G.B. Grundy (1904), which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr [William T. Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham [1914–1917]. On plate 8 of the Atlas is a map of ancient Italy. Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia, simply because he liked the sound of it. Narnia – or 'Narni' in Italian – is in Umbria, halfway between Rome and Assisi.Narnia, a small medieval town, is situated at the top of an olive-covered hill. It was already ancient when the Romans defeated it in 299 BC. Its thirteenth-century fortress dominates a deep, narrow gorge of the Nera river which runs below. One of its most important archaeological features is a Romanesque cathedral, which contains the relics of a number of Umbrian saints.","title":"Inspiration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Archenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenland"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"fords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"Great River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_River_of_Narnia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prince Caspian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Caspian"},{"link_name":"Susan Pevensie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Pevensie"},{"link_name":"Lucy Pevensie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Pevensie"},{"link_name":"Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"river-god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_deity"},{"link_name":"Mr. and Mrs. Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Beaver"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pevensie"},{"link_name":"Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Pevensie"},{"link_name":"Edmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Pevensie"},{"link_name":"Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Pevensie"},{"link_name":"Aslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan"},{"link_name":"White Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Witch"},{"link_name":"(LWW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe"},{"link_name":"Miraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraz"},{"link_name":"(PC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Caspian"},{"link_name":"The Last Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Battle"},{"link_name":"Shift the Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_the_Ape"},{"link_name":"Puzzle the donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_characters#Puzzle"},{"link_name":"oranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language"},{"link_name":"(LB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Battle"}],"sub_title":"Narnia","text":"The novels revolve around the fantastical country of Narnia. The nation of Narnia, often and officially the Kingdom of Narnia, was guarded over by Aslan, the Great Lion, and was filled with humans, talking animals, and other mythical creatures. Narnia was a land of rolling hills rising into low mountains to the south, and was predominantly forested, except for marshlands in the north.[5][6] The country is bordered on the east by the Eastern Ocean, on the west by a great mountain range, on the north by the River Shribble, and on the south by Archenland.The economic heart of the country centres on the Great River of Narnia, which crosses the country from the northwest on an east-southeasterly course to the Eastern Ocean. The seat of government is the castle of Cair Paravel, originally on a peninsula, later an island, at the mouth of the Great River on the coast of the Great Eastern Ocean. Other communities along the river include (from east to west):Beruna: One of four named towns in the country of Narnia. Beruna grew as a strategic location because of the fords on the Great River that were located there. When Narnia was conquered by the Telmarines, a town was built at the Fords of Beruna and a bridge over the river was constructed. In Prince Caspian, Susan Pevensie and Lucy Pevensie accompany Aslan to the bridge, and Bacchus destroys it at the request of the river-god (\"Loose my chains\").\nBeaversdam: A community named after the dam in the area built by Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, who met (Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy) on their arrival in Narnia, and led three of them to the Stone Table to meet Aslan, while Edmund betrayed them to the White Witch and was later rescued by Aslan’s followers. These events were a key point in (LWW). The name kept alive memory of the beavers, though in later times they became extinct in Narnia. The community developed some time between then and the Telmarine conquest (unless the Telmarines named it after the \"Old Narnian\" story of the Pevensies', which is unlikely), but it still existed under the Telmarine rule and seemed to have hosted a majority of the Telmarine-descent population. At the time when the usurper Miraz purged the aristocracy of anyone who might threaten his rule, two brothers who were the lords of Beaversdam were locked up as \"madmen\" (PC)\nChippingford: One of four towns named in the country of Narnia. It is mentioned briefly at the start of The Last Battle when Shift the Ape sends Puzzle the donkey there to buy oranges and bananas. It is a British English name, made up as if derived from the Anglo-Saxon Cēapungford which means \"market ford\". (LB)","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Archenland_(Narnia).svg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Archenland","text":"Conjectured flag for Archenland, based on a colour illustration by Pauline Baynes of the uniforms of Cor's attendants in chapter 14 of The Horse and His Boy (1998 ed.).Archenland is a mountainous country south of Narnia. It is bordered on the north by Narnia and on the south by the Winding Arrow River and further south is the Great Desert. The seat of government is at Anvard, in the heart of the country, a fortified area.[7][8]","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calormen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calormen"},{"link_name":"empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)"},{"link_name":"Tashbaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calormen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Prince Caspian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Caspian"}],"sub_title":"Calormen","text":"Calormen is a semi-arid empire in the south of the world of Narnia. The capital of Calormen is Tashbaan, located on an island near the mouth of the River of Calormen, which flows from west to east in the north of Calormen, just south of the Great Desert. The city of Azim Balda, to the south of Tashbaan, is a hub where many roads meet; it hosts the government's postal system.[9] Prince Caspian describes slave trade between Calormen and Telmar from areas far south of Calormen.","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Northern Countries","text":"North of Narnia lies Ettinsmoor, a cold barren plain home to the once civilized, now anarchistic giants. North of Ettinsmoor is a deep gorge crossed by an ancient bridge known simply as the \"Giant Bridge\", part of a long-abandoned road. This leads to the Wild Lands of the North, home of the Ruined City of the Giants and the castle Harfang, which is still inhabited by giants.","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aslan's Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan%27s_Country"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Ocean","text":"East of Narnia is the Great Eastern Ocean, where the Bight of Calormen is home to the Merpeople and the islands of Galma, Terebinthia, Seven Isles, and the Lone Islands. Beyond the Bight of Calormen is more ocean, including the islands of Dragon Island, Burnt Island, Death Water Island, Island of the Duffers, Dark Island, and the Island of the Star. Beyond the Island of the Star, is another undersea country called the Eastern Last Sea, the water of white lilies known as the Silver Sea, and the Utter East, which is a small plain, bordering a perpetual wave and the high mountains of Aslan's Country.","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region"},{"link_name":"Telmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmar"}],"sub_title":"Western Lands","text":"To Narnia's west is the landlocked Western Wild, south of this country and also west of Calormen is the Far West region, and somewhere beyond this is Telmar, and eventually on the other side of the unnamed continent is the Western Sea. The Western Sea is an uncharted territory of the Narnian world, but some claim that on its islands are \"strange and unearthly creatures\".","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"they are people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"}],"sub_title":"Cosmology","text":"In the domed sky are the sun and moon, which rise from the Utter East and set in the Utter West. The Last Sea in the east is bright with a \"drinkable light\". There are stars and planets in the sky but in the Narnian world they are people who move accordingly, and some live on the surface.","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Underland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underland_(Narnia)"}],"sub_title":"Underground","text":"Deep below Narnia's surface is a dark sunless country Underland and even deeper than that, at the world's base, is the fiery nation of Bism, home to the Gnomes and Salamanders.","title":"Fictional geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flat world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Earth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierce-11"},{"link_name":"Polly Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Digory Kirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digory_Kirke"},{"link_name":"Uncle Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Andrew"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"White Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Witch"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierce-11"},{"link_name":"The Wood Beyond the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wood_Beyond_the_World"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downing-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christopher-16"},{"link_name":"The Well at the World's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Well_at_the_World%27s_End"},{"link_name":"Dante's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante"},{"link_name":"Divine Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Algnernon Blackwood's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Blackwood"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downing-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christopher-16"}],"text":"The flat world of Narnia[10] is connected to Earth and many other worlds through a nexus called the Wood between the Worlds. Travel is possible through a pool each for every world.[11] The Wood is so named by Polly Plummer, who is transported there when Digory Kirke's Uncle Andrew tricks her into picking up a magic yellow ring.[12] It has a slothful influence on those travelling it, which is explained by C.S. Lewis as the Wood being a place where nothing ever happens, unlike the different worlds that it connects. For the child protagonists, this experience is pleasant and relaxing. However, it affects the White Witch Jadis negatively: she shrieks in despair that the wood is \"killing\" her, and she is sickly and pale. It could be described as a nexus of sorts, existing outside the other worlds and not being a world on its own.[11] The wood derives its name from The Wood Beyond the World, a fantasy novel by William Morris, an author who Lewis greatly admired.[13][14][15][16] However, the location's function stems from another Morris novel, The Well at the World's End. Some scholars have suggested Dante's Divine Comedy or Algnernon Blackwood's \"The Education of Uncle Paul\", both of which Lewis was known to have enjoyed, as possible secondary influences.[15][16]","title":"Fictional cosmology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Walter Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hooper"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Lindskoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Lindskoog"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Lewis provided a timeline of events related to The Chronicles of Narnia, in emulation of The Tale of the Years chronology in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. He gave an \"Outline of Narnian History\" in manuscript form to Walter Hooper, who included it in his essay Past Watchful Dragons: The Fairy Tales of C. S. Lewis.[17][18] The novels never explicitly mention the year or years in which events take place, so the timeline is the only source for this information. Kathryn Lindskoog, along with other Lewis scholars, has challenged the authenticity of some posthumous works attributed to Lewis and edited by Hooper,[19] but the validity of the outline in particular has not been questioned. The outline is accepted by Lewis experts and has been included in works by Paul Ford,[20] Martha Sammons[21] and others.","title":"Fictional timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Consistency with other works","text":"Several people have pointed out more or less significant areas where Lewis's Outline is not consistent with the text of the Chronicles. For example, the outline dates Queen Swanwhite c. 1502, though according to The Last Battle she ruled Narnia before Jadis returned (meaning that her reign must have ended before 898). Paul Ford, author of Companion to Narnia, points out that the text of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe states that Lucy and Edmund are one year apart in age; the years given in the timeline for their births, 1930 and 1932 respectively, would put their ages at something more than a year.[20] Devin Brown, author of Inside Narnia: A Guide to Exploring The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, uses the timeline as a way to reconcile some of the statements concerning the timing of Aslan's appearances in Narnia with other characters' recollections of those appearances.[22]","title":"Fictional timeline"}]
[{"image_text":"Dunluce Castle, the inspiration for Cair Paravel, as it appeared in the 1890s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dunluce_Castle._County_Antrim%2C_Ireland-LCCN2002717364.jpg/300px-Dunluce_Castle._County_Antrim%2C_Ireland-LCCN2002717364.jpg"},{"image_text":"Conjectured flag for Archenland, based on a colour illustration by Pauline Baynes of the uniforms of Cor's attendants in chapter 14 of The Horse and His Boy (1998 ed.).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Archenland_%28Narnia%29.svg/170px-Flag_of_Archenland_%28Narnia%29.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Lewis, C. S. (2017). On stories : and other essays on literature (First ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-06-264360-5. OCLC 948560259.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/948560259","url_text":"On stories : and other essays on literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-264360-5","url_text":"978-0-06-264360-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/948560259","url_text":"948560259"}]},{"reference":"Poe, Harry Lee (2019). Becoming C. S. Lewis (1898–1918): A Biography of Young Jack Lewis. Vol. 1. Crossway. p. 138. ISBN 978-1433562730. In its glory, Dunluce would have been the model of a kingly castle, but Lewis saw it in ruins, as the four Pevensie children saw Cair Paravel upon their return to Narnia in Prince Caspian.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yqPHDwAAQBAJ&q=%22CS+Lewis%22+Dunluce&pg=PT125","url_text":"Becoming C. S. Lewis (1898–1918): A Biography of Young Jack Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433562730","url_text":"978-1433562730"}]},{"reference":"Duriez, Colin (2013). C. S. Lewis: A Biography of Friendship. Lion Books. ISBN 978-0745955872. I have some vague memories of the cliffs round there and of Dunluce Castle, and some memories that are not at all vague of the same coast a little further on at Castlerock where we used to go in the old days. (letter from Lewis to Arthur Greeves, written in 1915)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EG5EyAIzHqwC&q=Lewis+dunluce+%22cair+paravel%22&pg=PA22","url_text":"C. S. Lewis: A Biography of Friendship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745955872","url_text":"978-0745955872"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlerock","url_text":"Castlerock"}]},{"reference":"\"Ruined UK castles spring back to life\". CNN. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2020. …the dramatically situated clifftop Dunluce Castle (pictured above) in County Atrium, Northern Ireland. […] Its otherworldly look is said to have inspired CS Lewis, author of the Chronicles of Narnia series. Apparently, the ruins formed the basis for the Narnian castle of Cair Paravel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ruined-castles-digitally-resorted-uk/index.html","url_text":"\"Ruined UK castles spring back to life\""}]},{"reference":"Howard, Thomas (2006-02-01). Narnia and Beyond: A Guide to the Fiction of C.S. Lewis. Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-58617-148-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CiJAZUtH7dsC&q=Narnia+(country)&pg=PA29","url_text":"Narnia and Beyond: A Guide to the Fiction of C.S. Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-148-3","url_text":"978-1-58617-148-3"}]},{"reference":"Dunlop, Cheryl; Bell, James Jr. (2007-10-02). The Complete Idiot's Guide to the World of Narnia. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4406-2611-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cJeVH6qf2xIC&q=Narnia+(country)&pg=PT120","url_text":"The Complete Idiot's Guide to the World of Narnia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-2611-1","url_text":"978-1-4406-2611-1"}]},{"reference":"Manguel, Alberto; Gianni Guadalupi (2000). The Dictionary of Imaginary Places (Newly updated and expanded ed.). San Diego: Harcourt. p. 31. ISBN 0-15-600872-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Manguel","url_text":"Manguel, Alberto"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofimag00mang_0","url_text":"The Dictionary of Imaginary Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)","url_text":"Harcourt"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofimag00mang_0/page/31","url_text":"31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-600872-6","url_text":"0-15-600872-6"}]},{"reference":"Duriez, Colin (2004). A field guide to Narnia. InterVarsity Press. pp. 168–169. ISBN 0-8308-3207-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Duriez","url_text":"Duriez, Colin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O1K421wnr9EC","url_text":"A field guide to Narnia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterVarsity_Press","url_text":"InterVarsity Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-3207-6","url_text":"0-8308-3207-6"}]},{"reference":"Duriez, Colin (2013). A Field Guide to Narnia. Strould, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9554-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Press","url_text":"The History Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9554-5","url_text":"978-0-7524-9554-5"}]},{"reference":"Pierce, Seth (2021-08-23). A Theory of Spectral Rhetoric: The Word between the Worlds. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-69679-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gh8_EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Wood+between+the+Worlds%22+-wikipedia&pg=PR14","url_text":"A Theory of Spectral Rhetoric: The Word between the Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-69679-5","url_text":"978-3-030-69679-5"}]},{"reference":"Murrin, Michael (1982). \"THE DIALECTIC OF MULTIPLE WORLDS: An Analysis of C. S. Lewis's Narnia Stories\". VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center. 3: 93–112. JSTOR 45296095. Retrieved 2022-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45296095","url_text":"\"THE DIALECTIC OF MULTIPLE WORLDS: An Analysis of C. S. Lewis's Narnia Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45296095","url_text":"45296095"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Paul F. (2005). Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition. San Francisco: Harper. p. 458. ISBN 978-0-06-079127-8. A name inspired by William Morris' novel, The Wood Beyond the World. For an indication of Lewis' esteem for Morris see...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-079127-8","url_text":"978-0-06-079127-8"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Bruce L. (2005). Not a Tame Lion. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House. p. 458. ISBN 978-1-4143--0381-9. ...is taken from the title of a fantasy novel, The Wood Beyond the World, by nineteenth century novelist, William Morris, a writer Lewis loved.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4143--0381-9","url_text":"978-1-4143--0381-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wood_Beyond_the_World","url_text":"The Wood Beyond the World"}]},{"reference":"Downing, David C. (2005). Into the Wardrobe. Wheaton, Illinois: Jossey-Bass. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7879-7890-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/intowardrobecsle00down/page/59","url_text":"Into the Wardrobe"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/intowardrobecsle00down/page/59","url_text":"59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7879-7890-7","url_text":"978-0-7879-7890-7"}]},{"reference":"Christopher, Joe R. (2001). \"Mount Purgatory Arises Near Narnia\". Mythlore. 23 (2): 65–90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hooper, Walter (1979). Past Watchful Dragons: The Narnian Chronicles of C. S. Lewis. New York: Macmillan Pub Co. pp. 41–44. ISBN 0-02-051970-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pastwatchfuldrag00hoop/page/41","url_text":"Past Watchful Dragons: The Narnian Chronicles of C. S. Lewis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pastwatchfuldrag00hoop/page/41","url_text":"41–44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-051970-2","url_text":"0-02-051970-2"}]},{"reference":"Schakel, Peter (1979). Reading with the Heart: The Way into Narnia. Grand Rapids: Eerdnabs. pp. 143. ISBN 0-8028-1814-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingwithheart0000scha/page/143","url_text":"Reading with the Heart: The Way into Narnia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingwithheart0000scha/page/143","url_text":"143"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1814-5","url_text":"0-8028-1814-5"}]},{"reference":"Lindskoog, Kathryn (1988). The C. S. Lewis Hoax. Portland, Oregon: Multnomah. ISBN 0-88070-258-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cslewishoax00kath","url_text":"The C. S. Lewis Hoax"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88070-258-3","url_text":"0-88070-258-3"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Paul (2005). Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition. San Francisco: harper. p. 465ff. ISBN 0-06-079127-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-079127-6","url_text":"0-06-079127-6"}]},{"reference":"Sammons, Martha (1979). A Guide Through Narnia. Wheaton, Illinois: Shaw. p. 54. ISBN 0-87788-325-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidethroughnarn00samm/page/54","url_text":"A Guide Through Narnia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidethroughnarn00samm/page/54","url_text":"54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87788-325-4","url_text":"0-87788-325-4"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Devin (2005). Inside Narnia: A Guide to Exploring The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. Grand Rapids: Baker Books. pp. 125ff. ISBN 978-0-8010-6599-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801065996/page/125","url_text":"Inside Narnia: A Guide to Exploring The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801065996/page/125","url_text":"125ff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-6599-6","url_text":"978-0-8010-6599-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_L._West
Cheryl West
["1 Life","2 Awards","3 Works","3.1 Plays","3.2 Teleplays","4 References","5 External links"]
American playwright (born 1965) See also: Cheryl West (Outrageous Fortune character) Cheryl L. West (born October 23, 1965, Chicago) is an American playwright. Life West holds a degree from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. She worked as a social worker and taught before turning to playwriting. In 1990, she came to Seattle for The Group Theatre's Multicultural Playwrights Festival, where she won the opportunity to workshop her play, Before It Hits Home. That play went on to be produced at Arena Stage. On June 12, 1991, her play Jar the Floor had its world premiere at Seattle's The Empty Space Theater. In 1999, she relocated to Seattle. She won a National Endowment for the Arts Playwrighting Award for 1995–96. Also making a successful foray into film, her play Before It Hits Home has been optioned by Spike Lee; and she has been asked to pen a film adaptation for Home Box Office and write an original screenplay for Paramount Studios. She had been commissioned to write a dramatic adaptation of Richard Wright's 1940 novel Native Son. A film version of her play Holiday Heart premiered on Showtime in 2000, starring Ving Rhames and Alfre Woodard. In 2012, the Seattle Repertory Theatre premiered her play Pullman Porter Blues. In 2017, the Pasadena Playhouse premiered her play Shout Sister Shout! Awards Before It Hits Home Susan Smith Blackburn Prize Co-winner, 1990, AUDELCO Award for Outstanding Play, 1991, Helen Hayes Charles McArthur Award Winner, Outstanding New Play, 1992 Jar the Floor, Beverly Hills/Hollywood NAACP Best Play, 1995 Works Plays Before It Hits Home - 1991 Before It Hits Home. Dramatists Play Service, Inc. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8222-1322-2. Jar the Floor. Dramatists Play Service, Inc. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8222-1809-8. Puddin 'n Pete – 1993 Holiday Heart – 1994 Play On! – 1997 Birdie Blue – 2005 Rejoice Addy: An American Girl Story Blues to the Bone Elocutia Does Pygmalion Pullman Porter Blues - 2012 Lizzie Bright and the Buckminster Boy Squeeze, Hold Release Basketcases Mwindo Akeelah and the Bee Shout Sister Shout! – 2017 Lady Jazz Last Stop on Market Street The Watsons Go to Birmingham Fannie - 2019 Something Happened in Our Town - 2022 Teleplays Diary of a Single Mom (1 episode, 2009) Life Raft (2009) TV episode (writer) Glitter (2001) (story) Holiday Heart (2000) (TV) (teleplay) Play On! (2000) (TV) (writer) References ^ "Jar the Floor" at Seattle Repertory Theatre. ^ Douglas Singleton, "THEATER REVIEWS: Birdie Blue by Cheryl L. West", The L Magazine, July 6, 2005. ^ Review, Seattle Times ^ Lawless, Katherine (March 24, 2022). "'Something Happened in Our Town' Wonders How to Talk to Kids About Racism". Minnesota Monthly. Greenspring Media. Retrieved 2022-04-09. External links Cheryl L. West at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheryl West (Outrageous Fortune character)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_West_(character)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"}],"text":"See also: Cheryl West (Outrageous Fortune character)Cheryl L. West (born October 23, 1965, Chicago) is an American playwright.","title":"Cheryl West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"Home Box Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Box_Office"},{"link_name":"Richard Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)"},{"link_name":"Native Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Son"},{"link_name":"Ving Rhames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ving_Rhames"},{"link_name":"Alfre Woodard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfre_Woodard"},{"link_name":"Seattle Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Pasadena Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Playhouse"}],"text":"West holds a degree from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. She worked as a social worker and taught before turning to playwriting.In 1990, she came to Seattle for The Group Theatre's Multicultural Playwrights Festival, where she won the opportunity to workshop her play, Before It Hits Home. That play went on to be produced at Arena Stage. On June 12, 1991, her play Jar the Floor had its world premiere at Seattle's The Empty Space Theater.[1] In 1999, she relocated to Seattle.She won a National Endowment for the Arts Playwrighting Award for 1995–96. Also making a successful foray into film, her play Before It Hits Home has been optioned by Spike Lee; and she has been asked to pen a film adaptation for Home Box Office and write an original screenplay for Paramount Studios. She had been commissioned to write a dramatic adaptation of Richard Wright's 1940 novel Native Son.A film version of her play Holiday Heart premiered on Showtime in 2000, starring Ving Rhames and Alfre Woodard.In 2012, the Seattle Repertory Theatre premiered her play Pullman Porter Blues. In 2017, the Pasadena Playhouse premiered her play Shout Sister Shout!","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susan Smith Blackburn Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Smith_Blackburn_Prize"}],"text":"Before It Hits Home Susan Smith Blackburn Prize Co-winner, 1990, AUDELCO Award for Outstanding Play, 1991, Helen Hayes Charles McArthur Award Winner, Outstanding New Play, 1992\nJar the Floor, Beverly Hills/Hollywood NAACP Best Play, 1995","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Before It Hits Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_It_Hits_Home"},{"link_name":"Before It Hits Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OdR7utvlZyAC&q=Cheryl+West"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8222-1322-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8222-1322-2"},{"link_name":"Jar the Floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tZU31N_BIFwC&q=Cheryl+West"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8222-1809-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8222-1809-8"},{"link_name":"Play On!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_On!"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022-03-24-MinnMonth-4"}],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"Before It Hits Home - 1991 Before It Hits Home. Dramatists Play Service, Inc. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8222-1322-2.\nJar the Floor. Dramatists Play Service, Inc. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8222-1809-8.\nPuddin 'n Pete – 1993\nHoliday Heart – 1994\nPlay On! – 1997\nBirdie Blue – 2005[2]\nRejoice\nAddy: An American Girl Story\nBlues to the Bone\nElocutia Does Pygmalion\nPullman Porter Blues - 2012[3]\nLizzie Bright and the Buckminster Boy\nSqueeze, Hold Release\nBasketcases\nMwindo\nAkeelah and the Bee\nShout Sister Shout! – 2017\nLady Jazz\nLast Stop on Market Street\nThe Watsons Go to Birmingham\nFannie - 2019\nSomething Happened in Our Town - 2022[4]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diary of a Single Mom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_a_Single_Mom"}],"sub_title":"Teleplays","text":"Diary of a Single Mom (1 episode, 2009)\nLife Raft (2009) TV episode (writer)\nGlitter (2001) (story)\nHoliday Heart (2000) (TV) (teleplay)\nPlay On! (2000) (TV) (writer)","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Symphony_Orchestra
Roanoke Symphony Orchestra
["1 Conductors","2 Concertmasters","3 Roanoke Youth Symphony","3.1 Roanoke Youth Symphony Orchestra","3.2 String Ensemble","3.3 Flute Ensemble","4 Roanoke Symphony Chorus","5 Support","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Symphony orchestra in Roanoke, Virginia, United States Roanoke Symphony Orchestra (RSO)OrchestraFounded1953LocationRoanoke, Virginia, United StatesConcert hallBerglund Performing Arts TheatreMusic directorDavid S. WileyWebsiterso.com The Roanoke Symphony Orchestra, also known as the "RSO", was established in 1953 by Gibson Morrissey and a number of other music lovers. Gibson Morrissey served as the conductor until his death in 1975. The Roanoke Symphony Orchestra has professional musicians who are awarded positions through competitive auditions. Conductors 1953–1975 Gibson Morrissey 1975–1986 Jack Moehlenkamp 1986–1995 Victoria Bond 1996–Present David S. Wiley Concertmasters 1953 Jim Glazebrook 2004–Present Akemi Takayama Roanoke Youth Symphony The Roanoke Youth Symphony has three ensembles: The Roanoke Youth Symphony Orchestra (RYSO); the String Ensemble and the Flute Ensemble. The RSO and the Roanoke City Schools were joint recipients of the 2015 Yale Distinguished Music Educator Award. It has performed various programs for students of the area. Roanoke Youth Symphony Orchestra The Roanoke Youth Symphony Orchestra (RYSO) was established in 1956, and is the only professional orchestra training opportunity in western Virginia. This is a student orchestra made of more than 80 musicians, ranging in ages from 12 to 18. James Glazebrook has been the director since 1988. Musicians gain membership through annual auditions and may perform with the RYSO through their high school graduation. String Ensemble The String Ensemble was established in 1985 and is composed of about 50 string players ranging from ages 8 to 15. They rehearse weekly under the guidance and instruction of Ms. Michelle Smith Johnson. Flute Ensemble The Flute Ensemble was established in 2008, and is under the direction and instruction of Julee Hickcox, Principal Piccolo of the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra. Roanoke Symphony Chorus The Roanoke Symphony Chorus was established in 1999 under the direction of Dr. John Hugo. In 2015, the "RSO's Holiday Pops" reaches over 6,000 music lovers in Virginia. The C Choir of the Roanoke Valley Children's Choir also participates with the RSO in the Holiday Pops each year. Support The Roanoke Symphony Orchestra concerts and education programs are supported in part by the Virginia Commission for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Arts. The RSO is also supported by a number of local community groups, as well as "The Friends of the RSO"; the "New River Valley Friends of the RSO" and the Virginia Blue Ridge Musical Festival." References ^ "Victoria Bond". Women's Studies Encyclopedia, Volume 1. 1999. Page 294. ^ "RSO's patriotic program an inspiration." Roanoke Times. March 5, 2012. ^ "Roanoke Youth Symphony String Ensemble - Roanoke Symphony Orchestra". rso.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-03. ^ "Roanoke Youth Symphony Flute Ensemble - Roanoke Symphony Orchestra". rso.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-03. ^ Meidlinger, Lillian King. 2017. "Roanoke Valley Children's Choir: In Tune with Excellence for Thirty Years." Growing Up in the Valley. Volume 5, issue 9, May 2017. Pages 13-14. Bibliography Roanoke Symphony Orchestra, and Roanoke Symphony Society. Symphony Seasons. : Women's Auxiliary of the Roanoke Symphony Society, 1975. OCLC Number: 590568227. Brouwer, Margaret, and Victoria Bond. Shifting circles. 1990. Roanoke Symphony Orchestra ; Victoria Bond, conductor. 1 sound cassette: analog, stereo. OCLC Number: 76791513. Walker, Gwyneth V. Roanoke rising. Boston, MA.: E.C. Schirmer, 1990. Premiered by the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra, Roanoke, Va., Apr. 13, 1992. 1 score (87 pages) ; 29 cm. OCLC: 25241225. Ptaszyńska, Marta, and Tina Davidson. La novella d'inverno Winter's tale : for strings. 1990. Title from container. "Commissioned and premiered by the Roanoke Symphony 1/31/95" (2nd work). 1 cassette. Performer(s): Polish Chamber Orchestra (1st work); Roanoke Symphony (2nd work). Roanoke Valley Horse Show. Music in Motion: World Class Horses and Equestrians Performing to Music by the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra. : , 1991. June 15, 1991 Salem Civic Center. Title appears on item as: The Roanoke Valley Horse Show presents Music in Motion. Davidson, Tina. They come dancing: for full orchestra. Philadelphia, PA: The composer, 1994. 1 score (86 pages); 36 cm. "Commissioned through a grant from Meet the Composer/Reader's Digest Commissioning Program and the Women's Philharmonic, the Westmoreland Symphony Orchestra, the New Orchestra of Westchester and the Roanoke Symphony. Beethoven, Ludwig van, and David Wiley. Symphony no. 9. Roanoke, Va: Roanoke Symphony Society], 1997. Performer(s): Rochelle Ellis, soprano; Bonita Hyman, mezzo-soprano; Philip Webb, tenor; Philip Kraus, baritone; Roanoke Symphony Orchestra; Roanoke Valley Choral Society; Liberty Concert Choir, Liberty University; Meistersingers and University Concert Choir, Virginia Polytechnical Institute; David Wiley, conductor. Event notes: Recorded live, April 28, 1997, Civic Center Auditorium, Roanoke, Virginia. Description: 1 sound disc: digital, stereo. Krieger, Norman, David Wiley, Edward MacDowell, and David Wiley. American piano concertos. Radford, Va: Roanoke Symphony Society], 1998. Performer(s): Norman Krieger, pianist ; Roanoke Symphony Orchestra ; David Wiley, conductor. Event notes: Recorded April 25–26, 1998 at Preston Hall, Radford University, VA. Description: 1 sound disc: digital. Bailey, Zuill, David Wiley, Camille Saint-Saëns, Camille Saint-Saëns, Jules Massenet, and Camille Saint-Saëns. Zuill Bailey in concert live 10/17/05. Los Angeles, CA: Delos, 2007. Performer(s): Zuill Bailey, violoncello; Roanoke Symphony Orchestra; David Wiley, conductor. Event notes: Recorded at the Roanoke Performing Arts Theatre on October 17, 2005. Description: 1 online resource (1 sound file). Contents: Cello concerto no. 1 in A minor, op. 33 (19:57) ; Cello concerto no. 2 in D minor, op. 119 (18:05) / Saint-Saëns - Meditation from Thaïs/Massenet (5:30) - The swan/Saint-Saëns (2:55). Other Titles: In concert live 10/17/05 Midkiff, Jeff, and Jeff Midkiff. Mandolin concerto: "from the Blue Ridge". 2011. Notes: For manolin and orchestra. Commissioned by the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra. Duration: approximately 18 minutes. Description: 1 score (45 pages). Other Titles: From the Blue Ridge. Brouwer, Margaret. Pulse: for orchestra. 2014. Notes: Duration: 6 min. "Commissioned by David Wiley and the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra in honor of the Orchestra's 50th Anniversary"—Caption. "2003"—Caption. Description: 1 score (32 pages). External links David Stewart Wiley Roanoke Symphony Orchestra
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Wiley","title":"Conductors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1953\nJim Glazebrook\n2004–Present Akemi Takayama","title":"Concertmasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Roanoke Youth Symphony has three ensembles: The Roanoke Youth Symphony Orchestra (RYSO); the String Ensemble and the Flute Ensemble. The RSO and the Roanoke City Schools were joint recipients of the 2015 Yale Distinguished Music Educator Award. It has performed various programs for students of the area.[2]","title":"Roanoke Youth Symphony"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roanoke Youth Symphony Orchestra","text":"The Roanoke Youth Symphony Orchestra (RYSO) was established in 1956, and is the only professional orchestra training opportunity in western Virginia. This is a student orchestra made of more than 80 musicians, ranging in ages from 12 to 18. James Glazebrook has been the director since 1988. 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They rehearse weekly under the guidance and instruction of Ms. Michelle Smith Johnson.[3]","title":"Roanoke Youth Symphony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Flute Ensemble","text":"The Flute Ensemble was established in 2008, and is under the direction and instruction of Julee Hickcox, Principal Piccolo of the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra.[4]","title":"Roanoke Youth Symphony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roanoke Valley Children's Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Valley_Children%27s_Choir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Roanoke Symphony Chorus was established in 1999 under the direction of Dr. John Hugo. In 2015, the \"RSO's Holiday Pops\" reaches over 6,000 music lovers in Virginia. The C Choir of the Roanoke Valley Children's Choir also participates with the RSO in the Holiday Pops each year.[5]","title":"Roanoke Symphony Chorus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Commission for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commission_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"}],"text":"The Roanoke Symphony Orchestra concerts and education programs are supported in part by the Virginia Commission for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Arts.\nThe RSO is also supported by a number of local community groups, as well as \"The Friends of the RSO\"; the \"New River Valley Friends of the RSO\" and the Virginia Blue Ridge Musical Festival.\"","title":"Support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC"}],"text":"Roanoke Symphony Orchestra, and Roanoke Symphony Society. Symphony Seasons. [Roanoke, Va.]: Women's Auxiliary of the Roanoke Symphony Society, 1975. OCLC Number: 590568227.\nBrouwer, Margaret, and Victoria Bond. Shifting circles. 1990. Roanoke Symphony Orchestra ; Victoria Bond, conductor. 1 sound cassette: analog, stereo. OCLC Number: 76791513.\nWalker, Gwyneth V. Roanoke rising. Boston, MA.: E.C. Schirmer, 1990. Premiered by the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra, Roanoke, Va., Apr. 13, 1992. 1 score (87 pages) ; 29 cm. OCLC: 25241225.\nPtaszyńska, Marta, and Tina Davidson. La novella d'inverno Winter's tale : for strings. 1990. Title from container. \"Commissioned and premiered by the Roanoke Symphony 1/31/95\" (2nd work). 1 cassette. Performer(s): Polish Chamber Orchestra (1st work); Roanoke Symphony (2nd work).\nRoanoke Valley Horse Show. Music in Motion: World Class Horses and Equestrians Performing to Music by the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra. [Roanoke, Va.]: [Roanoke Valley Horse Show?], 1991. June 15, 1991 Salem Civic Center. Title appears on item as: The Roanoke Valley Horse Show presents Music in Motion.\nDavidson, Tina. They come dancing: for full orchestra. Philadelphia, PA: The composer, 1994. 1 score (86 pages); 36 cm.\t\"Commissioned through a grant from Meet the Composer/Reader's Digest Commissioning Program and the Women's Philharmonic, the Westmoreland Symphony Orchestra, the New Orchestra of Westchester and the Roanoke Symphony.\nBeethoven, Ludwig van, and David Wiley. Symphony no. 9. Roanoke, Va: Roanoke Symphony Society], 1997. Performer(s): Rochelle Ellis, soprano; Bonita Hyman, mezzo-soprano; Philip Webb, tenor; Philip Kraus, baritone; Roanoke Symphony Orchestra; Roanoke Valley Choral Society; Liberty Concert Choir, Liberty University; Meistersingers and University Concert Choir, Virginia Polytechnical Institute; David Wiley, conductor. Event notes: Recorded live, April 28, 1997, Civic Center Auditorium, Roanoke, Virginia. Description: 1 sound disc: digital, stereo.\nKrieger, Norman, David Wiley, Edward MacDowell, and David Wiley. American piano concertos. Radford, Va: Roanoke Symphony Society], 1998. Performer(s): \tNorman Krieger, pianist ; Roanoke Symphony Orchestra ; David Wiley, conductor. Event notes: Recorded April 25–26, 1998 at Preston Hall, Radford University, VA. Description: 1 sound disc: digital.\nBailey, Zuill, David Wiley, Camille Saint-Saëns, Camille Saint-Saëns, Jules Massenet, and Camille Saint-Saëns. Zuill Bailey in concert live 10/17/05. Los Angeles, CA: Delos, 2007. Performer(s): Zuill Bailey, violoncello; Roanoke Symphony Orchestra; David Wiley, conductor. Event notes: Recorded at the Roanoke Performing Arts Theatre on October 17, 2005. Description: 1 online resource (1 sound file). Contents: Cello concerto no. 1 in A minor, op. 33 (19:57) ; Cello concerto no. 2 in D minor, op. 119 (18:05) / Saint-Saëns - Meditation from Thaïs/Massenet (5:30) - The swan/Saint-Saëns (2:55). Other Titles: In concert live 10/17/05\nMidkiff, Jeff, and Jeff Midkiff. Mandolin concerto: \"from the Blue Ridge\". 2011. Notes: For manolin and orchestra. Commissioned by the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra. Duration: approximately 18 minutes. Description: 1 score (45 pages). Other Titles: From the Blue Ridge.\nBrouwer, Margaret. Pulse: for orchestra. 2014. Notes: Duration: 6 min. \"Commissioned by David Wiley and the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra in honor of the Orchestra's 50th Anniversary\"—Caption. \"2003\"—Caption. Description: 1 score (32 pages).","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorns_lemma
Zorn's lemma
["1 Motivation","2 Statement of the lemma","3 Example applications","3.1 Every vector space has a basis","3.2 Every nontrivial ring with unity contains a maximal ideal","4 Proof sketch","5 History","6 Equivalent forms of Zorn's lemma","6.1 Analogs under weakenings of the axiom of choice","7 In popular culture","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
For the film by Hollis Frampton, see Zorns Lemma. Mathematical proposition equivalent to the axiom of choice Zorn's lemma can be used to show that every connected graph has a spanning tree. The set of all sub-graphs that are trees is ordered by inclusion, and the union of a chain is an upper bound. Zorn's lemma says that a maximal tree must exist, which is a spanning tree since the graph is connected. Zorn's lemma is not needed for finite graphs, such as the one pictured here. Zorn's lemma, also known as the Kuratowski–Zorn lemma, is a proposition of set theory. It states that a partially ordered set containing upper bounds for every chain (that is, every totally ordered subset) necessarily contains at least one maximal element. The lemma was proved (assuming the axiom of choice) by Kazimierz Kuratowski in 1922 and independently by Max Zorn in 1935. It occurs in the proofs of several theorems of crucial importance, for instance the Hahn–Banach theorem in functional analysis, the theorem that every vector space has a basis, Tychonoff's theorem in topology stating that every product of compact spaces is compact, and the theorems in abstract algebra that in a ring with identity every proper ideal is contained in a maximal ideal and that every field has an algebraic closure. Zorn's lemma is equivalent to the well-ordering theorem and also to the axiom of choice, in the sense that within ZF (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice) any one of the three is sufficient to prove the other two. An earlier formulation of Zorn's lemma is Hausdorff's maximum principle which states that every totally ordered subset of a given partially ordered set is contained in a maximal totally ordered subset of that partially ordered set. Motivation To prove the existence of a mathematical object that can be viewed as a maximal element in some partially ordered set in some way, one can try proving the existence of such an object by assuming there is no maximal element and using transfinite induction and the assumptions of the situation to get a contradiction. Zorn's lemma tidies up the conditions a situation needs to satisfy in order for such an argument to work and enables mathematicians to not have to repeat the transfinite induction argument by hand each time, but just check the conditions of Zorn's lemma. If you are building a mathematical object in stages and find that (i) you have not finished even after infinitely many stages, and (ii) there seems to be nothing to stop you continuing to build, then Zorn’s lemma may well be able to help you.— William Timothy Gowers, "How to use Zorn’s lemma" Statement of the lemma Preliminary notions: A set P equipped with a binary relation ≤ that is reflexive (x ≤ x for every x), antisymmetric (if both x ≤ y and y ≤ x hold, then x = y), and transitive (if x ≤ y and y ≤ z then x ≤ z) is said to be (partially) ordered by ≤. Given two elements x and y of P with x ≤ y, y is said to be greater than or equal to x. The word "partial" is meant to indicate that not every pair of elements of a partially ordered set is required to be comparable under the order relation, that is, in a partially ordered set P with order relation ≤ there may be elements x and y with neither x ≤ y nor y ≤ x. An ordered set in which every pair of elements is comparable is called totally ordered. Every subset S of a partially ordered set P can itself be seen as partially ordered by restricting the order relation inherited from P to S. A subset S of a partially ordered set P is called a chain (in P) if it is totally ordered in the inherited order. An element m of a partially ordered set P with order relation ≤ is maximal (with respect to ≤) if there is no other element of P greater than m, that is, if there is no s in P with s ≠ m and m ≤ s. Depending on the order relation, a partially ordered set may have any number of maximal elements. However, a totally ordered set can have at most one maximal element. Given a subset S of a partially ordered set P, an element u of P is an upper bound of S if it is greater than or equal to every element of S. Here, S is not required to be a chain, and u is required to be comparable to every element of S but need not itself be an element of S. Zorn's lemma can then be stated as: Zorn's lemma — Suppose a partially ordered set P has the property that every chain in P has an upper bound in P. Then the set P contains at least one maximal element. Variants of this formulation are sometimes used, such as requiring that the set P and the chains be non-empty. Zorn's lemma (for non-empty sets) — Suppose a non-empty partially ordered set P has the property that every non-empty chain has an upper bound in P. Then the set P contains at least one maximal element. Although this formulation appears to be formally weaker (since it places on P the additional condition of being non-empty, but obtains the same conclusion about P), in fact the two formulations are equivalent. To verify this, suppose first that P satisfies the condition that every chain in P has an upper bound in P. Then the empty subset of P is a chain, as it satisfies the definition vacuously; so the hypothesis implies that this subset must have an upper bound in P, and this upper bound shows that P is in fact non-empty. Conversely, if P is assumed to be non-empty and satisfies the hypothesis that every non-empty chain has an upper bound in P, then P also satisfies the condition that every chain has an upper bound, as an arbitrary element of P serves as an upper bound for the empty chain (that is, the empty subset viewed as a chain). The difference may seem subtle, but in many proofs that invoke Zorn's lemma one takes unions of some sort to produce an upper bound, and so the case of the empty chain may be overlooked; that is, the verification that all chains have upper bounds may have to deal with empty and non-empty chains separately. So many authors prefer to verify the non-emptiness of the set P rather than deal with the empty chain in the general argument. Example applications Every vector space has a basis Zorn's lemma can be used to show that every vector space V has a basis. If V = {0}, then the empty set is a basis for V. Now, suppose that V ≠ {0}. Let P be the set consisting of all linearly independent subsets of V. Since V is not the zero vector space, there exists a nonzero element v of V, so P contains the linearly independent subset {v}. Furthermore, P is partially ordered by set inclusion (see inclusion order). Finding a maximal linearly independent subset of V is the same as finding a maximal element in P. To apply Zorn's lemma, take a chain T in P (that is, T is a subset of P that is totally ordered). If T is the empty set, then {v} is an upper bound for T in P. Suppose then that T is non-empty. We need to show that T has an upper bound, that is, there exists a linearly independent subset B of V containing all the members of T. Take B to be the union of all the sets in T. We wish to show that B is an upper bound for T in P. To do this, it suffices to show that B is a linearly independent subset of V. Suppose otherwise, that B is not linearly independent. Then there exists vectors v1, v2, ..., vk ∈ B and scalars a1, a2, ..., ak, not all zero, such that a 1 v 1 + a 2 v 2 + ⋯ + a k v k = 0 . {\displaystyle a_{1}\mathbf {v} _{1}+a_{2}\mathbf {v} _{2}+\cdots +a_{k}\mathbf {v} _{k}=\mathbf {0} .} Since B is the union of all the sets in T, there are some sets S1, S2, ..., Sk ∈ T such that vi ∈ Si for every i = 1, 2, ..., k. As T is totally ordered, one of the sets S1, S2, ..., Sk must contain the others, so there is some set Si that contains all of v1, v2, ..., vk. This tells us there is a linearly dependent set of vectors in Si, contradicting that Si is linearly independent (because it is a member of P). The hypothesis of Zorn's lemma has been checked, and thus there is a maximal element in P, in other words a maximal linearly independent subset B of V. Finally, we show that B is indeed a basis of V. It suffices to show that B is a spanning set of V. Suppose for the sake of contradiction that B is not spanning. Then there exists some v ∈ V not covered by the span of B. This says that B ∪ {v} is a linearly independent subset of V that is larger than B, contradicting the maximality of B. Therefore, B is a spanning set of V, and thus, a basis of V. Every nontrivial ring with unity contains a maximal ideal Zorn's lemma can be used to show that every nontrivial ring R with unity contains a maximal ideal. Let P be the set consisting of all proper ideals in R (that is, all ideals in R except R itself). Since R is non-trivial, the set P contains the trivial ideal {0}. Furthermore, P is partially ordered by set inclusion. Finding a maximal ideal in R is the same as finding a maximal element in P. To apply Zorn's lemma, take a chain T in P. If T is empty, then the trivial ideal {0} is an upper bound for T in P. Assume then that T is non-empty. It is necessary to show that T has an upper bound, that is, there exists an ideal I ⊆ R containing all the members of T but still smaller than R (otherwise it would not be a proper ideal, so it is not in P). Take I to be the union of all the ideals in T. We wish to show that I is an upper bound for T in P. We will first show that I is an ideal of R. For I to be an ideal, it must satisfy three conditions: I is a nonempty subset of R, For every x, y ∈ I, the sum x + y is in I, For every r ∈ R and every x ∈ I, the product rx is in I. #1 - I is a nonempty subset of R. Because T contains at least one element, and that element contains at least 0, the union I contains at least 0 and is not empty. Every element of T is a subset of R, so the union I only consists of elements in R. #2 - For every x, y ∈ I, the sum x + y is in I. Suppose x and y are elements of I. Then there exist two ideals J, K ∈ T such that x is an element of J and y is an element of K. Since T is totally ordered, we know that J ⊆ K or K ⊆ J. Without loss of generality, assume the first case. Both x and y are members of the ideal K, therefore their sum x + y is a member of K, which shows that x + y is a member of I. #3 - For every r ∈ R and every x ∈ I, the product rx is in I. Suppose x is an element of I. Then there exists an ideal J ∈ T such that x is in J. If r ∈ R, then rx is an element of J and hence an element of I. Thus, I is an ideal in R. Now, we show that I is a proper ideal. An ideal is equal to R if and only if it contains 1. (It is clear that if it is R then it contains 1; on the other hand, if it contains 1 and r is an arbitrary element of R, then r1 = r is an element of the ideal, and so the ideal is equal to R.) So, if I were equal to R, then it would contain 1, and that means one of the members of T would contain 1 and would thus be equal to R – but R is explicitly excluded from P. The hypothesis of Zorn's lemma has been checked, and thus there is a maximal element in P, in other words a maximal ideal in R. Proof sketch A sketch of the proof of Zorn's lemma follows, assuming the axiom of choice. Suppose the lemma is false. Then there exists a partially ordered set, or poset, P such that every totally ordered subset has an upper bound, and that for every element in P there is another element bigger than it. For every totally ordered subset T we may then define a bigger element b(T), because T has an upper bound, and that upper bound has a bigger element. To actually define the function b, we need to employ the axiom of choice (explicitly: let B ( T ) = { b ∈ P : ∀ t ∈ T , b ≥ t } {\displaystyle B(T)=\{b\in P:\forall t\in T,b\geq t\}} , that is, the set of upper bounds for T. The axiom of choice furnishes b : b ( T ) ∈ B ( T ) {\displaystyle b:b(T)\in B(T)} ). Using the function b, we are going to define elements a0 < a1 < a2 < a3 < ... < aω < aω+1 <…, in P. This uncountable sequence is really long: the indices are not just the natural numbers, but all ordinals. In fact, the sequence is too long for the set P; there are too many ordinals (a proper class), more than there are elements in any set (in other words, given any set of ordinals, there exists a larger ordinal), and the set P will be exhausted before long and then we will run into the desired contradiction. The ai are defined by transfinite recursion: we pick a0 in P arbitrary (this is possible, since P contains an upper bound for the empty set and is thus not empty) and for any other ordinal w we set aw = b({av : v < w}). Because the av are totally ordered, this is a well-founded definition. The above proof can be formulated without explicitly referring to ordinals by considering the initial segments {av : v < w} as subsets of P. Such sets can be easily characterized as well-ordered chains S ⊆ P where each x ∈ S satisfies x = b({y ∈ S : y < x}). Contradiction is reached by noting that we can always find a "next" initial segment either by taking the union of all such S (corresponding to the limit ordinal case) or by appending b(S) to the "last" S (corresponding to the successor ordinal case). This proof shows that actually a slightly stronger version of Zorn's lemma is true: Lemma — If P is a poset in which every well-ordered subset has an upper bound, and if x is any element of P, then P has a maximal element greater than or equal to x. That is, there is a maximal element which is comparable to x. History The Hausdorff maximal principle is an early statement similar to Zorn's lemma. Kazimierz Kuratowski proved in 1922 a version of the lemma close to its modern formulation (it applies to sets ordered by inclusion and closed under unions of well-ordered chains). Essentially the same formulation (weakened by using arbitrary chains, not just well-ordered) was independently given by Max Zorn in 1935, who proposed it as a new axiom of set theory replacing the well-ordering theorem, exhibited some of its applications in algebra, and promised to show its equivalence with the axiom of choice in another paper, which never appeared. The name "Zorn's lemma" appears to be due to John Tukey, who used it in his book Convergence and Uniformity in Topology in 1940. Bourbaki's Théorie des Ensembles of 1939 refers to a similar maximal principle as "le théorème de Zorn". The name "Kuratowski–Zorn lemma" prevails in Poland and Russia. Mathematics portal Equivalent forms of Zorn's lemma See also: Axiom of choice § Equivalents Zorn's lemma is equivalent (in ZF) to three main results: Hausdorff maximal principle Axiom of choice Well-ordering theorem. A well-known joke alluding to this equivalency (which may defy human intuition) is attributed to Jerry Bona: "The Axiom of Choice is obviously true, the well-ordering principle obviously false, and who can tell about Zorn's lemma?" Zorn's lemma is also equivalent to the strong completeness theorem of first-order logic. Moreover, Zorn's lemma (or one of its equivalent forms) implies some major results in other mathematical areas. For example, Banach's extension theorem which is used to prove one of the most fundamental results in functional analysis, the Hahn–Banach theorem Every vector space has a basis, a result from linear algebra (to which it is equivalent). In particular, the real numbers, as a vector space over the rational numbers, possess a Hamel basis. Every commutative unital ring has a maximal ideal, a result from ring theory known as Krull's theorem, to which Zorn's lemma is equivalent Tychonoff's theorem in topology (to which it is also equivalent) Every proper filter is contained in an ultrafilter, a result that yields the completeness theorem of first-order logic In this sense, we see how Zorn's lemma can be seen as a powerful tool, applicable to many areas of mathematics. Analogs under weakenings of the axiom of choice See also: Axiom of dependent choice A weakened form of Zorn's lemma can be proven from ZF + DC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice replaced by the axiom of dependent choice). Zorn's lemma can be expressed straightforwardly by observing that the set having no maximal element would be equivalent to stating that the set's ordering relation would be entire, which would allow us to apply the axiom of dependent choice to construct a countable chain. As a result, any partially ordered set with exclusively finite chains must have a maximal element. More generally, strengthening the axiom of dependent choice to higher ordinals allows us to generalize the statement in the previous paragraph to higher cardinalities. In the limit where we allow arbitrarily large ordinals, we recover the proof of the full Zorn's lemma using the axiom of choice in the preceding section. In popular culture The 1970 film Zorns Lemma is named after the lemma. The lemma was referenced on The Simpsons in the episode "Bart's New Friend". See also Antichain – Subset of incomparable elements Bourbaki–Witt theorem Chain-complete partial order – a partially ordered set in which every chain has a least upper bound Szpilrajn extension theorem – Mathematical result on order relations Tarski finiteness – Mathematical set containing a finite number of elementsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Teichmüller–Tukey lemma (sometimes named Tukey's lemma) Notes ^ Serre, Jean-Pierre (2003), Trees, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer, p. 23 ^ Moore 2013, p. 168 ^ Wilansky, Albert (1964). Functional Analysis. New York: Blaisdell. pp. 16–17. ^ Jech 2008, ch. 2, §2 Some applications of the Axiom of Choice in mathematics ^ Jech 2008, p. 9 ^ Moore 2013, p. 168 ^ William Timothy Gowers (12 August 2008). "How to use Zorn's lemma". ^ For example, Lang, Serge (2002). Algebra. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 211 (Revised 3rd ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 880. ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4., Dummit, David S.; Foote, Richard M. (1998). Abstract Algebra (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 875. ISBN 978-0-13-569302-5., and Bergman, George M (2015). An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions. Universitext (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 162. ISBN 978-3-319-11477-4.. ^ Bergman, George M (2015). An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions. Universitext (Second ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-319-11477-4. ^ Smits, Tim. "A Proof that every Vector Space has a Basis" (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ Lewin, Jonathan W. (1991). "A simple proof of Zorn's lemma". The American Mathematical Monthly. 98 (4): 353–354. doi:10.1080/00029890.1991.12000768. ^ Kuratowski, Casimir (1922). "Une méthode d'élimination des nombres transfinis des raisonnements mathématiques" (PDF). Fundamenta Mathematicae (in French). 3: 76–108. doi:10.4064/fm-3-1-76-108. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ Zorn, Max (1935). "A remark on method in transfinite algebra". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 41 (10): 667–670. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06166-X. ^ Campbell 1978, p. 82. ^ Krantz, Steven G. (2002), "The Axiom of Choice", Handbook of Logic and Proof Techniques for Computer Science, Springer, pp. 121–126, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0115-1_9, ISBN 978-1-4612-6619-8. ^ J.L. Bell & A.B. Slomson (1969). Models and Ultraproducts. North Holland Publishing Company. Chapter 5, Theorem 4.3, page 103. ^ Blass, Andreas (1984). "Existence of bases implies the Axiom of Choice". Axiomatic Set Theory. Contemporary Mathematics. Vol. 31. pp. 31–33. doi:10.1090/conm/031/763890. ISBN 9780821850268. ^ Hodges, W. (1979). "Krull implies Zorn". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. s2-19 (2): 285–287. doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-19.2.285. ^ Kelley, John L. (1950). "The Tychonoff product theorem implies the axiom of choice". Fundamenta Mathematicae. 37: 75–76. doi:10.4064/fm-37-1-75-76. ^ J.L. Bell & A.B. Slomson (1969). Models and Ultraproducts. North Holland Publishing Company. ^ a b Wolk, Elliot S. (1983), "On the principle of dependent choices and some forms of Zorn's lemma", Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, 26 (3): 365–367, doi:10.4153/CMB-1983-062-5 ^ "Zorn's Lemma | The Simpsons and their Mathematical Secrets". References Campbell, Paul J. (February 1978). "The Origin of 'Zorn's Lemma'". Historia Mathematica. 5 (1): 77–89. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(78)90136-2. Ciesielski, Krzysztof (1997). Set Theory for the Working Mathematician. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59465-3. Jech, Thomas (2008) . The Axiom of Choice. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-46624-8. Moore, Gregory H. (2013) . Zermelo's axiom of choice: Its origins, development & influence. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-48841-7. External links "Zorn lemma", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 Zorn's Lemma at ProvenMath contains a formal proof down to the finest detail of the equivalence of the axiom of choice and Zorn's Lemma. Zorn's Lemma at Metamath is another formal proof. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zorns Lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorns_Lemma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4x4_grid_spanning_tree.svg"},{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)"},{"link_name":"spanning tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_tree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serre-1"},{"link_name":"set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory"},{"link_name":"partially ordered set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"upper bounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_bound"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_(order_theory)"},{"link_name":"totally ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_order"},{"link_name":"subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"},{"link_name":"necessarily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency"},{"link_name":"maximal element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_element"},{"link_name":"lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"axiom of choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_choice"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Kuratowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowski"},{"link_name":"Max Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_August_Zorn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hahn–Banach theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahn%E2%80%93Banach_theorem"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tychonoff's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tychonoff%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"compact spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"abstract algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"maximal ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_ideal"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"algebraic closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_closure"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"well-ordering theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-ordering_theorem"},{"link_name":"axiom of choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_choice"},{"link_name":"Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel_set_theory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hausdorff's maximum principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff%27s_maximum_principle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For the film by Hollis Frampton, see Zorns Lemma.Mathematical proposition equivalent to the axiom of choiceZorn's lemma can be used to show that every connected graph has a spanning tree. The set of all sub-graphs that are trees is ordered by inclusion, and the union of a chain is an upper bound. Zorn's lemma says that a maximal tree must exist, which is a spanning tree since the graph is connected.[1] Zorn's lemma is not needed for finite graphs, such as the one pictured here.Zorn's lemma, also known as the Kuratowski–Zorn lemma, is a proposition of set theory. It states that a partially ordered set containing upper bounds for every chain (that is, every totally ordered subset) necessarily contains at least one maximal element.The lemma was proved (assuming the axiom of choice) by Kazimierz Kuratowski in 1922 and independently by Max Zorn in 1935.[2] It occurs in the proofs of several theorems of crucial importance, for instance the Hahn–Banach theorem in functional analysis, the theorem that every vector space has a basis,[3] Tychonoff's theorem in topology stating that every product of compact spaces is compact, and the theorems in abstract algebra that in a ring with identity every proper ideal is contained in a maximal ideal and that every field has an algebraic closure.[4]Zorn's lemma is equivalent to the well-ordering theorem and also to the axiom of choice, in the sense that within ZF (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice) any one of the three is sufficient to prove the other two.[5] An earlier formulation of Zorn's lemma is Hausdorff's maximum principle which states that every totally ordered subset of a given partially ordered set is contained in a maximal totally ordered subset of that partially ordered set.[6]","title":"Zorn's lemma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partially ordered set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"transfinite induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfinite_induction"},{"link_name":"William Timothy Gowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gowers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"To prove the existence of a mathematical object that can be viewed as a maximal element in some partially ordered set in some way, one can try proving the existence of such an object by assuming there is no maximal element and using transfinite induction and the assumptions of the situation to get a contradiction. Zorn's lemma tidies up the conditions a situation needs to satisfy in order for such an argument to work and enables mathematicians to not have to repeat the transfinite induction argument by hand each time, but just check the conditions of Zorn's lemma.If you are building a mathematical object in stages and find that (i) you have not finished even after infinitely many stages, and (ii) there seems to be nothing to stop you continuing to build, then Zorn’s lemma may well be able to help you.— William Timothy Gowers, \"How to use Zorn’s lemma\"[7]","title":"Motivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"binary relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation"},{"link_name":"reflexive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_relation"},{"link_name":"antisymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisymmetric_relation"},{"link_name":"transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_relation"},{"link_name":"(partially) ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"greater than or equal to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_than_or_equal_to"},{"link_name":"comparable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparability"},{"link_name":"totally ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"restricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Restriction"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_(order_theory)"},{"link_name":"maximal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_element"},{"link_name":"upper bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_bound"},{"link_name":"partially ordered set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_(order_theory)"},{"link_name":"upper bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_bound"},{"link_name":"maximal element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_element"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"vacuously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuous_truth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Preliminary notions:A set P equipped with a binary relation ≤ that is reflexive (x ≤ x for every x), antisymmetric (if both x ≤ y and y ≤ x hold, then x = y), and transitive (if x ≤ y and y ≤ z then x ≤ z) is said to be (partially) ordered by ≤. Given two elements x and y of P with x ≤ y, y is said to be greater than or equal to x. The word \"partial\" is meant to indicate that not every pair of elements of a partially ordered set is required to be comparable under the order relation, that is, in a partially ordered set P with order relation ≤ there may be elements x and y with neither x ≤ y nor y ≤ x. An ordered set in which every pair of elements is comparable is called totally ordered.\nEvery subset S of a partially ordered set P can itself be seen as partially ordered by restricting the order relation inherited from P to S. A subset S of a partially ordered set P is called a chain (in P) if it is totally ordered in the inherited order.\nAn element m of a partially ordered set P with order relation ≤ is maximal (with respect to ≤) if there is no other element of P greater than m, that is, if there is no s in P with s ≠ m and m ≤ s. Depending on the order relation, a partially ordered set may have any number of maximal elements. However, a totally ordered set can have at most one maximal element.\nGiven a subset S of a partially ordered set P, an element u of P is an upper bound of S if it is greater than or equal to every element of S. Here, S is not required to be a chain, and u is required to be comparable to every element of S but need not itself be an element of S.Zorn's lemma can then be stated as:Zorn's lemma — Suppose a partially ordered set P has the property that every chain in P has an upper bound in P. Then the set P contains at least one maximal element.Variants of this formulation are sometimes used, such as requiring that the set P and the chains be non-empty.[8]Zorn's lemma (for non-empty sets) — Suppose a non-empty partially ordered set P has the property that every non-empty chain has an upper bound in P. Then the set P contains at least one maximal element.Although this formulation appears to be formally weaker (since it places on P the additional condition of being non-empty, but obtains the same conclusion about P), in fact the two formulations are equivalent. To verify this, suppose first that P satisfies the condition that every chain in P has an upper bound in P. Then the empty subset of P is a chain, as it satisfies the definition vacuously; so the hypothesis implies that this subset must have an upper bound in P, and this upper bound shows that P is in fact non-empty. Conversely, if P is assumed to be non-empty and satisfies the hypothesis that every non-empty chain has an upper bound in P, then P also satisfies the condition that every chain has an upper bound, as an arbitrary element of P serves as an upper bound for the empty chain (that is, the empty subset viewed as a chain).The difference may seem subtle, but in many proofs that invoke Zorn's lemma one takes unions of some sort to produce an upper bound, and so the case of the empty chain may be overlooked; that is, the verification that all chains have upper bounds may have to deal with empty and non-empty chains separately. So many authors prefer to verify the non-emptiness of the set P rather than deal with the empty chain in the general argument.[9]","title":"Statement of the lemma"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Example applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"linearly independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_independence"},{"link_name":"zero vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_vector_space"},{"link_name":"set inclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"},{"link_name":"inclusion order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_order"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"scalars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"spanning set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_span"}],"sub_title":"Every vector space has a basis","text":"Zorn's lemma can be used to show that every vector space V has a basis.[10]If V = {0}, then the empty set is a basis for V. Now, suppose that V ≠ {0}. Let P be the set consisting of all linearly independent subsets of V. Since V is not the zero vector space, there exists a nonzero element v of V, so P contains the linearly independent subset {v}. Furthermore, P is partially ordered by set inclusion (see inclusion order). Finding a maximal linearly independent subset of V is the same as finding a maximal element in P.To apply Zorn's lemma, take a chain T in P (that is, T is a subset of P that is totally ordered). If T is the empty set, then {v} is an upper bound for T in P. Suppose then that T is non-empty. We need to show that T has an upper bound, that is, there exists a linearly independent subset B of V containing all the members of T.Take B to be the union of all the sets in T. We wish to show that B is an upper bound for T in P. To do this, it suffices to show that B is a linearly independent subset of V.Suppose otherwise, that B is not linearly independent. Then there exists vectors v1, v2, ..., vk ∈ B and scalars a1, a2, ..., ak, not all zero, such thata\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n 0\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1}\\mathbf {v} _{1}+a_{2}\\mathbf {v} _{2}+\\cdots +a_{k}\\mathbf {v} _{k}=\\mathbf {0} .}Since B is the union of all the sets in T, there are some sets S1, S2, ..., Sk ∈ T such that vi ∈ Si for every i = 1, 2, ..., k. As T is totally ordered, one of the sets S1, S2, ..., Sk must contain the others, so there is some set Si that contains all of v1, v2, ..., vk. This tells us there is a linearly dependent set of vectors in Si, contradicting that Si is linearly independent (because it is a member of P).The hypothesis of Zorn's lemma has been checked, and thus there is a maximal element in P, in other words a maximal linearly independent subset B of V.Finally, we show that B is indeed a basis of V. It suffices to show that B is a spanning set of V. Suppose for the sake of contradiction that B is not spanning. Then there exists some v ∈ V not covered by the span of B. This says that B ∪ {v} is a linearly independent subset of V that is larger than B, contradicting the maximality of B. Therefore, B is a spanning set of V, and thus, a basis of V.","title":"Example applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unital_ring"},{"link_name":"maximal ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_ideal"},{"link_name":"ideals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"Without loss of generality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_loss_of_generality"},{"link_name":"if and only if","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if"}],"sub_title":"Every nontrivial ring with unity contains a maximal ideal","text":"Zorn's lemma can be used to show that every nontrivial ring R with unity contains a maximal ideal.Let P be the set consisting of all proper ideals in R (that is, all ideals in R except R itself). Since R is non-trivial, the set P contains the trivial ideal {0}. Furthermore, P is partially ordered by set inclusion. Finding a maximal ideal in R is the same as finding a maximal element in P.To apply Zorn's lemma, take a chain T in P. If T is empty, then the trivial ideal {0} is an upper bound for T in P. Assume then that T is non-empty. It is necessary to show that T has an upper bound, that is, there exists an ideal I ⊆ R containing all the members of T but still smaller than R (otherwise it would not be a proper ideal, so it is not in P).Take I to be the union of all the ideals in T. We wish to show that I is an upper bound for T in P. We will first show that I is an ideal of R. For I to be an ideal, it must satisfy three conditions:I is a nonempty subset of R,\nFor every x, y ∈ I, the sum x + y is in I,\nFor every r ∈ R and every x ∈ I, the product rx is in I.#1 - I is a nonempty subset of R.Because T contains at least one element, and that element contains at least 0, the union I contains at least 0 and is not empty. Every element of T is a subset of R, so the union I only consists of elements in R.#2 - For every x, y ∈ I, the sum x + y is in I.Suppose x and y are elements of I. Then there exist two ideals J, K ∈ T such that x is an element of J and y is an element of K. Since T is totally ordered, we know that J ⊆ K or K ⊆ J. Without loss of generality, assume the first case. Both x and y are members of the ideal K, therefore their sum x + y is a member of K, which shows that x + y is a member of I.#3 - For every r ∈ R and every x ∈ I, the product rx is in I.Suppose x is an element of I. Then there exists an ideal J ∈ T such that x is in J. If r ∈ R, then rx is an element of J and hence an element of I. Thus, I is an ideal in R.Now, we show that I is a proper ideal. An ideal is equal to R if and only if it contains 1. (It is clear that if it is R then it contains 1; on the other hand, if it contains 1 and r is an arbitrary element of R, then r1 = r is an element of the ideal, and so the ideal is equal to R.) So, if I were equal to R, then it would contain 1, and that means one of the members of T would contain 1 and would thus be equal to R – but R is explicitly excluded from P.The hypothesis of Zorn's lemma has been checked, and thus there is a maximal element in P, in other words a maximal ideal in R.","title":"Example applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"axiom of choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_choice"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"natural numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"ordinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number"},{"link_name":"proper class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_class"},{"link_name":"transfinite recursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfinite_recursion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"poset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poset"},{"link_name":"well-ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-order"}],"text":"A sketch of the proof of Zorn's lemma follows, assuming the axiom of choice. Suppose the lemma is false. Then there exists a partially ordered set, or poset, P such that every totally ordered subset has an upper bound, and that for every element in P there is another element bigger than it. For every totally ordered subset T we may then define a bigger element b(T), because T has an upper bound, and that upper bound has a bigger element. To actually define the function b, we need to employ the axiom of choice (explicitly: let \n \n \n \n B\n (\n T\n )\n =\n {\n b\n ∈\n P\n :\n ∀\n t\n ∈\n T\n ,\n b\n ≥\n t\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B(T)=\\{b\\in P:\\forall t\\in T,b\\geq t\\}}\n \n, that is, the set of upper bounds for T. The axiom of choice furnishes \n \n \n \n b\n :\n b\n (\n T\n )\n ∈\n B\n (\n T\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b:b(T)\\in B(T)}\n \n).Using the function b, we are going to define elements a0 < a1 < a2 < a3 < ... < aω < aω+1 <…, in P. This uncountable sequence is really long: the indices are not just the natural numbers, but all ordinals. In fact, the sequence is too long for the set P; there are too many ordinals (a proper class), more than there are elements in any set (in other words, given any set of ordinals, there exists a larger ordinal), and the set P will be exhausted before long and then we will run into the desired contradiction.The ai are defined by transfinite recursion: we pick a0 in P arbitrary (this is possible, since P contains an upper bound for the empty set and is thus not empty) and for any other ordinal w we set aw = b({av : v < w}). Because the av are totally ordered, this is a well-founded definition.The above proof can be formulated without explicitly referring to ordinals by considering the initial segments {av : v < w} as subsets of P. Such sets can be easily characterized as well-ordered chains S ⊆ P where each x ∈ S satisfies x = b({y ∈ S : y < x}). Contradiction is reached by noting that we can always find a \"next\" initial segment either by taking the union of all such S (corresponding to the limit ordinal case) or by appending b(S) to the \"last\" S (corresponding to the successor ordinal case).[11]This proof shows that actually a slightly stronger version of Zorn's lemma is true:Lemma — If P is a poset in which every well-ordered subset has an upper bound, and if x is any element of P, then P has a maximal element greater than or equal to x. That is, there is a maximal element which is comparable to x.","title":"Proof sketch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hausdorff maximal principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_maximal_principle"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Kuratowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowski"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Max Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_August_Zorn"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"axiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom"},{"link_name":"John Tukey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tukey"},{"link_name":"Bourbaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kuratowski–Zorn lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/lemat_Kuratowskiego-Zorna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"link_name":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"}],"text":"The Hausdorff maximal principle is an early statement similar to Zorn's lemma.Kazimierz Kuratowski proved in 1922[12] a version of the lemma close to its modern formulation (it applies to sets ordered by inclusion and closed under unions of well-ordered chains). Essentially the same formulation (weakened by using arbitrary chains, not just well-ordered) was independently given by Max Zorn in 1935,[13] who proposed it as a new axiom of set theory replacing the well-ordering theorem, exhibited some of its applications in algebra, and promised to show its equivalence with the axiom of choice in another paper, which never appeared.The name \"Zorn's lemma\" appears to be due to John Tukey, who used it in his book Convergence and Uniformity in Topology in 1940. Bourbaki's Théorie des Ensembles of 1939 refers to a similar maximal principle as \"le théorème de Zorn\".[14] The name \"Kuratowski–Zorn lemma\" prevails in Poland and Russia.Mathematics portal","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Axiom of choice § Equivalents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_choice#Equivalents"},{"link_name":"ZF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel_set_theory"},{"link_name":"Hausdorff maximal principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_maximal_principle"},{"link_name":"Axiom of choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_choice"},{"link_name":"Well-ordering theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-ordering_theorem"},{"link_name":"Jerry Bona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Bona"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hahn–Banach theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahn%E2%80%93Banach_theorem"},{"link_name":"basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"maximal ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_ideal"},{"link_name":"Krull's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krull%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tychonoff's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tychonoff%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"proper filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_filter"},{"link_name":"ultrafilter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafilter"},{"link_name":"completeness theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_theorem"},{"link_name":"first-order logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"See also: Axiom of choice § EquivalentsZorn's lemma is equivalent (in ZF) to three main results:Hausdorff maximal principle\nAxiom of choice\nWell-ordering theorem.A well-known joke alluding to this equivalency (which may defy human intuition) is attributed to Jerry Bona:\n\"The Axiom of Choice is obviously true, the well-ordering principle obviously false, and who can tell about Zorn's lemma?\"[15]Zorn's lemma is also equivalent to the strong completeness theorem of first-order logic.[16]Moreover, Zorn's lemma (or one of its equivalent forms) implies some major results in other mathematical areas. For example,Banach's extension theorem which is used to prove one of the most fundamental results in functional analysis, the Hahn–Banach theorem\nEvery vector space has a basis, a result from linear algebra (to which it is equivalent[17]). In particular, the real numbers, as a vector space over the rational numbers, possess a Hamel basis.\nEvery commutative unital ring has a maximal ideal, a result from ring theory known as Krull's theorem, to which Zorn's lemma is equivalent[18]\nTychonoff's theorem in topology (to which it is also equivalent[19])\nEvery proper filter is contained in an ultrafilter, a result that yields the completeness theorem of first-order logic[20]In this sense, we see how Zorn's lemma can be seen as a powerful tool, applicable to many areas of mathematics.","title":"Equivalent forms of Zorn's lemma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Axiom of dependent choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_dependent_choice"},{"link_name":"axiom of dependent choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_dependent_choice"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolk_1983-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolk_1983-21"}],"sub_title":"Analogs under weakenings of the axiom of choice","text":"See also: Axiom of dependent choiceA weakened form of Zorn's lemma can be proven from ZF + DC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice replaced by the axiom of dependent choice). Zorn's lemma can be expressed straightforwardly by observing that the set having no maximal element would be equivalent to stating that the set's ordering relation would be entire, which would allow us to apply the axiom of dependent choice to construct a countable chain. As a result, any partially ordered set with exclusively finite chains must have a maximal element.[21]More generally, strengthening the axiom of dependent choice to higher ordinals allows us to generalize the statement in the previous paragraph to higher cardinalities.[21] In the limit where we allow arbitrarily large ordinals, we recover the proof of the full Zorn's lemma using the axiom of choice in the preceding section.","title":"Equivalent forms of Zorn's lemma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zorns Lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorns_Lemma_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Bart's New Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%27s_New_Friend"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The 1970 film Zorns Lemma is named after the lemma.The lemma was referenced on The Simpsons in the episode \"Bart's New Friend\".[22]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-serre_1-0"},{"link_name":"Serre, Jean-Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Moore 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoore2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Jech 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJech2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Jech 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJech2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Moore 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoore2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"William Timothy Gowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gowers"},{"link_name":"\"How to use Zorn's lemma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gowers.wordpress.com/2008/08/12/how-to-use-zorns-lemma/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Lang, Serge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Lang"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-95385-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95385-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-569302-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-569302-5"},{"link_name":"Bergman, George M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bergman"},{"link_name":"An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//math.berkeley.edu/~gbergman/245/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-319-11477-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-11477-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Bergman, George M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bergman"},{"link_name":"An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//math.berkeley.edu/~gbergman/245/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-319-11477-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-11477-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"A Proof that every Vector Space has a Basis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.math.ucla.edu/~tsmits/115B/115A/Zorn's%20Lemma.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"A simple proof of Zorn's lemma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2161&context=facpubs"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00029890.1991.12000768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.1991.12000768"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Une méthode d'élimination des nombres transfinis des raisonnements mathématiques\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/fm/fm3/fm3114.pdf"},{"link_name":"Fundamenta Mathematicae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_Mathematicae"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4064/fm-3-1-76-108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4064%2Ffm-3-1-76-108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"A remark on method in transfinite algebra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1935-06166-X"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06166-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1935-06166-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Campbell 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCampbell1978"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Krantz, Steven G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_G._Krantz"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-1-4612-0115-1_9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-0115-1_9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4612-6619-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-6619-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/conm/031/763890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fconm%2F031%2F763890"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780821850268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821850268"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Journal of the London Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_London_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1112/jlms/s2-19.2.285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs2-19.2.285"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"The Tychonoff product theorem implies the axiom of choice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4064%2Ffm-37-1-75-76"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4064/fm-37-1-75-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4064%2Ffm-37-1-75-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wolk_1983_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wolk_1983_21-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Mathematical Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Mathematical_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4153/CMB-1983-062-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4153%2FCMB-1983-062-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Zorn's Lemma | The Simpsons and their Mathematical Secrets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.simonsingh.net/Simpsons_Mathematics/zorns-lemma/"}],"text":"^ Serre, Jean-Pierre (2003), Trees, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer, p. 23\n\n^ Moore 2013, p. 168\n\n^ Wilansky, Albert (1964). Functional Analysis. New York: Blaisdell. pp. 16–17.\n\n^ Jech 2008, ch. 2, §2 Some applications of the Axiom of Choice in mathematics\n\n^ Jech 2008, p. 9\n\n^ Moore 2013, p. 168\n\n^ William Timothy Gowers (12 August 2008). \"How to use Zorn's lemma\".\n\n^ For example, Lang, Serge (2002). Algebra. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 211 (Revised 3rd ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 880. ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4., Dummit, David S.; Foote, Richard M. (1998). Abstract Algebra (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 875. ISBN 978-0-13-569302-5., and Bergman, George M (2015). An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions. Universitext (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 162. ISBN 978-3-319-11477-4..\n\n^ Bergman, George M (2015). An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions. Universitext (Second ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-319-11477-4.\n\n^ Smits, Tim. \"A Proof that every Vector Space has a Basis\" (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2022.\n\n^ Lewin, Jonathan W. (1991). \"A simple proof of Zorn's lemma\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 98 (4): 353–354. doi:10.1080/00029890.1991.12000768.\n\n^ Kuratowski, Casimir (1922). \"Une méthode d'élimination des nombres transfinis des raisonnements mathématiques\" [A method of disposing of transfinite numbers of mathematical reasoning] (PDF). Fundamenta Mathematicae (in French). 3: 76–108. doi:10.4064/fm-3-1-76-108. Retrieved 24 April 2013.\n\n^ Zorn, Max (1935). \"A remark on method in transfinite algebra\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 41 (10): 667–670. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06166-X.\n\n^ Campbell 1978, p. 82.\n\n^ Krantz, Steven G. (2002), \"The Axiom of Choice\", Handbook of Logic and Proof Techniques for Computer Science, Springer, pp. 121–126, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0115-1_9, ISBN 978-1-4612-6619-8.\n\n^ J.L. Bell & A.B. Slomson (1969). Models and Ultraproducts. North Holland Publishing Company. Chapter 5, Theorem 4.3, page 103.\n\n^ Blass, Andreas (1984). \"Existence of bases implies the Axiom of Choice\". Axiomatic Set Theory. Contemporary Mathematics. Vol. 31. pp. 31–33. doi:10.1090/conm/031/763890. ISBN 9780821850268.\n\n^ Hodges, W. (1979). \"Krull implies Zorn\". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. s2-19 (2): 285–287. doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-19.2.285.\n\n^ Kelley, John L. (1950). \"The Tychonoff product theorem implies the axiom of choice\". Fundamenta Mathematicae. 37: 75–76. doi:10.4064/fm-37-1-75-76.\n\n^ J.L. Bell & A.B. Slomson (1969). Models and Ultraproducts. North Holland Publishing Company.\n\n^ a b Wolk, Elliot S. (1983), \"On the principle of dependent choices and some forms of Zorn's lemma\", Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, 26 (3): 365–367, doi:10.4153/CMB-1983-062-5\n\n^ \"Zorn's Lemma | The Simpsons and their Mathematical Secrets\".","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Zorn's lemma can be used to show that every connected graph has a spanning tree. The set of all sub-graphs that are trees is ordered by inclusion, and the union of a chain is an upper bound. Zorn's lemma says that a maximal tree must exist, which is a spanning tree since the graph is connected.[1] Zorn's lemma is not needed for finite graphs, such as the one pictured here.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/4x4_grid_spanning_tree.svg/220px-4x4_grid_spanning_tree.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Antichain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichain"},{"title":"Bourbaki–Witt theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbaki%E2%80%93Witt_theorem"},{"title":"Chain-complete partial order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-complete_partial_order"},{"title":"Szpilrajn extension theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpilrajn_extension_theorem"},{"title":"Tarski finiteness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski_finiteness"},{"title":"Teichmüller–Tukey lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichm%C3%BCller%E2%80%93Tukey_lemma"}]
[{"reference":"Serre, Jean-Pierre (2003), Trees, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer, p. 23","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre","url_text":"Serre, Jean-Pierre"}]},{"reference":"Wilansky, Albert (1964). Functional Analysis. New York: Blaisdell. pp. 16–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"William Timothy Gowers (12 August 2008). \"How to use Zorn's lemma\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gowers","url_text":"William Timothy Gowers"},{"url":"https://gowers.wordpress.com/2008/08/12/how-to-use-zorns-lemma/","url_text":"\"How to use Zorn's lemma\""}]},{"reference":"Lang, Serge (2002). Algebra. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 211 (Revised 3rd ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 880. ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Lang","url_text":"Lang, Serge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95385-4","url_text":"978-0-387-95385-4"}]},{"reference":"Dummit, David S.; Foote, Richard M. (1998). Abstract Algebra (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 875. ISBN 978-0-13-569302-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-569302-5","url_text":"978-0-13-569302-5"}]},{"reference":"Bergman, George M (2015). An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions. Universitext (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 162. ISBN 978-3-319-11477-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bergman","url_text":"Bergman, George M"},{"url":"https://math.berkeley.edu/~gbergman/245/","url_text":"An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-11477-4","url_text":"978-3-319-11477-4"}]},{"reference":"Bergman, George M (2015). An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions. Universitext (Second ed.). Springer-Verlag. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-319-11477-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bergman","url_text":"Bergman, George M"},{"url":"https://math.berkeley.edu/~gbergman/245/","url_text":"An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-11477-4","url_text":"978-3-319-11477-4"}]},{"reference":"Smits, Tim. \"A Proof that every Vector Space has a Basis\" (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.math.ucla.edu/~tsmits/115B/115A/Zorn's%20Lemma.pdf","url_text":"\"A Proof that every Vector Space has a Basis\""}]},{"reference":"Lewin, Jonathan W. (1991). \"A simple proof of Zorn's lemma\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 98 (4): 353–354. doi:10.1080/00029890.1991.12000768.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2161&context=facpubs","url_text":"\"A simple proof of Zorn's lemma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.1991.12000768","url_text":"10.1080/00029890.1991.12000768"}]},{"reference":"Kuratowski, Casimir (1922). \"Une méthode d'élimination des nombres transfinis des raisonnements mathématiques\" [A method of disposing of transfinite numbers of mathematical reasoning] (PDF). Fundamenta Mathematicae (in French). 3: 76–108. doi:10.4064/fm-3-1-76-108. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/fm/fm3/fm3114.pdf","url_text":"\"Une méthode d'élimination des nombres transfinis des raisonnements mathématiques\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_Mathematicae","url_text":"Fundamenta Mathematicae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4064%2Ffm-3-1-76-108","url_text":"10.4064/fm-3-1-76-108"}]},{"reference":"Zorn, Max (1935). \"A remark on method in transfinite algebra\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 41 (10): 667–670. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06166-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1935-06166-X","url_text":"\"A remark on method in transfinite algebra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1935-06166-X","url_text":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06166-X"}]},{"reference":"Krantz, Steven G. (2002), \"The Axiom of Choice\", Handbook of Logic and Proof Techniques for Computer Science, Springer, pp. 121–126, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0115-1_9, ISBN 978-1-4612-6619-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_G._Krantz","url_text":"Krantz, Steven G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-0115-1_9","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4612-0115-1_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-6619-8","url_text":"978-1-4612-6619-8"}]},{"reference":"Blass, Andreas (1984). \"Existence of bases implies the Axiom of Choice\". Axiomatic Set Theory. Contemporary Mathematics. Vol. 31. pp. 31–33. doi:10.1090/conm/031/763890. ISBN 9780821850268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fconm%2F031%2F763890","url_text":"10.1090/conm/031/763890"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821850268","url_text":"9780821850268"}]},{"reference":"Hodges, W. (1979). \"Krull implies Zorn\". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. s2-19 (2): 285–287. doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-19.2.285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_London_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Journal of the London Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs2-19.2.285","url_text":"10.1112/jlms/s2-19.2.285"}]},{"reference":"Kelley, John L. (1950). \"The Tychonoff product theorem implies the axiom of choice\". Fundamenta Mathematicae. 37: 75–76. doi:10.4064/fm-37-1-75-76.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4064%2Ffm-37-1-75-76","url_text":"\"The Tychonoff product theorem implies the axiom of choice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4064%2Ffm-37-1-75-76","url_text":"10.4064/fm-37-1-75-76"}]},{"reference":"Wolk, Elliot S. (1983), \"On the principle of dependent choices and some forms of Zorn's lemma\", Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, 26 (3): 365–367, doi:10.4153/CMB-1983-062-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Mathematical_Bulletin","url_text":"Canadian Mathematical Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4153%2FCMB-1983-062-5","url_text":"10.4153/CMB-1983-062-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Zorn's Lemma | The Simpsons and their Mathematical Secrets\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.simonsingh.net/Simpsons_Mathematics/zorns-lemma/","url_text":"\"Zorn's Lemma | The Simpsons and their Mathematical Secrets\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Paul J. (February 1978). \"The Origin of 'Zorn's Lemma'\". Historia Mathematica. 5 (1): 77–89. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(78)90136-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2878%2990136-2","url_text":"\"The Origin of 'Zorn's Lemma'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2878%2990136-2","url_text":"10.1016/0315-0860(78)90136-2"}]},{"reference":"Ciesielski, Krzysztof (1997). Set Theory for the Working Mathematician. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59465-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59465-3","url_text":"978-0-521-59465-3"}]},{"reference":"Jech, Thomas (2008) [1973]. The Axiom of Choice. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-46624-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jech","url_text":"Jech, Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-46624-8","url_text":"978-0-486-46624-8"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Gregory H. (2013) [1982]. Zermelo's axiom of choice: Its origins, development & influence. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-48841-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-48841-7","url_text":"978-0-486-48841-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Zorn lemma\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Zorn_lemma","url_text":"\"Zorn lemma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_interventions
Covert operation
["1 US law","1.1 Impact","2 Domestic settings","2.1 History","2.2 Participation in criminal activities","2.3 Risks","2.4 Plainclothes law enforcement","2.5 Controversies","3 Examples","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Military operation "Covert operative" redirects here. For the legal definition of covert agents or operatives, see covert agent. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Covert operation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A covert operation or undercover operation is a military or police operation involving a covert agent or troops acting under an assumed cover to conceal the identity of the party responsible. US law Under US law, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should do so and informs Congress. The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the National Security Act of 1947. President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled United States Intelligence Activities in 1984. This order defined covert action as "special activities", both political and military, that the US Government could legally deny. The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act and in Title 50 of the United States Code Section 413(e). The CIA must have a "Presidential Finding" issued by the President in order to conduct these activities under the Hughes-Ryan amendment to the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act. These findings are then monitored by the oversight committees in both the US Senate and House of Representatives. As a result of this framework, the CIA "receives more oversight from the Congress than any other agency in the federal government", according to one author. The Special Activities Division (SAD) is a division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations, responsible for Covert Action and "Special Activities". These special activities include covert political influence and paramilitary operations. Impact According to a 2018 study by University of Chicago political scientist Austin Carson, covert operations may have the beneficial effect of preventing escalation of disputes into full-blown wars. He argues that keeping military operations secret can limit escalation dynamics, as well as insulate leaders from domestic pressures while simultaneously allowing them communicating their interest to the adversary in keeping a war contained. He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers. Domestic settings To go "undercover" (that is, to go on an undercover operation) is to avoid detection by the object of one's observation, and especially to disguise one's own identity (or use an assumed identity) for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization in order to learn or confirm confidential information, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals to gather information or evidence. Undercover operations are traditionally employed by law enforcement agencies and private investigators; those in such roles are commonly referred to as undercover agents. History Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but Eugène François Vidocq (1775–1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late First Empire through most of the Bourbon Restoration period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the Brigade de la Sûreté ("Security Brigade"), which was later converted to a security police unit under the Prefecture of Police. The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself. Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old cuckold. At one point, he even simulated his own death. In England, the first modern police force was established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel as the Metropolitan Police of London. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official Police Orders required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the superintendent. It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner Edmund Henderson established a formal plainclothes detective division. Special Branch detectives on an undercover operation at the London Docks, 1911 The first Special Branch of police was the Special Irish Branch, formed as a section of the Criminal Investigation Department of the MPS in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the Irish Republican Brotherhood had begun a few years earlier. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in counter-terrorism techniques. Its name was changed to Special Branch as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating organized crime. Law enforcement agencies elsewhere established similar Branches. In the United States, a similar route was taken when the New York City Police Department under police commissioner William McAdoo established the Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods. Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards – Charles Joseph Bonaparte founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 1908. Secret police forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives. Participation in criminal activities Undercover agents may engage in criminal activities as part of their investigation. Joh defined the term authorized criminality to describe this phenomenon, which she restricts primarily to undercover law enforcement officers, excluding confidential informants. These criminal activities are primarily used to "provide opportunities for the suspect to engage in the target crime" and to maintain or bolster their cover identity. However, these crimes must be necessary to advance the investigation otherwise they may be prosecutable like any other crime. The FBI requires that such activities must be sanctioned and necessary for the investigation; they also stipulate that agents may not instigate criminal activity (to avoid entrapment) or participate in violence except for self-defense or the defense of others. Most other legislation surrounding authorized criminality is not uniform and is a patchwork of federal and state laws. Risks There are two principal problems that can affect agents working in undercover roles. The first is the maintenance of identity and the second is the reintegration back into normal duty. Living a double life in a new environment presents many problems. Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs a special agent can undertake. The largest cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent from friends, family and his normal environment. This simple isolation can lead to depression and anxiety. There is no data on the divorce rates of agents, but strain on relationships does occur. This can be a result of a need for secrecy and an inability to share work problems, and the unpredictable work schedule, personality and lifestyle changes and the length of separation can all result in problems for relationships. Stress can also result from an apparent lack of direction of the investigation or not knowing when it will end. The amount of elaborate planning, risk, and expenditure can pressure an agent to succeed, which can cause considerable stress. The stress that an undercover agent faces is considerably different from his counterparts on regular duties, whose main source of stress is the administration and the bureaucracy. As the undercover agents are removed from the bureaucracy, it may result in another problem. The lack of the usual controls of a uniform, badge, constant supervision, a fixed place of work, or (often) a set assignment could, combined with their continual contact with the organized crime, increase the likelihood for corruption. This stress may be instrumental in the development of drug or alcohol abuse in some agents. They are more prone to the development of an addiction as they suffer greater stress than other police, they are isolated, and drugs are often very accessible. Police, in general, have very high alcoholism rates compared to most occupational groups, and stress is cited as a likely factor. The environment that agents work in often involves a very liberal exposure to the consumption of alcohol, which in conjunction with the stress and isolation could result in alcoholism. There can be some guilt associated with going undercover due to betraying those who have come to trust the officer. This can cause anxiety or even, in very rare cases, sympathy with those being targeted. This is especially true with the infiltration of political groups, as often the agent will share similar characteristics with those they are infiltrating like class, age, ethnicity or religion. This could even result in the conversion of some agents. The lifestyle led by undercover agents is very different compared to other areas in law enforcement, and it can be quite difficult to reintegrate back into normal duties. Agents work their own hours, they are removed from direct supervisory monitoring, and they can ignore the dress and etiquette rules. So resettling back into the normal police role requires the shedding of old habits, language and dress. After working such free lifestyles, agents may have discipline problems or exhibit neurotic responses. They may feel uncomfortable, and take a cynical, suspicious or even paranoid world view and feel continually on guard. Other risks include capture, death and torture. Plainclothes law enforcement Not to be confused with Plain dress. Undercover agents should not be confused with law enforcement officers who wear plainclothes—that is, to wear civilian clothing, instead of wearing a uniform, to avoid detection or identification as a law enforcement officer. However, plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment and normal identification. Police detectives are assigned to wear plainclothes by not wearing the uniform typically worn by their peers. Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as a police officer in some situations (see sting operation). Sometimes, police might drive an unmarked vehicle or a vehicle which looks like a taxi. Controversies Furtherinformation Country Approximatetime period Details ATF fictional sting operations USA 2011 – 2014 Government agents enticed targeted victims and incited them to commit crimes of a type and scale calculated to procure specific sentences, for which they would then be prosecuted and jailed, typically for around 15 years. UK undercover policing relationships scandal UK ? – 2010 Undercover officers infiltrating protest groups, deceived protesters into long-term relationships and in some cases, fathered children with them on false pretences, only to vanish later without explanation. Units disbanded and unreserved apology given as part of settlement, noting that the women had been deceived. Legal action continues as of 2016, and a public inquiry examining officer conduct, the Undercover Policing Inquiry, is underway. Examples Black operations COINTELPRO Creation of Bangladesh False flag Huston Plan Iran–Contra affair Lavon Affair Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group Operation Anthropoid Operation CHAOS Operation Gladio Operation Storm-333 Operation Wrath of God Palace Dog Project MKULTRA Raven Forward Air Controllers Vang Pao's clandestine army See also America Undercover, television series Black project Bob Lambert, undercover police officer Central Intelligence Agency Church Committee Counterintelligence Counterintelligence Field Activity Cover (intelligence gathering) Covert policing in the United Kingdom Covert Warfare Detective Donnie Brasco, undercover federal agent Espionage Federal Bureau of Investigation Filibuster (military) HUMINT (clandestine (operational techniques)) Manhunt (military) MI5 Military intelligence Operation Cyclone Paul Manning, undercover police officer Secret identity SO10 Special agent Spy fiction Spy film Task Force Falcon Vice References ^ Carson, Austin (2018). Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6. doi:10.2307/j.ctv346p45. JSTOR j.ctv346p45. ^ a b Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency, William J. Daugherty, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, page 25. ^ a b William J. Daugherty, Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency, University of Kentucky Press, 2004. ^ All Necessary Means: Employing CIA operatives in a Warfighting Role Alongside Special Operations Forces, Colonel Kathryn Stone, Professor Anthony R. Williams (Project Advisor), United States Army War College (USAWC), 7 April 2003, page 7 ^ Daugherty, 2004, page 28. ^ Daugherty, 2004, page 29. ^ a b c Carson, Austin (2018). Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv346p45. JSTOR j.ctv346p45. ^ Hodgetts, Edward A. (1928). Vidocq. A Master of Crime. London: Selwyn & Blount. ^ Morton, James (2004), The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq (in German), Ebury Press, ISBN 978-0-09-190337-4 ^ Mitchel P. Roth, James Stuart Olson (2001). Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-313-30560-3. ^ Tim Newburn; Peter Neyroud (2013). Dictionary of Policing. Routledge. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-134-01155-1. ^ Anne T. Romano (2010). Italian Americans in Law Enforcement. Xlibris Corporation. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4535-5882-9. ^ Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press ^ Anne T. Romano (11 November 2010). Italian Americans in Law Enforcement. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-1-4535-5882-9. Retrieved 30 August 2013. ^ Shelley, Louise (12 October 1995). "Soviet Undercover Work". In Fijnaut, Cyrille; Marx, Gary T. (eds.). Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (published 1995). p. 166. ISBN 9789041100153. Retrieved 3 December 2020. For most of the Soviet period, the undercover work of the secret police was directed at potential enemies of the state. Particularly in the Stalinist period, a vast network of informers existed throughout the country . Although approximately one out of ten individuals were acknowledged informers, most of the population was compromised in some way through their cooperation with the secret police. ^ Joh 2009, p. 157. ^ Joh 2009, p. 165. ^ {{{first}}} Op. Atty' Gen., The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations, {{{volume}}} {{{journal}}} {{{page}}}, 12 (2002). ^ Joh 2009, p. 168. ^ Girodo, M. (1991). Symptomatic reactions to undercover work. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179 (10), 626–630. ^ a b Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press ^ a b c d e Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press. ^ Brown, Jennifer; Campbell, Elizabeth (October 1990). "Sources of occupational stress in the police". Work & Stress. 4 (4): 305–318. doi:10.1080/02678379008256993. ^ Girodo, M. (1991). Drug corruptions in undercover agents: Measuring the risks. Behavioural Science and the Law, 9, 361–370. ^ Girodo, M. (1991). Personality, job stress, and mental health in undercover agents. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 6 (7), 375–390. ^ Code3Paris. "Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Further reading Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML) – Congressional Research Service Joh, Elizabeth (2009). "Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime" (PDF). Stanford Law Review. Channel 4 (2011). Confessions of an Undercover Cop.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Documentary about Mark Kennedy (policeman). Hattenstone, Simon (25 March 2011). "Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop". The Guardian. Jeans, Chris (Director and Producer); Russell, Mike (Narrator) (1988). "Confessions of an Undercover Cop". America Undercover. HBO. Documentary featuring the work of ex-cop Mike Russell, whose undercover work for the New Jersey State Police led to the arrests of over 41 members of the Genovese crime family, and of corrupt prison officials and a state senator Johnson, Loch K. The third option: covert action and American foreign policy (Oxford University Press, 2022). Russell, Mike; Picciarelli, Patrick W. (6 August 2013). Undercover Cop: How I Brought Down the Real-Life Sopranos (First ed.). Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-00587-8. Whited, Charles (1973). The Decoy Man: The Extraordinary Adventures of an Undercover Cop. Playboy Press/Simon & Schuster. ASIN B0006CA0QG. External links RAW and Bangladesh Richard Hersh Statement to House Judiciary Democratic Congressional Briefing, 20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org Full Transcript, House Judiciary Democratic Membership Briefing "Constitution in Crisis: Domestic Surveillance and Executive Power" 20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org "Big Brother is Watching You Part 1 – 902 MI Group TALON Project Summary, Spreadsheet, Rep. Wexler response, and News Coverage collection (includes Shane Harris's "TIA Lives On") via thewall.civiblog.org Steath Network Operations Centre – Covert Communication Support System
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"covert agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_agent"},{"link_name":"covert agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_agent"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_(intelligence_gathering)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Covert operative\" redirects here. For the legal definition of covert agents or operatives, see covert agent.A covert operation or undercover operation is a military or police operation involving a covert agent or troops acting under an assumed cover to conceal the identity of the party responsible.[1]","title":"Covert operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive_Secrets_2004,_page_25-2"},{"link_name":"National Security Act of 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive_Secrets_2004-3"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 12333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12333"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Authorization Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Authorization_Act"},{"link_name":"Title 50 of the United States Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive_Secrets_2004-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hughes-Ryan amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes-Ryan_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive_Secrets_2004,_page_25-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Special Activities Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Division"},{"link_name":"Directorate of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)"}],"text":"Under US law, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should do so and informs Congress.[2] The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the National Security Act of 1947.[3] President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled United States Intelligence Activities in 1984. This order defined covert action as \"special activities\", both political and military, that the US Government could legally deny. The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act and in Title 50 of the United States Code Section 413(e).[3][4] The CIA must have a \"Presidential Finding\" issued by the President in order to conduct these activities under the Hughes-Ryan amendment to the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act.[2] These findings are then monitored by the oversight committees in both the US Senate and House of Representatives.[5] As a result of this framework, the CIA \"receives more oversight from the Congress than any other agency in the federal government\", according to one author.[6] The Special Activities Division (SAD) is a division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations, responsible for Covert Action and \"Special Activities\". These special activities include covert political influence and paramilitary operations.","title":"US law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"sub_title":"Impact","text":"According to a 2018 study by University of Chicago political scientist Austin Carson, covert operations may have the beneficial effect of preventing escalation of disputes into full-blown wars.[7] He argues that keeping military operations secret can limit escalation dynamics, as well as insulate leaders from domestic pressures while simultaneously allowing them communicating their interest to the adversary in keeping a war contained.[7] He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers.[7]","title":"US law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disguise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception"},{"link_name":"assumed identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumed_identity"},{"link_name":"evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)"},{"link_name":"law enforcement agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agencies"},{"link_name":"private investigators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_investigators"}],"text":"To go \"undercover\" (that is, to go on an undercover operation) is to avoid detection by the object of one's observation, and especially to disguise one's own identity (or use an assumed identity) for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization in order to learn or confirm confidential information, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals to gather information or evidence. Undercover operations are traditionally employed by law enforcement agencies and private investigators; those in such roles are commonly referred to as undercover agents.","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugène François Vidocq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Vidocq"},{"link_name":"First Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Sûreté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Prefecture of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cuckold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckold"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(police)"},{"link_name":"Edmund Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Henderson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Special_Irish_Branch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch"},{"link_name":"London Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docks"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch"},{"link_name":"Special Irish Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Irish_Branch"},{"link_name":"Criminal Investigation Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department"},{"link_name":"MPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"counter-terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"Law enforcement agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New York City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"police commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"William McAdoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McAdoo_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"Charles Joseph Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romano2010-14"},{"link_name":"Secret police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_police"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but Eugène François Vidocq (1775–1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late First Empire through most of the Bourbon Restoration period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the Brigade de la Sûreté (\"Security Brigade\"), which was later converted to a security police unit under the Prefecture of Police. The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself.[8]Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old cuckold. At one point, he even simulated his own death.[9]In England, the first modern police force was established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel as the Metropolitan Police of London. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official Police Orders required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the superintendent. It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner Edmund Henderson established a formal plainclothes detective division.[10]Special Branch detectives on an undercover operation at the London Docks, 1911The first Special Branch of police was the Special Irish Branch, formed as a section of the Criminal Investigation Department of the MPS in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the Irish Republican Brotherhood had begun a few years earlier. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in counter-terrorism techniques.Its name was changed to Special Branch as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating organized crime. Law enforcement agencies elsewhere established similar Branches.[11]In the United States, a similar route was taken when the New York City Police Department under police commissioner William McAdoo established the Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods.[12][self-published source] Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards – Charles Joseph Bonaparte founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 1908.[13][14]Secret police forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives.[15]","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"confidential informants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informant"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoh2009157-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoh2009165-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoh2009168-19"}],"sub_title":"Participation in criminal activities","text":"Undercover agents may engage in criminal activities as part of their investigation. Joh defined the term authorized criminality to describe this phenomenon, which she restricts primarily to undercover law enforcement officers, excluding confidential informants.[16] These criminal activities are primarily used to \"provide opportunities for the suspect to engage in the target crime\" and to maintain or bolster their cover identity. However, these crimes must be necessary to advance the investigation otherwise they may be prosecutable like any other crime.[17] The FBI requires that such activities must be sanctioned and necessary for the investigation; they also stipulate that agents may not instigate criminal activity (to avoid entrapment) or participate in violence except for self-defense or the defense of others.[18] Most other legislation surrounding authorized criminality is not uniform and is a patchwork of federal and state laws.[19]","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marx,_G._1988-21"},{"link_name":"Stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biological)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marx,_G._1988-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"}],"sub_title":"Risks","text":"There are two principal problems that can affect agents working in undercover roles. The first is the maintenance of identity and the second is the reintegration back into normal duty.Living a double life in a new environment presents many problems. Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs a special agent can undertake.[20] The largest cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent from friends, family and his normal environment. This simple isolation can lead to depression and anxiety. There is no data on the divorce rates of agents, but strain on relationships does occur. This can be a result of a need for secrecy and an inability to share work problems, and the unpredictable work schedule, personality and lifestyle changes and the length of separation can all result in problems for relationships.[21]Stress can also result from an apparent lack of direction of the investigation or not knowing when it will end. The amount of elaborate planning, risk, and expenditure can pressure an agent to succeed, which can cause considerable stress.[22] The stress that an undercover agent faces is considerably different from his counterparts on regular duties, whose main source of stress is the administration and the bureaucracy.[23] As the undercover agents are removed from the bureaucracy, it may result in another problem. The lack of the usual controls of a uniform, badge, constant supervision, a fixed place of work, or (often) a set assignment could, combined with their continual contact with the organized crime, increase the likelihood for corruption.[22]This stress may be instrumental in the development of drug or alcohol abuse in some agents. They are more prone to the development of an addiction as they suffer greater stress than other police, they are isolated, and drugs are often very accessible.[22] Police, in general, have very high alcoholism rates compared to most occupational groups, and stress is cited as a likely factor.[22] The environment that agents work in often involves a very liberal exposure to the consumption of alcohol,[24] which in conjunction with the stress and isolation could result in alcoholism.There can be some guilt associated with going undercover due to betraying those who have come to trust the officer. This can cause anxiety or even, in very rare cases, sympathy with those being targeted. This is especially true with the infiltration of political groups, as often the agent will share similar characteristics with those they are infiltrating like class, age, ethnicity or religion. This could even result in the conversion of some agents.[21]The lifestyle led by undercover agents is very different compared to other areas in law enforcement, and it can be quite difficult to reintegrate back into normal duties. Agents work their own hours, they are removed from direct supervisory monitoring, and they can ignore the dress and etiquette rules.[25] So resettling back into the normal police role requires the shedding of old habits, language and dress. After working such free lifestyles, agents may have discipline problems or exhibit neurotic responses. They may feel uncomfortable, and take a cynical, suspicious or even paranoid world view and feel continually on guard.[22]\nOther risks include capture, death and torture.","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plain dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_dress"},{"link_name":"law enforcement officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer"},{"link_name":"civilian clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_(dress)"},{"link_name":"uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform"},{"link_name":"sting operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_operation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Plainclothes law enforcement","text":"Not to be confused with Plain dress.Undercover agents should not be confused with law enforcement officers who wear plainclothes—that is, to wear civilian clothing, instead of wearing a uniform, to avoid detection or identification as a law enforcement officer. However, plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment and normal identification. Police detectives are assigned to wear plainclothes by not wearing the uniform typically worn by their peers. Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as a police officer in some situations (see sting operation).Sometimes, police might drive an unmarked vehicle or a vehicle which looks like a taxi.[26]","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Controversies","title":"Domestic settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_operation"},{"link_name":"COINTELPRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COINTELPRO"},{"link_name":"Creation of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"False flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_flag"},{"link_name":"Huston Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huston_Plan"},{"link_name":"Iran–Contra affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair"},{"link_name":"Lavon Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavon_Affair"},{"link_name":"Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command,_Vietnam_%E2%80%93_Studies_and_Observations_Group"},{"link_name":"Operation Anthropoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid"},{"link_name":"Operation CHAOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_CHAOS"},{"link_name":"Operation Gladio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gladio"},{"link_name":"Operation Storm-333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm-333"},{"link_name":"Operation Wrath of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wrath_of_God"},{"link_name":"Palace Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Dog"},{"link_name":"Project MKULTRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKULTRA"},{"link_name":"Raven Forward Air Controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Forward_Air_Controllers"},{"link_name":"Vang Pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vang_Pao"}],"text":"Black operations\nCOINTELPRO\nCreation of Bangladesh\nFalse flag\nHuston Plan\nIran–Contra affair\nLavon Affair\nMilitary Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group\nOperation Anthropoid\nOperation CHAOS\nOperation Gladio\nOperation Storm-333\nOperation Wrath of God\nPalace Dog\nProject MKULTRA\nRaven Forward Air Controllers\nVang Pao's clandestine army","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/m011806.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stanfordlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/03/Joh.pdf"},{"link_name":"Confessions of an Undercover Cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.filmsforaction.org/watch/confessions-of-an-undercover-cop-2011/"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"Mark Kennedy (policeman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(policeman)"},{"link_name":"\"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/26/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-environmental-activist"},{"link_name":"\"Confessions of an Undercover Cop\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/463502/Confessions-of-an-Undercover-Cop/#"},{"link_name":"Genovese crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genovese_crime_family"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-250-00587-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00587-8"},{"link_name":"Whited, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Whited&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0006CA0QG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0006CA0QG"}],"text":"Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML) – Congressional Research Service\nJoh, Elizabeth (2009). \"Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime\" (PDF). Stanford Law Review.\nChannel 4 (2011). Confessions of an Undercover Cop.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Documentary about Mark Kennedy (policeman).\nHattenstone, Simon (25 March 2011). \"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop\". The Guardian.Jeans, Chris (Director and Producer); Russell, Mike (Narrator) (1988). \"Confessions of an Undercover Cop\". America Undercover. HBO. Documentary featuring the work of ex-cop Mike Russell, whose undercover work for the New Jersey State Police led to the arrests of over 41 members of the Genovese crime family, and of corrupt prison officials and a state senatorJohnson, Loch K. The third option: covert action and American foreign policy (Oxford University Press, 2022).Russell, Mike; Picciarelli, Patrick W. (6 August 2013). Undercover Cop: How I Brought Down the Real-Life Sopranos (First ed.). Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-00587-8.\nWhited, Charles (1973). The Decoy Man: The Extraordinary Adventures of an Undercover Cop. Playboy Press/Simon & Schuster. ASIN B0006CA0QG.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"America Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Undercover"},{"title":"Black project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_project"},{"title":"Bob Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lambert_(undercover_police_officer)"},{"title":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"title":"Church Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee"},{"title":"Counterintelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence"},{"title":"Counterintelligence Field Activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Field_Activity"},{"title":"Cover (intelligence gathering)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_(intelligence_gathering)"},{"title":"Covert policing in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_policing_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Covert Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_Warfare"},{"title":"Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"title":"Donnie Brasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Brasco"},{"title":"Espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"title":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"title":"Filibuster (military)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuster_(military)"},{"title":"HUMINT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUMINT"},{"title":"clandestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_HUMINT"},{"title":"operational techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_HUMINT_operational_techniques"},{"title":"Manhunt (military)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_(military)"},{"title":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"title":"Military intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"title":"Operation Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone"},{"title":"Paul Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Manning_(police_officer,_born_1973)"},{"title":"Secret identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_identity"},{"title":"SO10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO10"},{"title":"Special agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_agent"},{"title":"Spy fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_fiction"},{"title":"Spy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_film"},{"title":"Task Force Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_Falcon_(United_States)"},{"title":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice#Vice_squad"}]
[{"reference":"Carson, Austin (2018). Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6. doi:10.2307/j.ctv346p45. JSTOR j.ctv346p45.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","url_text":"Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv346p45","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv346p45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","url_text":"j.ctv346p45"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Austin (2018). Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv346p45. JSTOR j.ctv346p45.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","url_text":"Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv346p45","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv346p45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45","url_text":"j.ctv346p45"}]},{"reference":"Hodgetts, Edward A. (1928). Vidocq. A Master of Crime. London: Selwyn & Blount.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morton, James (2004), The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq (in German), Ebury Press, ISBN 978-0-09-190337-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-190337-4","url_text":"978-0-09-190337-4"}]},{"reference":"Mitchel P. Roth, James Stuart Olson (2001). Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-313-30560-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wIf5w6BJOmQC","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30560-3","url_text":"978-0-313-30560-3"}]},{"reference":"Tim Newburn; Peter Neyroud (2013). Dictionary of Policing. Routledge. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-134-01155-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Newburn","url_text":"Tim Newburn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Neyroud","url_text":"Peter Neyroud"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1fqAZzIDlgYC","url_text":"Dictionary of Policing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01155-1","url_text":"978-1-134-01155-1"}]},{"reference":"Anne T. Romano (2010). Italian Americans in Law Enforcement. Xlibris Corporation. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4535-5882-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OB0wOgBbHHkC","url_text":"Italian Americans in Law Enforcement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4535-5882-9","url_text":"978-1-4535-5882-9"}]},{"reference":"Anne T. Romano (11 November 2010). Italian Americans in Law Enforcement. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-1-4535-5882-9. Retrieved 30 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OB0wOgBbHHkC&pg=PA33","url_text":"Italian Americans in Law Enforcement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4535-5882-9","url_text":"978-1-4535-5882-9"}]},{"reference":"Shelley, Louise (12 October 1995). \"Soviet Undercover Work\". In Fijnaut, Cyrille; Marx, Gary T. (eds.). Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (published 1995). p. 166. ISBN 9789041100153. Retrieved 3 December 2020. For most of the Soviet period, the undercover work of the secret police was directed at [...] potential enemies of the state. Particularly in the Stalinist period, a vast network of informers existed throughout the country [...]. Although approximately one out of ten individuals were acknowledged informers, most of the population was compromised in some way through their cooperation with the secret police.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Shelley","url_text":"Shelley, Louise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_T._Marx","url_text":"Marx, Gary T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TcUkI8A6QW0C","url_text":"Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041100153","url_text":"9789041100153"}]},{"reference":"{{{first}}} Op. Atty' Gen., The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations, {{{volume}}} {{{journal}}} {{{page}}}, 12 (2002).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2013/09/24/undercover-fbi-operations.pdf","url_text":"The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jennifer; Campbell, Elizabeth (October 1990). \"Sources of occupational stress in the police\". Work & Stress. 4 (4): 305–318. doi:10.1080/02678379008256993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02678379008256993","url_text":"10.1080/02678379008256993"}]},{"reference":"Code3Paris. \"Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gs4T19m8a18","url_text":"\"Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gs4T19m8a18","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joh, Elizabeth (2009). \"Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime\" (PDF). Stanford Law Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/03/Joh.pdf","url_text":"\"Breaking The Law To Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime\""}]},{"reference":"Channel 4 (2011). Confessions of an Undercover Cop.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/confessions-of-an-undercover-cop-2011/","url_text":"Confessions of an Undercover Cop"}]},{"reference":"Hattenstone, Simon (25 March 2011). \"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/26/mark-kennedy-undercover-cop-environmental-activist","url_text":"\"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop\""}]},{"reference":"Jeans, Chris (Director and Producer); Russell, Mike (Narrator) (1988). \"Confessions of an Undercover Cop\". America Undercover. HBO.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/463502/Confessions-of-an-Undercover-Cop/#","url_text":"\"Confessions of an Undercover Cop\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Mike; Picciarelli, Patrick W. (6 August 2013). Undercover Cop: How I Brought Down the Real-Life Sopranos (First ed.). Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-00587-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00587-8","url_text":"978-1-250-00587-8"}]},{"reference":"Whited, Charles (1973). The Decoy Man: The Extraordinary Adventures of an Undercover Cop. Playboy Press/Simon & Schuster. ASIN B0006CA0QG.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Whited&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Whited, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006CA0QG","url_text":"B0006CA0QG"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_palm
Sabal
["1 Distribution","2 Description","3 Taxonomy","3.1 Species","3.2 Prehistoric taxa","3.3 Formerly placed in Sabal","4 Ecology","5 Uses","6 References","7 External links"]
Genus of palms For a native name of a Bornean tree species, see Dacryodes patentinervia. Palmetto Sabal palmetto Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Subfamily: Coryphoideae Tribe: Sabaleae Genus: SabalAdans. Type species Sabal adansoniiGuers. Synonyms Inodes O.F.Cook Sabal is a genus of New World palms (or fan-palms). Currently, there are 17 recognized species of Sabal, including one hybrid species. Distribution The species are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, from the Gulf Coast/South Atlantic states in the Southeastern United States, south through the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. Description Members of this genus are typically identified by the leaves which originate from a bare, unarmed petiole in a fan-like structure. All members of this genus have a costa (or midrib) that extends into the leaf blade. This midrib can vary in length; and it is due to this variation that leaf blades of certain species of Sabal are strongly curved or strongly costapalmate (as in Sabal palmetto and Sabal etonia) or weakly curved (almost flattened), weakly costapalmate, (as in Sabal minor). Like many other palms, the fruit of Sabal are drupe, that typically change from green to black when mature. Taxonomy The name Sabal was first applied to members of the group by Michel Adanson in the 18th century. Previous names that this genus was associated with include Corypha, Chamaerops, Rhapis. This section highlights important phylogenetic work done within the genus Sabal. In 1990, Scott Zona outlined key morphological and anatomical characters that he used to analyze species relationships of Sabal. Through this analysis of characters, Zona produced a cladogram that portrays evolutionary relationships amongst 15 species of Sabal. Based on the distribution of species within his cladogram, Zona recognized four distinct clades. The clades within his study include (Clade 1) Sabal minor; (Clade 2) Sabal bermudana, Sabal palmetto, Sabal miamiensis, and Sabal etonia; (Clade 3) Sabal maritima, Sabal domingensis, Sabal causiarum, Sabal maurittiformis, Sabal yapa, Sabal mexicana, and Sabal guatemalensis; (Clade 4) Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos. These clades associate closely with geographic distributions. Most of the species within Clade 3 occur in the Greater Antilles and southern Mexico, where species that occur in the Greater Antilles are more closely related to each other than those that occur in southern Mexico. Although Clade 4 also occurs in Mexico, these species occur on the west coast where they are geographically separated from the Mexican species within the southern part of the country. The remaining two clades, Clade 1 and Clade 2 predominantly occur in the southeastern United States although S. palmetto and S. minor are also known from Cuba and the Bahamas (S. palmetto) and northern Mexico (S. minor). Sabal bermudana is only known from Bermuda. In 2016 Heyduk, Trapnell, Barrett, and Leebens-Mack conducted a new study on Sabal that analyzed molecular (e.g. nuclear, plastid) data from 15 species of the group. This study incorporated plastid and nuclear sequence data that together were used to estimate the relatedness between the species of Sabal. The results of the study show species relationships to be different from the distribution of Zona's cladogram. Within the framework of this study, a major difference between the results of Zona and this study is the placement of "Clade 4" (Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos) which split and integrate these species throughout the phylogeny of Sabal. The largest of the clades identified by Zona, "Clade 3" is disrupted significantly as it is split into multiple clades. Although Sabal causiarum and S. domingensis retain their relationship as sister species, they are included in a clade that also includes S. maritima and S. rosei. Despite these disruptions in placement between these two studies, the overall integrity of "Clade 1" and "Clade 2" is in congruence with the clades established from the molecular data. Species Image Scientific name Common name Distribution Sabal antillensis M.P.Griff. Antillean palmetto Curaçao Sabal bermudana L.H.Bailey Bermuda palmetto Bermuda Sabal brazoriensis D.H.Goldman, Lockett & Read Brazoria palmetto United States (Texas) Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc. Puerto Rico palmetto United States (Puerto Rico), British Virgin Islands, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) Sabal domingensis Becc. Hispaniola palmetto Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti) Sabal etonia Swingle ex Nash Scrub palmetto United States (Florida) Sabal gretheriae H.J.Quero.R. Yucatán palmetto Mexico (Quintana Roo) Sabal lougheediana M.P.Griff. Bonaire palmetto Bonaire Sabal maritima (Kunth) Burret Jamaica palmetto Jamaica, Cuba Sabal mauritiiformis (H.Karst.) Griseb. & H.Wendl. Savannah palm or palma de vaca Southern Mexico to northern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinida)) Sabal mexicana Mart. Mexican palmetto United States (southern Texas) south through Mexico to Nicaragua Sabal miamiensis Miami palmetto United States (Southern Florida) Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. Dwarf palmetto Northeastern Mexico, Southeastern United States (Florida north to North Carolina, west to Texas) Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.f. Cabbage palmetto Cuba, Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States (Florida north to North Carolina) Sabal pumos (Kunth) Burret Royal palmetto Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacán, Puebla) Sabal rosei (O.F.Cook) Becc. Rosei palmetto Northwestern Mexico Sabal uresana Trel. Sonoran palmetto Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora) Sabal yapa C.Wright ex Becc. Mexico (Yucatán Peninsula), Belize, Cuba, Guatemala Fossil of S. major Prehistoric taxa Extinct species within this genus include: †Sabal bigbendense Manchester et al. 2010 †Sabal bracknellense (Chandler) Mai †Sabal grayana Brown 1962 †Sabal imperialis Brown 1962 †Sabal jenkinsii (Reid & Chandler) Manchester 1994 †Sabal lamanonis †Sabal raphipholia Plants of the genus lived from the late Cretaceous to the Quaternary period (from 66 million to 12 thousand years ago). Fossils have been found in the United States, as well as in Europe (Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Greece, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, France) and Japan. Leaf fossils of Sabal lamanonis have been recovered from rhyodacite tuff of Lower Miocene age in southern Slovakia near the town of Lučenec. 27 million year old Sabal lamanonis and Sabal raphipholia leaf fossils in volcanic rocks have been described from the Evros region in Western Thrace, Greece. Formerly placed in Sabal Serenoa repens (W.Bartram) Small (as S. serrulata (Michx.) Nutt. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Ecology Sabal species are used as food sources by several species of birds (including Mimus polyglottos, Turdus migratorius, Dendroica coronata, Corvus ossifragus, and Drycopus pileatus) as well as insects, such as Caryobruchus and various species of Hymenoptera. American black bears (Ursus americanus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) are also known to feed on fruit of various species of Sabal. Sabal palmetto is recorded to have its own lichen, Arthonia rubrocincta, that only occurs on its leaf bases. In Europe, the introduced Lepidopteran species Paysandisia archon has become a prominent pest whose larvae are known to feed on some of the cultivated species of Sabal. Uses Arborescent species are often transplanted from natural stands into urban landscapes and are rarely grown in nurseries due to slow growth. Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants and because several species are relatively cold-hardy, can be grown farther north than most other palms. The central bud of Sabal palmetto is edible and, when cooked, is known as 'swamp cabbage'. Mature fronds are used as thatch, to make straw hats, and for weaving mats. References ^ Michel Adanson (1763). Familles des plantes. 2 (in French). chez Vincent. pp. 495, 599. ^ "Sabal Adans". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 October 2009. ^ "Sabal Adans". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 15 October 2004. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2010. ^ a b Griffith, M. Patrick; De Freitas, John; Barros, Michelle; Noblick, Larry R. (2017). "Sabal antillensis (Arecaceae): a new palmetto species from the Leeward Antilles". Phytotaxa. 303: 56–64. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.303.1.4. ^ a b Ramp, Paul F.; Thien, Leonard B. (1995). "A Taxonomic History and Reexamination of Sabal minor in the Mississippi Valley". Principes. 39 (2): 77–83. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Zona, Scott (1990). "A Monograph of Sabal (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae)". Aliso. 12 (4): 583–666. doi:10.5642/aliso.19901204.02. ^ a b c d e f g Heyduk, Karolina; Trapnell, Dorset W.; Barrett, Craig F.; Leebens-Mack, Jim (13 May 2015). "Phylogenomic analyses of species relationships in the genus Sabal (Arecaceae) using targeted sequence capture". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (1): 106–120. doi:10.1111/bij.12551. ISSN 0024-4066. ^ a b Griffith, M. Patrick; Coolen, Quirijn; Barros, Michelle; Noblick, Larry R. (2019). "Sabal lougheediana (Arecaceae), a critically endangered, endemic palm species from Bonaire". Phytotaxa. 420: 095–102. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.420.2.1. S2CID 208559842. ^ "Subordinate taxa of Sabal Adans". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 October 2009. ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Sabal". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2010. ^ a b Paleobiology Database ^ a b Manchester, Steven R. (1994). "Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 1–205. ^ Vojtko, Rastislav (21 October 2016). "Miocénna flóra z lokalít Kalonda a Mučín" . Acta Geologica Slovaca (in Slovak). 1 (1): 65–70. ISSN 1338-0044. Retrieved 8 July 2019. ^ Velitzelos, Dimitrios; Bouchal, Johannes M.; Denk, Thomas (2014). "Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 204: 56–117. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.02.006. ^ i Monteys, Víctor Sarto; Aguilar, Lluís; Saiz‐Ardanaz, Marienza; Ventura, Daniel; Martí, Mercè (June 2005). "Comparative morphology of the egg of the castniid palm borer, Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae)". Systematics and Biodiversity. 3 (2): 179–201. doi:10.1017/S1477200005001635. ISSN 1477-2000. S2CID 85748924. ^ Grube, Martin; Lucking, Robert; Umana-Tenorio, Loengrin (September 2004). "A New Isidiate Species of Arthonia (Ascomycota: Arthoniaceae) from Costa Rica". Mycologia. 96 (5): 1159–1162. doi:10.2307/3762099. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3762099. PMID 21148936. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sabal. Wikispecies has information related to Sabal. Sabal images at Fairchild Tropical Botanical Gardens Sabal at Scanpalm vteArecaceae generaBaker & Dransfield (2016) taxonomyCalamoideaeEugeissoneae Eugeissona Lepidocaryeae Oncocalamus Eremospatha Laccosperma Raphia Lepidocaryum Mauritia Mauritiella Calameae Korthalsia Eleiodoxa Salacca Metroxylon Pigafetta Plectocomia Myrialepis Plectocomiopsis Calamus Nypoideae Nypa CoryphoideaeSabaleae Sabal Cryosophileae Schippia Trithrinax Zombia Coccothrinax Hemithrinax Leucothrinax Thrinax Chelyocarpus Cryosophila Itaya Sabinaria Phoeniceae Phoenix Trachycarpeae Chamaerops Guihaia Trachycarpus Rhapidophyllum Maxburretia Rhapis Livistona Licuala Johannesteijsmannia Pholidocarpus Saribus Lanonia Acoelorraphe Serenoa Brahea Colpothrinax Copernicia Pritchardia Washingtonia Chuniophoeniceae Chuniophoenix Kerriodoxa Nannorrhops Tahina Caryoteae Caryota Arenga Corypheae Corypha Borasseae Bismarckia Satranala Hyphaene Medemia Latania Lodoicea Borassodendron Borassus Ceroxyloideae Pseudophoenix Ceroxylon Juania Oraniopsis Ravenea Ammandra Aphandra Phytelephas Arecoideae Podococcus Orania Sclerosperma Roystonea Reinhardtia Manicaria Hyospathe Leopoldinia Iriarteeae Iriartella Dictyocaryum Iriartea Socratea Wettinia Chamaedoreeae Hyophorbe Wendlandiella Synechanthus Chamaedorea Gaussia Cocoseae Beccariophoenix Jubaeopsis Voanioala Allagoptera Attalea Butia Cocos Jubaea Syagrus Parajubaea Acrocomia Astrocaryum Aiphanes Bactris Desmoncus Barcella Elaeis Euterpeae Euterpe Prestoea Neonicholsonia Oenocarpus Geonomateae Welfia Pholidostachys Calyptrogyne Calyptronoma Asterogyne Geonoma Pelagodoxeae Pelagodoxa Sommieria Areceae Actinorhytis Archontophoenix Actinokentia Chambeyronia Kentiopsis Areca Nenga Pinanga Basselinia Burretiokentia Cyphophoenix Cyphosperma Lepidorrhachis Physokentia Carpoxylon Satakentia Neoveitchia Cyphokentia Clinosperma Dypsis Lemurophoenix Marojejya Masoala Calyptrocalyx Linospadix Howea Laccospadix Oncosperma Deckenia Acanthophoenix Tectiphiala Ptychosperma Ponapea Adonidia Balaka Veitchia Carpentaria Wodyetia Drymophloeus Normanbya Brassiophoenix Ptychococcus Jailoloa Manjekia Wallaceodoxa Rhopalostylis Hedyscepe Nephrosperma Phoenicophorium Roscheria Verschaffeltia Bentinckia Clinostigma Cyrtostachys Dictyosperma Dransfieldia Heterospathe Hydriastele Iguanura Loxococcus Rhopaloblaste Taxon identifiersSabal Wikidata: Q132826 Wikispecies: Sabal APNI: 214582 BOLD: 179650 CoL: 8W38G EoL: 17831 EPPO: 1SABG FNA: 128944 FoC: 128944 GBIF: 2732480 GRIN: 10621 iNaturalist: 81805 IPNI: 30006988-2 IRMNG: 1061396 ITIS: 42502 NCBI: 13253 NZOR: 2b547682-fed3-4a31-903c-f76059dfab06 Open Tree of Life: 104307 PLANTS: SABAL POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30006988-2 Tropicos: 40028117 WFO: wfo-4000033704 Sabaleae Wikidata: Q21447238 Wikispecies: Sabaleae GRIN: 2127 NCBI: 417009 Open Tree of Life: 364676 Tropicos: 50299318 Authority control databases: National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dacryodes patentinervia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacryodes_patentinervia"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"text":"For a native name of a Bornean tree species, see Dacryodes patentinervia.Sabal is a genus of New World palms (or fan-palms). Currently, there are 17 recognized species of Sabal, including one hybrid species.[4]","title":"Sabal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"Southeastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"}],"text":"The species are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, from the Gulf Coast/South Atlantic states in the Southeastern United States, south through the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"drupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe"}],"text":"Members of this genus are typically identified by the leaves which originate from a bare, unarmed petiole in a fan-like structure. All members of this genus have a costa (or midrib) that extends into the leaf blade. This midrib can vary in length; and it is due to this variation that leaf blades of certain species of Sabal are strongly curved or strongly costapalmate (as in Sabal palmetto and Sabal etonia) or weakly curved (almost flattened), weakly costapalmate, (as in Sabal minor). Like many other palms, the fruit of Sabal are drupe, that typically change from green to black when mature.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michel Adanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Adanson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Corypha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corypha"},{"link_name":"Chamaerops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaerops"},{"link_name":"Rhapis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"clades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Sabal minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_minor"},{"link_name":"Sabal bermudana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_bermudana"},{"link_name":"Sabal palmetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_palmetto"},{"link_name":"Sabal miamiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_miamiensis"},{"link_name":"Sabal etonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_etonia"},{"link_name":"Sabal maritima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_maritima"},{"link_name":"Sabal domingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_domingensis"},{"link_name":"Sabal causiarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_causiarum"},{"link_name":"Sabal maurittiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_mauritiiformis"},{"link_name":"Sabal yapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_yapa"},{"link_name":"Sabal mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_mexicana"},{"link_name":"Sabal uresana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_uresana"},{"link_name":"Sabal pumos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_pumos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Greater Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"plastid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Sabal uresana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_uresana"},{"link_name":"Sabal pumos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_pumos"},{"link_name":"phylogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"sister species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"The name Sabal was first applied to members of the group by Michel Adanson in the 18th century.[5] Previous names that this genus was associated with include Corypha, Chamaerops, Rhapis.[6][5] This section highlights important phylogenetic work done within the genus Sabal.In 1990, Scott Zona outlined key morphological and anatomical characters that he used to analyze species relationships of Sabal. Through this analysis of characters, Zona produced a cladogram that portrays evolutionary relationships amongst 15 species of Sabal.[6] Based on the distribution of species within his cladogram, Zona recognized four distinct clades.[6] The clades within his study include (Clade 1) Sabal minor; (Clade 2) Sabal bermudana, Sabal palmetto, Sabal miamiensis, and Sabal etonia; (Clade 3) Sabal maritima, Sabal domingensis, Sabal causiarum, Sabal maurittiformis, Sabal yapa, Sabal mexicana, and Sabal guatemalensis; (Clade 4) Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos.[6] These clades associate closely with geographic distributions.[6] Most of the species within Clade 3 occur in the Greater Antilles and southern Mexico, where species that occur in the Greater Antilles are more closely related to each other than those that occur in southern Mexico.[6] Although Clade 4 also occurs in Mexico, these species occur on the west coast where they are geographically separated from the Mexican species within the southern part of the country.[6] The remaining two clades, Clade 1 and Clade 2 predominantly occur in the southeastern United States although S. palmetto and S. minor are also known from Cuba and the Bahamas (S. palmetto) and northern Mexico (S. minor).[6] Sabal bermudana is only known from Bermuda.[6]In 2016 Heyduk, Trapnell, Barrett, and Leebens-Mack conducted a new study on Sabal that analyzed molecular (e.g. nuclear, plastid) data from 15 species of the group.[7] This study incorporated plastid and nuclear sequence data that together were used to estimate the relatedness between the species of Sabal.[7] The results of the study show species relationships to be different from the distribution of Zona's cladogram.[6][7] Within the framework of this study, a major difference between the results of Zona and this study is the placement of \"Clade 4\" (Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos) which split and integrate these species throughout the phylogeny of Sabal.[6][7] The largest of the clades identified by Zona, \"Clade 3\" is disrupted significantly as it is split into multiple clades.[6][7] Although Sabal causiarum and S. domingensis retain their relationship as sister species, they are included in a clade that also includes S. maritima and S. rosei.[6][7] Despite these disruptions in placement between these two studies, the overall integrity of \"Clade 1\" and \"Clade 2\" is in congruence with the clades established from the molecular data.[7][6]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arecaceae_-_Sabal_major.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Species","text":"Fossil of S. major","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XX-11"},{"link_name":"Sabal bigbendense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabal_bigbendense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabal bracknellense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabal_bracknellense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marjorie_E.J._Chandler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_H._Mai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manchester-12"},{"link_name":"Sabal grayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabal_grayana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabal imperialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabal_imperialis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabal jenkinsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabal_jenkinsii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_M._Reid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_R._Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manchester-12"},{"link_name":"Sabal lamanonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabal_lamanonis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabal raphipholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabal_raphipholia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XX-11"},{"link_name":"rhyodacite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyodacite"},{"link_name":"tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Lučenec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C4%8Denec"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"Evros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Western Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Prehistoric taxa","text":"Extinct species within this genus include:[11]†Sabal bigbendense Manchester et al. 2010\n†Sabal bracknellense (Chandler) Mai[12]\n†Sabal grayana Brown 1962\n†Sabal imperialis Brown 1962\n†Sabal jenkinsii (Reid & Chandler) Manchester 1994[12]\n†Sabal lamanonis\n†Sabal raphipholiaPlants of the genus lived from the late Cretaceous to the Quaternary period (from 66 million to 12 thousand years ago). Fossils have been found in the United States, as well as in Europe (Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Greece, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, France) and Japan.[11] Leaf fossils of Sabal lamanonis have been recovered from rhyodacite tuff of Lower Miocene age in southern Slovakia near the town of Lučenec.[13] 27 million year old Sabal lamanonis and Sabal raphipholia leaf fossils in volcanic rocks have been described from the Evros region in Western Thrace, Greece.[14]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serenoa repens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenoa"},{"link_name":"W.Bartram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram"},{"link_name":"Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kunkel_Small"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRINSpecies-10"}],"sub_title":"Formerly placed in Sabal","text":"Serenoa repens (W.Bartram) Small (as S. serrulata (Michx.) Nutt. ex Schult. & Schult.f.)[10]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mimus polyglottos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimus_polyglottos"},{"link_name":"Turdus migratorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdus_migratorius"},{"link_name":"Dendroica coronata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroica_coronata_coronata"},{"link_name":"Corvus ossifragus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus_ossifragus"},{"link_name":"Drycopus pileatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryocopus_pileatus"},{"link_name":"Caryobruchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryobruchus_gleditsiae"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hymenoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera"},{"link_name":"American black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"raccoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"Arthonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthonia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Paysandisia archon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysandisia_archon"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"}],"text":"Sabal species are used as food sources by several species of birds (including Mimus polyglottos, Turdus migratorius, Dendroica coronata, Corvus ossifragus, and Drycopus pileatus) as well as insects, such as Caryobruchus[15] and various species of Hymenoptera. American black bears (Ursus americanus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) are also known to feed on fruit of various species of Sabal. Sabal palmetto is recorded to have its own lichen, Arthonia rubrocincta,[16] that only occurs on its leaf bases. In Europe, the introduced Lepidopteran species Paysandisia archon has become a prominent pest whose larvae are known to feed on some of the cultivated species of Sabal.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transplanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st575"},{"link_name":"ornamental plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"cold-hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_palms"},{"link_name":"'swamp cabbage'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv038"}],"text":"Arborescent species are often transplanted from natural stands into urban landscapes and are rarely grown in nurseries due to slow growth. Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants and because several species are relatively cold-hardy, can be grown farther north than most other palms. The central bud of Sabal palmetto is edible and, when cooked, is known as 'swamp cabbage'. Mature fronds are used as thatch, to make straw hats, and for weaving mats.","title":"Uses"}]
[{"image_text":"Fossil of S. major","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arecaceae_-_Sabal_major.JPG/240px-Arecaceae_-_Sabal_major.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Michel Adanson (1763). Familles des plantes. 2 (in French). chez Vincent. pp. 495, 599.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Adanson","url_text":"Michel Adanson"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/famillesdesplant01mada","url_text":"Familles des plantes"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/famillesdesplant01mada/page/n1040","url_text":"495"}]},{"reference":"\"Sabal Adans\". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tropicos.org/NameDetails.aspx?nameid=40028117","url_text":"\"Sabal Adans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicos","url_text":"Tropicos"}]},{"reference":"\"Sabal Adans\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 15 October 2004. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090826160313/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10621","url_text":"\"Sabal Adans\""},{"url":"http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10621","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Griffith, M. Patrick; De Freitas, John; Barros, Michelle; Noblick, Larry R. (2017). \"Sabal antillensis (Arecaceae): a new palmetto species from the Leeward Antilles\". Phytotaxa. 303: 56–64. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.303.1.4.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.303.1.4","url_text":"\"Sabal antillensis (Arecaceae): a new palmetto species from the Leeward Antilles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.303.1.4","url_text":"10.11646/phytotaxa.303.1.4"}]},{"reference":"Ramp, Paul F.; Thien, Leonard B. (1995). \"A Taxonomic History and Reexamination of Sabal minor in the Mississippi Valley\". Principes. 39 (2): 77–83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zona, Scott (1990). \"A Monograph of Sabal (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae)\". Aliso. 12 (4): 583–666. doi:10.5642/aliso.19901204.02.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5642%2Faliso.19901204.02","url_text":"\"A Monograph of Sabal (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5642%2Faliso.19901204.02","url_text":"10.5642/aliso.19901204.02"}]},{"reference":"Heyduk, Karolina; Trapnell, Dorset W.; Barrett, Craig F.; Leebens-Mack, Jim (13 May 2015). \"Phylogenomic analyses of species relationships in the genus Sabal (Arecaceae) using targeted sequence capture\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (1): 106–120. doi:10.1111/bij.12551. ISSN 0024-4066.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12551","url_text":"\"Phylogenomic analyses of species relationships in the genus Sabal (Arecaceae) using targeted sequence capture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12551","url_text":"10.1111/bij.12551"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4066","url_text":"0024-4066"}]},{"reference":"Griffith, M. Patrick; Coolen, Quirijn; Barros, Michelle; Noblick, Larry R. (2019). \"Sabal lougheediana (Arecaceae), a critically endangered, endemic palm species from Bonaire\". Phytotaxa. 420: 095–102. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.420.2.1. S2CID 208559842.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336408064","url_text":"\"Sabal lougheediana (Arecaceae), a critically endangered, endemic palm species from Bonaire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.420.2.1","url_text":"10.11646/phytotaxa.420.2.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208559842","url_text":"208559842"}]},{"reference":"\"Subordinate taxa of Sabal Adans\". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40028117","url_text":"\"Subordinate taxa of Sabal Adans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicos","url_text":"Tropicos"}]},{"reference":"\"GRIN Species Records of Sabal\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075230/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10621","url_text":"\"GRIN Species Records of Sabal\""},{"url":"http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10621","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Manchester, Steven R. (1994). \"Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon\". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 1–205.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270051359","url_text":"\"Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon\""}]},{"reference":"Vojtko, Rastislav (21 October 2016). \"Miocénna flóra z lokalít Kalonda a Mučín\" [Miocene flora from the localities Kalonda and Mučín]. Acta Geologica Slovaca (in Slovak). 1 (1): 65–70. ISSN 1338-0044. Retrieved 8 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geopaleo.fns.uniba.sk/ageos/articles/abstract.php?path=kucerova&vol=1&iss=1","url_text":"\"Miocénna flóra z lokalít Kalonda a Mučín\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1338-0044","url_text":"1338-0044"}]},{"reference":"Velitzelos, Dimitrios; Bouchal, Johannes M.; Denk, Thomas (2014). \"Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece\". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 204: 56–117. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.02.006.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.02.006","url_text":"\"Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.revpalbo.2014.02.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.02.006"}]},{"reference":"i Monteys, Víctor Sarto; Aguilar, Lluís; Saiz‐Ardanaz, Marienza; Ventura, Daniel; Martí, Mercè (June 2005). \"Comparative morphology of the egg of the castniid palm borer, Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae)\". Systematics and Biodiversity. 3 (2): 179–201. doi:10.1017/S1477200005001635. ISSN 1477-2000. S2CID 85748924.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477200005001635","url_text":"10.1017/S1477200005001635"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-2000","url_text":"1477-2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85748924","url_text":"85748924"}]},{"reference":"Grube, Martin; Lucking, Robert; Umana-Tenorio, Loengrin (September 2004). \"A New Isidiate Species of Arthonia (Ascomycota: Arthoniaceae) from Costa Rica\". Mycologia. 96 (5): 1159–1162. doi:10.2307/3762099. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3762099. PMID 21148936.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3762099","url_text":"10.2307/3762099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-5514","url_text":"0027-5514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3762099","url_text":"3762099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21148936","url_text":"21148936"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_Multiple_Gun_Motor_Carriage
M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage
["1 Specifications","2 Development","3 Service history","4 Operators","5 Variants","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Citations","7.3 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Weapon M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage An American M16 in 1945Place of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1943–53Used bySee users listWarsWorld War II, Korean WarProduction historyDesignerWhite Motor CompanyDesigned1940–42ManufacturerWhite Motor CompanyProduced1942–44No. built3,550 (including ones that were converted from the M13 and T10)SpecificationsMass9.9 short tons (9 t)Length21 ft 4 in (6.5 m)Width7 ft 1 in (2.16 m)Height7 ft 8 in (2.34 m)Crew5Armor12 mm (0.5 in) on sides and frontMainarmament4 × 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine gunsEngineWhite 160AX, 386 in3 (6,330 cc) 6-cylinder, gasoline, compression ratio 6.3:1,128 hp (95 kW)Power/weight15.8 hp/tonneSuspensionvertical volute springs; leaf springs for wheelsFuel capacity60 US gal (230 L)Operationalrange175 mi (282 km)Maximum speed 41.7 mph (67.1 km/h) The M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage, also known as the M16 half-track, was an American self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon built during World War II. It was equipped with four .50 caliber (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns in an M45 Quadmount. 2700 were produced by White Motor Company from May 1943 to March 1944, with 568 M13 MGMCs and 109 T10 half-tracks being converted into M16s as well. The chassis was derived from the T1E2 chassis, an earlier version of the M13. Based on an M3 half-track chassis, it replaced the M13 MGMC half-track after early 1944. As aircraft became more advanced, the usefulness of the M16 was reduced. In the Korean War, it was relegated primarily to the ground-support role, being put out of service in the U.S. Army in 1954. Nicknamed the "Meat Chopper", the M16 was famous for its effectiveness against low-flying aircraft and infantry, making it extremely popular with soldiers. It was used by the United States Army, the British Commonwealth, and South Korea. A similar version of the M16, the M17, was based on the M5 half-track and exported via Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union. Specifications The specifications of the M16 were similar to those of the M3 half-track. It was 21 ft 4 in (6.5 m) long (with a wheelbase of 135.5 in (3.44 m)), 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) wide, and 7 ft 8 in (2.34 m) high and weighed 9.9 short tons (9 t). It had suspension consisting of vertical volute spring suspension for the tracks and leaf springs for the wheels. It was powered by a 128-horsepower (95 kW) White 160AX 386 cubic inch (6,300 cc) 6-cylinder gasoline engine. It had a compression ratio of 6.3:1 and a 60 US gallon (230 L) fuel tank. It could reach a top speed of 41.7 mph (67.1 km/h) and a range of 175 miles (282 km) and a power to weight ratio of 15.8 horsepower per tonne. It had a main armament of four 0.5 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in a M45 Quadmount and 12 millimeters of armor on the front and the sides. Development An M16 in March 1951, during the Korean War Further information: M13 half-track § Development The M16 was an improvement on the twin .50 caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun equipped M13 MGMC and M14 MGMC (built on an M3 and M5 half-track chassis respectively). It was based on an earlier model of the M13 (the T1E2), but the M33 Maxson mount was replaced with the M45 Quadmount and the M2 half-track chassis was replaced by the M3 chassis. This prototype was originally designated as the T61 MGMC, but after trials at Aberdeen it was accepted as the M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage. A few corrections were made on a pilot vehicle in early 1943 (including the addition of a gun shield) before production started. A total of 2,877 were produced by the White Motor Company during the period from May 1943 to March 1944, while 568 M13s and 109 T10 half-tracks were also converted into M16s. Further production of the M13 and M14 was ceased in favor of production of the M16 and M17 (an M16 built on a M5 half-track chassis). Service history A damaged M16 half-track at a German museum in 2004 M16A1 from the German Army 'Bundeswehr' at 'Stahl auf der Heide' 2019 - German Tank Museum Munster The M16 MGMC entered service in early 1944, with the M13 taken out of action soon after. The M16 was nicknamed "The Meat Chopper" for its deadly firepower, and was extremely popular with troops. In addition to its anti-aircraft role, the M16 was used in an infantry support role, frequently accompanied by the M15 half-track. The M17 MGMC primarily served with the Soviet Union as part of Operation Bagration and a few other battles. The M16 saw service with U.S. forces in the Italian Campaign, and Operation Overlord, the Battle of Arracourt, and the Ardennes Offensive in northern Europe. Small numbers were supplied to the United Kingdom and France under Lend-Lease. The vehicle was also used widely in the Korean War by the South Korean army, the United States Marine Corps, and the U.S. Army. As aircraft became more advanced over the M16's lifetime, its role as a mobile anti-aircraft weapon became limited, and the newer M19 MGMC was more heavily-armed with more powerful and longer-range guns. During the Korean War, it served mainly in the ground-support role, at which it was highly effective. In late 1951, it was declared as "limited standard" and largely taken out of service from the U.S. Army in Korea, although a few examples served until the end of the war. It was declared obsolete by the U.S. Army in 1958. Operators  USA: United States – United States Army, U.S. Marine Corps  UK: United Kingdom – Two received through the Lend-Lease program  Free France: Free French Forces – Seventy received through the Lend-Lease program  France - the French Army still had 300 in service in 1984  Nazi Germany: Wehrmacht – Captured from the U.S.  Germany: Bundeswehr 1956 - 1962  Belgium: Belgian Army – post-war use  Israel: Israel Defense Forces – few units during its early ages  Japan: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force – Lent by the U.S.  Philippines: Philippine Army  Poland: Polish People's Army M16 used during World war II. M17 variant delivered from USSR in 1945.  Portugal: Portuguese Army  South Korea: Republic of Korea Army – 50 vehicles received from the U.S. foreign military aid program.  Thailand: Royal Thai Army – Still using in some anti-air unit  Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Army – Several bought from war dumps and used in the anti-air units Variants M16 – A T1E2 with a M45D quad-mount and a M3 half-track chassis. M16A1– An M16 with a M3A1 half-track chassis equipped the M45F Quad-mount. M16A2 – M16s with the M45D quad-mount replaced with the M45F Quad-mount. M17 MGMC – M5 half-tracks with the M45F quad-mount supplied under Lend Lease to the USSR. A total of 1,000 were produced by International Harvester from December 1943 to March 1944. Up to half of the Soviet Union's air defense forces consisted of M17s. See also List of U.S. military vehicles by model number List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog designation References Notes ^ The T1E2 featured an M33 Maxson mount on a M2 half-track car chassis, with the only difference with other models being the M33 mount, instead of a Bendix mount. ^ Most aircraft used during the Korean War went at or close to the speed of sound, making them fast enough to out run a trail of AA fire. Citations ^ a b c Berndt (1994), pp. 35–37 ^ a b Ness (2002), p. 202. ^ a b Berndt (1993), p. 152. ^ a b Zaloga (1994), p. 39. ^ a b c d e Hunnicutt (2010), p. 123. ^ a b Hunnicutt (2002), pp. 140–142. ^ Ness (2002), p. 196. ^ Doyle (2011), pp. 394–395. ^ Zaloga (1994), p. 40. ^ a b c Quantities of Lend-Lease Shipments (1946) ^ a b Bowers & Greenwood (2011), p. 405. ^ "La 27e division alpine". Gazette des Armes (in French). No. 126. February 1984. pp. 33–37. ^ a b c Green (2014), pp. 291–292 ^ Magnuski, Janusz (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP 1943-1983 (in Polish) (I ed.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. p. 200-202. ISBN 83-11-06990-5. ^ Bak, Dongchan (March 2021). Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations (PDF) (in Korean). Republic of Korea: Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History. pp. 145–149. ISBN 979-11-5598-079-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. ^ Chamberlain & Ellis (1969) ^ Zaloga (2004, p. 39. ^ Green (2014), p. 292. Bibliography Berndt, Thomas (1993). Standard of U.S. Military Vehicles. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-223-0 Berndt, Thomas (1994). American Tanks of World War II. Minnesota, MN: MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87938-930-3 Bowers, William T.; Greenwood, John T. (2011). Passing the Test: Combat in Korea, April–June 1951. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press. ISBN 978-0-8131-4053-7 Chamberlain, Peter; Ellis, Chris (1969). British and American Tanks of World War II. New York, NY: Arco Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-668-01867-4 Doyle, David (2011). Standard Catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles. (2nd Edition). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. ISBN 1-4402-2572-9 Green, Michael (2014). American Tanks & AFVs of World War II. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-78200-931-0 Hunnicutt, R. P. (2010). Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles. Navato, CA: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-742-7 Ness, Leland (2002). World War II Tanks and Armored Fighting Vehicles. London, UK: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-711228-9 Zaloga, Steven J. (2004). M3 Infantry Half-Track 1940–1973. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-467-9 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M16. M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage vteAmerican armored fighting vehicles of World War IITanksLight M1 combat car M2 Light Tank M3 Stuart M22 Locust M24 Chaffee Marmon-Herrington CTLS Medium M2 Medium Tank M3 Lee M4 Sherman Heavy M26 Pershing Self-propelled artillery M4 Mortar Carrier M21 Mortar Motor Carriage T30 Howitzer Motor Carriage M7 Howitzer Motor Carriage (Priest) M8 Howitzer Motor Carriage (Scott) M12 Gun Motor Carriage M40 Gun Motor Carriage M3 Gun Motor Carriage M43 Howitzer Motor Carriage T34 Rocket Launcher Tank destroyers T48 Gun Motor Carriage M3 Gun Motor Carriage M6 Gun Motor Carriage M10 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage M18 Gun Motor Carriage (Hellcat) M36 Gun Motor Carriage Armored carriers M2 half-track car M3 half-track M5 half-track M9 half-track M39 Armored Utility Vehicle Amphibious vehicles Landing Vehicle Tracked Armored cars M3 Scout Car M8 Light Armored Car M20 Armored Utility Car Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns M13/M14 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M15 Combination Gun Motor Carriage M16/M17 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M19 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage Experimental and short production run vehiclesTanks M6 heavy tank Light Tank T7/Medium Tank M7 T14 Heavy Tank T20 Medium Tank T25 Medium Tank T28 Super Heavy Tank T29 heavy tank T30 heavy tank T32 heavy tank T34 heavy tank Self-propelled artillery T54/T59 Gun Motor Carriage T24/T40/M9 Tank Destroyer T19 Howitzer Motor Carriage 8-inch Howitzer Motor Carriage T84 T92/T93 Gun Motor Carriage T55E1 Motor Carriage T88 Gun Motor Carriage T18 Howitzer Motor Carriage Armoured cars M38 Wolfhound T17 Deerhound T18 Boarhound T27 Armored Car Lend-Lease T16 Universal Carrier T17E1 Staghound American armored fighting vehicle production during World War II
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"M45 Quadmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M45_Quadmount"},{"link_name":"White Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"M3 half-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_half-track"},{"link_name":"M13 MGMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13_half-track"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berndt35-1"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"M5 half-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5_half-track"},{"link_name":"Lend-Lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"text":"WeaponThe M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage, also known as the M16 half-track, was an American self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon built during World War II. It was equipped with four .50 caliber (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns in an M45 Quadmount. 2700 were produced by White Motor Company from May 1943 to March 1944, with 568 M13 MGMCs and 109 T10 half-tracks being converted into M16s as well.The chassis was derived from the T1E2 chassis, an earlier version of the M13. Based on an M3 half-track chassis, it replaced the M13 MGMC half-track after early 1944. As aircraft became more advanced, the usefulness of the M16 was reduced. In the Korean War, it was relegated primarily to the ground-support role, being put out of service in the U.S. Army in 1954.Nicknamed the \"Meat Chopper\",[1] the M16 was famous for its effectiveness against low-flying aircraft and infantry, making it extremely popular with soldiers. It was used by the United States Army, the British Commonwealth, and South Korea. A similar version of the M16, the M17, was based on the M5 half-track and exported via Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union.","title":"M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M3 half-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_half-track"},{"link_name":"wheelbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbase"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ness202-2"},{"link_name":"vertical volute spring suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_volute_spring_suspension"},{"link_name":"leaf springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_spring"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berndt-3"},{"link_name":"gasoline engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_engine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berndt-3"},{"link_name":"M45 Quadmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M45_Quadmount"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ness202-2"}],"text":"The specifications of the M16 were similar to those of the M3 half-track. It was 21 ft 4 in (6.5 m) long (with a wheelbase of 135.5 in (3.44 m)), 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) wide, and 7 ft 8 in (2.34 m) high and weighed 9.9 short tons (9 t).[2] It had suspension consisting of vertical volute spring suspension for the tracks and leaf springs for the wheels.[3]It was powered by a 128-horsepower (95 kW) White 160AX 386 cubic inch (6,300 cc) 6-cylinder gasoline engine. It had a compression ratio of 6.3:1 and a 60 US gallon (230 L) fuel tank. It could reach a top speed of 41.7 mph (67.1 km/h) and a range of 175 miles (282 km) and a power to weight ratio of 15.8 horsepower per tonne.[3] It had a main armament of four 0.5 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in a M45 Quadmount and 12 millimeters of armor on the front and the sides.[2]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M16-halftrack-korea.jpg"},{"link_name":"M13 half-track § Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13_half-track#Development"},{"link_name":"M2 Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning"},{"link_name":"M13 MGMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13_half-track"},{"link_name":"M14 MGMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M14_half-track"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaloga39-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunnicutt123-5"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"gun shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_shield"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H140-7"},{"link_name":"White Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunnicutt123-5"}],"text":"An M16 in March 1951, during the Korean WarFurther information: M13 half-track § DevelopmentThe M16 was an improvement on the twin .50 caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun equipped M13 MGMC and M14 MGMC (built on an M3 and M5 half-track chassis respectively).[4] It was based on an earlier model of the M13 (the T1E2),[a] but the M33 Maxson mount was replaced with the M45 Quadmount and the M2 half-track chassis was replaced by the M3 chassis.[5]This prototype was originally designated as the T61 MGMC, but after trials at Aberdeen it was accepted as the M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage. A few corrections were made on a pilot vehicle in early 1943 (including the addition of a gun shield) before production started.[6]A total of 2,877 were produced by the White Motor Company during the period from May 1943 to March 1944, while 568 M13s and 109 T10 half-tracks were also converted into M16s.[7][8] Further production of the M13 and M14 was ceased in favor of production of the M16 and M17 (an M16 built on a M5 half-track chassis).[5]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amerikanisches_Halbkettenfahrzeug.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M16A1.jpg"},{"link_name":"German Tank Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Tank_Museum"},{"link_name":"M15 half-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M15_half-track"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berndt35-1"},{"link_name":"Italian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Operation Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arracourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt"},{"link_name":"Ardennes Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes_Offensive"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaloga39-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lend-Lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ll-2421-11"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"South Korean army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunnicutt123-5"},{"link_name":"M19 MGMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M19_Multiple_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"limited standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_standard"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BG405-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H140-7"}],"text":"A damaged M16 half-track at a German museum in 2004M16A1 from the German Army 'Bundeswehr' at 'Stahl auf der Heide' 2019 - German Tank Museum MunsterThe M16 MGMC entered service in early 1944, with the M13 taken out of action soon after. The M16 was nicknamed \"The Meat Chopper\" for its deadly firepower, and was extremely popular with troops. In addition to its anti-aircraft role, the M16 was used in an infantry support role, frequently accompanied by the M15 half-track. The M17 MGMC primarily served with the Soviet Union as part of Operation Bagration and a few other battles.[1]The M16 saw service with U.S. forces in the Italian Campaign, and Operation Overlord, the Battle of Arracourt, and the Ardennes Offensive in northern Europe.[4][9] Small numbers were supplied to the United Kingdom and France under Lend-Lease.[10] The vehicle was also used widely in the Korean War by the South Korean army, the United States Marine Corps, and the U.S. Army.[5]As aircraft became more advanced over the M16's lifetime, its role as a mobile anti-aircraft weapon became limited, and the newer M19 MGMC was more heavily-armed with more powerful and longer-range guns. During the Korean War, it served mainly in the ground-support role, at which it was highly effective.[b] In late 1951, it was declared as \"limited standard\" and largely taken out of service from the U.S. Army in Korea, although a few examples served until the end of the war.[11] It was declared obsolete by the U.S. Army in 1958.[6]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunnicutt123-5"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lend-Lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ll-2421-11"},{"link_name":"Free France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France"},{"link_name":"Free French Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Forces"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ll-2421-11"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green291-15"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan Ground Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green291-15"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Philippine Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"USA: United States – United States Army, U.S. Marine Corps[5]\n UK: United Kingdom – Two received through the Lend-Lease program[10]\n Free France: Free French Forces – Seventy received through the Lend-Lease program[10]\n France - the French Army still had 300 in service in 1984[12]\n Nazi Germany: Wehrmacht – Captured from the U.S.[13]\n Germany: Bundeswehr 1956 - 1962[citation needed]\n Belgium: Belgian Army – post-war use[citation needed]\n Israel: Israel Defense Forces – few units during its early ages[citation needed]\n Japan: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force – Lent by the U.S.[13]\n Philippines: Philippine Army[citation needed]\n Poland: Polish People's Army M16 used during World war II. M17 variant delivered from USSR in 1945. [14]\n Portugal: Portuguese Army[citation needed]\n South Korea: Republic of Korea Army – 50 vehicles received from the U.S. foreign military aid program.[15]\n Thailand: Royal Thai Army – Still using in some anti-air unit[citation needed]\n Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Army – Several bought from war dumps and used in the anti-air units[citation needed]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green291-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berndt35-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lend Lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend_Lease"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"International Harvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvester"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"M16 – A T1E2 with a M45D quad-mount and a M3 half-track chassis.[13]\nM16A1– An M16 with a M3A1 half-track chassis equipped the M45F Quad-mount.[1]\nM16A2 – M16s with the M45D quad-mount replaced with the M45F Quad-mount.[16]\nM17 MGMC – M5 half-tracks with the M45F quad-mount supplied under Lend Lease to the USSR. A total of 1,000 were produced by International Harvester from December 1943 to March 1944.[17] Up to half of the Soviet Union's air defense forces consisted of M17s.[18]","title":"Variants"}]
[{"image_text":"An M16 in March 1951, during the Korean War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M16-halftrack-korea.jpg/170px-M16-halftrack-korea.jpg"},{"image_text":"A damaged M16 half-track at a German museum in 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Amerikanisches_Halbkettenfahrzeug.jpg/170px-Amerikanisches_Halbkettenfahrzeug.jpg"},{"image_text":"M16A1 from the German Army 'Bundeswehr' at 'Stahl auf der Heide' 2019 - German Tank Museum Munster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/M16A1.jpg/170px-M16A1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of U.S. military vehicles by model number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vehicles_by_model_number"},{"title":"List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vehicles_by_supply_catalog_designation"}]
[{"reference":"\"La 27e division alpine\". Gazette des Armes (in French). No. 126. February 1984. pp. 33–37.","urls":[{"url":"http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-126-fevrier-1984/page-34-35-texte-integral","url_text":"\"La 27e division alpine\""}]},{"reference":"Magnuski, Janusz (1985). Wozy bojowe LWP 1943-1983 (in Polish) (I ed.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. p. 200-202. ISBN 83-11-06990-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Magnuski","url_text":"Magnuski, Janusz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-06990-5","url_text":"83-11-06990-5"}]},{"reference":"Bak, Dongchan (March 2021). Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations (PDF) (in Korean). Republic of Korea: Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History. pp. 145–149. ISBN 979-11-5598-079-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170621/http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf","url_text":"Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-11-5598-079-8","url_text":"979-11-5598-079-8"},{"url":"http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/LL-Ship/LL-Ship-3A.html","external_links_name":"Quantities of Lend-Lease Shipments (1946)"},{"Link":"http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-126-fevrier-1984/page-34-35-texte-integral","external_links_name":"\"La 27e division alpine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170621/http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf","external_links_name":"Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations"},{"Link":"http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_M16_MGMC.html","external_links_name":"M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Happiness
Road to Happiness
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 External links"]
1942 film by Phil Rosen This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Road to Happiness" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Road to HappinessPoster for filmDirected byPhil RosenWritten byMatt Taylor (story "First Performance")Robert Hardy Andrews (adaptation and screenplay)Produced byScott R. DunlapStarringSee belowCinematographyHarry NeumannEdited byCarl PiersonDistributed byMonogram PicturesRelease date 9 January 1942 (1942-01-09) Running time84 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Road to Happiness is a 1942 American film directed by Phil Rosen and starring John Boles and Mona Barrie. A bittersweet story of a family's road to happiness. Plot Jeff Carter has just returned from Europe eager to see his family. Charley Grady, his agent, informs Jeff that his wife Millie has divorced him and has remarried to millionaire Sam Rankin. Jeff discovers that his narcissistic ex-wife has sent Danny to a military boarding school because she would rather socialize with her friends. Danny is glad his father is home from his two-year baritone opera studies and is happy to live with him again, although they share one room in a boarding house. Jeff and Danny have no money and Jeff cannot find a singing job. He finds a radio job with an acting part as an Indian on a cowboy show. Danny realizes he is in the way of his father's dream to sing and tries to push him away, but admits to his father that he can't lie to him. His father insists on continuing to act so that they can spend more time together. While Jeff is rehearsing for the acting show, next door there is a musical radio show but the singer is taken sick. Danny sees an opportunity for his father to break into singing career again, and recommends Jeff to cover the singer. Jeff is given the opportunity. Danny calls Jeff's agent to share the news, who goes to the music producer and makes him listen to Jeff on the radio. The music producer is eager to sign a contract with Jeff. Jeff gets his chance to sing opera again and signs a contract with a big music company. Danny and Jeff live happily together now that Jeff has a career again. Cast John Boles as Jeff Carter Mona Barrie as Millie Rankin Billy Lee as Danny Carter Roscoe Karns as Charley Grady Lillian Elliott as Mrs. Price Paul Porcasi as Pietro Pacelli Selmer Jackson as Sam Rankin Brandon Hurst as Swayne Sam Flint as Colonel Gregory Antonio Filauri as Almonti Harland Tucker as Foster Soundtrack John Boles – "Danny Boy" John Boles – "Vision Fugitive" (aria from Massenet's "Herodiade") John Boles – "America" External links Road to Happiness at IMDb Road to Happiness is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive This article about a romantic musical film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoresis
Phoresis
["1 Mutualism, parasitism, and predation","2 Examples of phoretic relationships","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Temporary commensalism for transport For other uses, see -phoresis. Pseudogarypus synchrotron Henderickx et al. 2012 specimen in Baltic amber.Male Bombus hypnorum with phoretic mites. Botevgrad, Bulgaria. Pseudoscorpion hitching a ride on a fly. A pseudoscorpion on the leg of a crane fly. Phoresis or phoresy is a temporary commensalistic relationship when an organism (a phoront or phoretic) attaches itself to a host organism solely for travel. It has been seen in ticks and mites since the 18th century, and in fossils 320 million years old. It is not restricted to arthropods or animals; plants with seeds that disperse by attaching themselves to animals are also considered to be phoretic. Phoresis is rooted in the Greek words phoras (bearing) and phor (thief). The term, originally defined in 1896 as a relationship in which the host acts as a vehicle for its passenger, clashed with other terminology being developed at the time, so constraints on the length of time, feeding, and ontogeny are now considered. Phoresis is used as a strategy for dispersal, seasonal migration, transport to new host/habitat, escaping ephemeral habitats, and reducing inbreeding depression. In addition to the benefits afforded to individuals and species, its presence can add to the ecological diversity and complexity of an ecosystem. Mutualism, parasitism, and predation The strict definition of phoresis excludes cases in which the relationship is permanent (e.g. that of a barnacle surviving on a whale), or those in which the phoront gains any kind of advantage from the host organism (e.g. remoras attaching to sharks for transportation and food). Phoresis is a commensal relationship, and deviations result in mutualistic or parasitic relationships. Phoretic relationships can become parasitic if a cost is inflicted upon the host, such as if the number of mites on a host begins impeding its movement. Parasitic relationships could also be selected from phoretic ones if the phoront gains a fitness advantage from the death of a host (e.g. nutrition). Mutualistic relationships could also develop if the phoront begins to confer a benefit to the host (e.g. predator defense). The evolutionary plasticity of phoretic relationships allow them to potentially add to the complexity and diversity of ecosystems. Cases in which the phoront parasitizes or preys upon the host organism after travel are still considered phoresis, as long as the travel behaviour and the feeding or parasitizing behaviour are separate. Similarly, some pseudoscorpions prey upon the same species that act as their phoretic host. The behaviours are completely separate however, since the pseudoscorpion utilizes anatomical features used specifically for predation when treating the host as prey, but employs anatomical features used for phoresis when travelling. Examples of phoretic relationships Examples may be found in the arthropods associated with sloths. Coprophagous sloth moths, such as Bradipodicola hahneli and Cryptoses choloepi, are unusual in that they exclusively inhabit the fur of sloths, mammals found in central and South America. The sloth provides transport for the moths, the females of which oviposit in the droppings of sloths, which the larvae feed on, and the newly hatched moths move into the forest canopy in search of a new sloth host. Larvae of the blister beetle (Meloe franciscanus) need to find the nests of their host, the solitary bee (Habropoda pallida), to continue their life cycle. The larvae gather in colonies, and emit chemicals that mimic the pheromones of the female solitary bee. Larvae attach to the attracted males when they visit the false source of pheromones, and then subsequently to any female that male mates with. The blister beetle larvae then infest and parasitize the female bee’s nest. Some species of Bromeliad treefrog (Scinax littoreus and Scinax perpusillus) carry ostracods (Elpidium sp.), which in turn carry ciliates (Lagenophrys sp.) from one bromeliad plant to another. The plants act as ecological islands to the ostracods, and phoresis allows them to disperse over a wider area than would be available to them otherwise. The term for a phoretic organism riding on another phoretic organism is hyperphoresis. Some mites in the clade Astigmatina have a stage of their life cycle (the deutonymph or hypopus) that is modified specifically for phoresis. This stage has reduced mouthparts, a well-sclerotised body that resists desiccation, and usually a posteroventral organ for attaching to the host animal (which may be an invertebrate or a vertebrate). Astigmatans often live in patchy and ephemeral habitats such as fungal fruiting bodies, dung, carrion, animal nests, tree sap flows and decaying wood. Phoresis allows these mites to quickly leave a depleted habitat and travel to a new one. A specific example is deutonymphs of Lardoglyphus dispersing on beetles in the genus Dermestes to reach new habitats (both phoront and host feed on animal materials). A specialist mite (Parasitellus fucorum) that parasitizes bumble bees (Bombus spp.) avoids inbreeding depression in a single hive, and remains genetically independent of any specific host lineage by travelling to a new hive. This is accomplished by travelling on a foraging bee to a flower and detaching, and waiting for and attaching to another bee which may be from another hive, and infesting the new hive. These mites can survive on flowers for up to 24 hours, and have shown a preference for opened flowers, where they would be most likely to find a host. Burying beetle with Poecilochirus mites Dung and carrion are ephemeral habitats that are frequently visited by beetles (dung beetles, burying beetles). Phoretic nematodes (Rhabditoides) and mites (e.g. genera Macrocheles, Poecilochirus, Uroobovella) use the beetles to reach these rich resources, where they themselves reproduce. The pseudoscorpion Cordylochernes scorpioides is frequently found riding harlequin beetles (Acrocinus longimanus). Initially, there were a number of alternate hypothesis for why the pseudoscorpions were found on the beetles: by accident, to forage for mites inhabiting the beetle, or as an obligate parasite. Evidence suggested, however, that the pseudoscorpions were using beetles to travel from tree to tree, where they preyed upon other beetle larvae. If their host dies, lice can opportunistically use phoresis to hitch a ride on a fly, and attempt to find a new host. The largest mammalian example of phoresis is human beings directly riding on horses or other animals, or using them to pull vehicles with humans in them. See also Animal locomotion § Animal transport References ^ Harms, D.; Dunlop, J. A. (2017). "The fossil history of pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones)". Fossil Record. 20 (2): 223. doi:10.5194/fr-20-215-2017. ^ a b c d White, P. Signe; Morran, Levi; de Roode, Jacobus (June 19, 2017). "Phoresy". Current Biology. 27 (12): R578–R580. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.073. PMC 5749251. PMID 28633022. ^ a b c d e Houck, M A; OConnor, B M (1991). "Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Phoresy in the Astigmata". Annual Review of Entomology. 36 (1): 611–636. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.003143. ISSN 0066-4170. ^ a b c Houck, Marilyn A. (2009), "Phoresy", Encyclopedia of Insects, Elsevier: 772–774, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00205-8, ISBN 9780123741448, retrieved 2018-10-14 ^ a b Zeh, David W.; Zeh, Jeanne A. (1992). "On the Function of Harlequin Beetle-Riding in the Pseudoscorpion, Cordylochernes scorpioides (Pseudoscorpionida: Chernetidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 20 (1): 47–51. JSTOR 3705790. ^ Binns, E. S. (1982). "Phoresy as migration--some functional aspects of phoresy in mites ". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 57 (4): 571–620. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1982.tb00374.x. S2CID 84639744. ^ Liu, Sai; Li, Jianling; Guo, Kun; Qiao, Haili; Xu, Rong; Chen, Jianmin; Xu, Changqing; Chen, Jun (2016-05-06). "Seasonal phoresy as an overwintering strategy of a phytophagous mite". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 25483. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625483L. doi:10.1038/srep25483. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4858688. PMID 27150196. ^ a b Saul-Gershenz, Leslie S.; Millar, Jocelyn G. (2006). "Phoretic Nest Parasites Use Sexual Deception to Obtain Transport to Their Host's Nest". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (38): 14039–14044. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10314039S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603901103. JSTOR 30051982. PMC 1599908. PMID 16966608. ^ a b Sabagh, Leandro T.; Dias, Roberto Júnio P.; Branco, Christina W. C.; Rocha, Carlos F. D. (2011-04-28). "News records of phoresy and hyperphoresy among treefrogs, ostracods, and ciliates in bromeliad of Atlantic forest". Biodiversity and Conservation. 20 (8): 1837–1841. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0050-z. ISSN 0960-3115. S2CID 12658034. ^ a b Schwarz, H.H.; Huck, K. (1997-11-01). "Phoretic mites use flowers to transfer between foraging bumblebees". Insectes Sociaux. 44 (4): 303–310. doi:10.1007/s000400050051. ISSN 0020-1812. S2CID 36137431. ^ Poinar Jr., George O.; Curcic, Bozidar P. M.; Cokendolpher, James C. (1998). "Arthropod Phoresy Involving Pseudoscorpions in the Past and Present". Acta Arachnologica. 47 (2): 79–96. doi:10.2476/asjaa.47.79. ISSN 0001-5202. ^ Sherman, Lee. ""An OSU scientist braves an uncharted rainforest in a search for rare and endangered species" in "Expedition to the Edge"". Terra, Spring 2008. Oregon State University. Retrieved 14 February 2011. ^ Rau, P (1941). "Observations on certain lepidopterous and hymenopterous parasites of Polistes wasps". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 34 (2): 355–366(12). doi:10.1093/aesa/34.2.355. ^ Sabagh, Leandro T.; Rocha, Carlos F. D. (2014-05-06). "Bromeliad treefrogs as phoretic hosts of ostracods". Naturwissenschaften. 101 (6): 493–497. Bibcode:2014NW....101..493S. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1178-y. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 24796544. S2CID 7825145. ^ Klimov, Pavel B.; Vorontsov, Dmitry D.; Azar, Dany; Sidorchuk, Ekaterina A.; Braig, Henk R.; Khaustov, Alexander A.; Tolstikov, Andrey V. (2021-07-23). "A transitional fossil mite (Astigmata: Levantoglyphidae fam. n.) from the early Cretaceous suggests gradual evolution of phoresy-related metamorphosis". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15113. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94367-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8302706. PMID 34301989. ^ Iverson, Kurt; Oconnor, Barry M.; Ochoa, Ronald; Heckmann, Richard (1996-07-01). "Lardoglyphus zacheri (Acari: Lardoglyphidae), a Pest of Museum Dermestid Colonies, with Observations on Its Natural Ecology and Distribution". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 89 (4): 544–549. doi:10.1093/aesa/89.4.544. ISSN 1938-2901. ^ Wang, Yin; Rozen, Daniel E. (2018-12-19). "Fitness costs of phoretic nematodes in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (1): 26–35. doi:10.1002/ece3.4570. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 6342123. PMID 30680093. ^ Nehring, Volker; Müller, Josef K.; Steinmetz, Nadine (2017). "Phoretic Poecilochirus mites specialize on their burying beetle hosts". Ecology and Evolution. 7 (24): 10743–10751. doi:10.1002/ece3.3591. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 5743630. PMID 29299254. ^ Niogret, Jérôme; Lumaret, Jean-Pierre; Bertrand, Michel (2010). Sabelis, Maurice W.; Bruin, Jan (eds.). "Generalist and specialist strategies in macrochelid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) phoretically associated with dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". Trends in Acarology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands: 343–347. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5_55. ISBN 978-90-481-9837-5. ^ University of Utah (2008). Ecology and Evolution of Transmission in Feather-feeding Lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera). pp. 83–87. ISBN 978-0-549-46429-7. External links Media related to Phoresis at Wikimedia Commons vteInter-species biological interactions in ecology Amensalism Commensalism Competition Deception in animals Inquilinism Mimicry Mutualism Neutralism Synnecrosis Parasitism Behavior-altering parasite Brood parasitism Host–parasite coevolution Hyperparasite Kleptoparasitism Parasitic castration Parasitoid Predation Carnivore Intraguild Symbiosis Cleaning symbiosis Mycorrhiza
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Botevgrad, Bulgaria.Pseudoscorpion hitching a ride on a fly.A pseudoscorpion on the leg of a crane fly.Phoresis or phoresy is a temporary commensalistic relationship when an organism (a phoront or phoretic) attaches itself to a host organism solely for travel.[2] It has been seen in ticks and mites since the 18th century,[3] and in fossils 320 million years old.[2] It is not restricted to arthropods or animals; plants with seeds that disperse by attaching themselves to animals are also considered to be phoretic.[4]Phoresis is rooted in the Greek words phoras (bearing) and phor (thief).[3] The term, originally defined in 1896 as a relationship in which the host acts as a vehicle for its passenger, clashed with other terminology being developed at the time, so constraints on the length of time, feeding, and ontogeny are now considered.[3] Phoresis is used as a strategy for dispersal,[5][6] seasonal migration,[7] transport to new host/habitat,[8] escaping ephemeral habitats,[9][3] and reducing inbreeding depression.[10] In addition to the benefits afforded to individuals and species, its presence can add to the ecological diversity and complexity of an ecosystem.[4]","title":"Phoresis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barnacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle"},{"link_name":"whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale"},{"link_name":"remoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remora"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"commensal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism"},{"link_name":"mutualistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"parasitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism"},{"link_name":"fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"parasitizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"pseudoscorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscorpion"},{"link_name":"predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-11"}],"text":"The strict definition of phoresis excludes cases in which the relationship is permanent (e.g. that of a barnacle surviving on a whale), or those in which the phoront gains any kind of advantage from the host organism (e.g. remoras attaching to sharks for transportation and food).[3] Phoresis is a commensal relationship, and deviations result in mutualistic or parasitic relationships. Phoretic relationships can become parasitic if a cost is inflicted upon the host, such as if the number of mites on a host begins impeding its movement. Parasitic relationships could also be selected from phoretic ones if the phoront gains a fitness advantage from the death of a host (e.g. nutrition). Mutualistic relationships could also develop if the phoront begins to confer a benefit to the host (e.g. predator defense).[2] The evolutionary plasticity of phoretic relationships allow them to potentially add to the complexity and diversity of ecosystems.[4]Cases in which the phoront parasitizes or preys upon the host organism after travel are still considered phoresis, as long as the travel behaviour and the feeding or parasitizing behaviour are separate.[2] Similarly, some pseudoscorpions prey upon the same species that act as their phoretic host. The behaviours are completely separate however, since the pseudoscorpion utilizes anatomical features used specifically for predation when treating the host as prey, but employs anatomical features used for phoresis when travelling.[11]","title":"Mutualism, parasitism, and predation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"sloths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth"},{"link_name":"Coprophagous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprophagy"},{"link_name":"Bradipodicola hahneli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradipodicola_hahneli"},{"link_name":"Cryptoses choloepi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoses_choloepi"},{"link_name":"central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"oviposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparity"},{"link_name":"Meloe franciscanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meloe_franciscanus"},{"link_name":"Habropoda pallida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habropoda_pallida"},{"link_name":"pheromones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-8"},{"link_name":"Scinax littoreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scinax_littoreus"},{"link_name":"Scinax perpusillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scinax_perpusillus"},{"link_name":"ostracods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracod"},{"link_name":"Elpidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elpidium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ciliates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate"},{"link_name":"Lagenophrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagenophryidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bromeliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromeliaceae"},{"link_name":"ecological islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_island"},{"link_name":"hyperphoresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperphoresis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite"},{"link_name":"Astigmatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatina"},{"link_name":"desiccation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lardoglyphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lardoglyphus"},{"link_name":"Dermestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermestes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Parasitellus fucorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitellus_fucorum"},{"link_name":"Bombus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee"},{"link_name":"inbreeding depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depression"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:92-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicrophorus_humator_-_sexton_beetle_-_Flickr_-_Nick_Goodrum_Photography.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burying beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burying_beetle"},{"link_name":"Poecilochirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poecilochirus"},{"link_name":"dung beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_beetle"},{"link_name":"burying beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burying_beetle"},{"link_name":"nematodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite"},{"link_name":"Macrocheles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocheles"},{"link_name":"Poecilochirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poecilochirus"},{"link_name":"Uroobovella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroobovella"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cordylochernes scorpioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordylochernes_scorpioides"},{"link_name":"harlequin beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_beetle"},{"link_name":"pseudoscorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscorpion"},{"link_name":"obligate parasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_parasite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-5"},{"link_name":"lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"}],"text":"Examples may be found in the arthropods associated with sloths. Coprophagous sloth moths, such as Bradipodicola hahneli and Cryptoses choloepi, are unusual in that they exclusively inhabit the fur of sloths, mammals found in central and South America.[12][13] The sloth provides transport for the moths, the females of which oviposit in the droppings of sloths, which the larvae feed on, and the newly hatched moths move into the forest canopy in search of a new sloth host.Larvae of the blister beetle (Meloe franciscanus) need to find the nests of their host, the solitary bee (Habropoda pallida), to continue their life cycle. The larvae gather in colonies, and emit chemicals that mimic the pheromones of the female solitary bee. Larvae attach to the attracted males when they visit the false source of pheromones, and then subsequently to any female that male mates with. The blister beetle larvae then infest and parasitize the female bee’s nest.[8]Some species of Bromeliad treefrog (Scinax littoreus and Scinax perpusillus) carry ostracods (Elpidium sp.), which in turn carry ciliates (Lagenophrys sp.) from one bromeliad plant to another. The plants act as ecological islands to the ostracods, and phoresis allows them to disperse over a wider area than would be available to them otherwise. The term for a phoretic organism riding on another phoretic organism is hyperphoresis.[9][14]Some mites in the clade Astigmatina have a stage of their life cycle (the deutonymph or hypopus) that is modified specifically for phoresis. This stage has reduced mouthparts, a well-sclerotised body that resists desiccation, and usually a posteroventral organ for attaching to the host animal (which may be an invertebrate or a vertebrate). Astigmatans often live in patchy and ephemeral habitats such as fungal fruiting bodies, dung, carrion, animal nests, tree sap flows and decaying wood. Phoresis allows these mites to quickly leave a depleted habitat and travel to a new one.[15] A specific example is deutonymphs of Lardoglyphus dispersing on beetles in the genus Dermestes to reach new habitats (both phoront and host feed on animal materials).[16]A specialist mite (Parasitellus fucorum) that parasitizes bumble bees (Bombus spp.) avoids inbreeding depression in a single hive, and remains genetically independent of any specific host lineage by travelling to a new hive. This is accomplished by travelling on a foraging bee to a flower and detaching, and waiting for and attaching to another bee which may be from another hive, and infesting the new hive. These mites can survive on flowers for up to 24 hours, and have shown a preference for opened flowers, where they would be most likely to find a host.[10]Burying beetle with Poecilochirus mitesDung and carrion are ephemeral habitats that are frequently visited by beetles (dung beetles, burying beetles). Phoretic nematodes (Rhabditoides) and mites (e.g. genera Macrocheles, Poecilochirus, Uroobovella) use the beetles to reach these rich resources, where they themselves reproduce.[17][18][19]The pseudoscorpion Cordylochernes scorpioides is frequently found riding harlequin beetles (Acrocinus longimanus). Initially, there were a number of alternate hypothesis for why the pseudoscorpions were found on the beetles: by accident, to forage for mites inhabiting the beetle, or as an obligate parasite. Evidence suggested, however, that the pseudoscorpions were using beetles to travel from tree to tree, where they preyed upon other beetle larvae.[5]If their host dies, lice can opportunistically use phoresis to hitch a ride on a fly, and attempt to find a new host.[20]The largest mammalian example of phoresis is human beings directly riding on horses or other animals, or using them to pull vehicles with humans in them.","title":"Examples of phoretic relationships"}]
[{"image_text":"Pseudogarypus synchrotron Henderickx et al. 2012 specimen in Baltic amber.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pseudogarypus_synchrotron_Henderickx_et_al_2012.jpg/220px-Pseudogarypus_synchrotron_Henderickx_et_al_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"Male Bombus hypnorum with phoretic mites. Botevgrad, Bulgaria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Male_Bombus_hypnorum_male_with_phoretic_mites%2C_Botevgrad%2C_Bulgaria_02.jpg/220px-Male_Bombus_hypnorum_male_with_phoretic_mites%2C_Botevgrad%2C_Bulgaria_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pseudoscorpion hitching a ride on a fly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Leptopeza.flavipes.with.Lamprochernes.2.jpg/220px-Leptopeza.flavipes.with.Lamprochernes.2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pseudoscorpion on the leg of a crane fly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Phoresy_edited.png/220px-Phoresy_edited.png"},{"image_text":"Burying beetle with Poecilochirus mites","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nicrophorus_humator_-_sexton_beetle_-_Flickr_-_Nick_Goodrum_Photography.jpg/220px-Nicrophorus_humator_-_sexton_beetle_-_Flickr_-_Nick_Goodrum_Photography.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Animal locomotion § Animal transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotion#Animal_transport"}]
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Retrieved 14 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/10046/terra2008Spring.pdf;jsessionid=B178230AA02D37492C9794327FB8DB71?sequence=1","url_text":"\"\"An OSU scientist braves an uncharted rainforest in a search for rare and endangered species\" in \"Expedition to the Edge\"\""}]},{"reference":"Rau, P (1941). \"Observations on certain lepidopterous and hymenopterous parasites of Polistes wasps\". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 34 (2): 355–366(12). doi:10.1093/aesa/34.2.355.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faesa%2F34.2.355","url_text":"10.1093/aesa/34.2.355"}]},{"reference":"Sabagh, Leandro T.; Rocha, Carlos F. D. (2014-05-06). \"Bromeliad treefrogs as phoretic hosts of ostracods\". Naturwissenschaften. 101 (6): 493–497. Bibcode:2014NW....101..493S. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1178-y. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 24796544. S2CID 7825145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NW....101..493S","url_text":"2014NW....101..493S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-014-1178-y","url_text":"10.1007/s00114-014-1178-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-1042","url_text":"0028-1042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24796544","url_text":"24796544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7825145","url_text":"7825145"}]},{"reference":"Klimov, Pavel B.; Vorontsov, Dmitry D.; Azar, Dany; Sidorchuk, Ekaterina A.; Braig, Henk R.; Khaustov, Alexander A.; Tolstikov, Andrey V. (2021-07-23). \"A transitional fossil mite (Astigmata: Levantoglyphidae fam. n.) from the early Cretaceous suggests gradual evolution of phoresy-related metamorphosis\". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15113. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94367-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8302706. PMID 34301989.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8302706","url_text":"\"A transitional fossil mite (Astigmata: Levantoglyphidae fam. n.) from the early Cretaceous suggests gradual evolution of phoresy-related metamorphosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-94367-2","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-021-94367-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","url_text":"2045-2322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8302706","url_text":"8302706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34301989","url_text":"34301989"}]},{"reference":"Iverson, Kurt; Oconnor, Barry M.; Ochoa, Ronald; Heckmann, Richard (1996-07-01). \"Lardoglyphus zacheri (Acari: Lardoglyphidae), a Pest of Museum Dermestid Colonies, with Observations on Its Natural Ecology and Distribution\". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 89 (4): 544–549. doi:10.1093/aesa/89.4.544. ISSN 1938-2901.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aesa/89.4.544","url_text":"\"Lardoglyphus zacheri (Acari: Lardoglyphidae), a Pest of Museum Dermestid Colonies, with Observations on Its Natural Ecology and Distribution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faesa%2F89.4.544","url_text":"10.1093/aesa/89.4.544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1938-2901","url_text":"1938-2901"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Yin; Rozen, Daniel E. (2018-12-19). \"Fitness costs of phoretic nematodes in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides\". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (1): 26–35. doi:10.1002/ece3.4570. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 6342123. PMID 30680093.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6342123","url_text":"\"Fitness costs of phoretic nematodes in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_and_Evolution","url_text":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.4570","url_text":"10.1002/ece3.4570"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-7758","url_text":"2045-7758"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6342123","url_text":"6342123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30680093","url_text":"30680093"}]},{"reference":"Nehring, Volker; Müller, Josef K.; Steinmetz, Nadine (2017). \"Phoretic Poecilochirus mites specialize on their burying beetle hosts\". Ecology and Evolution. 7 (24): 10743–10751. doi:10.1002/ece3.3591. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 5743630. PMID 29299254.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743630","url_text":"\"Phoretic Poecilochirus mites specialize on their burying beetle hosts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_and_Evolution","url_text":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.3591","url_text":"10.1002/ece3.3591"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-7758","url_text":"2045-7758"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743630","url_text":"5743630"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299254","url_text":"29299254"}]},{"reference":"Niogret, Jérôme; Lumaret, Jean-Pierre; Bertrand, Michel (2010). Sabelis, Maurice W.; Bruin, Jan (eds.). \"Generalist and specialist strategies in macrochelid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) phoretically associated with dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)\". Trends in Acarology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands: 343–347. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5_55. ISBN 978-90-481-9837-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5_55","url_text":"\"Generalist and specialist strategies in macrochelid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) phoretically associated with dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trends_in_Acarology&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Trends in Acarology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-9837-5_55","url_text":"10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5_55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9837-5","url_text":"978-90-481-9837-5"}]},{"reference":"University of Utah (2008). Ecology and Evolution of Transmission in Feather-feeding Lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera). pp. 83–87. ISBN 978-0-549-46429-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah","url_text":"University of Utah"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RUfFjqPoQTEC&pg=PA83","url_text":"Ecology and Evolution of Transmission in Feather-feeding Lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-46429-7","url_text":"978-0-549-46429-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryina_Roshcha_(Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya_line)
Maryina Roshcha (Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line)
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 55°47′43″N 37°36′58″E / 55.7954°N 37.6162°E / 55.7954; 37.6162Moscow Metro station Maryina RoshchaМарьина рощаMoscow Metro stationGeneral informationLocationMaryina Roshcha DistrictNorth-Eastern Administrative OkrugMoscowRussiaCoordinates55°47′43″N 37°36′58″E / 55.7954°N 37.6162°E / 55.7954; 37.6162Owned byMoskovsky MetropolitenLine(s) Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya linePlatforms1 island platformTracks2ConnectionsRailway: at Maryina Roshcha railway station Bus: 12, 19, 24, 84Trolleybus: 13, 15, 18, 42, 69ConstructionStructure typeDeep pylon triple-vault stationDepth60 metres (200 ft)Platform levels1ParkingNoOther informationStation code182HistoryOpened19 June 2010; 13 years ago (2010-06-19)Services Preceding station Moscow Metro Following station Butyrskayatowards Fiztekh Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line Dostoevskayatowards Zyablikovo Savyolovskayaanticlockwise / outer Bolshaya Koltsevaya linetransfer at Maryina Roshcha Rizhskayaclockwise / inner Route map Legend Fiztekh Lianozovo Yakhromskaya Seligerskaya Verkhniye Likhobory Likhobory yard Okruzhnaya Petrovsko-Razumovskaya () Fonvizinskaya Butyrskaya Maryina Roshcha Dostoevskaya () Trubnaya Sretensky Bulvar Chkalovskaya () Yauza River Rimskaya Krestyanskaya Zastava Dubrovka Kozhukhovskaya () Yuzhny Port Pechatniki yard Pechatniki Volzhskaya Lyublino Bratislavskaya Maryino Moskva River Borisovo Shipilovskaya Zyablikovo to Alma-Atinskaya and Brateyevo yard This diagram: viewtalkedit LocationMaryina RoshchaLocation within Moscow Metro Maryina Roshcha (Russian: Марьина роща) is a Moscow Metro station of Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line. It opened on 19 June 2010 and, until 2016, was the northern terminus of the line. The station is in the Maryina Roshcha District of Moscow, north of downtown. The extension northwest to Petrovsko-Razumovskaya via Butyrskaya and Fonvizinskaya was originally planned to be opened in December 2015. The projected opening date was later shifted to 2016. The extension was finally opened on 16 September 2016. By 2023, a transfer to the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line is planned to be completed, at eponymous station. References ^ "Станции метро "Окружная", "Верхние Лихоборы" и "Селигерская" откроют до конца 2016 года" (in Russian). Interfax. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015. ^ "Открытие станции "Бутырская" перенесли на 2016 год" (in Russian). Marfino.ru. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015. vteMoscow Metro Expansion timeline Stations list Bridges Luzhniki Preobrazhensky Smolensky Metro-2 Moscow Central Diameters  Sokolnicheskaya line Potapovo Kommunarka Olkhovaya Prokshino Filatov Lug Salaryevo Rumyantsevo Troparyovo Yugo-Zapadnaya Prospekt Vernadskogo Universitet Vorobyovy Gory Sportivnaya Frunzenskaya Park Kultury Kropotkinskaya Biblioteka Imeni Lenina Okhotny Ryad Lubyanka Chistye Prudy Krasnye Vorota Komsomolskaya Krasnoselskaya Sokolniki Preobrazhenskaya Ploshchad Cherkizovskaya Bulvar Rokossovskogo  Zamoskvoretskaya line Khovrino Belomorskaya Rechnoy Vokzal Vodny Stadion Voykovskaya Sokol Aeroport Dinamo Belorusskaya Mayakovskaya Tverskaya Teatralnaya Novokuznetskaya Paveletskaya Avtozavodskaya Tekhnopark Kolomenskaya Kashirskaya Kantemirovskaya Tsaritsyno Orekhovo Domodedovskaya Krasnogvardeyskaya Alma-Atinskaya  Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line Pyatnitskoye Shosse Mitino Volokolamskaya Myakinino Strogino Krylatskoye Molodyozhnaya Kuntsevskaya Slavyansky Bulvar Park Pobedy Kiyevskaya Smolenskaya Arbatskaya Ploshchad Revolyutsii Kurskaya Baumanskaya Elektrozavodskaya Semyonovskaya Partizanskaya Pervomayskaya (closed) Izmaylovskaya Pervomayskaya Shchyolkovskaya  Filyovskaya lineMain Aleksandrovsky Sad Arbatskaya Smolenskaya Kiyevskaya Studencheskaya Kutuzovskaya Fili Bagrationovskaya Filyovsky Park Pionerskaya Kuntsevskaya Branch Vystavochnaya Mezhdunarodnaya  Koltsevaya line (← Loop towards Krasnopresnenskaya) Belorusskaya Novoslobodskaya Suvorovskaya Prospekt Mira Komsomolskaya Kurskaya Taganskaya Paveletskaya Dobryninskaya Oktyabrskaya Park Kultury Kiyevskaya Krasnopresnenskaya (Loop towards Belorusskaya →)  Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line Novoyasenevskaya Yasenevo Tyoply Stan Konkovo Belyayevo Kaluzhskaya Kaluzhskaya (closed) Novye Cheryomushki Profsoyuznaya Akademicheskaya Leninsky Prospekt Shabolovskaya Oktyabrskaya Tretyakovskaya Kitay-gorod Turgenevskaya Sukharevskaya Prospekt Mira Rizhskaya Alekseyevskaya VDNKh Botanichesky Sad Sviblovo Babushkinskaya Medvedkovo  Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line Planernaya Skhodnenskaya Tushinskaya Spartak Shchukinskaya Oktyabrskoye Pole Polezhayevskaya Begovaya Ulitsa 1905 Goda Barrikadnaya Pushkinskaya Kuznetsky Most Kitay-gorod Taganskaya Proletarskaya Volgogradsky Prospekt Tekstilshchiki Kuzminki Ryazansky Prospekt Vykhino Lermontovsky Prospekt Zhulebino Kotelniki Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line Kalininskaya line Novokosino Novogireyevo Perovo Shosse Entuziastov Aviamotornaya Ploshchad Ilyicha Marksistskaya Tretyakovskaya Volkhonka Plyushchikha Dorogomilovskaya  Solntsevskaya line Delovoy Tsentr Park Pobedy Minskaya Lomonosovsky Prospekt Ramenki Michurinsky Prospekt Ozyornaya Govorovo Solntsevo Borovskoye Shosse Novoperedelkino Rasskazovka Pykhtino Aeroport Vnukovo  Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line Altufyevo Bibirevo Otradnoye Vladykino Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Timiryazevskaya Dmitrovskaya Savyolovskaya Mendeleyevskaya Tsvetnoy Bulvar Chekhovskaya Borovitskaya Polyanka Serpukhovskaya Tulskaya Nagatinskaya Nagornaya Nakhimovsky Prospekt Sevastopolskaya Chertanovskaya Yuzhnaya Prazhskaya Ulitsa Akademika Yangelya Annino Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo  Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line Fiztekh Lianozovo Yakhromskaya Seligerskaya Verkhniye Likhobory Okruzhnaya Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Fonvizinskaya Butyrskaya Maryina Roshcha Dostoyevskaya Trubnaya Sretensky Bulvar Chkalovskaya Rimskaya Krestyanskaya Zastava Dubrovka Kozhukhovskaya Yuzhny Port Pechatniki Volzhskaya Lyublino Bratislavskaya Maryino Borisovo Shipilovskaya Zyablikovo  Bolshaya Koltsevaya lineMain (← Loop towards Maryina Roshcha) Savyolovskaya Petrovsky Park CSKA Khoroshyovskaya Narodnoye Opolcheniye Mnyovniki Terekhovo Kuntsevskaya Davydkovo Aminyevskaya Michurinsky Prospekt Prospekt Vernadskogo Novatorskaya Vorontsovskaya Zyuzino Kakhovskaya Varshavskaya Kashirskaya Klenovy Bulvar Nagatinsky Zaton Pechatniki Tekstilshchiki Nizhegorodskaya Aviamotornaya Lefortovo Elektrozavodskaya Sokolniki Rizhskaya Maryina Roshcha (Loop towards Savyolovskaya →) Branch Shelepikha Delovoy Tsentr  Butovskaya line Bittsevsky Park Lesoparkovaya Ulitsa Starokachalovskaya Ulitsa Skobelevskaya Bulvar Admirala Ushakova Ulitsa Gorchakova Buninskaya Alleya  Moscow Monorail Timiryazevskaya Ulitsa Milashenkova Teletsentr Ulitsa Akademika Korolyova Vystavochny Tsentr Ulitsa Sergeya Eyzenshteyna  Moscow Central Circle (← Loop towards Likhobory) Okruzhnaya Vladykino Botanichesky Sad Rostokino Belokamennaya Bulvar Rokossovskogo Lokomotiv Izmaylovo Sokolinaya Gora Shosse Entuziastov Andronovka Nizhegorodskaya Novokhokhlovskaya Ugreshskaya Dubrovka Avtozavodskaya ZIL Verkhniye Kotly Krymskaya Ploshchad Gagarina Luzhniki Kutuzovskaya Delovoy Tsentr Shelepikha Khoroshyovo Zorge Panfilovskaya Streshnevo Baltiyskaya Koptevo Likhobory (Loop towards Okruzhnaya →)  Nekrasovskaya line Nizhegorodskaya Stakhanovskaya Okskaya Yugo-Vostochnaya Kosino Ulitsa Dmitriyevskogo Lukhmanovskaya Nekrasovka  Troitskaya line Troitsk Vatutinki Desyonovskoye Desna Rakitki Sosenki Kommunarka Bachurinskaya Kornilovskaya Tyutchevskaya Ulitsa Generala Tyuleneva Universitet Druzhby Narodov Ulitsa Novatorov Ulitsa Stroiteley Akademicheskaya Sevastopolsky Prospekt  Rublyovo-Arkhangelskaya line Ilyinskaya Rublyovo-Arkhangelskoye Troitse-Lykovo Strogino Zhivopisnaya Bulvar Generala Karbysheva Prospekt Marshala Zhukova Presnya Shelepikha Delovoy Tsentr  Biryulyovskaya line ZIL Ostrov Mechty Klenovy Bulvar Batyunino Moskvorechye Kavkazsky Bulvar 6th Radialnaya Ulitsa Lipetskaya Zagorye Biryulyovo Disasters / attacks 1977 Moscow bombings February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing August 2004 Moscow Metro bombing 2010 Moscow Metro bombings 2014 Moscow Metro derailment This article about a Russian railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Moscow Metro-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Moscow Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Metro"},{"link_name":"Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya_line"},{"link_name":"Maryina Roshcha District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryina_Roshcha_District"},{"link_name":"Petrovsko-Razumovskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrovsko-Razumovskaya"},{"link_name":"Butyrskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrskaya_(Moscow_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Fonvizinskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonvizinskaya_(Moscow_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bolshaya Koltsevaya line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line"},{"link_name":"eponymous station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryina_Roshcha_(Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line)"}],"text":"Moscow Metro stationMaryina Roshcha (Russian: Марьина роща) is a Moscow Metro station of Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line. It opened on 19 June 2010 and, until 2016, was the northern terminus of the line. The station is in the Maryina Roshcha District of Moscow, north of downtown.The extension northwest to Petrovsko-Razumovskaya via Butyrskaya and Fonvizinskaya was originally planned to be opened in December 2015.[1] The projected opening date was later shifted to 2016.[2] The extension was finally opened on 16 September 2016.By 2023, a transfer to the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line is planned to be completed, at eponymous station.","title":"Maryina Roshcha (Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Станции метро \"Окружная\", \"Верхние Лихоборы\" и \"Селигерская\" откроют до конца 2016 года\" (in Russian). Interfax. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interfax.ru/moscow/420845","url_text":"\"Станции метро \"Окружная\", \"Верхние Лихоборы\" и \"Селигерская\" откроют до конца 2016 года\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax","url_text":"Interfax"}]},{"reference":"\"Открытие станции \"Бутырская\" перенесли на 2016 год\" (in Russian). Marfino.ru. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://gazeta-marfino.ru/?p=4586","url_text":"\"Открытие станции \"Бутырская\" перенесли на 2016 год\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIFF
Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran
["1 History","2 Controversies","2.1 Sub-confederation change","3 Competitions","3.1 Men's","3.2 Women's","4 Membership","5 Presidents","6 Board members","7 National teams","8 References","9 External links"]
Governing body of association football in Iran Football Federation Islamic Republic of IranAFCShort nameFFIRIFounded1920; 104 years ago (1920)HeadquartersTehran, IranFIFA affiliation1948AFC affiliation1958CAFA affiliation2015PresidentMehdi TajWebsitewww.ffiri.ir The Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran (FFIRI; Persian: فدراسیون فوتبال جمهوری اسلامی ایران, Federâsion-è Futbâl-è Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân) is the governing body for football in Iran. It was founded in 1920. The federation has been a member of FIFA since 1948 and a member of the Asian Football Confederation since 1958. History In 2001, Iran were founding members of the West Asian Football Federation, along with Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. Controversies On 23 November 2006, the federation was suspended by FIFA, due to government interference in football matters. FIFA rules decree that a national football federation should remain autonomous from the national government. However, on 17 December 2006, the ban was lifted and a new Transitory Board was composed. During the 2009 Iranian election protests, seven members of the Iran national football team were initially reported to have been banned for life by the federation for wearing green armbands in support of the Iranian Green Movement. Iran women's national football team was briefly suspended by FIFA from international competition in 2011 for being required by the federation to wear headscarves. Sub-confederation change In 2014, Iran joined the Central Asian Football Association. In 2015, the federation banned players from the men's national team due to conscription problems. In August 2017, the federation banned Masoud Shojaei and Ehsan Hajsafi from the national team after they played against the Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv in the UEFA Europa League. On 9 November 2018 Fatma Samoura, Secretary General of International Federation of Football Association FIFA said she would ask Iranian government to end ban on women's entry to sport stadiums. On 7 August 2019, Mohammad Jafar Montazeri, prosecutor general of Iran, supporting the ban, said that it should not concern FIFA, if women in Iran can enter sports stadiums or not. However, after continuous pressure from FIFA, IRNA deputy Sports Minister Jamshid Taghizadeh said, women would be allowed to enter Azadi Stadium to watch the men's World Cup 2022 qualifier match between Iran and Cambodia in October. Competitions Men's Persian Gulf Pro League Azadegan League League 2 (Iran) League 3 (Iran) Hazfi Cup Iranian Super Cup Women's Kowsar Women Football League Hazfi Cup (women) Iranian Supercup (women) Membership Organization Affiliation Notes FIFA since 1948; 76 years ago (1948) — AFC since 1958; 66 years ago (1958) — WAFF 2001–2014; 13 years Founding member CAFA since 2015; 9 years ago (2015) Presidents Old Logo of the Iran Football Federation (until 1979) Jersey badge of Team Melli at the 1978 FIFA World Cup Presidency President Took office Left office Note 1 Dr.Ali Kani 1947 1950 Runners-up of 1951 Asian Games 2 Hedayatollah Gilanshah 1950 1952 Commander of Imperial Iranian Air Force (1952) 3 Mohsen Haddad 1952 4 Hossein Siasi 1952 1953 (3) Mohsen Haddad 1953 1954 second term (4) Hossein Siasi 1954 second term (1) Dr.Ali Kani 1954 1955 second term 5 Mostafa Salimi 1955 1956 6 Hossein Mobasher 1956 1958 7 Mostafa Makri 1958 1960 8 Zabih Khabiri 1960 1961 9 Hossein Soroudi 1961 1962 (6) Hossein Mobasher 1962 1967 second termqualified to 1964 OlympicsRunners-up of 1966 Asian Games (9) Hossein Soroudi 1967 1968 second term (7) Mostafa Makri 1968 1972 second termwinner of 1968 Asian Cup and 1972 Asian Cupqualified to 1972 Olympics 10 Kambiz Atabay 1972 1979 Presidents of AFC(1 August 1976 - 9 December 1978)qualified to 1978 World Cupqualified to 1976 Olympicswinner of 1976 Asian CupFounder of Takht Jamshid Cupwinner of 1974 Asian Games 11 Naser Noamooz 1979 1980 first president after Revolution qualified to 1980 Olympics but boycotted the eventThird place of 1980 Asian Cup 12 Hadi Tavoosi 1980 1981 13 Hossein Abshenasan 1981 14 Hossein Raghfar 1981 1982 youngest president of FFIRI ever with 28 years old (13) Hossein Abshenasan 1982 1983 second term 15 Behrooz Sahabeh 1984 16 Nasrollah Sajjadi 1985 17 Ali Mohammad Mortazavi 1986 1987 18 Mohammad Reza Pahlavan 1987 1989 Third place of 1988 Asian Cup (11) Naser Noamooz 1989 1993 second termwinner of 1990 Asian GamesFounder of Azadegan League 19 Mohammad Safizadeh 1993 1994 20 Amir Abedini 1994 chairman of Persepolis(1993—2001) 21 Dariush Mostafavi 1994 1997 Third place of 1996 Asian Cup 22 Mohsen Safaei Farahani 1997 2002 qualified to 1998 World Cupwinner of 1998 Asian Games and 2002 Asian GamesFounder of Iran Pro Leaguewinner of 1998 FIFA Fair Play Award member of Iranian Parliament (2000-2004) 23 Mohammad Dadkan 2002 2006 Third place of 2004 Asian Cupqualified to 2006 World CupThird place of 2006 Asian Games (22) Mohsen Safaei Farahani 2006 2008 second terminterim, appointed by FIFA 24 Ali Kafashian 2008 2016 qualified to 2014 World Cup2008 and 2012 Best Asian Football Federation of the Year 25 Mehdi Taj 2016 2019 qualified to 2018 World Cup — Heydar Baharvand (acting) 2019 2021 26 Shahaboddin Azizi Khadem 2021 2022 qualified to 2022 World Cup Dismissal due to incompetence — Mirshad Majedi (acting) 2022 (25) Mehdi Taj 2022 Present second term # President Stability 1 Ali Kafashian 8 years and 4 months 2 Kambiz Atabay 7 years and 6 months 3 Mohsen Safaei Farahani 4 years and 9 months 4 Mostafa Makri 4 years and 6 months 5 Hossein Mobasher 4 years 6 Naser Noamooz 3 years and 10 months 7 Mohammad Dadkan 3 years and 9 months 8 Dr.Ali Kani 3 years and 7 months Mehdi Taj 3 years and 7 months Board members reference Position Name President Mehdi Taj General Secretary Hedayat Mombeyni (acting) First Vice President Mahdi Mohammadnabi Second Vice President Mansour Ghanbarzadeh Third Vice President and Women Section Maryam Monazami (acting) Representative of Provincial Football Boards Ehsan Osoli Representative of Provincial Football Boards Tahmoures Heydari Representative of Club chairpersons Bahram Rezaeian Representative of Club chairpersons Mohammad Reza Saket Board Member Mirshad Majedi Board Member Ahmad-Reza Barati Board Member Khodadad Afsharian National teams Iran national football team Head coach: Amir Ghalenoei Iran national under-23 football team Head coach: Reza Enayati Iran national under-20 football team Head coach: Samad Marfavi Iran national under-17 football team Head coach: Hossein Abdi Iran national under-15 football team Head coach: Ali Doustimehr Iran national futsal team Head coach: Vahid Shamsaei Iran national under-20 futsal team Head coach: Ali Sanei Iran national beach soccer team Head coach: Ali Naderi Iran women's national football team Head coach: Maryam Azmoon Iran women's national under-23 football team Head coach: TBD Iran women's national under-20 football team Head coach: TBD Iran women's national under-17 football team Head coach: Shadi Mahini Iran women's national futsal team Head coach: TBD References ^ History of Iran’s Football Archived 2016-07-31 at the Wayback Machine, ffiri.ir ^ "Asian soccer championship next year". The Straits Times. 27 May 1954."ASIAN SOCCER FINALS IN SINGAPORE May be used as Olympic series". The Singapore Free Press. 5 October 1954."Singapore to Meet Indonesia in Asian Soccer Tourney". The Straits Times. 14 June 1955. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2015. ^ "Mehdi Taj elected as head of Iran football federation". Tehran Times. 2022-08-30. Retrieved 2022-09-09. ^ "Member Association – Iran". Archived from the original on June 3, 2007. ^ "FIFA suspends Iran Football Federation". fifa.com. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ Clayton, Andy (24 June 2009). "Iran soccer players banned from national team after wearing green pro-opposition wristbands". NY Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2010. ^ "Iran women's soccer team thwarted by hijab ban". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-09-19. ^ "Iran's women soccer team banned from Olympics, because of headscarves". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-09-19. ^ "Mehrdad Pooladi saved by FIFA !". TeamMelli. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2015-09-04. ^ "Team Melli unable to use players under Military Service. – TeamMelli". www.teammelli.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (10 August 2017). "Iran Bans Two Soccer Stars for Playing Against Israelis". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ FIFA To Engage With Iran To Lift Ban On Women In Stadiums ^ "Iran judge: Ban on women in football stadiums does not concern FIFA". DPAInternational. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "Iran Agrees to Let Women Watch Soccer World Cup Qualifier". Truly. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019. ^ "Historical Football Kits - World Cup 1978". historicalkits.co.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2013. ^ "شناسنامه کامل روسای تاریخ فدراسیون فوتبال :: ورزش سه". www.varzesh3.com. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ پارسینه (4 March 2012). "سی و سومین رئیس فوتبال کیست". پارسینه-Parsine. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ "ورزش". Etemaad.com. Retrieved 2009-12-02. ^ "فدراسیون فوتبال ایران برترین فدراسیون آسیا". ffiri.ir. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ "مهدی تاج رئیس فدراسیون فوتبال شد". varzesh3.com. Retrieved 2016-05-07. ^ "Mehdi Taj resigns as head of Iran football federation". Tehran Times. 29 December 2019. ^ "100 ماه ریاست کفاشیان در فدراسیون فوتبال :: ورزش سه". www.varzesh3.com. Retrieved 17 March 2018. External links Official website (in Persian) FIFA website Iran at AFC site vteSports governing bodies in Iran (IRI)Olympic sports Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing, Rowing and Sailing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Shooting Skating (and Ice hockey) Skiing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Non-olympic sports Bodybuilding and Fitness Bowling, Billiard and Boules Chess Kabaddi Karate Kung fu Lifesaving Motorcycle and Automobile Mountaineering and Sport climbing Polo Squash Wushu Zurkhaneh sports Minor sports (IFSA) Sub-federations in IFSA Baseball and Softball Cricket Rugby union Federation of rural and nomadic sports and local indigenous games National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran I. R. Iran National Paralympic Committee vteIran national football teamGeneral Football Federation of Iran History Managers Notable matches Venues Azadi Stadium (1972–present), Amjadieh Stadium (1942–1972) National Football Camp (training) Statistics All-time match results All-time record Records All-time goalscorers Players Players (by caps) Captains International players Expatriate players Goals Ali Daei Sardar Azmoun World Cup Finals Summary 1978 1998 2006 2014 2018 2022 AFC Asian Cup Finals Summary 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 Other tournaments The Olympics Asian Games West Asian Championship CAFA Nations Cup ECO Cup LG Cup West Asian Games Afro-Asian Cup of Nations Confederations Cup Iran Cup Cyrus Cup Culture Rivalries Iraq Saudi Arabia Political protests Senior Men's results 1941–59 1960–79 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Other Iran teams Women's (Results) Men's B Men's U23 Men's U20 Women's U20 Men's U17 Women's U17 Men's futsal Women's futsal Men's beach soccer vteNational football associations of Asia (AFC)West Asia (WAFF) Bahrain Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Central Asia (CAFA) Afghanistan Iran Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan South Asia (SAFF) Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka East Asia (EAFF) China Guam Hong Kong Japan Macau Mongolia Northern Mariana Islands† North Korea South Korea Chinese Taipei Southeast Asia (AFF) Australia Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Defunct South Yemen † denote full Member Association is not a FIFA member vte Football in IranLeague competitions Persian Gulf Pro League Azadegan League League 2 League 3 Provincial Leagues Ardabil Provincial League Bushehr Province League East Azarbaijan Province League Gilan Province League Golestan Province League Khuzestan Premier League Tehran Province League Kowsar league (women's) Futsal Beach soccer Cup competitions Hazfi Cup Super Cup Defunct competitions Takht Jamshid Cup National teams Men's B-team Women's M U-23 M U-20 W U-20 M U-17 W U-17 M Futsal W Futsal M U-20 Futsal M Beach Lists and categories League system Champions Foreign players List of clubs List of venues Managers List of managers League winners Cup winners football award winners List of highest payments Top goalscorers all-time by season Clubs in the AFC Champions League Records List of clubs List of venues International players Men Women
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Asian Football Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran (FFIRI; Persian: فدراسیون فوتبال جمهوری اسلامی ایران, Federâsion-è Futbâl-è Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân) is the governing body for football in Iran. It was founded in 1920.[4] The federation has been a member of FIFA since 1948 and a member of the Asian Football Confederation since 1958.[citation needed]","title":"Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Asian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2001, Iran were founding members of the West Asian Football Federation, along with Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2009 Iranian election protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_election_protests"},{"link_name":"Iran national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iranian Green Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Green_Movement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Iran women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 23 November 2006, the federation was suspended by FIFA,[5] due to government interference in football matters. FIFA rules decree that a national football federation should remain autonomous from the national government. However, on 17 December 2006, the ban was lifted and a new Transitory Board was composed.During the 2009 Iranian election protests, seven members of the Iran national football team were initially reported to have been banned for life by the federation for wearing green armbands in support of the Iranian Green Movement.[6]Iran women's national football team was briefly suspended by FIFA from international competition in 2011 for being required by the federation to wear headscarves.[7][8]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Asian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Masoud Shojaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Shojaei"},{"link_name":"Ehsan Hajsafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Hajsafi"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Fatma Samoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatma_Samoura"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Jafar Montazeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Jafar_Montazeri"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"IRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNA"},{"link_name":"Azadi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadi_Stadium"},{"link_name":"World Cup 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Sub-confederation change","text":"In 2014, Iran joined the Central Asian Football Association.[citation needed]In 2015, the federation banned players from the men's national team due to conscription problems.[9][10]In August 2017, the federation banned Masoud Shojaei and Ehsan Hajsafi from the national team after they played against the Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv in the UEFA Europa League.[11]On 9 November 2018 Fatma Samoura, Secretary General of International Federation of Football Association FIFA said she would ask Iranian government to end ban on women's entry to sport stadiums.[12] On 7 August 2019, Mohammad Jafar Montazeri, prosecutor general of Iran, supporting the ban, said that it should not concern FIFA, if women in Iran can enter sports stadiums or not.[13] However, after continuous pressure from FIFA, IRNA deputy Sports Minister Jamshid Taghizadeh said, women would be allowed to enter Azadi Stadium to watch the men's World Cup 2022 qualifier match between Iran and Cambodia in October.[14]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian Gulf Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Pro_League"},{"link_name":"Azadegan League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadegan_League"},{"link_name":"League 2 (Iran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_2_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"League 3 (Iran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_3_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"Hazfi Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazfi_Cup"},{"link_name":"Iranian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Super_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Men's","text":"Persian Gulf Pro League\nAzadegan League\nLeague 2 (Iran)\nLeague 3 (Iran)\nHazfi Cup\nIranian Super Cup","title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kowsar Women Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowsar_Women_Football_League"}],"sub_title":"Women's","text":"Kowsar Women Football League\nHazfi Cup (women)\nIranian Supercup (women)","title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F.i.f-iran.svg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_Football_Federation_Logo_1970s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Team Melli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1978 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Old Logo of the Iran Football Federation (until 1979)[citation needed]Jersey badge of Team Melli at the 1978 FIFA World Cup[15]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181218190659/http://www.ffiri.ir/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86/FederationBoard"}],"text":"reference","title":"Board members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iran national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Amir Ghalenoei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Ghalenoei"},{"link_name":"Iran national under-23 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Reza Enayati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Enayati"},{"link_name":"Iran national under-20 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Samad Marfavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samad_Marfavi"},{"link_name":"Iran national under-17 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hossein Abdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Abdi"},{"link_name":"Ali Doustimehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Doustimehr"},{"link_name":"Iran national futsal team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_futsal_team"},{"link_name":"Vahid Shamsaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahid_Shamsaei"},{"link_name":"Iran national under-20 futsal team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_national_under-20_futsal_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ali Sanei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sanei"},{"link_name":"Iran national beach soccer team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_beach_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Iran women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maryam Azmoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_Azmoon"},{"link_name":"Iran women's national under-23 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_women%27s_national_under-23_football_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_be_determined"},{"link_name":"Iran women's national under-20 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"TBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_be_determined"},{"link_name":"Iran women's national under-17 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_women%27s_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"Shadi Mahini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadi_Mahini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iran women's national futsal team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_women%27s_national_futsal_team"},{"link_name":"TBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_be_determined"}],"text":"Iran national football teamHead coach: Amir GhalenoeiIran national under-23 football teamHead coach: Reza EnayatiIran national under-20 football teamHead coach: Samad MarfaviIran national under-17 football teamHead coach: Hossein AbdiIran national under-15 football teamHead coach: Ali DoustimehrIran national futsal teamHead coach: Vahid ShamsaeiIran national under-20 futsal teamHead coach: Ali SaneiIran national beach soccer teamHead coach: Ali NaderiIran women's national football teamHead coach: Maryam AzmoonIran women's national under-23 football teamHead coach: TBDIran women's national under-20 football teamHead coach: TBDIran women's national under-17 football teamHead coach: Shadi MahiniIran women's national futsal teamHead coach: TBD","title":"National teams"}]
[{"image_text":"Old Logo of the Iran Football Federation (until 1979)[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/F.i.f-iran.svg/200px-F.i.f-iran.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Jersey badge of Team Melli at the 1978 FIFA World Cup[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Iran_Football_Federation_Logo_1970s.jpg/200px-Iran_Football_Federation_Logo_1970s.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Asian soccer championship next year\". The Straits Times. 27 May 1954.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19540527-1.2.190.aspx","url_text":"\"Asian soccer championship next year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times","url_text":"The Straits Times"}]},{"reference":"\"ASIAN SOCCER FINALS IN SINGAPORE May be used as Olympic series\". The Singapore Free Press. 5 October 1954.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19541005-1.2.126.aspx","url_text":"\"ASIAN SOCCER FINALS IN SINGAPORE May be used as Olympic series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singapore_Free_Press","url_text":"The Singapore Free Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore to Meet Indonesia in Asian Soccer Tourney\". The Straits Times. 14 June 1955. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130131034337/http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550614.2.157.aspx","url_text":"\"Singapore to Meet Indonesia in Asian Soccer Tourney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times","url_text":"The Straits Times"},{"url":"http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550614.2.157.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mehdi Taj elected as head of Iran football federation\". Tehran Times. 2022-08-30. Retrieved 2022-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/476220","url_text":"\"Mehdi Taj elected as head of Iran football federation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Times","url_text":"Tehran Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Member Association – Iran\". Archived from the original on June 3, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070603155130/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=irn/","url_text":"\"Member Association – Iran\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=irn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA suspends Iran Football Federation\". fifa.com. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120511050917/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/releases/newsid=107801.html","url_text":"\"FIFA suspends Iran Football Federation\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/releases/newsid=107801.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clayton, Andy (24 June 2009). \"Iran soccer players banned from national team after wearing green pro-opposition wristbands\". NY Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090831040659/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/2009/06/24/2009-06-24_iran_soccer_players_banned.html","url_text":"\"Iran soccer players banned from national team after wearing green pro-opposition wristbands\""},{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/2009/06/24/2009-06-24_iran_soccer_players_banned.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran women's soccer team thwarted by hijab ban\". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500290_162-20069565.html","url_text":"\"Iran women's soccer team thwarted by hijab ban\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran's women soccer team banned from Olympics, because of headscarves\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/irans-women-soccer-team-banned-from-olympics-because-of-headscarves/2011/06/06/AGqVuXKH_gallery.html","url_text":"\"Iran's women soccer team banned from Olympics, because of headscarves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mehrdad Pooladi saved by FIFA !\". TeamMelli. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2015-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151121024931/http://www.teammelli.com/2014/10/15/mehrdad-pooladi-saved-by-fifa/","url_text":"\"Mehrdad Pooladi saved by FIFA !\""},{"url":"http://www.teammelli.com/2014/10/15/mehrdad-pooladi-saved-by-fifa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Team Melli unable to use players under Military Service. – TeamMelli\". www.teammelli.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150825104104/http://www.teammelli.com/2015/08/24/team-melli-unable-to-use-players-under-military-service/","url_text":"\"Team Melli unable to use players under Military Service. – TeamMelli\""},{"url":"http://www.teammelli.com/2015/08/24/team-melli-unable-to-use-players-under-military-service/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erdbrink, Thomas (10 August 2017). \"Iran Bans Two Soccer Stars for Playing Against Israelis\". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/10/world/middleeast/iran-soccer-masoud-shojaei-ehsan-haji-safi.html","url_text":"\"Iran Bans Two Soccer Stars for Playing Against Israelis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran judge: Ban on women in football stadiums does not concern FIFA\". DPAInternational. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/iran-judge-ban-women-football-stadiums-concern-fifa-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A190808-99-381718","url_text":"\"Iran judge: Ban on women in football stadiums does not concern FIFA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran Agrees to Let Women Watch Soccer World Cup Qualifier\". Truly. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190828091553/https://trulytimes.com/iran-agrees-to-let-women-watch-soccer-world-cup-qualifier.html","url_text":"\"Iran Agrees to Let Women Watch Soccer World Cup Qualifier\""},{"url":"https://trulytimes.com/iran-agrees-to-let-women-watch-soccer-world-cup-qualifier.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Football Kits - World Cup 1978\". historicalkits.co.uk. 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Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044024/http://www.ffiri.ir/html/index.php/images/pdf/index.php?module=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1&func=display&sid=1005","url_text":"\"فدراسیون فوتبال ایران برترین فدراسیون آسیا\""},{"url":"http://www.ffiri.ir/html/index.php/images/pdf/index.php?module=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1&func=display&sid=1005","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"مهدی تاج رئیس فدراسیون فوتبال شد\". varzesh3.com. Retrieved 2016-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.varzesh3.com/news/1323536/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%AF","url_text":"\"مهدی تاج رئیس فدراسیون فوتبال شد\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mehdi Taj resigns as head of Iran football federation\". Tehran Times. 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/443528/Mehdi-Taj-resigns-as-head-of-Iran-football-federation","url_text":"\"Mehdi Taj resigns as head of Iran football federation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Times","url_text":"Tehran Times"}]},{"reference":"\"100 ماه ریاست کفاشیان در فدراسیون فوتبال :: ورزش سه\". www.varzesh3.com. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.varzesh3.com/news/1323403/100-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84","url_text":"\"100 ماه ریاست کفاشیان در فدراسیون فوتبال :: ورزش سه\""}]}]
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World Cup 1978\""},{"Link":"http://www.varzesh3.com/news/1323370/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84","external_links_name":"\"شناسنامه کامل روسای تاریخ فدراسیون فوتبال :: ورزش سه\""},{"Link":"http://www.parsine.com/fa/news/59002/%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA","external_links_name":"\"سی و سومین رئیس فوتبال کیست\""},{"Link":"http://www.etemaad.com/Released/86-10-27/190.htm#63903","external_links_name":"\"ورزش\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044024/http://www.ffiri.ir/html/index.php/images/pdf/index.php?module=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1&func=display&sid=1005","external_links_name":"\"فدراسیون فوتبال ایران برترین فدراسیون آسیا\""},{"Link":"http://www.ffiri.ir/html/index.php/images/pdf/index.php?module=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1&func=display&sid=1005","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.varzesh3.com/news/1323536/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%AF","external_links_name":"\"مهدی تاج رئیس فدراسیون فوتبال شد\""},{"Link":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/443528/Mehdi-Taj-resigns-as-head-of-Iran-football-federation","external_links_name":"\"Mehdi Taj resigns as head of Iran football federation\""},{"Link":"http://www.varzesh3.com/news/1323403/100-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84","external_links_name":"\"100 ماه ریاست کفاشیان در فدراسیون فوتبال :: ورزش سه\""},{"Link":"http://www.ffiri.ir/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070603155326/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=irn/index.html","external_links_name":"FIFA website"},{"Link":"http://www.the-afc.com/member-association/football-federation-islamic-republic-of-iran","external_links_name":"Iran"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acision
Acision
["1 Background","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
Former private British mobile communications company AcisionCompany typePrivateIndustryMobile communicationsPredecessorAldiscon, CMGFounded2007FateAcquired by Comverse, Inc. in 2015 (later became Xura, then Mavenir)HeadquartersReading, Berkshire, UKKey people Lawrence Quinn, Founder Didier Bench, Executive chairman Adolfo Hernandez, CEO Products Data services Data control Data charging RevenueUS$0.5 billionNumber of employees1,100 (2013)WebsiteAcision Acision was a privately held British mobile communications network infrastructure company engaged in messaging and charging systems that enable popular services such as Short message service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), mobile internet browsing, mobile broadband, and voicemail. In particular, Acision specialised in providing IP messaging to over-the-top media services and other enterprises. Acision was founded in 2007 as a spin-off of the wireless networks business from LogicaCMG. It existed as an independent, private company until it was purchased by Comverse, Inc. in 2015. Background Acision's roots lie in two companies: The Wireless Data Services (WDS) division of Anglo-Dutch consultancy and telecommunications company CMG, the first to develop a Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) in 1992 which was first deployed in 1993. CMG WDS also developed UCP/EMI, a protocol primarily used to connect to short message service centres (SMSCs). The Irish mobile telecommunications pioneers Aldiscon, the first to commercially deploy an SMSC, Telepath, and its now standardized protocol SMPP in 1993. Aldiscon's first deployment of its Telepath SMSC was with TeliaSonera in Sweden in 1993, followed by Fleet Call (now Nextel) in the US, Telenor in Norway and BT Cellnet (now O2 UK) later in 1993. In 1997, Aldiscon was acquired by UK-based Logica, which merged with CMG in 2002 to form LogicaCMG. Both companies' wireless divisions merged into LogicaCMG Wireless Networks. History Acision was born on 20 February 2007, when LogicaCMG Wireless Networks was sold for £265m (US$525m) to private investors Atlantic Bridge Ventures and Access Industries and became known as Acision. The Times wrote that the new entity was "the world's largest provider of the software, hardware and integration services that form the infrastructure behind SMS text messages". The lead investor at Atlantic Bridge (who became executive chairman at Acision), Laurence Quinn, had been one of the founders of Aldiscon. As of 2008, Acision had over 300 mobile operators as customers. Acision claimed to serve over a billion end users, and that over 50 per cent of SMS revenue was generated through its platforms. The company employed approximately 1,500 people in 22 countries. Acision was considered one of the industry leaders in providing an MMS delivery platform to content provides, marketing providers, and the like. In June 2015, it was announced that Acision was being acquired by Comverse, Inc. for a combination of cash and stock values at between $135 and $210 million. Soon after the acquisition, Comverse changed its name to Xura. References ^ a b Thomas, Sarah (16 June 2015). "Comverse Shells Out $135M for Acision". New York: Light Reading. ^ a b c Blakely, Rhys (20 February 2007). "LogicaCMG to return £130m after telecoms sale". The Times. London. ^ a b "Comverse acquires UK co Acision for $210m". Globes. Rishon LeZion. 15 June 2015. ^ First commercial deployment of Text Messaging (SMS) ^ "Mighty Quinn back on top at Logica", Mobile Europe, Feb. 2007 ^ Salesforce - Dutch report on Acision becoming a Salesforce.com customer ^ Salesforce - Google translation of report on Acision becoming a Salesforce.com customer ^ Access Industries - Acision ^ John Arnold; Ian Lurie; Marty Dickinson; Elizabeth Marsten; Michael Becker (2009). Web Marketing All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 9780470483664. ^ "Comverse – no, not the shoe guys – changes name to Xura". Betaboston.com. 9 September 2015. External links Acision official website Acision innovation network Video interview with Shawn Barber, Director of Voice Messaging - Mobile Industry Review
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In particular, Acision specialised in providing IP messaging to over-the-top media services and other enterprises.[1]Acision was founded in 2007 as a spin-off of the wireless networks business from LogicaCMG.[2] It existed as an independent, private company until it was purchased by Comverse, Inc. in 2015.[3]","title":"Acision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMG_(company)"},{"link_name":"Short Message Service Centre (SMSC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service_Centre"},{"link_name":"UCP/EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_(protocol)"},{"link_name":"SMSCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service_Centre"},{"link_name":"Aldiscon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldiscon"},{"link_name":"SMSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service_Centre"},{"link_name":"SMPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Peer-to-Peer"},{"link_name":"TeliaSonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeliaSonera"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nextel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Telenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"O2 UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_UK"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Logica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica"},{"link_name":"LogicaCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LogicaCMG"}],"text":"Acision's roots lie in two companies:The Wireless Data Services (WDS) division of Anglo-Dutch consultancy and telecommunications company CMG, the first to develop a Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) in 1992 which was first deployed in 1993. CMG WDS also developed UCP/EMI, a protocol primarily used to connect to short message service centres (SMSCs).\nThe Irish mobile telecommunications pioneers Aldiscon, the first to commercially deploy an SMSC, Telepath, and its now standardized protocol SMPP in 1993.Aldiscon's first deployment of its Telepath SMSC was with TeliaSonera in Sweden in 1993,[4] followed by Fleet Call (now Nextel)[citation needed] in the US, Telenor in Norway[citation needed] and BT Cellnet (now O2 UK)[citation needed] later in 1993. In 1997, Aldiscon was acquired by UK-based Logica, which merged with CMG in 2002 to form LogicaCMG. Both companies' wireless divisions merged into LogicaCMG Wireless Networks.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Bridge Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Bridge_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Access Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Industries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2007-2"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2007-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Comverse, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comverse,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-light-2015-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globes-2015-3"},{"link_name":"Xura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xura"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Acision was born on 20 February 2007, when LogicaCMG Wireless Networks was sold for £265m (US$525m) to private investors Atlantic Bridge Ventures and Access Industries and became known as Acision.[2] The Times wrote that the new entity was \"the world's largest provider of the software, hardware and integration services that form the infrastructure behind SMS text messages\".[2] The lead investor at Atlantic Bridge (who became executive chairman at Acision), Laurence Quinn, had been one of the founders of Aldiscon.[5]As of 2008, Acision had over 300 mobile operators[6][7] as customers. Acision claimed to serve over a billion end users, and that over 50 per cent of SMS revenue was generated through its platforms. The company employed approximately 1,500 people in 22 countries.[8] Acision was considered one of the industry leaders in providing an MMS delivery platform to content provides, marketing providers, and the like.[9]In June 2015, it was announced that Acision was being acquired by Comverse, Inc. for a combination of cash and stock values at between $135 and $210 million.[1][3] Soon after the acquisition, Comverse changed its name to Xura.[10]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Fletcher_Prouty
L. Fletcher Prouty
["1 Early life","1.1 Family","1.2 Education","2 Government service","2.1 World War II","2.2 Post-war service","3 Post-military","3.1 Railroads","3.2 Writing","3.3 Church of Scientology","3.4 Oliver Stone's JFK film","4 Later life","5 Controversy","5.1 Alexander Butterfield","5.2 Kennedy assassination","5.3 1960 U-2 incident","5.4 Antisemitic association","6 Awards","7 Bibliography","7.1 Books","7.2 Book contributions","7.3 Encyclopedic","7.4 Articles","7.5 Letters to the editor","8 Filmography","8.1 Documentaries","8.2 Media appearances","9 Interviews","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
United States Air Force officer This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "L. Fletcher Prouty" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) L. Fletcher ProutyBirth nameLeroy Fletcher ProutyBorn(1917-01-24)January 24, 1917Springfield, Massachusetts, USDiedJune 5, 2001(2001-06-05) (aged 84)McLean, Virginia, USBuriedArlington National CemeteryAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Air ForceYears of service1941–1964RankColonelBattles/warsWorld War IIAwardsLegion of MeritJoint Service Commendation MedalSpouse(s)Elizabeth B. ProutyChildrenDavid F. ProutyJane E. ProutyLauren M. ProutySignature Leroy Fletcher Prouty (January 24, 1917 – June 5, 2001) served as Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under President John F. Kennedy. A colonel in the United States Air Force, he retired from military service to become a bank executive. He subsequently became a critic of U.S. foreign policy, particularly the covert activities of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which he believed was working on behalf of a secret world elite. Prouty's commentary on the Kennedy assassination circulated widely from the 1970s-90s, as a key source for conspiracy theories about it. He was the inspiration for the character "Mr. X" in Oliver Stone's film JFK. Early life Family Prouty was born in Springfield, Massachusetts on January 24, 1917, to Marie Ozias Desautels, age 32, and Leroy Flecther Prouty, a municipal government employee, age 28. He was the first child in a growing family and would eventually become one of five, with two brothers and two sisters. His first brother Robert Vincent was born one year later on May 9, 1918, and they were joined by a sister Muriel two years after that on September 28, 1920. Another baby girl joined the family on March 24, 1921, and was named Corinne Marie; she later went by Corinne Toole. The youngest of the Prouty children, a boy named Norman Peter, was born 1926. Corinne was his only sibling to survive him. Prouty married Elizabeth Ballinger on October 5, 1942, and with her he fathered three children: David Fletcher, Jane Elizabeth, Lauren Michele. Education Prouty attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst (then known as Massachusetts State College), and on September 20, 1936, he was elected President of his freshman class, "the Class of 1940," succeeding Daniel G. Lacey. He later pursued his graduate studies in banking at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Graduate School of Banking. Prouty belonged to a handful of membership organizations: the National Defense Transportation Association, the American Bankers Association, the Tokyo Toastmasters Club, and the Army Navy Club. Government service World War II Prouty was commissioned as a reserve 2nd lieutenant in the cavalry on June 9, 1941, and began his military career with the 4th Armored Division in Pine Camp, New York. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on February 1, 1942. He transferred to the United States Army Air Forces on November 10, 1942, and earned his pilot wings that same month. He arrived in British West Africa (specifically the British Gold Coast colony) in February 1943 as a pilot with Air Transport Command. In the summer of 1943 he was the personal pilot of General Omar Bradley, General John C. H. Lee and General C. R. Smith (founder and president of American Airlines), among others. He flew the U.S. Geological Survey Team in Saudi Arabia, October 1943, to confirm oil discoveries in preparation for the Cairo Conference. He was assigned to special duties at the Cairo Conference and the Tehran Conference November–December 1943. He flew Chiang Kai-shek's Chinese delegation (T. V. Soong's delegates) to Tehran. An important mission he was involved in was the evacuation of the British commandos made famous by the novel Guns of Navarone involved in the Battle of Leros from Leros to Palestine. He was promoted to captain on February 1, 1944. In 1945 he was transferred to the Southwest Pacific and flew in New Guinea, Leyte and was on Okinawa at the end of war. He landed near Tokyo at the time of the surrender with the first three planes carrying General Douglas MacArthur's bodyguard troops. He flew out with American POWs. Post-war service After the war, Prouty accepted an assignment from the U.S. Army in September 1945 to inaugurate the ROTC program at Yale University, where he also taught during each scholastic year from 1946 to 1948. This timeline intersects with the years that George Bush and William F. Buckley, Jr. also spent at Yale. Prouty fondly recalled Buckley at that time in his role as editor of the Yale Daily News, and Prouty later told an interviewer in 1989 that he had written for Buckley on several occasions. In 1950 he transferred to Colorado Springs to build Air Defense Command. From 1952 to 1954 he was assigned to Korean War duties in Japan, where he served as Military Manager for Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) during the post-war U.S. occupation. In 1955 he was assigned to the coordination of operations between the fledgling U.S. Air Force and the CIA. As a result of a CIA commendation for this work he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the U.S. Air Force, promoted to colonel, and assigned to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Following the creation of the Defense Intelligence Agency and termination of the OSO by Secretary Robert McNamara, Prouty was transferred to the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and charged with the creation a similar organization on a global scale. From 1962 to 1963 he served as Chief of Special Operations with the Joint Staff. In an chance encounter with Edward Lansdale in the hallways of the Pentagon, a "month or two before" the assassination (as Prouty tells it), Lansdale informed Prouty he had arranged for him to accompany a group of VIPs to the South Pole from November 10 to 23, in the capacity of Military Escort officer. The ostensible purpose of the trip was the activation of a nuclear power plant at the United States Navy Base at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to provide heat, light, and sea water desalination. Prouty later described his confusion at the unusual assignment, but he expected the job to be a "paid vacation" and accepted the task. Prouty retired in 1964 as a colonel in the U.S. Air Force. As recognition of his long and distinguished career in the service of his country, he was awarded one of the first three Joint Service Commendation Medals by General Maxwell D. Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Post-military Railroads He was a senior director of public affairs for Amtrak during the 1970s, and a director of the National Railroad Foundation and Museum. During this period he worked out of the Amtrak Corp. office in Washington, D.C. Writing Prouty authored two major books during his life, The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World in 1973 and JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy in 1992. He served alongside friend and fellow researcher Eustace Mullins as contributing editor for a conspiracy magazine titled Criminal Politics. Prouty also published articles in a wide variety of publications, from pornographic magazines to peer-reviewed journals to academic textbooks, illustrating the wide diversity in his intended audiences for different writings. His areas of expertise were cultivated by direct experience as well as research, and they range from railroads to assassinations to transportation to military strategy and logistics. His writings even include entries on Railroad Engineering and Foreign Railroad Technology for McGraw-Hill's Scientific Encyclopedias and Scientific Yearbooks, as well as contributions to ROTC textbooks. Church of Scientology In the early 1980s, Prouty's services as an expert witness were retained by the legal team of the Church of Scientology to act as consultant in the investigation of L. Ron Hubbard's military record. By early 1985, Hubbard's naval record was again the subject of increasing scrutiny. Julie Christofferson Titchbourne of Portland, Oregon brought her case against the Church at that time, and Scientology's lawyers again turned to Prouty to help them manage the public relations fallout. Prouty was forthcoming with an affidavit on their behalf by February. In it, he stated his belief that the records released by the U.S. Navy documenting Hubbard's service in the armed forces "are incomplete ... those materials and records provided give ample evidence that proves the existence of other records that have been concealed, withheld and overlooked." "...to provide proof of the fact that the records, data and related materials provided by the U.S. Navy (USN) and other government sources, all said to be the complete record and file on the military service, active and inactive, of Mr. L. Ronald Hubbard, formerly Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy Reserve, are incomplete ... to attest to the fact that those materials and records provided give ample evidence that proves the existence of other records that have been concealed, withheld and overlooked." Hubbard, the founder of Scientology, had said that he sustained combat injuries during his military service in World War II and that he healed himself through measures that would become Dianetics. However, Hubbard's military record does not show that he was wounded in combat. Church officials have stated that those records were incomplete and may have been falsified. Prouty, according to Church of Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis, reported that Hubbard was an intelligence agent, and because of this his military discharge papers were "sheep dipped," meaning two sets of government records were created documenting Hubbard's service. Prouty's association with Scientology also provided him with a platform for his writing over the following decades, serving as senior editor of Freedom magazine, an official publication of the Church. Between 1985 and 1987, Freedom published a 19-part series by Prouty which it described as having "provided a unique and highly informative view of the events which led up to the Vietnam War." The magazine later covered his perspective on the Jonestown affair. At times, he has described himself as "an editorial adviser to publications of the Church of Scientology." Oliver Stone's JFK film Prouty served as a technical adviser to Oliver Stone's 1991 film JFK. He was the inspiration for the mysterious "X" (played by Donald Sutherland), who assists Jim Garrison in the movie. Later life Colonel Prouty died on June 5, 2001, at the Inova Alexandria Hospital in Alexandria, Virginia. His funeral service was held the next day at the Fort Myer Chapel, and he was subsequently buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Controversy As a critic of the CIA, Prouty pointed out its influence in global matters, outside the realm of U.S. congressional and government oversight. His works detailed the formation and development of the CIA, the origins of the Cold War, the U-2 incident, the Vietnam War, and the John F. Kennedy assassination. Prouty wrote that he believed Kennedy's assassination was a coup d'état, and that there is a secret, global "power elite," which operates covertly to protect its interests—and in doing so has frequently subverted democracy around the world. Alexander Butterfield On July 12, 1975, prior to closed-door questioning by the staff of the House Select Intelligence Committee, Prouty told reporters that Alexander Butterfield was a contact for the CIA at the White House. He said he had learned the information over four years earlier from E. Howard Hunt while doing work for the National League of Families. Prouty said that most federal government departments, including the Internal Revenue Service and the Treasury Department, had similar CIA contacts and that he assumed that former president Richard Nixon was aware of Butterfield's role. Senator Frank Church said the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities had found no evidence that the CIA planted an undercover agent within the White House or other government agencies. A few days later, Prouty partially walked back his comments in a telephone interview: "They may have told me the wrong name in order to cover up the real informer." In a telephone statement to UPI that same day, Butterfield called the allegations "wholly false and defamatory" and stated that he had never met nor seen Hunt and had just recently heard of Prouty. In an interview with CBS News from Eglin Air Force Base where he was serving his prison term for his involvement in the Watergate scandal, Hunt denied the allegation calling it an "unfortunate invention on Mr. Prouty's part." Also interviewed by CBS, Prouty again stated it was Hunt who told him about Butterfield. In a personal letter sent to Roger Feinman at CBS News Radio on July 14, 1975, Harold Weisberg expressed his belief that "the clear inference of the Prouty connection is that as a CIA man Butterfield pulled the plug on Nixon." On July 19, Church said that his committee found that there was "no scintilla of evidence" to support Prouty's allegations, and that his committee had ruled out the possibility that Butterfield served as a liaison officer for the CIA. Church also stated, "on close interrogation, Mr. Prouty is unable to substantiate his earlier statement and acknowledges this to be the case." Kennedy assassination According to Prouty, people within the intelligence and military communities of the United States government conspired to assassinate Kennedy. He maintained that their actions were a coup d'état to stop the President from taking control of the CIA after the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Prouty stated that the assassination was orchestrated by Edward Lansdale ("General Y" in Oliver Stone's film JFK) and that Lansdale appeared in photographs of the "three tramps." In 1975, Prouty appeared with Richard Sprague at a news conference in New York to present what they believed was photographic evidence of a conspiracy. According to Prouty, the movement of Kennedy after a bullet struck his head was consistent with a shot from the grassy knoll. He also suggested that the actions of a man with an umbrella, the "Umbrella Man", were suspicious. 1960 U-2 incident In his 1973 book The Secret Team, Prouty provided an alternative view of the 1960 U-2 incident. He charged that the flight was sabotaged in such a way by anticommunist elements in our government as to cause the U-2 to lose altitude mid-flight, allowing the Soviets to shoot it down. Prouty believed the ultimate purpose of the operation was the engineering of the subsequent international incident that put an end to the increasingly amicable U.S.–Soviet relations and doomed any hope for a positive outcome between Khrushchev and Eisenhower at the Four Power Paris Summit set to begin May 16. The summit began as scheduled but quickly collapsed as a result of fallout from the incident. William Blum made his own case for Prouty's version of events in his own book, Killing Hope, published in 2008. Prouty's version of events was rejected by former CIA director Richard Helms, Richard Bissell, Walter Pfoigheimer, and other career officers of the Central Intelligence Agency. Helms commented on Prouty's reframing of the interests and outcomes of the incident, offering the following: "I simply don't believe that Prouty is accurate. There is no substance to the charge." Bissell later claimed that Prouty was not authorized for access to U-2 information and said, "I don't see what information there could have been aboard that aircraft that could have helped the Russians" to bring down Powers' U2. Antisemitic association Prouty was a featured speaker at the 1990 convention of the Liberty Lobby. Prouty was also named to the advisory board for the Lobby's Populist Action Committee. Prouty also sold the reprint rights for The Secret Team to the Noontide Press, the publishing arm for the Institute for Historical Review, a holocaust denial organization. Prouty denied having known of the racist and antisemitic associations of the Lobby, noted that he also spoke at a ceremony at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and assured Oliver Stone "... that he was neither a racist nor an anti-Semite... but merely a writer in need of a platform." In a response to an article about Prouty in Esquire, which he labeled a "character assassination," Stone lamented Prouty's association with the Liberty Lobby but questioned its relevance to Prouty's reliability as a source. In an obituary in The Guardian, Michael Carlson wrote that "lthough Prouty himself never espoused such beliefs, the connection enabled critics to dismiss his later writings." Awards This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Prouty was awarded many decorations during his distinguished career in national and public service: Command Pilot Wings Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge Legion of Merit Joint Service Commendation Medal American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal with "Japan" clasp Korean Service Medal National Defense Service Medal with star Air Force Longevity Service Ribbon with four oak leaf clusters Philippine Liberation Medal United Nations Korea Medal Bibliography External videos Col. Prouty delivers a lecture in Portland following the release of the JFK film by Oliver Stone and his own book by the same title (1993), via YouTube. 116 mins. Books The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall (1973). ISBN 0137981732. Full text. JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy. Introduction by Oliver Stone. New York: Birch Lane Press (1992). ISBN 1559721308. Full text. Book contributions "Anatomy of Assassination." In: Uncloaking the CIA. Conference on the CIA and World Peace at Yale University (1975). "Kennedy's Policy on Vietnam Led to His Murder." In: Assassination of John F. Kennedy. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press (2003). ISBN 978-0737713558, 978-0737713541. Encyclopedic "Railroad Engineering." McGraw-Hill Scientific Encyclopedia. "Foreign Railroad Technology." In: McGraw-Hill Scientific Yearbook-1982. Articles "The Secret Team and the Games They Play", The Washington Monthly, May 1970. Letters to the editor Letters "U-2 Shootdowns." Air Force Magazine, vol. 79, no. 4 (Apr. 1996). Full issue. Remarks on the 1960 U-2 incident involving Francis Gary Powers. Replies Prouty's reply to "The Umbrella Man" (letter), by David R. Gallery (May 1976) Filmography Documentaries World in Action (Jun. 16–30, 1975). "The Rise and Fall of the CIA (Part 1)." Season 11, Episode 38. (Jun. 16, 1975). "The Rise and Fall of the CIA (Part 3)." Season 11, Episode 40. (Jun. 30, 1975). The Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis (1987). Special Report by Bill Moyers. Who Killed Martin Luther King? (1989). Written and directed by John Edginton for BBC. Emmy-nominated. The Men Who Killed Kennedy (1991). Directed by Nigel Turner. The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes (1992). Written and directed by John Barbour. The JFK Conspiracy (Apr. 15, 1992). Hosted by James Earl Jones. Written and directed by Daniel Helfgott. Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy (1992). Directed by Barbara Kopple and Danny Schechter. Features Carl Oglesby. Media appearances Tomorrow with Tom Snyder: JFK Assassination. NBC (April 15, 1975) One in this series of late-night topical interview programs hosted by Tom Snyder. This installment, occurring on the 110th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's death, focuses on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the many ongoing questions surrounding his death. Panelists include: forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht, attorney Bernard Fensterwald, and retired Air Force Colonel L. Fletcher Prouty, who served as Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Kennedy. Interviews "An Interview with Colonel Fletcher Prouty" . All Things Considered... NPR (March 22, 1973) Alan Douglas Show . (April 12, 1973) Who's On the Secret Team? . Interviewed by Paul McIsaac, Nanette Rainone and Carl Oglesby. Pacifica Radio Archives (December 11, 1973). 110 min. catalog. Gray, Marvin L. (Jr). "Staff Interview." Counsel for the Presidents Commission on CIA Activities. Archived 2021-07-29 at the Wayback Machine . Washington, D.C. (May 15, 1975) Kanier, Bruce. Interview video (October 12, 1994) Schorr, Dan. Interview . CBS (July 11, 1975) Ratcliffe, David T. "Understanding Special Operations and Their Impact on the Vietnam War Era: 1989 Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty" . Rat Haus Reality Press (1989) Audio recording of "Understanding The Secret Team in the Post-World War II Era" (May 6, 1989) Audio recording of "A Very Special Operation: The Assassination of President Kennedy" (May 8, 1989) The Mind of L. Fletcher Prouty (1992). Produced by Jim Grapek for Prevailing Winds Research, this interview was conducted by John Judge and took place in Colonel Prouty's home in Alexandria, Virginia. Steinberg, Jeffrey. "'President Kennedy Was Killed by a Murder, Inc.'" . Executive Intelligence Review, vol. 19, no. 6 (February 7, 1992), pp. 34–38. Full issue. Steinberg, Jeffrey.Exclusive Interview with "Mr. X" (a.k.a. Col Prouty) The LaRouche Connection (November 11, 1992) James, Gary. "An Interview with 'Mr. X.'" . Table Hoppers, vol. 1, no. 1 (March 30, 1995) Wray, Tim, and Jeremy Gunn, Christopher Barger, Joan Zimmerman. Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty. Summary prepared by Christopher Barger on October 23, 1996 . Assassination Records Review Board (September 24, 1996) Meet Mr. X: The Personality & Thoughts of Fletcher Prouty . (2001) 11 min. This interview session is featured on the 2-disc JFK: Special Edition, released on DVD in 2001. References ^ a b c d e f Carlson, Michael. "L Fletcher Prouty: US officer obsessed by the conspiracy theory of President Kennedy's assassination" (obituary). The Guardian (June 21, 2001). Archived from the original. ^ a b "JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy". Publishers Weekly. August 31, 1992. ^ a b c d "L. Fletcher Prouty." In: Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale (February 19, 2003). Gale In Context: Biography. Gale H1000080064. ^ a b c d e "Leroy Fletcher Prouty Jr, 1917–2001." Ancestry.com. (subscription required). Accessed July 28, 2021. ^ a b Staff writer. "Leroy Letcher Prouty, Jr." (obituary). Washington Post (January 9, 2001). Archived from the original. ^ Staff writer. "Forester's Group Votes Faith in Commissioner." Boston Globe (January 29, 1937), p. 12. ^ "The Index" (PDF). University of Massachusetts Amherst Yearbook. 1937. p. 158. ...we decided to elect temporary class officers. Several glorified neophytes were nominated and after the ballots were counted we found that a tall youth from Springfield, Fletcher Prouty, had been elected President; and a pretty brunette from Pittsfield, Betty Bates had been elected Vice President. ^ Prouty, L. Fletcher. "Transportation at the Crossroads." Traffic Quarterly, vol. 35, no. 3 (July 1981), pp. 385–399. ISSN 0041-0713. OCLC 33850586. ^ "Leroy Fletcher Prouty, Jr. - Colonel, United States Air Force". 18 February 2023. ^ JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy. Carol Publishing Group. 1992. pp. 173–174. ISBN 1559721308. OL 8612479M. ^ Ratcliffe, David. Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty, at his home (audio). (1989). ^ "A good example of these other paths is Criminal Politics, where Lawrence Patterson and his cohorts, including Eustace Mullins and Fletcher Prouty, scour the world for evidence of conspiracies within the world's power structure." Danky, Jim, and John Cherney, "An outpouring of right-wing publications cover all social issues", St. Louis Journalism Review, 25.n179 (Sept 1995): 27(1). InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale. ^ a b Wright, Lawrence (February 14, 2011). "The Apostate; Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 18, 2014. ^ a b Prouty, L. Fletcher. Scientology affidavit(February 1, 1985). Archived from the original. ^ a b Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert (June 24, 1990). "The Making of L. Ron Hubbard: Creating the Mystique." Los Angeles Times, p. A38:1 ^ "The Church Of Scientology, Fact-Checked". NPR. February 8, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2014. ^ "Masthead of Freedom Magazine" (PDF). Freedom. Vol. 18, no. 4. Church of Scientology. p. 3. Retrieved June 15, 2023. ^ Toplin, Robert Brent (1 January 1996). "JFK". History by Hollywood: The Use and Abuse of the American Past. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-252-06536-1. ^ "Burial Detail: Prouty, Leroy Fletcher (Section 66, 6580)". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. ^ a b c d "Butterfield called CIA contact in White House". Chicago Tribune. Vol. 129, no. 193 (Final ed.). July 12, 1975. Section 1, page 2. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ a b c d "Ex-CIA contact alters story on Butterfield". Chicago Tribune. Vol. 129, no. 196 (Final ed.). UPI. July 15, 1975. Section 1, page 2. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ a b "Hunt Denies Linking Butterfield, C.I.A." The New York Times. July 17, 1975. p. 14. Retrieved June 20, 2017. ^ Weisberg, Harold. Personal letter to Roger Feinman, CBS News Radio (July 14, 1975). Harold Weisberg Collection at Hood College. ^ a b "Find No CIA Tie to Butterfield; Senate Panel Clears Him". Chicago Tribune. Vol. 129, no. 200 (Final ed.). July 19, 1975. Section 1, page 3. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ a b c "2 Claim Conspiracy Proof in JFK's Death". Milwaukee Sentinel. UPI. September 4, 1975. p. 3. Retrieved January 18, 2013. ^ a b Jacques, Geoffrey (Spring 2016). Review of Bridge of Spies, by Steven Spielberg, Marc Platt, Kristie Macosko Krieger. Cinéaste, vol. 41, no. 2. p. 51. JSTOR 26356500. ^ a b Powell, Dave (Jun. 8, 1974). Helms may have been confident that Prouty was wrong because Helms was in the know of how the Soviets were aware of how to shoot down a U-2; information about the U-2's operating a;ltitude may have been provided by Lee Harvey Oswald while posing as a US Marine defector. "JFK's Murder, Ex-agent Claims." National Insider, vol. 24, no. 23. ^ a b Berlet, Chip. Right Woos Left: Populist Party, LaRouchite, and Other Neo-fascist Overtures To Progressives, And Why They Must Be Rejected. Political Research Associates (February 27, 1999) ^ Anson, Robert Sam (November 1991). "The Shooting of JFK". Esquire. ^ Stone, Oliver (December 1991). "Esquire Letter: Stone Shoots Back". Esquire. ^ Steinberg, Jeffrey. "Unique View of JFK Assassination." Review of JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy by L. Fletcher Prouty. Executive Intelligence Review, vol. 19, no. 45 (November 13, 1992). Full Issue. ^ Beyond JFK: The Question of Conspiracy (1992). Directed by Barbara Kopple & Danny Schechter. 90 min. Tomorrow with Tom Snyder: JFK Assassination (TV).”, The Paley Center for Media. Archived from the original. Further reading McAdams, John. "L. Fletcher Prouty: Fearless Truth Teller, or Crackpot?" John McAdams' The Kennedy Assassination website. "Coup d'Etat in America: Col. L. Fletcher Prouty" (eulogy). Criminal Politics (Jun. 30, 1991). External links Appearances on C-SPAN L. Fletcher Prouty at IMDb Leroy Fletcher Prouty, Jr. at ArlingtonCemetery.net (unofficial) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel Belgium United States Japan Academics CiNii Other NARA SNAC IdRef
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Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Kennedy assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_assassination"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubweek-2"}],"text":"Leroy Fletcher Prouty (January 24, 1917 – June 5, 2001)[1] served as Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under President John F. Kennedy. A colonel in the United States Air Force, he retired from military service to become a bank executive. He subsequently became a critic of U.S. foreign policy, particularly the covert activities of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which he believed was working on behalf of a secret world elite.Prouty's commentary on the Kennedy assassination circulated widely from the 1970s-90s, as a key source for conspiracy theories about it. He was the inspiration for the character \"Mr. X\" in Oliver Stone's film JFK.[2]","title":"L. Fletcher Prouty"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gale-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancestry-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancestry-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancestry-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancestry-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancestry-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gale-3"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"Prouty was born in Springfield, Massachusetts on January 24, 1917, to Marie Ozias Desautels, age 32, and Leroy Flecther Prouty, a municipal government employee, age 28.[3][4] He was the first child in a growing family and would eventually become one of five, with two brothers and two sisters.[4]His first brother Robert Vincent was born one year later on May 9, 1918, and they were joined by a sister Muriel two years after that on September 28, 1920.[4] Another baby girl joined the family on March 24, 1921, and was named Corinne Marie;[4] she later went by Corinne Toole.[5] The youngest of the Prouty children, a boy named Norman Peter, was born 1926.[4] Corinne was his only sibling to survive him.[5]Prouty married Elizabeth Ballinger on October 5, 1942, and with her he fathered three children: David Fletcher, Jane Elizabeth, Lauren Michele.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gale-3"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Traffic_Quarterly;_1981-8"},{"link_name":"American Bankers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bankers_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gale-3"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Prouty attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst (then known as Massachusetts State College), and on September 20, 1936, he was elected President of his freshman class, \"the Class of 1940,\" succeeding Daniel G. Lacey.[6][7][3] He later pursued his graduate studies in banking at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Graduate School of Banking.[8]Prouty belonged to a handful of membership organizations: the National Defense Transportation Association, the American Bankers Association, the Tokyo Toastmasters Club, and the Army Navy Club.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._4th_Armored_Division"},{"link_name":"Pine Camp, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Drum"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"British West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"the British Gold Coast colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command_(United_States_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Omar Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bradley"},{"link_name":"John C. H. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._H._Lee"},{"link_name":"C. R. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._R._Smith"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Cairo Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)"},{"link_name":"Cairo Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)"},{"link_name":"Tehran Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"T. V. Soong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._V._Soong"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Guns of Navarone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guns_of_Navarone_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leros"},{"link_name":"Leros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leros"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Douglas MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Prouty was commissioned as a reserve 2nd lieutenant in the cavalry on June 9, 1941, and began his military career with the 4th Armored Division in Pine Camp, New York. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on February 1, 1942. He transferred to the United States Army Air Forces on November 10, 1942, and earned his pilot wings that same month. He arrived in British West Africa (specifically the British Gold Coast colony) in February 1943 as a pilot with Air Transport Command.[9]In the summer of 1943 he was the personal pilot of General Omar Bradley, General John C. H. Lee and General C. R. Smith (founder and president of American Airlines), among others. He flew the U.S. Geological Survey Team in Saudi Arabia, October 1943, to confirm oil discoveries in preparation for the Cairo Conference. He was assigned to special duties at the Cairo Conference and the Tehran Conference November–December 1943. He flew Chiang Kai-shek's Chinese delegation (T. V. Soong's delegates) to Tehran.[10]An important mission he was involved in was the evacuation of the British commandos made famous by the novel Guns of Navarone involved in the Battle of Leros from Leros to Palestine. He was promoted to captain on February 1, 1944. In 1945 he was transferred to the Southwest Pacific and flew in New Guinea, Leyte and was on Okinawa at the end of war. He landed near Tokyo at the time of the surrender with the first three planes carrying General Douglas MacArthur's bodyguard troops. He flew out with American POWs.[citation needed]","title":"Government service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"George Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"William F. Buckley, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Yale Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson-1"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Defense Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Robert McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNamara"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"McMurdo Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMurdo_Sound"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"desalination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Joint Service Commendation Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal"},{"link_name":"Maxwell D. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Post-war service","text":"After the war, Prouty accepted an assignment from the U.S. Army in September 1945 to inaugurate the ROTC program at Yale University, where he also taught during each scholastic year from 1946 to 1948. This timeline intersects with the years that George Bush and William F. Buckley, Jr. also spent at Yale. Prouty fondly recalled Buckley at that time in his role as editor of the Yale Daily News, and Prouty later told an interviewer in 1989 that he had written for Buckley on several occasions.In 1950 he transferred to Colorado Springs to build Air Defense Command. From 1952 to 1954 he was assigned to Korean War duties in Japan, where he served as Military Manager for Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) during the post-war U.S. occupation.In 1955 he was assigned to the coordination of operations between the fledgling U.S. Air Force and the CIA.[1] As a result of a CIA commendation for this work he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the U.S. Air Force, promoted to colonel, and assigned to the Office of the Secretary of Defense.[citation needed]Following the creation of the Defense Intelligence Agency and termination of the OSO[clarification needed] by Secretary Robert McNamara, Prouty was transferred to the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and charged with the creation a similar organization on a global scale.From 1962 to 1963 he served as Chief of Special Operations with the Joint Staff. In an chance encounter with Edward Lansdale in the hallways of the Pentagon, a \"month or two before\" the assassination (as Prouty tells it), Lansdale informed Prouty he had arranged for him [Prouty] to accompany a group of VIPs to the South Pole from November 10 to 23, in the capacity of Military Escort officer.[11]The ostensible purpose of the trip was the activation of a nuclear power plant at the United States Navy Base at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to provide heat, light, and sea water desalination.[citation needed] Prouty later described his confusion at the unusual assignment, but he expected the job to be a \"paid vacation\" and accepted the task.Prouty retired in 1964 as a colonel in the U.S. Air Force. As recognition of his long and distinguished career in the service of his country, he was awarded one of the first three Joint Service Commendation Medals by General Maxwell D. Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[citation needed]","title":"Government service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post-military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Amtrak Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Railroads","text":"He was a senior director of public affairs for Amtrak during the 1970s, and a director of the National Railroad Foundation and Museum. During this period he worked out of the Amtrak Corp. office in Washington, D.C.[citation needed]","title":"Post-military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Team"},{"link_name":"JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK:_The_CIA,_Vietnam,_and_the_Plot_to_Assassinate_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Eustace Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Mullins"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"pornographic magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_magazines"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed_journals"},{"link_name":"textbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbooks"},{"link_name":"railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroads"},{"link_name":"assassinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinations"},{"link_name":"transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation"},{"link_name":"military strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy"},{"link_name":"logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"},{"link_name":"textbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbooks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"Prouty authored two major books during his life, The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World in 1973 and JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy in 1992.He served alongside friend and fellow researcher Eustace Mullins as contributing editor for a conspiracy magazine titled Criminal Politics.[12]Prouty also published articles in a wide variety of publications, from pornographic magazines to peer-reviewed journals to academic textbooks, illustrating the wide diversity in his intended audiences for different writings. His areas of expertise were cultivated by direct experience as well as research, and they range from railroads to assassinations to transportation to military strategy and logistics.[citation needed]His writings even include entries on Railroad Engineering and Foreign Railroad Technology for McGraw-Hill's Scientific Encyclopedias and Scientific Yearbooks, as well as contributions to ROTC textbooks.[citation needed]","title":"Post-military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology"},{"link_name":"L. Ron Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-affidavit-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-affidavit-14"},{"link_name":"Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Dianetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianetics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-Creating-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-Creating-15"},{"link_name":"Tommy Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Davis_(Scientology)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-16"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Church of Scientology","text":"In the early 1980s, Prouty's services as an expert witness were retained by the legal team of the Church of Scientology to act as consultant in the investigation of L. Ron Hubbard's military record.By early 1985, Hubbard's naval record was again the subject of increasing scrutiny. Julie Christofferson Titchbourne of Portland, Oregon brought her case against the Church at that time, and Scientology's lawyers again turned to Prouty to help them manage the public relations fallout.[13] Prouty was forthcoming with an affidavit on their behalf by February. In it, he stated his belief that the records released by the U.S. Navy documenting Hubbard's service in the armed forces \"are incomplete ... those materials and records provided give ample evidence that proves the existence of other records that have been concealed, withheld and overlooked.\"[14]\"...to provide proof of the fact that the records, data and related materials provided by the U.S. Navy (USN) and other government sources, all said to be the complete record and file on the military service, active and inactive, of Mr. L. Ronald Hubbard, formerly Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy Reserve, are incomplete ... [and] to attest to the fact that those materials and records provided give ample evidence that proves the existence of other records that have been concealed, withheld and overlooked.\"[14]Hubbard, the founder of Scientology, had said that he sustained combat injuries during his military service in World War II and that he healed himself through measures that would become Dianetics.[15] However, Hubbard's military record does not show that he was wounded in combat. Church officials have stated that those records were incomplete and may have been falsified.[15] Prouty, according to Church of Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis, reported that Hubbard was an intelligence agent, and because of this his military discharge papers were \"sheep dipped,\" meaning two sets of government records were created documenting Hubbard's service.[13][16]Prouty's association with Scientology also provided him with a platform for his writing over the following decades, serving as senior editor of Freedom magazine, an official publication of the Church.[17] Between 1985 and 1987, Freedom published a 19-part series by Prouty which it described as having \"provided a unique and highly informative view of the events which led up to the Vietnam War.\" The magazine later covered his perspective on the Jonestown affair. At times, he has described himself as \"an editorial adviser to publications of the Church of Scientology.\"","title":"Post-military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_(film)"},{"link_name":"Donald Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Jim Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Garrison"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toplin-18"}],"sub_title":"Oliver Stone's JFK film","text":"Prouty served as a technical adviser to Oliver Stone's 1991 film JFK. He was the inspiration for the mysterious \"X\" (played by Donald Sutherland), who assists Jim Garrison in the movie.[18]","title":"Post-military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inova Alexandria Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inova_Alexandria_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Colonel Prouty died on June 5, 2001, at the Inova Alexandria Hospital in Alexandria, Virginia. His funeral service was held the next day at the Fort Myer Chapel, and he was subsequently buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.[19]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"U-2 incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-2_Crisis_of_1960"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubweek-2"}],"text":"As a critic of the CIA, Prouty pointed out its influence in global matters, outside the realm of U.S. congressional and government oversight. His works detailed the formation and development of the CIA, the origins of the Cold War, the U-2 incident, the Vietnam War, and the John F. Kennedy assassination. Prouty wrote that he believed Kennedy's assassination was a coup d'état, and that there is a secret, global \"power elite,\" which operates covertly to protect its interests—and in doing so has frequently subverted democracy around the world.[2]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House Select Intelligence Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Alexander Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_12,_1975-20"},{"link_name":"E. Howard Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt"},{"link_name":"National League of Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_of_POW/MIA_Families"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_12,_1975-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_15,_1975-21"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_12,_1975-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_15,_1975-21"},{"link_name":"Frank Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Church"},{"link_name":"Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_12,_1975-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_15,_1975-21"},{"link_name":"UPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_15,_1975-21"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"Eglin Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Watergate scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_July_17,_1975-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_July_17,_1975-22"},{"link_name":"CBS News Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News_Radio"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feinman-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_19,_1975-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune;_July_19,_1975-24"}],"sub_title":"Alexander Butterfield","text":"On July 12, 1975, prior to closed-door questioning by the staff of the House Select Intelligence Committee, Prouty told reporters that Alexander Butterfield was a contact for the CIA at the White House.[20] He said he had learned the information over four years earlier from E. Howard Hunt while doing work for the National League of Families.[20][21] Prouty said that most federal government departments, including the Internal Revenue Service and the Treasury Department, had similar CIA contacts and that he assumed that former president Richard Nixon was aware of Butterfield's role.[20][21] Senator Frank Church said the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities had found no evidence that the CIA planted an undercover agent within the White House or other government agencies.[20]A few days later, Prouty partially walked back his comments in a telephone interview: \"They may have told me the wrong name in order to cover up the real informer.\"[21] In a telephone statement to UPI that same day, Butterfield called the allegations \"wholly false and defamatory\" and stated that he had never met nor seen Hunt and had just recently heard of Prouty.[21] In an interview with CBS News from Eglin Air Force Base where he was serving his prison term for his involvement in the Watergate scandal, Hunt denied the allegation calling it an \"unfortunate invention on Mr. Prouty's part.\"[22] Also interviewed by CBS, Prouty again stated it was Hunt who told him about Butterfield.[22]In a personal letter sent to Roger Feinman at CBS News Radio on July 14, 1975, Harold Weisberg expressed his belief that \"the clear inference of the Prouty connection is that as a CIA man Butterfield pulled the plug on Nixon.\"[23]On July 19, Church said that his committee found that there was \"no scintilla of evidence\" to support Prouty's allegations, and that his committee had ruled out the possibility that Butterfield served as a liaison officer for the CIA.[24] Church also stated, \"on close interrogation, Mr. Prouty is unable to substantiate his earlier statement and acknowledges this to be the case.\"[24]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson-1"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Bay of Pigs Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson-1"},{"link_name":"Edward Lansdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lansdale"},{"link_name":"JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_(film)"},{"link_name":"three tramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_tramps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson-1"},{"link_name":"Richard Sprague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sprague"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milwaukee_Sentinel-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milwaukee_Sentinel-25"},{"link_name":"Umbrella Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_Man_(JFK_assassination)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milwaukee_Sentinel-25"}],"sub_title":"Kennedy assassination","text":"According to Prouty, people within the intelligence and military communities of the United States government conspired to assassinate Kennedy.[1] He maintained that their actions were a coup d'état to stop the President from taking control of the CIA after the Bay of Pigs Invasion.[1] Prouty stated that the assassination was orchestrated by Edward Lansdale (\"General Y\" in Oliver Stone's film JFK) and that Lansdale appeared in photographs of the \"three tramps.\"[1]In 1975, Prouty appeared with Richard Sprague at a news conference in New York to present what they believed was photographic evidence of a conspiracy.[25] According to Prouty, the movement of Kennedy after a bullet struck his head was consistent with a shot from the grassy knoll.[25] He also suggested that the actions of a man with an umbrella, the \"Umbrella Man\", were suspicious.[25]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Secret Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Team"},{"link_name":"1960 U-2 incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_U-2_incident"},{"link_name":"anticommunist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticommunist"},{"link_name":"Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cineaste-26"},{"link_name":"William Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blum"},{"link_name":"Killing Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Hope"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cineaste-26"},{"link_name":"Richard Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Helms"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powell-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powell-27"}],"sub_title":"1960 U-2 incident","text":"In his 1973 book The Secret Team, Prouty provided an alternative view of the 1960 U-2 incident. He charged that the flight was sabotaged in such a way by anticommunist elements in our government as to cause the U-2 to lose altitude mid-flight, allowing the Soviets to shoot it down. Prouty believed the ultimate purpose of the operation was the engineering of the subsequent international incident that put an end to the increasingly amicable U.S.–Soviet relations and doomed any hope for a positive outcome between Khrushchev and Eisenhower at the Four Power Paris Summit set to begin May 16. The summit began as scheduled but quickly collapsed as a result of fallout from the incident.[26]William Blum made his own case for Prouty's version of events in his own book, Killing Hope, published in 2008.[26]Prouty's version of events was rejected by former CIA director Richard Helms, Richard Bissell, Walter Pfoigheimer, and other career officers of the Central Intelligence Agency. Helms commented on Prouty's reframing of the interests and outcomes of the incident, offering the following: \"I simply don't believe that Prouty is accurate. There is no substance to the charge.\"[27] Bissell later claimed that Prouty was not authorized for access to U-2 information and said, \"I don't see what information there could have been aboard that aircraft that could have helped the Russians\" to bring down Powers' U2.[27]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty Lobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Lobby"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRA1999-28"},{"link_name":"Noontide Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noontide_Press"},{"link_name":"Institute for Historical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review"},{"link_name":"holocaust denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esquire-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRA1999-28"},{"link_name":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"character assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_assassination"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esquire2-30"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson-1"}],"sub_title":"Antisemitic association","text":"Prouty was a featured speaker at the 1990 convention of the Liberty Lobby.[28] Prouty was also named to the advisory board for the Lobby's Populist Action Committee. Prouty also sold the reprint rights for The Secret Team to the Noontide Press, the publishing arm for the Institute for Historical Review, a holocaust denial organization.[29][28]Prouty denied having known of the racist and antisemitic associations of the Lobby, noted that he also spoke at a ceremony at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and assured Oliver Stone \"... that he was neither a racist nor an anti-Semite... but merely a writer in need of a platform.\"[citation needed] In a response to an article about Prouty in Esquire, which he labeled a \"character assassination,\" Stone lamented Prouty's association with the Liberty Lobby but questioned its relevance to Prouty's reliability as a source.[30] In an obituary in The Guardian, Michael Carlson wrote that \"[a]lthough Prouty himself never espoused such [anti-semitic] beliefs, the connection enabled critics to dismiss his later writings.\"[1]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Command Pilot Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_aeronautical_rating"},{"link_name":"Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense_Identification_Badge"},{"link_name":"Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Identification_Badge"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"Joint Service Commendation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal"},{"link_name":"American Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"},{"link_name":"Army of Occupation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Occupation_Medal"},{"link_name":"Korean Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"National Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Air Force Longevity Service Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Longevity_Service_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"oak leaf clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster"},{"link_name":"Philippine Liberation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Liberation_Medal"},{"link_name":"United Nations Korea Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal"}],"text":"Prouty was awarded many decorations during his distinguished career in national and public service:Command Pilot Wings\nOffice of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge\nOffice of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge\nLegion of Merit\nJoint Service Commendation Medal\nAmerican Defense Service Medal\nAmerican Campaign Medal\nEuropean-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal\nAsiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal\nWorld War II Victory Medal\nArmy of Occupation Medal with \"Japan\" clasp\nKorean Service Medal\nNational Defense Service Medal with star\nAir Force Longevity Service Ribbon with four oak leaf clusters\nPhilippine Liberation Medal\nUnited Nations Korea Medal","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Team"},{"link_name":"Prentice-Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice-Hall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0137981732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0137981732"},{"link_name":"Full text.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/secretteamciaits00prou"},{"link_name":"JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK:_The_CIA,_Vietnam,_and_the_Plot_to_Assassinate_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1559721308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1559721308"},{"link_name":"Full text.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/jfkciavietnamplo00prou"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall (1973). ISBN 0137981732. Full text.\nJFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy. Introduction by Oliver Stone. New York: Birch Lane Press (1992). ISBN 1559721308. Full text.[31]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Anatomy of Assassination.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/uncloakingcia0000conf"},{"link_name":"Uncloaking the CIA.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/uncloakingcia0000conf"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"World Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Peace"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"\"Kennedy's Policy on Vietnam Led to His Murder.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/assassinationofj0000unse"},{"link_name":"Assassination of John F. Kennedy.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/assassinationofj0000unse"},{"link_name":"Greenhaven Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhaven_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0737713558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0737713558"},{"link_name":"978-0737713541","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0737713541"}],"sub_title":"Book contributions","text":"\"Anatomy of Assassination.\" In: Uncloaking the CIA. Conference on the CIA and World Peace at Yale University (1975).\n\"Kennedy's Policy on Vietnam Led to His Murder.\" In: Assassination of John F. Kennedy. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press (2003). ISBN 978-0737713558, 978-0737713541.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"}],"sub_title":"Encyclopedic","text":"\"Railroad Engineering.\" McGraw-Hill Scientific Encyclopedia.\n\"Foreign Railroad Technology.\" In: McGraw-Hill Scientific Yearbook-1982.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Secret Team and the Games They Play\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/the-secret-team-and-the-games-they-play-maybe-the-military-doesnt-run-the-countr/mode/2up"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"\"The Secret Team and the Games They Play\", The Washington Monthly, May 1970.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Full issue.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.airforcemag.com/issue/1996-04/"},{"link_name":"1960 U-2 incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_U-2_incident"},{"link_name":"Francis Gary Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gary_Powers"},{"link_name":"Prouty's reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/P%20Disk/Prouty%20L%20Fletcher/Item%2016.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The Umbrella Man\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/P%20Disk/Prouty%20L%20Fletcher/Item%2016.pdf"},{"link_name":"Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_(magazine)"}],"sub_title":"Letters to the editor","text":"Letters\"U-2 Shootdowns.\" Air Force Magazine, vol. 79, no. 4 (Apr. 1996). Full issue.Remarks on the 1960 U-2 incident involving Francis Gary Powers.RepliesProuty's reply to \"The Umbrella Man\" (letter), by David R. Gallery (May 1976)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World in Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_in_Action"},{"link_name":"The Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//billmoyers.com/content/secret-government-constitution-crisis/"},{"link_name":"Bill Moyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Moyers"},{"link_name":"Who Killed Martin Luther King?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfsW8nptgeI"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Emmy-nominated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Men Who Killed Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Men_Who_Killed_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Nigel Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Turner"},{"link_name":"The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ocfr2VdcpU"},{"link_name":"The JFK Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPXx-Z7n9vM"},{"link_name":"James Earl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GfPvHyX4BI"},{"link_name":"Barbara Kopple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kopple"},{"link_name":"Danny Schechter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Schechter"},{"link_name":"Carl Oglesby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Oglesby"}],"sub_title":"Documentaries","text":"World in Action [series] (Jun. 16–30, 1975).\n\"The Rise and Fall of the CIA (Part 1).\" Season 11, Episode 38. (Jun. 16, 1975).\n\"The Rise and Fall of the CIA (Part 3).\" Season 11, Episode 40. (Jun. 30, 1975).\nThe Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis (1987). Special Report by Bill Moyers.\nWho Killed Martin Luther King? (1989). Written and directed by John Edginton for BBC. Emmy-nominated.\nThe Men Who Killed Kennedy (1991). Directed by Nigel Turner.\nThe JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes (1992). Written and directed by John Barbour.\nThe JFK Conspiracy (Apr. 15, 1992). Hosted by James Earl Jones. Written and directed by Daniel Helfgott.\nBeyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy (1992). Directed by Barbara Kopple and Danny Schechter. Features Carl Oglesby.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Media appearances","text":"Tomorrow with Tom Snyder: JFK Assassination. NBC (April 15, 1975) [56 min.]One in this series of late-night topical interview programs hosted by Tom Snyder. This installment, occurring on the 110th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's death, focuses on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the many ongoing questions surrounding his death. Panelists include: forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht, attorney Bernard Fensterwald, and retired Air Force Colonel L. Fletcher Prouty, who served as Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Kennedy.[32]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"An Interview with Colonel Fletcher Prouty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88-01350R000200460020-2.pdf"},{"link_name":"All Things Considered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Considered"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Alan Douglas Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-01208R000100110016-4.pdf"},{"link_name":"Carl Oglesby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Oglesby"},{"link_name":"Pacifica Radio Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifica_Radio_Archives"},{"link_name":"catalog.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/bc1616?nns=Prouty"},{"link_name":"\"Staff Interview.\" Counsel for the Presidents Commission on CIA Activities.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//documents.theblackvault.com/documents/jfk/NARA-July2017/JFK-July_2017_Release-Formerly_released_in_part/DOCID-32105600.PDF"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210729003844/https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/jfk/NARA-July2017/JFK-July_2017_Release-Formerly_released_in_part/DOCID-32105600.PDF"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkJqraXqKLU"},{"link_name":"Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/P%20Disk/Prouty%20L%20Fletcher/Item%2011.pdf"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"\"Understanding Special Operations and Their Impact on the Vietnam War Era: 1989 Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ratical.org/ratville/JFK/USO/"},{"link_name":"Audio recording of \"Understanding The Secret Team in the Post-World War II Era\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeYDp4N5V9Q"},{"link_name":"Audio recording of \"A Very Special Operation: The Assassination of President Kennedy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=dz-PDUZAf-E"},{"link_name":"The Mind of L. Fletcher Prouty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ratical.org/ratville/JFK/JohnJudge/JJ-1992video-MLFP.html"},{"link_name":"\"'President Kennedy Was Killed by a Murder, Inc.'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1992/eirv19n06-19920207/eirv19n06-19920207_034-col_fletcher_prouty.pdf"},{"link_name":"Executive Intelligence Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Intelligence_Review"},{"link_name":"Full issue.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1992/eirv19n06-19920207/eirv19n06-19920207.pdf"},{"link_name":"Exclusive Interview with \"Mr. X\" (a.k.a. Col Prouty)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_Wiv5EHyhk"},{"link_name":"\"An Interview with 'Mr. X.'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/P%20Disk/Prouty%20L%20Fletcher/Item%2062.pdf"},{"link_name":"Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty. Summary prepared by Christopher Barger on October 23, 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/wray-tim-and-jeremy-gunn-christopher-barger-joan-zimmerman.-interview-with-l.-fl/Wray%2C%20Tim%2C%20and%20Jeremy%20Gunn%2C%20Christopher%20Barger%2C%20Joan%20Zimmerman.%20Interview%20with%20L.%20Fletcher%20Prouty.%20Summary%20prepared%20by%20Christopher%20Barger%20on%20October%2023%2C%201996.%20%28Assassination%20Records%20Review%20Board%2C%20September%2024%2C%201996%29.pdf"},{"link_name":"Assassination Records Review Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_Records_Review_Board"}],"text":"\"An Interview with Colonel Fletcher Prouty\" [audio]. All Things Considered... NPR (March 22, 1973)\nAlan Douglas Show [video]. (April 12, 1973)\nWho's On the Secret Team? [audio]. Interviewed by Paul McIsaac, Nanette Rainone and Carl Oglesby. Pacifica Radio Archives (December 11, 1973). 110 min. catalog.\nGray, Marvin L. (Jr). \"Staff Interview.\" Counsel for the Presidents Commission on CIA Activities. Archived 2021-07-29 at the Wayback Machine [print]. Washington, D.C. (May 15, 1975)\nKanier, Bruce. Interview video (October 12, 1994)\nSchorr, Dan. Interview [video]. CBS (July 11, 1975)\nRatcliffe, David T. \"Understanding Special Operations and Their Impact on the Vietnam War Era: 1989 Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty\" [audio]. Rat Haus Reality Press (1989)\nAudio recording of \"Understanding The Secret Team in the Post-World War II Era\" (May 6, 1989)\nAudio recording of \"A Very Special Operation: The Assassination of President Kennedy\" (May 8, 1989)\nThe Mind of L. Fletcher Prouty [video] (1992).Produced by Jim Grapek for Prevailing Winds Research, this interview was conducted by John Judge and took place in Colonel Prouty's home in Alexandria, Virginia.Steinberg, Jeffrey. \"'President Kennedy Was Killed by a Murder, Inc.'\" [print]. Executive Intelligence Review, vol. 19, no. 6 (February 7, 1992), pp. 34–38. Full issue.\nSteinberg, Jeffrey.Exclusive Interview with \"Mr. X\" (a.k.a. Col Prouty) [video] The LaRouche Connection (November 11, 1992)\nJames, Gary. \"An Interview with 'Mr. X.'\" [print]. Table Hoppers, vol. 1, no. 1 (March 30, 1995)\nWray, Tim, and Jeremy Gunn, Christopher Barger, Joan Zimmerman. Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty. Summary prepared by Christopher Barger on October 23, 1996 [print]. Assassination Records Review Board (September 24, 1996)\nMeet Mr. X: The Personality & Thoughts of Fletcher Prouty [video]. (2001) 11 min.This interview session is featured on the 2-disc JFK: Special Edition, released on DVD in 2001.","title":"Interviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McAdams, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._McAdams"},{"link_name":"\"L. Fletcher Prouty: Fearless Truth Teller, or Crackpot?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mcadams.posc.mu.edu/prouty.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Coup d'Etat in America: Col. L. Fletcher Prouty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fpparchive.org/media/documents/communism_and_responses/Coup%20d%27Etat%20in%20America_Col.%20L.%20Flectcher%20Prouty_Jun%2030,%201991_Criminal%20Politics.pdf"},{"link_name":"eulogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogy"}],"text":"McAdams, John. \"L. Fletcher Prouty: Fearless Truth Teller, or Crackpot?\" John McAdams' The Kennedy Assassination website.\n\"Coup d'Etat in America: Col. L. Fletcher Prouty\" (eulogy). Criminal Politics (Jun. 30, 1991).","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy\". Publishers Weekly. August 31, 1992.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55972-130-1","url_text":"\"JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Index\" (PDF). University of Massachusetts Amherst Yearbook. 1937. p. 158. ...we decided to elect temporary class officers. Several glorified neophytes were nominated and after the ballots were counted we found that a tall youth from Springfield, Fletcher Prouty, had been elected President; and a pretty brunette from Pittsfield, Betty Bates had been elected Vice President.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/784814/ocm13697396-1937.pdf","url_text":"\"The Index\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst","url_text":"University of Massachusetts Amherst"}]},{"reference":"\"Leroy Fletcher Prouty, Jr. - Colonel, United States Air Force\". 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/lfprouty.htm","url_text":"\"Leroy Fletcher Prouty, Jr. - Colonel, United States Air Force\""}]},{"reference":"JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy. Carol Publishing Group. 1992. pp. 173–174. ISBN 1559721308. OL 8612479M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK:_The_CIA,_Vietnam,_and_the_Plot_to_Assassinate_John_F._Kennedy","url_text":"JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Carol Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1559721308","url_text":"1559721308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8612479M","url_text":"8612479M"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Lawrence (February 14, 2011). \"The Apostate; Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology\". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/02/14/110214fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all","url_text":"\"The Apostate; Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"\"The Church Of Scientology, Fact-Checked\". NPR. February 8, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2011/02/08/133561256/the-church-of-scientology-fact-checked","url_text":"\"The Church Of Scientology, Fact-Checked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"\"Masthead of Freedom Magazine\" (PDF). Freedom. Vol. 18, no. 4. Church of Scientology. p. 3. Retrieved June 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ia802908.us.archive.org/12/items/freedommagdecember1985/Freedom%20December%201985%20OCR.pdf","url_text":"\"Masthead of Freedom Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(magazine)","url_text":"Freedom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology","url_text":"Church of Scientology"}]},{"reference":"Toplin, Robert Brent (1 January 1996). \"JFK\". History by Hollywood: The Use and Abuse of the American Past. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-252-06536-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=91cDS5UrJ80C&pg=PA50","url_text":"\"JFK\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=91cDS5UrJ80C","url_text":"History by Hollywood: The Use and Abuse of the American Past"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06536-1","url_text":"978-0-252-06536-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Burial Detail: Prouty, Leroy Fletcher (Section 66, 6580)\". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery.","urls":[{"url":"https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZwcm91dHkSBWxlcm95/","url_text":"\"Burial Detail: Prouty, Leroy Fletcher (Section 66, 6580)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery","url_text":"Arlington National Cemetery"}]},{"reference":"\"Butterfield called CIA contact in White House\". Chicago Tribune. Vol. 129, no. 193 (Final ed.). July 12, 1975. Section 1, page 2. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/07/12/page/2/article/butterfield-called-cia-contact-in-white-house","url_text":"\"Butterfield called CIA contact in White House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-CIA contact alters story on Butterfield\". Chicago Tribune. Vol. 129, no. 196 (Final ed.). UPI. July 15, 1975. Section 1, page 2. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/07/15/page/2/article/ex-cia-contact-alters-story-on-butterfield","url_text":"\"Ex-CIA contact alters story on Butterfield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Hunt Denies Linking Butterfield, C.I.A.\" The New York Times. July 17, 1975. p. 14. Retrieved June 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/17/archives/hunt-denies-linking-butterfield-cia.html","url_text":"\"Hunt Denies Linking Butterfield, C.I.A.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Find No CIA Tie to Butterfield; Senate Panel Clears Him\". Chicago Tribune. Vol. 129, no. 200 (Final ed.). July 19, 1975. Section 1, page 3. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/07/19/page/67/article/senate-panel-clears-him","url_text":"\"Find No CIA Tie to Butterfield; Senate Panel Clears Him\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"2 Claim Conspiracy Proof in JFK's Death\". Milwaukee Sentinel. UPI. September 4, 1975. p. 3. Retrieved January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SiMWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6431%2C544045","url_text":"\"2 Claim Conspiracy Proof in JFK's Death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Anson, Robert Sam (November 1991). \"The Shooting of JFK\". Esquire.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)","url_text":"Esquire"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Oliver (December 1991). \"Esquire Letter: Stone Shoots Back\". Esquire.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone","url_text":"Stone, Oliver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)","url_text":"Esquire"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Harris
George E. Harris
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Political career","2.2 Death and burial","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
American politician (1827–1911) George E. HarrisHarris, c. 1860–187516th Attorney General of MississippiIn officeJanuary 4, 1874 – January 1878GovernorAdelbert AmesJohn M. StonePreceded byJoshua S. MorrisSucceeded byThomas C. CatchingsMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Mississippi's 1st districtIn officeFebruary 23, 1870 – March 3, 1873Preceded byvacant (secession)Succeeded byLucius Q. C. Lamar Personal detailsBornGeorge Emrick Harris(1827-01-06)January 6, 1827Orange, North Carolina, U.S.DiedMarch 19, 1911(1911-03-19) (aged 84)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeOak Hill CemeteryWashington, D.C., U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouse Harriet Seton McAllister ​ ​(died)​Children7Military serviceAllegiance Confederate StatesBranch/service Confederate States ArmyRankLieutenant colonelBattles/warsAmerican Civil War George Emrick Harris (January 6, 1827 – March 19, 1911) was an American lawyer, Civil War veteran and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Mississippi from 1870 to 1873. Early life George Emrick Harris was born on January 6, 1827, in Orange County, North Carolina. He moved to Tennessee and later Mississippi. He attended common schools and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1854. Career Harris practiced law. He entered the Confederate States Army and served as lieutenant colonel until the close of the Civil War. Political career Harris was elected district attorney in 1865 and re-elected in 1866. Upon the readmission of the Mississippi to representation in the Union, he was elected as a Republican to the Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses and served from February 23, 1870, to March 3, 1873. He served as the first Republican Mississippi Attorney General from 1873 to 1877. He was Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi from 1877 to 1879. He wrote books on legal subjects. Death and burial Harris married Harriet Seton McAllister, daughter of Ward McAllister. They had seven children, including George McAllister. His wife predeceased him. Harris died on March 19, 1911, in Washington, D.C. At the time of his death, he lived at the Ruppert Home for the Aged and Indigent. He was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i "Harris, George Emrick". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2023. ^ a b "Noted Mississippian is Dead at Age of 84". The San Francisco Call. March 26, 1911. p. 33. Retrieved December 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Will of Mrs. H. S. Harris Filed". The Washington Post. February 4, 1906. p. 3. Retrieved December 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Statesman Leaves Imaginary Estate to Ruppert Home". The Washington Times. June 15, 1911. p. 9. Retrieved December 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. References United States Congress. "George E. Harris (id: H000238)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. External links Media related to George E. Harris at Wikimedia Commons U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byLucius Q. C. Lamar Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Mississippi's 1st congressional district 1870–1873 Succeeded byLucius Q. C. Lamar Legal offices Preceded byJoshua S. Morris Attorney General of Mississippi 1874–1878 Succeeded byThomas C. Catchings Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States People Trove US Congress Other SNAC This article about a Mississippi politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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He was admitted to the bar in 1854.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Harris practiced law.[1] He entered the Confederate States Army and served as lieutenant colonel until the close of the Civil War.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"sub_title":"Political career","text":"Harris was elected district attorney in 1865 and re-elected in 1866. Upon the readmission of the Mississippi to representation in the Union, he was elected as a Republican to the Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses and served from February 23, 1870, to March 3, 1873.[1]He served as the first Republican Mississippi Attorney General from 1873 to 1877.[1] He was Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi from 1877 to 1879.[1]He wrote books on legal subjects.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"sub_title":"Death and burial","text":"Harris married Harriet Seton McAllister, daughter of Ward McAllister. They had seven children, including George McAllister. His wife predeceased him.[2][3]Harris died on March 19, 1911, in Washington, D.C.[1][2] At the time of his death, he lived at the Ruppert Home for the Aged and Indigent.[4] He was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bio_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bio_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bio_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bio_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bio_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bio_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bio_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bio_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bio_1-8"},{"link_name":"\"Harris, George Emrick\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H000238"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Noted Mississippian is Dead at Age of 84\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-call-and-post-noted-mi/137165677/"},{"link_name":"The San Francisco Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Call"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Will of Mrs. H. S. Harris Filed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/article/the-washington-post-will-of-mrs-h-s-h/137165830/"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Statesman Leaves Imaginary Estate to Ruppert Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/article/the-washington-times-statesman-leaves-im/137165747/"},{"link_name":"The Washington Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i \"Harris, George Emrick\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n\n^ a b \"Noted Mississippian is Dead at Age of 84\". The San Francisco Call. March 26, 1911. p. 33. Retrieved December 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ \"Will of Mrs. H. S. Harris Filed\". The Washington Post. February 4, 1906. p. 3. Retrieved December 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ \"Statesman Leaves Imaginary Estate to Ruppert Home\". The Washington Times. June 15, 1911. p. 9. Retrieved December 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_recursive
ELEMENTARY
["1 Definition","2 Basis for ELEMENTARY","3 Lower elementary recursive functions","4 Descriptive characterization","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]
For other meanings, see Elementary. In computational complexity theory, the complexity class ELEMENTARY of elementary recursive functions is the union of the classes E L E M E N T A R Y = ⋃ k ∈ N k - E X P = D T I M E ( 2 n ) ∪ D T I M E ( 2 2 n ) ∪ D T I M E ( 2 2 2 n ) ∪ ⋯ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\mathsf {ELEMENTARY}}&=\bigcup _{k\in \mathbb {N} }k{\mathsf {{\mbox{-}}EXP}}\\&={\mathsf {DTIME}}\left(2^{n}\right)\cup {\mathsf {DTIME}}\left(2^{2^{n}}\right)\cup {\mathsf {DTIME}}\left(2^{2^{2^{n}}}\right)\cup \cdots \end{aligned}}} The name was coined by László Kalmár, in the context of recursive functions and undecidability; most problems in it are far from elementary. Some natural recursive problems lie outside ELEMENTARY, and are thus NONELEMENTARY. Most notably, there are primitive recursive problems that are not in ELEMENTARY. We know LOWER-ELEMENTARY ⊊ EXPTIME ⊊ ELEMENTARY ⊊ PR ⊊ R Whereas ELEMENTARY contains bounded applications of exponentiation (for example, O ( 2 2 n ) {\displaystyle O(2^{2^{n}})} ), PR allows more general hyper operators (for example, tetration) which are not contained in ELEMENTARY. Definition The definitions of elementary recursive functions are the same as for primitive recursive functions, except that primitive recursion is replaced by bounded summation and bounded product. All functions work over the natural numbers. The basic functions, all of them elementary recursive, are: Zero function. Returns zero: f(x) = 0. Successor function: f(x) = x + 1. Often this is denoted by S, as in S(x). Via repeated application of a successor function, one can achieve addition. Projection functions: these are used for ignoring arguments. For example, f(a, b) = a is a projection function. Subtraction function: f(x, y) = x − y if y < x, or 0 if y ≥ x. This function is used to define conditionals and iteration. From these basic functions, we can build other elementary recursive functions. Composition: applying values from some elementary recursive function as an argument to another elementary recursive function. In f(x1, ..., xn) = h(g1(x1, ..., xn), ..., gm(x1, ..., xn)) is elementary recursive if h is elementary recursive and each gi is elementary recursive. Bounded summation: f ( m , x 1 , … , x n ) = ∑ i = 0 m g ( i , x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle f(m,x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=\sum \limits _{i=0}^{m}g(i,x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} is elementary recursive if g is elementary recursive. Bounded product: f ( m , x 1 , … , x n ) = ∏ i = 0 m g ( i , x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle f(m,x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=\prod \limits _{i=0}^{m}g(i,x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} is elementary recursive if g is elementary recursive. Basis for ELEMENTARY The class of elementary functions coincides with the closure with respect to composition of the projections and one of the following function sets: { n + 1 , n − . m , ⌊ n / m ⌋ , n m } {\displaystyle \{n+1,n\,{\stackrel {.}{-}}\,m,\lfloor n/m\rfloor ,n^{m}\}} , { n + m , n − . m , ⌊ n / m ⌋ , 2 n } {\displaystyle \{n+m,n\,{\stackrel {.}{-}}\,m,\lfloor n/m\rfloor ,2^{n}\}} , { n + m , n 2 , n mod m , 2 n } {\displaystyle \{n+m,n^{2},n\,{\bmod {\,}}m,2^{n}\}} , where n − . m = max { n − m , 0 } {\displaystyle n\,{\stackrel {.}{-}}\,m=\max\{n-m,0\}} is the subtraction function defined above. Lower elementary recursive functions Lower elementary recursive functions follow the definitions as above, except that bounded product is disallowed. That is, a lower elementary recursive function must be a zero, successor, or projection function, a composition of other lower elementary recursive functions, or the bounded sum of another lower elementary recursive function. Lower elementary recursive functions are also known as Skolem elementary functions. Whereas elementary recursive functions have potentially more than exponential growth, the lower elementary recursive functions have polynomial growth. The class of lower elementary functions has a description in terms of composition of simple functions analogous to that we have for elementary functions. Namely, a polynomial-bounded function is lower elementary if and only if it can be expressed using a composition of the following functions: projections, n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} , n m {\displaystyle nm} , n − . m {\displaystyle n\,{\stackrel {.}{-}}\,m} , n ∧ m {\displaystyle n\wedge m} , ⌊ n / m ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor n/m\rfloor } , one exponential function ( 2 n {\displaystyle 2^{n}} or n m {\displaystyle n^{m}} ) with the following restriction on the structure of formulas: the formula can have no more than two floors with respect to an exponent (for example, x y ( z + 1 ) {\displaystyle xy(z+1)} has 1 floor, ( x + y ) y z + x + z x + 1 {\displaystyle (x+y)^{yz+x}+z^{x+1}} has 2 floors, 2 2 x {\displaystyle 2^{2^{x}}} has 3 floors). Here n ∧ m {\displaystyle n\wedge m} is a bitwise AND of n and m. Descriptive characterization In descriptive complexity, ELEMENTARY is equal to the class HO of languages that can be described by a formula of higher-order logic. This means that every language in the ELEMENTARY complexity class corresponds to as a higher-order formula that is true for, and only for, the elements on the language. More precisely, N T I M E ( 2 2 ⋯ 2 O ( n ) ) = ∃ H O i {\displaystyle {\mathsf {NTIME}}\left(2^{2^{\cdots {2^{O(n)}}}}\right)=\exists {}{\mathsf {HO}}^{i}} , where ⋯ indicates a tower of i exponentiations and ∃ H O i {\displaystyle \exists {}{\mathsf {HO}}^{i}} is the class of queries that begin with existential quantifiers of ith order and then a formula of (i − 1)th order. See also Elementary function arithmetic Primitive recursive function Grzegorczyk hierarchy EXPTIME Notes ^ Mazzanti, S (2002). "Plain Bases for Classes of Primitive Recursive Functions". Mathematical Logic Quarterly. 48: 93–104. doi:10.1002/1521-3870(200201)48:1<93::aid-malq93>3.0.co;2-8. ^ S. S. Marchenkov, "Superpositions of elementary arithmetic functions", Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics, September 2007, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp 351-360, doi:10.1134/S1990478907030106. ^ Th. Skolem, "Proof of some theorems on recursively enumerable sets", Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 1962, Volume 3, Number 2, pp 65-74, doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093957149. ^ a b S. A. Volkov, "On the class of Skolem elementary functions", Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics, 2010, Volume 4, Issue 4, pp 588-599, doi:10.1134/S1990478910040149. ^ Volkov, Sergey (2016). "Finite Bases with Respect to the Superposition in Classes of Elementary Recursive Functions ". arXiv:1611.04843 . ^ Lauri Hella and José María Turull-Torres (2006), "Computing queries with higher-order logics", Theoretical Computer Science, 355 (2): 197–214, doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2006.01.009, ISSN 0304-3975 References Rose, H.E., Subrecursion: Functions and hierarchies, Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-853189-3 vteComplexity classesConsidered feasible DLOGTIME AC0 ACC0 TC0 L SL RL FL NL NL-complete NC SC CC P P-complete ZPP RP BPP BQP APX FP Suspected infeasible UP NP NP-complete NP-hard co-NP co-NP-complete TFNP FNP AM QMA PH ⊕P PP #P #P-complete IP PSPACE PSPACE-complete Considered infeasible EXPTIME NEXPTIME EXPSPACE 2-EXPTIME ELEMENTARY PR R RE ALL Class hierarchies Polynomial hierarchy Exponential hierarchy Grzegorczyk hierarchy Arithmetical hierarchy Boolean hierarchy Families of classes DTIME NTIME DSPACE NSPACE Probabilistically checkable proof Interactive proof system List of complexity classes
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Some natural recursive problems lie outside ELEMENTARY, and are thus NONELEMENTARY. Most notably, there are primitive recursive problems that are not in ELEMENTARY. We knowLOWER-ELEMENTARY ⊊ EXPTIME ⊊ ELEMENTARY ⊊ PR ⊊ RWhereas ELEMENTARY contains bounded applications of exponentiation (for example, \n \n \n \n O\n (\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle O(2^{2^{n}})}\n \n), PR allows more general hyper operators (for example, tetration) which are not contained in ELEMENTARY.","title":"ELEMENTARY"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primitive recursive functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_recursive_function"},{"link_name":"natural numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"}],"text":"The definitions of elementary recursive functions are the same as for primitive recursive functions, except that primitive recursion is replaced by bounded summation and bounded product. All functions work over the natural numbers. The basic functions, all of them elementary recursive, are:Zero function. Returns zero: f(x) = 0.\nSuccessor function: f(x) = x + 1. Often this is denoted by S, as in S(x). Via repeated application of a successor function, one can achieve addition.\nProjection functions: these are used for ignoring arguments. For example, f(a, b) = a is a projection function.\nSubtraction function: f(x, y) = x − y if y < x, or 0 if y ≥ x. This function is used to define conditionals and iteration.From these basic functions, we can build other elementary recursive functions.Composition: applying values from some elementary recursive function as an argument to another elementary recursive function. In f(x1, ..., xn) = h(g1(x1, ..., xn), ..., gm(x1, ..., xn)) is elementary recursive if h is elementary recursive and each gi is elementary recursive.\nBounded summation: \n \n \n \n f\n (\n m\n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n m\n \n \n g\n (\n i\n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(m,x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})=\\sum \\limits _{i=0}^{m}g(i,x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})}\n \n is elementary recursive if g is elementary recursive.\nBounded product: \n \n \n \n f\n (\n m\n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∏\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n m\n \n \n g\n (\n i\n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(m,x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})=\\prod \\limits _{i=0}^{m}g(i,x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})}\n \n is elementary recursive if g is elementary recursive.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The class of elementary functions coincides with the closure with respect to composition of the projections and one of the following function sets: \n \n \n \n {\n n\n +\n 1\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n ,\n ⌊\n n\n \n /\n \n m\n ⌋\n ,\n \n n\n \n m\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{n+1,n\\,{\\stackrel {.}{-}}\\,m,\\lfloor n/m\\rfloor ,n^{m}\\}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n {\n n\n +\n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n ,\n ⌊\n n\n \n /\n \n m\n ⌋\n ,\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{n+m,n\\,{\\stackrel {.}{-}}\\,m,\\lfloor n/m\\rfloor ,2^{n}\\}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n {\n n\n +\n m\n ,\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n n\n \n \n mod\n \n \n \n \n m\n ,\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{n+m,n^{2},n\\,{\\bmod {\\,}}m,2^{n}\\}}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n =\n max\n {\n n\n −\n m\n ,\n 0\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\,{\\stackrel {.}{-}}\\,m=\\max\\{n-m,0\\}}\n \n is the subtraction function defined above.[1][2]","title":"Basis for ELEMENTARY"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volkov_skolem-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volkov_skolem-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lower elementary recursive functions follow the definitions as above, except that bounded product is disallowed. That is, a lower elementary recursive function must be a zero, successor, or projection function, a composition of other lower elementary recursive functions, or the bounded sum of another lower elementary recursive function.Lower elementary recursive functions are also known as Skolem elementary functions.[3][4]Whereas elementary recursive functions have potentially more than exponential growth, the lower elementary recursive functions have polynomial growth.The class of lower elementary functions has a description in terms of composition of simple functions analogous to that we have for elementary functions.[4][5] Namely, a polynomial-bounded function is lower elementary if and only if it can be expressed using a composition of the following functions: projections, \n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n+1}\n \n, \n \n \n \n n\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle nm}\n \n, \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\,{\\stackrel {.}{-}}\\,m}\n \n, \n \n \n \n n\n ∧\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\wedge m}\n \n, \n \n \n \n ⌊\n n\n \n /\n \n m\n ⌋\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lfloor n/m\\rfloor }\n \n, one exponential function (\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}}\n \n or \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n^{m}}\n \n) with the following restriction on the structure of formulas: the formula can have no more than two floors with respect to an exponent (for example, \n \n \n \n x\n y\n (\n z\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xy(z+1)}\n \n has 1 floor, \n \n \n \n (\n x\n +\n y\n \n )\n \n y\n z\n +\n x\n \n \n +\n \n z\n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x+y)^{yz+x}+z^{x+1}}\n \n has 2 floors, \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{2^{x}}}\n \n has 3 floors). Here \n \n \n \n n\n ∧\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\wedge m}\n \n is a bitwise AND of n and m.","title":"Lower elementary recursive functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"descriptive complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_complexity"},{"link_name":"HO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HO_(complexity)"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"higher-order logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_logic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In descriptive complexity, ELEMENTARY is equal to the class HO of languages that can be described by a formula of higher-order logic.[6] This means that every language in the ELEMENTARY complexity class corresponds to as a higher-order formula that is true for, and only for, the elements on the language. More precisely, \n \n \n \n \n \n N\n T\n I\n M\n E\n \n \n \n (\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n ⋯\n \n \n 2\n \n O\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n ∃\n \n\n \n \n \n \n H\n O\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathsf {NTIME}}\\left(2^{2^{\\cdots {2^{O(n)}}}}\\right)=\\exists {}{\\mathsf {HO}}^{i}}\n \n, where ⋯ indicates a tower of i exponentiations and \n \n \n \n ∃\n \n\n \n \n \n \n H\n O\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exists {}{\\mathsf {HO}}^{i}}\n \n is the class of queries that begin with existential quantifiers of ith order and then a formula of (i − 1)th order.","title":"Descriptive characterization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/1521-3870(200201)48:1<93::aid-malq93>3.0.co;2-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3870%28200201%2948%3A1%3C93%3A%3Aaid-malq93%3E3.0.co%3B2-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1134/S1990478907030106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1134%2FS1990478907030106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Th. Skolem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoralf_Skolem"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Journal_of_Formal_Logic"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1305/ndjfl/1093957149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1305%2Fndjfl%2F1093957149"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-volkov_skolem_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-volkov_skolem_4-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1134/S1990478910040149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1134%2FS1990478910040149"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1611.04843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1611.04843"},{"link_name":"cs.CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/archive/cs.CC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Theoretical Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_Computer_Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.tcs.2006.01.009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tcs.2006.01.009"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0304-3975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3975"}],"text":"^ Mazzanti, S (2002). \"Plain Bases for Classes of Primitive Recursive Functions\". Mathematical Logic Quarterly. 48: 93–104. doi:10.1002/1521-3870(200201)48:1<93::aid-malq93>3.0.co;2-8.\n\n^ S. S. Marchenkov, \"Superpositions of elementary arithmetic functions\", Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics, September 2007, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp 351-360, doi:10.1134/S1990478907030106.\n\n^ Th. Skolem, \"Proof of some theorems on recursively enumerable sets\", Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 1962, Volume 3, Number 2, pp 65-74, doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093957149.\n\n^ a b S. A. Volkov, \"On the class of Skolem elementary functions\", Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics, 2010, Volume 4, Issue 4, pp 588-599, doi:10.1134/S1990478910040149.\n\n^ Volkov, Sergey (2016). \"Finite Bases with Respect to the Superposition in Classes of Elementary Recursive Functions [dissertation]\". arXiv:1611.04843 [cs.CC].\n\n^ Lauri Hella and José María Turull-Torres (2006), \"Computing queries with higher-order logics\", Theoretical Computer Science, 355 (2): 197–214, doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2006.01.009, ISSN 0304-3975","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Elementary function arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_function_arithmetic"},{"title":"Primitive recursive function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_recursive_function"},{"title":"Grzegorczyk hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorczyk_hierarchy"},{"title":"EXPTIME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXPTIME"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX_Sagittarii
VX Sagittarii
["1 Observations","2 Stellar characteristics","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading"]
Asymptotic giant branch star in the constellation Sagittarius VX Sagittarii A visual band light curve for VX Sagittarii, plotted from AAVSO data Observation dataEpoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) Constellation Sagittarius Right ascension 18h 08m 04.04831s Declination −22° 13′ 26.6327″ Apparent magnitude (V) 6.5 - 14.0 Characteristics Evolutionary stage AGB, (possibly TŻO) Spectral type M4eIa - M10eIa Apparent magnitude (U) 11.72 Apparent magnitude (B) 9.41 Apparent magnitude (V) 6.52 Apparent magnitude (I) 2.11 Apparent magnitude (J) 1.23 Apparent magnitude (H) 0.13 Apparent magnitude (K) −0.50 Apparent magnitude (L) −1.61 Variable type SRc AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)+6.47±3.37 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: +0.36±0.76 mas/yr Dec.: −2.92±0.78 mas/yr Parallax (π)0.64 ± 0.04 masDistance5,100 ± 300 ly (1,560 ± 100 pc) DetailsMass12 M☉Radius1,356, between 1,120 and 1,550, 1,350–1,940 (pulsation), 1,480 R☉Luminosity195000±62000 L☉Temperature2,900 (near min), 3,200-3,400 (near max), 2,400–3,300 K Other designations VX Sgr, HIP 88838, BD−22°4575, CD−22°12589, HD 165674, 2MASS J18080404-2213266, AAVSO 1802-22 Database referencesSIMBADdata VX Sagittarii is an asymptotic giant branch star located more than 1.5 kiloparsec away from the Sun in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is a pulsating variable star with an unusually large magnitude range. It is one of the largest stars discovered, with a radius varying between 1,350 and 1,940 solar radii (940,000,000 and 1.35×109 km; 6.3 and 9.0 au). It is the most luminous known AGB star, at bolometric magnitude –8.6, which is brighter than the theoretical limit at –8.0. Observations The star is classed as a cool semiregular variable of type SRc with a pulsational period of 732 days. The variations sometimes have an amplitude comparable to a long period variable, at other times they are much smaller. The spectral type varies between M4e around visual maximum and M9.8e at minimum light, and the luminosity class is Ia indicating a bright supergiant. The spectrum shows emission lines indicating that the star is losing mass through a strong stellar wind. The annual parallax of VX Sagittarii has been measured as 0.64±0.06 mas, indicating a distance of about 5,100 light years. This is compatible with the distance to Sagittarius OB1, the stellar association that VX Sagittarii is thought to belong to. Its radial velocity and proper motions are also consistent with other members of the association. Stellar characteristics The effective temperature of VX Sagittarii is variable from around 2,400 K at visual minimum to around 3,300 K near maximum. Such low temperatures are comparable to the very coolest AGB stars and unprecedented for a massive supergiant. Its atmosphere is extended, irregular, and variable during the pulsations of the star, but the bolometric luminosity varies less than the visual brightness and is calculated to be about 195,000 L☉. At an effective temperature of 3,300 K, the radius is expected to be somewhere between 1,120 R☉ and 1,550 R☉. Older studies frequently calculated higher luminosities. The atmosphere of VX Sgr shows molecular water layers and SiO masers in the atmosphere, typical of an OH/IR star. The masers have been used to derive a distance of 1,590 parsecs. The spectrum also indicates strong VO and CN. In many respects the atmosphere is similar to low mass AGB stars such as Mira variables, but with a supergiant's luminosity and size. Another paper from May 2018 suggests that VX Sagitarii may be a hypergiant. This would make it one of the very rare red hypergiant stars. However, a 2021 paper concludes that VX Sagittarii is a massive AGB star, rather than a red supergiant or hypergiant. Because it displays rubidium in its spectrum and has a high mass loss and luminosity, it is possible that it is a type of AGB star known as a super-AGB star, a type of star with masses in between low-mass stars and high-mass stars. See also List of largest known stars Notes ^ Calculated using angular diameter and distance in Table 1 References ^ "Download Data". aavso.org. AAVSO. Retrieved 1 October 2021. ^ a b Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. ^ a b Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S. ^ a b c d Tabernero, H. M.; Dorda, R.; Negueruela, I.; Marfil, E. (2021). "The nature of VX Sagitarii". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 646: A98. arXiv:2011.09184. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039236. S2CID 227013580. ^ Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, G. M.; Bedding, T. R. (2006). "Variability in red supergiant stars: Pulsations, long secondary periods and convection noise". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 372 (4): 1721–1734. arXiv:astro-ph/0608438. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.372.1721K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10973.x. S2CID 5203133. ^ a b c d e f g h i Xu, Shuangjing; Zhang, Bo; Reid, Mark J; Menten, Karl M; Zheng, Xingwu; Wang, Guangli (2018). "The Parallax of the Red Hypergiant VX Sgr with Accurate Tropospheric Delay Calibration". The Astrophysical Journal. 859 (1): 14. arXiv:1804.00894. Bibcode:2018ApJ...859...14X. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabba6. S2CID 55572194. ^ a b c d Chiavassa, A.; Lacour, S.; Millour, F.; Driebe, T.; Wittkowski, M.; Plez, B.; Thiébaut, E.; Josselin, E.; Freytag, B.; Scholz, M.; Haubois, X. (2009). "VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometric imaging of VX Sgr's inhomogenous outer atmosphere". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 511: A51. arXiv:0911.4422. Bibcode:2010A&A...511A..51C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913288. S2CID 55877127. ^ a b c d Lockwood, G.W.; Wing, R. F. (1982). "The light and spectrum variations of VX Sagittarii, an extremely cool supergiant". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 198 (2): 385–404. Bibcode:1982MNRAS.198..385L. doi:10.1093/mnras/198.2.385. ^ Wallstrom, S. H. J.; Danilovich, T.; Muller, H. S. P.; Gottlieb, C. A.; Maes, S.; Van de Sande, M.; Decin, L.; Richards, A. M. S.; Baudry, A.; Bolte, J.; Ceulemans, T.; De Ceuster, F.; de Koter, A.; Mellah, I. El; Esseldeurs, M. (7 December 2023). "ATOMIUM: Molecular inventory of 17 oxygen-rich evolved stars observed with ALMA". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A50. arXiv:2312.03467. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347632. ISSN 0004-6361. ^ García-Hernández, D. A; García-Lario, P; Plez, B; Manchado, A; d'Antona, F; Lub, J; Habing, H (2007). "Lithium and zirconium abundances in massive Galactic O-rich AGB stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 462 (2): 711. arXiv:astro-ph/0609106. Bibcode:2007A&A...462..711G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065785. S2CID 16016698. ^ De Jager, C.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Van Der Hucht, K. A. (1988). "Mass loss rates in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 72: 259. Bibcode:1988A&AS...72..259D. ^ Nicolas Mauron; Eric Josselin (2010). "The mass-loss rates of red supergiants and the de Jager prescription". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 526: A156. arXiv:1010.5369v1. Bibcode:2011A&A...526A.156M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201013993. S2CID 119276502. ^ Greenhill; et al. (1995). "The SiO Masers and Dust Shell of VX SGR". Astrophysics and Space Science. 224 (1–2): 1–9. Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.224..469G. doi:10.1007/BF00667909. S2CID 189849486. ^ Chen, X.; Shen, Z. Q.; Xu, Y. (2007). "Measuring the Distance of VX Sagittarii with SiO Maser Proper Motions". Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 7 (4): 531. Bibcode:2007ChJAA...7..531C. doi:10.1088/1009-9271/7/4/09. Further reading Chiavassa, A.; et al. (February 2022), "The extended atmosphere and circumstellar environment of the cool evolved star VX Sagittarii as seen by MATISSE", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 658: A185, arXiv:2112.10695, Bibcode:2022A&A...658A.185C, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142514, S2CID 245335318, A185. Su, Jiang-Bo; et al. (December 2020), "Observational characteristics of SiO masers around VX Sgr", Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 20 (12): 192, Bibcode:2020RAA....20..192S, doi:10.1088/1674-4527/20/12/192, S2CID 221408165, 192. Su, J. B.; et al. (January 2018), "Dynamics of SiO Masers around VX Sgr", The Astrophysical Journal, 853 (1): 42, Bibcode:2018ApJ...853...42S, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa12b, S2CID 125500678, 42. Su, J. B.; et al. (September 2014), "Outward Motions of SiO Masers around VX Sgr", Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, 35 (3): 539–540, Bibcode:2014JApA...35..539S, doi:10.1007/s12036-014-9280-2, S2CID 255487708. Su, J. B.; et al. (July 2012), "High-resolution VLBA Observations of Three 7 mm SiO Masers toward VX Sgr at Five Epochs", The Astrophysical Journal, 754 (1): 47, Bibcode:2012ApJ...754...47S, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/754/1/47, S2CID 120825137, 47. Su, J. B.; et al. (June 2011), "Pumping Mechanisms for SiO Masers around VX Sgr", Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, 32 (1–2): 261–264, Bibcode:2011JApA...32..261S, doi:10.1007/s12036-011-9002-y, S2CID 121796389. Lu, R. -S.; et al. (2010), "High-frequency VLBI Imaging of Sgr A* and VX Sgr", Proceedings of the 10th European VLBI Network Symposium and EVN Users Meeting: VLBI and the new generation of radio arrays. September 20-24, 2010. Manchester, UK, vol. 10, p. 087, Bibcode:2010evn..confE..87L, doi:10.22323/1.125.0087, 87. Chen, Xi; et al. (April 2006), "Inward Motions of the Compact SiO Masers around VX Sagittarii", The Astrophysical Journal, 640 (2): 982–994, arXiv:astro-ph/0512011, Bibcode:2006ApJ...640..982C, doi:10.1086/500168, S2CID 14240593. Kamohara, Ryuichi; et al. (April 2005), "Time Variation of SiO Masers in VX Sagittarii over an Optically Quiescent Phase", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 57 (2): 341–345, Bibcode:2005PASJ...57..341K, doi:10.1093/pasj/57.2.341. Murakawa, K.; et al. (September 2003), "The radially expanding molecular outflow of VX Sagittarii", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 344 (1): 112, Bibcode:2003MNRAS.344....1M, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06626.x. Yates, J. A.; et al. (2002), Mineese, Victor; Reid, Mark (eds.), "The H2O maser proper motions of RT Vir and VX Sgr", Cosmic Masers: From Proto-Stars to Black Holes, IAU Symposium #206, held 5-10 March 2001 in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, vol. 206, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 298, Bibcode:2002IAUS..206..298Y. Szymczak, M.; et al. (June 2001), "Magnetic field structure in the outer OH maser envelope of VX Sagittarii", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 371 (3): 1012–1017, Bibcode:2001A&A...371.1012S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010451, S2CID 123021236. Pashchenko, M. I.; Rudnitskii, G. M. (May 1999), "Observations of late-type variable stars in the water-vapor radio line. The supergiant VX Sagittarii", Astronomy Reports, 43 (5): 311–324, Bibcode:1999ARep...43..311P. Berulis, I. I.; et al. (1999), "H2O maser emission of the M-type supergiant VX Sgr", Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, 18 (1): 77–82, Bibcode:1999A&AT...18...77B, doi:10.1080/10556799908203038. Trigilio 7, C.; et al. (June 1998), "The circumstellar magnetic field of VX Sagittarii", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 297 (2): 497–501, Bibcode:1998MNRAS.297..497T, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01538.x.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Doeleman, S. S.; et al. (1998), Zensus, J. A.; Taylor, G. B.; Wrobel, J. M. (eds.), "86 GHz VLBI Imaging of the SiO Masers in VX SGR", Radio Emission from Galactic and Extragalactic Compact Sources, IAU Colloquium 164, ASP Conference Series, vol. 144, p. 363, Bibcode:1998ASPC..144..363D. Zell, Philip J.; Fix, John D. (July 1996), "The Spatial Distribution of Circularly Polarized 1612 MHz OH Maser Emission From VX SGR", Astronomical Journal, 112: 252, Bibcode:1996AJ....112..252Z, doi:10.1086/118007. Trigilio, C.; et al. (1996), Pallavicini, Roberto; Dupree, Andrea K. (eds.), "Magnetic field measurements in the circumstellar envelope of VX SGR", Cool stars, stellar systems, and the sun: Proceedings of the 9th Cambridge workshop; held 3-6 October 1995 in Florence, Italy, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 109, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 549, Bibcode:1996ASPC..109..549T. Greenhill, Lincoln J.; et al. (June 1994), Breckinridge, James B. (ed.), "Circumstellar envelope of VX SGR resolved with long-baseline interferometry at millimeter and midinfrared wavelengths", Conference Proceedings of SPIE: Amplitude and Intensity Spatial Interferometry II, Amplitude and Intensity Spatial Interferometry II, vol. 2200, pp. 304–315, Bibcode:1994SPIE.2200..304G, doi:10.1117/12.177248, S2CID 120318207. Greenhill, L. J.; et al. (May 1993), "The Circumstellar Envelope of VX SGR", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25: 824, Bibcode:1993AAS...182.2203G. Yu, Zhiyao (June 1992), "The Circumstellar Envelope of VX-Sagittarii", Astrophysics and Space Science, 192 (1): 53–62, Bibcode:1992Ap&SS.192...53Y, doi:10.1007/BF00653259, S2CID 119015723. Pijpers, F. P. (November 1990), "A model for the wind of the M supergiant VX Sagittarii", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 238: 256, Bibcode:1990A&A...238..256P. Netzer, Nathan (July 1989), "Interaction of Dust and Radiation in Circumstellar Envelopes. I. The Expansion Velocity Gradient in the Envelope of VX Sagittarii", Astrophysical Journal, 342: 1068, Bibcode:1989ApJ...342.1068N, doi:10.1086/167663. Chapman, J. M.; Cohen, R. J. (May 1986), "MERLIN observations of the circumstellar envelope of VX Sagittarius", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 220 (3): 513–528, Bibcode:1986MNRAS.220..513C, doi:10.1093/mnras/220.3.513. Smith, Horace A. (February 1978), "Beat Phenomena in the Light Curve of VX Sgr", The Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, 6 (2): 63, Bibcode:1978JAVSO...6...63S. Dinerstein, Harriet (1973), "VX Sagittarii: A Variable at Many Wavelengths", Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, 2 (2): 52–59, Bibcode:1973JAVSO...2...52D. Humphreys, Roberta M.; Lockwood, G. W. (March 1972), "Spectroscopic and Photometric Changes in the Peculiar Infrared Star VX Sagittarius", Astrophysical Journal, 172: L59, Bibcode:1972ApJ...172L..59H, doi:10.1086/180891. Robinson, B. J.; et al. (March 1971), "Similarity of the OH Emissions from VX Sagittarii and VY Canis Majoris", Astrophysical Letters, 8: 171, Bibcode:1971ApL.....8..171R. vteConstellation of Sagittarius List of stars in Sagittarius Galactic Center Central Molecular Zone Large Sagittarius Star Cloud Sagittarius in Chinese astronomy Wow! signal StarsBayer α (Rukbat) β1 (Arkab Prior) β2 (Arkab Posterior) γ1 (W) γ2 (Alnasl) δ (Kaus Media) ε (Kaus Australis) ζ (Ascella) η θ1 θ2 ι κ1 κ2 λ (Kaus Borealis) μ (Polis) ν1 (Ainalrami) ν2 ξ1 ξ2 ο π (Albaldah) ρ1 ρ2 σ (Nunki) τ υ φ χ1 χ2 χ3 ψ ω (Terebellum) Flamsteed 1 4 5 6 7 9 12 14 15 16 17 18 21 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 33 43 (d) 50 51 (h1) 52 (h2) 53 54 (e1) 55 (e2) 56 (f) 57 59 (b) 60 (A) 61 (g) 62 (c) 63 65 63 Oph Variable T U X (3) Y RR RS RY RZ VX VY VZ WZ XX XZ YY YZ AQ AS AV BB FN GM GU KW MV V348 V350 V356 V440 V505 V523 V526 V617 V630 V725 V732 V774 V919 V1017 V1059 V1216 V1223 V1647 V1942 V3792 V3795 V3804 V3879 V3885 V3890 V3892 V3894 V3903 (11) V3961 V3984 V4021 V4024 V4028 V4029 V4030 V4046 V4050 V4064 V4072 V4089 V4091 V4138 V4140 V4160 V4169 V4190 V4198 V4199 V4200 V4332 V4333 V4334 V4371 V4375 V4381 V4387 V4405 V4407 V4434 V4444 V4580 V4633 V4641 V4647 (Pistol Star) V4650 V4728 V4743 V4745 V4998 V5112 V5115 V5116 V5125 V5157 V5555 V5558 V5652 V5668 V5856 HR 6617 6679 6680 6691 6692 6693 6704 6716 6739 6748 6762 6766 6769 6777 6780 6788 6798 6835 6836 6838 6842 6864 6874 6889 6907 6909 6914 6919 6933 6936 6944 6960 6972 6988 6990 6998 7026 7029 7035 7038 7072 7104 7126 7128 7151 7159 7164 7166 7168 7182 7186 7195 7203 7205 7211 7230 7239 7240 7246 7265 7276 7277 7282 7316 7317 7327 7330 7334 7350 7355 7360 7367 7378 7380 7392 7398 7410 7433 7443 7454 7473 7491 7496 7507 7532 7538 7585 7616 7627 7629 7630 7631 7639 7643 7652 7658 7659 7703 7706 7725 7765 7799 7801 7808 HD 163296 163758 164604 (Pincoya) 164816 165052 169142 170657 171238 175390 175754 180902 181342 181720 183577 187085 187150 190647 313846 316285 Other 2MASS 19281982-2640123 2MASS J18352154–3123385 2MASS J19513587-3510375 4U 1755-33 4U 1820-30 A1742-294 Ap 1-11 AS 295 BD -18 5550 Bursting Pulsar CWISEP J1935-1546 GCIRS 13E 745 GGD 27 GRO J1744−28 GRS 1758-258 GS 1826-24 GX 3-1 GX 5-1 GX 9-1 GX 13+1 HATS-36 Herschel 36 HETE J1900.1-2455 IRAS 17423-1755 IRAS 18162−2048 GCIRS 3 GCIRS 7 GCIRS 8* GCIRS 16SW Gomez's Hamburger G0.238-0.071 K2-2016-BLG-0005L LBV 1806-20 LS IV -12 111 MACHO 176.18833.411 MACHO-1997-BLG-41 MACHO-98-BLG-35 NGC 6822-WR 12 PSR B1744−24A PSR B1749−28 PSR B1757−24 PSR B1758−23 PSR B1800−21 PSR B1821−24 PSR B1857−26 PSR J1808−2024 PSR J1747−2958 PSR J1748−2446ad S2 S55 S62 S4716 SAX J1747.0−2853 SAX J1808.4−3658 SAX J1810.8−2609 SWEEPS J175853.92−291120.6 SWEEPS J175902.00-291323.7 SWEEPS J175902.67−291153.5 Swift J1745-26 SWIFT J1756.9−2508 Th 4-4 W33A WASP-67 WD 0032−317 WR 102 c ea ka WR 101-2 WR 104 WR 110 WR 111 WR 112 XTE J1748−288 XTE J1807−294 XTE J1810−197 XTE J1814−338 Exoplanets HATS-36b HD 164604 b HD 181720 b K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb KMT-2022-BLG-0440L b MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb MOA-2007-BLG-400Lb MOA-2009-BLG-387Lb MOA-2010-BLG-477Lb OGLE-2003-BLG-235Lb OGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb OGLE-2018-BLG-1119Lb OGLE-TR-10b OGLE-TR-56b SWIFT J1756.9-2508 b StarclustersNGC NGC 6440 NGC 6520 NGC 6522 NGC 6528 NGC 6530 NGC 6540 NGC 6544 NGC 6553 NGC 6558 NGC 6569 NGC 6603 NGC 6624 NGC 6638 NGC 6642 NGC 6717 NGC 6723 Other 1806−20 cluster 2MASS-GC02 Arches Cluster CO-0.40-0.22 Messier 18 Messier 21 Messier 22 Messier 23 Messier 25 Messier 28 Messier 54 Messier 55 Messier 69 Messier 70 Messier 75 Quintuplet cluster Small Sagittarius Star Cloud NebulaeNGC NGC 6822 (Bubble Nebula) NGC 6445 NGC 6559 NGC 6563 NGC 6565 NGC 6578 NGC 6589 NGC 6590 NGC 6818 Other Barnard 92 G1.9+0.3 HCN-0.009-0.044 Lagoon Nebula Large Molecule Heimat M 1-42 M2-42 Omega Nebula Pistol Nebula Red Spider Nebula Ring Nebula Trifid Nebula GalaxiesNGC NGC 6822 NGC 6902 Other MRC 2011-298 PKS 2000-330 Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Galaxy clusters ESO 593-8 Astronomical events GLEAM-X J162759.5−523504.3 MOA-2007-BLG-192L MOA-2007-BLG-400L MOA-2009-BLG-387L MOA-2010-BLG-477L MOA-2011-BLG-262L OGLE-2003-BLG-235L OGLE-2005-BLG-169L Nova Sagittarii 1982 Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asymptotic giant branch star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch_star"},{"link_name":"kiloparsec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiloparsec"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"pulsating variable star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsating_variable_star"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"largest stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_stars"},{"link_name":"solar radii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radius"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"AGB star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGB_star"},{"link_name":"bolometric magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometric_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabernero-4"}],"text":"Asymptotic giant branch star in the constellation SagittariusVX Sagittarii is an asymptotic giant branch star located more than 1.5 kiloparsec away from the Sun in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is a pulsating variable star with an unusually large magnitude range. It is one of the largest stars discovered, with a radius varying between 1,350 and 1,940 solar radii (940,000,000 and 1.35×109 km; 6.3 and 9.0 au). It is the most luminous known AGB star, at bolometric magnitude –8.6, which is brighter than the theoretical limit at –8.0.[4]","title":"VX Sagittarii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semiregular variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiregular_variable"},{"link_name":"days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day"},{"link_name":"long period variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_period_variable"},{"link_name":"luminosity class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity_class"},{"link_name":"bright supergiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_supergiant"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_spectrum"},{"link_name":"emission lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_line"},{"link_name":"stellar wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_wind"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lockwood-8"},{"link_name":"annual parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius OB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_OB1"},{"link_name":"stellar association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_association"},{"link_name":"radial velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_velocity"},{"link_name":"proper motions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_motion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xu2018-6"}],"text":"The star is classed as a cool semiregular variable of type SRc with a pulsational period of 732 days. The variations sometimes have an amplitude comparable to a long period variable, at other times they are much smaller. The spectral type varies between M4e around visual maximum and M9.8e at minimum light, and the luminosity class is Ia indicating a bright supergiant. The spectrum shows emission lines indicating that the star is losing mass through a strong stellar wind.[8]The annual parallax of VX Sagittarii has been measured as 0.64±0.06 mas, indicating a distance of about 5,100 light years. This is compatible with the distance to Sagittarius OB1, the stellar association that VX Sagittarii is thought to belong to. Its radial velocity and proper motions are also consistent with other members of the association.[6]","title":"Observations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"effective temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature"},{"link_name":"AGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chiavassa-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lockwood-8"},{"link_name":"bolometric luminosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometric_luminosity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xu2018-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dejager-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauron-13"},{"link_name":"OH/IR star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OH/IR_star"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenhill-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chen-15"},{"link_name":"VO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(II)_oxide"},{"link_name":"CN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen"},{"link_name":"Mira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chiavassa-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xu2018-6"},{"link_name":"rubidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium"},{"link_name":"super-AGB star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-AGB_star"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabernero-4"}],"text":"The effective temperature of VX Sagittarii is variable from around 2,400 K at visual minimum to around 3,300 K near maximum. Such low temperatures are comparable to the very coolest AGB stars and unprecedented for a massive supergiant.[7][8] Its atmosphere is extended, irregular, and variable during the pulsations of the star, but the bolometric luminosity varies less than the visual brightness and is calculated to be about 195,000 L☉. At an effective temperature of 3,300 K, the radius is expected to be somewhere between 1,120 R☉ and 1,550 R☉.[6] Older studies frequently calculated higher luminosities.[11][12]The atmosphere of VX Sgr shows molecular water layers and SiO masers in the atmosphere, typical of an OH/IR star.[13] The masers have been used to derive a distance of 1,590 parsecs.[14] The spectrum also indicates strong VO and CN. In many respects the atmosphere is similar to low mass AGB stars such as Mira variables, but with a supergiant's luminosity and size.[7]Another paper from May 2018 suggests that VX Sagitarii may be a hypergiant.[6] This would make it one of the very rare red hypergiant stars. However, a 2021 paper concludes that VX Sagittarii is a massive AGB star, rather than a red supergiant or hypergiant. Because it displays rubidium in its spectrum and has a high mass loss and luminosity, it is possible that it is a type of AGB star known as a super-AGB star, a type of star with masses in between low-mass stars and high-mass stars.[4]","title":"Stellar characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ Calculated using angular diameter and distance in Table 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6603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6603"},{"link_name":"NGC 6624","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6624"},{"link_name":"NGC 6638","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6638"},{"link_name":"NGC 6642","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6642"},{"link_name":"NGC 6717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6717"},{"link_name":"NGC 6723","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6723"},{"link_name":"1806−20 cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806%E2%88%9220_cluster"},{"link_name":"2MASS-GC02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2MASS-GC02"},{"link_name":"Arches Cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_Cluster"},{"link_name":"CO-0.40-0.22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO-0.40-0.22"},{"link_name":"Messier 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_18"},{"link_name":"Messier 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_21"},{"link_name":"Messier 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_22"},{"link_name":"Messier 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_23"},{"link_name":"Messier 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_25"},{"link_name":"Messier 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_28"},{"link_name":"Messier 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_54"},{"link_name":"Messier 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_55"},{"link_name":"Messier 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_69"},{"link_name":"Messier 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_70"},{"link_name":"Messier 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_75"},{"link_name":"Quintuplet cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintuplet_cluster"},{"link_name":"Small Sagittarius Star Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Sagittarius_Star_Cloud"},{"link_name":"Nebulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula"},{"link_name":"NGC 6822 (Bubble Nebula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Nebula_(NGC_6822)"},{"link_name":"NGC 6445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6445"},{"link_name":"NGC 6559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6559"},{"link_name":"NGC 6563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6563"},{"link_name":"NGC 6565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6565"},{"link_name":"NGC 6578","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6578"},{"link_name":"NGC 6589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6589"},{"link_name":"NGC 6590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6590"},{"link_name":"NGC 6818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6818"},{"link_name":"Barnard 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_92"},{"link_name":"G1.9+0.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1.9%2B0.3"},{"link_name":"HCN-0.009-0.044","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCN-0.009-0.044"},{"link_name":"Lagoon Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon_Nebula"},{"link_name":"Large Molecule Heimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Molecule_Heimat"},{"link_name":"M 1-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_1-42"},{"link_name":"M2-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2-42"},{"link_name":"Omega Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Nebula"},{"link_name":"Pistol Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_Nebula"},{"link_name":"Red Spider Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Spider_Nebula"},{"link_name":"Ring Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Nebula_(NGC_6822)"},{"link_name":"Trifid Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifid_Nebula"},{"link_name":"Galaxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy"},{"link_name":"NGC 6822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6822"},{"link_name":"NGC 6902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6902"},{"link_name":"MRC 2011-298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRC_2011-298"},{"link_name":"PKS 2000-330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS_2000-330"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_Dwarf_Irregular_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_Dwarf_Spheroidal_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Galaxy clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_cluster"},{"link_name":"ESO 593-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO_593-8"},{"link_name":"Astronomical events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_astronomical_event"},{"link_name":"GLEAM-X J162759.5−523504.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLEAM-X_J162759.5%E2%88%92523504.3"},{"link_name":"MOA-2007-BLG-192L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-192L"},{"link_name":"MOA-2007-BLG-400L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-400L"},{"link_name":"MOA-2009-BLG-387L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOA-2009-BLG-387L"},{"link_name":"MOA-2010-BLG-477L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOA-2010-BLG-477L"},{"link_name":"MOA-2011-BLG-262L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOA-2011-BLG-262L"},{"link_name":"OGLE-2003-BLG-235L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGLE-2003-BLG-235L"},{"link_name":"OGLE-2005-BLG-169L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGLE-2005-BLG-169L"},{"link_name":"Nova Sagittarii 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nova_Sagittarii_1982&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sagittarius_(constellation)"}],"text":"Chiavassa, A.; et al. (February 2022), \"The extended atmosphere and circumstellar environment of the cool evolved star VX Sagittarii as seen by MATISSE\", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 658: A185, arXiv:2112.10695, Bibcode:2022A&A...658A.185C, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142514, S2CID 245335318, A185.\nSu, Jiang-Bo; et al. (December 2020), \"Observational characteristics of SiO masers around VX Sgr\", Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 20 (12): 192, Bibcode:2020RAA....20..192S, doi:10.1088/1674-4527/20/12/192, S2CID 221408165, 192.\nSu, J. B.; et al. (January 2018), \"Dynamics of SiO Masers around VX Sgr\", The Astrophysical Journal, 853 (1): 42, Bibcode:2018ApJ...853...42S, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa12b, S2CID 125500678, 42.\nSu, J. B.; et al. (September 2014), \"Outward Motions of SiO Masers around VX Sgr\", Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, 35 (3): 539–540, Bibcode:2014JApA...35..539S, doi:10.1007/s12036-014-9280-2, S2CID 255487708.\nSu, J. B.; et al. (July 2012), \"High-resolution VLBA Observations of Three 7 mm SiO Masers toward VX Sgr at Five Epochs\", The Astrophysical Journal, 754 (1): 47, Bibcode:2012ApJ...754...47S, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/754/1/47, S2CID 120825137, 47.\nSu, J. B.; et al. (June 2011), \"Pumping Mechanisms for SiO Masers around VX Sgr\", Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, 32 (1–2): 261–264, Bibcode:2011JApA...32..261S, doi:10.1007/s12036-011-9002-y, S2CID 121796389.\nLu, R. -S.; et al. (2010), \"High-frequency VLBI Imaging of Sgr A* and VX Sgr\", Proceedings of the 10th European VLBI Network Symposium and EVN Users Meeting: VLBI and the new generation of radio arrays. September 20-24, 2010. Manchester, UK, vol. 10, p. 087, Bibcode:2010evn..confE..87L, doi:10.22323/1.125.0087, 87.\nChen, Xi; et al. 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(2002), Mineese, Victor; Reid, Mark (eds.), \"The H2O maser proper motions of RT Vir and VX Sgr\", Cosmic Masers: From Proto-Stars to Black Holes, IAU Symposium #206, held 5-10 March 2001 in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, vol. 206, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 298, Bibcode:2002IAUS..206..298Y.\nSzymczak, M.; et al. (June 2001), \"Magnetic field structure in the outer OH maser envelope of VX Sagittarii\", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 371 (3): 1012–1017, Bibcode:2001A&A...371.1012S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010451, S2CID 123021236.\nPashchenko, M. I.; Rudnitskii, G. M. (May 1999), \"Observations of late-type variable stars in the water-vapor radio line. The supergiant VX Sagittarii\", Astronomy Reports, 43 (5): 311–324, Bibcode:1999ARep...43..311P.\nBerulis, I. I.; et al. (1999), \"H2O maser emission of the M-type supergiant VX Sgr\", Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, 18 (1): 77–82, Bibcode:1999A&AT...18...77B, doi:10.1080/10556799908203038.\nTrigilio 7, C.; et al. (June 1998), \"The circumstellar magnetic field of VX Sagittarii\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 297 (2): 497–501, Bibcode:1998MNRAS.297..497T, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01538.x.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\nDoeleman, S. S.; et al. (1998), Zensus, J. A.; Taylor, G. B.; Wrobel, J. M. (eds.), \"86 GHz VLBI Imaging of the SiO Masers in VX SGR\", Radio Emission from Galactic and Extragalactic Compact Sources, IAU Colloquium 164, ASP Conference Series, vol. 144, p. 363, Bibcode:1998ASPC..144..363D.\nZell, Philip J.; Fix, John D. (July 1996), \"The Spatial Distribution of Circularly Polarized 1612 MHz OH Maser Emission From VX SGR\", Astronomical Journal, 112: 252, Bibcode:1996AJ....112..252Z, doi:10.1086/118007.\nTrigilio, C.; et al. (1996), Pallavicini, Roberto; Dupree, Andrea K. (eds.), \"Magnetic field measurements in the circumstellar envelope of VX SGR\", Cool stars, stellar systems, and the sun: Proceedings of the 9th Cambridge workshop; held 3-6 October 1995 in Florence, Italy, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 109, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 549, Bibcode:1996ASPC..109..549T.\nGreenhill, Lincoln J.; et al. (June 1994), Breckinridge, James B. (ed.), \"Circumstellar envelope of VX SGR resolved with long-baseline interferometry at millimeter and midinfrared wavelengths\", Conference Proceedings of SPIE: Amplitude and Intensity Spatial Interferometry II, Amplitude and Intensity Spatial Interferometry II, vol. 2200, pp. 304–315, Bibcode:1994SPIE.2200..304G, doi:10.1117/12.177248, S2CID 120318207.\nGreenhill, L. J.; et al. (May 1993), \"The Circumstellar Envelope of VX SGR\", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25: 824, Bibcode:1993AAS...182.2203G.\nYu, Zhiyao (June 1992), \"The Circumstellar Envelope of VX-Sagittarii\", Astrophysics and Space Science, 192 (1): 53–62, Bibcode:1992Ap&SS.192...53Y, doi:10.1007/BF00653259, S2CID 119015723.\nPijpers, F. P. (November 1990), \"A model for the wind of the M supergiant VX Sagittarii\", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 238: 256, Bibcode:1990A&A...238..256P.\nNetzer, Nathan (July 1989), \"Interaction of Dust and Radiation in Circumstellar Envelopes. I. The Expansion Velocity Gradient in the Envelope of VX Sagittarii\", Astrophysical Journal, 342: 1068, Bibcode:1989ApJ...342.1068N, doi:10.1086/167663.\nChapman, J. M.; Cohen, R. J. (May 1986), \"MERLIN observations of the circumstellar envelope of VX Sagittarius\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 220 (3): 513–528, Bibcode:1986MNRAS.220..513C, doi:10.1093/mnras/220.3.513.\nSmith, Horace A. (February 1978), \"Beat Phenomena in the Light Curve of VX Sgr\", The Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, 6 (2): 63, Bibcode:1978JAVSO...6...63S.\nDinerstein, Harriet (1973), \"VX Sagittarii: A Variable at Many Wavelengths\", Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, 2 (2): 52–59, Bibcode:1973JAVSO...2...52D.\nHumphreys, Roberta M.; Lockwood, G. W. (March 1972), \"Spectroscopic and Photometric Changes in the Peculiar Infrared Star VX Sagittarius\", Astrophysical Journal, 172: L59, Bibcode:1972ApJ...172L..59H, doi:10.1086/180891.\nRobinson, B. J.; et al. (March 1971), \"Similarity of the OH Emissions from VX Sagittarii and VY Canis Majoris\", Astrophysical Letters, 8: 171, Bibcode:1971ApL.....8..171R.vteConstellation of Sagittarius\nList of stars in Sagittarius\nGalactic Center\nCentral Molecular Zone\nLarge Sagittarius Star Cloud\nSagittarius in Chinese astronomy\nWow! signal\nStarsBayer\nα (Rukbat)\nβ1 (Arkab Prior)\nβ2 (Arkab Posterior)\nγ1 (W)\nγ2 (Alnasl)\nδ (Kaus Media)\nε (Kaus Australis)\nζ (Ascella)\nη\nθ1\nθ2\nι\nκ1\nκ2\nλ (Kaus Borealis)\nμ (Polis)\nν1 (Ainalrami)\nν2\nξ1\nξ2\nο\nπ (Albaldah)\nρ1\nρ2\nσ (Nunki)\nτ\nυ\nφ\nχ1\nχ2\nχ3\nψ\nω (Terebellum)\nFlamsteed\n1\n4\n5\n6\n7\n9\n12\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n21\n23\n24\n25\n26\n28\n29\n30\n31\n33\n43 (d)\n50\n51 (h1)\n52 (h2)\n53\n54 (e1)\n55 (e2)\n56 (f)\n57\n59 (b)\n60 (A)\n61 (g)\n62 (c)\n63\n65\n63 Oph\nVariable\nT\nU\nX (3)\nY\nRR\nRS\nRY\nRZ\nVX\nVY\nVZ\nWZ\nXX\nXZ\nYY\nYZ\nAQ\nAS\nAV\nBB\nFN\nGM\nGU\nKW\nMV\nV348\nV350\nV356\nV440\nV505\nV523\nV526\nV617\nV630\nV725\nV732\nV774\nV919\nV1017\nV1059\nV1216\nV1223\nV1647\nV1942\nV3792\nV3795\nV3804\nV3879\nV3885\nV3890\nV3892\nV3894\nV3903 (11)\nV3961\nV3984\nV4021\nV4024\nV4028\nV4029\nV4030\nV4046\nV4050\nV4064\nV4072\nV4089\nV4091\nV4138\nV4140\nV4160\nV4169\nV4190\nV4198\nV4199\nV4200\nV4332\nV4333\nV4334\nV4371\nV4375\nV4381\nV4387\nV4405\nV4407\nV4434\nV4444\nV4580\nV4633\nV4641\nV4647 (Pistol Star)\nV4650\nV4728\nV4743\nV4745\nV4998\nV5112\nV5115\nV5116\nV5125\nV5157\nV5555\nV5558\nV5652\nV5668\nV5856\nHR\n6617\n6679\n6680\n6691\n6692\n6693\n6704\n6716\n6739\n6748\n6762\n6766\n6769\n6777\n6780\n6788\n6798\n6835\n6836\n6838\n6842\n6864\n6874\n6889\n6907\n6909\n6914\n6919\n6933\n6936\n6944\n6960\n6972\n6988\n6990\n6998\n7026\n7029\n7035\n7038\n7072\n7104\n7126\n7128\n7151\n7159\n7164\n7166\n7168\n7182\n7186\n7195\n7203\n7205\n7211\n7230\n7239\n7240\n7246\n7265\n7276\n7277\n7282\n7316\n7317\n7327\n7330\n7334\n7350\n7355\n7360\n7367\n7378\n7380\n7392\n7398\n7410\n7433\n7443\n7454\n7473\n7491\n7496\n7507\n7532\n7538\n7585\n7616\n7627\n7629\n7630\n7631\n7639\n7643\n7652\n7658\n7659\n7703\n7706\n7725\n7765\n7799\n7801\n7808\nHD\n163296\n163758\n164604 (Pincoya)\n164816\n165052\n169142\n170657\n171238\n175390\n175754\n180902\n181342\n181720\n183577\n187085\n187150\n190647\n313846\n316285\nOther\n2MASS 19281982-2640123\n2MASS J18352154–3123385\n2MASS J19513587-3510375\n4U 1755-33\n4U 1820-30\nA1742-294\nAp 1-11\nAS 295\nBD -18 5550\nBursting Pulsar\nCWISEP J1935-1546\nGCIRS 13E\n745\nGGD 27\nGRO J1744−28\nGRS 1758-258\nGS 1826-24\nGX 3-1\nGX 5-1\nGX 9-1\nGX 13+1\nHATS-36\nHerschel 36\nHETE J1900.1-2455\nIRAS 17423-1755\nIRAS 18162−2048\nGCIRS 3\nGCIRS 7\nGCIRS 8*\nGCIRS 16SW\nGomez's Hamburger\nG0.238-0.071\nK2-2016-BLG-0005L\nLBV 1806-20\nLS IV -12 111\nMACHO 176.18833.411\nMACHO-1997-BLG-41\nMACHO-98-BLG-35\nNGC 6822-WR 12\nPSR B1744−24A\nPSR B1749−28\nPSR B1757−24\nPSR B1758−23\nPSR B1800−21\nPSR B1821−24\nPSR B1857−26\nPSR J1808−2024\nPSR J1747−2958\nPSR J1748−2446ad\nS2\nS55\nS62\nS4716\nSAX J1747.0−2853\nSAX J1808.4−3658\nSAX J1810.8−2609\nSWEEPS J175853.92−291120.6\nSWEEPS J175902.00-291323.7\nSWEEPS J175902.67−291153.5\nSwift J1745-26\nSWIFT J1756.9−2508\nTh 4-4\nW33A\nWASP-67\nWD 0032−317\nWR 102\nc\nea\nka\nWR 101-2\nWR 104\nWR 110\nWR 111\nWR 112\nXTE J1748−288\nXTE J1807−294\nXTE J1810−197\nXTE J1814−338\nExoplanets\nHATS-36b\nHD 164604 b\nHD 181720 b\nK2-2016-BLG-0005Lb\nKMT-2022-BLG-0440L b\nMOA-2007-BLG-192Lb\nMOA-2007-BLG-400Lb\nMOA-2009-BLG-387Lb\nMOA-2010-BLG-477Lb\nOGLE-2003-BLG-235Lb\nOGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb\nOGLE-2018-BLG-1119Lb\nOGLE-TR-10b\nOGLE-TR-56b\nSWIFT J1756.9-2508 b\nStarclustersNGC\nNGC 6440\nNGC 6520\nNGC 6522\nNGC 6528\nNGC 6530\nNGC 6540\nNGC 6544\nNGC 6553\nNGC 6558\nNGC 6569\nNGC 6603\nNGC 6624\nNGC 6638\nNGC 6642\nNGC 6717\nNGC 6723\nOther\n1806−20 cluster\n2MASS-GC02\nArches Cluster\nCO-0.40-0.22\nMessier 18\nMessier 21\nMessier 22\nMessier 23\nMessier 25\nMessier 28\nMessier 54\nMessier 55\nMessier 69\nMessier 70\nMessier 75\nQuintuplet cluster\nSmall Sagittarius Star Cloud\nNebulaeNGC\nNGC 6822 (Bubble Nebula)\nNGC 6445\nNGC 6559\nNGC 6563\nNGC 6565\nNGC 6578\nNGC 6589\nNGC 6590\nNGC 6818\nOther\nBarnard 92\nG1.9+0.3\nHCN-0.009-0.044\nLagoon Nebula\nLarge Molecule Heimat\nM 1-42\nM2-42\nOmega Nebula\nPistol Nebula\nRed Spider Nebula\nRing Nebula\nTrifid Nebula\nGalaxiesNGC\nNGC 6822\nNGC 6902\nOther\nMRC 2011-298\nPKS 2000-330\nSagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy\nSagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy\nGalaxy clusters\nESO 593-8\nAstronomical events\nGLEAM-X J162759.5−523504.3\nMOA-2007-BLG-192L\nMOA-2007-BLG-400L\nMOA-2009-BLG-387L\nMOA-2010-BLG-477L\nMOA-2011-BLG-262L\nOGLE-2003-BLG-235L\nOGLE-2005-BLG-169L\nNova Sagittarii 1982\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of largest known stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars"}]
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