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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_diable_l%27emporte	Le diable l'emporte	["1 References"]	1948 novel by René Barjavel First editionAuthorRené BarjavelLanguageFrenchPublisherÉditions DenoëlPublication date1948Publication placeFrancePages310 Le diable l'emporte ("May the devil take him") is a 1948 novel by the French writer René Barjavel. It revolves a future world war with devastating weapon technology, which forces the last surviving humans to live deep underground in a secret vault. The book has a pessimistic message about technology and celebrates the down-to-earth man and traditional farmer. References ^ Belot, Robert (2015). L' Atome et la France: Aux origines de la technoscience française (in French). ISBN 978-2-7381-6481-0. ^ "Le diable l'emporte". Culture SF (in French). Retrieved 2016-08-07. vteWorks by René BarjavelNovels Ashes, Ashes (1943) Future Times Three (1944) The Tragic Innocents (1946) Le diable l'emporte (1948) The Ice People (1968) Les Chemins de Katmandou (1969) The Immortals (1973) Les Dames à la licorne (1974) Une rose au paradis (1981) La Tempête (1982) L'Enchanteur (1984) Screenplays Women Without Names (1950) Little World of Don Camillo (1952) Midnight Witness (1953) The Return of Don Camillo (1953) L'Étrange Désir de monsieur Bard (1954) Don Camillo's Last Round (1955) Goubbiah, mon amour (1956) The Terror with Women (1956) The Case of Doctor Laurent (1957) The Man in the Raincoat (1957) Girls for the Summer (1958) Les Misérables (1958) Toto in Paris (1958) An Angel on Wheels (1959) The High Life (1960) Highway Pickup (1963) The Pleasure Pit (1969) Adaptations Le grand secret (1989) This article about a speculative fiction novel of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"René Barjavel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Barjavel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Le diable l'emporte (\"May the devil take him\") is a 1948 novel by the French writer René Barjavel. It revolves a future world war with devastating weapon technology, which forces the last surviving humans to live deep underground in a secret vault. The book has a pessimistic message about technology and celebrates the down-to-earth man and traditional farmer.[1][2]","title":"Le diable l'emporte"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Belot, Robert (2015). L' Atome et la France: Aux origines de la technoscience française (in French). ISBN 978-2-7381-6481-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y0rRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT75","url_text":"L' Atome et la France: Aux origines de la technoscience française"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7381-6481-0","url_text":"978-2-7381-6481-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Le diable l'emporte\". Culture SF (in French). Retrieved 2016-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.culture-sf.com/Le-diable-l-emporte-Rene-Barjavel-cf-64","url_text":"\"Le diable l'emporte\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y0rRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT75","external_links_name":"L' Atome et la France: Aux origines de la technoscience française"},{"Link":"http://www.culture-sf.com/Le-diable-l-emporte-Rene-Barjavel-cf-64","external_links_name":"\"Le diable l'emporte\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_diable_l%27emporte&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Grgi%C4%87	Filip Grgić	["1 References"]	Croatian taekwondo practitioner Filip GrgićPersonal informationBorn25 October 1989 (1989-10-25) (age 34)Zagreb, SR Croatia, SFR YugoslaviaHeight173 cm (5 ft 8 in)Weight68 kg (150 lb)Websitewww.filipgrgic.com Medal record Representing Croatia Men's taekwondo World Championships 2007 Beijing Bantamweight European Championships 2012 Manchester Featherweight 2010 Saint Petersburg Featherweight Filip Grgić (born 25 October 1989) is a taekwondo practitioner from Croatia. Grgić won the gold medal in the men's bantamweight (under 62 kg) class at the 2007 World Taekwondo Championships. He was named the best Croatian sportsmen for 2007 handed out by the Croatian Olympic Committee, along with handballer Ivano Balić. He won silver at the 2012 European championships in Manchester, United Kingdom, in the Male, Senior, -68 kg category. References Profile from The-Sports.org vteWorld Champions in Taekwondo – Men's Bantamweight 1975: Son Tae-hwan (KOR) 1977: Kim Yong-ki (KOR) 1979: Kim Yong-ki (KOR) 1982: Kim Yong-ki (KOR) 1983: Han Hong-sik (KOR) 1985: Yoo Myung-sik (KOR) 1987: Yoo Myung-sik (KOR) 1989: Ham Jun (KOR) 1991: Ángel Alonso (ESP) 1993: Kim In-young (KOR) 1995: Chang Dae-soon (KOR) 1997: Huang Chih-hsiung (TPE) 1999: Ko Dae-kyu (KOR) 2001: Kang Nam-won (KOR) 2003: Huang Chih-hsiung (TPE) 2005: Kim Jae-sik (KOR) 2007: Filip Grgić (CRO) 2009: Yeom Hyo-seob (KOR) 2011: Lee Dae-hoon (KOR) 2013: Lee Dae-hoon (KOR) 2015: Jaouad Achab (WTF) 2017: Zhao Shuai (CHN) 2019: Zhao Shuai (CHN) 2022: Liang Yushuai (CHN) 2023: Hakan Reçber (TUR) 1975–1977: −58 kg 1979–1983: −56 kg 1985–1997: −58 kg 1999–2007: −62 kg 2009–present: −63 kg This biographical article related to taekwondo in Croatia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"2007 World Taekwondo Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Taekwondo_Championships"},{"link_name":"Croatian Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"handballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"Ivano Balić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano_Bali%C4%87"}],"text":"Filip Grgić (born 25 October 1989) is a taekwondo practitioner from Croatia.Grgić won the gold medal in the men's bantamweight (under 62 kg) class at the 2007 World Taekwondo Championships. He was named the best Croatian sportsmen for 2007 handed out by the Croatian Olympic Committee, along with handballer Ivano Balić.He won silver at the 2012 European championships in Manchester, United Kingdom, in the Male, Senior, -68 kg category.","title":"Filip Grgić"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.the-sports.org/taekwondo-grgic-filip-results-identity-s21-c2-b4-o41-w24332.html","external_links_name":"The-Sports.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filip_Grgi%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_model	Behavior selection algorithm	["1 Related concepts","2 See also","3 References"]	Algorithm that selects actions for intelligent agents In artificial intelligence, a behavior selection algorithm, or action selection algorithm, is an algorithm that selects appropriate behaviors or actions for one or more intelligent agents. In game artificial intelligence, it selects behaviors or actions for one or more non-player characters. Common behavior selection algorithms include: Finite-state machines Hierarchical finite-state machines Decision trees Behavior trees Hierarchical task networks Hierarchical control systems Utility systems Dialogue tree (for selecting what to say) Related concepts In application programming, run-time selection of the behavior of a specific method is referred to as the strategy design pattern. See also AI alignment Artificial intelligence detection software Cognitive model - all cognitive models exhibit behavior in terms of making decisions (taking action), making errors, and with various reaction times. Behavioral modeling, in systems theory Behavioral modeling in hydrology Behavioral modeling in computer-aided design Behavioral modeling language Case-based reasoning, solving new problems based on solutions of past problems Model-based reasoning Synthetic intelligence Weak AI References ^ Behavior Selection Algorithms: An Overview This artificial intelligence-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"action selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_selection"},{"link_name":"intelligent agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent"},{"link_name":"game artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"},{"link_name":"Finite-state machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine"},{"link_name":"Hierarchical finite-state machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_finite-state_machine"},{"link_name":"Decision trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree"},{"link_name":"Behavior trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_tree_(artificial_intelligence,_robotics_and_control)"},{"link_name":"Hierarchical task networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_task_network"},{"link_name":"Hierarchical control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system"},{"link_name":"Utility systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_system_(artificial_intelligence)"},{"link_name":"Dialogue tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue_tree"}],"text":"In artificial intelligence, a behavior selection algorithm,[1] or action selection algorithm, is an algorithm that selects appropriate behaviors or actions for one or more intelligent agents. In game artificial intelligence, it selects behaviors or actions for one or more non-player characters. Common behavior selection algorithms include:Finite-state machines\nHierarchical finite-state machines\nDecision trees\nBehavior trees\nHierarchical task networks\nHierarchical control systems\nUtility systems\nDialogue tree (for selecting what to say)","title":"Behavior selection algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"strategy design pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_design_pattern"}],"text":"In application programming, run-time selection of the behavior of a specific method is referred to as the strategy design pattern.","title":"Related concepts"}]	[]	[{"title":"AI alignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_alignment"},{"title":"Artificial intelligence detection software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_detection_software"},{"title":"Cognitive model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model"},{"title":"Behavioral modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modeling"},{"title":"Behavioral modeling in hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modeling_in_hydrology"},{"title":"Behavioral modeling in computer-aided design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modeling_in_computer-aided_design"},{"title":"Behavioral modeling language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modeling_language"},{"title":"Case-based reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case-based_reasoning"},{"title":"Model-based reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-based_reasoning"},{"title":"Synthetic intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence"},{"title":"Weak AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_AI"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.gameaipro.com/GameAIPro/GameAIPro_Chapter04_Behavior_Selection_Algorithms.pdf","external_links_name":"Behavior Selection Algorithms: An Overview"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behavior_selection_algorithm&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvednica	Medvednica	["1 Etymology","2 Climate","2.1 Temperature","2.2 Precipitation","3 Skiing","4 Views of Medvednica","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°55′N 15°58′E / 45.917°N 15.967°E / 45.917; 15.967Mountain in central Croatia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Medvednica" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MedvednicaView of Medvednica from Jarun LakeHighest pointPeakSljemeElevation1,035 m (3,396 ft)GeographyMedvednica CountryCroatiaRange coordinates45°55′N 15°58′E / 45.917°N 15.967°E / 45.917; 15.967 Medvednica (pronounced , lit. "Bear Mountain") is a mountain in central Croatia, just north of Zagreb, and marking the southern border of the historic region of Zagorje. The highest peak, at 1,035 m (3,396 ft) is Sljeme. Most of the area of Medvednica is a nature park (park prirode), a type of preservation lesser than a national park. During Miocene and Pliocene, the mountain was an island within the Pannonian Sea. Etymology The name Medvednica could be translated as "bear mountain". There are several other toponyms on the mountain using the Kajkavian dialect term medved 'bear' (compare Standard Croatian: medvjed), most notably Medvedgrad, a medieval castle on its southwestern edges. Sljeme (; Kajkavian: Sleme) means summit, and it is a name often used metonymically to refer to the entire mountain. Climate Forest, Park Medvednica, Croatia The climate of the Medvednica mountain is typical for Central European mountain ranges. The average annual precipitation is around 1300 mm (cf. 840 mm at Zagreb–Grič), which provides for an abundance of rich spring wells. Snow cover lasts for about 100 days in a year, the thickest being in February. The skiing slopes are also covered with artificial snow when necessary. Much more sunshine occurs during the winter on Medvednica than in Zagreb or Zagorje, so it is not surprising that winter is the most visited season on the Medvednica mountain. Medvednica, in comparison to the surrounding lowland area, behaves as an "island" in its climate characteristics, with more precipitation, lower temperatures, and higher duration and quantity of snow cover. The Medvednica area is located in a temperate zone where air temperature decreases for 0.5 °C for every 100 m of elevation. Based on the annual rate of precipitation, Medvednica is characterised as having a continental precipitation regimen with maximum precipitation during the warm part of the year (April to September). Temperature During summer and winter, temperature inversion is sometimes present. An anticyclone forms above the cold continent during winter. When its center is close to Croatia, the weather is cold and gloomy in Zagreb and warmer at Sljeme. The mean annual air temperature on Medvednica is 6.2 °C (43.2 °F), compared with 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in Zagreb. The mean temperature in summer months is on average lower by 6 °C (11 °F) than in Zagreb. On average, 15 days have temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F), eight days a year have average daily maxima higher than 25 °C (77 °F), and only one day reaches above 30 °C (86 °F). The coldest month is January with a mean monthly air temperature of −3.1 °C (26.4 °F), while the warmest month is July with an average temperature of 15.2 °C (59.4 °F). Insolation exceeds Zagreb's by about 100 hours annually. This difference manifests itself during the colder period of the year, from October to March, when more fog occurs in Zagreb. Precipitation The relative air humidity is largest during the cold part of the year, and generally is larger on stations with higher altitude because of lower temperatures, but luxuriant vegetation. The number of days with relative humidity above 80% is greatest on Puntijarka (158 days annually), and it decreases with the decrease in elevation; for example, at the Zagreb–Grič station it is 67 days annually. On all stations, the warm part of the year (from April to September) has the most thunderstorm days; these are often connected to showers. June has the most thunderstorm days (Puntijarka 7). The annual precipitation on Medvednica is about 50% higher in comparison to Zagreb (Zagreb: 844 mm (33.2 in), Sljeme: 1,238 mm (48.7 in), Kraljičin zdenac: 1,159 mm (45.6 in), Fakultetsko dobro: 1,142 mm (45.0 in)). Average number of days with hoar is 40 (4 in Zagreb). The mean annual number of days with snowfall on the top of Medvednica, most usually in January and February, is 54 days. The number of days with strong wind is 91 (26 in Zagreb) and they are more frequent during the cold part of the year. The number of days with storm-force wind is 21 (2 in Zagreb), also mostly during the cold part of the year. In 1980, the forests of Medvednica, especially beech trees, were heavily stricken by a catastrophic ice break. Later, in February 1983, large devastations occurred as a result of strong wind (large damage on fir). Effects of such a strong wind can be seen in the area of Adolfovac as of early 2010s. Sljeme cable car Skiing A winter sports center is based on the northern slopes towards Sljeme. The center has hosted several FIS World Cup slalom skiing races, known as the Snow Queen Trophy. The winter sports center consists of one chairlift for three persons and two T-bar lifts. Equipment for producing artificial snow has been added, and because of that, the skiing season has been prolonged to more than four months. Three ways exist to reach the mountain: by road (with a car or a bus) or on foot (numerous mountain paths). In the past, an older gondola lift was present, which started from the Gračani neighborhood just below Medvednica. The cable car had run from 1963 to 2007, when a major fault in the engine room made repairs economically impossible. The gondola had a capacity for four people, with a 23-minute journey time, covering a distance of 4023 m. The new gondola lift was opened on 23 February 2022, has a capacity of 10 people and WiFi. On Medvednica are dozen of mountain huts for traditional one-day trips to the mountain. Because of its proximity to Zagreb, Medvednica has many visitors, especially during weekends. Among the most popular sites is the Veternica cave with a 2,622-m-long main channel. Views of Medvednica View of Zagreb from Sljeme Ski clubs' houses and restaurants near the summit Sljeme with the TV tower seen from Medvedgrad castle References ^ "Mèdvednica" (in Croatian). Novi Liber. Retrieved 1 May 2014. ^ Ostroški, Ljiljana, ed. (December 2015). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 (PDF). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia (in Croatian and English). Vol. 47. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. p. 48. ISSN 1333-3305. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ Nature Park Medvednica ^ a b c "Nature - Climate". Medvednica Nature Park. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018. ^ HINA. "Snježna kraljica otkazana!" . Index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2018. ^ Regional plan for area with special characteristic in Nature Park Medvednica – Starting points and goals of regional planning. Concept, Zagreb, July 2003 ^ "Nova žičara sa 125 kabina gradit će se tek za tri godine". Večernji list (in Croatian). 16 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013. ^ "ZET cable car". zet.hr. Retrieved 2022-08-20. ^ Medvednica.info Further reading "Medvednica". Proleksis Encyclopedia (in Croatian). January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medvednica. Mount Medvednica vteProtected areas of CroatiaNational parks Brijuni Kornati Krka Mljet Northern Velebit Paklenica Plitvice Lakes Risnjak Nature parks Biokovo Dinara Kopačevo Marsh Lastovo Lonjsko Polje Medvednica Papuk Telašćica Učka Velebit Lake Vrana Žumberak-Samoborsko gorje Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mědʋednitsa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Zagorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatsko_Zagorje"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_Yearbook-2"},{"link_name":"nature park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_park"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"an island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_island_mountains"},{"link_name":"Pannonian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Sea"}],"text":"Mountain in central CroatiaMedvednica (pronounced [mědʋednitsa], lit.\n\"Bear Mountain\")[1] is a mountain in central Croatia, just north of Zagreb, and marking the southern border of the historic region of Zagorje. The highest peak, at 1,035 m (3,396 ft) is Sljeme.[2] Most of the area of Medvednica is a nature park (park prirode), a type of preservation lesser than a national park.[3] During Miocene and Pliocene, the mountain was an island within the Pannonian Sea.","title":"Medvednica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kajkavian dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajkavian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Medvedgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvedgrad"},{"link_name":"[sʎême]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Kajkavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajkavian"},{"link_name":"metonymically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonym"}],"text":"The name Medvednica could be translated as \"bear mountain\". There are several other toponyms on the mountain using the Kajkavian dialect term medved 'bear' (compare Standard Croatian: medvjed), most notably Medvedgrad, a medieval castle on its southwestern edges.Sljeme ([sʎême]; Kajkavian: Sleme) means summit, and it is a name often used metonymically to refer to the entire mountain.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forest_5.JPG"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"artificial snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_snow"}],"text":"Forest, Park Medvednica, CroatiaThe climate of the Medvednica mountain is typical for Central European mountain ranges. The average annual precipitation is around 1300 mm (cf. 840 mm at Zagreb–Grič), which provides for an abundance of rich spring wells. Snow cover lasts for about 100 days in a year, the thickest being in February. The skiing slopes are also covered with artificial snow when necessary. Much more sunshine occurs during the winter on Medvednica than in Zagreb or Zagorje, so it is not surprising that winter is the most visited season on the Medvednica mountain.Medvednica, in comparison to the surrounding lowland area, behaves as an \"island\" in its climate characteristics, with more precipitation, lower temperatures, and higher duration and quantity of snow cover. The Medvednica area is located in a temperate zone where air temperature decreases for 0.5 °C for every 100 m of elevation. Based on the annual rate of precipitation, Medvednica is characterised as having a continental precipitation regimen with maximum precipitation during the warm part of the year (April to September).","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temperature inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_inversion"},{"link_name":"anticyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticyclone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp_climate-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-temp_inversion_at_work-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp_climate-4"},{"link_name":"Insolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp_climate-4"}],"sub_title":"Temperature","text":"During summer and winter, temperature inversion is sometimes present. An anticyclone forms above the cold continent during winter. When its center is close to Croatia, the weather is cold and gloomy in Zagreb and warmer at Sljeme.[4][5] The mean annual air temperature on Medvednica is 6.2 °C (43.2 °F), compared with 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in Zagreb. The mean temperature in summer months is on average lower by 6 °C (11 °F) than in Zagreb.[4]On average, 15 days have temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F), eight days a year have average daily maxima higher than 25 °C (77 °F), and only one day reaches above 30 °C (86 °F). The coldest month is January with a mean monthly air temperature of −3.1 °C (26.4 °F), while the warmest month is July with an average temperature of 15.2 °C (59.4 °F). Insolation exceeds Zagreb's by about 100 hours annually. This difference manifests itself during the colder period of the year, from October to March, when more fog occurs in Zagreb.[4]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relative air humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_air_humidity"},{"link_name":"hoar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarfrost"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"ice break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_break&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sljeme_cable_car.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Precipitation","text":"The relative air humidity is largest during the cold part of the year, and generally is larger on stations with higher altitude because of lower temperatures, but luxuriant vegetation. The number of days with relative humidity above 80% is greatest on Puntijarka (158 days annually), and it decreases with the decrease in elevation; for example, at the Zagreb–Grič station it is 67 days annually. On all stations, the warm part of the year (from April to September) has the most thunderstorm days; these are often connected to showers. June has the most thunderstorm days (Puntijarka 7).The annual precipitation on Medvednica is about 50% higher in comparison to Zagreb (Zagreb: 844 mm (33.2 in), Sljeme: 1,238 mm (48.7 in), Kraljičin zdenac: 1,159 mm (45.6 in), Fakultetsko dobro: 1,142 mm (45.0 in)). Average number of days with hoar is 40 (4 in Zagreb). The mean annual number of days with snowfall on the top of Medvednica, most usually in January and February, is 54 days.The number of days with strong wind is 91 (26 in Zagreb) and they are more frequent during the cold part of the year. The number of days with storm-force wind is 21 (2 in Zagreb), also mostly during the cold part of the year. In 1980, the forests of Medvednica, especially beech trees, were heavily stricken by a catastrophic ice break. Later, in February 1983, large devastations occurred as a result of strong wind (large damage on fir). Effects of such a strong wind can be seen in the area of Adolfovac as of early 2010s.[6]Sljeme cable car","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"slalom skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"Snow Queen Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Queen_Trophy"},{"link_name":"chairlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairlift"},{"link_name":"T-bar lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-bar_lift"},{"link_name":"artificial snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_snow"},{"link_name":"gondola lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola_lift"},{"link_name":"Gračani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gra%C4%8Dani,_Zagreb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cable car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_lift"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VL-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"mountain huts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_hut"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Veternica cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veternica_cave"}],"text":"A winter sports center is based on the northern slopes towards Sljeme. The center has hosted several FIS World Cup slalom skiing races, known as the Snow Queen Trophy.The winter sports center consists of one chairlift for three persons and two T-bar lifts. Equipment for producing artificial snow has been added, and because of that, the skiing season has been prolonged to more than four months.Three ways exist to reach the mountain: by road (with a car or a bus) or on foot (numerous mountain paths). In the past, an older gondola lift was present, which started from the Gračani neighborhood just below Medvednica. The cable car had run from 1963 to 2007, when a major fault in the engine room made repairs economically impossible.[7] The gondola had a capacity for four people, with a 23-minute journey time, covering a distance of 4023 m. The new gondola lift was opened on 23 February 2022, has a capacity of 10 people and WiFi.[8]On Medvednica are dozen of mountain huts for traditional one-day trips to the mountain. Because of its proximity to Zagreb, Medvednica has many visitors, especially during weekends.[9] Among the most popular sites is the Veternica cave with a 2,622-m-long main channel.","title":"Skiing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sljeme.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medvednica2009.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medvednica,_Croatia.JPG"}],"text":"View of Zagreb from Sljeme\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSki clubs' houses and restaurants near the summit\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSljeme with the TV tower seen from Medvedgrad castle","title":"Views of Medvednica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Medvednica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//proleksis.lzmk.hr/36857/"},{"link_name":"Proleksis Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleksis_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"\"Medvednica\". Proleksis Encyclopedia (in Croatian). January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Forest, Park Medvednica, Croatia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Forest_5.JPG/200px-Forest_5.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sljeme cable car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sljeme_cable_car.jpg/220px-Sljeme_cable_car.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mèdvednica\" (in Croatian). Novi Liber. Retrieved 1 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hjp.novi-liber.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=e1tjWBk%3D&keyword=Medvednica","url_text":"\"Mèdvednica\""}]},{"reference":"Ostroški, Ljiljana, ed. (December 2015). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 [Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015] (PDF). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia (in Croatian and English). Vol. 47. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. p. 48. ISSN 1333-3305. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2015/sljh2015.pdf","url_text":"Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Croatian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1333-3305","url_text":"1333-3305"}]},{"reference":"\"Nature - Climate\". Medvednica Nature Park. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174843/http://www.stari.pp-medvednica.hr/Medvednica_en/Medvednica_priroda_klima_en.htm","url_text":"\"Nature - Climate\""},{"url":"http://www.stari.pp-medvednica.hr/Medvednica_en/Medvednica_priroda_klima_en.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"HINA. \"Snježna kraljica otkazana!\" [Snow Queen cancelled!]. Index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HINA","url_text":"HINA"},{"url":"http://www.index.hr/Sport/clanak/snjezna-kraljica-otkazana/864967.aspx","url_text":"\"Snježna kraljica otkazana!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index.hr","url_text":"Index.hr"}]},{"reference":"\"Nova žičara sa 125 kabina gradit će se tek za tri godine\". Večernji list (in Croatian). 16 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vecernji.hr/zagreb/nova-zicara-sa-125-kabina-gradit-ce-se-tek-tri-godine-clanak-539614","url_text":"\"Nova žičara sa 125 kabina gradit će se tek za tri godine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list","url_text":"Večernji list"}]},{"reference":"\"ZET cable car\". zet.hr. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zet.hr/cable-car/more-about/7773","url_text":"\"ZET cable car\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medvednica\". Proleksis Encyclopedia (in Croatian). January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/36857/","url_text":"\"Medvednica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleksis_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Proleksis Encyclopedia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Medvednica&params=45_55_N_15_58_E_region:HR_type:mountain","external_links_name":"45°55′N 15°58′E / 45.917°N 15.967°E / 45.917; 15.967"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Medvednica%22","external_links_name":"\"Medvednica\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Medvednica%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Medvednica%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Medvednica%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Medvednica%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Medvednica%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Medvednica&params=45_55_N_15_58_E_region:HR_type:mountain","external_links_name":"45°55′N 15°58′E / 45.917°N 15.967°E / 45.917; 15.967"},{"Link":"http://hjp.novi-liber.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=e1tjWBk%3D&keyword=Medvednica","external_links_name":"\"Mèdvednica\""},{"Link":"http://web.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2015/sljh2015.pdf","external_links_name":"Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1333-3305","external_links_name":"1333-3305"},{"Link":"http://www.pp-medvednica.hr/","external_links_name":"Nature Park Medvednica"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174843/http://www.stari.pp-medvednica.hr/Medvednica_en/Medvednica_priroda_klima_en.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nature - Climate\""},{"Link":"http://www.stari.pp-medvednica.hr/Medvednica_en/Medvednica_priroda_klima_en.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.index.hr/Sport/clanak/snjezna-kraljica-otkazana/864967.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Snježna kraljica otkazana!\""},{"Link":"http://www.vecernji.hr/zagreb/nova-zicara-sa-125-kabina-gradit-ce-se-tek-tri-godine-clanak-539614","external_links_name":"\"Nova žičara sa 125 kabina gradit će se tek za tri godine\""},{"Link":"https://www.zet.hr/cable-car/more-about/7773","external_links_name":"\"ZET cable car\""},{"Link":"http://www.medvednica.info/","external_links_name":"Medvednica.info"},{"Link":"http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/36857/","external_links_name":"\"Medvednica\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311072402/http://www.allindubrovnik.com/Zagreb/mount-medvednica.html","external_links_name":"Mount Medvednica"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316747561","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_61	Alabama State Route 61	["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 See also","4 References"]	Route map: State highway in Alabama, United States State Route 61Route informationMaintained by ALDOTLength18.311 mi (29.469 km)Existed1940–presentMajor junctionsSouth end US 80 at UniontownNorth end SR 14 at Greensboro LocationCountryUnited StatesStateAlabamaCountiesPerry, Hale Highway system Alabama State Highway System Interstate US State ← SR 60→ SR 62 State Route 61 (SR 61) is an 18.311-mile-long (29.469 km) state highway in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The southern terminus of the highway is at an intersection with U.S. Route 80 (US 80) at Uniontown. The northern terminus of the highway is at an intersection with SR 14 at Greensboro. Route description This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SR 61 travels through Alabama's Black Belt region, perhaps the poorest area of the state. From its southern terminus at Uniontown, the highway travels through a sparsely-populated region along a two-lane road in a general northward trajectory. The highway takes a slight turn towards the northwest as it approaches its northern terminus at Greensboro. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes PerryUniontown0.0000.000 US 80 (SR 8)Southern terminus HaleGreensboro18.31129.469 SR 14 – Greensboro, MarionNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also U.S. roads portal United States portal References KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Alabama State Route 61KML is from Wikidata ^ a b Alabama Department of Transportation. "Milepost Maps". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011. This Alabama road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Uniontown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniontown,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"SR 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"Greensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro,_Alabama"}],"text":"State highway in Alabama, United StatesState Route 61 (SR 61) is an 18.311-mile-long (29.469 km) state highway in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The southern terminus of the highway is at an intersection with U.S. Route 80 (US 80) at Uniontown. The northern terminus of the highway is at an intersection with SR 14 at Greensboro.","title":"Alabama State Route 61"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Belt region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Belt_(geological_formation)"},{"link_name":"Uniontown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniontown,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Greensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro,_Alabama"}],"text":"SR 61 travels through Alabama's Black Belt region, perhaps the poorest area of the state. From its southern terminus at Uniontown, the highway travels through a sparsely-populated region along a two-lane road in a general northward trajectory. The highway takes a slight turn towards the northwest as it approaches its northern terminus at Greensboro.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[]	[{"title":"U.S. roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._roads"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Alabama Department of Transportation. \"Milepost Maps\". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Alabama Department of Transportation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727134739/http://aldotgis.dot.state.al.us/milepostinternet/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Milepost Maps\""},{"url":"http://aldotgis.dot.state.al.us/milepostinternet/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_State_Route_61&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Alabama_State_Route_61&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Alabama_State_Route_61&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727134739/http://aldotgis.dot.state.al.us/milepostinternet/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Milepost Maps\""},{"Link":"http://aldotgis.dot.state.al.us/milepostinternet/default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_State_Route_61&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(disambiguation)	Caustic	[]	Look up caustic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Caustic most commonly refers to: Causticity, the property of being able to corrode organic tissue Sodium hydroxide, sometimes called caustic soda Potassium hydroxide, sometimes called caustic potash Calcium oxide, sometimes called caustic lime Caustic may also refer to: Caustic (band), an American industrial/powernoise band Caustic (mathematics), the envelope of rays reflected or refracted by a manifold Caustic (optics), optic phenomenon due to light rays reflecting/refracting through curved surfaces/objects Caustic Graphics, a graphics technology developer, part of Imagination Technologies Caustic Window, an alias of Aphex Twin (electronic musician Richard D. James) A playable character in the battle royale game Apex Legends Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Caustic.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caustic"},{"link_name":"corrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_burn"},{"link_name":"organic tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Sodium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"Potassium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"Calcium oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide"},{"link_name":"Caustic (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Caustic (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Caustic (optics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(optics)"},{"link_name":"Imagination Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Aphex Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphex_Twin"},{"link_name":"Apex Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_Legends"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Caustic&namespace=0"}],"text":"Look up caustic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Caustic most commonly refers to:Causticity, the property of being able to corrode organic tissue\nSodium hydroxide, sometimes called caustic soda\nPotassium hydroxide, sometimes called caustic potash\nCalcium oxide, sometimes called caustic limeCaustic may also refer to:Caustic (band), an American industrial/powernoise band\nCaustic (mathematics), the envelope of rays reflected or refracted by a manifold\nCaustic (optics), optic phenomenon due to light rays reflecting/refracting through curved surfaces/objects\nCaustic Graphics, a graphics technology developer, part of Imagination Technologies\nCaustic Window, an alias of Aphex Twin (electronic musician Richard D. James)\nA playable character in the battle royale game Apex LegendsTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Caustic.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Caustic"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Caustic&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAB23	RAB23	["1 Function","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens RAB23IdentifiersAliasesRAB23, HSPC137, member RAS oncogene familyExternal IDsOMIM: 606144; MGI: 99833; HomoloGene: 7503; GeneCards: RAB23; OMA:RAB23 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 6 (human)Band6p12.1-p11.2Start57,186,992 bpEnd57,222,307 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 1 (mouse)Band1 B\|1 12.8 cMStart33,758,968 bpEnd33,781,645 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed intail of epididymissaphenous veinsecondary oocyteseminal vesiculaAchilles tendonurethramyometriummuscle layer of sigmoid colonvisceral pleurabody of uterusTop expressed inovarian follicleovarian folliclesecondary follicle of ovarytail of embryogranulocytegenital tuberclesecondary oocytemolarventricular zoneovarian follicle cellMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function nucleotide binding GTP binding protein binding GTPase activity Cellular component cytoplasm endosome phagocytic vesicle membrane membrane plasma membrane autophagosome phagocytic vesicle endosome membrane cytoplasmic vesicle centrosome cytosol cell junction Biological process craniofacial suture morphogenesis autophagosome assembly multicellular organism development cellular defense response protein transport cilium assembly GTP metabolic process negative regulation of protein import into nucleus intracellular protein transport Rab protein signal transduction signal transduction Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez5171519335EnsemblENSG00000112210ENSMUSG00000004768UniProtQ9ULC3P35288RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001278666NM_001278667NM_001278668NM_016277NM_183227NM_001159729NM_008999RefSeq (protein)NP_001265595NP_001265596NP_001265597NP_057361NP_899050n/aLocation (UCSC)Chr 6: 57.19 – 57.22 MbChr 1: 33.76 – 33.78 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Ras-related protein Rab-23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB23 gene. Alternative splicing occurs at this gene locus and two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. Function RAB23 belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Rab family. It may be involved in small GTPase mediated signal transduction and intracellular protein transportation. RAB23 is an essential negative regulator of the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. The first understanding of biological processes requiring the Rab23 gene came from 2 independent mouse mutations in the gene and an epistasis analysis with mutations in the mouse shh gene. These studies showed that the gene is required for normal development of the brain and spinal cord and that the morphological defects seen in mutant embryos, such as failure to close dorsal regions of the neural tube during development, appeared secondary to expansion of ventral and reduction of dorsal identities in the developing neural tube. These same mutations implicated the RAB23 gene in development of digits and eyes. The mouse open brain (opb) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) genes have opposing roles in neural patterning: opb is required for dorsal cell types and Shh is required for ventral cell types in the spinal cord. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000112210 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000004768 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Zhang QH, Ye M, Wu XY, Ren SX, Zhao M, Zhao CJ, Fu G, Shen Y, Fan HY, Lu G, Zhong M, Xu XR, Han ZG, Zhang JW, Tao J, Huang QH, Zhou J, Hu GX, Gu J, Chen SJ, Chen Z (October 2000). "Cloning and functional analysis of cDNAs with open reading frames for 300 previously undefined genes expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells". Genome Res. 10 (10): 1546–60. doi:10.1101/gr.140200. PMC 310934. PMID 11042152. ^ a b c d Eggenschwiler JT, Espinoza E, Anderson KV (July 2001). "Rab23 is an essential negative regulator of the mouse Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway". Nature. 412 (6843): 194–8. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..194E. doi:10.1038/35084089. PMID 11449277. S2CID 8151368. ^ Marcos I, Borrego S, Antiñolo G (December 2003). "Molecular cloning and characterization of human RAB23, a member of the group of Rab GTPases". Int. J. Mol. Med. 12 (6): 983–7. doi:10.3892/ijmm.12.6.983. PMID 14612978. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: RAB23 RAB23, member RAS oncogene family". ^ Günther T, Struwe M, Aguzzi A, Schughart K (November 1994). "Open brain, a new mouse mutant with severe neural tube defects, shows altered gene expression patterns in the developing spinal cord". Development. 120 (11): 3119–30. doi:10.1242/dev.120.11.3119. PMID 7720556. ^ Kasarskis A, Manova K, Anderson KV (June 1998). "A phenotype-based screen for embryonic lethal mutations in the mouse". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (13): 7485–90. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.7485K. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.13.7485. PMC 22659. PMID 9636176. Further reading Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Imabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S, et al. (2003). "Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis". Exp. Cell Res. 288 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7. PMID 12878157. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–11. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..805M. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404. Evans TM, Ferguson C, Wainwright BJ, et al. (2004). "Rab23, a negative regulator of hedgehog signaling, localizes to the plasma membrane and the endocytic pathway". Traffic. 4 (12): 869–84. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0854.2003.00141.x. PMID 14617350. S2CID 21636234. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Liu YJ, Wang Q, Li W, et al. (2007). "Rab23 is a potential biological target for treating hepatocellular carcinoma". World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (7): 1010–7. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i7.1010. PMC 4146862. PMID 17373734. Jenkins D, Seelow D, Jehee FS, et al. (2007). "RAB23 mutations in Carpenter syndrome imply an unexpected role for hedgehog signaling in cranial-suture development and obesity". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (6): 1162–70. doi:10.1086/518047. PMC 1867103. PMID 17503333. vtePDB gallery 1z22: GDP-Bound Rab23 GTPase crystallized in C222(1) space group 1z2a: GDP-Bound Rab23 GTPase crystallized in P2(1)2(1)2(1) space group vteHydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6)3.6.1 Pyrophosphatase Inorganic Thiamine Apyrase Thiamine-triphosphatase 3.6.2 Adenylylsulfatase Phosphoadenylylsulfatase 3.6.3-4: ATPase3.6.3Cu++ (3.6.3.4) Menkes/ATP7A Wilson/ATP7B Ca+ (3.6.3.8) SERCA ATP2A1 ATP2A2 ATP2A3 Plasma membrane ATP2B1 ATP2B2 ATP2B3 ATP2B4 SPCA ATP2C1 ATP2C2 Na+/K+ (3.6.3.9) ATP1A1 ATP1A2 ATP1A3 ATP1A4 ATP1B1 ATP1B2 ATP1B3 ATP1B4 H+/K+ (3.6.3.10) ATP4A Other P-type ATPase ATP8B1 ATP10A ATP11B ATP12A ATP13A2 ATP13A3 3.6.4 Dynein Kinesin Myosin Katanin 3.6.5: GTPase3.6.5.1: Heterotrimeric G protein Gαs Golf Gαi GNAI1 GNAI2 GNAI3 Transducin GNAT1 GNAT2 Gustducin GNAT3 Gαq/11 GNAQ GNA11 Gα12/13 GNA12 GNA13 3.6.5.2: Small GTPase > Ras superfamily Rho family of GTPases: Cdc42 CDC42 TC10 TCL RhoUV RhoU RhoV Rac Rac1 2 3 RhoG RhoBTB 1 2 RhoH Rho A B C Rnd 1 2 3 RhoDF RhoF RhoD other: Ras HRAS KRAS NRAS Rab RAB23 RAB27 Arf ARF6 SAR1B ARL13B ARL6 Ran Rheb Rap RGK 3.6.5.3: Protein-synthesizing GTPase Prokaryotic IF-2 EF-Tu EF-G Eukaryotic 3.6.5.5-6: Polymerization motors dynamin superfamily Dynamin Guanylate-binding protein Mitofusin-1 MX1 and MX2 OPA1 Tubulin This article on a gene on human chromosome 6 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11042152-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11449277-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14612978-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-8"}],"text":"Ras-related protein Rab-23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB23 gene.[5][6][7] Alternative splicing occurs at this gene locus and two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified.[8]","title":"RAB23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GTPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase"},{"link_name":"Rab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_(G-protein)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-8"},{"link_name":"Sonic hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11449277-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7720556-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9636176-10"},{"link_name":"epistasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11449277-6"},{"link_name":"patterning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_specification"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)"},{"link_name":"ventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11449277-6"}],"text":"RAB23 belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Rab family. It may be involved in small GTPase mediated signal transduction and intracellular protein transportation.[8]RAB23 is an essential negative regulator of the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway.[6] The first understanding of biological processes requiring the Rab23 gene came from 2 independent mouse mutations in the gene [9][10] and an epistasis analysis with mutations in the mouse shh gene.[6] These studies showed that the gene is required for normal development of the brain and spinal cord and that the morphological defects seen in mutant embryos, such as failure to close dorsal regions of the neural tube during development, appeared secondary to expansion of ventral and reduction of dorsal identities in the developing neural tube. These same mutations implicated the RAB23 gene in development of digits and eyes. The mouse open brain (opb) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) genes have opposing roles in neural patterning: opb is required for dorsal cell types and Shh is required for ventral cell types in the spinal cord.[6]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA 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protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylate-binding_protein"},{"link_name":"Mitofusin-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitofusin-1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MX1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX1"},{"link_name":"MX2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX2"},{"link_name":"OPA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin-like_120_kDa_protein"},{"link_name":"Tubulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RAB23&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-6-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-6-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-6-stub"}],"text":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nImabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S, et al. (2003). \"Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis\". Exp. Cell Res. 288 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7. PMID 12878157.\nMungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). \"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6\". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–11. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..805M. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404.\nEvans TM, Ferguson C, Wainwright BJ, et al. (2004). \"Rab23, a negative regulator of hedgehog signaling, localizes to the plasma membrane and the endocytic pathway\". Traffic. 4 (12): 869–84. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0854.2003.00141.x. PMID 14617350. S2CID 21636234.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nLiu YJ, Wang Q, Li W, et al. (2007). \"Rab23 is a potential biological target for treating hepatocellular carcinoma\". World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (7): 1010–7. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i7.1010. PMC 4146862. PMID 17373734.\nJenkins D, Seelow D, Jehee FS, et al. (2007). \"RAB23 mutations in Carpenter syndrome imply an unexpected role for hedgehog signaling in cranial-suture development and obesity\". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (6): 1162–70. doi:10.1086/518047. PMC 1867103. PMID 17503333.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1z22: GDP-Bound Rab23 GTPase crystallized in C222(1) space group\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1z2a: GDP-Bound Rab23 GTPase crystallized in P2(1)2(1)2(1) space groupvteHydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6)3.6.1\nPyrophosphatase\nInorganic\nThiamine\nApyrase\nThiamine-triphosphatase\n3.6.2\nAdenylylsulfatase\nPhosphoadenylylsulfatase\n3.6.3-4: ATPase3.6.3Cu++ (3.6.3.4)\nMenkes/ATP7A\nWilson/ATP7B\nCa+ (3.6.3.8)\nSERCA\nATP2A1\nATP2A2\nATP2A3\nPlasma membrane\nATP2B1\nATP2B2\nATP2B3\nATP2B4\nSPCA\nATP2C1\nATP2C2\nNa+/K+ (3.6.3.9)\nATP1A1\nATP1A2\nATP1A3\nATP1A4\nATP1B1\nATP1B2\nATP1B3\nATP1B4\nH+/K+ (3.6.3.10)\nATP4A\nOther P-type ATPase\nATP8B1\nATP10A\nATP11B\nATP12A\nATP13A2\nATP13A3\n3.6.4\nDynein\nKinesin\nMyosin\nKatanin\n3.6.5: GTPase3.6.5.1: Heterotrimeric G protein\nGαs\nGolf\nGαi\nGNAI1\nGNAI2\nGNAI3\nTransducin\nGNAT1\nGNAT2\nGustducin\nGNAT3\nGαq/11\nGNAQ\nGNA11\nGα12/13\nGNA12\nGNA13\n3.6.5.2: Small GTPase > Ras superfamily\nRho family of GTPases: Cdc42\nCDC42\nTC10\nTCL\nRhoUV\nRhoU\nRhoV\nRac\nRac1\n2\n3\nRhoG\nRhoBTB\n1\n2\nRhoH\nRho\nA\nB\nC\nRnd\n1\n2\n3\nRhoDF\nRhoF\nRhoD\nother: Ras\nHRAS\nKRAS\nNRAS\nRab\nRAB23\nRAB27\nArf\nARF6\nSAR1B\nARL13B\nARL6\nRan\nRheb\nRap\nRGK\n3.6.5.3: Protein-synthesizing GTPase\nProkaryotic\nIF-2\nEF-Tu\nEF-G\nEukaryotic\n3.6.5.5-6: Polymerization motors\ndynamin superfamily\nDynamin\nGuanylate-binding protein\nMitofusin-1\nMX1 and MX2\nOPA1\nTubulinThis article on a gene on human chromosome 6 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=51715","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=19335","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Zhang QH, Ye M, Wu XY, Ren SX, Zhao M, Zhao CJ, Fu G, Shen Y, Fan HY, Lu G, Zhong M, Xu XR, Han ZG, Zhang JW, Tao J, Huang QH, Zhou J, Hu GX, Gu J, Chen SJ, Chen Z (October 2000). \"Cloning and functional analysis of cDNAs with open reading frames for 300 previously undefined genes expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells\". Genome Res. 10 (10): 1546–60. doi:10.1101/gr.140200. PMC 310934. PMID 11042152.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310934","url_text":"\"Cloning and functional analysis of cDNAs with open reading frames for 300 previously undefined genes expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.140200","url_text":"10.1101/gr.140200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310934","url_text":"310934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11042152","url_text":"11042152"}]},{"reference":"Eggenschwiler JT, Espinoza E, Anderson KV (July 2001). \"Rab23 is an essential negative regulator of the mouse Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway\". Nature. 412 (6843): 194–8. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..194E. doi:10.1038/35084089. PMID 11449277. S2CID 8151368.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..194E","url_text":"2001Natur.412..194E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35084089","url_text":"10.1038/35084089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11449277","url_text":"11449277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8151368","url_text":"8151368"}]},{"reference":"Marcos I, Borrego S, Antiñolo G (December 2003). \"Molecular cloning and characterization of human RAB23, a member of the group of Rab GTPases\". Int. J. Mol. Med. 12 (6): 983–7. doi:10.3892/ijmm.12.6.983. PMID 14612978.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3892%2Fijmm.12.6.983","url_text":"10.3892/ijmm.12.6.983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14612978","url_text":"14612978"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: RAB23 RAB23, member RAS oncogene family\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=51715","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: RAB23 RAB23, member RAS oncogene family\""}]},{"reference":"Günther T, Struwe M, Aguzzi A, Schughart K (November 1994). \"Open brain, a new mouse mutant with severe neural tube defects, shows altered gene expression patterns in the developing spinal cord\". Development. 120 (11): 3119–30. doi:10.1242/dev.120.11.3119. PMID 7720556.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.120.11.3119","url_text":"10.1242/dev.120.11.3119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7720556","url_text":"7720556"}]},{"reference":"Kasarskis A, Manova K, Anderson KV (June 1998). \"A phenotype-based screen for embryonic lethal mutations in the mouse\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (13): 7485–90. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.7485K. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.13.7485. PMC 22659. PMID 9636176.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22659","url_text":"\"A phenotype-based screen for embryonic lethal mutations in the mouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.7485K","url_text":"1998PNAS...95.7485K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.13.7485","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.95.13.7485"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22659","url_text":"22659"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9636176","url_text":"9636176"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Imabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S, et al. (2003). \"Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis\". Exp. Cell Res. 288 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7. PMID 12878157.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-4827%2803%2900130-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12878157","url_text":"12878157"}]},{"reference":"Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). \"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6\". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–11. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..805M. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02055","url_text":"\"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.425..805M","url_text":"2003Natur.425..805M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02055","url_text":"10.1038/nature02055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14574404","url_text":"14574404"}]},{"reference":"Evans TM, Ferguson C, Wainwright BJ, et al. (2004). \"Rab23, a negative regulator of hedgehog signaling, localizes to the plasma membrane and the endocytic pathway\". Traffic. 4 (12): 869–84. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0854.2003.00141.x. PMID 14617350. S2CID 21636234.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1600-0854.2003.00141.x","url_text":"\"Rab23, a negative regulator of hedgehog signaling, localizes to the plasma membrane and the endocytic pathway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1600-0854.2003.00141.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1600-0854.2003.00141.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14617350","url_text":"14617350"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21636234","url_text":"21636234"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Liu YJ, Wang Q, Li W, et al. (2007). \"Rab23 is a potential biological target for treating hepatocellular carcinoma\". World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (7): 1010–7. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i7.1010. PMC 4146862. PMID 17373734.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146862","url_text":"\"Rab23 is a potential biological target for treating hepatocellular carcinoma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v13.i7.1010","url_text":"10.3748/wjg.v13.i7.1010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146862","url_text":"4146862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17373734","url_text":"17373734"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins D, Seelow D, Jehee FS, et al. (2007). \"RAB23 mutations in Carpenter syndrome imply an unexpected role for hedgehog signaling in cranial-suture development and obesity\". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (6): 1162–70. doi:10.1086/518047. PMC 1867103. PMID 17503333.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867103","url_text":"\"RAB23 mutations in Carpenter syndrome imply an unexpected role for hedgehog signaling in cranial-suture development and obesity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F518047","url_text":"10.1086/518047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867103","url_text":"1867103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17503333","url_text":"17503333"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/14263","external_links_name":"RAB23"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/606144","external_links_name":"606144"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:99833","external_links_name":"99833"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=7503","external_links_name":"7503"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB23","external_links_name":"RAB23"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000112210","external_links_name":"RAB23 - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000112210","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000004768","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000112210","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/51715/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000166","external_links_name":"nucleotide binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005525","external_links_name":"GTP binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003924","external_links_name":"GTPase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737","external_links_name":"cytoplasm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005768","external_links_name":"endosome"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030670","external_links_name":"phagocytic vesicle membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020","external_links_name":"membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886","external_links_name":"plasma membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005776","external_links_name":"autophagosome"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045335","external_links_name":"phagocytic vesicle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010008","external_links_name":"endosome membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031410","external_links_name":"cytoplasmic 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratopsid	Ceratopsidae	["1 Paleobiology","1.1 Behavior","1.2 Diet","1.3 Physiology","1.4 Sexual dimorphism","2 Evolution","3 Paleoecology","4 Classification","5 See also","6 References","7 References","8 External links"]	Family of dinosaurs including Triceratops and relatives CeratopsidsTemporal range: Late Cretaceous,~82–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Montage of four ceratopsids. Clockwise from top left: Titanoceratops, Styracosaurus, Utahceratops and Triceratops Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: †Ornithischia Clade: †Ceratopsia Superfamily: †Ceratopsoidea Clade: †Ceratopsomorpha Family: †CeratopsidaeMarsh, 1888 Subgroups †Ceratops †Dysganus †Polyonax †Centrosaurinae †Chasmosaurinae Synonyms Agathaumidae Cope, 1891 Torosauridae Nopcsa, 1915 Ceratopsidae (sometimes spelled Ceratopidae) is a family of ceratopsian dinosaurs including Triceratops, Centrosaurus, and Styracosaurus. All known species were quadrupedal herbivores from the Upper Cretaceous. All but one species are known from western North America, which formed the island continent of Laramidia during most of the Late Cretaceous. Ceratopsids are characterized by beaks, rows of shearing teeth in the back of the jaw, elaborate nasal horns, and a thin parietal-squamosal shelf that extends back and up into a frill. The group is divided into two subfamilies—Chasmosaurinae and Centrosaurinae. The chasmosaurines are generally characterized by long, triangular frills and well-developed brow horns. The centrosaurines had well-developed nasal horns or nasal bosses, shorter and more rectangular frills, and elaborate spines on the back of the frill. These horns and frills show remarkable variation and are the principal means by which the various species have been recognized. Their purpose is not entirely clear. Defense against predators is one possible purpose – although the frills are comparatively fragile in many species – but it is more likely that, as in modern ungulates, they were secondary sexual characteristics used in displays or for intraspecific combat. The massive bosses on the skulls of Pachyrhinosaurus and Achelousaurus resemble those formed by the base of the horns in modern musk oxen, suggesting that they butted heads. Centrosaurines have frequently been found in massive bone beds with few other species present, suggesting that the animals lived in large herds. Paleobiology Behavior Fossil deposits dominated by large numbers of ceratopsids from individual species suggest that these animals were at least somewhat social. However, the exact nature of ceratopsid social behavior has historically been controversial. In 1997, Lehman argued that the aggregations of many individuals preserved in bonebeds originated as local "infestations" and compared them to similar modern occurrences in crocodiles and tortoises. Other authors, such as Scott D. Sampson, interpret these deposits as the remains of large "socially complex" herds. Modern animals with mating signals as prominent as the horns and frills of ceratopsians tend to form these kinds of large, intricate associations. Sampson found in previous work that the centrosaurine ceratopsids did not achieve fully developed mating signals until nearly fully grown. He finds commonality between the slow growth of mating signals in centrosaurines and the extended adolescence of animals whose social structures are ranked hierarchies founded on age-related differences. In these sorts of groups young males are typically sexually mature for several years before actually beginning to breed, when their mating signals are most fully developed. Females, by contrast do not have such extended adolescence. Other researchers who support the idea of ceratopsid herding have speculated that these associations were seasonal. This hypothesis portrays ceratopsids as living in small groups near the coasts during the rainy season and inland with the onset of the dry season. Support for the idea that ceratopsids formed herds inland comes from the greater abundance of bonebeds in inland deposits than coastal ones. The migration of ceratopsids away from the coasts may have represented a move to their nesting grounds. Many African herding animals engage in this kind of seasonal herding today. Herds would also have afforded some level of protection from the chief predators of ceratopsids, tyrannosaurids. Diet Ceratopsid teeth have a distinctive leaf shape with a primary ridge running down the middle. Ceratopsids were adapted to processing high-fiber plant material with their highly derived dental batteries and advanced dentition. They may have utilized fermentation to break down plant material with a gut microflora. Mallon et al. (2013) examined herbivore coexistence on the island continent of Laramidia, during the Late Cretaceous. It was concluded that ceratopsids were generally restricted to feeding on vegetation at, or below, the height of 1 meter. Physiology Main article: Dinosaur physiology Ceratopsians probably had the "low mass-specific metabolic rat" typical of large bodied animals. Sexual dimorphism Ceratopsid skulls at the Natural History Museum of Utah According to Scott D. Sampson, if ceratopsids were to have sexual dimorphism modern ecological analogues suggest it would be in their mating signals like horns and frills. No convincing evidence for sexual dimorphism in body size or mating signals is known in ceratopsids, although was present in the more primitive ceratopsian Protoceratops andrewsi whose sexes were distinguishable based on frill and nasal prominence size. This is consistent with other known tetrapod groups where midsized animals tended to exhibit markedly more sexual dimorphism than larger ones. However, if there were sexually dimorphic traits, they may have been soft tissue variations like colorations or dewlaps that would not have been preserved as fossils. Evolution Map of North America during the Late Cretaceous Scott D. Sampson has compared the evolution of ceratopsids to that of some mammal groups: both were rapid from a geological perspective and precipitated the simultaneous evolution of large body size, derived feeding structures, and "varied hornlike organs." The earliest ceratopsids, including members of both Centrosaurinae and Chasmosaurinae are known from the early Campanian stage, though the fossil record for early ceratopsids is poor. All but one of the named species of ceratopsid is known from Western North America, which formed the island continent of Laramidia during the Late Cretaceous, separated from the island continent of Appalachia to the east by the Western Interior Seaway. The latitudinal range of ceratopsians across Laramidia extends from Alaska to Mexico. The only named ceratopsid outside of Laramidia is Sinoceratops, a centrosaurine from the late Campanian of China. An indeterminate tooth of a ceratopsid is known from Mississippi dating to the late Maastrichtian, a few million years prior to the close of the Cretaceous, indicating that ceratopsids dispersed into eastern North America corresponding to the closure of the Western Interior Seaway at the end of the Cretaceous. Paleoecology Size comparison of eight ceratopsids The chief predators of ceratopsids were tyrannosaurids. There is evidence for an aggressive interaction between a Triceratops and a Tyrannosaurus in the form of partially healed tyrannosaur tooth marks on a Triceratops brow horn and squamosal (a bone of the neck frill); the bitten horn is also broken, with new bone growth after the break. It is not known what the exact nature of the interaction was, though: either animal could have been the aggressor. Since the Triceratops wounds healed, it is most likely that the Triceratops survived the encounter and managed to overcome the Tyrannosaurus. Paleontologist Peter Dodson estimates that in a battle against a bull Tyrannosaurus, the Triceratops had the upper hand and would successfully defend itself by inflicting fatal wounds to the Tyrannosaurus using its sharp horns. Classification The clade Ceratopsidae was in 1998 defined by Paul Sereno as the group including the last common ancestor of Pachyrhinosaurus and Triceratops; and all its descendants. In 2004, it was by Peter Dodson defined to include Triceratops, Centrosaurus, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. See also Dinosaurs portal Timeline of ceratopsian research References Dodson, P. (1996). The Horned Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. xiv-346 Dodson, P., & Currie, P. J. (1990). "Neoceratopsia." 593-618 in Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (eds.), 1990: The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, 1990 xvi-733. Sampson, S. D., 2001, Speculations on the socioecology of Ceratopsid dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia): In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 263–276. References ^ a b Dalman, Sebastian G.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Jasinki, Steven G.; Lichtig, Asher J.; Dodson, Peter (2021). "The oldest centrosaurine: a new ceratopsid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Allison Member of the Menefee Formation (Upper Cretaceous, early Campanian), northwestern New Mexico, USA". PalZ. 95 (2): 291–335. doi:10.1007/s12542-021-00555-w. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 234351502. ^ "Abstract", Sampson (2001); page 263. ^ a b c d "Introduction", Sampson (2001); page 264. ^ "Ceratopsid Socioecology", Sampson (2001); pages 267-268. ^ a b "Retarded Growth of Mating Signals", Sampson (2001); page 270. ^ a b "Sociological Correlates in Extant Vertebrates", Sampson (2001); page 265. ^ a b c d "Resource Exploitation and Habitat", Sampson (2001); page 269. ^ a b "Predation Pressure", Sampson (2001); page 272. ^ a b c "Resource Exploitation and Habitat", Sampson (2001); page 268. ^ Mallon, Jordan C; David C Evans; Michael J Ryan; Jason S Anderson (2013). "Feeding height stratification among the herbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada". BMC Ecology. 13: 14. doi:10.1186/1472-6785-13-14. PMC 3637170. PMID 23557203. ^ a b "Sexual Dimorphism", Sampson (2001); page 269. ^ a b "Sexual Dimorphism", Sampson (2001); page 270. ^ Brown, Caleb M. (2018-01-16). "Long-horned Ceratopsidae from the Foremost Formation (Campanian) of southern Alberta". PeerJ. 6: e4265. doi:10.7717/peerj.4265. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5774296. PMID 29362697. ^ Farke, Andrew A.; Phillips, George E. (2017-05-23). "The first reported ceratopsid dinosaur from eastern North America (Owl Creek Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mississippi, USA)". PeerJ. 5: e3342. doi:10.7717/peerj.3342. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5444368. PMID 28560100. ^ Happ, John; Carpenter, Kenneth (2008). "An analysis of predator–prey behavior in a head-to-head encounter between Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Larson, Peter E. (eds.). Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King (Life of the Past). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 355–368. ISBN 978-0-253-35087-9. ^ Dodson, Peter, The Horned Dinosaurs, Princeton Press. p.19 ^ Sereno, P. C. (1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 210: 41–83. doi:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41. ^ Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. External links Media related to Ceratopsidae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Ceratopsidae at Wikispecies vteCeratopsia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Ornithischia Clade: Marginocephalia Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Ornithischia see Ornithischia Ceratopsia see below↓ CeratopsiaCeratopsia Albalophosaurus Micropachycephalosaurus Psittacosaurus Chaoyangsauridae Chaoyangsaurus Hualianceratops Stenopelix Xuanhuaceratops Yinlong Neoceratopsia Ajkaceratops? Aquilops Auroraceratops Beg Koreaceratops Kulceratops? Liaoceratops Microceratus Mosaiceratops Archaeoceratopsidae Archaeoceratops Helioceratops Yamaceratops? Euceratopsia Graciliceratops Leptoceratopsidae Asiaceratops Bainoceratops Cerasinops Ferrisaurus Gremlin Gryphoceratops Ischioceratops Leptoceratops Montanoceratops Prenoceratops Udanoceratops Unescoceratops Zhuchengceratops CoronosauriaProtoceratopsidae Ajkaceratops? Bagaceratops Breviceratops Protoceratops Ceratopsoidea Ajkaceratops? Turanoceratops Zuniceratops Ceratopsidae see below↓ CeratopsidaeCeratopsidae Agathaumas Brachyceratops Ceratops Dysganus Monoclonius Polyonax Chasmosaurinae Agujaceratops Anchiceratops Arrhinoceratops Bisticeratops Bravoceratops Chasmosaurus Coahuilaceratops Judiceratops Kosmoceratops Mercuriceratops Navajoceratops Pentaceratops Sierraceratops Spiclypeus Terminocavus Utahceratops Vagaceratops Triceratopsini Eotriceratops Nedoceratops Ojoceratops Regaliceratops Tatankaceratops? Titanoceratops Torosaurus Triceratops Centrosaurinae Albertaceratops Diabloceratops Machairoceratops Medusaceratops Sinoceratops Wendiceratops Xenoceratops Nasutoceratopsini Avaceratops Crittendenceratops Furcatoceratops Menefeeceratops Nasutoceratops Yehuecauhceratops Centrosaurini Centrosaurus Coronosaurus Spinops Styracosaurus? Pachyrhinosaurini Achelousaurus Einiosaurus Stellasaurus Pachyrhinosaurus See also: Timeline Category Taxon identifiersCeratopsidae Wikidata: Q263925 Wikispecies: Ceratopsidae BioLib: 18741 EoL: 4531562 GBIF: 3238858 iNaturalist: 354866 IRMNG: 117135 Open Tree of Life: 4947034 Paleobiology Database: 38851 uBio: 5483814 Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States Portals: Dinosaurs United States Asia Biology	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ceratopsian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratopsian"},{"link_name":"dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Triceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops"},{"link_name":"Centrosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosaurus"},{"link_name":"Styracosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styracosaurus"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"herbivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivores"},{"link_name":"Upper Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Laramidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramidia"},{"link_name":"Chasmosaurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasmosaurinae"},{"link_name":"Centrosaurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosaurinae"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"ungulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate"},{"link_name":"secondary sexual characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sexual_characteristics"},{"link_name":"intraspecific combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraspecific_combat"},{"link_name":"Pachyrhinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrhinosaurus"},{"link_name":"Achelousaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achelousaurus"},{"link_name":"musk oxen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_oxen"},{"link_name":"herds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herds"}],"text":"Ceratopsidae (sometimes spelled Ceratopidae) is a family of ceratopsian dinosaurs including Triceratops, Centrosaurus, and Styracosaurus. All known species were quadrupedal herbivores from the Upper Cretaceous. All but one species are known from western North America, which formed the island continent of Laramidia during most of the Late Cretaceous. Ceratopsids are characterized by beaks, rows of shearing teeth in the back of the jaw, elaborate nasal horns, and a thin parietal-squamosal shelf that extends back and up into a frill. The group is divided into two subfamilies—Chasmosaurinae and Centrosaurinae. The chasmosaurines are generally characterized by long, triangular frills and well-developed brow horns. The centrosaurines had well-developed nasal horns or nasal bosses, shorter and more rectangular frills, and elaborate spines on the back of the frill.These horns and frills show remarkable variation and are the principal means by which the various species have been recognized. Their purpose is not entirely clear. Defense against predators is one possible purpose – although the frills are comparatively fragile in many species – but it is more likely that, as in modern ungulates, they were secondary sexual characteristics used in displays or for intraspecific combat. The massive bosses on the skulls of Pachyrhinosaurus and Achelousaurus resemble those formed by the base of the horns in modern musk oxen, suggesting that they butted heads. Centrosaurines have frequently been found in massive bone beds with few other species present, suggesting that the animals lived in large herds.","title":"Ceratopsidae"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-abs-263-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-intro-264-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-intro-264-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-intro-264-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-socioecology-267-268-4"},{"link_name":"centrosaurine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosaurine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-retarded-270-5"},{"link_name":"adolescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-retarded-270-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-correlates-265-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-correlates-265-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-resource-269-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-resource-269-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-resource-269-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-resource-269-7"},{"link_name":"tyrannosaurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurids"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-pred-272-8"}],"sub_title":"Behavior","text":"Fossil deposits dominated by large numbers of ceratopsids from individual species suggest that these animals were at least somewhat social.[2] However, the exact nature of ceratopsid social behavior has historically been controversial.[3] In 1997, Lehman argued that the aggregations of many individuals preserved in bonebeds originated as local \"infestations\" and compared them to similar modern occurrences in crocodiles and tortoises.[3] Other authors, such as Scott D. Sampson, interpret these deposits as the remains of large \"socially complex\" herds.[3]Modern animals with mating signals as prominent as the horns and frills of ceratopsians tend to form these kinds of large, intricate associations.[4] Sampson found in previous work that the centrosaurine ceratopsids did not achieve fully developed mating signals until nearly fully grown.[5] He finds commonality between the slow growth of mating signals in centrosaurines and the extended adolescence of animals whose social structures are ranked hierarchies founded on age-related differences.[5] In these sorts of groups young males are typically sexually mature for several years before actually beginning to breed, when their mating signals are most fully developed.[6] Females, by contrast do not have such extended adolescence.[6]Other researchers who support the idea of ceratopsid herding have speculated that these associations were seasonal.[7] This hypothesis portrays ceratopsids as living in small groups near the coasts during the rainy season and inland with the onset of the dry season.[7] Support for the idea that ceratopsids formed herds inland comes from the greater abundance of bonebeds in inland deposits than coastal ones. The migration of ceratopsids away from the coasts may have represented a move to their nesting grounds.[7] Many African herding animals engage in this kind of seasonal herding today.[7] Herds would also have afforded some level of protection from the chief predators of ceratopsids, tyrannosaurids.[8]","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratopsidae_Tooth.jpg"},{"link_name":"fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber"},{"link_name":"dental batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_batteries"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-resource-268-9"},{"link_name":"fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"microflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microflora"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-resource-268-9"},{"link_name":"Laramidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramidia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"Ceratopsid teeth have a distinctive leaf shape with a primary ridge running down the middle.Ceratopsids were adapted to processing high-fiber plant material with their highly derived dental batteries and advanced dentition.[9] They may have utilized fermentation to break down plant material with a gut microflora.[9] Mallon et al. (2013) examined herbivore coexistence on the island continent of Laramidia, during the Late Cretaceous. It was concluded that ceratopsids were generally restricted to feeding on vegetation at, or below, the height of 1 meter.[10]","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-resource-268-9"}],"sub_title":"Physiology","text":"Ceratopsians probably had the \"low mass-specific metabolic rat[e]\" typical of large bodied animals.[9]","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratopsian_skulls.jpg"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-dimorphism-269-11"},{"link_name":"Protoceratops andrewsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoceratops_andrewsi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-dimorphism-269-11"},{"link_name":"tetrapod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-dimorphism-270-12"},{"link_name":"dewlaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlap"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-dimorphism-270-12"}],"sub_title":"Sexual dimorphism","text":"Ceratopsid skulls at the Natural History Museum of UtahAccording to Scott D. Sampson, if ceratopsids were to have sexual dimorphism modern ecological analogues suggest it would be in their mating signals like horns and frills.[11] No convincing evidence for sexual dimorphism in body size or mating signals is known in ceratopsids, although was present in the more primitive ceratopsian Protoceratops andrewsi whose sexes were distinguishable based on frill and nasal prominence size.[11] This is consistent with other known tetrapod groups where midsized animals tended to exhibit markedly more sexual dimorphism than larger ones.[12] However, if there were sexually dimorphic traits, they may have been soft tissue variations like colorations or dewlaps that would not have been preserved as fossils.[12]","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_North_America_with_the_Western_Interior_Seaway_during_the_Campanian_(Upper_Cretaceous).png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-intro-264-3"},{"link_name":"Campanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanian"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Laramidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramidia"},{"link_name":"Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia_(landmass)"},{"link_name":"Western Interior Seaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway"},{"link_name":"Sinoceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoceratops"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalman2021-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Map of North America during the Late CretaceousScott D. Sampson has compared the evolution of ceratopsids to that of some mammal groups: both were rapid from a geological perspective and precipitated the simultaneous evolution of large body size, derived feeding structures, and \"varied hornlike organs.\"[3] The earliest ceratopsids, including members of both Centrosaurinae and Chasmosaurinae are known from the early Campanian stage, though the fossil record for early ceratopsids is poor.[13] All but one of the named species of ceratopsid is known from Western North America, which formed the island continent of Laramidia during the Late Cretaceous, separated from the island continent of Appalachia to the east by the Western Interior Seaway. The latitudinal range of ceratopsians across Laramidia extends from Alaska to Mexico. The only named ceratopsid outside of Laramidia is Sinoceratops, a centrosaurine from the late Campanian of China.[1] An indeterminate tooth of a ceratopsid is known from Mississippi dating to the late Maastrichtian, a few million years prior to the close of the Cretaceous, indicating that ceratopsids dispersed into eastern North America corresponding to the closure of the Western Interior Seaway at the end of the Cretaceous.[14]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratopsidae_Scale.svg"},{"link_name":"tyrannosaurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurids"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socioecology-pred-272-8"},{"link_name":"Triceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops"},{"link_name":"squamosal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamosal"},{"link_name":"neck frill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_frill"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH08-15"},{"link_name":"Peter Dodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dodson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Size comparison of eight ceratopsidsThe chief predators of ceratopsids were tyrannosaurids.[8]There is evidence for an aggressive interaction between a Triceratops and a Tyrannosaurus in the form of partially healed tyrannosaur tooth marks on a Triceratops brow horn and squamosal (a bone of the neck frill); the bitten horn is also broken, with new bone growth after the break. It is not known what the exact nature of the interaction was, though: either animal could have been the aggressor.[15] Since the Triceratops wounds healed, it is most likely that the Triceratops survived the encounter and managed to overcome the Tyrannosaurus. Paleontologist Peter Dodson estimates that in a battle against a bull Tyrannosaurus, the Triceratops had the upper hand and would successfully defend itself by inflicting fatal wounds to the Tyrannosaurus using its sharp horns.[16]","title":"Paleoecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"Paul Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sereno"},{"link_name":"last common ancestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_common_ancestor"},{"link_name":"Pachyrhinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrhinosaurus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Peter Dodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dodson"},{"link_name":"Triceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops"},{"link_name":"Centrosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosaurus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FS04-18"}],"text":"The clade Ceratopsidae was in 1998 defined by Paul Sereno as the group including the last common ancestor of Pachyrhinosaurus and Triceratops; and all its descendants.[17] In 2004, it was by Peter Dodson defined to include Triceratops, Centrosaurus, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor.[18]","title":"Classification"}]	[{"image_text":"Ceratopsid teeth have a distinctive leaf shape with a primary ridge running down the middle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ceratopsidae_Tooth.jpg/220px-Ceratopsidae_Tooth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ceratopsid skulls at the Natural History Museum of Utah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ceratopsian_skulls.jpg/220px-Ceratopsian_skulls.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of North America during the Late Cretaceous","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_of_North_America_with_the_Western_Interior_Seaway_during_the_Campanian_%28Upper_Cretaceous%29.png/220px-Map_of_North_America_with_the_Western_Interior_Seaway_during_the_Campanian_%28Upper_Cretaceous%29.png"},{"image_text":"Size comparison of eight ceratopsids","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ceratopsidae_Scale.svg/220px-Ceratopsidae_Scale.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Dinosaurs portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs"},{"title":"Timeline of ceratopsian research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_ceratopsian_research"}]	[{"reference":"Dalman, Sebastian G.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Jasinki, Steven G.; Lichtig, Asher J.; Dodson, Peter (2021). \"The oldest centrosaurine: a new ceratopsid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Allison Member of the Menefee Formation (Upper Cretaceous, early Campanian), northwestern New Mexico, USA\". PalZ. 95 (2): 291–335. doi:10.1007/s12542-021-00555-w. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 234351502.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351466021_The_oldest_centrosaurine_a_new_ceratopsid_dinosaur_Dinosauria_Ceratopsidae_from_the_Allison_Member_of_the_Menefee_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_early_Campanian_northwestern_New_Mexico_USA","url_text":"\"The oldest centrosaurine: a new ceratopsid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Allison Member of the Menefee Formation (Upper Cretaceous, early Campanian), northwestern New Mexico, USA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12542-021-00555-w","url_text":"10.1007/s12542-021-00555-w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0220","url_text":"0031-0220"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234351502","url_text":"234351502"}]},{"reference":"Mallon, Jordan C; David C Evans; Michael J Ryan; Jason S Anderson (2013). \"Feeding height stratification among the herbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada\". BMC Ecology. 13: 14. doi:10.1186/1472-6785-13-14. PMC 3637170. PMID 23557203.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3637170","url_text":"\"Feeding height stratification among the herbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-6785-13-14","url_text":"10.1186/1472-6785-13-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3637170","url_text":"3637170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23557203","url_text":"23557203"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Caleb M. (2018-01-16). \"Long-horned Ceratopsidae from the Foremost Formation (Campanian) of southern Alberta\". PeerJ. 6: e4265. doi:10.7717/peerj.4265. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5774296. PMID 29362697.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774296","url_text":"\"Long-horned Ceratopsidae from the Foremost Formation (Campanian) of southern Alberta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.4265","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.4265"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","url_text":"2167-8359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774296","url_text":"5774296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29362697","url_text":"29362697"}]},{"reference":"Farke, Andrew A.; Phillips, George E. (2017-05-23). \"The first reported ceratopsid dinosaur from eastern North America (Owl Creek Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mississippi, USA)\". PeerJ. 5: e3342. doi:10.7717/peerj.3342. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5444368. PMID 28560100.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5444368","url_text":"\"The first reported ceratopsid dinosaur from eastern North America (Owl Creek Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mississippi, USA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.3342","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.3342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","url_text":"2167-8359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5444368","url_text":"5444368"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28560100","url_text":"28560100"}]},{"reference":"Happ, John; Carpenter, Kenneth (2008). \"An analysis of predator–prey behavior in a head-to-head encounter between Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops\". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Larson, Peter E. (eds.). Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King (Life of the Past). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 355–368. ISBN 978-0-253-35087-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35087-9","url_text":"978-0-253-35087-9"}]},{"reference":"Sereno, P. C. (1998). \"A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria\". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 210: 41–83. doi:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2Fnjgpa%2F210%2F1998%2F41","url_text":"10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41"}]},{"reference":"Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24209-2","url_text":"0-520-24209-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351466021_The_oldest_centrosaurine_a_new_ceratopsid_dinosaur_Dinosauria_Ceratopsidae_from_the_Allison_Member_of_the_Menefee_Formation_Upper_Cretaceous_early_Campanian_northwestern_New_Mexico_USA","external_links_name":"\"The oldest centrosaurine: a new ceratopsid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Allison Member of the Menefee Formation (Upper Cretaceous, early Campanian), northwestern New Mexico, USA\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12542-021-00555-w","external_links_name":"10.1007/s12542-021-00555-w"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0220","external_links_name":"0031-0220"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234351502","external_links_name":"234351502"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3637170","external_links_name":"\"Feeding height stratification among the herbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-6785-13-14","external_links_name":"10.1186/1472-6785-13-14"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3637170","external_links_name":"3637170"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23557203","external_links_name":"23557203"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774296","external_links_name":"\"Long-horned Ceratopsidae from the Foremost Formation (Campanian) of southern Alberta\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.4265","external_links_name":"10.7717/peerj.4265"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","external_links_name":"2167-8359"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774296","external_links_name":"5774296"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29362697","external_links_name":"29362697"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5444368","external_links_name":"\"The first reported ceratopsid dinosaur from eastern North America (Owl Creek Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mississippi, USA)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.3342","external_links_name":"10.7717/peerj.3342"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","external_links_name":"2167-8359"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5444368","external_links_name":"5444368"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28560100","external_links_name":"28560100"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2Fnjgpa%2F210%2F1998%2F41","external_links_name":"10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id18741","external_links_name":"18741"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/4531562","external_links_name":"4531562"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3238858","external_links_name":"3238858"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/354866","external_links_name":"354866"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=117135","external_links_name":"117135"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4947034","external_links_name":"4947034"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38851","external_links_name":"38851"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5483814","external_links_name":"5483814"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123919476","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123919476","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012440947005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86001034","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_Yuri_Gagarin	Monument to Yuri Gagarin	["1 Description","2 Commemorative coin","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 55°42′30″N 37°34′57″E / 55.7082°N 37.5824°E / 55.7082; 37.5824Monument to Yuri GagarinПамятник Гагарину Ю.А.55°42′30″N 37°34′57″E / 55.7082°N 37.5824°E / 55.7082; 37.5824LocationGagarin Square, MoscowDesignerPavel (Paul) BondarenkoTypeStatueMaterialCast titanium on granite baseHeight42.5 metres (139 ft)Opening dateJuly 4, 1980 Monument to Yuri Gagarin is a 42.5-meter high pedestal and statue of Yuri Gagarin, the first person to travel in space. It is located at Leninsky Prospekt in Moscow. The pedestal is designed to be reminiscent of a rocket exhaust. The statue is made of titanium, a metal often used in spacecraft, and weighs 12 tons. Description The monument to Yuri Gagarin was built for the 1980 Olympic Games. It stands in Gagarin Square on Leninsky Avenue. The creators of the monument are the sculptor Pavel Bondarenko, architects Yakov Belopolsky, F.M. Gazhevsky, and designer A.F. Sudakov. The monument is made of titanium and mounted on a high ribbed pedestal. The total height of the monument is 42.5 metres (139 ft), the total weight is 12 tons. At the foot of the monument is a copy of the Vostok descent vehicle, which was flown on April 12, 1961, when Yuri Gagarin made the first crewed flight into space. The statue creators turned to the specialists at the All-Russian Institute Of Aviation Materials (VIAM) for help, who recommended the sculpture use the titanium casting alloy VT5L, which has a shiny surface and acceptable color. In addition, specialists at VIAM developed technical processes used by VSMPO to cast ingots of VT5L alloy with a low oxygen content (0.12%). The monument was made in less than a year at the Balashikha Foundry and Mechanical Plant. The titanium sculpture of Yuri Gagarin was assembled from 238 cast segments, which were connected with bolts and welding. The greatest problems arose with the manufacture of the largest segment – the cosmonaut's face. Its weight was 300 kilograms (660 lb), which was too heavy for melting in a vacuum oven. The Monument to Yuri Gagarin is the world's first large-scale monument made of titanium. The figure of Gagarin is facing upward. The high ribbed pedestal is an important part of the composition and symbolizes the launch of the space rocket. The inscription at the base of the monument reads (in Russian): On April 12, 1961, the Soviet space ship Vostok with a man on board flew around the globe. The first person to penetrate into space is a citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Yuri Gagarin. Commemorative coin The reverse side of a 1991 USSR 3-ruble coin The monument to Yuri Gagarin is depicted on the reverse side of a non-circulating 1 oz silver 3 rouble coin. This coin was minted in 1991 to honor the 30th anniversary of human spaceflight. An image of the monument is depicted on the back side of the coin, along with the words (in Russian) "30 years of human spaceflight". See also Statue of Yuri Gagarin, Greenwich Monument to the Conquerors of Space References ^ a b Denis17 (9 November 2016). "The highest monuments of Moscow (photo with drone)". Explore Russia. ExploreRussia, Inc. Retrieved 24 September 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b "Титан из Подмосковья". ivanovo.kp.ru. Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. Retrieved 2011-05-01. ^ a b c "Памятник Гагарину в Москве может рухнуть". newsru.com. 29 January 2003. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 2011-05-01. ^ "Искусство литья в ХХ веке". uzcm.ru. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2011-05-01. ^ Памятники Москвы. Памятник Ю. А. Гагарину на Проспекте Ленина ^ "3 Rubles, Soviet Union (USSR)". en.numista.com. Numista. Retrieved 24 September 2017. External links Media related to Monument to Yuri Gagarin at Leninsky Prospekt at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuri Gagarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin"},{"link_name":"Leninsky Prospekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninsky_Avenue,_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-explore-1"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-explore-1"}],"text":"Monument to Yuri Gagarin is a 42.5-meter high pedestal and statue of Yuri Gagarin, the first person to travel in space. It is located at Leninsky Prospekt in Moscow. The pedestal is designed to be reminiscent of a rocket exhaust.[1] The statue is made of titanium, a metal often used in spacecraft, and weighs 12 tons.[1]","title":"Monument to Yuri Gagarin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivanovo.kp.ru-2"},{"link_name":"Leninsky Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninsky_Avenue,_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsru.com-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsru.com-3"},{"link_name":"Vostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsru.com-3"},{"link_name":"All-Russian Institute Of Aviation Materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russian_Institute_Of_Aviation_Materials"},{"link_name":"VSMPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSMPO-AVISMA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivanovo.kp.ru-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The monument to Yuri Gagarin was built for the 1980 Olympic Games.[2] It stands in Gagarin Square on Leninsky Avenue. The creators of the monument are the sculptor Pavel Bondarenko, architects Yakov Belopolsky, F.M. Gazhevsky, and designer A.F. Sudakov.[3] The monument is made of titanium and mounted on a high ribbed pedestal. The total height of the monument is 42.5 metres (139 ft), the total weight is 12 tons.[3] At the foot of the monument is a copy of the Vostok descent vehicle, which was flown on April 12, 1961, when Yuri Gagarin made the first crewed flight into space.[3]The statue creators turned to the specialists at the All-Russian Institute Of Aviation Materials (VIAM) for help, who recommended the sculpture use the titanium casting alloy VT5L, which has a shiny surface and acceptable color. In addition, specialists at VIAM developed technical processes used by VSMPO to cast ingots of VT5L alloy with a low oxygen content (0.12%).The monument was made in less than a year at the Balashikha Foundry and Mechanical Plant. The titanium sculpture of Yuri Gagarin was assembled from 238 cast segments, which were connected with bolts and welding. The greatest problems arose with the manufacture of the largest segment – the cosmonaut's face. Its weight was 300 kilograms (660 lb), which was too heavy for melting in a vacuum oven. The Monument to Yuri Gagarin is the world's first large-scale monument made of titanium.[2][4]The figure of Gagarin is facing upward. The high ribbed pedestal is an important part of the composition and symbolizes the launch of the space rocket.[5] The inscription at the base of the monument reads (in Russian):On April 12, 1961, the Soviet space ship Vostok with a man on board flew around the globe. The first person to penetrate into space is a citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Yuri Gagarin.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RR3111-0009R.png"},{"link_name":"reverse side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"3 rouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_rouble"},{"link_name":"human spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coin-6"}],"text":"The reverse side of a 1991 USSR 3-ruble coinThe monument to Yuri Gagarin is depicted on the reverse side of a non-circulating 1 oz silver 3 rouble coin. This coin was minted in 1991 to honor the 30th anniversary of human spaceflight. An image of the monument is depicted on the back side of the coin, along with the words (in Russian) \"30 years of human spaceflight\".[6]","title":"Commemorative coin"}]	[{"image_text":"The reverse side of a 1991 USSR 3-ruble coin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RR3111-0009R.png/220px-RR3111-0009R.png"}]	[{"title":"Statue of Yuri Gagarin, Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Yuri_Gagarin,_Greenwich"},{"title":"Monument to the Conquerors of Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space"}]	[{"reference":"Denis17 (9 November 2016). \"The highest monuments of Moscow (photo with drone)\". Explore Russia. ExploreRussia, Inc. Retrieved 24 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://explorerussia.org/the-highest-monuments-of-moscow/","url_text":"\"The highest monuments of Moscow (photo with drone)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Титан из Подмосковья\". ivanovo.kp.ru. Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagraea_fragrans	Tembusu	["1 Common names","2 Uses","3 Cultural significance","4 References","5 External links"]	Species of tree Tembusu Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Gentianaceae Genus: Cyrtophyllum Species: C. fragrans Binomial name Cyrtophyllum fragrans(Roxb.) DC. Synonyms Fagraea fragrans Roxb. Fagraea peregrina (Reinw.) Blume Fagraea ridleyi Gand. Cyrtophyllum peregrinum In the Kandy botanic garden, Sri Lanka The tembusu is a large evergreen tree in the family Gentianaceae, native to Southeast Asia (from Indo-China to New Guinea). It is the Malay name for Cyrtophyllum fragrans (synonym Fagraea fragrans). Its trunk is dark brown, with deeply fissured bark, looking somewhat like a bittergourd. The tree grows in an irregular shape from 10 to 25 metres high, with light green oval-shaped leaves, and yellowish flowers with a distinct fragrance. The fruits of the tree are bitter tasting red berries, which are eaten by Pteropus fruit bats. Common names Buabua (Fiji Islands), Urung (Philippines), Temasuk (Sabah), Tatrao, Trai (Vietnam), Kan Krao (Thailand), Tembesu (Indonesia), Anan, Anama (Burma), Munpla (Thailand, Laos), Ta Trao (Cambodia). Uses The trunk of this tree can produce very hard wood that can be used to make chopping boards and floors. The wood can last over a hundred years, as it is not consumed by termites and weevils. Cultural significance The tree is pictured on the Singaporean five-dollar bill. In Thailand, it is the provincial tree of Surin Province and the university tree of Ubonratchathani. References ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2018). "Cyrtophyllum fragrans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T135891057A135895554. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ POWO: Cyrtophyllum fragrans (Roxb.) DC. (retrieved 12 November 2020) ^ Tropical plants site description ^ Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1970). Tropical Trees of the Pacific. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 61. Note: Fagraea cochinchinensis is now considered a synonym of Aidia cochinchinensis External links Data related to Cyrtophyllum fragrans at Wikispecies Media related to Cyrtophyllum fragrans at Wikimedia Commons Description from a woods supply site Taxon identifiersCyrtophyllum fragrans Wikidata: Q33958373 Wikispecies: Cyrtophyllum fragrans CoL: 6C9PR GBIF: 7863745 IPNI: 546043-1 IUCN: 135891057 NCBI: 84942 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:546043-1 Tropicos: 100320185 WFO: wfo-0000636236 Fagraea fragrans Wikidata: Q4921433 Wikispecies: Fagraea fragrans CoL: 3DSCD Ecocrop: 6077 EoL: 5345440 EPPO: FARFR GBIF: 4020051 GRIN: 403234 iNaturalist: 344723 IPNI: 546145-1 Open Tree of Life: 271355 PfaF: Fagraea fragrans Plant List: kew-2807419 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:546145-1 Tropicos: 50321360 WFO: wfo-0000685577	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fagraea_fragrans_A.jpg"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"Gentianaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentianaceae"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Indo-China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-China"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Cyrtophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtophyllum"},{"link_name":"Fagraea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagraea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)"},{"link_name":"bittergourd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittergourd"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pteropus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In the Kandy botanic garden, Sri LankaThe tembusu is a large evergreen tree in the family Gentianaceae, native to Southeast Asia (from Indo-China to New Guinea). It is the Malay name for Cyrtophyllum fragrans (synonym Fagraea fragrans).[2]Its trunk is dark brown, with deeply fissured bark, looking somewhat like a bittergourd. The tree grows in an irregular shape from 10 to 25 metres high,[3] with light green oval-shaped leaves, and yellowish flowers with a distinct fragrance. The fruits of the tree are bitter tasting red berries, which are eaten by Pteropus fruit bats.[4]","title":"Tembusu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Buabua (Fiji Islands), Urung (Philippines), Temasuk (Sabah), Tatrao, Trai (Vietnam), Kan Krao (Thailand), Tembesu (Indonesia), Anan, Anama (Burma), Munpla (Thailand, Laos), Ta Trao (Cambodia).[citation needed]","title":"Common names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chopping boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopping_board"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"termites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite"},{"link_name":"weevils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weevil"}],"text":"The trunk of this tree can produce very hard wood that can be used to make chopping boards and floors.[citation needed] The wood can last over a hundred years, as it is not consumed by termites and weevils.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singaporean five-dollar bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_five-dollar_bill"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Surin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surin_Province"},{"link_name":"Ubonratchathani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubonratchathani"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The tree is pictured on the Singaporean five-dollar bill.[citation needed]In Thailand, it is the provincial tree of Surin Province and the university tree of Ubonratchathani.[citation needed]","title":"Cultural significance"}]	[{"image_text":"In the Kandy botanic garden, Sri Lanka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fagraea_fragrans_A.jpg/220px-Fagraea_fragrans_A.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2018). \"Cyrtophyllum fragrans\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T135891057A135895554. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/135891057/135895554","url_text":"\"Cyrtophyllum fragrans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1970). Tropical Trees of the Pacific. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofp00harg","url_text":"Tropical Trees of the Pacific"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofp00harg/page/61","url_text":"61"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/135891057/135895554","external_links_name":"\"Cyrtophyllum fragrans\""},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:546043-1","external_links_name":"POWO: Cyrtophyllum fragrans (Roxb.) DC. (retrieved 12 November 2020)"},{"Link":"http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Loganiaceae/Fagraea_fragrans.html","external_links_name":"Tropical plants site description"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofp00harg","external_links_name":"Tropical Trees of the Pacific"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofp00harg/page/61","external_links_name":"61"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060625163003/http://www.windsorplywood.com/tropical_woods/tembusu.html","external_links_name":"Description from a woods supply site"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6C9PR","external_links_name":"6C9PR"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7863745","external_links_name":"7863745"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/546043-1","external_links_name":"546043-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/135891057","external_links_name":"135891057"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=84942","external_links_name":"84942"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A546043-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:546043-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100320185","external_links_name":"100320185"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000636236","external_links_name":"wfo-0000636236"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3DSCD","external_links_name":"3DSCD"},{"Link":"https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=6077","external_links_name":"6077"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5345440","external_links_name":"5345440"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/FARFR","external_links_name":"FARFR"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4020051","external_links_name":"4020051"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=403234","external_links_name":"403234"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/344723","external_links_name":"344723"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/546145-1","external_links_name":"546145-1"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=271355","external_links_name":"271355"},{"Link":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagraea+fragrans","external_links_name":"Fagraea fragrans"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2807419","external_links_name":"kew-2807419"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A546145-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:546145-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50321360","external_links_name":"50321360"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000685577","external_links_name":"wfo-0000685577"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lucas_Stadium	Bob Lucas Stadium	["1 Football","2 Origins","3 Greyhound racing","4 Speedway","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°37′12″N 2°29′07″W / 50.62000°N 2.48528°W / 50.62000; -2.48528Football stadium in Weymouth, England Bob Lucas StadiumFull nameThe Bob Lucas StadiumLocationWeymouth, EnglandOwnerWeymouth F.C. (1987-present)Capacity6,600 (900 seated)SurfaceGrassConstructionBuiltOriginally (1950s)Rebuilt (1986-1987)OpenedSpeedway & greyhound racing (1954)Football (21 October 1987)TenantsWeymouth F.C. (1987-present) The Bob Lucas Stadium (formerly named the Wessex Stadium) is a football stadium in Weymouth, England. It has been the home ground of Weymouth F.C. since 1987. It was formerly a greyhound racing and speedway stadium. Football The first minute of a match played on 2 September 2023 which saw Maidstone United win 3-2 against Weymouth; Attendance: 905. The ground, which was built to hold 10,000 with 900 seated in the stand, first saw a football kicked with the visit of Taunton Town in the Western Counties Floodlight Cup final on 18 August 1987 in front of 1,023 spectators. The league season opened on 26 August with a visit from Lincoln City – who had just suffered relegation from the Football League – and the official attendance was 3,500. Ron Greenwood performed the official opening of the ground on 21 October 1987, prior to an exhibition match against Manchester United - which the Terras won 1–0. The attendance for this fixture was given as 4,904. In July 2010, the name of the stadium was changed from the Wessex Stadium in homage to the long-serving club president and former goalkeeper Bob Lucas, during his fight against cancer. He died a month later, aged 85. Origins The Wessex Stadium was built on the west side of the East Chickerell Court Lane opposite the East Chickerell Race Course in the early 1950s. Greyhound racing Greyhound racing first took place at the stadium on 5 August 1954. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club). Racing was held on Thursday and Saturday evenings. The track was described as a fast galloping grass track with an inside Sumner hare system and race distances of 300, 525, 765 and 990 yards. The racing ended in 1985. Speedway Speedway took place between 1954 and 1985. Main article: Weymouth Wildcats References ^ Hendy, Arron (31 July 2010). "Weymouth's Bob Lucas Stadium is welcomed". Dorset Echo. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Weymouth Football Club president Bob Lucas dies". BBC Sport. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010. ^ "OS Plan (partial) 1957-1959". old-maps.co.uk. ^ a b Barnes, Julia (1988). Daily Mirror Greyhound Fact File. Ringpress Books. ISBN 0-948955-15-5. ^ Furby, R (1968). Independent Greyhound Racing. New Dominion House. p. 88. ^ "Weymouth Speedway". Defunct Speedway Tracks. 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Zagreb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Weymouth F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"greyhound racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_racing_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"}],"text":"Football stadium in Weymouth, EnglandThe Bob Lucas Stadium (formerly named the Wessex Stadium) is a football stadium in Weymouth, England. It has been the home ground of Weymouth F.C. since 1987. It was formerly a greyhound racing and speedway stadium.","title":"Bob Lucas Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weymouth_2-3_Maidstone_United.jpg"},{"link_name":"2 September 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_National_League#National_League_South"},{"link_name":"Maidstone United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_United"},{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Taunton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Ron Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bob Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lucas_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The first minute of a match played on 2 September 2023 which saw Maidstone United win 3-2 against Weymouth; Attendance: 905.The ground, which was built to hold 10,000 with 900 seated in the stand, first saw a football kicked with the visit of Taunton Town in the Western Counties Floodlight Cup final on 18 August 1987 in front of 1,023 spectators. The league season opened on 26 August with a visit from Lincoln City – who had just suffered relegation from the Football League – and the official attendance was 3,500.Ron Greenwood performed the official opening of the ground on 21 October 1987, prior to an exhibition match against Manchester United - which the Terras won 1–0. The attendance for this fixture was given as 4,904.In July 2010, the name of the stadium was changed from the Wessex Stadium in homage to the long-serving club president and former goalkeeper Bob Lucas, during his fight against cancer.[1] He died a month later, aged 85.[2]","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Wessex Stadium was built on the west side of the East Chickerell Court Lane opposite the East Chickerell Race Course in the early 1950s.[3]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greyhound racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_racing_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"National Greyhound Racing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Greyhound_Racing_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JB-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JB-4"}],"text":"Greyhound racing first took place at the stadium on 5 August 1954. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club).[4] Racing was held on Thursday and Saturday evenings.The track was described as a fast galloping grass track with an inside Sumner hare system and race distances of 300, 525, 765 and 990 yards.[5] The racing ended in 1985.[4]","title":"Greyhound racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Speedway took place between 1954 and 1985.[6]","title":"Speedway"}]	[{"image_text":"The first minute of a match played on 2 September 2023 which saw Maidstone United win 3-2 against Weymouth; Attendance: 905.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Weymouth_2-3_Maidstone_United.jpg/250px-Weymouth_2-3_Maidstone_United.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hendy, Arron (31 July 2010). \"Weymouth's Bob Lucas Stadium is welcomed\". Dorset Echo. 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ISBN 0-948955-15-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948955-15-5","url_text":"0-948955-15-5"}]},{"reference":"Furby, R (1968). Independent Greyhound Racing. New Dominion House. p. 88.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Weymouth Speedway\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet_Concerto_(Copland)	Clarinet Concerto (Copland)	["1 History","1.1 Composition","1.2 Performances","2 Style and structure","3 Discography","3.1 Recordings on LP","3.2 Recordings available on CD","3.3 Recordings of the original 1948 version","3.4 Recording of performance directed by the composer","3.5 Recording of the first radio performance","3.6 Recordings available on DVD","4 References","5 External links"]	Musical composition by Aaron Copland Aaron Copland's Clarinet Concerto (also referred to as the Concerto for Clarinet and String Orchestra or the Concerto for Clarinet, Strings, Harp and Piano) was written between 1947 and 1949, although a first version was available in 1948. The concerto was later choreographed by Jerome Robbins for the ballet Pied Piper (1951). History Composition Soon after Copland composed his Symphony No. 3, in 1947 jazz clarinetist Benny Goodman commissioned him to write a concerto for clarinet. Goodman told Copland biographer Vivian Perlis: I made no demands on what Copland should write. He had completely free rein, except that I should have a two-year exclusivity on playing the work. I paid two thousand dollars and that's real money. At the time there were not too many American composers to pick from... We never had much trouble except for a little fracas about the spot before the cadenza where he had written a repetition of some phrase. I was a little sticky about leaving it out—it was where the viola was the echo to give the clarinet a cue. But I think Aaron finally did leave it out... Aaron and I played the concerto quite a few times with him conducting, and we made two recordings" Copland was in Rio de Janeiro in 1947 as a lecturer and conductor. While there he made many drafts of the concerto. On August 26, 1948, Copland wrote that the concerto was still "dribbling along". A month later, he wrote in a letter that the piece was almost done. On December 6, 1948, he wrote to composer Carlos Chávez that he had completed the composition and was pleased with the result. Copland accepted a commission from conductor Serge Koussevitzky to arrange the concerto's first movement as an Elegy for Strings, to be performed by the Boston Symphony. However, in a letter to Koussevitzky dated August 29, 1950, Copland backed away from the commission. The composer explained that, after further thought, he believed that performing an arrangement of the first movement by itself "takes away from the integrity of the Concerto as I originally conceived it, and I am basically unwilling to do that". Copland was also concerned, he wrote, that a performance of the concerto's first movement by itself when the concerto still had not been performed—Goodman repeatedly postponed his premier of the piece—might be misperceived by the public as expressing doubt about the quality of the concerto's second movement. He proposed a different way to satisfy his commitment for an elegy. Performances Copland Clarinet Concerto performed in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, on June 2, 1961, by Milenko Stefanović and Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Aaron Copland Benny Goodman premiered the concerto on an NBC radio broadcast with the NBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Fritz Reiner, on November 6, 1950. Some claim this performance, however, was not the world premiere, and attribute the world premiere to Ralph McLane and the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy because this performance on November 28, 1950 was the first "public performance". In any case it was the first public performance of the Concerto in New York. This November 28, 1950 performance —probably just beyond the end of the two-year exclusivity— had been scheduled by Copland to increase pressure on Goodman, since he kept on putting off the first performance. A recording of the first radio performance by Goodman, with the NBC Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Fritz Reiner is available on CD on the Legend music label (see below). The concerto quickly established itself as a standard piece in the clarinet repertoire. Since the performance by Benny Goodman, other notable performances include those by: Stanley Drucker and the New York Philharmonic with Leonard Bernstein Milenko Stefanović and the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra with Aaron Copland (Belgrade, June 2, 1961) Richard Stoltzman and the London Symphony Orchestra with Michael Tilson Thomas Paul Meyer and the English Chamber Orchestra Sabine Meyer and the Bamberger Symphoniker However, one particular recording of note is the one with Goodman and conducted by Copland himself, which Aaron Copland considered to be his best recording ever. Style and structure Copland incorporated many jazz elements into his concerto. Mellers —Copland being representative of the American "Other"— links Copland’s affinity for jazz elements with the fact that “both Negro and Jew are dispossessed people who have become, in a cosmopolitan urban society, representative of man’s uprootedness.” Copland himself acknowledged that his signature "bittersweet lyricism" like in the first movement of the Clarinet Concerto may have been influenced by his feelings of loneliness and social alienation over his homosexuality. On the piece, Copland writes: "The instrumentation being clarinet with strings, harp, and piano, I did not have a large battery of percussion to achieve jazzy effects, so I used slapping basses and whacking harp sounds to simulate them. The Clarinet Concerto ends with a fairly elaborate coda in C major that finishes off with a clarinet glissando – or "smear" in jazz lingo." The piece is written in a very unusual form. The two movements are played back-to-back, linked by a clarinet cadenza. The first movement is written in A-B-A form and is slow and expressive, full of bittersweet lyricism. The cadenza not only gives the soloist an opportunity to display his virtuosity, but also introduces many of the melodic Latin American jazz themes that dominate the second movement. The overall form of the final movement is a free rondo with several developing side issues that resolve in the end with an elaborate coda in C major. Copland noted that his playful finale is born of "an unconscious fusion of elements obviously related to North and South American popular music (for example, a phrase from a currently popular Brazilian tune, heard by me in Rio, became embedded in the secondary material)." This section was written specially for Benny Goodman's jazz talents; however, many of the technical challenges were above Goodman's confidence level, and the original score shows several alterations by Goodman to bring down higher notes, making it easier to play. The manuscript page of the original coda has suggested changes by Goodman in pencil, and the memo on top reads: "1st version —later revised— of Coda of Clarinet Concerto (too difficult for Benny Goodman)" Recently, performances of the restored original version have been given by Charles Neidich and Andrew Simon, amongst others. In the liner notes of the Chandos CD Composers in New York, Charles Neidich writes: "...of that coda, complete with a tremendously brilliant clarinet part: cascading arpeggios which decided were too difficult for the clarinet and which in the revised version he gave to the piano." Only a few recordings of this version have been made (see the discography section below). The concerto contains other notable references such as material from “The Cummington Story”, an "Office of War Information Documentary" (written in 1945) which sets the stage for the film's church-centered small town. It is the refugees’ theme from the unpublished film score that is used in the concerto. Discography Recordings on LP External audio You may hear Aaron Copland conducting the Columbia Symphony Orchestra with Benny Goodman in his Clarinet Concerto in 1963 Here on Archive.org Gervase de Peyer. Copland, Clarinet Concerto. Unicorn Records RHS314 ?, (p) ~1972 Paul Drushler. Version with piano. Mark 3344 Benny Goodman. Aaron Copland conducts his clarinet concerto. Columbia Masterworks MS 6497, (p) 1963 Benny Goodman. Meeting at the Summit. Columbia MS6805 ?, (p) ? Recordings available on CD Laura Ardan. American Classics. Naxos 8.559069, 2001, (p) 2001 Dimitri Ashkenazy. Concertos For Clarinet. PAN Classics 510 107, 1998, (p) 1998 Reto Bieri. Portrait. PAN Classics 510 144, 2001, (p) 2001 William Blount, Music for the Theatre. Music Masters MM601621 1988 Eduard Brunner. Hommage à Benny Goodman. Koch Schwann 3-1035-2, 1992, (p) 1992 Philippe Cuper. Concertos For Clarinet & Orchestra. ADDA 581315, 1992, (p) 1993 Karin Dornbusch. Barber, Copland, Ginastera. Caprice CAP 21591, 1998, (p) 1998 Stanley Drucker. Copland: El Salon Mexico/Concerto for Clarinet and String Orchestra/Music for the Theatre/Connotations for Orchestra. Deutsche Grammophon 431 672–2 1991, (p) 1991 Kim Ellis. The Music of Copland and McKinley. Navona NV5812, 2008 Martin Fröst. Martin Fröst Plays Concertos Dedicated To Benny Goodman. BIS CD-893, 1997, (p) 1998 Benny Goodman. Benny Goodman Collector's Edition. CBS MK42227, 1986, (p) 1986 Benny Goodman. Reiner & Goodman. Legend LGD122, 1951, (p) 1994 Gary Gray. Clarinet Concertos. Centaur CRC 2212, 1994, (p) 1994 Janet Hilton. Clarinet Concertos. CHAN 8618, 1988, (p) 1988 Sharon Kam. American Classics. Teldec Classics 8573-88482-2 2002, (p) 2002 Sharon Kam. I got Rhythm, American Classics. Teldec Classics WPCS-11205 (8573-88482-2) 2002, (p) 2002 George MacDonald. Clarinet Concertos.... ASV CD DCA568, 1986, (p) 1986 Jon Manasse. 3 Clarinet Concertos. XLNT Music CD-18011, 2004, (p) 2004 Jon Manasse. Sounds of America. Recursive Classics RC3139941, (p) 2021 Paul Meyer. Clarinet Concertos. DENON CO-75289, 1993, (p) 1993 Sabine Meyer. Homage To Benny Goodman. EMI Classics 7243 5 56652 2 5, 1998, (p) 1998 Arne Møller. Et Clarinet portræt. Classico CLASSCD514, 1964, (p) 2004 Charles Neidich. Composers in New-York. Chandos digital CHAN 9848, 2000, (p) 2000 Daniel Pacitti. Works For Clarinet. Agora Musica AG026, 1995 Ludmila Peterková. Scaramouche And Other Concertos For Clarinet. Supraphon SU 3348-2031, 1997, (p) 1997 Robert Plane. American Landmarks. BBC MM205 DDD 2001, (p) 2001 David Shifrin. Clarinet Concerto.... EMI CDC 7 49095 2, 1989, (p) 1989 Robert Spring. American Jazz Concertos. Summit Records DCD-1019, 2003, (p) 2003 Richard Stoltzman. Copland-Corigliano, Clarinet Concertos. RCA Victor Red Seal RD 87762, 1988, (p) 1988 Richard Stoltzman. Copland Clarinet Concerto. RCA Victor Red Seal 09026 61790 2, 1993, (p) 1993 Richard Stoltzman. The Essential Clarinet. RCA 61360, 1988, (p) 1992 Sarah Williamson. Copland Clarinet Concerto. Somm New Horizons. B003L1N4PI, 2010 Andrzej Wojciechowski. A Tribute to Benny Goodman. DUX 1266, 2016 Recordings of the original 1948 version Reto Bieri. Portrait. PAN Classics 510 144, 2001, (p) 2001 Charles Neidich. Composers in New-York. Chandos digital CHAN 9848, 2000, (p) 2000 Martin Fröst. Dances to a Black Pipe. BIS-SACD-1863, 2011, (p) 2011 Recording of performance directed by the composer Benny Goodman. Benny Goodman Collector's Edition. CBS MK42227, 1986, (p) 1986 Recording of the first radio performance Benny Goodman. Reiner & Goodman. Legend LGD122, 1951, (p) 1994 Recordings available on DVD Richard Stoltzman. Concerto. RCA Victor BVBC-34002, 1993, (p) 1993 References ^ The Aaron Copland Collection ca. 1900–1990 ^ Peter Laki: in the program of Franklin Cohens performance of the piece (March 16–18, 1995 with the Cleveland Orchestra) ^ Since 1943, by Aaron Copland and Vivian Perlis. St. Martin's ^ Letter to Louis Kaufman, August 26, 1948. ^ Letter to Verna Fine September 30, 1948. ^ Letter to Carlos Chavez December 6, 1948. ^ Letter to Koussevitzky August 29, 1950. In the letter, Copland offered to fulfill his commitment to Koussevitzky for an elegy by composing one based on material from his recently completed "Song Cycle of twelve songs with texts by the New England poet Emily Dickinson." ^ a b Naxos liner notes ^ Musical Quarterly – Sign In Page ^ Oehmsclassics: Levine, James – Documents of the Munich Years · Vol. 4 ^ Pamela Weston, Clarinet Virtuosi of the Past, Emerson Editions ^ AARON COPLAND Belgrade concerto 1961 – Čuveni dirigent i kompozitor u Beogradu, Retrieved on August 13, 2009 ^ Blagojević, Andrija. Pregled istorijskog razvoja klarineta i literature za klarinet. Zvečan: Fakultet umetnosti, 2010, pp. 71–73 ^ Ware, Allan. A Chat with Milenko Stefanovic and His Son Predrag. The Clarinet, May/June 1988, p. 31 ^ *Blagojevic, Andrija and Milan Milosevic. Milenko Stefanovic Awarded The Lifetime Achievement Award. The Clarinet, September 2010, p. 17 ^ Andrija Blagojević, "Milenko Stefanović and his Collaborations with Composers," The Clarinet 45, no. 3 (June 2018), pp. 32-37 ^ Letter to Verna Fine November 7, 1963 ^ Wilfrid Mellers, Music in a New Found Land (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p.85 quoted in ibid., p.518 ^ Pollack, Howard. Aaron Copland: The Life and Work of an Uncommon Man. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1999, p.525 ^ Peter Laki: op. cit. ^ Clarinet Concerto sketches ^ The liner notes of the Bieri recording on Pan Classics have a facsimile of this page ^ Use of material from "Down a country lane" and "The Cummington Story", p.11 External links Good Music Guide Goodman/Copland, The Clarinet BBoard on Copland Clarinet Concerto Video - Aaron Copland - Clarinet Concerto (21:23). vteAaron CoplandList of compositionsOperas The Second Hurricane The Tender Land Ballets Appalachian Spring Billy the Kid Dance Panels Rodeo Orchestral works Connotations Fanfare for the Common Man Inscape Letter from Home Lincoln Portrait Orchestral Variations El Salón México Symphony for Organ and Orchestra Short Symphony Symphony No. 3 Concertos Piano Concerto Clarinet Concerto Incidental andfilm music Our Town Quiet City The City The Red Pony Vocal music Old American Songs Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson In the Beginning Piano music The Cat and the Mouse Danzón cubano Four Piano Blues Night-Thoughts Piano Variations Namesakes Aaron Copland School of Music Copland (crater) Copland Peak Related articles Aaron Copland House Neoclassicism Serialism Twelve-tone technique Category vteClarinetClarinet family A♭ clarinet E♭ clarinet Soprano (B♭) clarinet Alto clarinet Bass clarinet Contra-alto clarinet Contrabass clarinets Saxonette Quarter tone clarinet Basset clarinet Clarinette d'amour Basset horn Fingering systems Albert Boehm Reform Boehm Mazzeo Müller Oehler Clarinet makers Amati-Denak Backun Musical Services E. K. Blessing Buffet Crampon Johann Christoph Denner Benedikt Eppelsheim Stephen Fox Heinrich Grenser Leitner & Kraus Howarth of London Jupiter Band Instruments Leblanc Iwan Müller Adolphe Sax Schwenk & Seggelke Selmer Herbert Wurlitzer Yamaha Corporation Related Clarinet choir Clarinet concerto Clarinet sonata Clarinet quintet Clarinet quartet Clarinet trio Clarinet-violin-piano Clarinet-viola-piano Clarinet-cello-piano Clarinetists Benny Goodman Category:Clarinetists by nationality Mezz Mezzrow vtePied Piper of HamelinFilm The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1918) Cheating the Piper (1920) The Pied Piper (1933) Paying the Piper (1949) The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957) The Pied Piper of Guadalupe (1961) The Pied Piper (1972) Kummatty (1979) Fluteman (1982) Abra Cadabra (1983) The Pied Piper (1986) It's the Pied Piper, Charlie Brown (2000) Literature Politically Correct Bedtime Stories (1994) King Rat (1998) Wild Blood (1999) The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents (2001) The Rats of Hamelin (2005) Peter & Max: A Fables Novel (2009) Television Hamelen (1970s series) Pied Piper Puss (The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show episode, 1980) The Pied Piper of Hamelin (Faerie Tale Theatre episode, 1985) The Day of the Clown (The Sarah Jane Adventures story) "Scatty Safari" (The Goodies episode) Music Der Rattenfänger von Hameln (1879 opera) Clarinet Concerto (1948 Copland Concerto) "Mr. Tambourine Man" (1965 Bob Dylan song) "The Piper" (1980 ABBA song) Pied Piper Fantasy (1982 Corigliano Concerto) "Symphony of Destruction" (1992 Megadeth song) "The Sound Above My Hair" (2009 Scooter video) Characters Pied Piper (The Flash) Rat King (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles) Story within a story Testament The Flies Montag aus Licht Related Popular culture Literary accounts Pied Piper's House Ratcatcher's Day Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Other MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jerome Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Robbins"}],"text":"Aaron Copland's Clarinet Concerto (also referred to as the Concerto for Clarinet and String Orchestra or the Concerto for Clarinet, Strings, Harp and Piano) was written between 1947 and 1949,[1] although a first version was available in 1948. The concerto was later choreographed by Jerome Robbins for the ballet Pied Piper (1951).","title":"Clarinet Concerto (Copland)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symphony No. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Copland)"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Vivian Perlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Perlis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Carlos Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Serge Koussevitzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky"},{"link_name":"Elegy for Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elegy_for_Strings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boston Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony"},{"link_name":"elegy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"Soon after Copland composed his Symphony No. 3, in 1947 jazz clarinetist Benny Goodman commissioned him to write a concerto for clarinet. Goodman told Copland biographer Vivian Perlis:[2][3]I made no demands on what Copland should write. He had completely free rein, except that I should have a two-year exclusivity on playing the work. I paid two thousand dollars and that's real money. At the time there were not too many American composers to pick from... We never had much trouble except for a little fracas about the spot before the cadenza where he had written a repetition of some phrase. I was a little sticky about leaving it out—it was where the viola was the echo to give the clarinet a cue. But I think Aaron finally did leave it out... Aaron and I played the concerto quite a few times with him conducting, and we made two recordings\"Copland was in Rio de Janeiro in 1947 as a lecturer and conductor. While there he made many drafts of the concerto.\nOn August 26, 1948, Copland wrote that the concerto was still \"dribbling along\".[4] A month later, he wrote in a letter that the piece was almost done.[5]\nOn December 6, 1948, he wrote to composer Carlos Chávez that he had completed the composition and was pleased with the result.[6]Copland accepted a commission from conductor Serge Koussevitzky to arrange the concerto's first movement as an Elegy for Strings, to be performed by the Boston Symphony. However, in a letter to Koussevitzky dated August 29, 1950, Copland backed away from the commission. The composer explained that, after further thought, he believed that performing an arrangement of the first movement by itself \"takes away from the integrity of the Concerto as I originally conceived it, and I am basically unwilling to do that\". Copland was also concerned, he wrote, that a performance of the concerto's first movement by itself when the concerto still had not been performed—Goodman repeatedly postponed his premier of the piece—might be misperceived by the public as expressing doubt about the quality of the concerto's second movement. He proposed a different way to satisfy his commitment for an elegy.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Copland%27s_concert_in_Belgrade.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Milenko Stefanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenko_Stefanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"NBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Fritz Reiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Reiner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naxos_liner_notes-8"},{"link_name":"Ralph McLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_McLane"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Eugene Ormandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naxos_liner_notes-8"},{"link_name":"Stanley Drucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Drucker"},{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Milenko Stefanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenko_Stefanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Richard Stoltzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stoltzman"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Michael Tilson Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Paul Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Meyer_(clarinetist)"},{"link_name":"English Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Chamber_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Sabine Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Bamberger Symphoniker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberger_Symphoniker"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Performances","text":"Copland Clarinet Concerto performed in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, on June 2, 1961, by Milenko Stefanović and Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Aaron CoplandBenny Goodman premiered the concerto on an NBC radio broadcast with the NBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Fritz Reiner, on November 6, 1950.[8]Some claim this performance, however, was not the world premiere, and attribute the world premiere to Ralph McLane and the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy because this performance on November 28, 1950 was the first \"public performance\".[9][10] In any case it was the first public performance of the Concerto in New York.[11]This November 28, 1950 performance —probably just beyond the end of the two-year exclusivity— had been scheduled by Copland to increase pressure on Goodman, since he kept on putting off the first performance.[8]\nA recording of the first radio performance by Goodman, with the NBC Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Fritz Reiner is available on CD on the Legend music label (see below).The concerto quickly established itself as a standard piece in the clarinet repertoire. Since the performance by Benny Goodman, other notable performances include those by:Stanley Drucker and the New York Philharmonic with Leonard Bernstein\nMilenko Stefanović and the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra with Aaron Copland (Belgrade, June 2, 1961)[12][13][14][15][16]\nRichard Stoltzman and the London Symphony Orchestra with Michael Tilson Thomas\nPaul Meyer and the English Chamber Orchestra\nSabine Meyer and the Bamberger SymphonikerHowever, one particular recording of note is the one with Goodman and conducted by Copland himself, which Aaron Copland considered to be his best recording ever.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_(music)"},{"link_name":"cadenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadenza"},{"link_name":"form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_form#Single-movement_forms"},{"link_name":"Latin American jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_jazz"},{"link_name":"themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(music)"},{"link_name":"rondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Charles Neidich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Neidich"},{"link_name":"Andrew Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Simon"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Copland incorporated many jazz elements into his concerto.Mellers[18] —Copland being representative of the American \"Other\"— links Copland’s affinity for jazz elements with the fact that “both Negro and Jew are dispossessed people who have become, in a cosmopolitan urban society, representative of man’s uprootedness.”Copland himself[19] acknowledged that his signature \"bittersweet lyricism\" like in the first movement of the Clarinet Concerto may have been influenced by his feelings of loneliness and social alienation over his homosexuality.On the piece, Copland writes:[20]\"The instrumentation being clarinet with strings, harp, and piano, I did not have a large battery of percussion to achieve jazzy effects, so I used slapping basses and whacking harp sounds to simulate them. The Clarinet Concerto ends with a fairly elaborate coda in C major\nthat finishes off with a clarinet glissando – or \"smear\" in jazz lingo.\"The piece is written in a very unusual form. The two movements are played back-to-back, linked by a clarinet cadenza. The first movement is written in A-B-A form and is slow and expressive, full of bittersweet lyricism. The cadenza not only gives the soloist an opportunity to display his virtuosity, but also introduces many of the melodic Latin American jazz themes that dominate the second movement.The overall form of the final movement is a free rondo with several developing side issues that resolve in the end with an elaborate coda in C major. Copland noted that his playful finale is born of\"an unconscious fusion of elements obviously related to North and South American popular music (for example, a phrase from a currently popular Brazilian tune, heard by me in Rio, became embedded in the secondary material).\"This section was written specially for Benny Goodman's jazz talents; however, many of the technical challenges were above Goodman's confidence level, and the original score shows several alterations by Goodman to bring down higher notes, making it easier to play.[21] The manuscript page of the original coda has suggested changes by Goodman in pencil, and the memo on top reads:[22]\"1st version —later revised— of Coda of Clarinet Concerto (too difficult for Benny Goodman)\"Recently, performances of the restored original version have been given by Charles Neidich and Andrew Simon, amongst others. In the liner notes of the Chandos CD Composers in New York, Charles Neidich writes:\"...of that [1948] coda, complete with a tremendously brilliant clarinet part: cascading arpeggios which [Copland] decided were too difficult for the clarinet and which in the revised version he gave to the piano.\"Only a few recordings of this version have been made (see the discography section below).The concerto contains other notable references such as material from “The Cummington Story”, an \"Office of War Information Documentary\" (written in 1945) which sets the stage for the film's church-centered small town. It is the refugees’ theme from the unpublished film score that is used in the concerto.[23]","title":"Style and structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gervase de Peyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervase_de_Peyer"},{"link_name":"Paul Drushler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Drushler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"}],"sub_title":"Recordings on LP","text":"Gervase de Peyer. Copland, Clarinet Concerto. Unicorn Records RHS314 ?, (p) ~1972\nPaul Drushler. Version with piano. Mark 3344\nBenny Goodman. Aaron Copland conducts his clarinet concerto. Columbia Masterworks MS 6497, (p) 1963\nBenny Goodman. Meeting at the Summit. Columbia MS6805 ?, (p) ?","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Ardan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Ardan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Ashkenazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Ashkenazy"},{"link_name":"Reto Bieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reto_Bieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Blount_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eduard Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Brunner"},{"link_name":"Karin Dornbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karin_Dornbusch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanley Drucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Drucker"},{"link_name":"Kim Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Martin Fröst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Fr%C3%B6st"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Janet Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Sharon Kam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Kam"},{"link_name":"Sharon Kam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Kam"},{"link_name":"George MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"ASV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_Records"},{"link_name":"Jon Manasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Manasse"},{"link_name":"Jon Manasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Manasse"},{"link_name":"Paul Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Meyer_(clarinetist)"},{"link_name":"Sabine Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Arne Møller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_M%C3%B8ller"},{"link_name":"Charles Neidich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Neidich"},{"link_name":"Daniel Pacitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Pacitti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ludmila Peterková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila_Peterkov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Robert Plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plane_(clarinettist)"},{"link_name":"David Shifrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shifrin"},{"link_name":"Robert Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Spring"},{"link_name":"Richard Stoltzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stoltzman"},{"link_name":"Richard Stoltzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stoltzman"},{"link_name":"Richard Stoltzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stoltzman"}],"sub_title":"Recordings available on CD","text":"Laura Ardan. American Classics. Naxos 8.559069, 2001, (p) 2001\nDimitri Ashkenazy. Concertos For Clarinet. PAN Classics 510 107, 1998, (p) 1998\nReto Bieri. Portrait. PAN Classics 510 144, 2001, (p) 2001\nWilliam Blount, Music for the Theatre. Music Masters MM601621 1988\nEduard Brunner. Hommage à Benny Goodman. Koch Schwann 3-1035-2, 1992, (p) 1992\nPhilippe Cuper. Concertos For Clarinet & Orchestra. ADDA 581315, 1992, (p) 1993\nKarin Dornbusch. Barber, Copland, Ginastera. Caprice CAP 21591, 1998, (p) 1998\nStanley Drucker. Copland: El Salon Mexico/Concerto for Clarinet and String Orchestra/Music for the Theatre/Connotations for Orchestra. Deutsche Grammophon 431 672–2 1991, (p) 1991\nKim Ellis. The Music of Copland and McKinley. Navona NV5812, 2008\nMartin Fröst. Martin Fröst Plays Concertos Dedicated To Benny Goodman. BIS CD-893, 1997, (p) 1998\nBenny Goodman. Benny Goodman Collector's Edition. CBS MK42227, 1986, (p) 1986\nBenny Goodman. Reiner & Goodman. Legend LGD122, 1951, (p) 1994\nGary Gray. Clarinet Concertos. Centaur CRC 2212, 1994, (p) 1994\nJanet Hilton. Clarinet Concertos. CHAN 8618, 1988, (p) 1988\nSharon Kam. American Classics. Teldec Classics 8573-88482-2 2002, (p) 2002\nSharon Kam. I got Rhythm, American Classics. Teldec Classics WPCS-11205 (8573-88482-2) 2002, (p) 2002\nGeorge MacDonald. Clarinet Concertos.... ASV CD DCA568, 1986, (p) 1986\nJon Manasse. 3 Clarinet Concertos. XLNT Music CD-18011, 2004, (p) 2004\nJon Manasse. Sounds of America. Recursive Classics RC3139941, (p) 2021\nPaul Meyer. Clarinet Concertos. DENON CO-75289, 1993, (p) 1993\nSabine Meyer. Homage To Benny Goodman. EMI Classics 7243 5 56652 2 5, 1998, (p) 1998\nArne Møller. Et Clarinet portræt. Classico CLASSCD514, 1964, (p) 2004\nCharles Neidich. Composers in New-York. Chandos digital CHAN 9848, 2000, (p) 2000\nDaniel Pacitti. Works For Clarinet. Agora Musica AG026, 1995\nLudmila Peterková. Scaramouche And Other Concertos For Clarinet. Supraphon SU 3348-2031, 1997, (p) 1997\nRobert Plane. American Landmarks. BBC MM205 DDD 2001, (p) 2001\nDavid Shifrin. Clarinet Concerto.... EMI CDC 7 49095 2, 1989, (p) 1989\nRobert Spring. American Jazz Concertos. Summit Records DCD-1019, 2003, (p) 2003\nRichard Stoltzman. Copland-Corigliano, Clarinet Concertos. RCA Victor Red Seal RD 87762, 1988, (p) 1988\nRichard Stoltzman. Copland Clarinet Concerto. RCA Victor Red Seal 09026 61790 2, 1993, (p) 1993\nRichard Stoltzman. The Essential Clarinet. RCA 61360, 1988, (p) 1992\nSarah Williamson. Copland Clarinet Concerto. Somm New Horizons. B003L1N4PI, 2010\nAndrzej Wojciechowski. A Tribute to Benny Goodman. DUX 1266, 2016","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reto Bieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reto_Bieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Neidich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Neidich"},{"link_name":"Martin Fröst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Fr%C3%B6st"}],"sub_title":"Recordings of the original 1948 version","text":"Reto Bieri. Portrait. PAN Classics 510 144, 2001, (p) 2001\nCharles Neidich. Composers in New-York. Chandos digital CHAN 9848, 2000, (p) 2000\nMartin Fröst. Dances to a Black Pipe. BIS-SACD-1863, 2011, (p) 2011","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"}],"sub_title":"Recording of performance directed by the composer","text":"Benny Goodman. Benny Goodman Collector's Edition. CBS MK42227, 1986, (p) 1986","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"}],"sub_title":"Recording of the first radio performance","text":"Benny Goodman. Reiner & Goodman. Legend LGD122, 1951, (p) 1994","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Stoltzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stoltzman"}],"sub_title":"Recordings available on DVD","text":"Richard Stoltzman. Concerto. RCA Victor BVBC-34002, 1993, (p) 1993","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Copland Clarinet Concerto performed in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, on June 2, 1961, by Milenko Stefanović and Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Aaron Copland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Aaron_Copland%27s_concert_in_Belgrade.jpg/220px-Aaron_Copland%27s_concert_in_Belgrade.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lp_clarinet-concerto-old-american-songs_aaron-copland-benny-goodman-william-warfie_0/disc1/01.01.+Clarinet+Concerto.mp3","external_links_name":"Here on Archive.org"},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/copland/acworksC.html","external_links_name":"The Aaron Copland Collection ca. 1900–1990"},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=copland&fileName=corr/corr0736/corr0736page.db&itemLink=S?ammem/coplandbib:@field%28NUMBER+@od1%28copland+corr0736%29%29","external_links_name":"Letter to Louis Kaufman, August 26, 1948"},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=copland&fileName=corr/corr0600/corr0600page.db&recNum=0&itemLink=S?ammem/coplandbib:@field%28NUMBER+@od1%28copland+corr0600%29%29","external_links_name":"Letter to Verna Fine September 30, 1948"},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=copland&fileName=corr/corr0387/corr0387page.db&itemLink=S?ammem/coplandbib:@field%28NUMBER+@od1%28copland+corr0387%29%29","external_links_name":"Letter to Carlos Chavez December 6, 1948"},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=copland&fileName=corr/corr0401/corr0401page.db&recNum=0&itemLink=D?copland:12:./temp/~ammem_X8Jq::%23corr0401&linkText=1","external_links_name":"Letter to Koussevitzky August 29, 1950"},{"Link":"http://www.naxosdirect.com/title/8559069/","external_links_name":"Naxos liner notes"},{"Link":"http://mq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/XXXVII/2/260.pdf","external_links_name":"Musical Quarterly – Sign In Page"},{"Link":"http://www.oehmsclassics.de/cd.php?formatid=174","external_links_name":"Oehmsclassics: Levine, James – Documents of the Munich Years · Vol. 4"},{"Link":"http://jugosvirke.wordpress.com/2009/07/24/aaron-copland-belgrade-concerto-1961-cuveni-dirigent-i-kompozitor-u-beogradu/","external_links_name":"AARON COPLAND Belgrade concerto 1961 – Čuveni dirigent i kompozitor u Beogradu"},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=copland&fileName=corr/corr0679/corr0679page.db&itemLink=S?ammem/coplandbib:@field%28NUMBER+@od1%28copland+corr0679%29%29","external_links_name":"Letter to Verna Fine November 7, 1963"},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=copland&fileName=sket/sket0030/sket0030page.db&itemLink=S?ammem/coplandbib:@field%28NUMBER+@od1%28copland+sket0030%29%29","external_links_name":"Clarinet Concerto sketches"},{"Link":"http://www.army.mil/fieldband/pages/copland/pdf/cbcopland.pdf","external_links_name":"Use of material from \"Down a country lane\" and \"The Cummington Story\", p.11"},{"Link":"http://www.good-music-guide.com/reviews/004_copland.htm","external_links_name":"Good Music Guide"},{"Link":"http://test.woodwind.org/clarinet/BBoard/read.html?f=1&i=95372&t=95100","external_links_name":"Goodman/Copland"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbmCqYp-CHY","external_links_name":"Video - Aaron Copland - Clarinet Concerto (21:23)."},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/182069289","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13910765v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13910765v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987008523975505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98002783","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/b665e76a-a42c-4a4f-aa90-33aa5eecf19a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeobarbus_fimbriatus	Labeobarbus fimbriatus	["1 References"]	Species of fish Labeobarbus fimbriatus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Subfamily: Cyprininae Genus: Labeobarbus Species: L. fimbriatus Binomial name Labeobarbus fimbriatus(Holly, 1926) Synonyms Varicorhinus fimbriatus Labeobarbus fimbriatus is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is endemic to the Sanaga River system in Cameroon. References ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Labeobarbus fimbriatus" in FishBase. April 2006 version. Taxon identifiersLabeobarbus fimbriatus Wikidata: Q28532163 CoL: 3RJ4M FishBase: 11631 GBIF: 9463335 iNaturalist: 613079 IUCN: 181928 Open Tree of Life: 3626842 Varicorhinus sandersi fimbriatus Wikidata: Q116152911 GBIF: 6166935 This Labeobarbus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"Cyprinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sanaga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaga_River"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"}],"text":"Labeobarbus fimbriatus is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae.[1] It is endemic to the Sanaga River system in Cameroon.","title":"Labeobarbus fimbriatus"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Labeobarbus&speciesname=fimbriatus","external_links_name":"\"Labeobarbus fimbriatus\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3RJ4M","external_links_name":"3RJ4M"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/11631","external_links_name":"11631"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9463335","external_links_name":"9463335"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/613079","external_links_name":"613079"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/181928","external_links_name":"181928"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3626842","external_links_name":"3626842"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6166935","external_links_name":"6166935"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labeobarbus_fimbriatus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Blood	Legacy of Blood	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]	For other uses, see Legacy of Blood (disambiguation). 2004 studio album by Jedi Mind TricksLegacy of BloodStudio album by Jedi Mind TricksReleasedAugust 24, 2004GenreUnderground hip hopLength1:07:21LabelBabygrandeProducerStoupe the Enemy of MankindJedi Mind Tricks chronology Visions of Gandhi(2003) Legacy of Blood(2004) Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell(2006) Singles from Legacy of Blood "Before the Great Collapse"Released: 2004 "The Age of Sacred Terror"Released: 2005 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicHipHopDX3.5/5laut.dePopMatters7/10RapReviews7/10 Legacy of Blood is the fourth studio album by American hip hop group Jedi Mind Tricks. It was released on August 24, 2004, via Babygrande Records. Production was handled by member Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind, with Chuck Wilson serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Des Devious, GZA, Killah Priest and Sean Price. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Intro" 1:272."The Age of Sacred Terror"Vincenzo Luvineri4:273."Scars of the Crucifix"Luvineri4:004."Death Falls Silent (Interlude)" 0:235."Saviorself" (featuring Killah Priest)LuvineriWalter Reed4:286."On the Eve of War (Julio Ceasar Chavez Mix)" (featuring GZA)LuvineriGary Grice3:597."The Darkest Throne (Interlude)" 0:458."The Worst"Luvineri4:039."Verses of the Bleeding" (featuring Des Devious)LuvineriDavid Edens3:4810."Beyond the Gates of Pain" (featuring Sean Price)LuvineriSean Price3:4111."Farewell to the Flesh (Interlude)"Luvineri0:5412."And So It Burns"Luvineri4:2413."The Spirit of Hate (Interlude)" 0:5914."Me Ne Shalto"Luvineri3:5215."On the Eve of War (Meldrick Taylor Mix)" (featuring GZA)LuvineriGrice2:5816."Winds Devouring Men (Interlude)" 0:5417."The Philosophy of Horror"Luvineri3:5718."Of the Spirit and the Sun (Interlude)" 0:4319."Before the Great Collapse / The President's Wife" (featuring Des Devious)LuvineriEdens17:39Total length:1:07:21 Notes "Intro" samples "Make It Easy On Yourself" by The Walker Brothers and a promo from WWE wrestler Kane. "Saviorself" samples Sonya & Kevin Stewart "I Love You". "The Darkest Throne" samples dialogue from A Bronx Tale. "Farewell to the Flesh" samples comments from author Hunter S. Thompson and a monologue by Dolph Lundgren from the 1989 Punisher motion picture. "The Spirit of Hate" samples dialogue from Beneath the Planet of the Apes. "Of the Spirit and the Sun" samples an interview with Charles Manson. "Scars of The Crucifix" contains samples from the film The Addiction. "And So It Burns" contains samples from Giacomo Rondinella's "Keep on Lying". "The Philosophy of Horror" contains dialogue sample from 1970 film Cromwell. Personnel Vincenzo "Vinnie Paz" Luvineri – rap vocals (tracks: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8–12, 14, 15, 17, 19) Walter "Killah Priest" Reed – rap vocals (track 5) Gary "GZA" Grice – rap vocals (tracks: 6, 15) David "Des Devious" Edens – rap vocals (tracks: 9, 19) Sean Price – rap vocals (track 10) DJ Drew Dollars – scratches Kevin "Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind" Baldwin – producer Scott "Supe" Stallone – engineering, mixing Chris Conway – recording (tracks: 5, 10) J. Marty – recording (tracks: 6, 15) Chuck Wilson – executive producer Trevor "Karma" Gendron – design, layout Mike McRath – photography Chase Jones – management Jesse Stone – management Charts Chart (2004) Peakposition US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 63 US Independent Albums (Billboard) 22 US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) 19 References ^ Glazer, Joshua. "Legacy of Blood - Jedi Mind Tricks \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ Ryce, Jeff (September 23, 2004). "Jedi Mind Tricks - Legacy of Blood". HipHopDX. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ Engelen, Alexander. "Orchestrale Dramatik und heftige Brüll-Raps". laut.de (in German). Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ "Jedi Mind Tricks: Legacy of Blood, PopMatters". PopMatters. March 24, 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ Hernandez, Pedro (September 28, 2004). "Jedi Mind Tricks :: Legacy of Blood :: Babygrande Records". www.rapreviews.com. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ "Jedi Mind Tricks Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ "Jedi Mind Tricks Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ "Jedi Mind Tricks Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 10, 2022. External links Jedi Mind Tricks – Legacy Of Blood at Discogs (list of releases) vteJedi Mind Tricks Vinnie Paz Jus Allah Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind Studio albums The Psycho-Social CD Violent by Design Visions of Gandhi Legacy of Blood Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell A History of Violence Violence Begets Violence The Thief and the Fallen The Bridge and the Abyss EPs The Common Thread EP (as Soulcraft) Amber Probe Singles "Heavenly Divine" "Genghis Khan" "Retaliation" "Animal Rap" "Kublai Khan" "Rise of the Machines" "Before the Great Collapse" "Heavy Metal Kings" Other songs "Uncommon Valor: A Vietnam Story" Jedi Mind Tricks presents Outerspace The Torture Papers Ritual of Battle The Unholy Terror The Labor Union Related artists Army of the Pharaohs Heavy Metal Kings Demigodz 7L & Esoteric Lost Children of Babylon OuterSpace Related articles Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legacy of Blood (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Blood_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jedi Mind Tricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi_Mind_Tricks"},{"link_name":"Babygrande Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babygrande_Records"},{"link_name":"Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoupe_the_Enemy_of_Mankind"},{"link_name":"Chuck Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Wilson_(multimedia_executive)"},{"link_name":"Des Devious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Devious"},{"link_name":"GZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GZA"},{"link_name":"Killah Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killah_Priest"},{"link_name":"Sean Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Price"}],"text":"For other uses, see Legacy of Blood (disambiguation).2004 studio album by Jedi Mind TricksLegacy of Blood is the fourth studio album by American hip hop group Jedi Mind Tricks. It was released on August 24, 2004, via Babygrande Records. Production was handled by member Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind, with Chuck Wilson serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Des Devious, GZA, Killah Priest and Sean Price.","title":"Legacy of Blood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincenzo Luvineri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie_Paz"},{"link_name":"Killah Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killah_Priest"},{"link_name":"Walter Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killah_Priest"},{"link_name":"GZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GZA"},{"link_name":"Gary Grice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GZA"},{"link_name":"Des Devious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Devious"},{"link_name":"David Edens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Devious"},{"link_name":"Sean Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Price"},{"link_name":"Sean Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Price"},{"link_name":"Before the Great Collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_the_Great_Collapse"},{"link_name":"The Walker Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walker_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"A Bronx Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bronx_Tale"},{"link_name":"Hunter S. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Dolph Lundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolph_Lundgren"},{"link_name":"Punisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punisher"},{"link_name":"Beneath the Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneath_the_Planet_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"Charles Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Manson"},{"link_name":"The Addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Addiction"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Rondinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Rondinella"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell_(film)"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Intro\" 1:272.\"The Age of Sacred Terror\"Vincenzo Luvineri4:273.\"Scars of the Crucifix\"Luvineri4:004.\"Death Falls Silent (Interlude)\" 0:235.\"Saviorself\" (featuring Killah Priest)LuvineriWalter Reed4:286.\"On the Eve of War (Julio Ceasar Chavez Mix)\" (featuring GZA)LuvineriGary Grice3:597.\"The Darkest Throne (Interlude)\" 0:458.\"The Worst\"Luvineri4:039.\"Verses of the Bleeding\" (featuring Des Devious)LuvineriDavid Edens3:4810.\"Beyond the Gates of Pain\" (featuring Sean Price)LuvineriSean Price3:4111.\"Farewell to the Flesh (Interlude)\"Luvineri0:5412.\"And So It Burns\"Luvineri4:2413.\"The Spirit of Hate (Interlude)\" 0:5914.\"Me Ne Shalto\"Luvineri3:5215.\"On the Eve of War (Meldrick Taylor Mix)\" (featuring GZA)LuvineriGrice2:5816.\"Winds Devouring Men (Interlude)\" 0:5417.\"The Philosophy of Horror\"Luvineri3:5718.\"Of the Spirit and the Sun (Interlude)\" 0:4319.\"Before the Great Collapse / The President's Wife\" (featuring Des Devious)LuvineriEdens17:39Total length:1:07:21Notes\"Intro\" samples \"Make It Easy On Yourself\" by The Walker Brothers and a promo from WWE wrestler Kane.\n\"Saviorself\" samples Sonya & Kevin Stewart \"I Love You\".\n\"The Darkest Throne\" samples dialogue from A Bronx Tale.\n\"Farewell to the Flesh\" samples comments from author Hunter S. Thompson and a monologue by Dolph Lundgren from the 1989 Punisher motion picture.\n\"The Spirit of Hate\" samples dialogue from Beneath the Planet of the Apes.\n\"Of the Spirit and the Sun\" samples an interview with Charles Manson.\n\"Scars of The Crucifix\" contains samples from the film The Addiction.\n\"And So It Burns\" contains samples from Giacomo Rondinella's \"Keep on Lying\".\n\"The Philosophy of Horror\" contains dialogue sample from 1970 film Cromwell.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vinnie Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie_Paz"},{"link_name":"Killah Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killah_Priest"},{"link_name":"GZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GZA"},{"link_name":"Des Devious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Devious"},{"link_name":"Sean Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Price"},{"link_name":"Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoupe_the_Enemy_of_Mankind"},{"link_name":"Chuck Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Wilson_(multimedia_executive)"}],"text":"Vincenzo \"Vinnie Paz\" Luvineri – rap vocals (tracks: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8–12, 14, 15, 17, 19)\nWalter \"Killah Priest\" Reed – rap vocals (track 5)\nGary \"GZA\" Grice – rap vocals (tracks: 6, 15)\nDavid \"Des Devious\" Edens – rap vocals (tracks: 9, 19)\nSean Price – rap vocals (track 10)\nDJ Drew Dollars – scratches\nKevin \"Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind\" Baldwin – producer\nScott \"Supe\" Stallone – engineering, mixing\nChris Conway – recording (tracks: 5, 10)\nJ. Marty – recording (tracks: 6, 15)\nChuck Wilson – executive producer\nTrevor \"Karma\" Gendron – design, layout\nMike McRath – photography\nChase Jones – management\nJesse Stone – management","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Glazer, Joshua. \"Legacy of Blood - Jedi Mind Tricks \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/legacy-of-blood-mw0000207528","url_text":"\"Legacy of Blood - Jedi Mind Tricks \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Ryce, Jeff (September 23, 2004). \"Jedi Mind Tricks - Legacy of Blood\". HipHopDX. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.472/title.jedi-mind-tricks-legacy-of-blood","url_text":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks - Legacy of Blood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX","url_text":"HipHopDX"}]},{"reference":"Engelen, Alexander. \"Orchestrale Dramatik und heftige Brüll-Raps\". laut.de (in German). Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laut.de/Jedi-Mind-Tricks/Alben/Legacy-Of-Blood-7359","url_text":"\"Orchestrale Dramatik und heftige Brüll-Raps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut.de","url_text":"laut.de"}]},{"reference":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks: Legacy of Blood, PopMatters\". PopMatters. March 24, 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/jedimindtricks-legacy-2495953341.html","url_text":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks: Legacy of Blood, PopMatters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Pedro (September 28, 2004). \"Jedi Mind Tricks :: Legacy of Blood :: Babygrande Records\". www.rapreviews.com. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rapreviews.com/archive/2004_09_legacy.html#:~:text=The%20music%20overall%20is%20soulful,car%20stereos,%20and%20home%20stereos.","url_text":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks :: Legacy of Blood :: Babygrande Records\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/legacy-of-blood-mw0000207528","external_links_name":"\"Legacy of Blood - Jedi Mind Tricks \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.472/title.jedi-mind-tricks-legacy-of-blood","external_links_name":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks - Legacy of Blood\""},{"Link":"http://www.laut.de/Jedi-Mind-Tricks/Alben/Legacy-Of-Blood-7359","external_links_name":"\"Orchestrale Dramatik und heftige Brüll-Raps\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/jedimindtricks-legacy-2495953341.html","external_links_name":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks: Legacy of Blood, PopMatters\""},{"Link":"https://www.rapreviews.com/archive/2004_09_legacy.html#:~:text=The%20music%20overall%20is%20soulful,car%20stereos,%20and%20home%20stereos.","external_links_name":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks :: Legacy of Blood :: Babygrande Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Jedi-Mind-Tricks/chart-history/BLP","external_links_name":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Jedi-Mind-Tricks/chart-history/IND","external_links_name":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks Chart History (Independent Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Jedi-Mind-Tricks/chart-history/TLN","external_links_name":"\"Jedi Mind Tricks Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/1242","external_links_name":"Jedi Mind Tricks – Legacy Of Blood"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/b1cacf9d-b382-3ace-84f2-44b85d2eb7f2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_River	Hino River	["1 Tributaries","2 References"]	River in Japan Hino RiverHino River near Matsue, Shimane PrefectureLocationCountryJapanPhysical characteristicsSource • locationMount Mikuni and Mount Dōgo, Tottori Prefecture • elevation1,004 metres (3,294 ft) Mouth • locationMiho Bay, Sea of Japan • elevation0 m (0 ft)Length77 kilometres (48 mi)Basin size870 square kilometres (340 sq mi) The Hino River (日野川, Hino-gawa) is a major river in the western part of Tottori Prefecture. The river flows east-northeast for 77 kilometres (48 mi), and is the longest river in the prefecture. The Hino River emerges from the Chūgoku Mountains. The source of the river is at an elevation of 1,004 metres (3,294 ft) in an area near Mount Mikuni and Mount Dōgo in Nichinan in southeastern Tottori Prefecture. At Kofu, the river turns north-northwest. The lower part of the Hino River flows through the Yonago Plain before finally discharging into Miho Bay at Hiezu near Yonago. Erosion over time has created the scenic Sekkakei Ravine. The Sukesawa Dam forms an artificial lake, Lake Nichinan. Approximately 60,800 people use the water provided by the Hino River. Tributaries Inga River (印賀川, Inga-gawa) - 25.8 kilometres (16.0 mi) Hosshōji River (法勝寺川, Hosshōji-gawa) - 23.5 kilometres (14.6 mi) References ^ a b c "日野川 (Hino-gawa)". Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved 2012-04-21. ^ "日野川 (Hino-gawa)". Dijitaru daijisen (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved 2012-04-21. ^ "Inga-gawa (印賀川)". Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (日本歴史地名大系) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved 2012-04-10. ^ "Hosshōji-gawa (法勝寺川)". Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (日本歴史地名大系) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved 2012-04-10. vte River systems and rivers of JapanRivers of HokkaidoSea of Japan Ishikari River Chitose River Toyohira River Makomanai River Anano River Yūbari River Koetoi River Rumoi River Shiribeshi-Toshibetsu River Shiribetsu River Teshio River Zenibako River Sea of Okhotsk Abashiri River Shibetsu River Shokotsu River Tokoro River Yūbetsu River Pacific Ocean Akan River Kushiro River Mitsuishi River Mu River Niikappu River Saru River Shizunai River Tokachi River Rivers of Hokkaido on CommonsRivers of HonshuTōhoku region Abukuma River Arakawa River Iwaki River Kitakami River Komagome River Koyoshi River Mabechi River Mogami River Natori River Ōhata River Oirase River Omono River Takase River Yoneshiro River Kantō region Arakawa River Edo River Fuji River Kanda River Kuji River Naka River Sagami River Sumida River Tama River Tone River Tsurumi River Chūbu region Agano River Shinano River Seki River Hime River Kurobe River Jōganji River Jinzū River Shō River Oyabe River Tedori River Kuzuryū River Fuji River Abe River Ōi River Sakawa River Tenryū River Toyo River Yahagi River Shōnai River Kiso Three Rivers Kiso River Nagara River Ibi River Kushida River Miya River Kita River Minami River Kansai region Choshi River Ibo River Kako River Kinokawa River Kumano River Kuzuryu River Maruyama River Muko River Yamato River Yodo River Yasu River Katsura River Kamo River Kizu River Dōton River Yura River Chūgoku region Asahi River Ashida River Gōnokawa River Hino River Hii River Ōta River Oze River Saba River Sendai River Takahashi River Takatsu River Tenjin River Yoshii River Rivers of Shikoku Aibiki River Shimanto River Shinmachi River Suketō River Tamiya River Sako River Sumiyoshijima River Yoshino River Dōzan River Rivers of KyushuKyushu Arie River Chikugo River Kikuchi River Kuma River Mimi River Ōno River Ōyodo River Yaeyama Islands Kokuba River Nakama River Urauchi River Rivers of Japan Category Rivers of Japan on Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Chūgoku Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mount Mikuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Mikuni_(Tottori)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mount Dōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_D%C5%8Dgo"},{"link_name":"Nichinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichinan,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nipponika-1"},{"link_name":"Kofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofu,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Yonago Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yonago_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dijitaru-2"},{"link_name":"Miho Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miho_Bay"},{"link_name":"Hiezu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiezu,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Yonago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonago,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"Sekkakei Ravine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekkakei_Ravine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sukesawa Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukesawa_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Nichinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Nichinan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nipponika-1"}],"text":"The Hino River (日野川, Hino-gawa) is a major river in the western part of Tottori Prefecture. The river flows east-northeast for 77 kilometres (48 mi), and is the longest river in the prefecture. The Hino River emerges from the Chūgoku Mountains. The source of the river is at an elevation of 1,004 metres (3,294 ft) in an area near Mount Mikuni and Mount Dōgo in Nichinan in southeastern Tottori Prefecture.[1] At Kofu, the river turns north-northwest. The lower part of the Hino River flows through the Yonago Plain[2] before finally discharging into Miho Bay at Hiezu near Yonago. Erosion over time has created the scenic Sekkakei Ravine. The Sukesawa Dam forms an artificial lake, Lake Nichinan.[1] Approximately 60,800 people use the water provided by the Hino River.","title":"Hino River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nipponika-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hosshōji River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hossh%C5%8Dji_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Inga River (印賀川, Inga-gawa) - 25.8 kilometres (16.0 mi)[1][3]\nHosshōji River (法勝寺川, Hosshōji-gawa) - 23.5 kilometres (14.6 mi)[4]","title":"Tributaries"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"日野川 (Hino-gawa)\". Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_United_F.C.	Maidstone United F.C.	["1 History","1.1 1992–2001: The new club and Kent County League years","1.2 2001–2006: The Kent League years","1.3 2006–2015: The Isthmian League years","1.4 2015–present: The National League and FA Cup run","2 Shirts, colours and badge","2.1 Shirt manufacturers and sponsors","3 Stadiums","4 Support","4.1 Rivalries","4.2 Fan culture","5 First team","5.1 Out on loan","6 Reserves, youth and community","7 Club staff and officials","8 Notable players","9 Managerial history","10 League history","11 Honours","12 Records and statistics","13 Notes","14 References","15 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°16′48″N 0°30′57″E / 51.28000°N 0.51583°E / 51.28000; 0.51583Football club in Kent, England This article is about the current incarnation of the club. For the incarnation that existed from 1897 until 1992, see Maidstone United F.C. (1897). Football clubMaidstone UnitedFull nameMaidstone United Football ClubNickname(s)The StonesFounded1992; 32 years ago (1992) as Maidstone InvictaGroundGallagher StadiumCapacity4,200 (792 seated)OwnersTerry Casey & Oliver AshChief ExecutiveBill WilliamsManagerGeorge ElokobiLeagueNational League South2023–24National League South, 4th of 24WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Current season Maidstone United Football Club is a non-professional football club based in Maidstone, Kent, England. The team competes in the National League South, the sixth level of the English football league system. The club's nickname is "The Stones" and they play in black and amber. Maidstone United was a member of The Football League between 1989 and 1992. That club was forced out of the league following bankruptcy, but the nucleus of a new club was built around the youth squad, Maidstone Invicta, which made the step up to adult football in 1992 after being elected to the Kent County League Fourth Division in 1993 and subsequently progressed through the non-League pyramid. They changed their name to Maidstone United in 1995. They played in the Isthmian League Premier Division from 2013, having been promoted from the Isthmian League Division One South, and won the league in the 2014–15 season to gain promotion to the National League South (formerly the Conference South) for the 2015–16 season. Maidstone gained a second successive promotion to the National League in 2016, bringing fifth-tier football back to the town for the first time since the old club was promoted to the Football League in 1989. Maidstone were relegated in 2019, before winning the National League South title in 2022 and promotion back to the National League. However, they could not consolidate this position and were relegated the following season. In 2023–24, Maidstone reached the fifth round of the FA Cup for the first time, becoming the first team outside of the top five divisions to reach this stage since 1977–78. Maidstone were without a stadium of their own from their creation until 2012 when the Gallagher Stadium near Maidstone town centre opened at the start of the 2012–13 season. History See also: List of Maidstone United F.C. seasons 1992–2001: The new club and Kent County League years Maidstone Invicta were originally a youth club and were "taken over" within days of the Football League side folding. However, the lack of a suitable ground meant the club was effectively relegated seven divisions to the basement of the footballing pyramid and joined the Fourth Division of the Kent County League for the 1993–94 season. The club's home games took place on the reserve and training pitch of the original Maidstone, next to the original London Road Stadium. Initially, Jim Thompson ran the club, but was banned from football for his part in the demise of Maidstone and Dartford, and Paul Bowden-Brown took over as Chairman – a position he retained until 2010. The newly created Kent County League side was formed with the nucleus of the original club's youth team, They had been formed too late to join a league for the 1992–93 season, but, in the 1993–94 season, comfortably won the Fourth Division of the County League under the stewardship of Jack Whitely and Bill Tucker. They also managed to win the West Kent Challenge Shield and the Tunbridge Wells Charity Cup. During the close season of 1994 the club managed to gain promotion to Division 2 of the league after restructuring. The club went on to win Division 2, picking up the Kent Junior Cup on the way. However, the Stones, who had adopted their original name of Maidstone United in 1997, took four years and six managers before finally winning promotion to the Kent County League Premier Division with former Stones player turned manager Jason Lillis leading the club to the Division One title. The 1999–2000 season saw Maidstone's début season in the Premier Division, with the team finishing in a respectable third place. The next season saw the club, which was now managed by another former Maidstonian in Matt Toms, successfully apply to become a senior club and finish second in the league. These factors now left the door open to seek elevation to the Kent League (with the County League being a step-7 league and the Kent League being a step-5 league, direct promotion was not possible). 2001–2006: The Kent League years Maidstone win the Kent League title for the second time The club's application was accepted and the Stones started the 2001–2002 season in the Kent League. However, the club's ground in Maidstone was nowhere near Kent League standards so the Stones agreed to share Sittingbourne's Central Park stadium while trying to overcome various legal obstacles in the way of a move to a new ground in the town at James Whatman Way. In its first Kent League season since reformation, Maidstone won the Kent League and Cup double under the management of Jim Ward. However, the club could not gain promotion to the Southern League Eastern Division because of problems with the lease on Central Park. The lease problems were not solved and during the 2002 close season both Sittingbourne and Maidstone moved out of Central Park to a new ground, named Bourne Park, which was built on the same complex using the old training pitch. The 2002–03 season saw Maidstone enter the FA Cup for the first time since reformation, and the club was featured on BBC Sport's 'Road to Cardiff'. The club reached the 2nd qualifying round of the cup, with the highlight of the run coming in the form of a 3–2 win against old foes Tonbridge Angels, with Steve Butler bagging a hat-trick against the Southern League East outfit. In the league, the Stones looked destined to win a second successive title but after a poor run-in, coupled with the withdrawal from the league of Faversham Town, the club bizarrely lost the championship by 0.14 of a point (the League Management Committee decreed that the title would be awarded to the club with the highest earned points per match average, so with Maidstone and Thamesmead Town achieving 63 points from 30 games, the unusual situation arose that the championship was won by Cray Wanderers with 62 points from 29 games). The Stones did pick up some silverware that season, winning both the Kent Senior Trophy and the Kent Charity Cup, but this was overshadowed by continuing lease problems, which meant another attempt to gain promotion to the Southern League was knocked back. The years 2003 till 2005 contained two indifferent seasons for the Stones, on the pitch at least. Both campaigns saw the club finish 4th in the league, although this disappointment was offset somewhat by reaching the third qualifying round of the FA Cup in successive years. Off the pitch, the club took a huge step forward when in November 2004 it successfully applied for planning permission to build a new stadium at James Whatman Way. However, construction of the stadium could not begin until a lease for the site was agreed with its owners, the Ministry of Defence. The 2005–06 season saw Maidstone, now managed by Lloyd Hume after a spell in charge from Mal Watkins, win the Kent League title. They spent the season toe-to-toe with Beckenham Town before securing the championship on the final day of the season. The title win meant the club finally gained promotion to Step 4 of the non league pyramid, joining the Isthmian League Division One South. However perhaps more importantly, the club's bid to return to Maidstone was another step closer when a 99-year lease was signed for the land at James Whatman Way, meaning the club was now free to start building on it. 2006–2015: The Isthmian League years Mo Takaloo celebrates his goal which saves Maidstone from relegation at Folkestone InvictaMaidstone, who were now managed by Lloyd Hume and Alan Walker in a joint capacity, surprisingly managed to win the league at the first time of asking, gaining promotion to the Isthmian League Premier Division. However the overwhelming success on the pitch was overshadowed by little visible progress being made in the building of the stadium at James Whatman Way. Before the 2007–08 season had even begun Alan Walker was involved in a freak accident at a coaching course in Belfast which left him temporarily paralysed. Walker made a valiant recovery however, and was back walking and in management by the start of the league season. Maidstone struggled in the new surroundings of the Isthmian League Premier Division and spent the majority of the season near the foot of the table, despite having the services of Chris Smalling at their disposal, however they avoided relegation after beating Folkestone Invicta 1–0 on the last day of the season, a result that relegated Invicta in Maidstone's place. In other news 25% of the club was sold to businessman Oliver Ash in February 2008. The 2008–09 was another tough season for Maidstone. The squad who came so close to relegation the year before was largely dismantled with a whole raft of new players replacing them. During the close season it had become increasingly apparent the club could not afford to field a competitive Isthmian Premier team and fund the building of a new stadium, so with what limited funds the club had seemingly tied up in paying new players it was decided to try and fund the construction at James Whatman Way by bidding for a £1.2million grant from the Football Foundation. The bid was turned down in October 2008 and the club was subsequently put up for sale by chairman Paul Bowden-Brown. However no takeover was forthcoming and as a result of this the club had no choice but to halve their wage bill from £6000 to £3000 per week. The majority of the players took pay cuts and led Maidstone to their best league finish since reforming, finishing a comfortable 15th in the Isthmian Premier table and reaching the 4th qualifying round of the FA Cup. During the 2009 close season Maidstone moved from their temporary Bourne Park home in Sittingbourne to Ashford Town's stadium, The Homelands, citing lower rent and a deal to receive a percentage of refreshment takings as the reason for the move. However the move only increased Maidstone's financial woes due to a sharp drop in attendances, and in December 2009 it was revealed two months of staff pay was to be deferred to the end of the season, a move that led to Alan Walker and Lloyd Hume resigning as managers of the club. Reserve team boss Pete Nott stepped up to the first team managers role and led Maidstone to an 18th-place finish, avoiding relegation with a game to spare. In October 2010 the club was taken over by shareholder Oliver Ash and Terry Casey with Paul Bowden-Brown stepping down as chairman. In November 2010 the club's new directors sacked first team boss Peter Nott and his backroom staff with the team bottom of the table and out of the FA Cup. Former Gravesend & Northfleet manager Andy Ford was swiftly appointed manager, but he could not improve the club's fortunes and resigned in March 2011 with the club bottom of the league and 8 points adrift from safety. Club captain Jay Saunders was appointed caretaker manager until the end of the season, and although he oversaw the team to 5 wins from nine games he could not save Maidstone from relegation. Saunders was subsequently given the permanent managers job. In the 2011 close season the club returned to groundshare at Sittingbourne's Bourne Park after their two-year spell at Ashford's Homelands Stadium, and soon after construction finally began on the club's new ground The Gallagher Stadium. The club finished the season in sixth place, just outside the play-offs. The 2012 close season saw Maidstone finally come home, moving into the Gallagher Stadium in July 2012. The club opened the £2.6 million stadium with a showpiece friendly against Brighton & Hove Albion in front of a sell-out crowd. After a two-horse race for the Isthmian League Division One South title with Dulwich Hamlet, and regularly playing in front of crowds of 1,500+, Maidstone eventually won promotion to the Isthmian League Premier Division after beating Faversham Town 3–0 in the Isthmian League Division One South play-off final. During the 2014–15 season, Maidstone United qualified for the first round proper of the FA Cup for the first time in their history. Maidstone played a goalless draw away to Stevenage of League Two and in the replay at home in front of a capacity crowd went through to the second round proper, winning 2–1. In the second round Maidstone lost 3–1 at Wrexham of the Conference Premier. Maidstone United went on to win the Isthmian Premier title following a season-long battle with Margate, then Dulwich Hamlet and finally Hendon. The title was effectively won at Champion Hill, home of Dulwich Hamlet, on 18 April 2015 with Maidstone United drawing 0–0 and Hendon drawing 0–0 away at Grays Athletic. The near-1,000 travelling Stones fans celebrated on the pitch with the Dulwich Hamlet fans, their best position since reforming. The title was officially won on home soil on 25 April 2015 with a 3–2 win over East Thurrock United. 2015–present: The National League and FA Cup run After winning the Isthmian League Premier Division, Maidstone United were promoted to the National League South (formerly the Conference South). In the 2015–16 season the team again qualified for the first round proper of the FA Cup where they narrowly lost 1–0 at home to League Two side Yeovil Town in front of a record-breaking crowd of 2,811. On 14 May 2016, Maidstone United were promoted to the National League after defeating Ebbsfleet United in the National League South promotion final at Stonebridge Road. The match finished 2–2 after extra time, and Maidstone won 4–3 in the resulting penalty shoot-out. Maidstone were relegated back to the National League South after three seasons in the National League by finishing in 24th place in 2018–19. In the 2021–22 season, Maidstone won the National League South title. They were unable to consolidate this position and were relegated back to the sixth tier, with five matches remaining. In the 2023–24 season, Maidstone reached the FA Cup fifth round for the first time, and in doing so became the first team outside of the top five divisions to reach the fifth round since Blyth Spartans in 1977–78. Having defeated Football League sides including Barrow and Stevenage, the Stones subsequently won 2–1 away to Ipswich Town in the fourth round. In the fifth round, Maidstone lost 5–0 away to Coventry City backed by 4,800 away supporters. Shirts, colours and badge Since reformation Maidstone's home shirts have been amber with black trim. All white was the template used for away shirts, but from 2009 to 2013 the club wore sky blue. They returned to a white away kit in the summer of 2013. In 2017, the away kit was changed to purple shirt, shorts and socks, with a white trim around the sleeves. Shirt manufacturers and sponsors Period Kit Supplier Shirt sponsor (chest) Shirt sponsor (sleeve) 2000–01 — Maidstone Adscene — 2001–02 MI Pankhurst 2002–03 Jobec 2003–05 Score KF Concept 2005–06 KM Group 2006–08 Macron Britelite 2008–09 Icom 2009–10 Knapp 2010–11 — 2011 Kent Messenger 2011–13 Britelite 2013–14 Laguna Motorcycles 2014–21 Churchill Security Systems 2022– Manchett Synecore Stadiums Main article: Gallagher Stadium The Gallagher Stadium in 2012 Maidstone United play their home games at The Gallagher Stadium, James Whatman Way, Maidstone, Kent, ME14 1LQ. After the original club folded, the new Maidstone United played their games on a pitch behind a Mormon meeting house, which had originally been the MUFC reserves and training pitch – just metres from where the old ground had been. Promotion to the Kent League in 2001 meant the club had to move away yet again as the current ground was nowhere near up to standard. The club had earmarked James Whatman Way as the site of a new ground in Maidstone, but until this was built they would have to groundshare outside the town. Maidstone played for a year at Sittingbourne's old Central Park stadium before relocating, along with the "Brickies", to Bourne Park, a converted training pitch behind the main Central Park complex. Unable to generate the funds to build at Whatman Way, The Stones stayed at Bourne Park until 2009, before moving to groundshare with Ashford Town, citing favourable rent and a cut of food and bar takings as the reason for the move. The move to Ashford caused a sharp dip in attendances and the club returned to ground share at Bourne Park for the 2011–12 season; however the club finally moved into James Whatman Way, known as the Gallagher Stadium, at the start of the 2012–13 season. Years Ground 1993–2001 London Road, Maidstone 2001–2002 Central Park (Groundshare with Sittingbourne) 2002–2009 Bourne Park (Groundshare with Sittingbourne) 2009–2011 The Homelands (Groundshare with Ashford Town 2009–10, Sole tenants 2010–11) 2011–2012 Bourne Park (Groundshare with Sittingbourne) 2012– Gallagher Stadium, Maidstone Support Maidstone returned to their home town and home crowds surged by 350% to average 1,698 in the league during the 2012–13 season at the club's new Gallagher Stadium. The table below gives a summary of the attendance figures in all of Maidstone United's league games since the club's final season in the Kent County League in the 2000–01 season. Season League Ground Lowest Highest Average % +/- 2000–01 Kent County League Premier Division London Road, Maidstone (n/a) (n/a) 198 - 2001–02 Kent League Premier Division Central Park, Sittingbourne (n/a) (n/a) 298 +50.5% 2002–03 Bourne Park, Sittingbourne (n/a) (n/a) 352 +18.1% 2003–04 208 329 255 -27.6% 2004–05 174 346 246 -3.5% 2005–06 232 573 336 +36.6% 2006–07 Isthmian League Division One South 222 814 432 +28.4% 2007–08 Isthmian League Premier Division 238 1,224 444 +2.8% 2008–09 218 689 388 -12.6% 2009–10 The Homelands, Ashford 128 447 255 -34.3% 2010–11 171 488 311 +22.0% 2011–12 Isthmian League Division One South Bourne Park, Sittingbourne 255 705 377 +21.2% 2012–13 Gallagher Stadium, Maidstone 1,005 2,305 1,698 +350.5% 2013–14 Isthmian League Premier Division 1,292 2,296 1,821 +7.2% 2014–15 1,094 2,296 1,846 +1.4% 2015–16 National League South 1,731 3,030 2,208 +19.6% 2016–17 National League 1,714 3,409 2,386 +8.1% 2017–18 1,945 3,225 2,412 +1.1% 2018–19 1,570 3,087 2,179 -9.7% 2019–20 National League South 1,337 2,520 1,831 -16.0% 2021–22 1,805 4,175 2,453 +34.0% 2022–23 National League 1,463 3,341 2,142 -12.7% 2023–24 National League South 1,450 3,119 2,131 -0.9% No attendances were recorded for Season 2020–21, due to COVID-19 restrictions. Rivalries Maidstone fans have traditionally had a strong rivalry with Gillingham. The old Maidstone are the only traditional Kent club to ever join Gillingham in the Football League, and contested a total of 11 games with Gillingham in the old Division 4 and FA Cup in the 1980s and early 1990s. There have been only three matches since the Stones reformed, the first being a mid-season friendly in 2002 at Central Park, the second being a Kent Senior Cup quarter final tie in 2018, where Maidstone won 2–1, and the third once again in the Kent Senior Cup second round in 2023, where Maidstone won 2–0. A rivalry also remains with Tonbridge Angels. Back in the 1970s, the old Maidstone United and the 'Angels' regularly met in the Southern League before Maidstone moved on to become founder members of the National League (then known as the Alliance Premier League). The two clubs were reconciled after Maidstone's reformation, meeting in the 2002–03 FA Cup – with the Stones winning 3–2. The clubs then met regularly in the Isthmian League Premier Division between 2007 and 2011 and again in the 2014–15 season. In January 2015, there was a "confrontation" between Tonbridge Angels coach Barry Moore and a Maidstone supporter after a game between the sides. Moore was banned by the FA for four months following the incident. Old Southern League foes Ebbsfleet United (then Gravesend & Northfleet) have perhaps become the club's biggest current-day rivals, with the clubs' recent time together in the National League and National League South punctuated by ill-will both at boardroom level and on the terraces. Fan culture Stones Live! is a radio station run since 2008, offering commentary from most matches plus other club-related content. It was voted Sports Station of the Year at the 2010–11 Internet Radio Awards. A fanzine site “Plastic Passion” was launched in February 2014, in part to celebrate one of the most successful eras in the club's history. Plastic Passion spawned a spin off book, believed to be the first ever Maidstone United e-book, “When I was Just A Little Boy” in 2016. A second book, this time available in physical form, "Exodus" was published in December 2016, detailing the period between 1988 and 2012 and the struggle to find a permanent home. The Football League era saw the birth of four fanzines, "Show Me The Way To Go Home", "Spirit of London Road (aka S.O.L.D)", "Yellow Fever", later renamed "Golden Days", and "The Foundation Stone" which ran for just a couple of issues. In 2000, with the club languishing in the Kent County League, a fanzine known as “SHAFTED!” ran for five issues. By the time the club returned to the Kent League in 2001 the team behind Show Me The Way To Go Home decided to revive it after almost ten years. It ran for several seasons and was highly acclaimed. In 2005 it was named as one of the best 11 fanzines in the country by the Independent, although it had ceased publication before the club returned to Maidstone in 2012. The void was eventually filled by "It's All Gone Amber", which was first published in 2015. It was named after the line uttered by commentator Derek Rae when Frannie Collin scored the winner for Maidstone against Stevenage in an FA Cup first round replay in 2014. First team As of 8 January 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK BRA Lucas Covolan 2 DF TRI Gavin Hoyte (captain) 3 DF ENG Chi Ezennolim 4 DF GUY Reiss Greenidge 5 DF ENG George Fowler 6 DF ENG Raphe Brown 7 FW GRN Jacob Berkeley-Agyepong 8 MF ENG Sam Corne 11 FW ENG Muhammadu Faal (on loan from Havant & Waterlooville) 12 GK ENG Harley Earle 15 DF ENG Sam Bone No. Pos. Nation Player 16 MF ENG Liam Sole 17 MF ENG Jephte Tanga (on loan from Leyton Orient) 18 MF ENG Bivesh Gurung 20 MF USA Conor Kelly 21 MF ENG Tyler Hatton 22 FW ENG Matt Rush 25 DF NED Paul Appiah (on loan from Leicester City) 30 DF CYP Harry Kyprianou 31 MF ENG Riley Court 32 FW ENG Timmy Abraham (on loan from Boreham Wood) Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 11 MF ENG Devonte Aransibia (at Braintree Town) No. Pos. Nation Player 14 FW ENG Ogo Obi (at Chesham United) Reserves, youth and community Chris Smalling Maidstone's youth and community sides are currently members of the Isthmian Youth League and Kent Youth League as well as being members of various local, women's/girls', deaf and disability leagues. The club also runs an academy, giving over fifty 16 to 18-year-old players the chance to study, train and play at the Gallagher Stadium. Players study for a BTEC Level 3 in Sport and a range of vocational football-related qualifications, and also play in the Conference Youth Alliance. Maidstone's youth teams have provided many players to the first team in recent years. The most successful and high-profile product of the club's youth system is England international Chris Smalling, who spent three years at the club before moving to Fulham and subsequently to Manchester United and AS Roma. Smalling made a total of 16 appearances for Maidstone, and whilst playing for the club he also played for England Schoolboys' Under 18 side. The club has a strong emphasis on football for the community and most of its teams train at the Gallagher Stadium. As well as boys and girls teams at most ages, there are PAN disability and deaf teams. United are a Charter Standard Community Club and were one of the first clubs in the country to sign up to the Deaf Friendly Football Clubs pledge. Club staff and officials Position Name Manager George Elokobi Assistant manager Craig Fagan Goalkeeper coach Zach Foster-Crouch Fitness and conditioning Jak Nye Sports and rehab physiotherapist Paul Smith Owners Oliver Ash & Terry Casey Chief Executive Bill Williams Notable players This list comprises former or current players who have made over 100 appearances in a fully professional league or have senior international experience. Dean Beckwith Steve Butler Jermaine Darlington Roland Edge Paul Haylock Jon Harley Peter Hawkins Zavon Hines Garry Kimble Stuart Lewis Karl Murray Magnus Okuonghae Joe Pigott Alan Pouton Jake Robinson Bradley Sandeman Mark Saunders Ian Selley Chris Smalling Neil Smith Alan Walker Simon Walton Lawrie Wilson Jamar Loza Hady Ghandour Adrian Webster Yemi Odubade Andre Boucaud Ian Cox Kelvin Jack Jake Cassidy For all former and current Maidstone players who have a Wikipedia article, see Category:Maidstone United F.C. players. Managerial history Main article: List of Maidstone United F.C. managers Source: Years Name 1993–1996 Bill Tucker & Jack Whiteley 1996 Graham Martin 1997 Mickey Chatwin & Chad Andrews 1997 Nicky Chappell 1997–1998 Mark Irvine 1998–1999 Jason Lillis 1999–2000 Matt Toms 2000–2003 Jim Ward 2003–2004 Mal Watkins 2004–2006 Lloyd Hume 2006–201000 Alan Walker & Lloyd Hume 2010 Peter Nott 2010–2011 Andy Ford 2011–2018 Jay Saunders 2018 Harry Wheeler 2019–2020 John Still & Hakan Hayrettin 2020–2023 Hakan Hayrettin 2023–present George Elokobi League history Main article: Maidstone United F.C. seasons Source: 1993–1994: Kent County League Division Four 1994–1995: Kent County League Division Two 1995–1999: Kent County League Division One 1999–2001: Kent County League Premier Division 2001–2006: Kent League Premier Division 2006–2007: Isthmian League Division One South 2007–2011: Isthmian League Premier Division 2011–2013: Isthmian League Division One South 2013–2015: Isthmian League Premier Division 2015–2016: National League South 2016–2019: National League 2019–2022: National League South 2022–2023: National League 2023–present: National League South Honours Source: League National League South (level 6) Champions: 2021–22 Play-off winners: 2016 Isthmian League (level 7) Champions: 2014–15 Isthmian League Division One (level 8) Champions: 2006–07 Play-off winners: 2013 Kent League Premier (level 9) Champions: 2001–02, 2005–06 Kent County League Premier Champions: 2000–01 Kent County League Division One Champions: 1998–99 Kent County League Division Two Champions: 1994–95 Kent County League Division Four Champions: 1993–94 Cup Isthmian League Cup Winners: 2013–14 Isthmian Charity Shield Winners: 2015–16 Premier Division Cup Winners: 2001–02, 2005–06 Challenge/Charity Shield Winners: 2002–03, 2003–04 Kent Senior Cup Winners: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2023–24 Kent Senior Trophy Winners: 2002–03 Weald of Kent Charity Cup Winners: 1999–2000, 2000–01 Tunbridge Wells Charity Cup Winners: 1993–94 Records and statistics Main article: Maidstone United F.C. records and statistics Maidstone's best ever league finish came in the 2016–17 season when they came 14th in the National League. Maidstone's highest ever victory came in their first season since reforming, beating Aylesford 12–1 in the Kent County League Division Four. The club's record attendance came at the Gallagher Stadium, when a capacity 4,175 spectators saw Maidstone play Hampton and Richmond on 4 May 2022 in the final game of the 2021–22 season to see the Stones lift the National League South trophy, the previous highest attendance was 4,105 on 15 July 2017 in a pre-season match to celebrate the fifth anniversary of the Gallagher Stadium. The club's appearance record is held by Tom Mills. Notes ^ The Icom sponsor for the 2009–10 season was only used for the home kit References ^ Hoad, Alex (31 March 2011). "Maidstone United reach £1m barrier in quest to raise finance for new stadium". Kent Messenger. KM Group. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2011. ^ a b c "Maidstone United History". 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Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ "Deal agreed for Maidstone stadium". 31 March 2006. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Alan Walker Injured in Belfast". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. ^ "Walker Returns Home". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. ^ "Folkestone Invicta 0–1 Maidstone United". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. ^ "PBB Welcomes New Director". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. ^ "Stones dealt ground funding blow". 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Maidstone United put up for sale". 4 December 2008. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Alan Walker and Lloyd Hume cite Maidstone's off-field problems for quitting the club". Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ "New owners take over Maidstone United". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. ^ "Manager Nott shown door by Stones". 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Maidstone name Ford new manager". 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Ford quits as Maidstone manager". 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Saunders delighted to become Maidstone United caretaker boss". Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. ^ Tunnell, Ruth (30 April 2011). "AFC Hornchurch 2–0 Maidstone United". Maidstone United. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011. ^ Tervet, Steve (2 May 2011). "Saunders confirmed as permanent Maidstone United boss". Your Maidstone. KOS Media. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. 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Retrieved 5 July 2017. ^ "Maidstone United 0–2 Salford City". BBC Sport. 6 April 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021. ^ Craig Tucker (30 April 2022). "Maidstone United 3 Chelmsford City 1 match report: The Stones are National League South champions". Kent Online. Retrieved 27 October 2022. ^ "Maidstone relegated after Boreham Wood thrashing". BBC Sport. 1 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023. ^ Phillips, Owen (27 January 2024). "Non-league Maidstone stun Ipswich in FA Cup". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 January 2024. ^ Mail, Simon (27 January 2024). "Maidstone stun Ipswich as Sam Corne seals FA Cup shock for the ages". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Brennan, Stuart (26 February 2024). "Coventry's Simms hits hat-trick to end Maidstone run". BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ "Maidstone United extend sponsorship deal – Sport – Kent News". Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016. ^ "New deal". 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Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. ^ "Maidstone Raiders FC (part of Maidstone Utd FC) pledges to be deaf friendly". Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. ^ "Maidstone United 1 Crystal Palace 3 match report". Kent Messenger. 15 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maidstone United FC. Official Website STONEStv – match highlights from Maidstone matches Stones Live! – Maidstone United's internet radio station Maidstone United unofficial forum Plastic Passion website – online fanzine Bring The Stones Home – official website for the Stones' return to the town Every match result and League table when in the Football League Maidstone Youth and Community website Maidstone United at the Football Club History Database vteMaidstone United Football ClubThe club Seasons Records and statistics Personnel Managers Players Home Stadiums Bourne Park, Sittingbourne (2002–2009, 2011–2012) The Homelands, Ashford (2009–2011) Gallagher Stadium, Maidstone (2012–) Related articles The original Maidstone United (1897–1992) Watling Street vteNational League2024–25ClubsNationalClubs AFC Fylde Aldershot Town Altrincham Barnet Boston United Braintree Town Dagenham & Redbridge Eastleigh Ebbsfleet United Forest Green Rovers Gateshead FC Halifax Town Hartlepool United Maidenhead United Oldham Athletic Rochdale Solihull Moors Southend United Sutton United Tamworth Wealdstone Woking Yeovil Town York City Grounds The Bolt New Lawn Boston Community Stadium Boundary Park Chigwell Construction Stadium Cressing Road Crown Oil Arena Damson Park Gateshead International Stadium Grosvenor Vale The Hive Huish Park Laithwaite Community Stadium The Lamb Ground Mill Farm Moss Lane Recreation Ground Roots Hall The Shay Silverlake Stadium Stonebridge Road VBS Community Stadium Victoria Park York Community Stadium York Road North Alfreton Town Brackley Town Buxton Chester Chorley Curzon Ashton Darlington Farsley Celtic Hereford Kidderminster Harriers King's Lynn Town Leamington Marine Needham Market Peterborough Sports Oxford City Radcliffe Rushall Olympic Scarborough Athletic Scunthorpe United South Shields Southport Spennymoor Town Warrington Town South Aveley Bath City Boreham Wood Chelmsford City Chesham United Chippenham Town Dorking Wanderers Eastbourne Borough Enfield Town Farnborough Hampton & Richmond Borough Hemel Hempstead Town Hornchurch Maidstone United Salisbury Slough Town St Albans City Tonbridge Angels Torquay United Truro City Welling United Weston-super-Mare Weymouth Worthing Seasons 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 See also: Conference League Cup 51°16′48″N 0°30′57″E / 51.28000°N 0.51583°E / 51.28000; 0.51583	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maidstone United F.C. (1897)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_United_F.C._(1897)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Maidstone United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_United_F.C._(1897)"},{"link_name":"The Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Kent County League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_League"},{"link_name":"non-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-league_football"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Division One South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Division_One_South"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_National_League#National_League_South"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_National_League"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Gallagher Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2012–13 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-expectedbuild-1"}],"text":"Football club in Kent, EnglandThis article is about the current incarnation of the club. For the incarnation that existed from 1897 until 1992, see Maidstone United F.C. (1897).Football clubMaidstone United Football Club is a non-professional football club based in Maidstone, Kent, England. The team competes in the National League South, the sixth level of the English football league system. The club's nickname is \"The Stones\" and they play in black and amber.Maidstone United was a member of The Football League between 1989 and 1992. That club was forced out of the league following bankruptcy, but the nucleus of a new club was built around the youth squad, Maidstone Invicta, which made the step up to adult football in 1992 after being elected to the Kent County League Fourth Division in 1993 and subsequently progressed through the non-League pyramid. They changed their name to Maidstone United in 1995. They played in the Isthmian League Premier Division from 2013, having been promoted from the Isthmian League Division One South, and won the league in the 2014–15 season to gain promotion to the National League South (formerly the Conference South) for the 2015–16 season.Maidstone gained a second successive promotion to the National League in 2016, bringing fifth-tier football back to the town for the first time since the old club was promoted to the Football League in 1989. Maidstone were relegated in 2019, before winning the National League South title in 2022 and promotion back to the National League. However, they could not consolidate this position and were relegated the following season. In 2023–24, Maidstone reached the fifth round of the FA Cup for the first time, becoming the first team outside of the top five divisions to reach this stage since 1977–78. Maidstone were without a stadium of their own from their creation until 2012 when the Gallagher Stadium near Maidstone town centre opened at the start of the 2012–13 season.[1]","title":"Maidstone United F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Maidstone United F.C. seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maidstone_United_F.C._seasons"}],"text":"See also: List of Maidstone United F.C. seasons","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_United_F.C._(1897)"},{"link_name":"footballing pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Kent County League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"original Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_United_F.C._(1897)"},{"link_name":"Dartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbbstepsdown-4"},{"link_name":"1992–93 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992-93_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1993–94 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993-94_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Jason Lillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Lillis"},{"link_name":"Kent League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"1992–2001: The new club and Kent County League years","text":"Maidstone Invicta were originally a youth club and were \"taken over\" within days of the Football League side folding. However, the lack of a suitable ground meant the club was effectively relegated seven divisions to the basement of the footballing pyramid and joined the Fourth Division of the Kent County League for the 1993–94 season.[2][3] The club's home games took place on the reserve and training pitch of the original Maidstone, next to the original London Road Stadium. Initially, Jim Thompson ran the club, but was banned from football for his part in the demise of Maidstone and Dartford, and Paul Bowden-Brown took over as Chairman – a position he retained until 2010.[4]The newly created Kent County League side was formed with the nucleus of the original club's youth team, They had been formed too late to join a league for the 1992–93 season, but, in the 1993–94 season, comfortably won the Fourth Division of the County League under the stewardship of Jack Whitely and Bill Tucker. They also managed to win the West Kent Challenge Shield and the Tunbridge Wells Charity Cup. During the close season of 1994 the club managed to gain promotion to Division 2 of the league after restructuring. The club went on to win Division 2, picking up the Kent Junior Cup on the way. However, the Stones, who had adopted their original name of Maidstone United in 1997, took four years and six managers before finally winning promotion to the Kent County League Premier Division with former Stones player turned manager Jason Lillis leading the club to the Division One title. The 1999–2000 season saw Maidstone's début season in the Premier Division, with the team finishing in a respectable third place. The next season saw the club, which was now managed by another former Maidstonian in Matt Toms, successfully apply to become a senior club and finish second in the league. These factors now left the door open to seek elevation to the Kent League (with the County League being a step-7 league and the Kent League being a step-5 league, direct promotion was not possible).[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7oaks.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"Kent League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Football_League"},{"link_name":"share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundshare"},{"link_name":"Sittingbourne's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittingbourne_F.C."},{"link_name":"James Whatman Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whatman_Way"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Bourne Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_Park_(football_ground)"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"BBC Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_Angels_F.C."},{"link_name":"Steve Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Butler_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angels2-3Maidstone-7"},{"link_name":"Faversham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Thamesmead Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamesmead_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cray Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"James Whatman Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whatman_Way"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Beckenham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Division One South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Division_One_South"},{"link_name":"James Whatman Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whatman_Way"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2001–2006: The Kent League years","text":"Maidstone win the Kent League title for the second timeThe club's application was accepted and the Stones started the 2001–2002 season in the Kent League. However, the club's ground in Maidstone was nowhere near Kent League standards so the Stones agreed to share Sittingbourne's Central Park stadium while trying to overcome various legal obstacles in the way of a move to a new ground in the town at James Whatman Way.[2] In its first Kent League season since reformation, Maidstone won the Kent League and Cup double under the management of Jim Ward. However, the club could not gain promotion to the Southern League Eastern Division because of problems with the lease on Central Park. The lease problems were not solved and during the 2002 close season both Sittingbourne and Maidstone moved out of Central Park to a new ground, named Bourne Park, which was built on the same complex using the old training pitch.The 2002–03 season saw Maidstone enter the FA Cup for the first time since reformation, and the club was featured on BBC Sport's 'Road to Cardiff'.[6] The club reached the 2nd qualifying round of the cup, with the highlight of the run coming in the form of a 3–2 win against old foes Tonbridge Angels, with Steve Butler bagging a hat-trick against the Southern League East outfit.[7] In the league, the Stones looked destined to win a second successive title but after a poor run-in, coupled with the withdrawal from the league of Faversham Town, the club bizarrely lost the championship by 0.14 of a point (the League Management Committee decreed that the title would be awarded to the club with the highest earned points per match average, so with Maidstone and Thamesmead Town achieving 63 points from 30 games, the unusual situation arose that the championship was won by Cray Wanderers with 62 points from 29 games).[2] The Stones did pick up some silverware that season, winning both the Kent Senior Trophy and the Kent Charity Cup, but this was overshadowed by continuing lease problems, which meant another attempt to gain promotion to the Southern League was knocked back.The years 2003 till 2005 contained two indifferent seasons for the Stones, on the pitch at least. Both campaigns saw the club finish 4th in the league, although this disappointment was offset somewhat by reaching the third qualifying round of the FA Cup in successive years. Off the pitch, the club took a huge step forward when in November 2004 it successfully applied for planning permission to build a new stadium at James Whatman Way.[8] However, construction of the stadium could not begin until a lease for the site was agreed with its owners, the Ministry of Defence. The 2005–06 season saw Maidstone, now managed by Lloyd Hume after a spell in charge from Mal Watkins, win the Kent League title. They spent the season toe-to-toe with Beckenham Town before securing the championship on the final day of the season. The title win meant the club finally gained promotion to Step 4 of the non league pyramid, joining the Isthmian League Division One South. However perhaps more importantly, the club's bid to return to Maidstone was another step closer when a 99-year lease was signed for the land at James Whatman Way, meaning the club was now free to start building on it.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takaloovsfolkestone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alan Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"James Whatman Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whatman_Way"},{"link_name":"Alan Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Chris Smalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Smalling"},{"link_name":"Folkestone Invicta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone_Invicta_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"James Whatman Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whatman_Way"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bourne Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_Park_(football_ground)"},{"link_name":"Ashford Town's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_Town_F.C._(Kent)"},{"link_name":"The Homelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Homelands"},{"link_name":"Alan Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbbstepsdown-4"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Gravesend & Northfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbsfleet_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Andy Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Ford_(English_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fordresigns-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sittingbourne's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittingbourne_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bourne Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_Park_(football_ground)"},{"link_name":"Ashford's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Homelands Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Homelands"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Gallagher Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallagher_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Gallagher Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Division One South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Division_One_South"},{"link_name":"Dulwich Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_Hamlet_F.C."},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Faversham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Division One South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Division_One_South"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Conference Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Margate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margate_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dulwich Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_Hamlet_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon_F.C."},{"link_name":"Champion Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Hill"},{"link_name":"Grays Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grays_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"East Thurrock United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thurrock_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"2006–2015: The Isthmian League years","text":"Mo Takaloo celebrates his goal which saves Maidstone from relegation at Folkestone InvictaMaidstone, who were now managed by Lloyd Hume and Alan Walker in a joint capacity, surprisingly managed to win the league at the first time of asking, gaining promotion to the Isthmian League Premier Division. However the overwhelming success on the pitch was overshadowed by little visible progress being made in the building of the stadium at James Whatman Way. Before the 2007–08 season had even begun Alan Walker was involved in a freak accident at a coaching course in Belfast which left him temporarily paralysed.[10] Walker made a valiant recovery however, and was back walking and in management by the start of the league season.[11] Maidstone struggled in the new surroundings of the Isthmian League Premier Division and spent the majority of the season near the foot of the table, despite having the services of Chris Smalling at their disposal, however they avoided relegation after beating Folkestone Invicta 1–0 on the last day of the season, a result that relegated Invicta in Maidstone's place.[12] In other news 25% of the club was sold to businessman Oliver Ash in February 2008.[13]The 2008–09 was another tough season for Maidstone. The squad who came so close to relegation the year before was largely dismantled with a whole raft of new players replacing them. During the close season it had become increasingly apparent the club could not afford to field a competitive Isthmian Premier team and fund the building of a new stadium, so with what limited funds the club had seemingly tied up in paying new players it was decided to try and fund the construction at James Whatman Way by bidding for a £1.2million grant from the Football Foundation. The bid was turned down in October 2008[14] and the club was subsequently put up for sale by chairman Paul Bowden-Brown.[15] However no takeover was forthcoming and as a result of this the club had no choice but to halve their wage bill from £6000 to £3000 per week. The majority of the players took pay cuts and led Maidstone to their best league finish since reforming, finishing a comfortable 15th in the Isthmian Premier table and reaching the 4th qualifying round of the FA Cup.During the 2009 close season Maidstone moved from their temporary Bourne Park home in Sittingbourne to Ashford Town's stadium, The Homelands, citing lower rent and a deal to receive a percentage of refreshment takings as the reason for the move. However the move only increased Maidstone's financial woes due to a sharp drop in attendances, and in December 2009 it was revealed two months of staff pay was to be deferred to the end of the season, a move that led to Alan Walker and Lloyd Hume resigning as managers of the club.[16] Reserve team boss Pete Nott stepped up to the first team managers role and led Maidstone to an 18th-place finish, avoiding relegation with a game to spare.In October 2010 the club was taken over by shareholder Oliver Ash and Terry Casey[17] with Paul Bowden-Brown stepping down as chairman.[4] In November 2010 the club's new directors sacked first team boss Peter Nott and his backroom staff with the team bottom of the table and out of the FA Cup.[18] Former Gravesend & Northfleet manager Andy Ford was swiftly appointed manager,[19] but he could not improve the club's fortunes and resigned in March 2011 with the club bottom of the league and 8 points adrift from safety.[20] Club captain Jay Saunders was appointed caretaker manager until the end of the season,[21] and although he oversaw the team to 5 wins from nine games he could not save Maidstone from relegation.[22] Saunders was subsequently given the permanent managers job.[23]In the 2011 close season the club returned to groundshare at Sittingbourne's Bourne Park after their two-year spell at Ashford's Homelands Stadium,[24] and soon after construction finally began on the club's new ground The Gallagher Stadium.[25] The club finished the season in sixth place, just outside the play-offs. The 2012 close season saw Maidstone finally come home, moving into the Gallagher Stadium in July 2012. The club opened the £2.6 million stadium with a showpiece friendly against Brighton & Hove Albion in front of a sell-out crowd. After a two-horse race for the Isthmian League Division One South title with Dulwich Hamlet, and regularly playing in front of crowds of 1,500+, Maidstone eventually won promotion to the Isthmian League Premier Division after beating Faversham Town 3–0 in the Isthmian League Division One South play-off final.[26]During the 2014–15 season, Maidstone United qualified for the first round proper of the FA Cup for the first time in their history. Maidstone played a goalless draw away to Stevenage of League Two and in the replay at home in front of a capacity crowd went through to the second round proper, winning 2–1.[27][28] In the second round Maidstone lost 3–1 at Wrexham of the Conference Premier.[29] Maidstone United went on to win the Isthmian Premier title[30][31] following a season-long battle with Margate, then Dulwich Hamlet and finally Hendon. The title was effectively won at Champion Hill, home of Dulwich Hamlet, on 18 April 2015 with Maidstone United drawing 0–0 and Hendon drawing 0–0 away at Grays Athletic.[32] The near-1,000 travelling Stones fans celebrated on the pitch with the Dulwich Hamlet fans, their best position since reforming. The title was officially won on home soil on 25 April 2015 with a 3–2 win over East Thurrock United.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_National_League#National_League_South"},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Yeovil Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yeovil20151107-34"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"Ebbsfleet United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbsfleet_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"Stonebridge Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonebridge_Road"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_National_League"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_National_League#National_League_South"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Blyth Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth_Spartans_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"2015–present: The National League and FA Cup run","text":"After winning the Isthmian League Premier Division, Maidstone United were promoted to the National League South (formerly the Conference South). In the 2015–16 season the team again qualified for the first round proper of the FA Cup where they narrowly lost 1–0 at home to League Two side Yeovil Town in front of a record-breaking crowd of 2,811.[34] On 14 May 2016, Maidstone United were promoted to the National League after defeating Ebbsfleet United in the National League South promotion final at Stonebridge Road. The match finished 2–2 after extra time, and Maidstone won 4–3 in the resulting penalty shoot-out.[35]Maidstone were relegated back to the National League South after three seasons in the National League by finishing in 24th place in 2018–19.[36] In the 2021–22 season, Maidstone won the National League South title.[37] They were unable to consolidate this position and were relegated back to the sixth tier, with five matches remaining.[38] In the 2023–24 season, Maidstone reached the FA Cup fifth round for the first time, and in doing so became the first team outside of the top five divisions to reach the fifth round since Blyth Spartans in 1977–78.[39] Having defeated Football League sides including Barrow and Stevenage, the Stones subsequently won 2–1 away to Ipswich Town in the fourth round.[40] In the fifth round, Maidstone lost 5–0 away to Coventry City backed by 4,800 away supporters.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Since reformation Maidstone's home shirts have been amber with black trim. All white was the template used for away shirts, but from 2009 to 2013 the club wore sky blue. They returned to a white away kit in the summer of 2013. In 2017, the away kit was changed to purple shirt, shorts and socks, with a white trim around the sleeves.","title":"Shirts, colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shirt manufacturers and sponsors","title":"Shirts, colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallagher_Stadium_Main_Stand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gallagher Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kent League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Football_League"},{"link_name":"James Whatman Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whatman_Way"},{"link_name":"Sittingbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittingbourne_F.C."},{"link_name":"Whatman Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatman_Way"},{"link_name":"Ashford Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gallagher Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Stadium"}],"text":"The Gallagher Stadium in 2012Maidstone United play their home games at The Gallagher Stadium, James Whatman Way, Maidstone, Kent, ME14 1LQ. After the original club folded, the new Maidstone United played their games on a pitch behind a Mormon meeting house, which had originally been the MUFC reserves and training pitch – just metres from where the old ground had been. Promotion to the Kent League in 2001 meant the club had to move away yet again as the current ground was nowhere near up to standard.The club had earmarked James Whatman Way as the site of a new ground in Maidstone, but until this was built they would have to groundshare outside the town. Maidstone played for a year at Sittingbourne's old Central Park stadium before relocating, along with the \"Brickies\", to Bourne Park, a converted training pitch behind the main Central Park complex. Unable to generate the funds to build at Whatman Way, The Stones stayed at Bourne Park until 2009, before moving to groundshare with Ashford Town, citing favourable rent and a cut of food and bar takings as the reason for the move. The move to Ashford caused a sharp dip in attendances and the club returned to ground share at Bourne Park for the 2011–12 season; however the club finally moved into James Whatman Way, known as the Gallagher Stadium, at the start of the 2012–13 season.","title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallagher Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kent County League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_League"}],"text":"Maidstone returned to their home town and home crowds surged by 350% to average 1,698 in the league during the 2012–13 season at the club's new Gallagher Stadium. The table below gives a summary of the attendance figures in all of Maidstone United's league games since the club's final season in the Kent County League in the 2000–01 season.No attendances were recorded for Season 2020–21, due to COVID-19 restrictions.","title":"Support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham_F.C."},{"link_name":"old Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_United_F.C._(1897)"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_Angels_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"2002–03 FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Ebbsfleet United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbsfleet_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Rivalries","text":"Maidstone fans have traditionally had a strong rivalry with Gillingham. The old Maidstone are the only traditional Kent club to ever join Gillingham in the Football League, and contested a total of 11 games with Gillingham in the old Division 4 and FA Cup in the 1980s and early 1990s. There have been only three matches since the Stones reformed, the first being a mid-season friendly in 2002 at Central Park, the second being a Kent Senior Cup quarter final tie in 2018, where Maidstone won 2–1, and the third once again in the Kent Senior Cup second round in 2023, where Maidstone won 2–0.A rivalry also remains with Tonbridge Angels. Back in the 1970s, the old Maidstone United and the 'Angels' regularly met in the Southern League before Maidstone moved on to become founder members of the National League (then known as the Alliance Premier League). The two clubs were reconciled after Maidstone's reformation, meeting in the 2002–03 FA Cup – with the Stones winning 3–2. The clubs then met regularly in the Isthmian League Premier Division between 2007 and 2011 and again in the 2014–15 season. In January 2015, there was a \"confrontation\" between Tonbridge Angels coach Barry Moore and a Maidstone supporter after a game between the sides. Moore was banned by the FA for four months following the incident.[46] Old Southern League foes Ebbsfleet United (then Gravesend & Northfleet) have perhaps become the club's biggest current-day rivals, with the clubs' recent time together in the National League and National League South punctuated by ill-will both at boardroom level and on the terraces.[47][48][49]","title":"Support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derek Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Rae"},{"link_name":"Frannie Collin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frannie_Collin"},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Fan culture","text":"Stones Live! is a radio station run since 2008, offering commentary from most matches plus other club-related content. It was voted Sports Station of the Year at the 2010–11 Internet Radio Awards. A fanzine site “Plastic Passion” was launched in February 2014, in part to celebrate one of the most successful eras in the club's history. Plastic Passion spawned a spin off book, believed to be the first ever Maidstone United e-book, “When I was Just A Little Boy” in 2016. A second book, this time available in physical form, \"Exodus\" was published in December 2016, detailing the period between 1988 and 2012 and the struggle to find a permanent home.The Football League era saw the birth of four fanzines, \"Show Me The Way To Go Home\", \"Spirit of London Road (aka S.O.L.D)\", \"Yellow Fever\", later renamed \"Golden Days\", and \"The Foundation Stone\" which ran for just a couple of issues. In 2000, with the club languishing in the Kent County League, a fanzine known as “SHAFTED!” ran for five issues. By the time the club returned to the Kent League in 2001 the team behind Show Me The Way To Go Home decided to revive it after almost ten years. It ran for several seasons and was highly acclaimed. In 2005 it was named as one of the best 11 fanzines in the country by the Independent, although it had ceased publication before the club returned to Maidstone in 2012. The void was eventually filled by \"It's All Gone Amber\", which was first published in 2015. It was named after the line uttered by commentator Derek Rae when Frannie Collin scored the winner for Maidstone against Stevenage in an FA Cup first round replay in 2014.","title":"Support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 8 January 2024[50]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"First team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"First team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Smalling_vs_Rostov_9_March_2017_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Smalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Smalling"},{"link_name":"Isthmian Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"Gallagher Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Conference Youth Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Conference_Youth_Alliance"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chris Smalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Smalling"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"AS Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"England Schoolboys'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Schools%27_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Gallagher Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Chris SmallingMaidstone's youth and community sides are currently members of the Isthmian Youth League and Kent Youth League as well as being members of various local, women's/girls', deaf and disability leagues.The club also runs an academy, giving over fifty 16 to 18-year-old players the chance to study, train and play at the Gallagher Stadium. Players study for a BTEC Level 3 in Sport and a range of vocational football-related qualifications, and also play in the Conference Youth Alliance.Maidstone's youth teams have provided many players to the first team in recent years. The most successful and high-profile product of the club's youth system is England international Chris Smalling, who spent three years at the club before moving to Fulham and subsequently to Manchester United and AS Roma.[51] Smalling made a total of 16 appearances for Maidstone, and whilst playing for the club he also played for England Schoolboys' Under 18 side.The club has a strong emphasis on football for the community and most of its teams train at the Gallagher Stadium. As well as boys and girls teams at most ages, there are PAN disability and deaf teams. United are a Charter Standard Community Club and were one of the first clubs in the country to sign up to the Deaf Friendly Football Clubs pledge.[52]","title":"Reserves, youth and community"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club staff and officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Dean Beckwith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Beckwith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Steve Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Butler_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Darlington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Roland Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Edge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Paul Haylock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Haylock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jon Harley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Harley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Peter Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hawkins_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Zavon Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavon_Hines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Garry Kimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kimble"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Stuart Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Karl Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Murray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Magnus Okuonghae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Okuonghae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Joe Pigott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pigott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alan Pouton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Pouton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jake Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Robinson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bradley Sandeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Sandeman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mark Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Saunders_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ian Selley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Selley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Chris Smalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Smalling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Neil Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Smith_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alan Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Simon Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Walton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Lawrie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrie_Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Jamar Loza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamar_Loza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Hady Ghandour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hady_Ghandour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Adrian Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Webster_(footballer_born_1980)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Yemi Odubade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemi_Odubade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Andre Boucaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Boucaud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Ian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Cox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Jack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Jake Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Category:Maidstone United F.C. players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Maidstone_United_F.C._players"}],"text":"This list comprises former or current players who have made over 100 appearances in a fully professional league or have senior international experience.Dean Beckwith\n Steve Butler\n Jermaine Darlington\n Roland Edge\n Paul Haylock\n Jon Harley\n Peter Hawkins\n Zavon Hines\n Garry Kimble\n Stuart Lewis\n Karl Murray\n Magnus Okuonghae\n Joe Pigott\n Alan Pouton\n Jake Robinson\n Bradley Sandeman\n Mark Saunders\n Ian Selley\n Chris Smalling\n Neil Smith\n Alan Walker\n Simon Walton\n Lawrie Wilson\n Jamar Loza\n Hady Ghandour\n Adrian Webster\n Yemi Odubade\n Andre Boucaud\n Ian Cox\n Kelvin Jack\n Jake CassidyFor all former and current Maidstone players who have a Wikipedia article, see Category:Maidstone United F.C. players.","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honours-46"}],"text":"Source:[45]","title":"Managerial history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honours-46"}],"text":"Source:[45]","title":"League history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honours-46"},{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_National_League"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_National_League"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turvey_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Kent Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Senior_Cup"}],"text":"Source:[45]LeagueNational League South (level 6)\nChampions: 2021–22\nPlay-off winners: 2016\nIsthmian League (level 7)\nChampions: 2014–15\nIsthmian League Division One (level 8)\nChampions: 2006–07\nPlay-off winners: 2013\nKent League Premier (level 9)\nChampions: 2001–02, 2005–06\nKent County League Premier\nChampions: 2000–01\nKent County League Division One\nChampions: 1998–99\nKent County League Division Two\nChampions: 1994–95\nKent County League Division Four\nChampions: 1993–94CupIsthmian League Cup\nWinners: 2013–14\nIsthmian Charity Shield\nWinners: 2015–16\nPremier Division Cup\nWinners: 2001–02, 2005–06\nChallenge/Charity Shield\nWinners: 2002–03, 2003–04\nKent Senior Cup\nWinners: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2023–24\nKent Senior Trophy\nWinners: 2002–03\nWeald of Kent Charity Cup\nWinners: 1999–2000, 2000–01\nTunbridge Wells Charity Cup\nWinners: 1993–94","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_National_League#National_League"},{"link_name":"Kent County League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_League"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honours-46"},{"link_name":"Gallagher Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honours-46"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Maidstone's best ever league finish came in the 2016–17 season when they came 14th in the National League. Maidstone's highest ever victory came in their first season since reforming, beating Aylesford 12–1 in the Kent County League Division Four.[45] The club's record attendance came at the Gallagher Stadium, when a capacity 4,175 spectators saw Maidstone play Hampton and Richmond on 4 May 2022 in the final game of the 2021–22 season to see the Stones lift the National League South trophy, the previous highest attendance was 4,105 on 15 July 2017 in a pre-season match to celebrate the fifth anniversary of the Gallagher Stadium.[45][53] The club's appearance record is held by Tom Mills.","title":"Records and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"}],"text":"^ The Icom sponsor for the 2009–10 season was only used for the home kit","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Maidstone win the Kent League title for the second time","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/7oaks.jpg/220px-7oaks.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mo Takaloo celebrates his goal which saves Maidstone from relegation at Folkestone Invicta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Takaloovsfolkestone.jpg/220px-Takaloovsfolkestone.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Gallagher Stadium in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Gallagher_Stadium_Main_Stand.jpg/246px-Gallagher_Stadium_Main_Stand.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chris Smalling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chris_Smalling_vs_Rostov_9_March_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Chris_Smalling_vs_Rostov_9_March_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hoad, Alex (31 March 2011). \"Maidstone United reach £1m barrier in quest to raise finance for new stadium\". Kent Messenger. KM Group. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160918045945/http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kent/news/maidstone-united-reach-1m-barri-a76107","url_text":"\"Maidstone United reach £1m barrier in quest to raise finance for new stadium\""},{"url":"http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/sport/2011/april/1/maidstone_united.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maidstone United History\". Archived from the original on 25 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080525075327/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/history/history.htm","url_text":"\"Maidstone United History\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/history/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maidstone United: The demise and rise of an expelled Football League club\". 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49800842","url_text":"\"Maidstone United: The demise and rise of an expelled Football League club\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190926182341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49800842","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bowden-Brown Steps Down As Chairman Of Maidstone United\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173907/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2010/1010pbb_announcement8oct.htm","url_text":"\"Bowden-Brown Steps Down As Chairman Of Maidstone United\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2010/1010pbb_announcement8oct.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Association, The Football. \"The website for the English football association, the Emirates FA Cup and the England football team\". www.thefa.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/Leagues/NationalLeagueSystem/NewsAndFeatures/2010/kent-structure-120310","url_text":"\"The website for the English football association, the Emirates FA Cup and the England football team\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903092440/http://www.thefa.com/Leagues/NationalLeagueSystem/NewsAndFeatures/2010/kent-structure-120310","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stones TV (22 February 2008). \"Maidstone Utd – FA Cup 2002/03\". Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVYET_pzORg","url_text":"\"Maidstone Utd – FA Cup 2002/03\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923215029/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVYET_pzORg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stones Match Reports Page\". 8 April 2003. Archived from the original on 8 April 2003. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030408040052/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/reports0203/angels310802.htm","url_text":"\"Stones Match Reports Page\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/reports0203/angels310802.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Footballs Coming Home...\" 4 December 2004. Archived from the original on 4 December 2004. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041204145414/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/ground/index.htm","url_text":"\"Footballs Coming Home...\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/ground/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deal agreed for Maidstone stadium\". 31 March 2006. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/kent/4863780.stm","url_text":"\"Deal agreed for Maidstone stadium\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212012222/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/kent/4863780.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Walker Injured in Belfast\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173915/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2007/0706.htm","url_text":"\"Alan Walker Injured in Belfast\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2007/0706.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Walker Returns Home\". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907132220/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2007/0707.htm","url_text":"\"Walker Returns Home\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2007/0707.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Folkestone Invicta 0–1 Maidstone United\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173926/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/matchday/0708season/folkestoneinvicta/away.htm","url_text":"\"Folkestone Invicta 0–1 Maidstone United\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/matchday/0708season/folkestoneinvicta/away.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PBB Welcomes New Director\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173958/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2008/0802oliverash.htm","url_text":"\"PBB Welcomes New Director\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2008/0802oliverash.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stones dealt ground funding blow\". 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/7671811.stm","url_text":"\"Stones dealt ground funding blow\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/7671811.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maidstone United put up for sale\". 4 December 2008. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/7764492.stm","url_text":"\"Maidstone United put up for sale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181008100038/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/7764492.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Walker and Lloyd Hume cite Maidstone's off-field problems for quitting the club\". Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kentonline.co.uk/maidstone/news/alan-walker-and-lloyd-hume-cite--a88202/","url_text":"\"Alan Walker and Lloyd Hume cite Maidstone's off-field problems for quitting the club\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011303/https://www.kentonline.co.uk/maidstone/news/alan-walker-and-lloyd-hume-cite--a88202/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New owners take over Maidstone United\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173951/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2010/1010oa_tc_announcement8oct.htm","url_text":"\"New owners take over Maidstone United\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2010/1010oa_tc_announcement8oct.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Manager Nott shown door by Stones\". 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/9104999.stm","url_text":"\"Manager Nott shown door by Stones\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212012646/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/9104999.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maidstone name Ford new manager\". 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/9108002.stm","url_text":"\"Maidstone name Ford new manager\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212012356/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/9108002.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ford quits as Maidstone manager\". 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/9426253.stm","url_text":"\"Ford quits as Maidstone manager\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212012547/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_conf/9426253.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saunders delighted to become Maidstone United caretaker boss\". Archived from the original on 20 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110320201325/http://www.kentnews.co.uk/p_12/Article/a_12252/Saunders_delighted_to_become_Maidstone_United_caretaker_boss","url_text":"\"Saunders delighted to become Maidstone United caretaker boss\""},{"url":"http://www.kentnews.co.uk/p_12/Article/a_12252/Saunders_delighted_to_become_Maidstone_United_caretaker_boss","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tunnell, Ruth (30 April 2011). \"AFC Hornchurch 2–0 Maidstone United\". Maidstone United. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110820120016/http://maidstoneunited.co.uk/matchday/1011season/afchornchurch/away.htm","url_text":"\"AFC Hornchurch 2–0 Maidstone United\""},{"url":"http://maidstoneunited.co.uk/matchday/1011season/afchornchurch/away.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tervet, Steve (2 May 2011). \"Saunders confirmed as permanent Maidstone United boss\". Your Maidstone. KOS Media. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011456/http://yourmaidstone.co.uk/p_142/Article/a_13403/Saunders_confirmed_as_permanent_Maidstone_United_boss","url_text":"\"Saunders confirmed as permanent Maidstone United boss\""},{"url":"http://www.yourmaidstone.co.uk/p_142/Article/a_13403/Saunders_confirmed_as_permanent_Maidstone_United_boss","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maidstone United chief executive Bill Williams confirms club will play at Sittingbourne FC next season\". 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kentonline.co.uk/maidstone/news/maidstone-united-chief-executive-a76933/","url_text":"\"Maidstone United chief executive Bill Williams confirms club will play at Sittingbourne FC next season\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011322/https://www.kentonline.co.uk/maidstone/news/maidstone-united-chief-executive-a76933/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Whatman Way Snapshot – 26 September\". Maidstone United. 26 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930144940/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/2011/09/whatman-way-snapshot-26-september/","url_text":"\"Whatman Way Snapshot – 26 September\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/2011/09/whatman-way-snapshot-26-september/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Craig (4 May 2013). \"Maidstone United 3 Faversham Town 0\". Kentonline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kentonline.co.uk/kent/news/maidstone-united-3-faversham-tow-a53214/","url_text":"\"Maidstone United 3 Faversham Town 0\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306025839/http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kent/news/maidstone-united-3-faversham-tow-a53214","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FA Cup 2014–15 First Round Stevenage v Maidstone Utd\". The Football Association. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. 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Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://maidstoneunited.co.uk/current/","url_text":"\"Your Maidstone United Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Smalling England Call Up – The Rise And Rise of Chris Smalling\". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130605121636/http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2009/smalling.htm","url_text":"\"Chris Smalling England Call Up – The Rise And Rise of Chris Smalling\""},{"url":"http://www.maidstoneunited.co.uk/news/2009/smalling.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maidstone Raiders FC (part of Maidstone Utd FC) pledges to be deaf friendly\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanteau-sur-Lunain	Nanteau-sur-Lunain	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°15′27″N 2°48′33″E / 48.2576°N 2.8092°E / 48.2576; 2.8092Commune in Île-de-France, FranceNanteau-sur-LunainCommuneThe chateau in Nanteau-sur-LunainLocation of Nanteau-sur-Lunain Nanteau-sur-LunainShow map of FranceNanteau-sur-LunainShow map of Île-de-France (region)Coordinates: 48°15′27″N 2°48′33″E / 48.2576°N 2.8092°E / 48.2576; 2.8092CountryFranceRegionÎle-de-FranceDepartmentSeine-et-MarneArrondissementFontainebleauCantonNemoursIntercommunalityCC Moret Seine et LoingGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean-François GuimardArea113.25 km2 (5.12 sq mi)Population (2021)689 • Density52/km2 (130/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code77329 /77710Elevation71–146 m (233–479 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Nanteau-sur-Lunain (French pronunciation: ⓘ, literally Nanteau on Lunain) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Geography The commune is traversed by the Lunain river. Demographics Inhabitants are called Nantelliens. See also Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nanteau-sur-Lunain. 1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région) (in English) Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) vte Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department Achères-la-Forêt Amillis Amponville Andrezel Annet-sur-Marne Arbonne-la-Forêt Argentières Armentières-en-Brie Arville Aubepierre-Ozouer-le-Repos Aufferville Augers-en-Brie Aulnoy Avon Baby Bagneaux-sur-Loing Bailly-Romainvilliers Balloy Bannost-Villegagnon Barbey Barbizon Barcy Bassevelle Bazoches-lès-Bray Beauchery-Saint-Martin Beaumont-du-Gâtinais Beautheil-Saints Beauvoir Bellot Bernay-Vilbert Beton-Bazoches Bezalles Blandy Blennes Boisdon Bois-le-Roi Boissettes Boissise-la-Bertrand Boissise-le-Roi Boissy-aux-Cailles Boissy-le-Châtel Boitron Bombon Bougligny Boulancourt Bouleurs Bourron-Marlotte Boutigny Bransles Bray-sur-Seine Bréau Brie-Comte-Robert La Brosse-Montceaux Brou-sur-Chantereine Burcy Bussières Bussy-Saint-Georges Bussy-Saint-Martin Buthiers Cannes-Écluse Carnetin La Celle-sur-Morin Cély Cerneux Cesson Cessoy-en-Montois Chailly-en-Bière Chailly-en-Brie Chaintreaux Chalautre-la-Grande Chalautre-la-Petite Chalifert Chalmaison Chambry Chamigny Champagne-sur-Seine Champcenest Champdeuil Champeaux Champs-sur-Marne Changis-sur-Marne Chanteloup-en-Brie La Chapelle-Gauthier La Chapelle-Iger La Chapelle-la-Reine La Chapelle-Moutils La Chapelle-Rablais La Chapelle-Saint-Sulpice Les Chapelles-Bourbon Charmentray Charny Chartrettes Chartronges Châteaubleau Château-Landon Le Châtelet-en-Brie Châtenay-sur-Seine Châtenoy Châtillon-la-Borde Châtres Chauconin-Neufmontiers Chauffry Chaumes-en-Brie Chelles Chenoise-Cucharmoy Chenou Chessy Chevrainvilliers Chevru Chevry-Cossigny Chevry-en-Sereine Choisy-en-Brie Citry Claye-Souilly Clos-Fontaine Cocherel Collégien Combs-la-Ville Compans Conches-sur-Gondoire Condé-Sainte-Libiaire Congis-sur-Thérouanne Coubert Couilly-Pont-aux-Dames Coulombs-en-Valois Coulommes Coulommiers Coupvray Courcelles-en-Bassée Courchamp Courpalay Courquetaine Courtacon Courtomer Courtry Coutençon Coutevroult Crécy-la-Chapelle Crégy-lès-Meaux Crèvecœur-en-Brie Crisenoy Croissy-Beaubourg La Croix-en-Brie Crouy-sur-Ourcq Cuisy Dagny Dammarie-lès-Lys Dammartin-en-Goële Dammartin-sur-Tigeaux Dampmart Darvault Dhuisy Diant Donnemarie-Dontilly Dormelles Doue Douy-la-Ramée Échouboulains Les Écrennes Égligny Égreville Émerainville Esbly Esmans Étrépilly Everly Évry-Grégy-sur-Yerre Faremoutiers Favières Faÿ-lès-Nemours Féricy Férolles-Attilly Ferrières-en-Brie La Ferté-Gaucher La Ferté-sous-Jouarre Flagy Fleury-en-Bière Fontainebleausubpr Fontaine-Fourches Fontaine-le-Port Fontains Fontenailles Fontenay-Trésigny Forfry Forges Fouju Fresnes-sur-Marne Frétoy Fromont Fublaines Garentreville Gastins La Genevraye Germigny-l'Évêque Germigny-sous-Coulombs Gesvres-le-Chapitre Giremoutiers Gironville Gouaix Gouvernes La Grande-Paroisse Grandpuits-Bailly-Carrois Gravon Gressy Gretz-Armainvilliers Grez-sur-Loing Grisy-Suisnes Grisy-sur-Seine Guérard Guercheville Guermantes Guignes Gurcy-le-Châtel Hautefeuille La Haute-Maison Héricy Hermé Hondevilliers La Houssaye-en-Brie Ichy Isles-les-Meldeuses Isles-lès-Villenoy Iverny Jablines Jaignes Jaulnes Jossigny Jouarre Jouy-le-Châtel Jouy-sur-Morin Juilly Jutigny Lagny-sur-Marne Larchant Laval-en-Brie Léchelle Lescherolles Lesches Lésigny Leudon-en-Brie Lieusaint Limoges-Fourches Lissy Liverdy-en-Brie Livry-sur-Seine Lizines Lizy-sur-Ourcq Lognes Longperrier Longueville Lorrez-le-Bocage-Préaux Louan-Villegruis-Fontaine Luisetaines Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux Luzancy Machault La Madeleine-sur-Loing Magny-le-Hongre Maincy Maisoncelles-en-Brie Maisoncelles-en-Gâtinais Maison-Rouge Marchémoret Marcilly Les Marêts Mareuil-lès-Meaux Marles-en-Brie Marolles-en-Brie Marolles-sur-Seine Mary-sur-Marne Mauperthuis Mauregard May-en-Multien Meauxsubpr Le Mée-sur-Seine Meigneux Meilleray Melunpref Melz-sur-Seine Méry-sur-Marne Le Mesnil-Amelot Messy Misy-sur-Yonne Mitry-Mory Moisenay Moissy-Cramayel Mondreville Mons-en-Montois Montceaux-lès-Meaux Montceaux-lès-Provins Montcourt-Fromonville Montdauphin Montenils Montereau-Fault-Yonne Montereau-sur-le-Jard Montévrain Montgé-en-Goële Monthyon Montigny-le-Guesdier Montigny-Lencoup Montigny-sur-Loing Montmachoux Montolivet Montry Moret-Loing-et-Orvanne Mormant Mortcerf Mortery Mouroux Mousseaux-lès-Bray Moussy-le-Neuf Moussy-le-Vieux Mouy-sur-Seine Nandy Nangis Nanteau-sur-Essonne Nanteau-sur-Lunain Nanteuil-lès-Meaux Nanteuil-sur-Marne Nantouillet Nemours Neufmoutiers-en-Brie Noisiel Noisy-Rudignon Noisy-sur-École Nonville Noyen-sur-Seine Obsonville Ocquerre Oissery Orly-sur-Morin Ormesson Les Ormes-sur-Voulzie Othis Ozoir-la-Ferrière Ozouer-le-Voulgis Paley Pamfou Paroy Passy-sur-Seine Pécy Penchard Perthes Pézarches Pierre-Levée Le Pin Le Plessis-aux-Bois Le Plessis-Feu-Aussoux Le Plessis-l'Évêque Le Plessis-Placy Poigny Poincy Poligny Pommeuse Pomponne Pontault-Combault Pontcarré Précy-sur-Marne Presles-en-Brie Pringy Provinssubpr Puisieux Quiers Quincy-Voisins Rampillon Réau Rebais Recloses Remauville Reuil-en-Brie La Rochette Roissy-en-Brie Rouilly Rouvres Rozay-en-Brie Rubelles Rumont Rupéreux Saâcy-sur-Marne Sablonnières Saint-Augustin Saint-Barthélemy Saint-Brice Saint-Cyr-sur-Morin Saint-Denis-lès-Rebais Sainte-Aulde Sainte-Colombe Saint-Fargeau-Ponthierry Saint-Fiacre Saint-Germain-Laval Saint-Germain-Laxis Saint-Germain-sous-Doue Saint-Germain-sur-École Saint-Germain-sur-Morin Saint-Hilliers Saint-Jean-les-Deux-Jumeaux Saint-Just-en-Brie Saint-Léger Saint-Loup-de-Naud Saint-Mammès Saint-Mard Saint-Mars-Vieux-Maisons Saint-Martin-des-Champs Saint-Martin-du-Boschet Saint-Martin-en-Bière Saint-Méry Saint-Mesmes Saint-Ouen-en-Brie Saint-Ouen-sur-Morin Saint-Pathus Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours Saint-Rémy-de-la-Vanne Saint-Sauveur-lès-Bray Saint-Sauveur-sur-École Saint-Siméon Saint-Soupplets Saint-Thibault-des-Vignes Salins Sammeron Samois-sur-Seine Samoreau Sancy Sancy-lès-Provins Savigny-le-Temple Savins Seine-Port Sept-Sorts Serris Servon Signy-Signets Sigy Sivry-Courtry Sognolles-en-Montois Soignolles-en-Brie Soisy-Bouy Solers Souppes-sur-Loing Sourdun Tancrou Thénisy Thieux Thomery Thorigny-sur-Marne Thoury-Férottes Tigeaux La Tombe Torcysubpr Touquin Tournan-en-Brie Tousson La Trétoire Treuzy-Levelay Trilbardou Trilport Trocy-en-Multien Ury Ussy-sur-Marne Vaires-sur-Marne Valence-en-Brie Vanvillé Varennes-sur-Seine Varreddes Vaucourtois Le Vaudoué Vaudoy-en-Brie Vaux-le-Pénil Vaux-sur-Lunain Vendrest Verdelot Verneuil-l'Étang Vernou-la-Celle-sur-Seine Vert-Saint-Denis Vieux-Champagne Vignely Villebéon Villecerf Villemaréchal Villemareuil Villemer Villenauxe-la-Petite Villeneuve-le-Comte Villeneuve-les-Bordes Villeneuve-Saint-Denis Villeneuve-sous-Dammartin Villeneuve-sur-Bellot Villenoy Villeparisis Villeroy Ville-Saint-Jacques Villevaudé Villiers-en-Bière Villiers-Saint-Georges Villiers-sous-Grez Villiers-sur-Morin Villiers-sur-Seine Villuis Vimpelles Vinantes Vincy-Manœuvre Voinsles Voisenon Voulangis Voulton Voulx Vulaines-lès-Provins Vulaines-sur-Seine Yèbles pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases National France BnF data Geographic MusicBrainz area This article related to a Seine-et-Marne location is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[nɑ̃to syʁ lynɛ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Xenoph%C3%B4n-Nanteau-sur-Lunain.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Xenoph%C3%B4n-Nanteau-sur-Lunain.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Xenoph%C3%B4n-Nanteau-sur-Lunain.wav"},{"link_name":"Lunain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunain"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Île-de-France, FranceNanteau-sur-Lunain (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃to syʁ lynɛ̃] ⓘ, literally Nanteau on Lunain) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.","title":"Nanteau-sur-Lunain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lunain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunain"}],"text":"The commune is traversed by the Lunain river.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Inhabitants are called Nantelliens.","title":"Demographics"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Las_Vegas_Mormon_Fort_State_Historic_Park	Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park	["1 Architecture and purpose","2 History","2.1 Mormon period","2.2 Civil War period","2.3 Ranching/early Las Vegas period","2.4 Site preservation","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°10′50″N 115°08′01″W / 36.18056°N 115.13361°W / 36.18056; -115.13361State park in Nevada, U.S. Old Las Vegas Mormon FortState Historic ParkReconstructed portion of fortin downtown Las VegasLocation in NevadaShow map of Downtown Las VegasOld Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park (Nevada)Show map of NevadaLocationLas Vegas, Nevada, United StatesCoordinates36°10′50″N 115°08′01″W / 36.18056°N 115.13361°W / 36.18056; -115.13361Area3.16 acres (1.28 ha)Elevation1,923 ft (586 m)DesignationNevada state parkEstablished1991AdministratorNevada Division of State ParksWebsiteOld Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Las Vegas Mormon FortU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesNevada Historical Marker No. 35 Part of the original fort, later remodeled and used as a testing laboratory by the U.S. Bureau of ReclamationLocation500 E. Washington Ave. Las Vegas, NevadaArea0.699 acresBuilt1855NRHP reference No.72000764 (original)78003379 (increase)MARKER No.35Significant datesAdded to NRHPFebruary 1, 1972Boundary increaseDecember 12, 1978 Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park is a state park of Nevada. It contains the Old Mormon Fort (completed 1855), the first permanent structure built in what would become Las Vegas fifty years later. In present-day Las Vegas, the site is at the southeast corner of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue, less than one mile north of the downtown area and Fremont Street. This is the only U.S. state park located in a city that houses the first building ever built in that city. The fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 1, 1972. The site is memorialized with a tablet erected by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1997, along with Nevada Historical Marker #35, and two markers placed by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers. Architecture and purpose It was built in the New Mexico folk carpenter architectural style to facilitate travel along the Spanish Trail, and to enable Mormon missionary work in the Las Vegas Valley and to those traveling from New Mexico to California. The fort was surrounded by 14-foot (4.3 m) high adobe walls that extended for 150 feet (46 m). While called a fort, it was never home to any military troops but like many Mormon forts provided a defense and shelter for local settlers and travelers. History Mormon period Mormon missionaries led by William Bringhurst arrived on June 14, 1855, and selected a site, along one of the creeks that flowed from the Las Vegas Springs, on which they would build the fort. The fort served as the midpoint on the trail between Salt Lake City, Utah and Los Angeles, California. As a result of the beginning of the Utah War, the Mormons abandoned the fort. Civil War period Around 1860, a small detachment of U.S. Army troops was assigned to protect the settlers at the fort. The fort was called Fort Baker during the Civil War, named after Edward Dickinson Baker. In a letter from Col. James Henry Carleton written to Pacific Department headquarters, December 23, 1861, Carleton mentions his plan to send an advance party of seven companies from Fort Yuma to reoccupy Fort Mojave and reestablish the ferry there. Carleton then intended to send on from there three cavalry companies and one of infantry to the Mormon fort at Las Vegas, and establish a post called Fort Baker. This was in preparation for an advance to Salt Lake City the following year. The move to reoccupy Fort Mojave never occurred as planned because Carleton's California Column at Fort Yuma were sent instead into Arizona and New Mexico to evict the Confederates there the next year. However, Fort Mojave was later reoccupied in 1863 by Union troops from California. In 1864, a road survey party led by Captain Price, Company M, 2nd California Cavalry Regiment traveled on the route from Fort Douglas to Fort Mojave passing through Las Vegas, stopping for water there on June 10. No mention is made of any garrison there. Presumably the post was never garrisoned during the Civil War. Ranching/early Las Vegas period In 1865, Octavius Gass re-occupied the fort and started the irrigation works, renaming the area to Los Vegas Rancho (later renamed Las Vegas in 1902). Gass defaulted on a loan to Archibald Stewart in 1881 and lost the ranch, with Stewart and his wife Helen becoming the new caretakers. In 1902, William A. Clark's San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake Railroad acquired the property from Helen Stewart along with most of what is now downtown Las Vegas, transferring most of the company's land to the now defunct Las Vegas Land and Water Company. Site preservation Ownership of the fort and the land around it changed hands many times and it had several close calls with destruction. In 1955, the land was acquired by the Las Vegas Elks. With support of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, the city of Las Vegas acquired the fort in 1989. Long-term protection was gained when the state acquired the site as a state park in 1991. A $4.5 million renovation and visitor center, designed by assemblageSTUDIO, was completed in 2005. A visitor center explains the history of the fort. See also Mormon Station State Historic Park Las Vegas Mission Fort Supply - another Mormon fort with a similar purpose List of the oldest buildings in Nevada References ^ a b "Las Vegas Mormon Fort (historical)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "Inventory of State Lands" (PDF). Nevada Division of State Lands. April 27, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2019. ^ a b "Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park". Nevada State Parks. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ Michael S. Durham (1990). The Smithsonian Guide to Historic America: The Desert States. Stewart Tabori & Chang. p. 318. ISBN 1556701055. ^ Gene Amberg, Supervisor of Federal Aid Programs, Planning Dept. (November 8, 1971). "Las Vegas Mormon Fort". National Register of Historic Place Inventory Nomination. National Park Service. Retrieved January 30, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "The Las Vegas Mormon Fort". Historical Marker Database. June 16, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2018. ^ "Las Vegas Old Mormon Fort". Nevada’s State Historical Markers. State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "A History of The Old Fort". Friends Of The Fort. August 20, 1931. Retrieved March 17, 2024. ^ Carleton calls it Fort Navajo, but by referring to the ferry and Major Hoffman's route up the Colorado in his campaign against the Mohave Indians it clearly indicates he means Fort Mojave. He also indicates it will then draw supplies from Los Angeles. Fort Mojave was the terminus of the supply route known as the Mojave Road from San Bernardino and Los Angeles. ^ Brig.-Gen. Richard H. Orton (1890). Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion 1861 to 1867. Sacramento, Cal.: State Office. p. 21. Retrieved December 29, 2009. ^ Aurora Hunt (2004). The Army of the Pacific, 1860-1866. Frontier Classics Series. Stackpole Books. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-0-8117-2978-9. ^ "Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort Historic State Park Brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ "History of Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park". Nevada State Parks. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ "Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort Visitors Center". Special Collections and Archives. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Retrieved November 23, 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park. Old Las Vegas Mormon State Historic Park The Old Mormon Fort: Birthplace of Las Vegas, Nevada National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places Lesson Plan vteDowntown Las VegasCasinos Main Street Station Plaza California Circa Golden Gate Binion's Golden Nugget Fremont Four Queens Downtown Grand The D El Cortez Business City Hall Clark County Government Center Downtown gaming Juhl Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Old City Hall (Zappos) Molasky Corporate Center The Ogden World Market Center Museums Discovery Children's Museum Natural History Museum Neon Museum Mob Museum Attractions Arts District Downtown Container Park Fremont Street Fremont Street Experience Mormon Fort Neonopolis Smith Center Symphony Park The Writer's Block Medical facilities Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health Future projects Charlie Palmer Hotel Former casinos La Bayou Gold Spike Las Vegas Club Mermaids The Mint Pioneer Club The Western Nevada portal vteProtected areas of NevadaFederalNational Parks and Monuments Avi Kwa Ame NM (BLM) Basin and Range NM (BLM) Death Valley NP Gold Butte NM (BLM) Great Basin NP Tule Springs Fossil Beds NM National Recreation Areas Lake Mead Spring Mountains (USFS) National Forests Humboldt–Toiyabe Inyo Lake Tahoe Basin National Conservation Areas Black Rock Desert–High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails Red Rock Canyon Sloan Canyon Wilderness Areas Alta Toquima Arc Dome Arrow Canyon Bald Mountain Becky Peak Big Rocks Black Canyon Black Rock Desert Boundary Peak Bridge Canyon Bristlecone Calico Mountains Clover Mountains Currant Mountain Death Valley Delamar Mountains East Fork High Rock Canyon East Humboldt Eldorado Far South Egans Fortification Range Goshute Canyon Government Peak Grant Range High Rock Canyon High Rock Lake High Schells Highland Ridge Ireteba Peaks Jarbidge Jimbilnan Jumbo Springs La Madre Mountains Lime Canyon Little High Rock Canyon Meadow Valley Range Mormon Mountains Mt Charleston Mt Grafton Mt Irish Mt Moriah Mt Rose Muddy Mountains Nellis Wash North Black Rock Range North Jackson Mountains North McCullough Pahute Peak Parsnip Peak Pinto Valley Quinn Canyon Rainbow Mountain Red Mountain Ruby Mountains Santa Rosa–Paradise Peak Shellback South Egan Range South Jackson Mountains South McCullough South Pahroc Range Spirit Mountain Table Mountain Tunnel Spring Wee Thump Joshua Tree Weepah Spring White Pine Range White Rock Range Worthington Mountains Wovoka National Wildlife Refuges Anaho Island Ash Meadows Desert Fallon Moapa Valley Pahranagat Ruby Lake Sheldon Stillwater StateHistoric Parks Elgin Schoolhouse Fort Churchill Mormon Station Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort Ward Charcoal Ovens Recreation Areas Big Bend of the Colorado Lahontan Rye Patch South Fork Walker River Wild Horse Other Beaver Dam Berlin–Ichthyosaur Cathedral Gorge Cave Lake Dayton Echo Canyon Kershaw–Ryan Lake Tahoe–Nevada Spring Mountain Ranch Spring Valley Valley of Fire Van Sickle Washoe Lake Previous Belmont Courthouse Floyd Lamb Walker Lake Nevada portal vteNational Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Nevada B-29 Serial No. 45-21847 Berkley Square Boulder City Historic District Old Boulder City Hospital Boulder Dam Hotel Boulder Dam Park Museum Brownstone Canyon Archaeological District Camp Lee Canyon Clark Avenue Railroad Underpass Corn Creek Campsite Desert Valley Museum El Cortez Eureka Locomotive Gold Strike Canyon-Sugarloaf Mountain Traditional Cultural Property Goodsprings Schoolhouse Grapevine Canyon Petroglyphs (AZ:F:14:98 ASM) Green Shack Gypsum Cave Harrison's Guest House Hoover Dam Huntridge Theater John S. Park Historic District Hidden Forest Cabin Homestake Mine Jay Dayton Smith House Kyle Ranch Las Vegas Grammar School Las Vegas Grammar School Las Vegas High School Academic Building, Gymnasium, and Frazier Hall Las Vegas High School Neighborhood Historic District Las Vegas Mormon Fort Las Vegas Post Office and Courthouse Las Vegas Springs LDS Moapa Stake Office Building Little Church of the West Mesquite High School Gymnasium Mormon Well Spring Moulin Rouge Hotel Old Spanish Trail/Mormon Road Historic District Overton Gymnasium Parley Hunt House Potosi Pueblo Grande de Nevada Railroad Cottage Historic District Sandstone Ranch Sheep Mountain Range Archeological District Sloan Petroglyph Site Spirit Mountain Thomas Leavitt House Tim Springs Petroglyphs Tule Springs Archaeological Site Tule Springs Ranch St. Thomas Memorial Cemetery Washington School Walking Box Ranch The "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" Sign Willow Beach Gauging Station Woodlawn Cemetery National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada Nevada State Historic Places by county	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsp-3"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown"},{"link_name":"Fremont Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Street"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithsonian-4"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv1-5"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmarker-6"},{"link_name":"Nevada Historical Marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Historical_Markers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-markers-7"},{"link_name":"Daughters of Utah Pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Utah_Pioneers"}],"text":"State park in Nevada, U.S.Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park is a state park of Nevada. It contains the Old Mormon Fort (completed 1855), the first permanent structure built in what would become Las Vegas fifty years later.[3] In present-day Las Vegas, the site is at the southeast corner of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue, less than one mile north of the downtown area and Fremont Street. This is the only U.S. state park located in a city that houses the first building ever built in that city.[4] The fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 1, 1972.[5] The site is memorialized with a tablet erected by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1997,[6] along with Nevada Historical Marker #35,[7] and two markers placed by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers.","title":"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Mexico folk carpenter architectural style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Style"},{"link_name":"Spanish Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)"},{"link_name":"Mormon missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_missionary"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friends_Of_The_Fort_1931_h401-8"},{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"}],"text":"It was built in the New Mexico folk carpenter architectural style to facilitate travel along the Spanish Trail, and to enable Mormon missionary work in the Las Vegas Valley and to those traveling from New Mexico to California.[8]The fort was surrounded by 14-foot (4.3 m) high adobe walls that extended for 150 feet (46 m). While called a fort, it was never home to any military troops but like many Mormon forts provided a defense and shelter for local settlers and travelers.","title":"Architecture and purpose"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon"},{"link_name":"missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries"},{"link_name":"William Bringhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Mission#William_Bringhurst"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Springs"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Utah War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_War"}],"sub_title":"Mormon period","text":"Mormon missionaries led by William Bringhurst arrived on June 14, 1855, and selected a site, along one of the creeks that flowed from the Las Vegas Springs, on which they would build the fort. The fort served as the midpoint on the trail between Salt Lake City, Utah and Los Angeles, California. As a result of the beginning of the Utah War, the Mormons abandoned the fort.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Edward Dickinson Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dickinson_Baker"},{"link_name":"James Henry Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Carleton"},{"link_name":"Fort Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Yuma"},{"link_name":"Fort Mojave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mojave"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adjutant-10"},{"link_name":"California Column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Column"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"2nd California Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_California_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunt-11"}],"sub_title":"Civil War period","text":"Around 1860, a small detachment of U.S. Army troops was assigned to protect the settlers at the fort.[citation needed]The fort was called Fort Baker during the Civil War, named after Edward Dickinson Baker. In a letter from Col. James Henry Carleton written to Pacific Department headquarters, December 23, 1861, Carleton mentions his plan to send an advance party of seven companies from Fort Yuma to reoccupy Fort Mojave and reestablish the ferry there.[9] Carleton then intended to send on from there three cavalry companies and one of infantry to the Mormon fort at Las Vegas, and establish a post called Fort Baker. This was in preparation for an advance to Salt Lake City the following year.[10] The move to reoccupy Fort Mojave never occurred as planned because Carleton's California Column at Fort Yuma were sent instead into Arizona and New Mexico to evict the Confederates there the next year. However, Fort Mojave was later reoccupied in 1863 by Union troops from California. In 1864, a road survey party led by Captain Price, Company M, 2nd California Cavalry Regiment traveled on the route from Fort Douglas to Fort Mojave passing through Las Vegas, stopping for water there on June 10. No mention is made of any garrison there.[11] Presumably the post was never garrisoned during the Civil War.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Octavius Gass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius_Gass"},{"link_name":"San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_and_Salt_Lake_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Land and Water Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas_Land_and_Water_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brochure-12"}],"sub_title":"Ranching/early Las Vegas period","text":"In 1865, Octavius Gass re-occupied the fort and started the irrigation works, renaming the area to Los Vegas Rancho (later renamed Las Vegas in 1902). Gass defaulted on a loan to Archibald Stewart in 1881 and lost the ranch, with Stewart and his wife Helen becoming the new caretakers. In 1902, William A. Clark's San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake Railroad acquired the property from Helen Stewart along with most of what is now downtown Las Vegas, transferring most of the company's land to the now defunct Las Vegas Land and Water Company.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parkhistory-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unlv-14"},{"link_name":"visitor center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_center"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsp-3"}],"sub_title":"Site preservation","text":"Ownership of the fort and the land around it changed hands many times and it had several close calls with destruction. In 1955, the land was acquired by the Las Vegas Elks. With support of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, the city of Las Vegas acquired the fort in 1989. Long-term protection was gained when the state acquired the site as a state park in 1991.[13]A $4.5 million renovation and visitor center, designed by assemblageSTUDIO, was completed in 2005.[14] A visitor center explains the history of the fort.[3]","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Mormon Station State Historic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_Station_State_Historic_Park"},{"title":"Las Vegas Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Mission"},{"title":"Fort Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Supply_(Utah_Territory)"},{"title":"List of the oldest buildings in Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_Nevada"}]	[{"reference":"\"Las Vegas Mormon Fort (historical)\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/855718","url_text":"\"Las Vegas Mormon Fort (historical)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Inventory of State Lands\" (PDF). Nevada Division of State Lands. April 27, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://lands.nv.gov/uploads/documents/PORTFOLIO_Master_List_LATEST_ONE_-_PUBLIC_POSTING_NRS_331.110A.pdf","url_text":"\"Inventory of State Lands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park\". Nevada State Parks. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://parks.nv.gov/parks/old-las-vegas-mormon-fort","url_text":"\"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park\""}]},{"reference":"Michael S. Durham (1990). The Smithsonian Guide to Historic America: The Desert States. Stewart Tabori & Chang. p. 318. ISBN 1556701055.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/smithsonianguide00smit","url_text":"The Smithsonian Guide to Historic America: The Desert States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/smithsonianguide00smit/page/318","url_text":"318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556701055","url_text":"1556701055"}]},{"reference":"Gene Amberg, Supervisor of Federal Aid Programs, Planning Dept. (November 8, 1971). \"Las Vegas Mormon Fort\". National Register of Historic Place Inventory Nomination. National Park Service. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/72000764_text","url_text":"\"Las Vegas Mormon Fort\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Las Vegas Mormon Fort\". Historical Marker Database. June 16, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=1419","url_text":"\"The Las Vegas Mormon Fort\""}]},{"reference":"\"Las Vegas Old Mormon Fort\". Nevada’s State Historical Markers. State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://shpo.nv.gov/nevadas-historical-markers/historical-markers/las-vegas-morman-fort","url_text":"\"Las Vegas Old Mormon Fort\""}]},{"reference":"\"A History of The Old Fort\". Friends Of The Fort. August 20, 1931. Retrieved March 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.friendsofthefort.org/history/","url_text":"\"A History of The Old Fort\""}]},{"reference":"Brig.-Gen. Richard H. Orton (1890). Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion 1861 to 1867. Sacramento, Cal.: State Office. p. 21. Retrieved December 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/recordscaliforn00ortogoog","url_text":"Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion 1861 to 1867"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/recordscaliforn00ortogoog/page/n25","url_text":"21"}]},{"reference":"Aurora Hunt (2004). The Army of the Pacific, 1860-1866. Frontier Classics Series. Stackpole Books. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-0-8117-2978-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OVQPLM8mjGAC&pg=PA202","url_text":"The Army of the Pacific, 1860-1866"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2978-9","url_text":"978-0-8117-2978-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort Historic State Park Brochure\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819194118/http://parks.nv.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/MormonFort2011-screen.pdf","url_text":"\"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort Historic State Park Brochure\""},{"url":"http://parks.nv.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/MormonFort2011-screen.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park\". Nevada State Parks. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://parks.nv.gov/learn/park-histories/old-las-vegas-mormon-fort-history","url_text":"\"History of Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort Visitors Center\". Special Collections and Archives. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Retrieved November 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/archdb2/index.php/projects/view/157","url_text":"\"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort Visitors Center\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Las_Vegas_Mormon_Fort_State_Historic_Park&params=36_10_50_N_115_08_01_W_type:landmark_dim:0km","external_links_name":"36°10′50″N 115°08′01″W / 36.18056°N 115.13361°W / 36.18056; -115.13361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Las_Vegas_Mormon_Fort_State_Historic_Park&params=36_10_50_N_115_08_01_W_type:landmark_dim:0km","external_links_name":"36°10′50″N 115°08′01″W / 36.18056°N 115.13361°W / 36.18056; -115.13361"},{"Link":"http://parks.nv.gov/parks/old-las-vegas-mormon-fort","external_links_name":"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72000764","external_links_name":"72000764"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/78003379","external_links_name":"78003379"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/855718","external_links_name":"\"Las Vegas Mormon Fort (historical)\""},{"Link":"http://lands.nv.gov/uploads/documents/PORTFOLIO_Master_List_LATEST_ONE_-_PUBLIC_POSTING_NRS_331.110A.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Inventory of State Lands\""},{"Link":"http://parks.nv.gov/parks/old-las-vegas-mormon-fort","external_links_name":"\"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/smithsonianguide00smit","external_links_name":"The Smithsonian Guide to Historic America: The Desert States"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/smithsonianguide00smit/page/318","external_links_name":"318"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/72000764_text","external_links_name":"\"Las Vegas Mormon Fort\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=1419","external_links_name":"\"The Las Vegas Mormon Fort\""},{"Link":"http://shpo.nv.gov/nevadas-historical-markers/historical-markers/las-vegas-morman-fort","external_links_name":"\"Las Vegas Old Mormon Fort\""},{"Link":"https://www.friendsofthefort.org/history/","external_links_name":"\"A History of The Old Fort\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/recordscaliforn00ortogoog","external_links_name":"Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion 1861 to 1867"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/recordscaliforn00ortogoog/page/n25","external_links_name":"21"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OVQPLM8mjGAC&pg=PA202","external_links_name":"The Army of the Pacific, 1860-1866"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819194118/http://parks.nv.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/MormonFort2011-screen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort Historic State Park Brochure\""},{"Link":"http://parks.nv.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/MormonFort2011-screen.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://parks.nv.gov/learn/park-histories/old-las-vegas-mormon-fort-history","external_links_name":"\"History of Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/archdb2/index.php/projects/view/157","external_links_name":"\"Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort Visitors Center\""},{"Link":"http://parks.nv.gov/parks/old-las-vegas-mormon-fort","external_links_name":"Old Las Vegas Mormon State Historic Park"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-old-mormon-fort-birthplace-of-las-vegas-nevada-teaching-with-historic-places.htm","external_links_name":"The Old Mormon Fort: Birthplace of Las Vegas, Nevada"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Albert)	Symphony No. 1 (Albert)	["1 Composition","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]	Symphony No. 1 RiverRun is an orchestral symphony in four movements by the American composer Stephen Albert. The piece was completed in 1983 and won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1985. The title comes from the novel Finnegans Wake by James Joyce, whose literature served as inspiration for the work. Composition The symphony has a duration of approximately 33 minutes and is composed in four movements: Rain Music Leafy Speafing Beside the Rivering Waters River's End Reception Music critic Steve Schwartz said of the work, "Albert's characteristic mode of musical expression is epic. It takes big breaths and proceeds in long phrases. It is full of 'parody quotes' — that is, things that you can easily trace to another composer but not note-for-note." Schwartz nevertheless opined, "...the symphony doesn't really grab me, although I can certainly see why so many admire it. For me, Albert's strategy of building up layers of activity combined with his penchant for low sonorities yields something one step up from mud." Walter Price of the Los Angeles Times conversely praised the work, saying, "Albert's 1985 Pulitzer Prize winning symphony, inspired by the works of James Joyce, is conservatively tonal, even Romantic. His style is eclectic though clearly the Stravinsky of 'Firebird' and 'Petrushka' have influenced him." Price added, "Albert is certainly a master of lush orchestration, if his melodic material is not particularly distinguished." References ^ Kozinn, Allan (December 29, 1992). "Stephen J. Albert, 51, Composer; Won a Pulitzer for His 'Riverrun'". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2015. ^ Wigler, Stephen (December 29, 1992). "Stephen Albert, his melodious music helped define the 'New Romanticism'". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 5, 2015. ^ "Stephen Albert". Variety. January 4, 1993. Retrieved April 5, 2015. ^ Dickinson, Peter (June 1990). "Albert In Concordiam; Treestone". Gramophone. Retrieved April 5, 2015. ^ a b Schwartz, Steve (August 2007). "ALBERT: Symphony No. 1 'RiverRun'. Symphony No. 2. – Russian Philharmonic Orchestra/Paul Polivnick". Classical CD Review. Retrieved April 5, 2015. ^ Price, Walter (April 23, 1989). "STEPHEN ALBERT: Symphony "RiverRun"; National Symphony..." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 5, 2015. External links Symphony RiverRun Review and Joycean analysis vteStephen AlbertMusic Symphony No. 1 (1983) Cello Concerto (1990) Symphony No. 2 (completed by Sebastian Currier, 1992) Related Still Movement with Hymn Symphony No. 2 (Rouse) Category vtePulitzer Prize for Music (1981–1990) n.a. ('81) Roger Sessions ('82): Concerto for Orchestra Ellen Taaffe Zwilich ('83): Symphony No. 1 Bernard Rands ('84): Canti del Sole Stephen Albert ('85): Symphony No. 1 George Perle ('86): Wind Quintet No. 4 John Harbison ('87): The Flight into Egypt William Bolcom ('88): Twelve New Etudes for Piano Roger Reynolds ('89): Whispers Out of Time Mel Powell ('90): Duplicates: A Concerto Complete list (1943–1950) (1951–1960) (1961–1970) (1971–1980) (1981–1990) (1991–2000) (2001–2010) (2011–2020) (Citations) vteJames Joyce's Finnegans Wake (1939)Inspirations Achmet Borumborad "Finnegan's Wake" The New Science The House by the Churchyard Inclusions "The Ballad of Persse O'Reilly" Bellsybabble Quark Books Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress (1929) A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake (1944) The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962) War and Peace in the Global Village (1968) Joysprick (1973) Music The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs (1942) Bitter Ending (1972) Roaratorio (1979) Symphony No. 1 RiverRun (1983) Nowth upon Nacht (1984) Waywords and Meansigns (2015) Portals: Classical music Music Authority control databases MusicBrainz work This article about a symphony is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Symphony No. 1 (Albert)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The symphony has a duration of approximately 33 minutes and is composed in four movements:Rain Music\nLeafy Speafing\nBeside the Rivering Waters\nRiver's End","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCDR-5"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music"},{"link_name":"Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Firebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firebird"},{"link_name":"Petrushka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Music critic Steve Schwartz said of the work, \"Albert's characteristic mode of musical expression is epic. It takes big breaths and proceeds in long phrases. It is full of 'parody quotes' — that is, things that you can easily trace to another composer but not note-for-note.\" Schwartz nevertheless opined, \"...the symphony doesn't really grab me, although I can certainly see why so many admire it. For me, Albert's strategy of building up layers of activity combined with his penchant for low sonorities yields something one step up from mud.\"[5] Walter Price of the Los Angeles Times conversely praised the work, saying, \"Albert's 1985 Pulitzer Prize winning symphony, inspired by the works of James Joyce, is conservatively tonal, even Romantic. His style is eclectic though clearly the Stravinsky of 'Firebird' and 'Petrushka' have influenced him.\" Price added, \"Albert is certainly a master of lush orchestration, if his melodic material is not particularly distinguished.\"[6]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kozinn, Allan (December 29, 1992). \"Stephen J. Albert, 51, Composer; Won a Pulitzer for His 'Riverrun'\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kozinn","url_text":"Kozinn, Allan"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/29/arts/stephen-j-albert-51-composer-won-a-pulitzer-for-his-riverrun.html","url_text":"\"Stephen J. Albert, 51, Composer; Won a Pulitzer for His 'Riverrun'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Wigler, Stephen (December 29, 1992). \"Stephen Albert, his melodious music helped define the 'New Romanticism'\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-29/news/1992364017_1_stephen-albert-david-zinman-school-of-music","url_text":"\"Stephen Albert, his melodious music helped define the 'New Romanticism'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Albert\". Variety. January 4, 1993. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1993/scene/people-news/stephen-albert-102611/","url_text":"\"Stephen Albert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Dickinson, Peter (June 1990). \"Albert In Concordiam; Treestone\". Gramophone. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/albert-in-concordiam-treestone","url_text":"\"Albert In Concordiam; Treestone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)","url_text":"Gramophone"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Steve (August 2007). \"ALBERT: Symphony No. 1 'RiverRun'. Symphony No. 2. – Russian Philharmonic Orchestra/Paul Polivnick\". Classical CD Review. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classicalcdreview.com/8559257.html","url_text":"\"ALBERT: Symphony No. 1 'RiverRun'. Symphony No. 2. – Russian Philharmonic Orchestra/Paul Polivnick\""}]},{"reference":"Price, Walter (April 23, 1989). \"STEPHEN ALBERT: Symphony \"RiverRun\"; National Symphony...\" Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-04-23/entertainment/ca-1715_1_symphony-riverrun-mstislav-rostropovich-national-symphony","url_text":"\"STEPHEN ALBERT: Symphony \"RiverRun\"; National Symphony...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/29/arts/stephen-j-albert-51-composer-won-a-pulitzer-for-his-riverrun.html","external_links_name":"\"Stephen J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_John_Savage%3F	Who Killed John Savage?	["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]	1937 film Who Killed John Savage?Directed byMaurice ElveyWritten byBasil DillonBased onRynoxby Philip MacDonaldStarringNicholas Hannen Barry MacKayEdward ChapmanCinematographyRobert LaPresleEdited byLeslie NormanProductioncompanyWarner Brothers-First National ProductionsDistributed byWarner Brothers (UK)Release date 22 November 1937 (1937-11-22) (London) Running time69 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Who Killed John Savage? is a 1937 British mystery film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Nicholas Hannen, Barry MacKay, Kathleen Kelly, Henry Oscar and Edward Chapman. The film is based on a novel by Philip MacDonald and is a remake of the 1932 Michael Powell-directed film Rynox. Premise A businessman is found dead, leaving police detectives to work out whether it was suicide or murder. Cast John Savage - Nicholas Hannen Anthony Benedict - Barry MacKay Inspector Chortley - Edward Chapman Kate Savage - Kathleen Kelly Woolrich - Henry Oscar Smith - Ross Landon Prout - George Kirby Scruggs - C. Denier Warren Critical reception TV Guide gave the film two out of four stars, and wrote, "though slow to develop, this is an interesting mystery with some nicely detailed moments. Some good thesping by the ensemble overcomes the directorial sluggishness to create an unusual whodunit." References ^ "Who Killed John Savage? (1937)". IMDb. 5 June 1938. ^ Goble, Alan (8 September 2011). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. ISBN 9783110951943. ^ "Who Killed John Savage? (1937)". BFI. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. ^ "Who Killed John Savage?". TVGuide.com. External links Who Killed John Savage? at IMDb vteFilms directed by Maurice ElveySilent films Maria Marten (1913) The Suicide Club (1914) The Loss of the Birkenhead (1914) Her Luck in London (1914) The Idol of Paris (1914) There's Good in Everyone (1915) Honeymoon for Three (1915) Gilbert Gets Tiger-It is (1915) Midshipman Easy (1915) Gilbert Dying to Die (1915) Florence Nightingale (1915) From Shopgirl to Duchess (1915) Her Nameless Child (1915) Home (1915) Love in a Wood (1915) Fine Feathers (1915) Charity Ann (1915) A Will of Her Own (1915) Meg the Lady (1916) Esther (1916) Driven (1916) Vice Versa (1916) Money for Nothing (1916) When Knights Were Bold (1916) Trouble for Nothing (1916) The Princess of Happy Chance (1916) The King's Daughter (1916) Mother Love (1916) Smith (1917) The Grit of a Jew (1917) The Woman Who Was Nothing (1917) Justice (1917) The Gay Lord Quex (1917) Flames (1917) Mary Girl (1917) Hindle Wakes (1918) The Greatest Wish in the World (1918) Goodbye (1918) Adam Bede (1918) The Life Story of David Lloyd George (1918) Nelson (1918) Comradeship (1919) Quinneys (1919) Keeper of the Door (1919) Dombey and Son (1919) The Rocks of Valpre (1919) God's Good Man (1919) Mr. Wu (1919) The Swindler (1919) The Elusive Pimpernel (1919) Bleak House (1920) The Amateur Gentleman (1920) At the Villa Rose (1920) The Hundredth Chance (1920) A Question of Trust (1920) The Tavern Knight (1920) The Victory Leaders (1920) Innocent (1921) A Gentleman of France (1921) The Hound of the Baskervilles (1921) The Fruitful Vine (1921) A Romance of Wastdale (1921) The Man with the Twisted Lip (1921) The Passionate Friends (1922) Running Water (1922) Dick Turpin's Ride to York (1922) A Debt of Honour (1922) The Wandering Jew (1923) The Sign of Four (1923) Guy Fawkes (1923) The Royal Oak (1923) Sally Bishop (1923) Don Quixote (1923) Henry, King of Navarre (1924) Slaves of Destiny (1924) The Love Story of Aliette Brunton (1924) My Husband's Wives (1924) Folly of Vanity (1924) Curlytop (1924) She Wolves (1925) Every Man's Wife (1925) The Woman Tempted (1926) The Flag Lieutenant (1926) Mademoiselle from Armentieres (1926) Roses of Picardy (1927) Tragedy of a Marriage (1927) Hindle Wakes (1927) The Flight Commander (1927) Quinneys (1927) The Glad Eye (1927) Mademoiselle Parley Voo (1928) Balaclava (1928) Palais de danse (1928) You Know What Sailors Are (1928) High Treason (1929) Sound films The School for Scandal (1930) Potiphar's Wife (1931) Sally in Our Alley (1931) A Honeymoon Adventure (1931) Frail Women (1932) In a Monastery Garden (1932) The Marriage Bond (1932) The Water Gipsies (1932) Diamond Cut Diamond (1932) The Lodger (1932) The Lost Chord (1933) I Lived with You (1933) This Week of Grace (1933) Soldiers of the King (1933) Love, Life and Laughter (1934) Road House (1934) Lily of Killarney (1934) The Clairvoyant (1935) The Tunnel (1935) Heat Wave (1935) Spy of Napoleon (1936) The Man in the Mirror (1936) A Romance in Flanders (1937) Who Killed John Savage? (1937) Melody and Romance (1937) Change for a Sovereign (1937) Lightning Conductor (1938) Who Goes Next? (1938) The Return of the Frog (1938) Sword of Honour (1939) Sons of the Sea (1939) Under Your Hat (1940) The Spider (1940) For Freedom (1940) Room for Two (1940) Salute John Citizen (1942) The Lamp Still Burns (1943) Medal for the General (1944) Strawberry Roan (1945) Beware of Pity (1946) The Third Visitor (1951) The Late Edwina Black (1951) My Wife's Lodger (1952) The Great Game (1953) Is Your Honeymoon Really Necessary? (1953) House of Blackmail (1953) The Harassed Hero (1954) What Every Woman Wants (1954) The Gay Dog (1954) The Happiness of Three Women (1954) You Lucky People! (1955) Room in the House (1955) Fun at St. Fanny's (1956) Dry Rot (1956) Stars in Your Eyes (1956) Second Fiddle (1957) This article related to a British film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mystery film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"Maurice Elvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Elvey"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Hannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hannen_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Barry MacKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_MacKay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kelly_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Henry Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Oscar"},{"link_name":"Edward Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Chapman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Philip MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Michael Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Powell_(director)"},{"link_name":"Rynox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rynox"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Who Killed John Savage? is a 1937 British mystery film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Nicholas Hannen, Barry MacKay, Kathleen Kelly, Henry Oscar and Edward Chapman.[1] The film is based on a novel by Philip MacDonald and is a remake of the 1932 Michael Powell-directed film Rynox.[2]","title":"Who Killed John Savage?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A businessman is found dead, leaving police detectives to work out whether it was suicide or murder.[3]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Hannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hannen_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Barry MacKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_MacKay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Edward Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Chapman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kelly_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Henry Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Oscar"},{"link_name":"C. Denier Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Denier_Warren"}],"text":"John Savage - Nicholas Hannen\nAnthony Benedict - Barry MacKay\nInspector Chortley - Edward Chapman\nKate Savage - Kathleen Kelly\nWoolrich - Henry Oscar\nSmith - Ross Landon\nProut - George Kirby\nScruggs - C. Denier Warren","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"TV Guide gave the film two out of four stars, and wrote, \"though slow to develop, this is an interesting mystery with some nicely detailed moments. Some good thesping by the ensemble overcomes the directorial sluggishness to create an unusual whodunit.\"[4]","title":"Critical reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Who Killed John Savage? (1937)\". IMDb. 5 June 1938.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0029770/","url_text":"\"Who Killed John Savage? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_Islam	Moderate Muslim	["1 Criticism","2 Related branches of Islam","2.1 Moderate islamism","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	For other uses, see moderation in Islam. Moderate Islam and moderate Muslim are labels that are used within counterterrorism discourse as the complement of "Islamic extremism" and imply that supporting Islamic terrorism is the characteristic of a "radical" faction within Islam, and a "moderate" faction of Muslims denounces extremist violence such as Islamic terrorism, militant jihadism and radical Islamism. Moderation in Islam and moderate Islam are also terms that occur as interpretation of the Islamic concepts of wasatiyyah or wasat (the middle way, centre, balanced, best) as well as Iqtisad (اقتصاد) (right way, middle way, honest, truthful way) and Qasd (قصد). Those terms are used in the Quran, such as to describe the Muslim community: And thus we have made you a wasat (moderate) community that you will be witnesses over the people.— Al-Baqara, 2: 143 Moderate views, in the first sense, are widespread according to opinion polls. A majority in eleven Sunni Muslim countries is very negative towards the Islamic State. Moderate perceptions are especially common among Muslims in the Western world, such as Euroislam. Of US Muslims, 82 percent (2017) are concerned about Muslim global extremism, 81 percent believe that suicide bombing can never be justified, and 48 percent believe Muslim leaders have not done enough to prevent extremism (2011). Criticism Several Muslim scholars and leaders have made objections to the term "moderate Islam", and argued harm is caused by its usage. The term implies a distinction between being "fully" Muslim and being moderate Muslim, and suggests that Muslims practicing complete/full Islam are dangerous, and that terrorism and extremism are the norm in the Islamic tradition. The writer Shireen Younus explains, "The qualifier of “moderate” suggests that there is something innately violent about Islam. It leads to the false conclusion that a small group of “moderates” is standing in opposition to a large swath of violent, ISIS-supporting radicals. This is simply not true because the reality is the complete opposite. When the media talks about “moderate Muslims”, they are perpetuating a dangerous narrative of Islam as a violent religion that is at odds with American society." The Doctor of Law Lorenzo G. Vidino describes the term as "inherently controversial, vague and subjective" and Muslim scholars such as Dr Debbie Almontaser have argued that Muslim populations predictably find the "moderate Muslim" label offensive. Adrian Cherney and Kristina Murphy argue that the categorisations of moderate/extremist are not neutral, and that their widespread deployment "deprives Muslims of the agency to define the parameters of the debate around counterterrorism and also the terms of reference through which they are labelled as either for or against terrorism." Although some Muslims do employ the use of such language, it is seen by others as further stigmatising Muslim communities and Islam. The Pakistani born journalist Sarfraz Manzoor also argues that the "moderate Muslim" label is offensive, as he believes that it implies ordinary Islam is not inherently peaceful. Others believe that it implies that "moderate Muslims" are not "fully Muslim", or that the term equivalates "progressive" or "secular" with "moderate". Others, such as Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (in response to the Saudi Crown Prince's ‘moderate Islam’ pledge) reject the term as a Western notion stating that there is only one Islam. The general criticism of this term is that it implies that the "Islam" and "Muslim" refer to something inherently violent, giving the impression that they need an adjective ("moderate") to assure otherwise. French researcher of religious extremism Olivier Roy also points out the difficulties of focusing on "moderate" Islam or Islamic reformation as a means of fighting terrorism. In an interview in with Qantara he stated: Radicals are not "mainstream" Muslims who went astray after studying the Koran and Islamic theology. You donʹt become a terrorist because you listen to a Salafist preacher ... (radicalisation occurs less in mosques than in jail). They donʹt choose radicalism (either religious or political) because of their theological studies: they want radicalism. Even if other people succeed in reforming Islam, it wonʹt change the mind of the radicals. ... no revealed religion is moderate: all religions state that, as Pope Benedict said, there is a non-negotiable truth. And the idea that any reform is "liberal" is nonsense: Luther and Calvin were not liberal (indeed, the former showed anti-Semitic tendencies). Of course Protestantism provided the theological basis for political reform, but also for racism (apartheid is strongly entrenched in Calvinist theology). Secularists tend to consider that a moderate believer is somebody who believes moderately: but that is not the definition of moderation for believers; moderation for them is not about beliefs, but about accepting life in a secular society, even if they stick to conservative values. That is exactly what Muslims are learning to do. Related branches of Islam Liberalism and progressivism within Islam is sometimes seen as a subset of moderate orientations of Islam, while other moderate views may be conservative. Moderate islamism Moderate islam should not be confused with moderate islamism. Before the 2008 Egypt election, the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood was described as moderate Islamists in comparisons to the more radical Islamists in the country's Salafist party, although the movement has always taken a stand against secularism, it has been banned in the country and later has been classified as a terrorist organization by several countries. The Ennahdha Party of Tunisia has been described as a moderate Islamist party since the 1980s, when it advocated a "Tunisian" form of Islamism recognizing democracy, political pluralism and a "dialogue" with the West. In 2011, a spokesman for the party described it as moderate Islamic rather than Islamistic, since it does not want a theocracy. See also Cultural muslim Moderate Wasatiyyah (Islamic term) Enlightened moderation Euroislam Islam and modernity Islamic modernism Liberalism and progressivism within Islam Liberal Catholicism Moderate, a middle position in a left/right political scale Moderation, the process of eliminating or lessening extremes. Pacifism in Islam Peace in Islamic philosophy References ^ Khan, M. A. Muqtedar, ed. (2007). Debating Moderate Islam: The Geopolitics of Islam and the West. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press. ^ a b Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2015). The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qurʼānic Principle of Wasaṭiyyah. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022683-1. ^ Moderation in Islam: In the Contex of Muslim Community in Singapore : a Compilation of Working Papers Presented in the PERGAS Ulama Convention 2003, Held on 13th and 14th September 2003, which Carried the Theme of Moderation in Islam. PERGAS. 2004. ISBN 9789810510329. ^ Hashem, Ahmad Omar (1999). Moderation in Islam. United Printing Publishing and Distributing. p. 177. ^ "Views of ISIS Topline". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2019. ^ "U.S. Muslims are concerned about extremism in name of Islam". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 22 August 2019. ^ "Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism". Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2019. ^ a b Younus, Shireen. "I Am Not a Moderate Muslim". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 12 September 2017. ^ Vidino, Lorenzo (2010). The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West. p. 12. ^ Why Dr. Debbie Almontaser finds being called a "moderate Muslim" offensive, retrieved 22 August 2019 ^ Cherney, Adrian; Murphy, Kristina (3 May 2016). "What does it mean to be a moderate Muslim in the war on terror? Muslim interpretations and reactions". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 9 (2): 159–181. doi:10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105. ISSN 1753-9153. S2CID 147276791. ^ Corbett, Rosemary R. (2016). Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the "Ground Zero Mosque" Controversy. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804791281. ^ a b c Manzoor, Sarfraz (16 March 2015). "Can we drop the term 'moderate Muslim'? It's meaningless". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2017. ^ Chulov, Martin (24 October 2017). "I will return Saudi Arabia to moderate Islam, says crown prince". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 August 2019. ^ Erdoğan criticizes Saudi Crown Prince’s ‘moderate Islam’ pledge, Hurriyet, 10 Nov 2017 ^ Roy, Olivier; Güvercin, Eren (19 July 2018). "They love death as we love life: jihad and the roots of terror". qantara.de. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ Robert S. Leiken, Steven Brooke, The moderate muslim brotherhood, Archived 15 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, the thinktank Council on Foreign Relations March/April 2007 ^ Merley, Steven (13 October 2014). "Tunisian Muslim Brotherhood Leader Speaks In Washington; Rachid Ghannouchi Has Long History Of Extremism And Support For Terrorism". Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch. Retrieved 18 October 2016. ^ ""We do not want a theocracy" (Wir wollen keinen Gottesstaat)". Deutschlandradio Kultur (in German). 18 May 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Moderate Muslim. The Plight of the Hypocrites The Mix of Disbelieving People Cherney, Adrian; Murphy, Kristina (11 January 2016). "What does it mean to be a moderate Muslim in the war on terror? Muslim interpretations and reactions". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 9 (2): 159–181. doi:10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105. S2CID 147276791. Corbett, Rosemary R. Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the "Ground Zero Mosque" Controversy. Stanford University Press, 2016.	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Those terms are used in the Quran, such as to describe the Muslim community:[2][3][4]And thus we have made you a wasat (moderate) community that you will be witnesses over the people.— Al-Baqara, 2: 143Moderate views, in the first sense, are widespread according to opinion polls. A majority in eleven Sunni Muslim countries is very negative towards the Islamic State.[5] Moderate perceptions are especially common among Muslims in the Western world, such as Euroislam. Of US Muslims, 82 percent (2017) are concerned about Muslim global extremism,[6] 81 percent believe that suicide bombing can never be justified, and 48 percent believe Muslim leaders have not done enough to prevent extremism (2011).[7]","title":"Moderate Muslim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shireen Younus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shireen_Younus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iamnot-8"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo G. Vidino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_G._Vidino"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Debbie Almontaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Almontaser"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Adrian Cherney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Cherney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kristina Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristina_Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sarfraz Manzoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarfraz_Manzoor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-droptheterm-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-droptheterm-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-droptheterm-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iamnot-8"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Saudi Crown Prince's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Olivier Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(political_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy_19_July_2018-16"}],"text":"Several Muslim scholars and leaders have made objections to the term \"moderate Islam\", and argued harm is caused by its usage.The term implies a distinction between being \"fully\" Muslim and being moderate Muslim, and suggests that Muslims practicing complete/full Islam are dangerous, and that terrorism and extremism are the norm in the Islamic tradition. The writer Shireen Younus explains, \"The qualifier of “moderate” suggests that there is something innately violent about Islam. It leads to the false conclusion that a small group of “moderates” is standing in opposition to a large swath of violent, ISIS-supporting radicals. This is simply not true because the reality is the complete opposite. When the media talks about “moderate Muslims”, they are perpetuating a dangerous narrative of Islam as a violent religion that is at odds with American society.\"[8]The Doctor of Law Lorenzo G. Vidino describes the term as \"inherently controversial, vague and subjective\"[9] and Muslim scholars such as Dr Debbie Almontaser have argued that Muslim populations predictably find the \"moderate Muslim\" label offensive.[10]Adrian Cherney and Kristina Murphy argue that the categorisations of moderate/extremist are not neutral, and that their widespread deployment \"deprives Muslims of the agency to define the parameters of the debate around counterterrorism and also the terms of reference through which they are labelled as either for or against terrorism.\"[11] Although some Muslims do employ the use of such language, it is seen by others as further stigmatising Muslim communities and Islam.[12]The Pakistani born journalist Sarfraz Manzoor also argues that the \"moderate Muslim\" label is offensive, as he believes that it implies ordinary Islam is not inherently peaceful.[13] Others believe that it implies that \"moderate Muslims\" are not \"fully Muslim\",[13] or that the term equivalates \"progressive\" or \"secular\" with \"moderate\".[13][8] Others, such as Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (in response to the Saudi Crown Prince's ‘moderate Islam’ pledge[14]) reject the term as a Western notion stating that there is only one Islam.[15]The general criticism of this term is that it implies that the \"Islam\" and \"Muslim\" refer to something inherently violent, giving the impression that they need an adjective (\"moderate\") to assure otherwise.French researcher of religious extremism Olivier Roy also points out the difficulties of focusing on \"moderate\" Islam or Islamic reformation as a means of fighting terrorism. In an interview in with Qantara he stated:Radicals are not \"mainstream\" Muslims who went astray after studying the Koran and Islamic theology. You donʹt become a terrorist because you listen to a Salafist preacher ... (radicalisation occurs less in mosques than in jail). They donʹt choose radicalism (either religious or political) because of their theological studies: they want radicalism. Even if other people succeed in reforming Islam, it wonʹt change the mind of the radicals.\n... no revealed religion is moderate: all religions state that, as Pope Benedict said, there is a non-negotiable truth. And the idea that any reform is \"liberal\" is nonsense: Luther and Calvin were not liberal (indeed, the former showed anti-Semitic tendencies). Of course Protestantism provided the theological basis for political reform, but also for racism (apartheid is strongly entrenched in Calvinist theology). \nSecularists tend to consider that a moderate believer is somebody who believes moderately: but that is not the definition of moderation for believers; moderation for them is not about beliefs, but about accepting life in a secular society, even if they stick to conservative values. That is exactly what Muslims are learning to do.[16]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberalism and progressivism within Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)"}],"text":"Liberalism and progressivism within Islam is sometimes seen as a subset of moderate orientations of Islam, while other moderate views may be conservative.","title":"Related branches of Islam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"islamism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"Muslim Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Salafist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ennahdha Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennahdha_Party"},{"link_name":"Islamism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMBDW-2014-18"},{"link_name":"theocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Moderate islamism","text":"Moderate islam should not be confused with moderate islamism. Before the 2008 Egypt election, the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood was described as moderate Islamists in comparisons to the more radical Islamists in the country's Salafist party,[17] although the movement has always taken a stand against secularism, it has been banned in the country and later has been classified as a terrorist organization by several countries.[citation needed]The Ennahdha Party of Tunisia has been described as a moderate Islamist party since the 1980s, when it advocated a \"Tunisian\" form of Islamism recognizing democracy, political pluralism and a \"dialogue\" with the West.[18] In 2011, a spokesman for the party described it as moderate Islamic rather than Islamistic, since it does not want a theocracy.[19]","title":"Related branches of Islam"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cultural muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_muslim"},{"title":"Moderate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate"},{"title":"Wasatiyyah (Islamic term)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasatiyyah_(Islamic_term)"},{"title":"Enlightened moderation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_moderation"},{"title":"Euroislam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroislam"},{"title":"Islam and modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_modernity"},{"title":"Islamic modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism"},{"title":"Liberalism and progressivism within Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam"},{"title":"Liberal Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism"},{"title":"Moderate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate"},{"title":"Moderation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderation"},{"title":"Pacifism in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam"},{"title":"Peace in Islamic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy"}]	[{"reference":"Khan, M. A. Muqtedar, ed. (2007). Debating Moderate Islam: The Geopolitics of Islam and the West. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Muqtedar_Khan","url_text":"Khan, M. A. Muqtedar"}]},{"reference":"Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2015). The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qurʼānic Principle of Wasaṭiyyah. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022683-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HffzCAAAQBAJ&q=Moderation+in+Islam","url_text":"The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qurʼānic Principle of Wasaṭiyyah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022683-1","url_text":"978-0-19-022683-1"}]},{"reference":"Moderation in Islam: In the Contex[t] of Muslim Community in Singapore : a Compilation of Working Papers Presented in the PERGAS Ulama Convention 2003, Held on 13th and 14th September 2003, which Carried the Theme of Moderation in Islam. PERGAS. 2004. ISBN 9789810510329.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R__XAAAAMAAJ&q=Moderation","url_text":"Moderation in Islam: In the Contex[t] of Muslim Community in Singapore : a Compilation of Working Papers Presented in the PERGAS Ulama Convention 2003, Held on 13th and 14th September 2003, which Carried the Theme of Moderation in Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810510329","url_text":"9789810510329"}]},{"reference":"Hashem, Ahmad Omar (1999). Moderation in Islam. United Printing Publishing and Distributing. p. 177.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EGnltQEACAAJ&q=Moderation+in+Islam","url_text":"Moderation in Islam"}]},{"reference":"\"Views of ISIS Topline\". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/11/17/views-of-isis-topline/","url_text":"\"Views of ISIS Topline\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Muslims are concerned about extremism in name of Islam\". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 22 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/14/like-most-americans-u-s-muslims-concerned-about-extremism-in-the-name-of-islam/","url_text":"\"U.S. Muslims are concerned about extremism in name of Islam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism\". Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/muslim-americans-no-signs-of-growth-in-alienation-or-support-for-extremism/","url_text":"\"Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism\""}]},{"reference":"Younus, Shireen. \"I Am Not a Moderate Muslim\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/10/younus-i-am-not-a-moderate-muslim/","url_text":"\"I Am Not a Moderate Muslim\""}]},{"reference":"Vidino, Lorenzo (2010). The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Why Dr. Debbie Almontaser finds being called a \"moderate Muslim\" offensive, retrieved 22 August 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/religioussocialism/why-dr-debbie-almontaser-finds-being-called-a-moderate-muslim-offensive","url_text":"Why Dr. Debbie Almontaser finds being called a \"moderate Muslim\" offensive"}]},{"reference":"Cherney, Adrian; Murphy, Kristina (3 May 2016). \"What does it mean to be a moderate Muslim in the war on terror? Muslim interpretations and reactions\". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 9 (2): 159–181. doi:10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105. ISSN 1753-9153. S2CID 147276791.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17539153.2015.1120105","url_text":"10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1753-9153","url_text":"1753-9153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147276791","url_text":"147276791"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Rosemary R. (2016). Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the \"Ground Zero Mosque\" Controversy. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804791281.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23704","url_text":"Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the \"Ground Zero Mosque\" Controversy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804791281","url_text":"9780804791281"}]},{"reference":"Manzoor, Sarfraz (16 March 2015). \"Can we drop the term 'moderate Muslim'? It's meaningless\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/16/moderate-muslim-devout-liberal-religion","url_text":"\"Can we drop the term 'moderate Muslim'? It's meaningless\""}]},{"reference":"Chulov, Martin (24 October 2017). \"I will return Saudi Arabia to moderate Islam, says crown prince\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/i-will-return-saudi-arabia-moderate-islam-crown-prince","url_text":"\"I will return Saudi Arabia to moderate Islam, says crown prince\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Olivier; Güvercin, Eren (19 July 2018). \"They love death as we love life: jihad and the roots of terror\". qantara.de. Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-french-extremism-researcher-olivier-roy-they-love-death-as-we-love-life-jihad","url_text":"\"They love death as we love life: jihad and the roots of terror\""}]},{"reference":"Merley, Steven (13 October 2014). \"Tunisian Muslim Brotherhood Leader Speaks In Washington; Rachid Ghannouchi Has Long History Of Extremism And Support For Terrorism\". Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch. Retrieved 18 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalmbwatch.com/2014/10/13/tunisian-muslim-brotherhood-leader-speaks-washington-rachid-ghannouchi-long-history-extremism-support-terrorism/","url_text":"\"Tunisian Muslim Brotherhood Leader Speaks In Washington; Rachid Ghannouchi Has Long History Of Extremism And Support For Terrorism\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"We do not want a theocracy\" (Wir wollen keinen Gottesstaat)\". Deutschlandradio Kultur (in German). 18 May 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dradio.de/dkultur/sendungen/thema/1461396/","url_text":"\"\"We do not want a theocracy\" (Wir wollen keinen Gottesstaat)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandradio_Kultur","url_text":"Deutschlandradio Kultur"}]},{"reference":"Cherney, Adrian; Murphy, Kristina (11 January 2016). \"What does it mean to be a moderate Muslim in the war on terror? Muslim interpretations and reactions\". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 9 (2): 159–181. doi:10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105. S2CID 147276791.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17539153.2015.1120105","url_text":"10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147276791","url_text":"147276791"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Rosemary R. Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the \"Ground Zero Mosque\" Controversy. Stanford University Press, 2016.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF","external_links_name":"اقتصاد"},{"Link":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF","external_links_name":"قصد"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HffzCAAAQBAJ&q=Moderation+in+Islam","external_links_name":"The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qurʼānic Principle of Wasaṭiyyah"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R__XAAAAMAAJ&q=Moderation","external_links_name":"Moderation in Islam: In the Contex[t] of Muslim Community in Singapore : a Compilation of Working Papers Presented in the PERGAS Ulama Convention 2003, Held on 13th and 14th September 2003, which Carried the Theme of Moderation in Islam"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EGnltQEACAAJ&q=Moderation+in+Islam","external_links_name":"Moderation in Islam"},{"Link":"https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/11/17/views-of-isis-topline/","external_links_name":"\"Views of ISIS Topline\""},{"Link":"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/14/like-most-americans-u-s-muslims-concerned-about-extremism-in-the-name-of-islam/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Muslims are concerned about extremism in name of Islam\""},{"Link":"https://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/muslim-americans-no-signs-of-growth-in-alienation-or-support-for-extremism/","external_links_name":"\"Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/10/younus-i-am-not-a-moderate-muslim/","external_links_name":"\"I Am Not a Moderate Muslim\""},{"Link":"https://soundcloud.com/religioussocialism/why-dr-debbie-almontaser-finds-being-called-a-moderate-muslim-offensive","external_links_name":"Why Dr. Debbie Almontaser finds being called a \"moderate Muslim\" offensive"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17539153.2015.1120105","external_links_name":"10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1753-9153","external_links_name":"1753-9153"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147276791","external_links_name":"147276791"},{"Link":"http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23704","external_links_name":"Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the \"Ground Zero Mosque\" Controversy"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/16/moderate-muslim-devout-liberal-religion","external_links_name":"\"Can we drop the term 'moderate Muslim'? It's meaningless\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/i-will-return-saudi-arabia-moderate-islam-crown-prince","external_links_name":"\"I will return Saudi Arabia to moderate Islam, says crown prince\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-criticizes-saudi-crown-princes-moderate-islam-pledge-122262","external_links_name":"Erdoğan criticizes Saudi Crown Prince’s ‘moderate Islam’ pledge"},{"Link":"https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-french-extremism-researcher-olivier-roy-they-love-death-as-we-love-life-jihad","external_links_name":"\"They love death as we love life: jihad and the roots of terror\""},{"Link":"http://www.cfr.org/religion/moderate-muslim-brotherhood/p12707","external_links_name":"The moderate muslim brotherhood"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215220510/http://www.cfr.org/religion/moderate-muslim-brotherhood/p12707","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.globalmbwatch.com/2014/10/13/tunisian-muslim-brotherhood-leader-speaks-washington-rachid-ghannouchi-long-history-extremism-support-terrorism/","external_links_name":"\"Tunisian Muslim Brotherhood Leader Speaks In Washington; Rachid Ghannouchi Has Long History Of Extremism And Support For Terrorism\""},{"Link":"http://www.dradio.de/dkultur/sendungen/thema/1461396/","external_links_name":"\"\"We do not want a theocracy\" (Wir wollen keinen Gottesstaat)\""},{"Link":"http://www.quranicpath.com/quranicpath/plight_hypocrites.html","external_links_name":"The Plight of the Hypocrites"},{"Link":"http://www.quranicpath.com/quranicpath/disbelieving_mix.html","external_links_name":"The Mix of Disbelieving People"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17539153.2015.1120105","external_links_name":"10.1080/17539153.2015.1120105"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147276791","external_links_name":"147276791"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soering_v._United_Kingdom	Soering v United Kingdom	["1 Background","2 Judgement","2.1 European Commission of Human Rights","2.2 European Court of Human Rights","3 Aftermath","4 Significance","5 Bibliography","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	1989 European Court of Human Rights ruling Soering v United Kingdom 161 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1989) is a landmark judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) which established that extradition of a German national to the United States to face charges of capital murder and their potential exposure to the death row phenomenon violated Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) guaranteeing the right against inhuman and degrading treatment. In addition to the precedent established by the judgment, the judgment specifically resulted in the United States and the State of Virginia committing to not seeking the death penalty against the German national involved in the case, and he was eventually extradited to the United States. Background The applicant, Jens Söring, is a German national, born in 1966, who was brought by his parents to the United States at age 11. In 1984, he was an 18-year-old Echols Scholar at the University of Virginia, where he became good friends with Elizabeth Haysom, a Canadian national two years his elder. Haysom's parents, William Reginald Haysom and Nancy Astor Haysom, lived 65 miles (105 km) from the university, in the then unincorporated hamlet of Boonsboro, in Bedford County, Virginia. According to the account provided later to local police, Söring and Elizabeth Haysom decided to kill Haysom's parents; and, to divert suspicion, they rented a car in Charlottesville and drove to Washington D.C. On 30 March 1985, Söring drove to the Haysom residence and dined with the unsuspecting couple. During or after dinner, he picked a quarrel and viciously attacked them with a knife. In April 1985, both were found with their throats slit and with stab and slash wounds to the neck and body. In October 1985, Söring and Elizabeth Haysom fled to Europe; and, on 30 April 1986, they were arrested in England, United Kingdom, on charges of cheque fraud. Six weeks later, a grand jury of the Circuit Court of Bedford County, Virginia, indicted Söring with the capital murder of the Haysoms, as well as their separate non-capital murders. On 11 August 1986, the United States requested extradition for the pair, based on the 1972 extradition treaty. A warrant was issued under section 8 of the Extradition Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 52) for the arrest of Söring, and he was committed to await the Home Secretary's order to extradite him to the United States. Söring filed a petition for habeas corpus with a divisional court and requested permission for judicial review of the decision to commit him, arguing that the Extradition Act 1870 did not permit extradition for a capital charge. He also cited article IV of the US-UK extradition treaty, which provides that an extradition request for a crime carrying the death penalty can be refused if the requesting country has not given "assurances that the death penalty will not be carried out". No specific assurance was given by the United States, or the State of Virginia, that prosecutors would not seek the death penalty or that Söring would not be executed. The UK government received only an undertaking from the Commonwealth Attorney of Bedford County to the effect that:- should Jens Söring be convicted of the offence of capital murder as charged in Bedford County, Virginia ... a representation will be made in the name of the United Kingdom to the judge at the time of sentencing that it is the wish of the United Kingdom that the death penalty should not be imposed or carried out. Söring contended that this assurance was worthless. The Virginia authorities later communicated to the UK government that they would not offer further assurances, as they intended to seek the death penalty against Söring. On 11 December 1987, Lord Justice Lloyd in the divisional court admitted that the assurance "leaves something to be desired" but refused the request for judicial review, stating that Söring's request was premature, as the Home Secretary had not yet accepted the assurance. Söring appealed to the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, which rejected his claim on 30 June 1988. He then petitioned the Home Secretary without success, the latter permitting the extradition on 3 August 1988. Anticipating this outcome, Söring had filed a claim with the European Commission of Human Rights (ECHR) on 9 July 1988, asserting that he would face inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights ("the Convention") were he to be extradited to the US, it being likely that the death penalty would be applied. Söring's arguments that the use by a non-Convention State of the death penalty would engage the right to life were novel, in that Article 2(1) of the Convention expressly permits the use of the death penalty, and Article 3 had never been interpreted to bring the death penalty, per se, within the prohibition of "inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". The applicant, therefore, sought to make it clear that this was not the simple application of a punishment prescribed by law, but rather his exposure to the death row phenomenon, where he would be kept in detention for an unknown period, awaiting execution. The ECHR requested that no extradition take place pending the deliverance of its judgment. Judgement European Commission of Human Rights Söring's application was declared admissible on 10 November 1988, and the European Commission of Human Rights gave its judgment on 19 January 1989. It decided, by six votes to five, that in this particular case the extradition would not constitute inhuman or degrading treatment. It did, however, accept that the extradition of a person to a country "where it is certain or where there is a serious risk that the person will be subjected to torture or inhuman treatment the deportation or extradition would, in itself, under such circumstances constitute inhuman treatment." European Court of Human Rights On 7 July 1989, the ECHR handed down a unanimous judgment affirming the commission's conclusion that Article 3 could be engaged by the extradition process and that the extraditing state could be responsible for the breach where it is aware of a real risk that the person may be subject to inhuman or degrading treatment. Amnesty International intervened in the case and submitted that, in the light of "evolving standards in Western Europe regarding the existence and use of the death penalty", this punishment should be considered as inhuman and degrading and was therefore effectively prohibited by Article 3. This was not accepted by the ECHR, as the Convention does allow for the death penalty's use in certain circumstances. It followed that Article 3 could not stand in the way of the extradition of a suspect simply because they might be subject to the death penalty. However, even if the extradition itself would not constitute a breach of Article 3, such factors as the execution method, the detainee's personal circumstances, the sentence's disproportionality to the gravity of the crime, and conditions of detention could all violate Article 3. To answer this question, the Court had to determine whether there was a "real risk" of Söring's being executed. The Court found that it cannot be said that the undertaking to inform the judge at the sentencing stage of the wishes of the United Kingdom eliminates the risk of the death penalty being imposed. the Commonwealth’s Attorney has himself decided to seek and to persist in seeking the death penalty because the evidence, in his determination, supports such action If the national authority with responsibility for prosecuting the offence takes such a firm stance, it is hardly open to the Court to hold that there are no substantial grounds for believing that the applicant faces a real risk of being sentenced to death. Departing from the commission's ruling, the ECHR concluded that the "death row phenomenon" did breach Article 3. They highlighted four factors that contributed to the violation: The length of detention prior to execution Conditions on death row Söring's age and mental condition The possibility of his extradition to Germany As the ECtHR concluded: aving regard to the very long period of time spent on death row in such extreme conditions, with the ever present and mounting anguish of awaiting execution of the death penalty, and to the personal circumstances of the applicant, especially his age and mental state at the time of the offence, the applicant's extradition to the United States would expose him to a real risk of treatment going beyond the threshold set by Article 3. A further consideration of relevance is that in the particular instance the legitimate purpose of extradition could be achieved by another means , which would not involve suffering of such exceptional intensity or duration. Aftermath The UK government obtained further assurances from the US regarding the death penalty before extraditing Söring to Virginia. He was tried and convicted of the first degree murders of the Haysoms and, on 4 September 1990, sentenced to two consecutive life terms. He served his sentence at the Buckingham Correctional Center in Dillwyn, Virginia. In 2019 he was paroled and deported to Germany. Elizabeth Haysom did not contest her extradition from the UK and pleaded guilty to conspiring to kill her parents. On 6 October 1987, the court sentenced her to 45-years-per-count to be served consecutively. She was incarcerated at the Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women until her parole and deportation to her native Canada in February 2020. Significance Soering v. United Kingdom is important in four respects: It enlarges the scope of a state's responsibility for breaches of the convention. A signatory State must now consider consequences of returning an individual to a third country where he might face treatment that breaches the convention. This is notwithstanding that the ill-treatment may be beyond its control, or even that general assurances have been provided that no ill-treatment will take place. By finding a breach of the convention on the territory of a non-signatory State, the Court considerably expanded the obligation to its signatory States. Not only are signatories responsible for consequences of extradition suffered outside their jurisdiction, but this jurisdiction implicitly extends to actions in non-signatory States. The convention also overrides agreements concluded with such States. The rationale of the Court's judgment applies equally to deportation cases, where other articles of the Convention may apply, such as Article 6 (right to a fair trial), as seen in Othman (Abu Qatada) v. United Kingdom (2012). The Court's approach to the death penalty, itself permitted by the text of the original Convention, may reduce its use by non-signatory States that seek to extradite suspects from signatory States. The decision makes it difficult, if not impossible, for the US and other capital punishment countries to extradite suspects on capital charges from signatory States, without giving assurances that the death penalty will not be executed. Bibliography Lillich, Richard B. (January 1991). "The Soering Case". The American Journal of International Law. 85 (1): 128–149. doi:10.1017/S0002930000011398. JSTOR 2203565. S2CID 181800709. See also Restrictions on extraditions Death row phenomenon European Convention on Human Rights References ^ Burleson, Elizabeth (23 September 2005). "Juvenile execution, terrorist extradition, and supreme court discretion to consider international death penalty jurisprudence". Albany Law Review. ^ Sachs, Andrea (4 March 1991). "A Fate Better Than Death". Time. United States of America. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2008. ^ Conley, Jay (3 April 2005). "Haysom murders, 20 years ago today: blood sweat and convictions: Starting in 1985, the Haysom double murder case ranged from Virginia to England and ignited a three-year legal battle". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved 5 January 2008. ^ Collyer, Michael (2005). Forced Migration and Global Processes: A View from Forced Migration Studies (Program in Migration and Refugee Studies). Lexington books. ISBN 0-7391-1276-7. ^ Sizemore, Bill (18 February 2007). "No Hope for Jens Soering". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 5 January 2008. ^ Signs of the Times (September 2003). "Glimpses from Inside". Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008. External links Soering v. the United Kingdom, application no. 14038/88	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_decision"},{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"extradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"capital murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"death row phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"Article 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_3_ECHR"},{"link_name":"European Convention on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albany-1"},{"link_name":"State of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"}],"text":"Soering v United Kingdom 161 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1989) is a landmark judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) which established that extradition of a German national to the United States to face charges of capital murder and their potential exposure to the death row phenomenon violated Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) guaranteeing the right against inhuman and degrading treatment.[1] In addition to the precedent established by the judgment, the judgment specifically resulted in the United States and the State of Virginia committing to not seeking the death penalty against the German national involved in the case, and he was eventually extradited to the United States.","title":"Soering v United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jens Söring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_S%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Haysom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Haysom"},{"link_name":"Bedford County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cheque fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheque_fraud"},{"link_name":"grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury"},{"link_name":"Bedford County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"capital murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_murder"},{"link_name":"Extradition Act 1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition_Act_1870"},{"link_name":"33 & 34 Vict.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_%26_34_Vict."},{"link_name":"committed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committal_procedure"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"divisional court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisional_court_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"judicial review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Review_in_English_Law"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Bedford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Lord Justice Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Judicial Committee of the House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"European Commission of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"inhuman or degrading treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment"},{"link_name":"death row phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row_phenomenon"}],"text":"The applicant, Jens Söring, is a German national, born in 1966, who was brought by his parents to the United States at age 11. In 1984, he was an 18-year-old Echols Scholar at the University of Virginia, where he became good friends with Elizabeth Haysom, a Canadian national two years his elder.Haysom's parents, William Reginald Haysom and Nancy Astor Haysom, lived 65 miles (105 km) from the university, in the then unincorporated hamlet of Boonsboro, in Bedford County, Virginia. According to the account provided later to local police, Söring and Elizabeth Haysom decided to kill Haysom's parents; and, to divert suspicion, they rented a car in Charlottesville and drove to Washington D.C. On 30 March 1985, Söring drove to the Haysom residence and dined with the unsuspecting couple. During or after dinner, he picked a quarrel and viciously attacked them with a knife. In April 1985, both were found with their throats slit and with stab and slash wounds to the neck and body.[2][3]In October 1985, Söring and Elizabeth Haysom fled to Europe; and, on 30 April 1986, they were arrested in England, United Kingdom, on charges of cheque fraud. Six weeks later, a grand jury of the Circuit Court of Bedford County, Virginia, indicted Söring with the capital murder of the Haysoms, as well as their separate non-capital murders. On 11 August 1986, the United States requested extradition for the pair, based on the 1972 extradition treaty. A warrant was issued under section 8 of the Extradition Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 52) for the arrest of Söring, and he was committed to await the Home Secretary's order to extradite him to the United States.Söring filed a petition for habeas corpus with a divisional court and requested permission for judicial review of the decision to commit him, arguing that the Extradition Act 1870 did not permit extradition for a capital charge. He also cited article IV of the US-UK extradition treaty, which provides that an extradition request for a crime carrying the death penalty can be refused if the requesting country has not given \"assurances [...] that the death penalty will not be carried out\". No specific assurance was given by the United States, or the State of Virginia, that prosecutors would not seek the death penalty or that Söring would not be executed. The UK government received only an undertaking from the Commonwealth Attorney of Bedford County to the effect that:-should Jens Söring be convicted of the offence of capital murder as charged in Bedford County, Virginia ... a representation will be made in the name of the United Kingdom to the judge at the time of sentencing that it is the wish of the United Kingdom that the death penalty should not be imposed or carried out.Söring contended that this assurance was worthless. The Virginia authorities later communicated to the UK government that they would not offer further assurances, as they intended to seek the death penalty against Söring.On 11 December 1987, Lord Justice Lloyd in the divisional court admitted that the assurance \"leaves something to be desired\" but refused the request for judicial review, stating that Söring's request was premature, as the Home Secretary had not yet accepted the assurance.Söring appealed to the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, which rejected his claim on 30 June 1988. He then petitioned the Home Secretary without success, the latter permitting the extradition on 3 August 1988.Anticipating this outcome, Söring had filed a claim with the European Commission of Human Rights (ECHR) on 9 July 1988, asserting that he would face inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (\"the Convention\") were he to be extradited to the US, it being likely that the death penalty would be applied.Söring's arguments that the use by a non-Convention State of the death penalty would engage the right to life were novel, in that Article 2(1) of the Convention expressly permits the use of the death penalty, and Article 3 had never been interpreted to bring the death penalty, per se, within the prohibition of \"inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment\". The applicant, therefore, sought to make it clear that this was not the simple application of a punishment prescribed by law, but rather his exposure to the death row phenomenon, where he would be kept in detention for an unknown period, awaiting execution. The ECHR requested that no extradition take place pending the deliverance of its judgment.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Judgement"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"European Commission of Human Rights","text":"Söring's application was declared admissible on 10 November 1988, and the European Commission of Human Rights gave its judgment on 19 January 1989. It decided, by six votes to five, that in this particular case the extradition would not constitute inhuman or degrading treatment. It did, however, accept that the extradition of a person to a country \"where it is certain or where there is a serious risk that the person will be subjected to torture or inhuman treatment the deportation or extradition would, in itself, under such circumstances constitute inhuman treatment.\"","title":"Judgement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"}],"sub_title":"European Court of Human Rights","text":"On 7 July 1989, the ECHR handed down a unanimous judgment affirming the commission's conclusion that Article 3 could be engaged by the extradition process and that the extraditing state could be responsible for the breach where it is aware of a real risk that the person may be subject to inhuman or degrading treatment.[4] Amnesty International intervened in the case and submitted that, in the light of \"evolving standards in Western Europe regarding the existence and use of the death penalty\", this punishment should be considered as inhuman and degrading and was therefore effectively prohibited by Article 3. This was not accepted by the ECHR, as the Convention does allow for the death penalty's use in certain circumstances. It followed that Article 3 could not stand in the way of the extradition of a suspect simply because they might be subject to the death penalty.However, even if the extradition itself would not constitute a breach of Article 3, such factors as the execution method, the detainee's personal circumstances, the sentence's disproportionality to the gravity of the crime, and conditions of detention could all violate Article 3. To answer this question, the Court had to determine whether there was a \"real risk\" of Söring's being executed. The Court found thatit cannot be said that the undertaking to inform the judge at the sentencing stage of the wishes of the United Kingdom eliminates the risk of the death penalty being imposed. [...] the Commonwealth’s Attorney has himself decided to seek and to persist in seeking the death penalty because the evidence, in his determination, supports such action [...] If the national authority with responsibility for prosecuting the offence takes such a firm stance, it is hardly open to the Court to hold that there are no substantial grounds for believing that the applicant faces a real risk of being sentenced to death.Departing from the commission's ruling, the ECHR concluded that the \"death row phenomenon\" did breach Article 3. They highlighted four factors that contributed to the violation:The length of detention prior to execution\nConditions on death row\nSöring's age and mental condition\nThe possibility of his extradition to GermanyAs the ECtHR concluded:[H]aving regard to the very long period of time spent on death row in such extreme conditions, with the ever present and mounting anguish of awaiting execution of the death penalty, and to the personal circumstances of the applicant, especially his age and mental state at the time of the offence, the applicant's extradition to the United States would expose him to a real risk of treatment going beyond the threshold set by Article 3. A further consideration of relevance is that in the particular instance the legitimate purpose of extradition could be achieved by another means [extradition or deportation to Germany], which would not involve suffering of such exceptional intensity or duration.","title":"Judgement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first degree murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_degree_murder"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Fluvanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvanna_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The UK government obtained further assurances from the US regarding the death penalty before extraditing Söring to Virginia. He was tried and convicted of the first degree murders of the Haysoms and, on 4 September 1990, sentenced to two consecutive life terms. He served his sentence at the Buckingham Correctional Center in Dillwyn, Virginia.[5] In 2019 he was paroled and deported to Germany.Elizabeth Haysom did not contest her extradition from the UK and pleaded guilty to conspiring to kill her parents. On 6 October 1987, the court sentenced her to 45-years-per-count to be served consecutively. She was incarcerated at the Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women until her parole and deportation to her native Canada in February 2020.[6]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation"},{"link_name":"right to a fair trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial"},{"link_name":"Othman (Abu Qatada) v. United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman_(Abu_Qatada)_v._United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Soering v. United Kingdom is important in four respects:It enlarges the scope of a state's responsibility for breaches of the convention. A signatory State must now consider consequences of returning an individual to a third country where he might face treatment that breaches the convention. This is notwithstanding that the ill-treatment may be beyond its control, or even that general assurances have been provided that no ill-treatment will take place.\nBy finding a breach of the convention on the territory of a non-signatory State, the Court considerably expanded the obligation to its signatory States. Not only are signatories responsible for consequences of extradition suffered outside their jurisdiction, but this jurisdiction implicitly extends to actions in non-signatory States. The convention also overrides agreements concluded with such States.\nThe rationale of the Court's judgment applies equally to deportation cases, where other articles of the Convention may apply, such as Article 6 (right to a fair trial), as seen in Othman (Abu Qatada) v. United Kingdom (2012).\nThe Court's approach to the death penalty, itself permitted by the text of the original Convention, may reduce its use by non-signatory States that seek to extradite suspects from signatory States. The decision makes it difficult, if not impossible, for the US and other capital punishment countries to extradite suspects on capital charges from signatory States, without giving assurances that the death penalty will not be executed.","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0002930000011398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0002930000011398"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2203565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2203565"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"181800709","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181800709"}],"text":"Lillich, Richard B. (January 1991). \"The Soering Case\". The American Journal of International Law. 85 (1): 128–149. doi:10.1017/S0002930000011398. JSTOR 2203565. S2CID 181800709.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Restrictions on extraditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition#Restrictions"},{"title":"Death row phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row_phenomenon"},{"title":"European Convention on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights"}]	[{"reference":"Lillich, Richard B. (January 1991). \"The Soering Case\". The American Journal of International Law. 85 (1): 128–149. doi:10.1017/S0002930000011398. JSTOR 2203565. S2CID 181800709.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0002930000011398","url_text":"10.1017/S0002930000011398"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2203565","url_text":"2203565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181800709","url_text":"181800709"}]},{"reference":"Burleson, Elizabeth (23 September 2005). \"Juvenile execution, terrorist extradition, and supreme court discretion to consider international death penalty jurisprudence\". Albany Law Review.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9574233_ITM","url_text":"\"Juvenile execution, terrorist extradition, and supreme court discretion to consider international death penalty jurisprudence\""}]},{"reference":"Sachs, Andrea (4 March 1991). \"A Fate Better Than Death\". Time. United States of America. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090702115429/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972429,00.html","url_text":"\"A Fate Better Than Death\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972429,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conley, Jay (3 April 2005). \"Haysom murders, 20 years ago today: blood sweat and convictions: Starting in 1985, the Haysom double murder case ranged from Virginia to England and ignited a three-year legal battle\". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved 5 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/xp-21202","url_text":"\"Haysom murders, 20 years ago today: blood sweat and convictions: Starting in 1985, the Haysom double murder case ranged from Virginia to England and ignited a three-year legal battle\""}]},{"reference":"Collyer, Michael (2005). Forced Migration and Global Processes: A View from Forced Migration Studies (Program in Migration and Refugee Studies). Lexington books. ISBN 0-7391-1276-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-1276-7","url_text":"0-7391-1276-7"}]},{"reference":"Sizemore, Bill (18 February 2007). \"No Hope for Jens Soering\". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 5 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jenssoering.com/no_hope","url_text":"\"No Hope for Jens Soering\""}]},{"reference":"Signs of the Times (September 2003). \"Glimpses from Inside\". Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071229081043/http://george.loper.org/trends/2003/Sep/925.html","url_text":"\"Glimpses from Inside\""},{"url":"http://george.loper.org/trends/2003/Sep/925.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0002930000011398","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0002930000011398"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2203565","external_links_name":"2203565"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181800709","external_links_name":"181800709"},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9574233_ITM","external_links_name":"\"Juvenile execution, terrorist extradition, and supreme court discretion to consider international death penalty jurisprudence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090702115429/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972429,00.html","external_links_name":"\"A Fate Better Than Death\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972429,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/xp-21202","external_links_name":"\"Haysom murders, 20 years ago today: blood sweat and convictions: Starting in 1985, the Haysom double murder case ranged from Virginia to England and ignited a three-year legal battle\""},{"Link":"http://www.jenssoering.com/no_hope","external_links_name":"\"No Hope for Jens Soering\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071229081043/http://george.loper.org/trends/2003/Sep/925.html","external_links_name":"\"Glimpses from Inside\""},{"Link":"http://george.loper.org/trends/2003/Sep/925.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001-57619","external_links_name":"Soering v. the United Kingdom, application no. 14038/88"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_(surname)	Bian (surname)	["1 Notable people named Bian","1.1 卞 Biàn","1.2 边 Biān","1.3 扁 Biǎn","2 See also","3 References"]	Family name Bian is the romanization of several Chinese surnames, including Biàn 卞, Biān 边, Biǎn 扁, Biàn 弁, Biàn 汴, etc. Biān 边 is the most common of these names, while Biàn 卞 is the second-most common. Notable people named Bian 卞 Biàn It is the 86th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem. As of 2018, it is the 269th most common surname in China. Bian He, discoverer of the Heshibi Empress Dowager Bian to Cao Cao Empress Bian to Cao Mao Empress Bian to Cao Huan Bian Zhilin, poet in 20th century Bian Zhongyun, deputy principal beaten to death with wooden sticks by a group of students during Beijing's Red August at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution Bian Yingui, physicist specializing in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics Bian Xiaoxuan, historian in Chinese literature Bian Liunian, Chinese musician, composer, and musical director Bian Jun, former Chinese international football player Bian Lan, retired Chinese basketball player Bian Ka, Chinese shot putter Bian Chuxian, singer and member of SNH48's Team SII 边 Biān It is the 313th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem. As of 2018, it is the 200th most common surname in China. Bian Zhang, official in the Eastern Han dynasty Queen Bian, empress of Western Qin Bian Hao, general of Southern Tang during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period Bian Jingzhao, painter in Ming Dynasty Bian Shoumin, painter in Qing Dynasty Bian Jinyang (边金阳; born 1993 in Heilongjiang, China) a Chinese author who published as a child Bian Jiang, Chinese voice actor Bian Hongmin, male Chinese volleyball player 扁 Biǎn Bian Que (real name Qin Yueren 秦越人), earliest known Chinese physician, according to semi-legends See also Bianzhou, old name for Kaifeng References ^ 中国最新300大姓排名（2008） (in Chinese). Taiwan.cn. 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2021-07-31. ^ a b K. S. Tom. (1989). Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends and Lore of the Middle Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1285-9. ^ 2018年最新百家姓氏排名 (in Chinese). 265o.com. 2018. Retrieved 2021-08-01. ^ 2018年最新百家姓氏排名 (in Chinese). 265o.com. 2018. Retrieved 2021-08-01.	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Bian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Bian"},{"link_name":"Cao Cao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Cao"},{"link_name":"Empress Bian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Bian_(Cao_Mao%27s_wife)"},{"link_name":"Cao Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Mao"},{"link_name":"Empress Bian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Bian_(Cao_Huan%27s_wife)"},{"link_name":"Cao Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Huan"},{"link_name":"Bian Zhilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_Zhilin"},{"link_name":"Bian Zhongyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_Zhongyun"},{"link_name":"Red August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_August"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bian Yingui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9E%E8%8D%AB%E8%B4%B5"},{"link_name":"fluid mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics"},{"link_name":"aerodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics"},{"link_name":"Bian Xiaoxuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9E%E5%AD%9D%E8%90%B1"},{"link_name":"Chinese literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature"},{"link_name":"Bian Liunian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_Liunian"},{"link_name":"Bian Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_Jun"},{"link_name":"Bian Lan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_Lan"},{"link_name":"Bian Ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_Ka"},{"link_name":"SNH48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNH48"}],"sub_title":"卞 Biàn","text":"It is the 86th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem.[2] As of 2018, it is the 269th most common surname in China.[3]Bian He, discoverer of the Heshibi\nEmpress Dowager Bian to Cao Cao\nEmpress Bian to Cao Mao\nEmpress Bian to Cao Huan\nBian Zhilin, poet in 20th century\nBian Zhongyun, deputy principal beaten to death with wooden sticks by a group of students during Beijing's Red August at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution\nBian Yingui, physicist specializing in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics\nBian Xiaoxuan, historian in Chinese literature\nBian Liunian, Chinese musician, composer, and musical director\nBian Jun, former Chinese international football player\nBian Lan, retired Chinese basketball player\nBian Ka, Chinese shot putter\nBian Chuxian, singer and member of SNH48's Team SII","title":"Notable people named Bian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hundred Family Surnames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Family_Surnames"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KS-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bian Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_Zhang"},{"link_name":"Eastern Han 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As of 2018, it is the 200th most common surname in China.[4]Bian Zhang, official in the Eastern Han dynasty\nQueen Bian, empress of Western Qin\nBian Hao, general of Southern Tang during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period\nBian Jingzhao, painter in Ming Dynasty\nBian Shoumin, painter in Qing Dynasty\nBian Jinyang (边金阳; born 1993 in Heilongjiang, China) a Chinese author who published as a child\nBian Jiang, Chinese voice actor\nBian Hongmin, male Chinese volleyball player","title":"Notable people named Bian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bian Que","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_Que"}],"sub_title":"扁 Biǎn","text":"Bian Que (real name Qin Yueren 秦越人), earliest known Chinese physician, according to semi-legends","title":"Notable people named Bian"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bianzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianzhou"},{"title":"Kaifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng"}]	[{"reference":"中国最新300大姓排名（2008） [300 most common surnames in China (2008)] (in 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fuchs	Joseph Fuchs	["1 References","2 Sources","3 External links"]	American violinist For the French illustrator, see Joseph Fuchs (1814–1888). For those of a similar name, see Josef Fuchs. Joseph Philip Fuchs (April 26, 1899 or 1900 – March 14, 1997) was one of the most important American violinists and teachers of the 20th century, and the brother of Lillian Fuchs. Born in New York, he graduated in 1918 from the Institute of Musical Art in New York where he studied with Franz Kneisel. In 1926 he was appointed concertmaster of the Cleveland Orchestra, but resigned in 1940 to pursue a solo career. After a successful New York début in 1943, he became co-founder of the Musicians’ Guild, a chamber music organization which he directed there until 1956. He toured extensively in Europe, appearing at the 1953 and 1954 Prades festivals, and in South America, the USSR, Israel and Japan; he also played as a soloist with every important orchestra in the USA. Joseph Fuchs performed a series of recitals with pianist Artur Balsam in 1956 for the Peabody Mason Concert series in Boston. A Ford Foundation grant in 1960 enabled him to commission Walter Piston’s Second Violin Concerto, the première of which he gave that year in Pittsburgh. Fuchs also gave the first performances of concertos by Lopatnikoff (1944–5), Ben Weber (1954) and Mario Peragallo (1955); of Martinů’s Madrigals for violin and viola, dedicated to Fuchs and his sister Lillian (1947); of the revised version of Vaughan Williams’s Violin Sonata, with Artur Balsam (1969); and of the posthumous American première of Martinů’s Sonata for two violins and piano (1974). Fuchs became a violin professor at the Juilliard School of Music in 1946, and in 1971 he received the Artist Teacher’s Award from the American String Teachers’ Association. Fuchs died in Manhattan in 1997. He played the “Cádiz Stradivarius” violin of 1722. His style of playing was vigorous and large-scaled, with a masterful technique and a rich, warm tone. A clear example of all this may be heard in his recording of Stravinsky's Duo Concertant (Decca, with Leo Smit). References ^ Boston Globe, 24-Feb-1956, John Wm. Riley, "Fuchs and Balsam in Beethoven sonatas" Sources J. Creighton: Discopaedia of the Violin, 1889–1971 (Toronto, 1974), 226ff D. Rooney and R.D. Lawrence: ‘Joseph Fuchs’, The Strad, xcix (1988), 896–904 M. Campbell: Obituary, The Independent (18 March 1997) External links Joseph Fuchs, 97, a Violinist and Teacher Obituary in The New York Times, March 17, 1997 David Dubal interview with Joseph Fuchs on YouTube, WNCN-FM, 19-Feb-1982 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Fuchs (1814–1888)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fuchs_(1814%E2%80%931888)"},{"link_name":"Josef Fuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Fuchs_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"violinists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"Lillian Fuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Fuchs"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Franz Kneisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kneisel"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"chamber music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"},{"link_name":"Peabody Mason Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Mason_Concert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Walter Piston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Piston"},{"link_name":"Second Violin Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._2_(Piston)"},{"link_name":"Ben Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weber_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Martinů","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"Artur Balsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Balsam"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Cádiz Stradivarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Stradivarius"}],"text":"For the French illustrator, see Joseph Fuchs (1814–1888). For those of a similar name, see Josef Fuchs.Joseph Philip Fuchs (April 26, 1899 or 1900 – March 14, 1997) was one of the most important American violinists and teachers of the 20th century, and the brother of Lillian Fuchs.Born in New York, he graduated in 1918 from the Institute of Musical Art in New York where he studied with Franz Kneisel. In 1926 he was appointed concertmaster of the Cleveland Orchestra, but resigned in 1940 to pursue a solo career. After a successful New York début in 1943, he became co-founder of the Musicians’ Guild, a chamber music organization which he directed there until 1956.He toured extensively in Europe, appearing at the 1953 and 1954 Prades festivals, and in South America, the USSR, Israel and Japan; he also played as a soloist with every important orchestra in the USA. Joseph Fuchs performed a series of recitals with pianist Artur Balsam in 1956 for the Peabody Mason Concert series in Boston.[1]A Ford Foundation grant in 1960 enabled him to commission Walter Piston’s Second Violin Concerto, the première of which he gave that year in Pittsburgh. Fuchs also gave the first performances of concertos by Lopatnikoff (1944–5), Ben Weber (1954) and Mario Peragallo (1955); of Martinů’s Madrigals for violin and viola, dedicated to Fuchs and his sister Lillian (1947); of the revised version of Vaughan Williams’s Violin Sonata, with Artur Balsam (1969); and of the posthumous American première of Martinů’s Sonata for two violins and piano (1974).Fuchs became a violin professor at the Juilliard School of Music in 1946, and in 1971 he received the Artist Teacher’s Award from the American String Teachers’ Association.Fuchs died in Manhattan in 1997.He played the “Cádiz Stradivarius” violin of 1722. His style of playing was vigorous and large-scaled, with a masterful technique and a rich, warm tone. A clear example of all this may be heard in his recording of Stravinsky's Duo Concertant (Decca, with Leo Smit).","title":"Joseph Fuchs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"J. Creighton: Discopaedia of the Violin, 1889–1971 (Toronto, 1974), 226ff\nD. Rooney and R.D. Lawrence: ‘Joseph Fuchs’, The Strad, xcix (1988), 896–904\nM. Campbell: Obituary, The Independent (18 March 1997)","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/17/arts/joseph-fuchs-97-a-violinist-and-teacher.html?pagewanted=1","external_links_name":"Joseph Fuchs, 97, a Violinist and Teacher"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFUIC_yPF-w","external_links_name":"David Dubal interview with Joseph Fuchs"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/77365/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081591842","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/79170563","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd39xXVHp684H8fg9JjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13960178k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13960178k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13463361X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278464105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81090029","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0168616&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p332874478","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810697720205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ad955b38-36d0-4a1e-a2c4-f75502ce5991","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassagne-Montrachet	Chassagne-Montrachet	["1 Population and politics","2 Wine","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 46°56′16″N 4°43′45″E / 46.9378°N 4.7292°E / 46.9378; 4.7292 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (January 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Chassagne-Montrachet}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceChassagne-MontrachetCommuneThe church in Chassagne-Montrachet Coat of armsLocation of Chassagne-Montrachet Chassagne-MontrachetShow map of FranceChassagne-MontrachetShow map of Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéCoordinates: 46°56′16″N 4°43′45″E / 46.9378°N 4.7292°E / 46.9378; 4.7292CountryFranceRegionBourgogne-Franche-ComtéDepartmentCôte-d'OrArrondissementBeauneCantonLadoix-SerrignyIntercommunalityCA Beaune Côte et SudGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Céline DancerArea16.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi)Population (2021)275 • Density42/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code21150 /21190Elevation209–410 m (686–1,345 ft) (avg. 268 m or 879 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Chassagne-Montrachet (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. It used to be known under the name Chassagne-le-Haut, but the name was changed to Chassagne-Montrachet by a decree on November 27, 1879. Around this time, many Burgundy villages appended the name of their most famous vineyard to that of the village name. Population and politics Historical populationYearPop.±% 1962434— 1968504+16.1% 1975446−11.5% 1982454+1.8% 1990431−5.1% 1999472+9.5% 2008391−17.2% Chassagne-Montrachet leans to the right in presidential elections. In 2017 it gave 43% of its vote to François Fillon amidst a poor national showing of 20%. Election Winning candidate Party % 2017 Emmanuel Macron EM 67.66 2012 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 66.00 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 68.36 2002 Jacques Chirac RPR 82.37 1995 Jacques Chirac RPR 65.37 Wine Main article: Chassagne-Montrachet wine Chassagne-Montrachet is an appellation consisting of 350 ha (865 acres) of clayish limestone located south of Côte de Beaune. Most wine produced in the village is white wine from the Chardonnay grape, although red wine is also made from the Pinot noir grape. The village shares two Grand Cru vineyards - Montrachet and Bâtard-Montrachet - with the neighbouring village of Puligny-Montrachet, and also includes the entirety of a third, Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet, within its boundaries. These three vineyards produce some of the most expensive and long-lived white wines in the world. See also Montrachet French Wine References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Syndicat Viticole de Chassagne-Montrachet: Histoire Archived January 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, accessed 2010-11-18 (in French) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chassagne-Montrachet. vte Communes of the Côte-d'Or department Agencourt Agey Ahuy Aignay-le-Duc Aiserey Aisey-sur-Seine Aisy-sous-Thil Alise-Sainte-Reine Allerey Aloxe-Corton Ampilly-les-Bordes Ampilly-le-Sec Ancey Antheuil Antigny-la-Ville Arceau Arcenant Arcey Arconcey Arc-sur-Tille Argilly Arnay-le-Duc Arnay-sous-Vitteaux Arrans Asnières-en-Montagne Asnières-lès-Dijon Athée Athie Aubaine Aubigny-en-Plaine Aubigny-la-Ronce Aubigny-lès-Sombernon Autricourt Auvillars-sur-Saône Auxant Auxey-Duresses Auxonne Avelanges Avosnes Avot Bagnot Baigneux-les-Juifs Balot Barbirey-sur-Ouche Bard-le-Régulier Bard-lès-Époisses Barges Barjon Baubigny Baulme-la-Roche Beaulieu Beaumont-sur-Vingeanne Beaunesubpr Beaunotte Beire-le-Châtel Beire-le-Fort Belan-sur-Ource Bellefond Belleneuve Bellenod-sur-Seine Bellenot-sous-Pouilly Beneuvre Benoisey Bessey-en-Chaume Bessey-la-Cour Bessey-lès-Cîteaux Beurey-Bauguay Beurizot Bévy Bèze Bézouotte Billey Billy-lès-Chanceaux Binges Bissey-la-Côte Bissey-la-Pierre Blagny-sur-Vingeanne Blaisy-Bas Blaisy-Haut Blancey Blanot Bligny-lès-Beaune Bligny-le-Sec Bligny-sur-Ouche Boncourt-le-Bois Bonnencontre Boudreville Bouhey Bouilland Bouix Bourberain Bousselange Boussenois Boussey Boux-sous-Salmaise Bouze-lès-Beaune Brain Braux Brazey-en-Morvan Brazey-en-Plaine Brémur-et-Vaurois Bressey-sur-Tille Bretenière Bretigny Brianny Brion-sur-Ource Brochon Brognon Broin Broindon Buffon Buncey Bure-les-Templiers Busseaut Busserotte-et-Montenaille Bussières La Bussière-sur-Ouche Bussy-la-Pesle Bussy-le-Grand Buxerolles Censerey Cérilly Cessey-sur-Tille Chaignay Chailly-sur-Armançon Chambain Chambeire Chamblanc Chambœuf Chambolle-Musigny Chamesson Champagne-sur-Vingeanne Champagny Champ-d'Oiseau Champdôtre Champeau-en-Morvan Champignolles Champrenault Chanceaux Channay Charencey Charigny Charmes Charny Charrey-sur-Saône Charrey-sur-Seine Chassagne-Montrachet Chassey Châteauneuf Châtellenot Châtillon-sur-Seine Chaudenay-la-Ville Chaudenay-le-Château Chaugey La Chaume Chaume-et-Courchamp Chaume-lès-Baigneux Chaumont-le-Bois Chaux Chazeuil Chazilly Chemin-d'Aisey Chenôve Cheuge Chevannay Chevannes Chevigny-en-Valière Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur Chivres Chorey-les-Beaune Cirey-lès-Pontailler Civry-en-Montagne Clamerey Clénay Cléry Clomot Collonges-et-Premières Collonges-lès-Bévy Colombier Combertault Comblanchien Commarin Corberon Corcelles-les-Arts Corcelles-lès-Cîteaux Corcelles-les-Monts Corgengoux Corgoloin Cormot-Vauchignon Corpeau Corpoyer-la-Chapelle Corrombles Corsaint Couchey Coulmier-le-Sec Courban Courcelles-Frémoy Courcelles-lès-Montbard Courcelles-lès-Semur Courlon Courtivron Couternon Créancey Crécey-sur-Tille Crépand Crugey Cuiserey Culètre Curley Curtil-Saint-Seine Curtil-Vergy Cussey-les-Forges Cussy-la-Colonne Cussy-le-Châtel Daix Dampierre-en-Montagne Dampierre-et-Flée Darcey Darois Détain-et-Bruant Diancey Diénay Dijonpref Dompierre-en-Morvan Drambon Drée Duesme Ébaty Échalot Échannay Échenon Échevannes Échevronne Échigey Écutigny Éguilly Épagny Épernay-sous-Gevrey Époisses Éringes Esbarres Essarois Essey Étais Étalante L'Étang-Vergy Étaules Étevaux Étormay Étrochey Fain-lès-Montbard Fain-lès-Moutiers Fauverney Faverolles-lès-Lucey Fénay Le Fête Fixin Flacey Flagey-Echézeaux Flagey-lès-Auxonne Flammerans Flavignerot Flavigny-sur-Ozerain Fleurey-sur-Ouche Foissy Foncegrive Fontaine-Française Fontaine-lès-Dijon Fontaines-en-Duesmois Fontaines-les-Sèches Fontangy Fontenelle Forléans Fraignot-et-Vesvrotte Francheville Franxault Frénois Fresnes Frôlois Fussey Gemeaux Genay Genlis Gergueil Gerland Gevrey-Chambertin Gevrolles Gilly-lès-Cîteaux Gissey-le-Vieil Gissey-sous-Flavigny Gissey-sur-Ouche Glanon Gomméville Les Goulles Grancey-le-Château-Neuvelle Grancey-sur-Ource Grenant-lès-Sombernon Grésigny-Sainte-Reine Grignon Griselles Grosbois-en-Montagne Grosbois-lès-Tichey Gurgy-la-Ville Gurgy-le-Château Hauteroche Hauteville-lès-Dijon Heuilley-sur-Saône Is-sur-Tille Izeure Izier Jailly-les-Moulins Jallanges Jancigny Jeux-lès-Bard Jouey Jours-lès-Baigneux Juillenay Juilly Labergement-Foigney Labergement-lès-Auxonne Labergement-lès-Seurre Labruyère Lacanche Lacour-d'Arcenay Ladoix-Serrigny Laignes Lamarche-sur-Saône Lamargelle Lantenay Lanthes Lantilly Laperrière-sur-Saône Larrey Lechâtelet Léry Leuglay Levernois Licey-sur-Vingeanne Liernais Lignerolles Longchamp Longeault-Pluvault Longecourt-en-Plaine Longecourt-lès-Culêtre Longvic Losne Louesme Lucenay-le-Duc Lucey Lusigny-sur-Ouche Lux Maconge Magnien Magny-Lambert Magny-la-Ville Magny-lès-Aubigny Magny-lès-Villers Magny-Montarlot Magny-Saint-Médard Magny-sur-Tille Les Maillys Maisey-le-Duc Mâlain Maligny Manlay Marandeuil Marcellois Marcenay Marcheseuil Marcigny-sous-Thil Marcilly-et-Dracy Marcilly-Ogny Marcilly-sur-Tille Marey-lès-Fussey Marey-sur-Tille Marigny-le-Cahouët Marigny-lès-Reullée Marliens Marmagne Marsannay-la-Côte Marsannay-le-Bois Martrois Massingy Massingy-lès-Semur Massingy-lès-Vitteaux Mauvilly Mavilly-Mandelot Maxilly-sur-Saône Meilly-sur-Rouvres Le Meix Meloisey Menesble Ménessaire Ménétreux-le-Pitois Merceuil Mesmont Messanges Messigny-et-Vantoux Meuilley Meulson Meursanges Meursault Millery Mimeure Minot Mirebeau-sur-Bèze Missery Moitron Molesme Molinot Moloy Molphey Montagny-lès-Beaune Montagny-lès-Seurre Montbardsubpr Montberthault Montceau-et-Écharnant Monthelie Montigny-Montfort Montigny-Mornay-Villeneuve-sur-Vingeanne Montigny-Saint-Barthélemy Montigny-sur-Armançon Montigny-sur-Aube Montlay-en-Auxois Montliot-et-Courcelles Montmain Montmançon Montmoyen Montoillot Montot Mont-Saint-Jean Morey-Saint-Denis Mosson La Motte-Ternant Moutiers-Saint-Jean Musigny Mussy-la-Fosse Nan-sous-Thil Nantoux Nesle-et-Massoult Neuilly-Crimolois Nicey Nod-sur-Seine Nogent-lès-Montbard Noidan Noiron-sous-Gevrey Noiron-sur-Bèze Noiron-sur-Seine Nolay Norges-la-Ville Normier Nuits-Saint-Georges Obtrée Oigny Oisilly Orain Orgeux Origny Orret Orville Ouges Pagny-la-Ville Pagny-le-Château Painblanc Panges Pasques Pellerey Pernand-Vergelesses Perrigny-lès-Dijon Perrigny-sur-l'Ognon Pichanges Planay Plombières-lès-Dijon Pluvet Poinçon-lès-Larrey Poiseul-la-Grange Poiseul-la-Ville-et-Laperrière Poiseul-lès-Saulx Pommard Poncey-lès-Athée Poncey-sur-l'Ignon Pont Pont-et-Massène Pontailler-sur-Saône Posanges Pothières Pouillenay Pouilly-en-Auxois Pouilly-sur-Saône Pouilly-sur-Vingeanne Prâlon Précy-sous-Thil Premeaux-Prissey Prenois Prusly-sur-Ource Puits Puligny-Montrachet Quemigny-sur-Seine Quetigny Quincerot Quincey Quincy-le-Vicomte Recey-sur-Ource Remilly-en-Montagne Remilly-sur-Tille Renève Reulle-Vergy Riel-les-Eaux La Roche-en-Brenil Rochefort-sur-Brévon La Rochepot La Roche-Vanneau Roilly Rougemont Rouvray Rouvres-en-Plaine Rouvres-sous-Meilly Ruffey-lès-Beaune Ruffey-lès-Echirey Sacquenay Saffres Saint-Andeux Saint-Anthot Saint-Apollinaire Saint-Aubin Saint-Bernard Saint-Broing-les-Moines Saint-Didier Sainte-Colombe-en-Auxois Sainte-Colombe-sur-Seine Sainte-Marie-la-Blanche Sainte-Marie-sur-Ouche Sainte-Sabine Saint-Euphrône Saint-Germain-de-Modéon Saint-Germain-le-Rocheux Saint-Germain-lès-Senailly Saint-Hélier Saint-Jean-de-Bœuf Saint-Jean-de-Losne Saint-Julien Saint-Léger-Triey Saint-Marc-sur-Seine Saint-Martin-de-la-Mer Saint-Martin-du-Mont Saint-Maurice-sur-Vingeanne Saint-Mesmin Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux Saint-Philibert Saint-Pierre-en-Vaux Saint-Prix-lès-Arnay Saint-Rémy Saint-Romain Saint-Sauveur Saint-Seine-en-Bâche Saint-Seine-l'Abbaye Saint-Seine-sur-Vingeanne Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône Saint-Thibault Saint-Usage Saint-Victor-sur-Ouche Salives Salmaise Samerey Santenay Santosse Saulieu Saulon-la-Chapelle Saulon-la-Rue Saulx-le-Duc Saussey Saussy Savigny-lès-Beaune Savigny-le-Sec Savigny-sous-Mâlain Savilly Savoisy Savolles Savouges Segrois Seigny Selongey Semarey Semezanges Semond Semur-en-Auxois Senailly Sennecey-lès-Dijon Seurre Sincey-lès-Rouvray Soirans Soissons-sur-Nacey Sombernon Souhey Source-Seine Soussey-sur-Brionne Spoy Sussey Tailly Talant Talmay Tanay Tarsul Tart Tart-le-Bas Tellecey Ternant Terrefondrée Thenissey Thoires Thoisy-la-Berchère Thoisy-le-Désert Thomirey Thorey-en-Plaine Thorey-sous-Charny Thorey-sur-Ouche Thoste Thury Tichey Til-Châtel Tillenay Torcy-et-Pouligny Touillon Toutry Tréclun Trochères Trouhans Trouhaut Trugny Turcey Uncey-le-Franc Urcy Valforêt Le Val-Larrey Val-Mont Val-Suzon Vandenesse-en-Auxois Vannaire Vanvey Varanges Varois-et-Chaignot Vaux-Saules Veilly Velars-sur-Ouche Velogny Venarey-les-Laumes Verdonnet Vernois-lès-Vesvres Vernot Véronnes Verrey-sous-Drée Verrey-sous-Salmaise Vertault Vesvres Veuvey-sur-Ouche Veuxhaulles-sur-Aube Vianges Vic-de-Chassenay Vic-des-Prés Vic-sous-Thil Vieilmoulin Vielverge Vieux-Château Viévigne Viévy Vignoles Villaines-en-Duesmois Villaines-les-Prévôtes Villargoix Villars-et-Villenotte Villars-Fontaine Villeberny Villebichot Villecomte Villedieu Villeferry La Villeneuve-les-Convers Villeneuve-sous-Charigny Villers-la-Faye Villers-les-Pots Villers-Patras Villers-Rotin Villey-sur-Tille Villiers-en-Morvan Villiers-le-Duc Villotte-Saint-Seine Villotte-sur-Ource Villy-en-Auxois Villy-le-Moutier Viserny Vitteaux Vix Volnay Vonges Vosne-Romanée Voudenay Vougeot Voulaines-les-Templiers pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data This Côte-d'Or geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʃasaɲ mɔ̃ʁaʃɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_France"},{"link_name":"Côte-d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourgogne-Franche-Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceChassagne-Montrachet (French pronunciation: [ʃasaɲ mɔ̃ʁaʃɛ]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.It used to be known under the name Chassagne-le-Haut, but the name was changed to Chassagne-Montrachet by a decree on November 27, 1879.[3] Around this time, many Burgundy villages appended the name of their most famous vineyard to that of the village name.","title":"Chassagne-Montrachet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François Fillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon"}],"text":"Chassagne-Montrachet leans to the right in presidential elections. In 2017 it gave 43% of its vote to François Fillon amidst a poor national showing of 20%.","title":"Population and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"Côte de Beaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_de_Beaune"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"Pinot noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir"},{"link_name":"Montrachet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrachet"},{"link_name":"Bâtard-Montrachet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2tard-Montrachet"},{"link_name":"Puligny-Montrachet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puligny-Montrachet"},{"link_name":"Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criots-B%C3%A2tard-Montrachet"},{"link_name":"long-lived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-lived_(wine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Chassagne-Montrachet is an appellation consisting of 350 ha (865 acres) of clayish limestone located south of Côte de Beaune. Most wine produced in the village is white wine from the Chardonnay grape, although red wine is also made from the Pinot noir grape.The village shares two Grand Cru vineyards - Montrachet and Bâtard-Montrachet - with the neighbouring village of Puligny-Montrachet, and also includes the entirety of a third, Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet, within its boundaries. These three vineyards produce some of the most expensive and long-lived white wines in the world.[citation needed]","title":"Wine"}]	[]	[{"title":"Montrachet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrachet"},{"title":"French Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wine"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-21150","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chassagne-Montrachet&params=46.9378_N_4.7292_E_type:city(275)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"46°56′16″N 4°43′45″E / 46.9378°N 4.7292°E / 46.9378; 4.7292"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChassagne-Montrachet&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chassagne-Montrachet&params=46.9378_N_4.7292_E_type:city(275)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"46°56′16″N 4°43′45″E / 46.9378°N 4.7292°E / 46.9378; 4.7292"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-21150","external_links_name":"21150"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-21150","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.saint-vincent-2010.com/fr/#/Histoire","external_links_name":"Syndicat Viticole de Chassagne-Montrachet: Histoire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110106070326/http://www.saint-vincent-2010.com/fr/#/Histoire","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/243164360","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15250437p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15250437p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chassagne-Montrachet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Sparta	List of kings of Sparta	["1 Legendary kings of Sparta","1.1 Lelegids","1.2 Lacedaemonids","1.3 Atreids","2 Heraclids","2.1 Agiad dynasty","2.2 Eurypontid dynasty","3 Sole kings","4 Notes and references","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Part of a series onSparta Spartan Constitution Great Rhetra Legislators Lycurgus Chilon Epitadeus Agis IV Cleomenes III Government List of Kings of Sparta Agiads Eurypontids Gerousia Ephorate Ekklesia Navarchy Social groups Spartiates Perioeci Helots Neodamodes Trophimoi Mothax Sciritae Epeunacti Partheniae Society Agoge Crypteia Spartan army Syssitia Xenelasia Women Cults Aphrodite Ambologera Areia Temple Artemis Caryatis Isora Orthia) Hyacinth Menelaion Festivals Carneia Gymnopaedia Hyacinthia Xanthika Legacy Laconophilia Laconism Spartan mirage vte For most of its history, the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta in the Peloponnese was ruled by kings. Sparta was unusual among the Greek city-states in that it maintained its kingship past the Archaic age. It was even more unusual in that it had two kings simultaneously, who were called the archagetai, coming from two separate lines. According to tradition, the two lines, the Agiads (Ἀγιάδαι, Agiadai) and Eurypontids (Εὐρυποντίδαι, Eurypontidai), were respectively descended from the twins Eurysthenes and Procles, the descendants of Heracles, who supposedly conquered Sparta two generations after the Trojan War. The dynasties themselves, however, were named after the twins' grandsons, the kings Agis I and Eurypon, respectively. The Agiad line was regarded as being senior to the Eurypontid line. Although there are lists of the earlier purported Kings of Sparta, there is little evidence for the existence of any kings before the middle of the sixth century BC or so. Spartan kings received a recurring posthumous hero cult like that of the similarly Doric kings of Cyrene. The kings' firstborn sons, as heirs-apparent, were the only Spartan boys expressly exempt from the Agoge; however, they were allowed to take part if they so wished, and this endowed them with increased prestige when they ascended the throne. Legendary kings of Sparta Ancient Greeks named males after their fathers, producing a patronymic with the suffix -id-; for example, the sons of Atreus were the Atreids. For royal houses, the patronymic was formed from the name of the founder or of an early significant figure of a dynasty. A ruling family might thus have a number of dynastic names; for example, Agis I named the Agiads, but he was a Heraclid and so were his descendants. If the descent was not known or was scantily known, the Greeks made a few standard assumptions based on their cultural ideology. Agiad people were treated as a tribe, presumed to have descended from an ancestor bearing its name. He must have been a king, who founded a dynasty of his name. That mythologizing extended even to place names. They were presumed to have been named after kings and divinities. Kings often became divinities, in their religion. Lelegids The Lelegid were the descendants of Lelex (a back-formation), ancestor of the Leleges, an ancient tribe inhabiting the Eurotas valley before the Greeks, who, according to the mythological descent, amalgamated with the Greeks Year Lelegid Other notable information c. 1600 BC Lelex son of Poseidon or Helios, or he was said to be autochthonous c. 1575 BC Myles son of Lelex c. 1550 BC Eurotas son of Myles, father of Sparta Lacedaemonids The Lacedaemonids contain Greeks from the age of legend, now treated as being the Bronze Age in Greece. In the language of mythologic descent, the kingship passed from the Leleges to the Greeks. Year Lacedaemonid Other notable information c. Lacedaemon son of Zeus, husband of Sparta c. Amyklas son of Lacedaemon. He founded Amyklai c. Argalus son of Amyklas c. Kynortas son of Amyklas c. Perieres son of Kynortas c. Oibalos son of Kynortas c. Tyndareos (First reign); son of Oibalos and father of Helen c. Hippocoon son of Oibalos and brother of Tyndareos c. Tyndareos (Second reign) Years with no dates (only "c.") are unknown Atreids The Atreidai (Latin Atreidae) belong to the Late Bronze Age, or the Mycenaean Period. In mythology, they were the Perseides. As the name of Atreus is attested in Hittite documents, this dynasty may well be protohistoric. Year Atreid Other notable information c. 1250 BC Menelaus son of Atreus and husband of Helen c. 1150's BC Orestes son of Agamemnon and nephew of Menelaus c. Tisamenos son of Orestes c. 1100 BC Dion husband of Iphitea, the daughter of Prognaus Years with no dates (only "c.") are unknown Heraclids The Spartan kings as Heracleidae claimed descent from Heracles, who through his mother was descended from Perseus. Disallowed the Peloponnesus, Hercules embarked on a life of wandering. The Heracleidae became ascendant in the Eurotas valley with the Dorians who, at least in legend, entered it during an invasion called the Return of the Heracleidae; driving out the Atreids and at least some of the Mycenaean population. Genealogical Tree of the Kings of Sparta Year Heraclid Other notable information c. Aristodemos son of Aristomachus and husband of Argeia c. Theras (regent) son of Autesion and brother of Aristodemus's wife Argeia; served as regent for his nephews, Eurysthenes and Procles. Years with no dates (only "c.") are unknown Agiad dynasty The dynasty was named after its second king, Agis. Year Agiad Other notable information c. 930 BC Eurysthenes Return of the Heracleidae c. 930 – 900 BC Agis I Subjugated the Helots c. 900 – 870 BC Echestratus Expelled the Cynurensians that were in power. c. 870 – 840 BC Labotas c. 840 – 820 BC Doryssus c. 820 – 790 BC Agesilaus I c. 790 – 760 BC Archelaus c. 760 – 740 BC Teleclus Killed by the Messenians c. 740 – 700 BC Alcamenes First Messenian War begins c. 700 – 665 BC Polydorus First Messenian War ends; killed by the Spartan nobleman Polemarchus c. 665 – 640 BC Eurycrates c. 640 – 615 BC Anaxander c. 615 – 590 BC Eurycratides c. 590 – 560 BC Leon c. 560 – 520 BC Anaxandridas II Battle of the Fetters c. 520 – 490 BC Cleomenes I Greco-Persian Wars begins c. 490 – 480 BC Leonidas I Battle of Thermopylae c. 480 – 459 BC Pleistarchus First Peloponnesian War begins c. 459 – 445 BC, 426 – 409 BC Pleistoanax Second Peloponnesian War begins c. 445 – 426 BC, 409 – 395 BC Pausanias Helped restore democracy in Athens; Spartan hegemony c. 395 – 380 BC Agesipolis I Corinthian War begins c. 380 – 371 BC Cleombrotus I c. 371 – 369 BC Agesipolis II c. 369 – 309 BC Cleomenes II Third Sacred War begins c. 309 – 265 BC Areus I Killed in battle against Aristodemus, the tyrant of Megalopolis c. 265 – 262 BC Acrotatus II c. 262 – 254 BC Areus II c. 254 – 242 BC Leonidas II Briefly deposed while in exile avoiding trial c. 242 – 241 BC Cleombrotus II c. 241 – 235 BC Leonidas II c. 235 – 222 BC Cleomenes III Exiled after the Battle of Sellasia Following the Battle of Sellasia, the dual monarchy remained vacant until Cleomenes III's death in 219. c. 219 – 215 BC Agesipolis III last Agiad, deposed by the Eurypontid Lycurgus Eurypontid dynasty The dynasty is named after its third king Eurypon. Not shown is Lycurgus, the lawgiver, a younger son of the Eurypontids, who served a brief regency either for the infant Charilaus (780–750 BC) or for Labotas (870–840 BC) the Agiad. Year Eurypontid Other notable information c. 930 BC Procles Return of the Heracleidae c. 890 BC Soos Son of Procles and father of Eurypon. Likely fictitious. c. 890 – 860 BC Eurypon Likely fictitious. c. 860 – 830 BC Prytanis Likely fictitious. c. 830 – 800 BC Polydectes c. 800 – 780 BC Eunomus Likely fictitious. c. 780 – 750 BC Charilaus Ward and nephew of the Spartan reformer Lycurgus; War with the Argives; destroyed the border-town of Aegys; Battle of Tegea. Perhaps the first historical Eurypontid king. c. 750 – 725 BC Nicander c. 725 – 675 BC Theopompus First Messenian War Currently known two lists of kings: According to Herodotus, VIII: 131 Year Eurypontid Other notable information c. 675 – 660 BC Anaxandridas I c. 660 – 645 BC Archidamus I c. 645 – 625 BC Anaxilas c. 625 – 600 BC Leotychidas I c. 600 – 575 BC Hippocratidas According to Pausanias, III, 7: 5-6 Year Eurypontid Other notable information c. 645 – 625 BC Zeuxidamus c. 625 – 600 BC Anaxidamus c. 600 – 575 BC Archidamus I Year Eurypontid Other notable information c. 575 – 550 BC Agasicles Contemporary with Leon c. 550 – 515 BC Ariston Battle of the Fetters. c. 515 – 491 BC Demaratus deposed c. 491 – 469 BC Leotychidas II great grandson of Hippocratidas, Greco-Persian Wars c. 469 – 427 BC Archidamus II Second Peloponnesian War begins c. 427 – 401 BC Agis II Spartan hegemony; Attacked Epidaurus, Leuctra, Caryae, Orchomenos, and Mantineia; Invaded the Argolis; Council of war formed to check his powers. c. 401 – 360 BC Agesilaus II Corinthian War begins c. 360 – 338 BC Archidamus III Third Sacred War begins c. 338 – 331 BC Agis III c. 331 – 305 BC Eudamidas I c. 305 – 275 BC Archidamus IV c. 275 – 245 BC Eudamidas II c. 245 – 241 BC Agis IV c. 241 – 228 BC Eudamidas III c. 228 – 227 BC Archidamus V c. 227 – 222 BC Eucleidas Actually an Agiad; installed by Cleomenes III in place of Archidamus V. Died in the Battle of Sellasia. Following the Battle of Sellasia, the dual monarchy remained vacant until Cleomenes III's death in 219. c. 219 – 210 BC Lycurgus obscure background and possibly of non-royal descent, deposed the Agiad Agesipolis III and ruled alone c. 210 – 206 BC Pelops son of Lycurgus Sole kings Year Tyrants Other notable information c. 210–207 BC Machanidas regent for Pelops c. 206–192 BC Nabis first regent for Pelops, then usurper, claiming descent from the Eurypontid king Demaratus c. 192 BC Laconicus last known king of Sparta from Heraclid dynasty The Achaean League annexed Sparta in 192 BC. Notes and references Notes ^ Greek: ἀρχᾱγέται, archagétai, plural of ἀρχᾱγέτης, archāgétēs, Doric Greek form of Attic ἀρχηγέτης, archēgétēs, 'first/chief leader'. ^ A Cadmid of Theban descent. ^ According to Apollodorus of Athens. ^ Cynuria is said to have been colonized by Cynurus; Cynurensian bandits were common in the lands. ^ Or Labotes, Leobotes. ^ Agesilaus II, distinguished king of Sparta, being asked which was the greater virtue, valor or justice, replied: "Unsupported by justice, valor is good for nothing; and if all men were just, there would be no need of valor". ^ a b Or 427 – 400 BC. ^ And again, after the Carnean festival. ^ Consisting of 10 Spartans. ^ I.e. Eucleidas's brother. References ^ Hall, Jonathan M. (2007). A History of the Archaic Greek World: Ca. 1200-479 BCE. John Wiley & Sons. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-631-22668-0. ^ ἀρχᾱγέτας, ἀρχηγέτης. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project. ^ Cartledge, Paul, The Spartans, Vintage Books, 2003. ^ Pindar and the cult of heroes. By Bruno Currie Page 245 ISBN 0-19-927724-9. ^ A Classical Dictionary By John Lemprière. Pg 618. ^ A Prosopography of Lacedaemonians, Part 396. By Alfred S. Bradford. Page 44. ^ a b c d Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 90. ^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 92. Bibliography Paul Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, A Regional History 1300–362 BC, London, Routledge, 2002 (originally published in 1979). ISBN 0-415-26276-3 The Cyclopædia, Volume 20. By Abraham Rees. Page 157+ (List of kings of Sparta on pg. 164). Sir William Smith, A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography: Partly Based Upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Harper & Brothers, 1851. Sir William Smith. Abaeus-Dysponteus. J. Murray, 1890. Sir William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Earinus-Nyx. J. Murray, 1876. William Smith (Ed.) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Oarses-Zygia. J. Murray, 1880. 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kings simultaneously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarchy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Agiads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agiad_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Eurysthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurysthenes"},{"link_name":"Procles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procles"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cartledge,_Paul,_''The_Spartans'',_Vintage_Books,_2003-4"},{"link_name":"hero cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_cult"},{"link_name":"kings of Cyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Cyrene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Agoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoge"}],"text":"For most of its history, the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta in the Peloponnese was ruled by kings. Sparta was unusual among the Greek city-states in that it maintained its kingship past the Archaic age. It was even more unusual in that it had two kings simultaneously, who were called the archagetai,[1][n 1] coming from two separate lines. According to tradition, the two lines, the Agiads (Ἀγιάδαι, Agiadai) and Eurypontids (Εὐρυποντίδαι, Eurypontidai), were respectively descended from the twins Eurysthenes and Procles, the descendants of Heracles, who supposedly conquered Sparta two generations after the Trojan War. The dynasties themselves, however, were named after the twins' grandsons, the kings Agis I and Eurypon, respectively. The Agiad line was regarded as being senior to the Eurypontid line.[3]Although there are lists of the earlier purported Kings of Sparta, there is little evidence for the existence of any kings before the middle of the sixth century BC or so.Spartan kings received a recurring posthumous hero cult like that of the similarly Doric kings of Cyrene.[4] The kings' firstborn sons, as heirs-apparent, were the only Spartan boys expressly exempt from the Agoge; however, they were allowed to take part if they so wished, and this endowed them with increased prestige when they ascended the throne.","title":"List of kings of Sparta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"Atreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreus"}],"text":"Ancient Greeks named males after their fathers, producing a patronymic with the suffix -id-; for example, the sons of Atreus were the Atreids. For royal houses, the patronymic was formed from the name of the founder or of an early significant figure of a dynasty. A ruling family might thus have a number of dynastic names; for example, Agis I named the Agiads, but he was a Heraclid and so were his descendants.If the descent was not known or was scantily known, the Greeks made a few standard assumptions based on their cultural ideology. Agiad people were treated as a tribe, presumed to have descended from an ancestor bearing its name. He must have been a king, who founded a dynasty of his name. That mythologizing extended even to place names. They were presumed to have been named after kings and divinities. Kings often became divinities, in their religion.","title":"Legendary kings of Sparta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back-formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-formation"},{"link_name":"Leleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leleges"}],"sub_title":"Lelegids","text":"The Lelegid were the descendants of Lelex (a back-formation), ancestor of the Leleges, an ancient tribe inhabiting the Eurotas valley before the Greeks, who, according to the mythological descent, amalgamated with the Greeks","title":"Legendary kings of Sparta"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lacedaemonids","text":"The Lacedaemonids contain Greeks from the age of legend, now treated as being the Bronze Age in Greece. In the language of mythologic descent, the kingship passed from the Leleges to the Greeks.Years with no dates (only \"c.\") are unknown","title":"Legendary kings of Sparta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atreidai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreidai"},{"link_name":"Mycenaean Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece"},{"link_name":"Perseides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseides"},{"link_name":"Atreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreus"}],"sub_title":"Atreids","text":"The Atreidai (Latin Atreidae) belong to the Late Bronze Age, or the Mycenaean Period. In mythology, they were the Perseides. As the name of Atreus is attested in Hittite documents, this dynasty may well be protohistoric.Years with no dates (only \"c.\") are unknown","title":"Legendary kings of Sparta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heracleidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleidae"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"Dorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pauly-Wissowa_III,1,_0067.jpg"}],"text":"The Spartan kings as Heracleidae claimed descent from Heracles, who through his mother was descended from Perseus. Disallowed the Peloponnesus, Hercules embarked on a life of wandering. The Heracleidae became ascendant in the Eurotas valley with the Dorians who, at least in legend, entered it during an invasion called the Return of the Heracleidae; driving out the Atreids and at least some of the Mycenaean population.Genealogical Tree of the Kings of SpartaYears with no dates (only \"c.\") are unknown","title":"Heraclids"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Agiad dynasty","text":"The dynasty was named after its second king, Agis.","title":"Heraclids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lycurgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Anaxandridas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxandridas_I"},{"link_name":"Archidamus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidamus_I"},{"link_name":"Anaxilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaxilas_(king_of_Sparta)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leotychidas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leotychidas_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hippocratidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hippocratidas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Zeuxidamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeuxidamus"},{"link_name":"Anaxidamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxidamus"},{"link_name":"Archidamus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidamus_I"}],"sub_title":"Eurypontid dynasty","text":"The dynasty is named after its third king Eurypon. Not shown is Lycurgus, the lawgiver, a younger son of the Eurypontids, who served a brief regency either for the infant Charilaus (780–750 BC) or for Labotas (870–840 BC) the Agiad.Currently known two lists of kings:\n\n\n\nAccording to Herodotus, VIII: 131\n\n\n\nYear\nEurypontid\nOther notable information\n\n\n\nc. 675 – 660 BC\nAnaxandridas I\n\n\n\n\nc. 660 – 645 BC\nArchidamus I\n\n\n\n\nc. 645 – 625 BC\nAnaxilas\n\n\n\n\nc. 625 – 600 BC\nLeotychidas I\n\n\n\n\nc. 600 – 575 BC\nHippocratidas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAccording to Pausanias, III, 7: 5-6\n\n\n\nYear\nEurypontid\nOther notable information\n\n\n\nc. 645 – 625 BC\nZeuxidamus\n\n\n\nc. 625 – 600 BC\nAnaxidamus\n\n\n\n\nc. 600 – 575 BC\nArchidamus I","title":"Heraclids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achaean League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaean_League"}],"text":"The Achaean League annexed Sparta in 192 BC.","title":"Sole kings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Doric Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_Greek"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Cadmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Cynurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynurus"},{"link_name":"Cynurensian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynuria"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-or_400_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-or_400_15-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Carnean festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carneian_festival"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hall, Jonathan M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Hall"},{"link_name":"A History of the Archaic Greek World: Ca. 1200-479 BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WGNH-oxXiAUC&pg=PA129"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-631-22668-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22668-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ἀρχᾱγέτας","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)rxage/tas"},{"link_name":"ἀρχηγέτης","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)rxhge/ths"},{"link_name":"Liddell, Henry George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Liddell"},{"link_name":"Scott, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)"},{"link_name":"A Greek–English Lexicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon"},{"link_name":"Perseus Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Project"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cartledge,_Paul,_''The_Spartans'',_Vintage_Books,_2003_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-927724-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927724-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=s6cTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA618"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yW1tZQgFlnMC&pg=PA44"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_13-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"Notes^ Greek: ἀρχᾱγέται, archagétai, plural of ἀρχᾱγέτης, archāgétēs, Doric Greek form of Attic ἀρχηγέτης, archēgétēs, 'first/chief leader'.[2]\n\n^ A Cadmid of Theban descent.\n\n^ According to Apollodorus of Athens.\n\n^ Cynuria is said to have been colonized by Cynurus; Cynurensian bandits were common in the lands.\n\n^ Or Labotes, Leobotes.\n\n^ Agesilaus II, distinguished king of Sparta, being asked which was the greater virtue, valor or justice, replied: \"Unsupported by justice, valor is good for nothing; and if all men were just, there would be no need of valor\".\n\n^ a b Or 427 – 400 BC.\n\n^ And again, after the Carnean festival.\n\n^ Consisting of 10 Spartans.\n\n^ I.e. Eucleidas's brother.References^ Hall, Jonathan M. (2007). A History of the Archaic Greek World: Ca. 1200-479 BCE. John Wiley & Sons. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-631-22668-0.\n\n^ ἀρχᾱγέτας, ἀρχηγέτης. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.\n\n^ Cartledge, Paul, The Spartans, Vintage Books, 2003.\n\n^ Pindar and the cult of heroes. By Bruno Currie Page 245 ISBN 0-19-927724-9.\n\n^ A Classical Dictionary By John Lemprière. Pg 618.\n\n^ A Prosopography of Lacedaemonians, Part 396. By Alfred S. Bradford. Page 44.\n\n^ a b c d Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 90.\n\n^ Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, p. 92.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Cartledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cartledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-26276-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26276-3"},{"link_name":"157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rvH8ra5JriwC&pg=PT157"},{"link_name":"164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rvH8ra5JriwC&pg=PT164"},{"link_name":"A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uUPhhcdSACQC"},{"link_name":"Abaeus-Dysponteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ok4pAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"Earinus-Nyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=diQkGQcmb7QC"},{"link_name":"Oarses-Zygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f-5WAAAAMAAJ"}],"text":"Paul Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, A Regional History 1300–362 BC, London, Routledge, 2002 (originally published in 1979). ISBN 0-415-26276-3\nThe Cyclopædia, Volume 20. By Abraham Rees. Page 157+ (List of kings of Sparta on pg. 164).\nSir William Smith, A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography: Partly Based Upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Harper & Brothers, 1851.\nSir William Smith. Abaeus-Dysponteus. J. Murray, 1890.\nSir William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Earinus-Nyx. J. Murray, 1876.\nWilliam Smith (Ed.) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Oarses-Zygia. J. Murray, 1880.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Genealogical Tree of the Kings of Sparta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pauly-Wissowa_III%2C1%2C_0067.jpg/800px-Pauly-Wissowa_III%2C1%2C_0067.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_0011_cropped.jpg/79px-Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_0011_cropped.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hall, Jonathan M. (2007). A History of the Archaic Greek World: Ca. 1200-479 BCE. John Wiley & Sons. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-631-22668-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Hall","url_text":"Hall, Jonathan M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WGNH-oxXiAUC&pg=PA129","url_text":"A History of the Archaic Greek World: Ca. 1200-479 BCE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22668-0","url_text":"978-0-631-22668-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WGNH-oxXiAUC&pg=PA129","external_links_name":"A History of the Archaic Greek World: Ca. 1200-479 BCE"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)rxage/tas","external_links_name":"ἀρχᾱγέτας"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)rxhge/ths","external_links_name":"ἀρχηγέτης"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s6cTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA618","external_links_name":"618"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yW1tZQgFlnMC&pg=PA44","external_links_name":"44"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rvH8ra5JriwC&pg=PT157","external_links_name":"157"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rvH8ra5JriwC&pg=PT164","external_links_name":"164"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uUPhhcdSACQC","external_links_name":"A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ok4pAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Abaeus-Dysponteus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=diQkGQcmb7QC","external_links_name":"Earinus-Nyx"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f-5WAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Oarses-Zygia"},{"Link":"http://www.livius.org/","external_links_name":"Livius"},{"Link":"https://www.livius.org/so-st/sparta/agiads_and_eurypontids.html","external_links_name":"Eurypontids and Agiads"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China	Civil Aviation Administration of China	["1 History","2 CAAC (airline)","3 Current role","4 List of directors","5 Affiliate subsidiaries","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"]	People's Republic of China government body overseeing civilian airflight Civil Aviation Administration of China中国民用航空局Zhōngguó Mínyòng Hángkōng JúAgency overviewFormed1949; 75 years ago (1949)Jurisdiction ChinaHeadquartersDongcheng, BeijingAgency executiveSong Zhiyong (as of January 2023, AdministratorParent agencyMinistry of TransportWebsitecaac.gov.cn CAAC headquarters Flight Inspection Center of CAAC The Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC; Chinese: 中国民用航空局; pinyin: Zhōngguó Mínyòng Hángkōng Jú) is the Chinese civil aviation authority under the Ministry of Transport. It oversees civil aviation and investigates aviation accidents and incidents. As the aviation authority responsible for China, it concludes civil aviation agreements with other aviation authorities, including those of the Special administrative regions of China which are categorized as "special domestic." It directly operated its own airline, China's aviation monopoly, until 1988. The agency is headquartered in Dongcheng, Beijing. History On 2 November 1949, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the CCP Central Committee decided to found the Civil Aviation Agency under the name of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission, and under the command of the People's Liberation Army Air Force, to manage all non-military aviation in the country, as well as provide general and commercial flight services. The Civil Aviation Agency was created in December of the same year, and set offices in Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Wuhan. On 10 March 1950, the Guangzhou Office began to work, managing civil flight services in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hunan. Later, it was merged with Wuhan Office to form the Civil Aviation Office of Central and Southern China on 21 January 1951, in Guangzhou, and was renamed Central and Southern Civil Aviation Office, working for civil flight administrations in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, and Hunan. On 7 May 1952, the People's Revolutionary Military Commission and the State Council issued the Decision for Reorganizing Civil Aviation (Chinese: 关于整编民用航空的决定) and the Civil Aviation Agency of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission was transferred to the military system and was under the direct control of the PLA Air Force, then split the civil aviation administration division and airline division to form the separate Civil Aviation Agency and civil airline. Under this decision, from July to November 1951, the Civil Aviation Agency had four administration offices in Shanghai (Eastern China), Guangzhou (Central-Southern), Chongqing (Southwestern China), and Tianjin (Northern China). The Southern China branch was briefly renamed the Civil Aviation Administration Office of Southern China. On 17 July 1952, the People's Aviation Company of China was created, headquartered in Tianjin. On 9 June 1953, following Aeroflot in the Soviet Union, the People's Aviation Company of China was merged with the Civil Aviation Agency of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission. Later, the SKOGA was merged with the Beijing administration office on 1 January 1955.: 275 In November 1954, the Civil Aviation Agency of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission was renamed Civil Aviation Agency of China. It was transferred to the State Council and came under the leadership of both State Council and PLA Air Force. The PLA Air Force was also responsible for technical, flight, aircrew, communicating, human resources, and political works. On 27 February 1958, the Civil Aviation Agency was transferred to the Ministry of Transport. Later, the Agency ratified the Report for the Opinions of System Devolving (Chinese: 关于体制下放意见的报告) from the party branch of the Ministry of Transport in 17 June. Both national and local authorities have responsibilities of civil aviation. International and main domestic flights were mainly under the leadership of the national authority while local and agricultural flights were mainly under the leadership of local authority. Thus, most provinces and autonomous regions established their own civil aviation administration offices. Five administration offices in Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Ürümqi were changed to be regional administration agencies in 13 December. The Agency was renamed the General Administration of Civil Aviation of the Ministry of Transport on 17 November 1960. In April 1962, the Presidium of the 2nd National People's Congress decided to rename the General Administration of Civil Aviation of the Ministry of Transport to the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China on the 53rd meeting. It was transferred to the State Council and was managed by the PLA Air Force. The General Administration of Civil Aviation was transferred to the PLA Air Force on 20 November 1969. CAAC Ilyushin Il-62 at Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport in 1974 In 1963, China purchased six Vickers Viscount aircraft from Great Britain, followed in 1971 by the purchase of four Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft from Pakistan International Airlines. In August 1971, the airline purchased six Trident 2Es directly from Hawker Siddeley. The country also placed provisional orders for three Concorde aircraft. With the 1972 Nixon visit to China, the country ordered 10 Boeing 707 jets. In December 1973, it took the unprecedented step of borrowing £40 million from Western banks to fund the purchase of 15 additional Trident jets. Soviet-built Ilyushin Il-62 aircraft were used on long range routes during the 1970s and 1980s. On 5 March 1980, the General Administration of Civil Aviation was no longer managed by the PLA Air Force, and was transferred to the State Council. Some administrative works were still under the People's Liberation Army and the air controlling was managed by PLA General Stuff Department and Air Force Command. On 30 January 1987, the State Council ratified the Report for the Reform Solution and Executive Steps of the Civil Aviation System Administration System (Chinese: 关于民航系统管理体制改革方案和实施步骤的报告). Since then, CAAC acted solely as a government agency and reorganized six regional administration agencies, and no longer provided commercial flight services. In 1988, the airline CAAC was divided into a number of individual air carriers, many of them named after the region of China where it had its hub. On 19 April 1993, the General Administration of Civil Aviation became the ministry-level agency of the State Council. In March 2008, CAAC was made a subsidiary of the newly-created Ministry of Transport, and its official Chinese name was slightly adjusted to reflect its being no longer a ministry-level agency. Its official English name has remained Civil Aviation Administration of China. On 11 March 2019, the CAAC was the first civil aviation authority to ground the Boeing 737 MAX. After so doing, most of the world's aviation authorities grounded the MAX, including the European Union Aviation Safety Agency the next day. It took the US Federal Aviation Administration until 13 March to ground the MAX. Aviation commentators saw this as having bolstered the global reputation of the CAAC at the expense of the FAA. After the MAX was cleared to return by the FAA in November 2020, the CAAC reiterated that there "is no set timetable" to lifting the MAX grounding in China. In early August 2021, a MAX made a test flight in Shanghai for validation. Later, the CAAC issued an airworthiness directive on 2 December to allow the type return to service if the MCAS is corrected following Boeing's instructions. CAAC (airline) Main article: CAAC (airline) Current role Currently, CAAC is an administrative department mostly intended to supervise the aviation market. CAAC releases route applications every week and for routes that do not fly to an open-sky country/region, there will be monthly scoring releases that determine the score for each of them. CAAC subsequently grants permission to start on those who score highest on the list. CAAC also issues frequent operation data and notices. CAAC administers China's no-fly list.: 113 List of directors List of Directors of the Civil Aviation Administration of China: Zhong Chibing (November 1949 – October 1952) Zhu Huizhao (October 1952 – June 1955) Kuang Rennong (June 1955 – June 1973) Ma Renhui (June 1973 – June 1975) Liu Cunxin (June 1975 – December 1977) Shen Tu (December 1977 – March 1985) Hu Yizhou (March 1985 – February 1991) Jiang Zhuping (February 1991 – December 1993) Chen Guangyi (December 1993 – June 1998) Liu Jianfeng (June 1998 – May 2002) Yang Yuanyuan (May 2002 – December 2007) Li Jiaxiang (December 2007 – January 2016) Feng Zhenglin (January 2016 – present) Affiliate subsidiaries Air Traffic Administration Bureau (ATMB) in Beijing Civil Aviation University of China (CAUC) in Tianjin Civil Aviation Flight University of China (CAFUC) in Guanghan Civil Aviation Management Institute of China (CAMIC) in Beijing China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology — Center of Aviation Safety Technology, CAAC in Beijing CAAC Second Research Institute in Chengdu China Civil Aviation Publishing Press in Beijing Civil Aviation Medical Center — Civil Aviation General Hospital in Beijing CAAC Settlement Center in Beijing CAAC Information Center in Beijing CAAC Audition Center in Beijing Capital Airports Holdings Limited (CAH) in Beijing CAAC International Cooperation and Service Center in Beijing China Airport Construction Corporation (CACC) in Beijing China Civil Aviation Engine Airworthiness Audition Center Flight Inspection Center of CAAC in Beijing CAAC Museum See also China portalAviation portal Transport in the People's Republic of China List of airports in the People's Republic of China China's busiest airports by passenger traffic List of airlines of the People's Republic of China Civil aviation in China Civil Aviation Department (Hong Kong) Civil Aviation Authority (Macau) Civil Aeronautics Administration (Taiwan) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Civil Aviation Administration of China. CAAC Official site (in Chinese) CAAC Official site (Archive) Flight Inspection Center of CAAC (in English)/(in Chinese) China - Civil Aviation Civil Aviation Management Institute of China, Civil Aviation Safety Institute (in Chinese) Flight Information Region In China References ^ "Leadership". 中国民用航空局. Retrieved 30 January 2023. ^ "Legal directory" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2009. ^ "Air Services Arrangement between the Mainland and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region", a treaty. This calls intranational service "specially managed domestic". ^ "English Archived September 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Civil Aviation Administration of China. Retrieved on 9 June 2009. "北京市东城区东四西大街155号." ^ "成立军委民航局 - 中国民航局60周年档案展". CAAC (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ "中国人民航空公司始末 - 中国民航局60周年档案展". CAAC (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 20 February 2021. ^ 北京市地方志编纂委员会 (2000). 北京志·市政卷·民用航空志 (in Chinese). Beijing Publishing House. ISBN 7-200-04040-1. ^ Tridents for China, Flight International, 2 September 1971, p. 348 ^ "庆祝新中国民航成立70周年专题 (1980)". CAAC (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 20 February 2021. ^ "庆祝新中国民航成立70周年专题 (1987)". CAAC (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 20 February 2021. ^ For a full timeline of the groundings, see Boeing 737 MAX groundings § Regulators. ^ "EASA suspends all Boeing 737 Max operations in Europe". European Union Aviation Safety Agency. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. ^ "Emergency Order of Prohibition" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019. ^ "Chinese air safety regulators gain global influence as FAA refuses to ground Boeing 737 Max". Los Angeles Times. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. ^ "Across the globe, a question of air safety becomes a question of American leadership". Los Angeles Times. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. ^ Isidore, Chris (13 May 2019). "Boeing desperately needs to get the 737 Max back in the air. Getting it approved will be hard". CNN. Retrieved 18 September 2019. The 737 Max does not appear close to flying again. Aviation experts doubt global regulators will act in concert to approve the 737 Max for flight, because serious questions remain about how and why the FAA approved the 737 Max for flight and whether it rushed the certification process. ^ "Boeing Responds to FAA Approval to Resume 737 MAX Operations". MediaRoom. Retrieved 19 December 2020. ^ Chua2020-11-20T07:58:00+00:00, Alfred. "China in no hurry to return 737 Max to service". Flight Global. Retrieved 19 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "波音737 Max開啟往中國的試飛之旅期待北京解除禁飛令". Bloomberg (in Chinese). 4 August 2021. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022. ^ "波音737MAX重获中国适航许可复飞还要多久？". Kankan News (in Chinese). 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. ^ Brussee, Vincent (2023). Social Credit: The Warring States of China's Emerging Data Empire. Singapore: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 9789819921881. ^ "历任局长" (in Chinese). Civil Aviation Administration of China. Retrieved 17 December 2017. vte State Council of the People's Republic of ChinaIncumbent (14th): Li Qiang CabinetState CouncilMembersExecutivemeeting Premier Vice Premiers State Councilors Secretary-General Ministers in charge of ministries/commissions Auditor-General Departments Foreign Defense Development Education Science Industry and Information Tech Ethnic Public Security State Security Civil Justice Finance Human Resources and Social Security Natural Resources Ecology and Environment Housing Transport Water Agriculture Commerce Culture and Tourism Health Veterans Emergency People's Bank Audit Office AgenciesGeneral Office Secretary-General Deputy Secretaries-General SpecialState AssetsAffiliated Customs Taxation Market Regulation Anti-Monopoly Standardization Cert. & Accred. 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Cryptography(☭ Leading Group) State Council = Central People's Government (constitutionally since 1954) ☭ denotes name reserved by Communist Party agencies. vteTransport in China History Proposed public transport Governmentagencies Ministry of Transport Rail Aviation Mail Sea Space Hong Kong* Macau* Road Expressways (NTHS) China National Highways Road numbering Rules (Road safety law) Licence plates AH1 Gallery road Zhongshan Road Automotive industry Driving License Rail History Eastern-Qing South Manchuria Narrow-gauge Passenger rail China Railway China Railway High-speed High-speed Harbin-Beijing–Guangzhou–Hong Kong Beijing–Kunming Beijing–Shanghai Lianyungang–Ürümqi Shanghai–Chengdu Shanghai–Kunming Lines Beijing–Harbin Beijing–Shanghai Beijing–Kowloon Beijing–Guangzhou Lanzhou–Lianyungang Lanzhou–Xinjiang Lhasa–Shigatse Qinghai–Tibet Locomotives Stations Rapid transit systems Maglev WaterPorts Chongqing Dalian Guangzhou Lianyungang Ningbo-Zhoushan Qingdao Rizhao Shanghai Yangshan Shenzhen Suzhou Tangshan Tianjin Xiamen Yingkou Hong Kong* Canals Grand Canal Lingqu Red Flag Canal Zhengguo Canal Industry Shipping industry China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation China State Shipbuilding Corporation Ship lifts AviationMajor airlines Air China Cathay Pacific* China Southern Airlines China Eastern Airlines Hainan Airlines Shandong Airlines Shanghai Airlines Shenzhen Airlines Sichuan Airlines XiamenAir Airports By traffic Major Airports: Beijing Capital Beijing Daxing Chengdu Shuangliu Chengdu Tianfu Guangzhou Baiyun Hong Kong* Shenzhen Bao'an Shanghai Pudong Shanghai Hongqiao Industry Aviation Industry Corporation of China China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition Comac Space Spaceports Space program PLA Aerospace Force Other topics Transport by province or autonomous region / by city Bridges Tunnels Chinese New Year Transit Disasters * in / related to the special administrative regions Category Economy Communications vteAviation accident and incident investigation agenciesAfrica DACM CCAA ANACM ANAC BPEA MCA ECAA BEIAA GCAA KCAA LYCAA BEA ANAC BEA DAAI NSIB BEA BEA CAA CAA SSCAA TCAA DGAC Asia IAC IAC CAAB CAAC AAIA AAIB NTSC CAO CAA JTSB IAC ARAIB LCAA AACM MOT AICC AAIB CAAN PCAA CAAP IAC GACA TSIB CAA TTSB IAC AAIC DGCA IAC GCAA IAC Europe IAC IAC SIA IAC AAIU AAIIB AAII AIB ESIB SIA BEA BFU AAIB AAIASB TSB AAIB AAIU ANSV IAC IAC TAIIB AET IAC DSB AIBN SCAAI (civil) KBWLLP (state/military) GPIAAF IAC CAD AMIA CIAIAC SHK STSB DGCA NBAAI AAIB North America AAIB ECCAA BCAD AAIB AAIB TSB AAIB DGAC IACC ECCAA CIAA AAC ECCAA BEA DGAC DGAC JCAA BEA DGAC AAIB INAC AAC NTSB ECCAA ECCAA ECCAA TTCAA AAIB NTSB NTSB Oceania NTSB ATSB DTC&I BEA CAAF NTSB BEA TAIC NTSB AIC South America JIAAC DGAC CENIPA DGAC UAEAC DGAC AAIB BEA GCAA DINAC CIAA OIPAIA DGPIAA Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAACHQBeijing.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FlightInspectionCenterCAAC.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"civil aviation authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"civil aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation"},{"link_name":"aviation accidents and incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Special administrative regions of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"its own airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAAC_(airline)"},{"link_name":"Dongcheng, Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongcheng,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"CAAC headquartersFlight Inspection Center of CAACThe Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC; Chinese: 中国民用航空局; pinyin: Zhōngguó Mínyòng Hángkōng Jú) is the Chinese civil aviation authority under the Ministry of Transport. It oversees civil aviation and investigates aviation accidents and incidents.[2]As the aviation authority responsible for China, it concludes civil aviation agreements with other aviation authorities, including those of the Special administrative regions of China which are categorized as \"special domestic.\"[3][better source needed] It directly operated its own airline, China's aviation monopoly, until 1988. The agency is headquartered in Dongcheng, Beijing.[4]","title":"Civil Aviation Administration of China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"CCP Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCP_Central_Committee"},{"link_name":"People's Revolutionary Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot"},{"link_name":"SKOGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKOGA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bj_avia-7"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilyushin_Il-62_2026_CAAC_SVO_19.09.74_edited-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley Trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident"},{"link_name":"Pakistan International Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"1972 Nixon visit to China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PLA General Stuff Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CAAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAAC_(airline)"},{"link_name":"ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX_groundings"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737 MAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"European Union Aviation Safety Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"On 2 November 1949, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the CCP Central Committee decided to found the Civil Aviation Agency under the name of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission, and under the command of the People's Liberation Army Air Force, to manage all non-military aviation in the country, as well as provide general and commercial flight services. The Civil Aviation Agency was created in December of the same year, and set offices in Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Wuhan.[5] On 10 March 1950, the Guangzhou Office began to work, managing civil flight services in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hunan. Later, it was merged with Wuhan Office to form the Civil Aviation Office of Central and Southern China on 21 January 1951, in Guangzhou, and was renamed Central and Southern Civil Aviation Office, working for civil flight administrations in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, and Hunan.[citation needed]On 7 May 1952, the People's Revolutionary Military Commission and the State Council issued the Decision for Reorganizing Civil Aviation (Chinese: 关于整编民用航空的决定) and the Civil Aviation Agency of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission was transferred to the military system and was under the direct control of the PLA Air Force, then split the civil aviation administration division and airline division to form the separate Civil Aviation Agency and civil airline. Under this decision, from July to November 1951, the Civil Aviation Agency had four administration offices in Shanghai (Eastern China), Guangzhou (Central-Southern), Chongqing (Southwestern China), and Tianjin (Northern China). The Southern China branch was briefly renamed the Civil Aviation Administration Office of Southern China. On 17 July 1952, the People's Aviation Company of China was created, headquartered in Tianjin.[6]On 9 June 1953, following Aeroflot in the Soviet Union, the People's Aviation Company of China was merged with the Civil Aviation Agency of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission. Later, the SKOGA was merged with the Beijing administration office on 1 January 1955.[7]: 275In November 1954, the Civil Aviation Agency of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission was renamed Civil Aviation Agency of China. It was transferred to the State Council and came under the leadership of both State Council and PLA Air Force. The PLA Air Force was also responsible for technical, flight, aircrew, communicating, human resources, and political works.On 27 February 1958, the Civil Aviation Agency was transferred to the Ministry of Transport. Later, the Agency ratified the Report for the Opinions of System Devolving (Chinese: 关于体制下放意见的报告) from the party branch of the Ministry of Transport in 17 June. Both national and local authorities have responsibilities of civil aviation. International and main domestic flights were mainly under the leadership of the national authority while local and agricultural flights were mainly under the leadership of local authority. Thus, most provinces and autonomous regions established their own civil aviation administration offices. Five administration offices in Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Ürümqi were changed to be regional administration agencies in 13 December. The Agency was renamed the General Administration of Civil Aviation of the Ministry of Transport on 17 November 1960.In April 1962, the Presidium of the 2nd National People's Congress decided to rename the General Administration of Civil Aviation of the Ministry of Transport to the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China on the 53rd meeting. It was transferred to the State Council and was managed by the PLA Air Force. The General Administration of Civil Aviation was transferred to the PLA Air Force on 20 November 1969.CAAC Ilyushin Il-62 at Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport in 1974In 1963, China purchased six Vickers Viscount aircraft from Great Britain, followed in 1971 by the purchase of four Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft from Pakistan International Airlines. In August 1971, the airline purchased six Trident 2Es directly from Hawker Siddeley.[8] The country also placed provisional orders for three Concorde aircraft. With the 1972 Nixon visit to China, the country ordered 10 Boeing 707 jets. In December 1973, it took the unprecedented step of borrowing £40 million from Western banks to fund the purchase of 15 additional Trident jets. Soviet-built Ilyushin Il-62 aircraft were used on long range routes during the 1970s and 1980s.On 5 March 1980, the General Administration of Civil Aviation was no longer managed by the PLA Air Force, and was transferred to the State Council.[9] Some administrative works were still under the People's Liberation Army and the air controlling was managed by PLA General Stuff Department and Air Force Command.On 30 January 1987, the State Council ratified the Report for the Reform Solution and Executive Steps of the Civil Aviation System Administration System (Chinese: 关于民航系统管理体制改革方案和实施步骤的报告).[10] Since then, CAAC acted solely as a government agency and reorganized six regional administration agencies, and no longer provided commercial flight services. In 1988, the airline CAAC was divided into a number of individual air carriers, many of them named after the region of China where it had its hub.On 19 April 1993, the General Administration of Civil Aviation became the ministry-level agency of the State Council.In March 2008, CAAC was made a subsidiary of the newly-created Ministry of Transport, and its official Chinese name was slightly adjusted to reflect its being no longer a ministry-level agency. Its official English name has remained Civil Aviation Administration of China.On 11 March 2019, the CAAC was the first civil aviation authority to ground the Boeing 737 MAX.[11] After so doing, most of the world's aviation authorities grounded the MAX, including the European Union Aviation Safety Agency the next day.[12] It took the US Federal Aviation Administration until 13 March to ground the MAX.[13] Aviation commentators saw this as having bolstered the global reputation of the CAAC at the expense of the FAA.[14][15][16] After the MAX was cleared to return by the FAA in November 2020,[17] the CAAC reiterated that there \"is no set timetable\" to lifting the MAX grounding in China.[18] In early August 2021, a MAX made a test flight in Shanghai for validation.[19] Later, the CAAC issued an airworthiness directive on 2 December to allow the type return to service if the MCAS is corrected following Boeing's instructions.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"CAAC (airline)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:44-21"}],"text":"Currently, CAAC is an administrative department mostly intended to supervise the aviation market. CAAC releases route applications every week and for routes that do not fly to an open-sky country/region, there will be monthly scoring releases that determine the score for each of them. CAAC subsequently grants permission to start on those who score highest on the list.CAAC also issues frequent operation data and notices.CAAC administers China's no-fly list.[21]: 113","title":"Current role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Zhong Chibing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhong_Chibing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhu Huizhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Huizhao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kuang Rennong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuang_Rennong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ma Renhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma_Renhui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liu Cunxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Cunxin"},{"link_name":"Shen Tu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_Tu_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hu Yizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hu_Yizhou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zhuping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zhuping"},{"link_name":"Chen Guangyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Guangyi"},{"link_name":"Liu Jianfeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Jianfeng_(PRC)"},{"link_name":"Yang Yuanyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Yuanyuan"},{"link_name":"Li Jiaxiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Jiaxiang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Feng Zhenglin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feng_Zhenglin&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"List of Directors of the Civil Aviation Administration of China:[22]Zhong Chibing (November 1949 – October 1952)\nZhu Huizhao (October 1952 – June 1955)\nKuang Rennong (June 1955 – June 1973)\nMa Renhui (June 1973 – June 1975)\nLiu Cunxin (June 1975 – December 1977)\nShen Tu (December 1977 – March 1985)\nHu Yizhou (March 1985 – February 1991)\nJiang Zhuping (February 1991 – December 1993)\nChen Guangyi (December 1993 – June 1998)\nLiu Jianfeng (June 1998 – May 2002)\nYang Yuanyuan (May 2002 – December 2007)\nLi Jiaxiang (December 2007 – January 2016)\nFeng Zhenglin (January 2016 – present)","title":"List of directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_University_of_China"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Flight University of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Flight_University_of_China"},{"link_name":"Guanghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanghan"},{"link_name":"Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu"},{"link_name":"Capital Airports Holdings Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Airport_Holding"}],"text":"Air Traffic Administration Bureau (ATMB) in Beijing\nCivil Aviation University of China (CAUC) in Tianjin\nCivil Aviation Flight University of China (CAFUC) in Guanghan\nCivil Aviation Management Institute of China (CAMIC) in Beijing\nChina Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology — Center of Aviation Safety Technology, CAAC in Beijing\nCAAC Second Research Institute in Chengdu\nChina Civil Aviation Publishing Press in Beijing\nCivil Aviation Medical Center — Civil Aviation General Hospital in Beijing\nCAAC Settlement Center in Beijing\nCAAC Information Center in Beijing\nCAAC Audition Center in Beijing\nCapital Airports Holdings Limited (CAH) in Beijing\nCAAC International Cooperation and Service Center in Beijing\nChina Airport Construction Corporation (CACC) in Beijing\nChina Civil Aviation Engine Airworthiness Audition Center\nFlight Inspection Center of CAAC in Beijing\nCAAC Museum","title":"Affiliate subsidiaries"}]	[{"image_text":"CAAC headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CAACHQBeijing.JPG/220px-CAACHQBeijing.JPG"},{"image_text":"Flight Inspection Center of CAAC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/FlightInspectionCenterCAAC.JPG/220px-FlightInspectionCenterCAAC.JPG"},{"image_text":"CAAC Ilyushin Il-62 at Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport in 1974","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ilyushin_Il-62_2026_CAAC_SVO_19.09.74_edited-3.jpg/220px-Ilyushin_Il-62_2026_CAAC_SVO_19.09.74_edited-3.jpg"}]	[{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Transport in the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"List of airports in the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"China's busiest airports by passenger traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic"},{"title":"List of airlines of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"Civil aviation in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China"},{"title":"Civil Aviation Department (Hong Kong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Department_(Hong_Kong)"},{"title":"Civil Aviation Authority (Macau)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Macau)"},{"title":"Civil Aeronautics Administration (Taiwan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Administration_(Taiwan)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Leadership\". 中国民用航空局. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/en/GYMH/LDJS/","url_text":"\"Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legal directory\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503070524/http://www.anpac.it/download/Vari/08LEGBL01_IFALPA_Legal_Directory.pdf","url_text":"\"Legal directory\""},{"url":"http://www.anpac.it/download/Vari/08LEGBL01_IFALPA_Legal_Directory.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"成立军委民航局 - 中国民航局60周年档案展\". CAAC (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426130325/http://www.caac.gov.cn/d1/60years/jkcy/cl/","url_text":"\"成立军委民航局 - 中国民航局60周年档案展\""},{"url":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/D1/60years/jkcy/cl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"中国人民航空公司始末 - 中国民航局60周年档案展\". CAAC (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 20 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/website/old/D1/60years/jkcy/rmhk/","url_text":"\"中国人民航空公司始末 - 中国民航局60周年档案展\""}]},{"reference":"北京市地方志编纂委员会 (2000). 北京志·市政卷·民用航空志 (in Chinese). Beijing Publishing House. ISBN 7-200-04040-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beijing_Publishing_House&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Beijing Publishing House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-200-04040-1","url_text":"7-200-04040-1"}]},{"reference":"\"庆祝新中国民航成立70周年专题 (1980)\". CAAC (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 20 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZTZL/RDZT/DCMH70N/DSJ/201910/t20191031_199247.html","url_text":"\"庆祝新中国民航成立70周年专题 (1980)\""}]},{"reference":"\"庆祝新中国民航成立70周年专题 (1987)\". CAAC (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 20 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZTZL/RDZT/DCMH70N/DSJ/201910/t20191031_199254.html","url_text":"\"庆祝新中国民航成立70周年专题 (1987)\""}]},{"reference":"\"EASA suspends all Boeing 737 Max operations in Europe\". European Union Aviation Safety Agency. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/press-releases/easa-suspends-all-boeing-737-max-operations-europe","url_text":"\"EASA suspends all Boeing 737 Max operations in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency","url_text":"European Union Aviation Safety Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Emergency Order of Prohibition\" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faa.gov/news/updates/media/Emergency_Order.pdf","url_text":"\"Emergency Order of Prohibition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration","url_text":"Federal Aviation Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese air safety regulators gain global influence as FAA refuses to ground Boeing 737 Max\". Los Angeles Times. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-chinese-regulators-faa-boeing-737-max-20190313-story.html","url_text":"\"Chinese air safety regulators gain global influence as FAA refuses to ground Boeing 737 Max\""}]},{"reference":"\"Across the globe, a question of air safety becomes a question of American leadership\". Los Angeles Times. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-trump-air-safety-leadership-20190315-story.html","url_text":"\"Across the globe, a question of air safety becomes a question of American leadership\""}]},{"reference":"Isidore, Chris (13 May 2019). \"Boeing desperately needs to get the 737 Max back in the air. Getting it approved will be hard\". CNN. Retrieved 18 September 2019. The 737 Max does not appear close to flying again. Aviation experts doubt global regulators will act in concert to approve the 737 Max for flight, because serious questions remain about how and why the FAA approved the 737 Max for flight and whether it rushed the certification process.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/13/business/boeing-737-max-global-approval/index.html","url_text":"\"Boeing desperately needs to get the 737 Max back in the air. Getting it approved will be hard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boeing Responds to FAA Approval to Resume 737 MAX Operations\". MediaRoom. Retrieved 19 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2020-11-18-Boeing-Responds-to-FAA-Approval-to-Resume-737-MAX-Operations","url_text":"\"Boeing Responds to FAA Approval to Resume 737 MAX Operations\""}]},{"reference":"Chua2020-11-20T07:58:00+00:00, Alfred. \"China in no hurry to return 737 Max to service\". Flight Global. Retrieved 19 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/china-in-no-hurry-to-return-737-max-to-service/141230.article","url_text":"\"China in no hurry to return 737 Max to service\""}]},{"reference":"\"波音737 Max開啟往中國的試飛之旅期待北京解除禁飛令\". Bloomberg (in Chinese). 4 August 2021. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hk.finance.yahoo.com/news/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9F%B3737-max%E9%96%8B%E5%95%9F%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%A6%E9%A3%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85-%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%85%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%A7%A3%E9%99%A4%E7%A6%81%E9%A3%9B%E4%BB%A4-155552036.html","url_text":"\"波音737 Max開啟往中國的試飛之旅期待北京解除禁飛令\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211018133338/https://hk.finance.yahoo.com/news/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9F%B3737-max%E9%96%8B%E5%95%9F%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%A6%E9%A3%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85-%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%85%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%A7%A3%E9%99%A4%E7%A6%81%E9%A3%9B%E4%BB%A4-155552036.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"波音737MAX重获中国适航许可复飞还要多久？\". Kankan News (in Chinese). 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kankanews.com/a/2021-12-03/0039964058.shtml","url_text":"\"波音737MAX重获中国适航许可复飞还要多久？\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211206014900/http://www.kankanews.com/a/2021-12-03/0039964058.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brussee, Vincent (2023). Social Credit: The Warring States of China's Emerging Data Empire. Singapore: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 9789819921881.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillan","url_text":"Palgrave MacMillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789819921881","url_text":"9789819921881"}]},{"reference":"\"历任局长\" (in Chinese). Civil Aviation Administration of China. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/GYMH/MHGK/LRJLD/","url_text":"\"历任局长\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.caac.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"caac.gov.cn"},{"Link":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"CAAC Official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.caac.gov.cn/English/","external_links_name":"CAAC Official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306122345/http://www.chinacfi.net/","external_links_name":"Flight Inspection Center of CAAC"},{"Link":"http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2814.html","external_links_name":"China - Civil Aviation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310161805/http://www.camic.cn/","external_links_name":"Civil Aviation Management Institute of China, Civil Aviation Safety Institute"},{"Link":"https://permit2fly.com/region/asia/china-overflight-permits.html","external_links_name":"Flight Information Region In China"},{"Link":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/en/GYMH/LDJS/","external_links_name":"\"Leadership\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503070524/http://www.anpac.it/download/Vari/08LEGBL01_IFALPA_Legal_Directory.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Legal directory\""},{"Link":"http://www.anpac.it/download/Vari/08LEGBL01_IFALPA_Legal_Directory.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZZJS/","external_links_name":"English"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090906023811/http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZZJS/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426130325/http://www.caac.gov.cn/d1/60years/jkcy/cl/","external_links_name":"\"成立军委民航局 - 中国民航局60周年档案展\""},{"Link":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/D1/60years/jkcy/cl","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/website/old/D1/60years/jkcy/rmhk/","external_links_name":"\"中国人民航空公司始末 - 中国民航局60周年档案展\""},{"Link":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZTZL/RDZT/DCMH70N/DSJ/201910/t20191031_199247.html","external_links_name":"\"庆祝新中国民航成立70周年专题 (1980)\""},{"Link":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZTZL/RDZT/DCMH70N/DSJ/201910/t20191031_199254.html","external_links_name":"\"庆祝新中国民航成立70周年专题 (1987)\""},{"Link":"https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/press-releases/easa-suspends-all-boeing-737-max-operations-europe","external_links_name":"\"EASA suspends all Boeing 737 Max operations in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/news/updates/media/Emergency_Order.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Emergency Order of Prohibition\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-chinese-regulators-faa-boeing-737-max-20190313-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Chinese air safety regulators gain global influence as FAA refuses to ground Boeing 737 Max\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-trump-air-safety-leadership-20190315-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Across the globe, a question of air safety becomes a question of American leadership\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/13/business/boeing-737-max-global-approval/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Boeing desperately needs to get the 737 Max back in the air. Getting it approved will be hard\""},{"Link":"https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2020-11-18-Boeing-Responds-to-FAA-Approval-to-Resume-737-MAX-Operations","external_links_name":"\"Boeing Responds to FAA Approval to Resume 737 MAX Operations\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/china-in-no-hurry-to-return-737-max-to-service/141230.article","external_links_name":"\"China in no hurry to return 737 Max to service\""},{"Link":"https://hk.finance.yahoo.com/news/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9F%B3737-max%E9%96%8B%E5%95%9F%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%A6%E9%A3%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85-%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%85%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%A7%A3%E9%99%A4%E7%A6%81%E9%A3%9B%E4%BB%A4-155552036.html","external_links_name":"\"波音737 Max開啟往中國的試飛之旅期待北京解除禁飛令\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211018133338/https://hk.finance.yahoo.com/news/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9F%B3737-max%E9%96%8B%E5%95%9F%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%A6%E9%A3%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85-%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%85%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%A7%A3%E9%99%A4%E7%A6%81%E9%A3%9B%E4%BB%A4-155552036.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kankanews.com/a/2021-12-03/0039964058.shtml","external_links_name":"\"波音737MAX重获中国适航许可复飞还要多久？\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211206014900/http://www.kankanews.com/a/2021-12-03/0039964058.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.caac.gov.cn/GYMH/MHGK/LRJLD/","external_links_name":"\"历任局长\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107220880","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131534459","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84217884","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LundXY	LundXY	["1 Activity","2 Portfolio","3 References","4 External links"]	This article reads like a press release or a news article and may be largely based on routine coverage. Please help improve this article and add independent sources. (June 2018) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) LundXY Global VenturesCompany typePrivate CompanyIndustryVenture capitalFounderMorten LundHeadquartersCopenhagen, DenmarkNumber of locationsHong Kong, London, Singapore, San FranciscoKey peopleMorten Lund (CEO),Websitewww.lundxy.com LundXY Global Ventures is an angel investment and startup catalyst headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark, founded by serial entrepreneur Morten Lund in 2007. By 2013, parts of the operation had been superseded by Lund's new OnlyXO network. Activity The firm was founded in 2007, managing a portfolio of companies in the fields of web and mobile telecommunications, content and media, financial services and clean technology. It backed Nikolaj Nyholm's startup Imity (acquired by social networking site ZYB for an undisclosed sum in 2008, and his 2008 startup Polar Rose. It also backed Aresa, a landmine detection startup. After field-testing in Serbia failed to produce the desired results, Aresa was shut down. LundXY acquired the free daily newspaper, Nyhedsavisen from the Icelandic investment firm Baugur GroupThe paper was in its time the most widely read newspaper in Denmark with a circulation of 550,000. The firm's stated goal was to transform the nature of printed press by merging offline distribution with an attractive online presence. Despite this, finances continued to be an issue and the paper closed in August 2008. LundXY's investment vehicle 'WILD,' for Worldwide Investment and Involvement in Life Development, included firms like AquaDania with its system for water purification and Aresa A/S, a company that used genetically modified plants to detect landmines. Morten Lund was declared bankrupt in January 2009 in the aftermath of the failure of Nyhedsavisen, but he announced that he was out of bankruptcy in April 2010. LundXY was out of the spotlight during the term of Lund's personal bankruptcy, though he continues to have a blog on that site. Portfolio Other companies that have appeared in the LundXY portfolio: HelloGroup, an advertising agency in Scandinavia Zecco.com, free online stock trading. Maxthon, the most popular web browser in China Polar Rose, facial recognition software Bullguard antivirus software Wamba, the social movement References ^ Reuters on Lund's move into clean energy January, 2008 ^ TechCrunch confirms ZYB's acquisition of Imity, April, 2008 ^ Lund interviewed by German business publication Taz.de, January, 2008 ^ Aresa website ^ Butcher, Mike. "As raw as it gets - Skype legend Morten Lund made bankrupt", Tech Crunch. London, 13 January 2009. ^ Daell Bjerrum, Vibeke. "Morten Lund ude af gældsfælde", business.dk, Berlingske. Copenhagen, 7 April 2010. ^ GigaOM on LundXY's involvement in Zecco, March, 2008 ^ World Economic Forum commends Polar Rose Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, 2008 ^ Bullguard list of awards given Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine, Bullguard website External links Nyhedsavisen Official Website Skype Official Website Clinton Global Initiative Official Website World Economic Forum Tech Pioneers vtePrivate equity and venture capital investment firmsInvestment strategy Venture Growth Mezzanine Secondaries Leveraged buyout History History of private equity and venture capital Early history of private equity Private equity in the 1980s Private equity in the 1990s Private equity in the 2000s Investors Angel investor Commercial bank Corporate venture capital Crowdfunding Family office Endowment Fund of funds High-net-worth individual Institutional investor Insurance company Investment bank Merchant bank Pension fund Sovereign wealth fund Private equity firms Venture capital firms Portfolio companies	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"angel investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_investment"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Morten Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_Lund_(investor)"},{"link_name":"OnlyXO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OnlyXO&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"LundXY Global Ventures is an angel investment and startup catalyst headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark, founded by serial entrepreneur Morten Lund in 2007. By 2013, parts of the operation had been superseded by Lund's new OnlyXO network.","title":"LundXY"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portfolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)"},{"link_name":"of web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Published_media"},{"link_name":"financial services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services"},{"link_name":"clean technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nikolaj Nyholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Nyholm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Polar Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Rose_(facial_recognition)"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Nyhedsavisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyhedsavisen"},{"link_name":"Baugur Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baugur_Group"},{"link_name":"press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media"},{"link_name":"distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"investment vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_vehicle"},{"link_name":"water purification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants"},{"link_name":"landmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The firm was founded in 2007, managing a portfolio of companies in the fields of web and mobile telecommunications, content and media, financial services and clean technology.[1]It backed Nikolaj Nyholm's startup Imity (acquired by social networking site ZYB for an undisclosed sum in 2008,[2] and his 2008 startup Polar Rose. It also backed Aresa, a landmine detection startup. After field-testing in Serbia failed to produce the desired results, Aresa was shut down.LundXY acquired the free daily newspaper, Nyhedsavisen from the Icelandic investment firm Baugur GroupThe paper was in its time the most widely read newspaper in Denmark with a circulation of 550,000. The firm's stated goal was to transform the nature of printed press by merging offline distribution with an attractive online presence.[3] Despite this, finances continued to be an issue and the paper closed in August 2008.[citation needed]LundXY's investment vehicle 'WILD,' for Worldwide Investment and Involvement in Life Development, included firms like AquaDania with its system for water purification and Aresa A/S, a company that used genetically modified plants to detect landmines.[4]Morten Lund was declared bankrupt in January 2009[5] in the aftermath of the failure of Nyhedsavisen, but he announced that he was out of bankruptcy in April 2010.[6] LundXY was out of the spotlight during the term of Lund's personal bankruptcy, though he continues to have a blog on that site.[citation needed]","title":"Activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HelloGroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HelloGroup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Zecco.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zecco.com&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Maxthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxthon"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Other companies that have appeared in the LundXY portfolio:HelloGroup, an advertising agency in Scandinavia\nZecco.com, free online stock trading.[7]\nMaxthon, the most popular web browser in China\nPolar Rose, facial recognition software[8]\nBullguard antivirus software[9]\nWamba, the social movement[citation needed]","title":"Portfolio"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LundXY&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305130048/http://www.reuters.com/article/hotStocksNews/idUSL2155345120080121/Lund-invests-in-clean-energy","external_links_name":"Reuters on Lund's move into clean energy"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2008/04/22/confirmed-zyb-bought-imity/","external_links_name":"TechCrunch confirms ZYB's acquisition of Imity"},{"Link":"http://www.taz.de/1/leben/medien/artikel/1/skype-gruender-kauft-gratis-zeitung/?src=SZ&cHash=317d42e25a","external_links_name":"Lund interviewed by German business publication Taz.de"},{"Link":"http://www.aresa.dk/","external_links_name":"Aresa website"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/01/14/as-raw-as-it-gets-startup-legend-lund-bankrupt/","external_links_name":"\"As raw as it gets - Skype legend Morten Lund made bankrupt\""},{"Link":"http://www.business.dk/media/morten-lund-ude-af-gaeldsfaelde","external_links_name":"\"Morten Lund ude af gældsfælde\""},{"Link":"http://gigaom.com/2006/09/21/skype-backer-takes-on-etrade-with-free-trades","external_links_name":"GigaOM on LundXY's involvement in Zecco"},{"Link":"http://www.weforum.org/en/Communities/Technology%20Pioneers/SelectedTechPioneers/index.htm","external_links_name":"World Economic Forum commends Polar Rose"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080506143921/http://www.weforum.org/en/Communities/Technology%20Pioneers/SelectedTechPioneers/index.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bullguard.com/news/reviews-and-awards.aspx","external_links_name":"Bullguard list of awards given"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512145743/http://www.bullguard.com/news/reviews-and-awards.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.avisen.dk/","external_links_name":"Nyhedsavisen Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.skype.com/","external_links_name":"Skype Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.clintonglobalinitiative.com/","external_links_name":"Clinton Global Initiative Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.weforum.org/en/Communities/Technology%20Pioneers/SelectedTechPioneers/TechnologyPioneers2007/index.htm","external_links_name":"World Economic Forum Tech Pioneers"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_standard_deviation	Geometric standard deviation	["1 Definition","2 Derivation","3 Geometric standard score","4 Relationship to log-normal distribution","5 References","6 External links"]	Statistical measure This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Geometric standard deviation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In probability theory and statistics, the geometric standard deviation (GSD) describes how spread out are a set of numbers whose preferred average is the geometric mean. For such data, it may be preferred to the more usual standard deviation. Note that unlike the usual arithmetic standard deviation, the geometric standard deviation is a multiplicative factor, and thus is dimensionless, rather than having the same dimension as the input values. Thus, the geometric standard deviation may be more appropriately called geometric SD factor. When using geometric SD factor in conjunction with geometric mean, it should be described as "the range from (the geometric mean divided by the geometric SD factor) to (the geometric mean multiplied by the geometric SD factor), and one cannot add/subtract "geometric SD factor" to/from geometric mean. Definition If the geometric mean of a set of numbers A 1 , A 2 , . . . , A n {\textstyle {A_{1},A_{2},...,A_{n}}} is denoted as μ g {\textstyle \mu _{\mathrm {g} }} , then the geometric standard deviation is σ g = exp ⁡ 1 n ∑ i = 1 n ( ln ⁡ A i μ g ) 2 . {\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {g} }=\exp {\sqrt {{1 \over n}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(\ln {A_{i} \over \mu _{\mathrm {g} }}\right)^{2}}}\,.} Derivation If the geometric mean is μ g = A 1 A 2 ⋯ A n n {\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {g} }={\sqrt{A_{1}A_{2}\cdots A_{n}}}} then taking the natural logarithm of both sides results in ln ⁡ μ g = 1 n ln ⁡ ( A 1 A 2 ⋯ A n ) . {\displaystyle \ln \mu _{\mathrm {g} }={1 \over n}\ln(A_{1}A_{2}\cdots A_{n}).} The logarithm of a product is a sum of logarithms (assuming A i {\textstyle A_{i}} is positive for all i {\textstyle i} ), so ln ⁡ μ g = 1 n [ ln ⁡ A 1 + ln ⁡ A 2 + ⋯ + ln ⁡ A n ] . {\displaystyle \ln \mu _{\mathrm {g} }={1 \over n}\left.} It can now be seen that ln ⁡ μ g {\displaystyle \ln \mu _{\mathrm {g} }} is the arithmetic mean of the set { ln ⁡ A 1 , ln ⁡ A 2 , … , ln ⁡ A n } {\displaystyle \{\ln A_{1},\ln A_{2},\dots ,\ln A_{n}\}} , therefore the arithmetic standard deviation of this same set should be ln ⁡ σ g = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n ( ln ⁡ A i − ln ⁡ μ g ) 2 . {\displaystyle \ln \sigma _{\mathrm {g} }={\sqrt {{1 \over n}\sum _{i=1}^{n}(\ln A_{i}-\ln \mu _{\mathrm {g} })^{2}}}\,.} This simplifies to σ g = exp ⁡ 1 n ∑ i = 1 n ( ln ⁡ A i μ g ) 2 . {\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {g} }=\exp {\sqrt {{1 \over n}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(\ln {A_{i} \over \mu _{\mathrm {g} }}\right)^{2}}}\,.} Geometric standard score The geometric version of the standard score is z = ln ⁡ x − ln ⁡ μ g ln ⁡ σ g = log σ g ⁡ ( x μ g ) . {\displaystyle z={{\ln x-\ln \mu _{\mathrm {g} }} \over \ln \sigma _{\mathrm {g} }}=\log _{\sigma _{\mathrm {g} }}\left({x \over \mu _{\mathrm {g} }}\right).} If the geometric mean, standard deviation, and z-score of a datum are known, then the raw score can be reconstructed by x = μ g σ g z . {\displaystyle x=\mu _{\mathrm {g} }{\sigma _{\mathrm {g} }}^{z}.} Relationship to log-normal distribution The geometric standard deviation is used as a measure of log-normal dispersion analogously to the geometric mean. As the log-transform of a log-normal distribution results in a normal distribution, we see that the geometric standard deviation is the exponentiated value of the standard deviation of the log-transformed values, i.e. σ g = exp ⁡ ( stdev ⁡ ( ln ⁡ A ) ) {\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {g} }=\exp(\operatorname {stdev} (\ln A))} . As such, the geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation of a sample of data from a log-normally distributed population may be used to find the bounds of confidence intervals analogously to the way the arithmetic mean and standard deviation are used to bound confidence intervals for a normal distribution. See discussion in log-normal distribution for details. References ^ GraphPad Guide ^ Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1993). "Geometric standard deviation - reply to Bohidar". Drug Dev. Ind. Pharmacy 19(3): 395-6. ^ a b Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1979). "Geometric means and measures of dispersion". Biometrics. 35: 908–9. JSTOR 2530139. External links Non-Newtonian calculus website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"geometric mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean"},{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"dimensionless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless"},{"link_name":"dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geometric_means_and_measures_of_dispersion-3"}],"text":"In probability theory and statistics, the geometric standard deviation (GSD) describes how spread out are a set of numbers whose preferred average is the geometric mean. For such data, it may be preferred to the more usual standard deviation. Note that unlike the usual arithmetic standard deviation, the geometric standard deviation is a multiplicative factor, and thus is dimensionless, rather than having the same dimension as the input values. Thus, the geometric standard deviation may be more appropriately called geometric SD factor.[1][2] When using geometric SD factor in conjunction with geometric mean, it should be described as \"the range from (the geometric mean divided by the geometric SD factor) to (the geometric mean multiplied by the geometric SD factor), and one cannot add/subtract \"geometric SD factor\" to/from geometric mean.[3]","title":"Geometric standard deviation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"If the geometric mean of a set of numbers \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n .\n .\n .\n ,\n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {A_{1},A_{2},...,A_{n}}}\n \n is denoted as \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }}\n \n, then the geometric standard deviation isσ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n =\n exp\n ⁡\n \n \n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{\\mathrm {g} }=\\exp {\\sqrt {{1 \\over n}\\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\left(\\ln {A_{i} \\over \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }}\\right)^{2}}}\\,.}","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm"},{"link_name":"arithmetic mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_mean"}],"text":"If the geometric mean isμ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋯\n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }={\\sqrt[{n}]{A_{1}A_{2}\\cdots A_{n}}}}then taking the natural logarithm of both sides results inln\n ⁡\n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n (\n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋯\n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }={1 \\over n}\\ln(A_{1}A_{2}\\cdots A_{n}).}The logarithm of a product is a sum of logarithms (assuming \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle A_{i}}\n \n is positive for all \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\textstyle i}\n \n), soln\n ⁡\n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n [\n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ln\n ⁡\n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n ln\n ⁡\n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n \n ]\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }={1 \\over n}\\left[\\ln A_{1}+\\ln A_{2}+\\cdots +\\ln A_{n}\\right].}It can now be seen that \n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }}\n \n is the arithmetic mean of the set \n \n \n \n {\n ln\n ⁡\n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n ln\n ⁡\n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n ln\n ⁡\n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\ln A_{1},\\ln A_{2},\\dots ,\\ln A_{n}\\}}\n \n, therefore the arithmetic standard deviation of this same set should beln\n ⁡\n \n σ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n ln\n ⁡\n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n −\n ln\n ⁡\n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\sigma _{\\mathrm {g} }={\\sqrt {{1 \\over n}\\sum _{i=1}^{n}(\\ln A_{i}-\\ln \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} })^{2}}}\\,.}This simplifies toσ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n =\n exp\n ⁡\n \n \n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{\\mathrm {g} }=\\exp {\\sqrt {{1 \\over n}\\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\left(\\ln {A_{i} \\over \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }}\\right)^{2}}}\\,.}","title":"Derivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"raw score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_score"}],"text":"The geometric version of the standard score isz\n =\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n x\n −\n ln\n ⁡\n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n σ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n log\n \n \n σ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z={{\\ln x-\\ln \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }} \\over \\ln \\sigma _{\\mathrm {g} }}=\\log _{\\sigma _{\\mathrm {g} }}\\left({x \\over \\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }}\\right).}If the geometric mean, standard deviation, and z-score of a datum are known, then the raw score can be reconstructed byx\n =\n \n μ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=\\mu _{\\mathrm {g} }{\\sigma _{\\mathrm {g} }}^{z}.}","title":"Geometric standard score"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"log-normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geometric_means_and_measures_of_dispersion-3"},{"link_name":"confidence intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval"},{"link_name":"log-normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution"}],"text":"The geometric standard deviation is used as a measure of log-normal dispersion analogously to the geometric mean.[3] As the log-transform of a log-normal distribution results in a normal distribution, we see that the\ngeometric standard deviation is the exponentiated value of the standard deviation of the log-transformed values, i.e. \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n =\n exp\n ⁡\n (\n stdev\n ⁡\n (\n ln\n ⁡\n A\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{\\mathrm {g} }=\\exp(\\operatorname {stdev} (\\ln A))}\n \n.As such, the geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation of a sample of\ndata from a log-normally distributed population may be used to find the bounds of confidence intervals analogously to the way the arithmetic mean and standard deviation are used to bound confidence intervals for a normal distribution. See discussion in log-normal distribution for details.","title":"Relationship to log-normal distribution"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1979). \"Geometric means and measures of dispersion\". Biometrics. 35: 908–9. JSTOR 2530139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2530139","url_text":"2530139"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Geometric+standard+deviation%22","external_links_name":"\"Geometric standard deviation\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Geometric+standard+deviation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Geometric+standard+deviation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Geometric+standard+deviation%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Geometric+standard+deviation%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Geometric+standard+deviation%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.graphpad.com/guides/prism/7/statistics/stat_the_geometric_mean_and_geometr.htm?toc=0&printWindow","external_links_name":"GraphPad Guide"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3109/03639049309038775","external_links_name":"\"Geometric standard deviation - reply to Bohidar\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2530139","external_links_name":"2530139"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/nonnewtoniancalculus/","external_links_name":"Non-Newtonian calculus website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Winds_(1938_film)	Trade Winds (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Critical response","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Citations","5.3 Bibliography","6 External links"]	1938 film by Tay Garnett Trade WindsTheatrical posterDirected byTay GarnettScreenplay byDorothy ParkerAlan CampbellFrank R. AdamsStory byTay GarnettProduced byTay GarrettWalter Wanger (executive)StarringFredric MarchJoan BennettCinematographyRudolph MateForeign exterior photography James B. ShackelfordEdited byOtho LoveringDorothy SpencerMusic byMusical directorAlfred NewmanProductioncompaniesWalter Wanger Productions, IncorporatedA Tay Garnett ProductionDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date December 28, 1938 (1938-12-28) Running time93 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$738,733Box office$964,404 Trade Winds is a 1938 American comedy murder mystery film directed by Tay Garnett written by Dorothy Parker, Alan Campbell, and Frank R. Adams, based on the story by Tay Garnett. The film stars Fredric March and Joan Bennett. It was distributed by United Artists, and released on December 28, 1938. Plot Socialite Kay Kerrigan is accused of fatally shooting millionaire cad Thomas Bruhme II. Kay blames the callous Bruhme for her sister's suicide but when he is confronted, he dismissively throws Kay a gun, but she angrily shoots him in the stomach. Police detectives Ben "Homer" Blodget and George Faulkner find the body, with a gunshot in the back of Bruhme's head that is the fatal shot. After finding her handbag at the murder scene, the police are on Kay's trail. First she fakes a car accident, driving into the San Francisco Bay, then makes arrangements to go to Hawaii. When she pawns a unique piece of jewelry, Police Commissioner Blackton knows that Kay is alive and puts former detective Sam Wye on the case. Kay with her hair dyed brown, and travelling on a British passport as "Mary Holden" has taken a ship to the South Seas. She is followed by Sam and his secretary Jean Livingstone, an old flame who also wants to collect a $100,000 reward now being offered by Bruhme's father. On a boat sailing to Singapore, Sam finally meets Kay, and immediately falls in love with her. Along the way, Homer and Jean do the same. Sam eventually determines that the actual killer was John Johnson, a jealous husband whose wife was having an affair with Bruhme. Kay is thus cleared and free to marry Sam. Cast Fredric March as Sam Wye Joan Bennett as Kay Kerrigan Ralph Bellamy as Ben Blodgett Ann Sothern as Jean Livingstone Sidney Blackmer as Thomas Bruhme II Thomas Mitchell as Commissioner Blackton Robert Elliott as Detective George Faulkner Joyce Compton as Mrs. Johnson Richard Tucker as John Johnson Dorothy Comingore as Ann (credited as Linda Winters) Wilma Francis as Judy Production Principal photography on Trade Winds took place from August 22 to October 20, 1938. The film was a "labor of love" for Tay Garnett. Frank Nugent described the process in his review for The New York Times: "Tay Garnett earned the distinction yesterday of being probably the first man in history with the temerity to invite 80,000,000 persons to pay to see the movies he took on a world cruise. Mr. Garnett went abroad a few seasons ago and, having a rough outline of a script, he shot doorways in Japan, barrooms in Indo-China, the race track at Singapore, a pier in Bombay, a fishing village in the Laccadives, a twisting street in pre-war Shanghai. Hollywood bridged the gaps, set up the process screen, placed Fredric March and Joan Bennett before it..." Critical response Frank Nugent in his contemporary review ofTrade Winds for The New York Times, said: "'Trade Winds', which blew gently into the Music Hall yesterday and may be remembered by posterity as the process shot that went 'round the world. It is not exactly a travelogue. As a mystery film it's a bit on the porous side. We hesitate to call it a romantic comedy, beginning as it does with a suicide, adding a murder and ending with a third body on the floor. And certainly it's not a straight drama. Maybe a new word is in order – a travestery comiromance, or a dramalogue of travesty." Variety said: "All the elements that provide broad entertainment are present in this picture and it should reap healthy grosses. Story and adaptation are sound, production is handsome, direction is forceful and the acting is persuasive." Kine Weekly wrote: "Yarn is essentially a melodrama-romance built on the time-tested formula of the beauteous fugitive-from-justice and the demon hawkshaw who's sent to bring her back alive. ... It's all frankly hoke, but surefire stuff for mass emotional appeal, since it has colorful and sympathetic characters" Leslie Halliwell opined: "Smartly written mixture of comedy, drama, mystery and travelogue which comes off only in spots; it needed a firmer hand " The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 2/5 stars, writing: "Director Tay Garnett justified a tax-deductible sailing trip around the world by taking a cinematographer to record the sights and writing a story en route. The footage provided the backdrop for this lightweight tale of detective Fredric March's pursuit of high-class murder suspect Joan Bennett. The stars never had to leave the studio, as the film used a record amount of back projection. Predictably, this contributed to an air of tedium." References Notes ^ Trade Winds earned a profit of $71,129. Citations ^ a b c Bernstein 2000, p. 439. ^ "Original film information: 'Trade Winds' (1938)." TCM, 2019. Retrieved: August 1, 2019. ^ a b Nugent, Frank S. "The screen; Tay Garnett's 'Trade Winds' brings a world cruise to the Music Hall." The New York Times, January 13, 1939. ^ "Trade Winds". Variety. 13 (2): 14. 21 September 1938. ^ "Trade Winds". Kine Weekly. 236 (1656): 21. 12 January 1939. ^ Halliwell, Leslie (1989). Halliwell's Film Guide (7th ed.). London: Paladin. p. 1046. ISBN 0-586-08894-6. ^ Radio Times Guide to Films (18th ed.). London: Immediate Media Company. 2017. p. 954. ISBN 9780992936440. Bibliography Bernstein, Matthew. Walter Wagner: Hollywood Independent. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-52008-127-7. External links Trade Winds at the TCM Movie Database Trade Winds at IMDb Trade Winds at AllMovie Trade Winds at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Trade Winds at Allmovie Still Photos from 'Trade Winds' by Ned Scott Streaming audio Trade Winds on Lux Radio Theater: March 4, 1940 Trade Winds on the Screen Directors Playhouse: May 29, 1949 vteFilms directed by Tay Garnett The Spieler (1928) Celebrity (1928) The Flying Fool (1929) Oh, Yeah! (1929) Her Man (1930) Officer O'Brien (1930) Bad Company (1931) Prestige (1932) One Way Passage (1932) Okay, America! (1932) Destination Unknown (1933) S.O.S. Iceberg (1933) China Seas (1935) Professional Soldier (1935) She Couldn't Take It (1935) Love Is News (1937) Slave Ship (1937) Stand-In (1937) Joy of Living (1938) Trade Winds (1938) Eternally Yours (1939) Slightly Honorable (1939) Seven Sinners (1940) Cheers for Miss Bishop (1941) My Favorite Spy (1942) Bataan (1943) The Cross of Lorraine (1943) Mrs. Parkington (1944) The Valley of Decision (1945) The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946) Wild Harvest (1947) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949) The Fireball (1950) Soldiers Three (1951) Cause for Alarm! (1951) One Minute to Zero (1952) Main Street to Broadway (1953) The Black Knight (1954) Seven Wonders of the World (1956) A Terrible Beauty (1960) Cattle King (1963) The Delta Factor (1970) Challenge to Be Free (1975) Timber Tramps (1975) vteFilms produced by Walter Wanger The Sheik (1921) The Cocoanuts (1929) The Lady Lies (1929) Applause (1929) Roadhouse Nights (1930) Tarnished Lady (1931) Washington Merry-Go-Round (1932) Gabriel Over the White House (1933) The Bitter Tea of General Yen (1933) Going Hollywood (1933) Another Language (1933) Queen Christina (1933) The President Vanishes (1934) Private Worlds (1935) Smart Girl (1935) Every Night at Eight (1935) Shanghai (1935) Mary Burns, Fugitive (1935) The Moon's Our Home (1936) Her Master's Voice (1936) The Case Against Mrs. Ames (1936) Fatal Lady (1936) Palm Springs (1936) The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (1936) Big Brown Eyes (1936) Spendthrift (1936) You Only Live Once (1937) Vogues of 1938 (1937) History Is Made At Night (1937) Stand-In (1937) 52nd Street (1937) Trade Winds (1938) Blockade (1938) Algiers (1938) I Met My Love Again (1938) Stagecoach (1939) Winter Carnival (1939) Eternally Yours (1939) Foreign Correspondent (1940) The Long Voyage Home (1940) Slightly Honorable (1940) The House Across the Bay (1940) Sundown (1941) Eagle Squadron (1942) Arabian Nights (1942) We've Never Been Licked (1943) Gung Ho! (1943) Ladies Courageous (1944) Scarlet Street (1945) Salome, Where She Danced (1945) Night in Paradise (1946) Canyon Passage (1946) Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman (1947) The Lost Moment (1947) Tap Roots (1948) Joan of Arc (1948) Secret Beyond the Door (1948) The Reckless Moment (1949) Reign of Terror (1949) Tulsa (1949) Aladdin and His Lamp (1952) Lady in the Iron Mask (1952) Battle Zone (1952) Fort Vengeance (1953) Kansas Pacific (1953) Riot in Cell Block 11 (1954) The Adventures of Hajji Baba (1954) Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) Navy Wife (1956) I Want to Live! (1958) Cleopatra (1963)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Tay Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Garnett"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker"},{"link_name":"Alan Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Campbell_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Frank R. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Adams"},{"link_name":"Fredric March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_March"},{"link_name":"Joan Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Bennett"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"}],"text":"Trade Winds is a 1938 American comedy murder mystery film directed by Tay Garnett written by Dorothy Parker, Alan Campbell, and Frank R. Adams, based on the story by Tay Garnett. The film stars Fredric March and Joan Bennett. It was distributed by United Artists, and released on December 28, 1938.","title":"Trade Winds (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Socialite Kay Kerrigan is accused of fatally shooting millionaire cad Thomas Bruhme II. Kay blames the callous Bruhme for her sister's suicide but when he is confronted, he dismissively throws Kay a gun, but she angrily shoots him in the stomach.Police detectives Ben \"Homer\" Blodget and George Faulkner find the body, with a gunshot in the back of Bruhme's head that is the fatal shot. After finding her handbag at the murder scene, the police are on Kay's trail. First she fakes a car accident, driving into the San Francisco Bay, then makes arrangements to go to Hawaii. When she pawns a unique piece of jewelry, Police Commissioner Blackton knows that Kay is alive and puts former detective Sam Wye on the case.Kay with her hair dyed brown, and travelling on a British passport as \"Mary Holden\" has taken a ship to the South Seas. She is followed by Sam and his secretary Jean Livingstone, an old flame who also wants to collect a $100,000 reward now being offered by Bruhme's father.On a boat sailing to Singapore, Sam finally meets Kay, and immediately falls in love with her. Along the way, Homer and Jean do the same. Sam eventually determines that the actual killer was John Johnson, a jealous husband whose wife was having an affair with Bruhme. Kay is thus cleared and free to marry Sam.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fredric March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_March"},{"link_name":"Joan Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Ann Sothern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Sothern"},{"link_name":"Sidney Blackmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Blackmer"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mitchell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Robert Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Elliott_(actor,_born_1879)"},{"link_name":"Joyce Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Compton"},{"link_name":"Richard Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Tucker_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Comingore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Comingore"}],"text":"Fredric March as Sam Wye\nJoan Bennett as Kay Kerrigan\nRalph Bellamy as Ben Blodgett\nAnn Sothern as Jean Livingstone\nSidney Blackmer as Thomas Bruhme II\nThomas Mitchell as Commissioner Blackton\nRobert Elliott as Detective George Faulkner\nJoyce Compton as Mrs. Johnson\nRichard Tucker as John Johnson\nDorothy Comingore as Ann (credited as Linda Winters)\nWilma Francis as Judy","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Frank Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Nugent"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nugent-3"}],"text":"Principal photography on Trade Winds took place from August 22 to October 20, 1938.[2] The film was a \"labor of love\" for Tay Garnett. Frank Nugent described the process in his review for The New York Times: \"Tay Garnett earned the distinction yesterday of being probably the first man in history with the temerity to invite 80,000,000 persons to pay to see the movies he took on a world cruise. Mr. Garnett went abroad a few seasons ago and, having a rough outline of a script, he shot doorways in Japan, barrooms in Indo-China, the race track at Singapore, a pier in Bombay, a fishing village in the Laccadives, a twisting street in pre-war Shanghai. Hollywood bridged the gaps, set up the process screen, placed Fredric March and Joan Bennett before it...\"[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Nugent"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nugent-3"},{"link_name":"[N 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kine Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kine_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Leslie Halliwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Halliwell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Frank Nugent in his contemporary review ofTrade Winds for The New York Times, said: \"'Trade Winds', which blew gently into the Music Hall yesterday and may be remembered by posterity as the process shot that went 'round the world. It is not exactly a travelogue. As a mystery film it's a bit on the porous side. We hesitate to call it a romantic comedy, beginning as it does with a suicide, adding a murder and ending with a third body on the floor. And certainly it's not a straight drama. Maybe a new word is in order – a travestery comiromance, or a dramalogue of travesty.\"[3] [N 1]Variety said: \"All the elements that provide broad entertainment are present in this picture and it should reap healthy grosses. Story and adaptation are sound, production is handsome, direction is forceful and the acting is persuasive.\"[4]Kine Weekly wrote: \"Yarn is essentially a melodrama-romance built on the time-tested formula of the beauteous fugitive-from-justice and the demon hawkshaw who's sent to bring her back alive. ... It's all frankly hoke, but surefire stuff for mass emotional appeal, since it has colorful and sympathetic characters\"[5]Leslie Halliwell opined: \"Smartly written mixture of comedy, drama, mystery and travelogue which comes off only in spots; it needed a firmer hand \"[6]The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 2/5 stars, writing: \"Director Tay Garnett justified a tax-deductible sailing trip around the world by taking a cinematographer to record the sights and writing a story en route. The footage provided the backdrop for this lightweight tale of detective Fredric March's pursuit of high-class murder suspect Joan Bennett. The stars never had to leave the studio, as the film used a record amount of back projection. Predictably, this contributed to an air of tedium.\"[7]","title":"Critical response"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Trade Winds\". Variety. 13 (2): 14. 21 September 1938.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Trade Winds\". Kine Weekly. 236 (1656): 21. 12 January 1939.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kine_Weekly","url_text":"Kine Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Halliwell, Leslie (1989). Halliwell's Film Guide (7th ed.). London: Paladin. p. 1046. ISBN 0-586-08894-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-08894-6","url_text":"0-586-08894-6"}]},{"reference":"Radio Times Guide to Films (18th ed.). London: Immediate Media Company. 2017. p. 954. ISBN 9780992936440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_Media_Company","url_text":"Immediate Media Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780992936440","url_text":"9780992936440"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/95803/The-Wife-Takes-a-Flyer/original-print-info.html","external_links_name":"\"Original film information: 'Trade Winds' (1938).\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1939/01/13/archives/the-screen-tay-garnetts-trade-winds-brings-a-world-cruise-to-the.html","external_links_name":"\"The screen; Tay Garnett's 'Trade Winds' brings a world cruise to the Music Hall.\""},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/93758/enwp","external_links_name":"Trade Winds"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0030888/","external_links_name":"Trade Winds"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v43275","external_links_name":"Trade Winds"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/6089","external_links_name":"Trade Winds"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520081618/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/114250/Trade-Winds/overview","external_links_name":"Trade Winds"},{"Link":"http://thenedscottarchive.com/hollywood/films/trade-winds-movie.html","external_links_name":"Still Photos from 'Trade Winds'"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/Lux05/Lux_40-03-04_Trade_Winds.MP3","external_links_name":"Trade Winds"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/ScreenDirectorsPlayhouse/SDP_49-05-29_ep021-Trade_Winds.mp3","external_links_name":"Trade Winds"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1843_in_music	1843 in music	["1 Events","2 Popular music","3 Classical music","4 Opera","5 Births","6 Deaths"]	Overview of the events of 1843 in music List of years in music (table) … 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 … Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... Events February 6 – The Virginia Minstrels perform the first minstrel show (Bowery Amphitheatre, New York City). May 22 – Gottfried Kinkel marries fellow musician Johanna Mockel. November 13 – Gaetano Donizetti's final opera Dom Sébastien is premiered at the Paris Opera. December 26 – Following the première of his last opera, Hernani, Alberto Mazzucato retires from composing in order to become a full-time music teacher. Approximate date – Euphonium invented. August Conradi becomes organist of the Invalidenhaus, Berlin. Hector Berlioz writes Grand traité d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes, Op. 10 Popular music "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean" by Thomas Becket "I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls" w. Alfred Bunn m. Michael William Balfe from the light opera The Bohemian Girl "Old Dan Tucker", usually attributed to Dan Emmett "Then You'll Remember Me" w. Alfred Bunn m. Michael William Balfe from the light opera The Bohemian Girl Classical music Dionisio Aguado – Nuevo método para guitarra, Op. 6 Ernesto Cavallini – Concert Fantasia on motives from 'La sonnambula' Frédéric Chopin Impromptu No. 3 in G-flat major, opus 51 Ballade No. 4 in F minor, opus 52 Mazurkas, Op.56 Waltz in A minor, B.150 Moderato in E major, B.151 August Conradi – Symphony No. 1 Carl Czerny – 8 Nocturnes romantiques de différents caractères, Op.604 Carl Filtsch Premières pensées musicales, Op.3 Overture for orchestra in D major Niels Gade – Symphony No. 2 Miska Hauser – Mes adieux a Varsovie, Op.5 Johanna Kinkel – 6 Lieder, Op.18 Sebastian Lee – 40 Études mélodiques et progressives, Op.31 Franz Liszt Album Leaf in E major S.166a Élégie sur des motifs du Prince Louis Ferdinand de Prusse, S.168 Ländler in A-flat major, S.211 Gaudeamus igitur, S.240 Canzone Napolitana, S.248 Il m'aimait tant, S.271 Die Zelle in Nonnenwerth, S.274 Es war ein König in Thule, S.278 Der du von dem Himmel bist, S.279 Die tote Nachtigall, S.291 Réminiscences de 'Robert le diable', S.413 Hans Christian Lumbye Tivolis Rutschbane Galop (dated August 11) Tivolis Damp-Caroussellbane Galop (dated August 26) Tivolis Gondol Galop (dated September 3) Felix Mendelssohn Cello Sonata No. 2 in D major, Op. 58 Die erste Walpurgisnacht, secular cantata, opus 60 (première in Leipzig, February 2) Joachim Raff – 4 Galop-caprices, Op.5 Robert Schumann − Paradise and the Peri, secular oratorio, opus 50 (premiere in Leipzig, December) Johann Strauss – Lorelei Rhein Klänge op. 154 ("Echoes of the Rhine Loreley") Pauline Viardot – Album de Mme. Viardot-Garcia London debut of "Don Pasquale" Opera 27 November – Michael William Balfe's The Bohemian Girl debuts in London at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane Julius Benedict – The Bride of Venice Gaetano Donizetti – Don Pasquale Giovanni Pacini – Medea Giuseppe Verdi – I Lombardi Richard Wagner – The Flying Dutchman Fromental Halévy – Charles VI, premiered March 15 in Paris Births January 22 – Caroline Montigny-Rémaury, pianist (died 1913) February 6 – Frederic William Henry Myers, lyricist (died 1901) February 10 – Adelina Patti, soprano (died 1919) February 14 – Louis Diémer, pianist (died 1919) February 24 – Violet Fane, lyricist (died 1905) February 25 – Narciso Serradell, Mexican composer (died 1910) March 6 – Arthur Napoleão dos Santos, Brazilian pianist and composer, instrument dealer and music publisher (died 1925) March 16 Louis Gregh, composer and publisher (died 1915) Gustave Sandré, composer (died 1916) April 4 – Dr. Hans Richter, conductor (died 1916) April 8 – Asger Hamerik, composer (died 1923) May 2 – Karl Michael Ziehrer, Austrian composer and bandmaster (died 1922) May 20 – Miguel Marqués, Spanish composer and violinist (died 1918) May 29 – Émile Pessard, French composer (died 1917) June 13 – Adolf Neuendorff, German-American composer, conductor, pianist and violinist (died 1897) June 15 – Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (died 1907) June 16 – David Popper, cellist and composer (died 1913) June 19 – Charles Edouard Lefebvre, French composer (died 1917) June 20 – Fyodor Stravinsky, opera singer and father of Igor Stravinsky (died 1902) July 9 – Ralph E. Hudson, American hymnwriter (died 1901) August 4 – Flor van Duyse, Belgian composer and musicologist (died 1910) August 5 – James Scott Skinner, Scottish dancing master, violinist, fiddler, and composer (died 1927) August 20 – Christina Nilsson, operatic soprano (died 1921) August 26 – Georg August Lumbye, Danish composer, son of Hans Christian Lumbye (died 1922) September 4 – Ján Levoslav Bella, Slovak composer (died 1936) November 2 – Elek Erkel, Hungarian composer, son of Ferenc Erkel (died 1893) Caryl Florio, composer (died 1920) November 16 – George Hendrik Witte, composer (died 1929) November 28 – Émile Bernard, French composer and organist (died 1902) December 3 – Franz Xaver Neruda, Danish cellist and composer (died 1915) December 13 – George Stephanescu, Romanian composer (died 1925) December 22 – Julius Bechgaard, Danish composer (died 1917) date unknown – Eduard Holst, Danish composer Deaths January 7 – Franz Schoberlechner, pianist (born 1797) January 11 Auguste Andrade, singer (born 1793) Antoine Bournonville, dancer, singer and actor, 82 Francis Scott Key, poet and songwriter, 63 March 9 – Christian August Pohlenz, conductor and composer, 52 April 14 – Josef Lanner, Viennese composer, 42 (typhoid) May 3 – Franz Xaver Gebel, conductor, composer and music teacher, 55 or 56 May 4 – Eduard Rottmanner, organist and composer, 33 May 12 – Johann Georg Lickl, composer and piano teacher, 74 July – Nehemiah Shumway, composer of sacred music, 81 July 9 – Karoline Pichler, lyricist (born 1769) July 24 – Carl Julius Adolph Hugo Hoffmann, composer (born 1801) July 29 – Domenico Reina, operatic and bel canto tenor, 47 August 29 – Charles Jane Ashley, cellist and secretary of the Royal Society of Musicians, 70 date unknown Therese Jansen Bartolozzi, pianist (born c.1770) Agnes Franz, lyricist (born 1794) Knut Luraas, Hardingfele fiddler (born 1782) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Music in 1843.	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Overview of the events of 1843 in music","title":"1843 in music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6"},{"link_name":"Virginia Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"minstrel show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show"},{"link_name":"Bowery Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"May 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Kinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Kinkel"},{"link_name":"Johanna Mockel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Mockel"},{"link_name":"November 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_13"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti"},{"link_name":"Dom Sébastien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_S%C3%A9bastien"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"December 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26"},{"link_name":"Alberto Mazzucato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Mazzucato"},{"link_name":"Euphonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphonium"},{"link_name":"August Conradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Conradi"},{"link_name":"Hector Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"}],"text":"February 6 – The Virginia Minstrels perform the first minstrel show (Bowery Amphitheatre, New York City).\nMay 22 – Gottfried Kinkel marries fellow musician Johanna Mockel.\nNovember 13 – Gaetano Donizetti's final opera Dom Sébastien is premiered at the Paris Opera.\nDecember 26 – Following the première of his last opera, Hernani, Alberto Mazzucato retires from composing in order to become a full-time music teacher.\nApproximate date – Euphonium invented.\nAugust Conradi becomes organist of the Invalidenhaus, Berlin.\nHector Berlioz writes Grand traité d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes, Op. 10","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_the_Gem_of_the_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Thomas Becket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket"},{"link_name":"I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Dreamt_I_Dwelt_in_Marble_Halls"},{"link_name":"Alfred Bunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bunn"},{"link_name":"Michael William Balfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_William_Balfe"},{"link_name":"The Bohemian Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bohemian_Girl"},{"link_name":"Old Dan Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dan_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Dan Emmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Emmett"},{"link_name":"Alfred Bunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bunn"},{"link_name":"Michael William Balfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_William_Balfe"},{"link_name":"The Bohemian Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bohemian_Girl"}],"text":"\"Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean\" by Thomas Becket\n\"I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls\" w. Alfred Bunn m. Michael William Balfe from the light opera The Bohemian Girl\n\"Old Dan Tucker\", usually attributed to Dan Emmett\n\"Then You'll Remember Me\" w. Alfred Bunn m. Michael William Balfe from the light opera The Bohemian Girl","title":"Popular music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dionisio Aguado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio_Aguado_y_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Cavallini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Cavallini"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Impromptu No. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impromptu_No._3_(Chopin)"},{"link_name":"Ballade No. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballade_No._4_(Chopin)"},{"link_name":"Mazurkas, Op.56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazurkas,_Op._56_(Chopin)"},{"link_name":"August Conradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Conradi"},{"link_name":"Carl Czerny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Czerny"},{"link_name":"Carl Filtsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Filtsch"},{"link_name":"Niels Gade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Wilhelm_Gade"},{"link_name":"Miska Hauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miska_Hauser"},{"link_name":"Johanna Kinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Kinkel"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Lee"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian Lumbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye"},{"link_name":"Felix Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"Cello Sonata No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_Sonata_No._2_(Mendelssohn)"},{"link_name":"Die erste Walpurgisnacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_erste_Walpurgisnacht"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Joachim Raff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Raff"},{"link_name":"Robert Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Paradise and the Peri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_and_the_Peri"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I"},{"link_name":"Pauline Viardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Viardot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Don_Pasquale_in_London.png"}],"text":"Dionisio Aguado – Nuevo método para guitarra, Op. 6\nErnesto Cavallini – Concert Fantasia on motives from 'La sonnambula'\nFrédéric Chopin\nImpromptu No. 3 in G-flat major, opus 51\nBallade No. 4 in F minor, opus 52\nMazurkas, Op.56\nWaltz in A minor, B.150\nModerato in E major, B.151\nAugust Conradi – Symphony No. 1\nCarl Czerny – 8 Nocturnes romantiques de différents caractères, Op.604\nCarl Filtsch\nPremières pensées musicales, Op.3\nOverture for orchestra in D major\nNiels Gade – Symphony No. 2\nMiska Hauser – Mes adieux a Varsovie, Op.5\nJohanna Kinkel – 6 Lieder, Op.18\nSebastian Lee – 40 Études mélodiques et progressives, Op.31\nFranz Liszt\nAlbum Leaf in E major S.166a\nÉlégie sur des motifs du Prince Louis Ferdinand de Prusse, S.168\nLändler in A-flat major, S.211\nGaudeamus igitur, S.240\nCanzone Napolitana, S.248\nIl m'aimait tant, S.271\nDie Zelle in Nonnenwerth, S.274\nEs war ein König in Thule, S.278\nDer du von dem Himmel bist, S.279\nDie tote Nachtigall, S.291\nRéminiscences de 'Robert le diable', S.413\nHans Christian Lumbye\nTivolis Rutschbane Galop (dated August 11)\nTivolis Damp-Caroussellbane Galop (dated August 26)\nTivolis Gondol Galop (dated September 3)\nFelix Mendelssohn\nCello Sonata No. 2 in D major, Op. 58\nDie erste Walpurgisnacht, secular cantata, opus 60 (première in Leipzig, February 2)\nJoachim Raff – 4 Galop-caprices, Op.5\nRobert Schumann − Paradise and the Peri, secular oratorio, opus 50 (premiere in Leipzig, December)\nJohann Strauss – Lorelei Rhein Klänge op. 154 (\"Echoes of the Rhine Loreley\")\nPauline Viardot – Album de Mme. Viardot-GarciaLondon debut of \"Don Pasquale\"","title":"Classical music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27 November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_November"},{"link_name":"Michael William Balfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_William_Balfe"},{"link_name":"The Bohemian Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bohemian_Girl"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Drury Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane"},{"link_name":"Julius Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti"},{"link_name":"Don Pasquale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Pasquale"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Pacini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini"},{"link_name":"Medea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medea_(Pacini)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"I Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Lombardi"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"The Flying Dutchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Fromental Halévy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_(opera)"}],"text":"27 November – Michael William Balfe's The Bohemian Girl debuts in London at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane\nJulius Benedict – The Bride of Venice\nGaetano Donizetti – Don Pasquale\nGiovanni Pacini – Medea\nGiuseppe Verdi – I Lombardi\nRichard Wagner – The Flying Dutchman\nFromental Halévy – Charles VI, premiered March 15 in Paris","title":"Opera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_22"},{"link_name":"Caroline Montigny-Rémaury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Montigny-R%C3%A9maury"},{"link_name":"February 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6"},{"link_name":"Frederic William Henry Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_W._H._Myers"},{"link_name":"February 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_10"},{"link_name":"Adelina Patti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelina_Patti"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_in_music"},{"link_name":"February 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_14"},{"link_name":"Louis Diémer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Di%C3%A9mer"},{"link_name":"February 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_24"},{"link_name":"Violet Fane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Fane"},{"link_name":"February 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_25"},{"link_name":"Narciso Serradell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso_Serradell_Sevilla"},{"link_name":"March 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_6"},{"link_name":"Arthur Napoleão dos Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Napole%C3%A3o_dos_Santos"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_in_music"},{"link_name":"March 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_16"},{"link_name":"Louis Gregh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gregh"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_in_music"},{"link_name":"Gustave Sandré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Sandr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"April 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_4"},{"link_name":"Dr. Hans Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Richter_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"April 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_8"},{"link_name":"Asger Hamerik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asger_Hamerik"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_in_music"},{"link_name":"May 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2"},{"link_name":"Karl Michael Ziehrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Michael_Ziehrer"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_in_music"},{"link_name":"May 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_20"},{"link_name":"Miguel Marqués","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Marqu%C3%A9s_(composer)"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_in_music"},{"link_name":"May 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_29"},{"link_name":"Émile Pessard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pessard"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_in_music"},{"link_name":"June 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_13"},{"link_name":"Adolf Neuendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Neuendorff"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_in_music"},{"link_name":"June 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_15"},{"link_name":"Edvard Grieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Grieg"},{"link_name":"1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_in_music"},{"link_name":"June 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_16"},{"link_name":"David Popper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Popper"},{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_in_music"},{"link_name":"June 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_19"},{"link_name":"Charles Edouard Lefebvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edouard_Lefebvre"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_in_music"},{"link_name":"June 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_20"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_in_music"},{"link_name":"July 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_9"},{"link_name":"Ralph E. Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_E._Hudson"},{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_in_music"},{"link_name":"August 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_4"},{"link_name":"Flor van Duyse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor_van_Duyse"},{"link_name":"1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_in_music"},{"link_name":"August 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_5"},{"link_name":"James Scott Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scott_Skinner"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_in_music"},{"link_name":"August 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_20"},{"link_name":"Christina Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_in_music"},{"link_name":"August 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_26"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian Lumbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_in_music"},{"link_name":"September 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4"},{"link_name":"Ján Levoslav Bella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Levoslav_Bella"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_in_music"},{"link_name":"November 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Erkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_in_music"},{"link_name":"Caryl Florio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryl_Florio"},{"link_name":"November 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_16"},{"link_name":"George Hendrik Witte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hendrik_Witte"},{"link_name":"November 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_28"},{"link_name":"Émile Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard_(composer)"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_in_music"},{"link_name":"December 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Neruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Neruda"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_in_music"},{"link_name":"December 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_13"},{"link_name":"George Stephanescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephanescu"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_in_music"},{"link_name":"December 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_22"},{"link_name":"Julius Bechgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Bechgaard"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_in_music"},{"link_name":"Eduard Holst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Holst"}],"text":"January 22 – Caroline Montigny-Rémaury, pianist (died 1913)\nFebruary 6 – Frederic William Henry Myers, lyricist (died 1901)\nFebruary 10 – Adelina Patti, soprano (died 1919)\nFebruary 14 – Louis Diémer, pianist (died 1919)\nFebruary 24 – Violet Fane, lyricist (died 1905)\nFebruary 25 – Narciso Serradell, Mexican composer (died 1910)\nMarch 6 – Arthur Napoleão dos Santos, Brazilian pianist and composer, instrument dealer and music publisher (died 1925)\nMarch 16\nLouis Gregh, composer and publisher (died 1915)\nGustave Sandré, composer (died 1916)\nApril 4 – Dr. Hans Richter, conductor (died 1916)\nApril 8 – Asger Hamerik, composer (died 1923)\nMay 2 – Karl Michael Ziehrer, Austrian composer and bandmaster (died 1922)\nMay 20 – Miguel Marqués, Spanish composer and violinist (died 1918)\nMay 29 – Émile Pessard, French composer (died 1917)\nJune 13 – Adolf Neuendorff, German-American composer, conductor, pianist and violinist (died 1897)\nJune 15 – Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (died 1907)\nJune 16 – David Popper, cellist and composer (died 1913)\nJune 19 – Charles Edouard Lefebvre, French composer (died 1917)\nJune 20 – Fyodor Stravinsky, opera singer and father of Igor Stravinsky (died 1902)\nJuly 9 – Ralph E. Hudson, American hymnwriter (died 1901)\nAugust 4 – Flor van Duyse, Belgian composer and musicologist (died 1910)\nAugust 5 – James Scott Skinner, Scottish dancing master, violinist, fiddler, and composer (died 1927)\nAugust 20 – Christina Nilsson, operatic soprano (died 1921)\nAugust 26 – Georg August Lumbye, Danish composer, son of Hans Christian Lumbye (died 1922)\nSeptember 4 – Ján Levoslav Bella, Slovak composer (died 1936)\nNovember 2 –\nElek Erkel, Hungarian composer, son of Ferenc Erkel (died 1893)\nCaryl Florio, composer (died 1920)\nNovember 16 – George Hendrik Witte, composer (died 1929)\nNovember 28 – Émile Bernard, French composer and organist (died 1902)\nDecember 3 – Franz Xaver Neruda, Danish cellist and composer (died 1915)\nDecember 13 – George Stephanescu, Romanian composer (died 1925)\nDecember 22 – Julius Bechgaard, Danish composer (died 1917)\ndate unknown – Eduard Holst, Danish composer","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_7"},{"link_name":"Franz Schoberlechner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schoberlechner"},{"link_name":"January 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_11"},{"link_name":"Auguste Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Andrade"},{"link_name":"Antoine Bournonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Bournonville"},{"link_name":"Francis Scott Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key"},{"link_name":"March 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9"},{"link_name":"Christian August Pohlenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_August_Pohlenz"},{"link_name":"April 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_14"},{"link_name":"Josef Lanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Lanner"},{"link_name":"May 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_3"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Gebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Gebel"},{"link_name":"May 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_4"},{"link_name":"Eduard Rottmanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Rottmanner"},{"link_name":"May 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_12"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Lickl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Lickl"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah Shumway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_Shumway"},{"link_name":"July 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_9"},{"link_name":"Karoline Pichler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Pichler"},{"link_name":"July 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_24"},{"link_name":"Carl Julius Adolph Hugo Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Julius_Adolph_Hugo_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"July 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_29"},{"link_name":"Domenico Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Reina"},{"link_name":"August 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_29"},{"link_name":"Charles Jane Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jane_Ashley"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Musicians"},{"link_name":"Therese Jansen Bartolozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese_Jansen_Bartolozzi"},{"link_name":"Agnes Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Franz"},{"link_name":"Knut Luraas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Luraas"},{"link_name":"Music in 1843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_in_1843"}],"text":"January 7 – Franz Schoberlechner, pianist (born 1797)\nJanuary 11\nAuguste Andrade, singer (born 1793)\nAntoine Bournonville, dancer, singer and actor, 82\nFrancis Scott Key, poet and songwriter, 63\nMarch 9 – Christian August Pohlenz, conductor and composer, 52\nApril 14 – Josef Lanner, Viennese composer, 42 (typhoid)\nMay 3 – Franz Xaver Gebel, conductor, composer and music teacher, 55 or 56\nMay 4 – Eduard Rottmanner, organist and composer, 33\nMay 12 – Johann Georg Lickl, composer and piano teacher, 74\nJuly – Nehemiah Shumway, composer of sacred music, 81\nJuly 9 – Karoline Pichler, lyricist (born 1769)\nJuly 24 – Carl Julius Adolph Hugo Hoffmann, composer (born 1801)\nJuly 29 – Domenico Reina, operatic and bel canto tenor, 47\nAugust 29 – Charles Jane Ashley, cellist and secretary of the Royal Society of Musicians, 70\ndate unknown\nTherese Jansen Bartolozzi, pianist (born c.1770)\nAgnes Franz, lyricist (born 1794)\nKnut Luraas, Hardingfele fiddler (born 1782)Wikimedia Commons has media related to Music in 1843.","title":"Deaths"}]	[{"image_text":"London debut of \"Don Pasquale\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Don_Pasquale_in_London.png/200px-Don_Pasquale_in_London.png"}]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christabel_Marshall	Christabel Marshall	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	English author and suffragist (1871–1960) Christabel MarshallEdith Craig, Clare Atwood and Christabel Marshall at Smallhythe PlaceBorn(1871-10-24)24 October 1871Died20 October 1960(1960-10-20) (aged 88)Resting placeSt John the Baptist, Smallhythe Road, Smallhythe, Kent, TN307NGEducationSomerville College Christabel Gertrude Marshall (aka Christopher Marie St John) (24 October 1871 – 20 October 1960) was a British campaigner for women's suffrage, a playwright and author. Marshall lived in a ménage à trois with the artist Clare Atwood and the actress, theatre director, producer and costume designer Edith Craig from 1916 until Craig's death in 1947. Biography Born in Exeter, she was the youngest of nine children of Emma Marshall, née Martin (1828–1899), novelist, and Hugh Graham Marshall (c.1825–1899), manager of the West of England Bank. She changed her name on her conversion to Catholicism in adulthood. Having taken a BA in Modern History at Somerville College, Oxford, Marshall became the secretary to Mrs Humphry Ward, Lady Randolph Churchill and, occasionally, to her son Winston Churchill. In order to pursue her aim of becoming a dramatist, Marshall went on the stage for three years to learn stagecraft, and occasionally acted as secretary to Ellen Terry. She lived with Terry's daughter Edith Craig from 1899 to Craig's death in 1947. They lived together at Smith Square, and then 31 Bedford Street, Covent Garden as well as Priest's House, Tenterden, Kent. Their relationship became temporarily strained when Craig received, and accepted, a marriage proposal from the composer Martin Shaw in 1903, and Marshall attempted suicide. In 1916, Marshall and Craig were joined by the artist Clare 'Tony' Atwood, living in a ménage à trois until Craig died in 1947, according to Michael Holroyd in his book A Strange Eventful History. In 1900, Marshall published her first novel, The Crimson Weed, which takes its title from a transformation of the traditional symbol of the red rose. A feminist, in 1909 she joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), having previously worked for the Women Writers' Suffrage League and the Actresses' Franchise League. In 1909, Marshall turned Cicely Hamilton's short story How The Vote Was Won into a play that became popular with women's suffrage groups throughout the United Kingdom. Also in 1909, Marshall joined a WSPU deputation to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, contributing an article Why I Went on the Deputation to the journal Votes for Women in July 1909. In November 1909 Marshall appeared as the woman-soldier Hannah Snell in Cicely Hamilton's Pageant of Great Women, directed by Edith Craig. With Hamilton she also wrote The Pot and the Kettle (1909), and with Charles Thursby, The Coronation (1912). In May 1911 her play The First Actress was one of the three plays in the first production of Craig's theatre society, the Pioneer Players. Marshall's plays Macrena and On the East Side were produced by the Pioneer Players, as well as her translation (with Marie Potapenko) of The Theatre of the Soul by Nikolai Evreinov. Marshall converted to Catholicism in 1912, and took the name St John. She, Edith Craig and Clare Atwood were friends with many artists and writers including lesbian novelist Radclyffe Hall, who lived nearby in Rye. As Christopher St John in 1915, she published her autobiographical novel Hungerheart, which she had started in 1899, and which she based on her relationship with Edith Craig and her own involvement in the women's suffrage movement. St John was contracted by Ellen Terry to assist on various publications. After Terry's death in 1928, St John published the Shaw–Terry Correspondence (1931) and Terry's Four Lectures on Shakespeare (1932). St John and Craig revised and edited Terry's Memoirs (1933). After Edith Craig's death in 1947, St John and Atwood helped to keep the Ellen Terry Memorial Museum in operation. Some of St John's papers have survived in the National Trust's Ellen Terry and Edith Craig Archive. Marshall died from pneumonia connected with heart disease at Tenterden in 1960. Marshall and Atwood are buried alongside each other at St John the Baptist's Church, Small Hythe. Craig's ashes were supposed to be buried there as well, but at the time of Marshall and Atwood's deaths, the ashes got lost and a memorial was placed in the cemetery instead. References ^ Ann Rachlin (2011), Edy was a Lady, Troubador Publishing Ltd, pg 62 ^ a b Holroyd, Michael. A Strange Eventful History, Chatto and Windus, 2008 ^ Review A Strange Eventful History: The Dramatic Lives of Ellen Terry, Henry Irving, and Their Remarkable Families by Michael Holroyd, 23 March 2009, Los Angeles Times ^ Charlotte Perkins Gilmore: Optimist Reformer. Jill Rudd & Val Gough (editors), University of Iowa Press, p. 90 (1999) Google Books ^ Law, Cheryl. Suffrage and Power: the Women's Movement, 1918-1928. i B Tauris & Co, p. 221 (1997) Google Books ^ a b Cockin, Katharine. "St John, Christopher Marie (1871–1960)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 11 March 2010 ^ a b Cockin, Katharine. Edith Craig (1869-1947): Dramatic Lives, Cassell (1998) ^ a b Crawford, Elizabeth. The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928 UCL Press (1999) ^ "A Curious Encounter at St Ives · Meanjin · Literacy in Australia · Melbourne University Publishing · Classic English Literature Books · Australian Literary Journals & Magazines". Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-12. ^ Cockin, Katharine. Women and Theatre in the Age of Suffrage: The Pioneer Players 1911-25, Palgrave, 2001 ^ Ellen Terry, Spheres of Influence, edited by Katharine Cockin, Pickering & Chatto 2011 ^ AHRC Ellen Terry and Edith Craig Archive Database ^ Edy was a Lady, by Ann Rachlin, Troubador Publishing Ltd, 2011, pg 62 External links The Orlando Project of Women Writers Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"ménage à trois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nage_%C3%A0_trois"},{"link_name":"Clare Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Atwood"},{"link_name":"theatre director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_director"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_producer"},{"link_name":"Edith Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Craig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strange-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilmore-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law-5"}],"text":"Christabel Gertrude Marshall (aka Christopher Marie St John) (24 October 1871 – 20 October 1960) was a British campaigner for women's suffrage, a playwright and author. Marshall lived in a ménage à trois with the artist Clare Atwood and the actress, theatre director, producer and costume designer Edith Craig from 1916 until Craig's death in 1947.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Christabel Marshall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-6"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Modern History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_History"},{"link_name":"Somerville College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Mrs Humphry Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Humphry_Ward"},{"link_name":"Lady Randolph Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Ellen Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Terry"},{"link_name":"Edith Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Craig"},{"link_name":"Smith Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Square"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden"},{"link_name":"Tenterden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenterden"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig-7"},{"link_name":"Martin Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Shaw_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-6"},{"link_name":"Clare 'Tony' Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Atwood"},{"link_name":"ménage à trois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nage_%C3%A0_trois"},{"link_name":"Michael Holroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Holroyd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strange-2"},{"link_name":"Women's Social and Political Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union"},{"link_name":"Women Writers' Suffrage League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Writers%27_Suffrage_League"},{"link_name":"Actresses' Franchise League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actresses%27_Franchise_League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-8"},{"link_name":"Cicely Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicely_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-8"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Evreinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Evreinov"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pioneer-10"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Edith Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Craig"},{"link_name":"Clare Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Atwood"},{"link_name":"Radclyffe Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radclyffe_Hall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig-7"},{"link_name":"autobiographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spheres-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-12"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"Small Hythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Hythe"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Born in Exeter, she was the youngest of nine children of Emma Marshall, née Martin (1828–1899), novelist, and Hugh Graham Marshall (c.1825–1899), manager of the West of England Bank. She changed her name on her conversion to Catholicism in adulthood.[6] Having taken a BA in Modern History at Somerville College, Oxford, Marshall became the secretary to Mrs Humphry Ward, Lady Randolph Churchill and, occasionally, to her son Winston Churchill.In order to pursue her aim of becoming a dramatist, Marshall went on the stage for three years to learn stagecraft, and occasionally acted as secretary to Ellen Terry. She lived with Terry's daughter Edith Craig from 1899 to Craig's death in 1947. They lived together at Smith Square, and then 31 Bedford Street, Covent Garden as well as Priest's House, Tenterden, Kent.[7] Their relationship became temporarily strained when Craig received, and accepted, a marriage proposal from the composer Martin Shaw in 1903, and Marshall attempted suicide.[6] In 1916, Marshall and Craig were joined by the artist Clare 'Tony' Atwood, living in a ménage à trois until Craig died in 1947, according to Michael Holroyd in his book A Strange Eventful History.[2] In 1900, Marshall published her first novel, The Crimson Weed, which takes its title from a transformation of the traditional symbol of the red rose. A feminist, in 1909 she joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), having previously worked for the Women Writers' Suffrage League and the Actresses' Franchise League.[8]In 1909, Marshall turned Cicely Hamilton's short story How The Vote Was Won into a play that became popular with women's suffrage groups throughout the United Kingdom. Also in 1909, Marshall joined a WSPU deputation to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, contributing an article Why I Went on the Deputation to the journal Votes for Women in July 1909. In November 1909 Marshall appeared as the woman-soldier Hannah Snell in Cicely Hamilton's Pageant of Great Women, directed by Edith Craig. With Hamilton she also wrote The Pot and the Kettle (1909), and with Charles Thursby,[9] The Coronation (1912). In May 1911 her play The First Actress was one of the three plays in the first production of Craig's theatre society, the Pioneer Players.[8] Marshall's plays Macrena and On the East Side were produced by the Pioneer Players, as well as her translation (with Marie Potapenko) of The Theatre of the Soul by Nikolai Evreinov.[10]Marshall converted to Catholicism in 1912, and took the name St John. She, Edith Craig and Clare Atwood were friends with many artists and writers including lesbian novelist Radclyffe Hall, who lived nearby in Rye.[7] As Christopher St John in 1915, she published her autobiographical novel Hungerheart, which she had started in 1899, and which she based on her relationship with Edith Craig and her own involvement in the women's suffrage movement. St John was contracted by Ellen Terry to assist on various publications. After Terry's death in 1928, St John published the Shaw–Terry Correspondence (1931) and Terry's Four Lectures on Shakespeare (1932). St John and Craig revised and edited Terry's Memoirs (1933).[11] After Edith Craig's death in 1947, St John and Atwood helped to keep the Ellen Terry Memorial Museum in operation. Some of St John's papers have survived in the National Trust's Ellen Terry and Edith Craig Archive.[12]Marshall died from pneumonia connected with heart disease at Tenterden in 1960. Marshall and Atwood are buried alongside each other at St John the Baptist's Church, Small Hythe. Craig's ashes were supposed to be buried there as well, but at the time of Marshall and Atwood's deaths, the ashes got lost and a memorial was placed in the cemetery instead.[13]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"A Curious Encounter at St Ives · Meanjin · Literacy in Australia · Melbourne University Publishing · Classic English Literature Books · Australian Literary Journals & Magazines\". Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102004758/http://meanjin.com.au/articles/post/a-curious-encounter-at-st-ives/","url_text":"\"A Curious Encounter at St Ives · Meanjin · Literacy in Australia · Melbourne University Publishing · Classic English Literature Books · Australian Literary Journals & Magazines\""},{"url":"http://meanjin.com.au/articles/post/a-curious-encounter-at-st-ives/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/23/entertainment/et-book23","external_links_name":"Review A Strange Eventful History: The Dramatic Lives of Ellen Terry, Henry Irving, and Their Remarkable Families"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Am4bzJUW5cQC&dq=edith+craig+clare+atwood+chritabel+marshall&pg=PA90","external_links_name":"Charlotte Perkins Gilmore: Optimist Reformer"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C17PslUo1DYC&dq=edith+craig+clare+atwood+christabel+marshall&pg=PA221","external_links_name":"Suffrage and Power: the Women's Movement, 1918-1928"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/57057","external_links_name":"\"St John, Christopher Marie (1871–1960)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102004758/http://meanjin.com.au/articles/post/a-curious-encounter-at-st-ives/","external_links_name":"\"A Curious Encounter at St Ives · Meanjin · Literacy in Australia · Melbourne University Publishing · Classic English Literature Books · Australian Literary Journals & Magazines\""},{"Link":"http://meanjin.com.au/articles/post/a-curious-encounter-at-st-ives/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ellenterryarchive.hull.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"AHRC Ellen Terry and Edith Craig Archive Database"},{"Link":"http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=stjoch","external_links_name":"The Orlando Project of Women Writers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725134338/http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=stjoch","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110263371","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49215571","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRbMwqP4VpcRQBFYgxjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb105374729","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb105374729","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285189705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96026000","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx026011201&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071875379","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810682926705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/849073","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65736pc","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/157980928","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulum_(ancient_city)	Alba Iulia	["1 Names","2 History","2.1 Ancient times","2.2 Middle Ages","2.3 Ottoman and Habsburg period","2.4 20th and 21st centuries","2.5 Jewish history","3 Climate","4 Landmarks","5 Natives","6 Other notable residents","7 Twin towns – sister cities","8 Demographics","9 Panoramas","10 Image gallery","11 Citations","12 Secondary sources","13 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°4′1″N 23°34′12″E / 46.06694°N 23.57000°E / 46.06694; 23.57000City and county capital in Alba County, Romania Municipality in RomaniaAlba IuliaMunicipalityAlba Carolina CitadelPorta Principalis DextraDefense wall of the citadelThe Union MuseumSaint Michael Catholic Cathedral FlagCoat of armsBrandmarkLocation in Alba CountyAlba IuliaLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°4′1″N 23°34′12″E / 46.06694°N 23.57000°E / 46.06694; 23.57000Country RomaniaCountyAlbaGovernment • MayorGabriel Pleșa (2020–2024) (USR PLUS)Area • Total103.65 km2 (40.02 sq mi)Population (2021-12-01) • Total64,227 • Density620/km2 (1,600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Websitewww.apulum.ro Alba Iulia (Romanian pronunciation: ⓘ; German: Karlsburg or Carlsburg, formerly Weißenburg; Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár; Latin: Apulum) is a city that serves as the seat of Alba County in the west-central part of Romania. Located on the river Mureș in the historical region of Transylvania, it has a population of 63,536 (as of 2011). During ancient times, the site was the location of the Roman camp Apulum. Since the High Middle Ages, the city has been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese. Between 1526 and 1570 it was the capital of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom from which the Principality of Transylvania emerged by the Treaty of Speyer in 1570 and it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania until 1711. At one point it also was a center of the Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Transylvania with suffragan to Vad diocese. On 1 December 1918, the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared in Alba Iulia, and the Romania's King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie were crowned in the Alba Iulia Orthodox Cathedral, in 1922. Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians, Hungarians, and Transylvanian Saxons. In December 1918, Alba Iulia was officially declared Capital of the Great Union of Romania. The city administers four villages: Bărăbanț (Borbánd), Micești (Ompolykisfalud), Oarda (Alsóváradja), and Pâclișa (Poklos). Names During the Roman period the settlement was called Apulum (from the Dacian Apoulon, mentioned by Ptolemy). When the settlement with its Roman ruins became the seat of a dukedom in the 10th century, the population may have been Slavic. From the 9th to the 11th centuries, the settlement bore the Slavic name Bălgrad (meaning "white castle" or "white town"). The old Romanian name of the town was Bălgrad, which originated from Slavic. The Hungarian name Gyulafehérvár is a translation of the earlier Slavic form, meaning "white castle of the Gyula" meaning "white city of Julius". Alba is the Romanian feminine form of the word for white, and Iulia ("Julius") refers to Gyula II, a mid-10th-century Hungarian warlord who was baptized in Constantinople. Under the influence of the Hungarian form, Gyulafehérvár, the town's Latin name eventually became Alba Julia or Alba Yulia. Its modern Romanian name, Alba Iulia, is the adoption of this that started to spread in Romanian in ordinary speech in the 18th century. The modern name has been officially used since the town became part of Romania. The 16th-century German name was Weyssenburg. The Saxons later renamed the town to Karlsburg (Carlsburg) in honour of Charles VI (1685–1740). In Yiddish and Hebrew, Karlsburg was prevalent. In Ladino, Carlosburg was used. Alba Carolina was also a Medieval Latin form of its name. Among Ruthenians, the city was known as Bilhorod ("white city"). The city's Latin name in the 10th century was Civitatem Albam in Ereel. The first part of the name Alba denotes the ruins of the Roman fort Apulum, the pre-feudal white citadel. Later in the Middle Ages, different names were used: Frank episcopus Belleggradienesis in 1071, Albae Civitatis in 1134, Belegrada in 1153, Albensis Ultrasilvanus in 1177, eccl. Micahelis in 1199, Albe Transilvane in 1200, Albe Transsilvane in 1201, castrum Albens in 1206, canonicis Albensibus in 1213, Albensis eccl. Transsylvane in 1219, B. Michaelis arch. Transsilv. in 1231, Alba... Civitas in 1242, Alba sedes eptus in 1245, Alba Jula in 1291, Feyrvar in 1572, Feyérvár in 1574, Weissenburg in 1576, Belugrad in 1579, Gyula Feyervár in 1619, Gyula Fehérvár in 1690 and Karlsburg in 1715. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ancient times "Porta Principalis Dextra" of the castrum Apulum The modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, which was mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by some archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii. After Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire, the capital of Dacia Apulensis was established here, and the city was known as Apulum. Apulum was the largest urban centre in Roman Dacia and was the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion. Apulum is the largest castrum located in Romania, occupying 37.5 hectares (93 acres) (750 x 500 m2). Middle Ages Defense wall of Alba Carolina citadel. The Gesta Hungarorum mentions a Hungarian regent named Jula or Geula—the maternal grandfather of Stephen I of Hungary and lord of Transylvania—who built the capital of his dukedom there during the 10th century. Geula was baptized in the Byzantine Empire and built around 950 in Alba Iulia the first church of Transylvania. The ruins of a church were discovered in 2011. According to Ioan Aurel Pop and other historians, here lived Hierotheos the first bishop of Transylvania, who accompanied Geula back to Hungary after Geula had been baptized in Constantinople around 950. Analysis of the necropoles of the city prior to the 11th century show that they were used by a population different from the conquering Hungarians. After Stephen I adopted Catholicism, and the establishment of the Catholic Transylvanian bishopric, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that the first cathedral was built in the 11th century or possibly before. The present Catholic cathedral was built in the 12th or 13th century. In 1442, John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, used the citadel to prepare for a major battle against the Ottoman Turks. The cathedral was enlarged during his reign and he was entombed there after his death. Ottoman and Habsburg period In 1542 — after the partition of the Kingdom of Hungary — Alba Iulia became the capital of Transylvania and some of its neighboring territories to the west (later known as Partium), the autonomous Principality of Transylvania, and remained so until 1690. The Treaty of Weissenburg was signed in the town in 1551. During the reign of Prince Gábor Bethlen, the city reached a high point in its cultural history with the establishment of an academy. The former Ottoman Turkish equivalent was Erdel Belgradı or Belgrad-ı Erdel ("Belgrade of Transylvania" in English) where Erdel (Erdély) was added to prevent confusion with Belgrat and Arnavut Belgradı ("Albanian Belgrade" in Turkish, early name of Berat during Ottoman rule). In 29 November 1599, Michael the Brave, Voivode of Wallachia, entered Alba Iulia following his victory in the Battle of Șelimbăr and became Voivode of Transylvania. In 1600 he gained control of Moldavia, uniting the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania under his rule, which lasted for a year and a half until he was murdered in 1601, by General Giorgio Basta's agents. Alba Iulia became part of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. The fortress Alba Carolina, designed by architect Giovanni Morando Visconti, was built between 1716 and 1735, at the behest of Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg. The leaders of the Transylvanian peasant rebellion were executed in Alba Iulia in January 1785. Important milestones in the city's development include the creation of the Batthyaneum Library in 1780 and the arrival of the railway in the 19th century. The Austrian Guard of the Citadel Alba Iulia on a 1556 map The Union Museum 20th and 21st centuries At the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania, the National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary, gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 during the so-called Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia to proclaim the Union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The representatives of the Transylvanian Saxons decided to join this declaration on 8 January 1919. In 1922, Ferdinand I of Romania was symbolically crowned King of Romania in Alba Iulia. In October 2012, at the 90th anniversary of King Ferdinand's coronation, his great-granddaughter Princess Margarita of Romania visited Alba Iulia to commemorate the event. Jewish history Alba Iulia synagogue The Jewish community, which was the first in Transylvania, was established in the mid-16th century. In the 17th century, a Sephardic community was founded. The 18th century saw an influx of Ashkenazim from Hungary and Wallachia, as well as Sephardim. From 1754 to 1868, the town rabbi was the chief rabbi of Transylvania. A synagogue was built in 1840, with a Sephardic one following in 1874. Most local Jews in the 19th century worked in viticulture and bought land for growing vines; in the 20th century, they were mainly artisans. By 1930, the 1558 Jews of Alba Iulia represented nearly 13% of the town's population. In October 1940, during the National Legionary State, the Iron Guard terrorized local Jews. The following year, the Ion Antonescu regime confiscated Jewish property and sent the men to forced labor. After World War II, the community was re-established but soon dwindled as Jews emigrated. Climate Alba Iulia has a humid continental climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification). Climate data for Alba Iulia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.5(36.5) 5.1(41.2) 10.2(50.4) 16.1(61.0) 20.4(68.7) 23.7(74.7) 25.6(78.1) 25.9(78.6) 20.8(69.4) 15.3(59.5) 9.6(49.3) 3.8(38.8) 14.9(58.9) Daily mean °C (°F) −1(30) 0.9(33.6) 5.3(41.5) 10.9(51.6) 15.7(60.3) 19.2(66.6) 21.1(70.0) 21.2(70.2) 16.2(61.2) 10.7(51.3) 5.6(42.1) 0.5(32.9) 10.5(50.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.2(24.4) −2.8(27.0) 0.4(32.7) 5.5(41.9) 10.5(50.9) 14(57) 16(61) 16.4(61.5) 11.9(53.4) 6.6(43.9) 2.3(36.1) −2.4(27.7) 6.2(43.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 44(1.7) 43(1.7) 57(2.2) 82(3.2) 97(3.8) 118(4.6) 103(4.1) 85(3.3) 71(2.8) 57(2.2) 47(1.9) 52(2.0) 856(33.5) Source: https://en.climate-data.org/europe/romania/alba/alba-iulia-4543/ Landmarks This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Batthyaneum Library, former monastery of the Trinitarians The Roman Catholic Cathedral. Its tower dates from the 17th century. The Obelisk of Horea, Cloșca, and Crișan Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, early 20th century The main historical area of Alba Iulia is the Upper Town region, developed by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor in honour of whom the Habsburgs renamed the city Karlsburg. The fortress, with seven bastions in a stellar shape, was constructed between 1716 and 1735 by two Swiss fortification architects. The first was Giovanni Morandi Visconti, who built two old Italian-style bastions. The second was Nicolaus Doxat de Demoret—nicknamed "Austrian Vauban". After 1720, the two architects radically transformed the medieval fortress shaped by the former Roman castrum into a seven-bastion baroque fortress, developing Menno van Coehorn's new Dutch system, of which the fortress of Alba Iulia is the best preserved example. Inside the fortress are The Union Hall with the National Honour Gallery, The National History Museum of Unification, the Princely Palace (Voivodal Palace), the Orthodox cathedral, the Roman Catholic cathedral, the Batthyaneum Library, the Roman Catholic bishop's palace, the Apor Palace, and the University of Alba Iulia. Built in the 10th and 11th centuries, the Roman Catholic cathedral is the most representative building in the medieval Romanic style in Transylvania, and is considered to be an important monument of early Transylvanian medieval architecture. The tombs of John Hunyadi and Isabella Jagiełło—Queen of Hungary are located there. The Batthyaneum Library is held in a former church built in Baroque style. In 1780, Ignác Batthyány, bishop of Transylvania, adapted the inside of the building for use as a library. It is famous for its series of manuscripts, incunabula and rare books—such as half of the 9th century Codex Aureus of Lorsch, the 15th century Codex Burgundus and the 13th century Biblia Sacra (13th century). The first astronomical observatory in Transylvania was founded here in 1792. The Apor Palace, situated on the same street as the Bathyaneum Library, belonged to Prince Apor and was built in the second half of the 17th century. At the beginning of the 18th century, it was the residence of the Austrian army leader Prince Steinville. The palace was renovated in 2007 under the supervision of the Romanian Ministry of Culture. The Orthodox Unification Cathedral was built between 1921 and 1923, following the plans of architect D.G. Ștefănescu and built under the supervision of eng. T. Eremia. The frescoes were painted by Constantin in a traditional iconographic style. The first monarchs of the Unified Romania, King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie were crowned in the cathedral on 15 October 1922. The National Museum of Unification in Alba Iulia is located in the "Babylon" Building. It was built between 1851 and 1853 for military purposes and became a museum in 1887. The museum exhibits over 130,000 pieces of artworks, organized chronologically. The Unification Hall, also part of the National History Museum, retains historical significance from having hosted, on 1 December 1918, the rally of the 1228 Romanian delegations from Transylvania who determined the province's union with the Kingdom of Romania. The building was used in 1895 as a military casino. The Princely Palace (Palatul Principilor or Palatul Voievodal) was Michael the Brave's residence during the first political unification of the Romanians in 1600. Foreign chronicles pictured it as an extremely luxurious building, richly adorned with frescos and marble stairs, which later deteriorated. During the rule of Princes Gábor Bethlen and George II Rákóczi the second palace was restored, but not to its previous condition. After 1716, the building was used as an Habsburg Imperial Army barracks. Natives Francis I Rákóczi (1645–1676), elected prince of Transylvania Michael II Apafi (1676–1713), Prince of Transylvania 1690 to 1699 Ernst Michael Mangel (1800–1887), musician and Philhellene Rudolf Züllich (1813–1890), sculptor Alexandru Borza (1887–1971), botanist and monk Ernest Krausz (1931–2018), Israeli professor of sociology and President at Bar Ilan University Dan Eugen Demco (1942–), physicist and member of the Romanian Academy Ion Mărgineanu (1949–), writer and poet Marius Moga (1981–), producer, composer, and singer Other notable residents Johann Heinrich Alsted (1588–1638), German Calvinist minister and academic. Spent his last years and died there. David Friesenhausen (1756–1828), Jewish writer, mathematician, and rabbi. Retired and died there. Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania Alba Iulia is twinned with: Aigio, Greece Alcalá de Henares, Spain Alessandria, Italy Arnsberg, Germany Biograd na Moru, Croatia Cetinje, Montenegro Chișinău, Moldova Düzce, Turkey Lanzhou, China Nof HaGalil, Israel Sliven, Bulgaria Székesfehérvár, Hungary Varese, Italy Viadana, Italy Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%1850 5,408— 1880 7,338+35.7%1890 8,167+11.3%1900 11,507+40.9%1912 11,616+0.9%1930 12,282+5.7%1948 14,420+17.4%1956 14,776+2.5%1966 22,215+50.3%1977 41,199+85.5%1992 71,168+72.7%2002 66,369−6.7%2011 63,536−4.3%2021 64,227+1.1%Source: Census data According to the 2021 census, there was a total population of 64,227 people living in this city. At the 2011 census, there were 63,536 inhabitants; of these, 95.3% were ethnic Romanians, 3.2% Romani, 1.9% Hungarians, and 0.2% Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons). In 1850, Alba Iulia had 5,408 inhabitants, 2,530 of them being Romanians (46.78%), 1,009 Hungarians (18.67%), 748 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (13.83%), and 1,121 (20.73%) others. In 1891, the city had 8,167 residents, of which 3,482 were Hungarians (42.63%), 3,426 Romanians (41.94%), and 867 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (10.62%). By 1910 the number of inhabitants increased to 11,616. 5,226 of them were Hungarians (45%), 5,170 Romanians (44.51%), and 792 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (6.82%). At the 1930 census, 34.7% of the population were Romanian Orthodox, 28.1% Romanian Greek Catholic, 12.9% Roman Catholic, 12.7% Jews, 7.3% Reformed Protestant, and 3.1% Lutheran. Panoramas Panoramic view of Alba-Iulia, Transylvania, Romania Panoramic view of Alba-Iulia, Transylvania, Romania Panoramic view of Alba-Iulia, Transylvania, Romania Image gallery Unirii Museum Obelisk of Horea, Cloșca, and Crișan Gate I Gate III Unirii Hall, view from Custozza Park Cannon fire by the citadel's Austrian guard Michael the Brave Statue Piața Unirii (Union Square) Citations ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica \|"Alba-Iulia" ^ a b "Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011" (PDF). Alba County Regional Statistics Directorate. 2 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ a b Maksym Mayorov. Metropolitan of Kiev and other Eastern Orthodox Churches before 1686 (Київська митрополія та інші православні церкви перед 1686 роком ). Likbez. 16 December 2018 ^ The Metropolitan Cathedral of Cluj Archived 19 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Transylvania and Beyond. ^ a b "Alba Iulia". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ Iaşi desemnat "Capitală istorică", iar Alba Iulia "Capitală a Marii Uniri" ^ "State Of Play Report Alba Iulila Municipality" (PDF). ^ a b c "ALBA IULIA". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 26 December 2012. ^ a b Jarig Bakker (10 February 2001). "Alba Iulia (Romania, Alba)". CRW Flags. Retrieved 18 October 2013. ^ a b c d e f Patrick Leigh Fermor, Between the woods and the water: on foot to Constantipole from the Hook of Holland : the middle Danube to the Iron Gates, Viking, 1986, p. 138, ISBN 9780670811496, Citations: "The Dacian Apulon became the Latin Apulum, and the place was full of traces of the old Roman colony. But both of these words were silenced when the hushed and muffling spread of the Slavs stifled the old names of Eastern Europe forever. They renamed it Bălgrad - the white town (one of many) - perhaps because of its pale walls and this white motif caught on. The Saxons called it Weissenburg and later Karlsburg, in honour of Emperor Charles VI, who built the great eighteenth-century fortress here. The Hungarians had already adopted the notion of whiteness, but another crept in too: the word 'Julius', after a mid-tenth-century (Hungarian?) prince who had visited Constantinople and been baptised there. In Hungarian, Gyulafehérvár, means "white city of Gyula". The Rumanians stuck to Bălgrad, then adopted the medieval Latin name of Alba Iulia." ^ Makkai 2001, p. 365 ^ a b c d e Adrian Room, Placenames of the World: Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites, McFarland, 2006, p. 23 ^ "Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania: A Church Discovered in Alba Iulia and its Interpretations", Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania, Brill, p. 11, 20 June 2022, ISBN 978-90-04-51586-4, retrieved 13 March 2024 ^ Iván Boldizsár, NHQ; the New Hungarian Quarterly, Volume 29; Volumes 109-110, Lapkiadó Publishing House, 1988, p. 73 ^ a b Kiss, Lajos (1980). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 256. ISBN 963-05-2277-2. ^ Medieval and Early Modern for Central and Eastern Europe Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press, p. 196 ^ László Bányai, Közös sors--testvéri hagyományok: történelmi vázlat, Politikai Könyvkiadó, 1973, p. 41, Citations: "A középkori latin okiratok Alba Iulia-ja csak a XVIII. századtól terjed el a román köznyelvben" Translation: " the term 'Alba Iulia', used in medieval Latin charters, started to spread in the Romanian vulgar tongue only in the 18th century" ^ Magyar történeti tanulmányok, Volumes 19-21, Acta Universitatis Debreceniensis de Ludovico Kossuth nominatae: Series historica, KLTE, 1986, p. 85 Citations: "Itt említjük meg, hogy Gyulafehérvárat akkoriban románul Belgrad-nak hívták, csak Romániához történt csatolása után lett belôle Alba Iulia." Translation: "We mention it here that Gyulafehérvár was called Belgrad in Romanian and it turned to Alba Iulia after it became part of Romania." ^ Berichte und Forschungen. Jahrbuch des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im Östlichen Europa 11/2003, p.137 ^ The Transylvanian Saxons: historical highlights, Alliance of Transylvanian Saxons, 1982, p. 55, ISBN 9783853730706 ^ a b Ferenc Léstyán, MEGSZENTELT KÖVEK A KÖZÉPKORI ERDÉLYI PÜSPÖKSÉG TEMPLOMAI, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alba Iulia, 2000, ISBN 973-9203-56-6 ^ Romania in brief, Meridiane Pub. House, 1966, p. 74 ^ "Alba Iulia Online". Apulum.ro. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2013. ^ "Apulum @Livius.orgl". Archived from the original on 26 October 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ Ioan Aurel Pop, Jan Nicolae, Ovidiu Panaite, Sfântul Ierotei, episcop de Alba Iulia (sec. X). Edit. Reîntregirea, 2010, 335 p ^ I. Strajan, Adevărul istoric a învins la Alba Iulia, Despre prima organizare creştină din Transylvania – sec. X, "DACOROMANIA" nr.55/2011 ^ Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189-189. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4. ^ Gáll, Erwin (2010). "An analysis of the Cemeteries from the 10th and 11th Centuries in Brânduşei Street, Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár, Karlsburg). New theories on the migration of People in Transylvania in the 10 th -11th Centuries". academia.edu. Retrieved 3 May 2024. ^ Keul, István (2009). Early modern religious communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691). Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-90-04-17652-2. ^ a b Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: A—J, p. 25. New York University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8147-9376-2 ^ Silber, Michael K. "Friesenhausen, David". YIVO. Retrieved 9 August 2014. ^ "Orașe înfrățite cu Alba Iulia". apulum.ro (in Romanian). Alba Iulia. Retrieved 18 October 2022. ^ "ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2019. ^ Gyulafehérvár. A Pallas nagy lexikona. Hungarian Electronic Library (MEK). ^ Gyulafehérvár. Révai Nagylexikona, vol. 9. p. 237. Hungarian Electronic Library. ^ Recensământul general al populației României din 29 Decemvrie 1930, vol. II, p. 522. Secondary sources Makkai, László (2001). "Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896–1526)", In: Béla Köpeczi, Historyof Transylvania Volume I: From the Beginnings to 1606, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0880334797 External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Alba Iulia. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alba Iulia. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Gyula-Fehérvár". Official site Alba Iulia photo gallery (in Romanian) vteAlba County, RomaniaCities Alba Iulia (county seat) Aiud Blaj Sebeș Towns Abrud Baia de Arieș Câmpeni Cugir Ocna Mureș Teiuș Zlatna Communes Albac Almașu Mare Arieșeni Avram Iancu Berghin Bistra Blandiana Bucerdea Grânoasă Bucium Câlnic Cenade Cergău Ceru-Băcăinți Cetatea de Baltă Ciugud Ciuruleasa Crăciunelu de Jos Cricău Cut Daia Română Doștat Fărău Galda de Jos Gârbova Gârda de Sus Hopârta Horea Ighiu Întregalde Jidvei Livezile Lopadea Nouă Lunca Mureșului Lupșa Meteș Mihalț Mirăslău Mogoș Noșlac Ocoliș Ohaba Pianu Poiana Vadului Ponor Poșaga Rădești Râmeț Rimetea Roșia de Secaș Roșia Montană Sălciua Săliștea Sâncel Sântimbru Săsciori Scărișoara Șibot Sohodol Șona Șpring Stremț Șugag Unirea Vadu Moților Valea Lungă Vidra Vințu de Jos vteCounty seats of Romania (alphabetical order by county) Alba Iulia Arad Pitești Bacău Oradea Bistrița Botoșani Brașov Brăila Buzău Reșița Călărași Cluj-Napoca Constanța Sfântu Gheorghe Târgoviște Craiova Galați Giurgiu Târgu Jiu Miercurea Ciuc Deva Slobozia Iași Bucharest Baia Mare Drobeta-Turnu Severin Târgu Mureș Piatra Neamț Slatina Ploiești Satu Mare Zalău Sibiu Suceava Alexandria Timișoara Tulcea Vaslui Râmnicu Vâlcea Focșani Bucharest (national capital) vteHistorical capitals of HungaryCapitals of the Kingdom of Hungary Esztergom Székesfehérvár Buda Temesvár Visegrád Bécs Pozsony Debrecen Budapest Capitals of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Buda Lippa Gyulafehérvár Capitals of the Principality of Transylvania Gyulafehérvár Nagyszeben Kolozsvár Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Pleiades Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˌalba ˈjuli.a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Ro-Alba_Iulia.ogg/Ro-Alba_Iulia.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ro-Alba_Iulia.ogg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Apulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Mureș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_(river)"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alba_Iulia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alba_Iulia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INSSE-4"},{"link_name":"Apulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"High Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Alba_Iulia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hungarian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Speyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Speyer_(1570)"},{"link_name":"Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_diocese"},{"link_name":"Vad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad,_Cluj"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lb181216-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Union of Transylvania with Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania"},{"link_name":"King Ferdinand I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Queen Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Alba Iulia Orthodox Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Cathedral,_Alba_Iulia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-7"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons"},{"link_name":"Great Union of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Union"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"City and county capital in Alba County, RomaniaMunicipality in RomaniaAlba Iulia (Romanian pronunciation: [ˌalba ˈjuli.a] ⓘ; German: Karlsburg or Carlsburg, formerly Weißenburg; Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár; Latin: Apulum[3]) is a city that serves as the seat of Alba County in the west-central part of Romania. Located on the river Mureș in the historical region of Transylvania, it has a population of 63,536 (as of 2011[update][update]).[4]During ancient times, the site was the location of the Roman camp Apulum. Since the High Middle Ages, the city has been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese. Between 1526 and 1570 it was the capital of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom from which the Principality of Transylvania emerged by the Treaty of Speyer in 1570 and it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania until 1711. At one point it also was a center of the Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Transylvania with suffragan to Vad diocese.[5][6] On 1 December 1918, the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared in Alba Iulia, and the Romania's King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie were crowned in the Alba Iulia Orthodox Cathedral, in 1922.[7]Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians, Hungarians, and Transylvanian Saxons. In December 1918, Alba Iulia was officially declared Capital of the Great Union of Romania.[8]The city administers four villages: Bărăbanț (Borbánd), Micești (Ompolykisfalud), Oarda (Alsóváradja), and Pâclișa (Poklos).[9]","title":"Alba Iulia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Apulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulum_(conurbation)"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bakker-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fermor-12"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fermor-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Room-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Istrate-15"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Room-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Room-14"},{"link_name":"Gyula II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_II"},{"link_name":"baptized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptized"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fermor-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Room-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bakker-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fermor-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fermor-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fermor-12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Ladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL-10"},{"link_name":"Ruthenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lb181216-5"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L%C3%A9sty%C3%A1n-23"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Room-14"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L%C3%A9sty%C3%A1n-23"}],"text":"During the Roman period the settlement was called Apulum (from the Dacian Apoulon, mentioned by Ptolemy).[10][11][12] When the settlement with its Roman ruins became the seat of a dukedom in the 10th century, the population may have been Slavic.[13] From the 9th to the 11th centuries, the settlement bore the Slavic name Bălgrad (meaning \"white castle\" or \"white town\").[7][12][14] The old Romanian name of the town was Bălgrad,[15] which originated from Slavic.The Hungarian name Gyulafehérvár is a translation of the earlier Slavic form,[14] meaning \"white castle of the Gyula\"[16] meaning \"white city of Julius\".[14] Alba is the Romanian feminine form of the word for white, and Iulia (\"Julius\") refers to Gyula II, a mid-10th-century Hungarian warlord who was baptized in Constantinople.[12][14]Under the influence of the Hungarian form, Gyulafehérvár, the town's Latin name eventually became Alba Julia or Alba Yulia.[11][17][18] Its modern Romanian name, Alba Iulia, is the adoption of this[12][17] that started to spread in Romanian in ordinary speech in the 18th century.[19] The modern name has been officially used since the town became part of Romania.[20]The 16th-century German name was Weyssenburg.[12] The Saxons later renamed the town to Karlsburg (Carlsburg)[21] in honour of Charles VI (1685–1740).[12][22] In Yiddish and Hebrew, Karlsburg was prevalent. In Ladino, Carlosburg was used.[10] Alba Carolina was also a Medieval Latin form of its name.[10]Among Ruthenians, the city was known as Bilhorod (\"white city\").[5]The city's Latin name in the 10th century was Civitatem Albam in Ereel.[23][clarification needed] The first part of the name Alba denotes the ruins of the Roman fort Apulum, the pre-feudal white citadel.[14][24] Later in the Middle Ages, different names were used: Frank episcopus Belleggradienesis in 1071, Albae Civitatis in 1134, Belegrada in 1153, Albensis Ultrasilvanus in 1177, eccl. Micahelis in 1199, Albe Transilvane in 1200, Albe Transsilvane in 1201, castrum Albens in 1206, canonicis Albensibus in 1213, Albensis eccl. Transsylvane in 1219, B. Michaelis arch. Transsilv. in 1231, Alba... Civitas in 1242, Alba sedes eptus in 1245, Alba Jula in 1291, Feyrvar in 1572, Feyérvár in 1574, Weissenburg in 1576, Belugrad in 1579, Gyula Feyervár in 1619, Gyula Fehérvár in 1690 and Karlsburg in 1715.[23]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Apulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulon"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dacia Apulensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Apulensis"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Apulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulum_(conurbation)"},{"link_name":"XIII Gemina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_XIII_Gemina"},{"link_name":"Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Legion"},{"link_name":"Apulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"castrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrum"}],"sub_title":"Ancient times","text":"\"Porta Principalis Dextra\" of the castrum ApulumThe modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, which was mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by some archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii.[25] After Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire, the capital of Dacia Apulensis was established here, and the city was known as Apulum.[26] Apulum was the largest urban centre in Roman Dacia and was the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion. Apulum is the largest castrum located in Romania, occupying 37.5 hectares (93 acres) (750 x 500 m2).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alba Carolina citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_Alba_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Gesta Hungarorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum"},{"link_name":"Stephen I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Geula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_II"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"John Hunyadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunyadi"},{"link_name":"Voivode of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"Defense wall of Alba Carolina citadel.The Gesta Hungarorum mentions a Hungarian regent named Jula or Geula—the maternal grandfather of Stephen I of Hungary and lord [regent] of Transylvania—who built the capital of his dukedom there during the 10th century. Geula was baptized in the Byzantine Empire and built around 950 in Alba Iulia the first church of Transylvania. The ruins of a church were discovered in 2011. According to Ioan Aurel Pop and other historians, here lived Hierotheos the first bishop of Transylvania,[27][28] who accompanied Geula back to Hungary after Geula had been baptized in Constantinople around 950.[29]Analysis of the necropoles of the city prior to the 11th century show that they were used by a population different from the conquering Hungarians.[30]After Stephen I adopted Catholicism, and the establishment of the Catholic Transylvanian bishopric, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that the first cathedral was built in the 11th century or possibly before. The present Catholic cathedral was built in the 12th or 13th century. In 1442, John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, used the citadel to prepare for a major battle against the Ottoman Turks. The cathedral was enlarged during his reign and he was entombed there after his death.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partium"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Weissenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Weissenburg"},{"link_name":"Gábor Bethlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Erdély","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C3%A9ly"},{"link_name":"Belgrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Arnavut Belgradı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berat"},{"link_name":"Michael the Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Brave"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Șelimbăr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C8%98elimb%C4%83r"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Basta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Basta"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian peasant rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an"},{"link_name":"Batthyaneum Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batthyaneum_Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Salva_tun.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlbaIulia1556.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia_-_Muzeul_Unirii.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman and Habsburg period","text":"In 1542 — after the partition of the Kingdom of Hungary — Alba Iulia became the capital of Transylvania and some of its neighboring territories to the west (later known as Partium[31]), the autonomous Principality of Transylvania, and remained so until 1690. The Treaty of Weissenburg was signed in the town in 1551. During the reign of Prince Gábor Bethlen, the city reached a high point in its cultural history with the establishment of an academy. The former Ottoman Turkish equivalent was Erdel Belgradı or Belgrad-ı Erdel (\"Belgrade of Transylvania\" in English) where Erdel (Erdély) was added to prevent confusion with Belgrat and Arnavut Belgradı (\"Albanian Belgrade\" in Turkish, early name of Berat during Ottoman rule).In 29 November 1599, Michael the Brave, Voivode of Wallachia, entered Alba Iulia following his victory in the Battle of Șelimbăr and became Voivode of Transylvania. In 1600 he gained control of Moldavia, uniting the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania under his rule, which lasted for a year and a half until he was murdered in 1601, by General Giorgio Basta's agents.Alba Iulia became part of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. The fortress Alba Carolina, designed by architect Giovanni Morando Visconti, was built between 1716 and 1735, at the behest of Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg. The leaders of the Transylvanian peasant rebellion were executed in Alba Iulia in January 1785. Important milestones in the city's development include the creation of the Batthyaneum Library in 1780 and the arrival of the railway in the 19th century.The Austrian Guard of the Citadel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlba Iulia on a 1556 map\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Union Museum","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Romanian_National_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_Alba_Iulia"},{"link_name":"Union of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"King of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Princess Margarita of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margarita_of_Romania"}],"sub_title":"20th and 21st centuries","text":"At the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania, the National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary, gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 during the so-called Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia to proclaim the Union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The representatives of the Transylvanian Saxons decided to join this declaration on 8 January 1919.In 1922, Ferdinand I of Romania was symbolically crowned King of Romania in Alba Iulia. In October 2012, at the 90th anniversary of King Ferdinand's coronation, his great-granddaughter Princess Margarita of Romania visited Alba Iulia to commemorate the event.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_sinagogo,_2.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Sephardic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazim"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spector-32"},{"link_name":"National Legionary State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legionary_State"},{"link_name":"Iron Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard"},{"link_name":"Ion Antonescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spector-32"}],"sub_title":"Jewish history","text":"Alba Iulia synagogueThe Jewish community, which was the first in Transylvania, was established in the mid-16th century. In the 17th century, a Sephardic community was founded. The 18th century saw an influx of Ashkenazim from Hungary and Wallachia, as well as Sephardim. From 1754 to 1868, the town rabbi was the chief rabbi of Transylvania. A synagogue was built in 1840, with a Sephardic one following in 1874. Most local Jews in the 19th century worked in viticulture and bought land for growing vines; in the 20th century, they were mainly artisans. By 1930, the 1558 Jews of Alba Iulia represented nearly 13% of the town's population.[32]In October 1940, during the National Legionary State, the Iron Guard terrorized local Jews. The following year, the Ion Antonescu regime confiscated Jewish property and sent the men to forced labor. After World War II, the community was re-established but soon dwindled as Jews emigrated.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"https://en.climate-data.org/europe/romania/alba/alba-iulia-4543/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.climate-data.org/europe/romania/alba/alba-iulia-4543/"}],"text":"Alba Iulia has a humid continental climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).Climate data for Alba Iulia\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n2.5(36.5)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n14.9(58.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−1(30)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n14(57)\n\n16(61)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n6.2(43.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n44(1.7)\n\n43(1.7)\n\n57(2.2)\n\n82(3.2)\n\n97(3.8)\n\n118(4.6)\n\n103(4.1)\n\n85(3.3)\n\n71(2.8)\n\n57(2.2)\n\n47(1.9)\n\n52(2.0)\n\n856(33.5)\n\n\nSource: https://en.climate-data.org/europe/romania/alba/alba-iulia-4543/","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Batthyaneum_-_fosta_m%C4%83n%C4%83stire_a_trinitarienilor_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia_-_Catedrala_Sf.Mihail_Aprilie_2013.JPG"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Alba_Iulia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obeliscul_lui_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_%C8%99i_Cri%C8%99an.jpg"},{"link_name":"Obelisk of Horea, Cloșca, and Crișan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca,_and_Cri%C8%99an"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia_(Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Karlsburg)_-_Orthodox_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Cathedral,_Alba_Iulia"},{"link_name":"Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Morandi Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Morandi_Visconti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Doxat de Demoret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_Doxat_de_Demoret&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban"},{"link_name":"University of Alba Iulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%221_Decembrie_1918%22_University,_Alba_Iulia"},{"link_name":"Romanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Isabella Jagiełło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Batthyaneum Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batthyaneum_Library"},{"link_name":"Ignác Batthyány","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Batthy%C3%A1ny"},{"link_name":"incunabula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incunabulum"},{"link_name":"Codex Aureus of Lorsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Aureus_of_Lorsch"},{"link_name":"Codex Burgundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Burgundus"},{"link_name":"Biblia Sacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_Sacra"},{"link_name":"Constantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin"},{"link_name":"Queen Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Gábor Bethlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen"},{"link_name":"George II Rákóczi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi"}],"text":"The Batthyaneum Library, former monastery of the TrinitariansThe Roman Catholic Cathedral. Its tower dates from the 17th century.The Obelisk of Horea, Cloșca, and CrișanRomanian Orthodox Cathedral, early 20th centuryThe main historical area of Alba Iulia is the Upper Town region, developed by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor in honour of whom the Habsburgs renamed the city Karlsburg. The fortress, with seven bastions in a stellar shape, was constructed between 1716 and 1735 by two Swiss fortification architects. The first was Giovanni Morandi Visconti, who built two old Italian-style bastions. The second was Nicolaus Doxat de Demoret—nicknamed \"Austrian Vauban\". After 1720, the two architects radically transformed the medieval fortress shaped by the former Roman castrum into a seven-bastion baroque fortress, developing Menno van Coehorn's new Dutch system, of which the fortress of Alba Iulia is the best preserved example.Inside the fortress are The Union Hall with the National Honour Gallery, The National History Museum of Unification, the Princely Palace (Voivodal Palace), the Orthodox cathedral, the Roman Catholic cathedral, the Batthyaneum Library, the Roman Catholic bishop's palace, the Apor Palace, and the University of Alba Iulia. Built in the 10th and 11th centuries, the Roman Catholic cathedral is the most representative building in the medieval Romanic style in Transylvania, and is considered to be an important monument of early Transylvanian medieval architecture. The tombs of John Hunyadi and Isabella Jagiełło—Queen of Hungary are located there.The Batthyaneum Library is held in a former church built in Baroque style. In 1780, Ignác Batthyány, bishop of Transylvania, adapted the inside of the building for use as a library. It is famous for its series of manuscripts, incunabula and rare books—such as half of the 9th century Codex Aureus of Lorsch, the 15th century Codex Burgundus and the 13th century Biblia Sacra (13th century). The first astronomical observatory in Transylvania was founded here in 1792. The Apor Palace, situated on the same street as the Bathyaneum Library, belonged to Prince Apor and was built in the second half of the 17th century. At the beginning of the 18th century, it was the residence of the Austrian army leader Prince Steinville. The palace was renovated in 2007 under the supervision of the Romanian Ministry of Culture.The Orthodox Unification Cathedral was built between 1921 and 1923, following the plans of architect D.G. Ștefănescu and built under the supervision of eng. T. Eremia. The frescoes were painted by Constantin in a traditional iconographic style. The first monarchs of the Unified Romania, King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie were crowned in the cathedral on 15 October 1922.The National Museum of Unification in Alba Iulia is located in the \"Babylon\" Building. It was built between 1851 and 1853 for military purposes and became a museum in 1887. The museum exhibits over 130,000 pieces of artworks, organized chronologically. The Unification Hall, also part of the National History Museum, retains historical significance from having hosted, on 1 December 1918, the rally of the 1228 Romanian delegations from Transylvania who determined the province's union with the Kingdom of Romania. The building was used in 1895 as a military casino.The Princely Palace (Palatul Principilor or Palatul Voievodal) was Michael the Brave's residence during the first political unification of the Romanians in 1600. Foreign chronicles pictured it as an extremely luxurious building, richly adorned with frescos and marble stairs, which later deteriorated. During the rule of Princes Gábor Bethlen and George II Rákóczi the second palace was restored, but not to its previous condition. After 1716, the building was used as an Habsburg Imperial Army barracks.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis I Rákóczi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi"},{"link_name":"Michael II Apafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_II_Apafi"},{"link_name":"Ernst Michael Mangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Michael_Mangel"},{"link_name":"Philhellene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philhellenism"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Züllich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Z%C3%BCllich"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Borza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Borza"},{"link_name":"Ernest Krausz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Krausz"},{"link_name":"Bar Ilan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Ilan_University"},{"link_name":"Dan Eugen Demco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Eugen_Demco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Ion Mărgineanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_M%C4%83rgineanu"},{"link_name":"Marius Moga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Moga"}],"text":"Francis I Rákóczi (1645–1676), elected prince of Transylvania\nMichael II Apafi (1676–1713), Prince of Transylvania 1690 to 1699\nErnst Michael Mangel (1800–1887), musician and Philhellene\nRudolf Züllich (1813–1890), sculptor\nAlexandru Borza (1887–1971), botanist and monk\nErnest Krausz (1931–2018), Israeli professor of sociology and President at Bar Ilan University\nDan Eugen Demco (1942–), physicist and member of the Romanian Academy\nIon Mărgineanu (1949–), writer and poet\nMarius Moga (1981–), producer, composer, and singer","title":"Natives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Alsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Alsted"},{"link_name":"David Friesenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Friesenhausen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YIVO-33"}],"text":"Johann Heinrich Alsted (1588–1638), German Calvinist minister and academic. Spent his last years and died there.\nDavid Friesenhausen (1756–1828), Jewish writer, mathematician, and rabbi. Retired and died there.[33]","title":"Other notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Aigio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Alcalá de Henares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Arnsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnsberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Biograd na Moru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biograd_na_Moru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Royal_Capital_Cetinje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Chișinău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Düzce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCzce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Lanzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzhou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Nof HaGalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nof_HaGalil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sliven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Székesfehérvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varese"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Viadana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viadana,_Lombardy"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in RomaniaAlba Iulia is twinned with:[34]Aigio, Greece\n Alcalá de Henares, Spain\n Alessandria, Italy\n Arnsberg, Germany\n Biograd na Moru, Croatia\n Cetinje, Montenegro\n Chișinău, Moldova\n Düzce, Turkey\n Lanzhou, China\n Nof HaGalil, Israel\n Sliven, Bulgaria\n Székesfehérvár, Hungary\n Varese, Italy\n Viadana, Italy","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Romanian_census"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Romanian_census"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INSSE-4"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Romanian Greek Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"According to the 2021 census, there was a total population of \n64,227 people living in this city. At the 2011 census, there were 63,536 inhabitants; of these, 95.3% were ethnic Romanians, 3.2% Romani, 1.9% Hungarians, and 0.2% Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons).[4]In 1850, Alba Iulia had 5,408 inhabitants, 2,530 of them being Romanians (46.78%), 1,009 Hungarians (18.67%), 748 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (13.83%), and 1,121 (20.73%) others.[35]In 1891, the city had 8,167 residents, of which 3,482 were Hungarians (42.63%), 3,426 Romanians (41.94%), and 867 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (10.62%).[36] By 1910 the number of inhabitants increased to 11,616. 5,226 of them were Hungarians (45%), 5,170 Romanians (44.51%), and 792 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (6.82%).[37] At the 1930 census, 34.7% of the population were Romanian Orthodox, 28.1% Romanian Greek Catholic, 12.9% Roman Catholic, 12.7% Jews, 7.3% Reformed Protestant, and 3.1% Lutheran.[38]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Panorama_2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Panorama_2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Poarta_III,_Panorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Poarta_III,_Panorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Parcul_Custozza.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Parcul_Custozza.jpg"}],"text":"Panoramic view of Alba-Iulia, Transylvania, RomaniaPanoramic view of Alba-Iulia, Transylvania, RomaniaPanoramic view of Alba-Iulia, Transylvania, Romania","title":"Panoramas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Muzeul_Unirii.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Obeliscul_lui_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_%C8%99i_Cri%C8%99an.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Poarta_I_(exterior,_zi).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Poarta_III.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Sala_Unirii.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia,_Salva_tun.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_14.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parcul_Unirii_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"text":"Unirii Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tObelisk of Horea, Cloșca, and Crișan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGate I\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGate III\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnirii Hall, view from Custozza Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCannon fire by the citadel's Austrian guard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMichael the Brave Statue\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPiața Unirii (Union Square)","title":"Image gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201009164915/https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Alba-Iulia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12444/Alba-Iulia"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INSSE_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INSSE_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130418082153/http://www.alba.insse.ro/cmsalba/files/DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011_alba_comunicat%20presa.pdf"},{"link_name":"the 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New theories on the migration of People in Transylvania in the 10 th -11th Centuries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/3556064"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Early modern religious communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brill.com/view/title/17878?language=en"},{"link_name":"Brill Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-17652-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17652-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Spector_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Spector_32-1"},{"link_name":"New York University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8147-9376-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9376-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-YIVO_33-0"},{"link_name":"\"Friesenhausen, David\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Friesenhausen_David"},{"link_name":"YIVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIVO"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"Orașe înfrățite cu Alba Iulia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.apulum.ro/index.php/primaria/orase_infratite"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110522135608/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/abetn02.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/abetn02.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Gyulafehérvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mek.niif.hu/00000/00060/html/043/pc004395.html#5"},{"link_name":"A Pallas nagy lexikona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Pallas_nagy_lexikona"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Gyulafehérvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mek.niif.hu/06700/06758/pdf/revai09.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Recensământul general al populației României din 29 Decemvrie 1930, vol. II, p. 522.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Alba_1930_rel1.jpg"}],"text":"^ \"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\n^ \"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.\n\n^ Encyclopædia Britannica \|\"Alba-Iulia\"\n\n^ a b \"Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011\" (PDF). Alba County Regional Statistics Directorate. 2 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2012.\n\n^ a b Maksym Mayorov. Metropolitan of Kiev and other Eastern Orthodox Churches before 1686 (Київська митрополія та інші православні церкви перед 1686 роком ). Likbez. 16 December 2018\n\n^ The Metropolitan Cathedral of Cluj Archived 19 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Transylvania and Beyond.\n\n^ a b \"Alba Iulia\". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 June 2022.\n\n^ Iaşi desemnat \"Capitală istorică\", iar Alba Iulia \"Capitală a Marii Uniri\"\n\n^ \"State Of Play Report Alba Iulila Municipality\" (PDF).\n\n^ a b c \"ALBA IULIA\". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 26 December 2012.\n\n^ a b Jarig Bakker (10 February 2001). \"Alba Iulia (Romania, Alba)\". CRW Flags. Retrieved 18 October 2013.\n\n^ a b c d e f Patrick Leigh Fermor, Between the woods and the water: on foot to Constantipole from the Hook of Holland : the middle Danube to the Iron Gates, Viking, 1986, p. 138, ISBN 9780670811496, Citations: \"The Dacian Apulon became the Latin Apulum, and the place was full of traces of the old Roman colony. But both of these words were silenced when the hushed and muffling spread of the Slavs stifled the old names of Eastern Europe forever. They renamed it Bălgrad - the white town (one of many) - perhaps because of its pale walls and this white motif caught on. The Saxons called it Weissenburg and later Karlsburg, in honour of Emperor Charles VI, who built the great eighteenth-century fortress here. The Hungarians had already adopted the notion of whiteness, but another crept in too: the word 'Julius', after a mid-tenth-century (Hungarian?) prince who had visited Constantinople and been baptised there. In Hungarian, Gyulafehérvár, means \"white city of Gyula\". The Rumanians stuck to Bălgrad, then adopted the medieval Latin name of Alba Iulia.\"\n\n^ Makkai 2001, p. 365\n\n^ a b c d e Adrian Room, Placenames of the World: Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites, McFarland, 2006, p. 23\n\n^ \"Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania: A Church Discovered in Alba Iulia and its Interpretations\", Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania, Brill, p. 11, 20 June 2022, ISBN 978-90-04-51586-4, retrieved 13 March 2024\n\n^ Iván Boldizsár, NHQ; the New Hungarian Quarterly, Volume 29; Volumes 109-110, Lapkiadó Publishing House, 1988, p. 73\n\n^ a b Kiss, Lajos (1980). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 256. ISBN 963-05-2277-2.\n\n^ Medieval and Early Modern for Central and Eastern Europe Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press, p. 196\n\n^ László Bányai, Közös sors--testvéri hagyományok: történelmi vázlat, Politikai Könyvkiadó, 1973, p. 41, Citations: \"A középkori latin okiratok Alba Iulia-ja csak a XVIII. századtól terjed el a román köznyelvben\" Translation: \" the term 'Alba Iulia', used in medieval Latin charters, started to spread in the Romanian vulgar tongue only in the 18th century\"\n\n^ Magyar történeti tanulmányok, Volumes 19-21, Acta Universitatis Debreceniensis de Ludovico Kossuth nominatae: Series historica, KLTE, 1986, p. 85 Citations: \"Itt említjük meg, hogy Gyulafehérvárat akkoriban románul Belgrad-nak hívták, csak Romániához történt csatolása után lett belôle Alba Iulia.\" Translation: \"We mention it here that Gyulafehérvár was called Belgrad in Romanian and it turned to Alba Iulia after it became part of Romania.\"\n\n^ Berichte und Forschungen. Jahrbuch des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im Östlichen Europa 11/2003, p.137\n\n^ The Transylvanian Saxons: historical highlights, Alliance of Transylvanian Saxons, 1982, p. 55, ISBN 9783853730706\n\n^ a b Ferenc Léstyán, MEGSZENTELT KÖVEK A KÖZÉPKORI ERDÉLYI PÜSPÖKSÉG TEMPLOMAI, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alba Iulia, 2000, ISBN 973-9203-56-6\n\n^ Romania in brief, Meridiane Pub. House, 1966, p. 74\n\n^ \"Alba Iulia Online\". Apulum.ro. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2013.\n\n^ \"Apulum @Livius.orgl\". Archived from the original on 26 October 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2020.\n\n^ Ioan Aurel Pop, Jan Nicolae, Ovidiu Panaite, Sfântul Ierotei, episcop de Alba Iulia (sec. X). Edit. Reîntregirea, 2010, 335 p\n\n^ I. Strajan, Adevărul istoric a învins la Alba Iulia, Despre prima organizare creştină din Transylvania – sec. X, \"DACOROMANIA\" nr.55/2011\n\n^ Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189-189. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.\n\n^ Gáll, Erwin (2010). \"An analysis of the Cemeteries from the 10th and 11th Centuries in Brânduşei Street, Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár, Karlsburg). New theories on the migration of People in Transylvania in the 10 th -11th Centuries\". academia.edu. Retrieved 3 May 2024.\n\n^ Keul, István (2009). Early modern religious communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691). Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-90-04-17652-2.\n\n^ a b Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: A—J, p. 25. New York University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8147-9376-2\n\n^ Silber, Michael K. \"Friesenhausen, David\". YIVO. Retrieved 9 August 2014.\n\n^ \"Orașe înfrățite cu Alba Iulia\". apulum.ro (in Romanian). Alba Iulia. Retrieved 18 October 2022.\n\n^ \"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2019.\n\n^ Gyulafehérvár. A Pallas nagy lexikona. Hungarian Electronic Library (MEK).\n\n^ Gyulafehérvár. Révai Nagylexikona, vol. 9. p. 237. Hungarian Electronic Library.\n\n^ Recensământul general al populației României din 29 Decemvrie 1930, vol. II, p. 522.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0880334797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880334797"}],"text":"Makkai, László (2001). \"Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896–1526)\", In: Béla Köpeczi, Historyof Transylvania Volume I: From the Beginnings to 1606, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0880334797","title":"Secondary sources"}]	[{"image_text":"\"Porta Principalis Dextra\" of the castrum Apulum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-8.jpg/220px-Castrum_Apulum_2011_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra-8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Defense wall of Alba Carolina citadel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_16.jpg/220px-Cetatea_Alba_Carolina_Ansamblul_fortifica%C8%9Biei_%E2%80%9ECetatea_Alba_Iulia_16.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alba Iulia synagogue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alba_Iulia%2C_sinagogo%2C_2.jpeg/220px-Alba_Iulia%2C_sinagogo%2C_2.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Batthyaneum Library, former monastery of the Trinitarians","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Biblioteca_Batthyaneum_-_fosta_m%C4%83n%C4%83stire_a_trinitarienilor_%282%29.jpg/170px-Biblioteca_Batthyaneum_-_fosta_m%C4%83n%C4%83stire_a_trinitarienilor_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Roman Catholic Cathedral. Its tower dates from the 17th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Alba_Iulia_-_Catedrala_Sf.Mihail_Aprilie_2013.JPG/220px-Alba_Iulia_-_Catedrala_Sf.Mihail_Aprilie_2013.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Obelisk of Horea, Cloșca, and Crișan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Obeliscul_lui_Horea%2C_Clo%C8%99ca_%C8%99i_Cri%C8%99an.jpg/220px-Obeliscul_lui_Horea%2C_Clo%C8%99ca_%C8%99i_Cri%C8%99an.jpg"},{"image_text":"Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, early 20th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alba_Iulia_%28Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Karlsburg%29_-_Orthodox_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Alba_Iulia_%28Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Karlsburg%29_-_Orthodox_Cathedral.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201009164915/https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","url_text":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""},{"url":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011\" (PDF). Alba County Regional Statistics Directorate. 2 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130418082153/http://www.alba.insse.ro/cmsalba/files/DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011_alba_comunicat%20presa.pdf","url_text":"\"Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.alba.insse.ro/cmsalba/files/DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011_alba_comunicat%20presa.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alba Iulia\". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Alba-Iulia","url_text":"\"Alba Iulia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"State Of Play Report Alba Iulila Municipality\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://projects2014-2020.interregeurope.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_tevprojects/library/file_1657182517.pdf","url_text":"\"State Of Play Report Alba Iulila Municipality\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALBA IULIA\". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 26 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0001_0_00666.html","url_text":"\"ALBA IULIA\""}]},{"reference":"Jarig Bakker (10 February 2001). \"Alba Iulia (Romania, Alba)\". CRW Flags. Retrieved 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ro-albai.html","url_text":"\"Alba Iulia (Romania, Alba)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania: A Church Discovered in Alba Iulia and its Interpretations\", Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania, Brill, p. 11, 20 June 2022, ISBN 978-90-04-51586-4, retrieved 13 March 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/display/title/62325","url_text":"\"Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania: A Church Discovered in Alba Iulia and its Interpretations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51586-4","url_text":"978-90-04-51586-4"}]},{"reference":"Kiss, Lajos (1980). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 256. ISBN 963-05-2277-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest","url_text":"Budapest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akad%C3%A9miai_Kiad%C3%B3","url_text":"Akadémiai Kiadó"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-2277-2","url_text":"963-05-2277-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Alba Iulia Online\". Apulum.ro. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120211093233/http://www.apulum.ro/en/istoria.htm","url_text":"\"Alba Iulia Online\""},{"url":"http://www.apulum.ro/en/istoria.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Apulum @Livius.orgl\". Archived from the original on 26 October 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061026204137/http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/xiii_gemina.html","url_text":"\"Apulum @Livius.orgl\""},{"url":"https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/xiii_gemina.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189-189. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt","url_text":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/189","url_text":"189-189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89452-4","url_text":"978-0-521-89452-4"}]},{"reference":"Gáll, Erwin (2010). \"An analysis of the Cemeteries from the 10th and 11th Centuries in Brânduşei Street, Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár, Karlsburg). New theories on the migration of People in Transylvania in the 10 th -11th Centuries\". academia.edu. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3556064","url_text":"\"An analysis of the Cemeteries from the 10th and 11th Centuries in Brânduşei Street, Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár, Karlsburg). New theories on the migration of People in Transylvania in the 10 th -11th Centuries\""}]},{"reference":"Keul, István (2009). Early modern religious communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691). Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-90-04-17652-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/view/title/17878?language=en","url_text":"Early modern religious communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17652-2","url_text":"978-90-04-17652-2"}]},{"reference":"Silber, Michael K. \"Friesenhausen, David\". YIVO. Retrieved 9 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Friesenhausen_David","url_text":"\"Friesenhausen, David\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIVO","url_text":"YIVO"}]},{"reference":"\"Orașe înfrățite cu Alba Iulia\". apulum.ro (in Romanian). Alba Iulia. Retrieved 18 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apulum.ro/index.php/primaria/orase_infratite","url_text":"\"Orașe înfrățite cu Alba Iulia\""}]},{"reference":"\"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522135608/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/abetn02.pdf","url_text":"\"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\""},{"url":"http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/abetn02.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alba_Iulia&params=46_4_1_N_23_34_12_E_region:RO_type:city(64227)","external_links_name":"46°4′1″N 23°34′12″E / 46.06694°N 23.57000°E / 46.06694; 23.57000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alba_Iulia&params=46_4_1_N_23_34_12_E_region:RO_type:city(64227)","external_links_name":"46°4′1″N 23°34′12″E / 46.06694°N 23.57000°E / 46.06694; 23.57000"},{"Link":"https://www.apulum.ro/","external_links_name":"www.apulum.ro"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alba_Iulia&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alba_Iulia&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/europe/romania/alba/alba-iulia-4543/","external_links_name":"https://en.climate-data.org/europe/romania/alba/alba-iulia-4543/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201009164915/https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","external_links_name":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""},{"Link":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12444/Alba-Iulia","external_links_name":"\"Alba-Iulia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130418082153/http://www.alba.insse.ro/cmsalba/files/DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011_alba_comunicat%20presa.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.alba.insse.ro/cmsalba/files/DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011_alba_comunicat%20presa.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://likbez.org.ua/ua/ukrayinska-kiyivska-mitropoliya-ta-inshi-pravoslavni-tserkvi-pered-1686-r-karti.html","external_links_name":"Metropolitan of Kiev and other Eastern Orthodox Churches before 1686 (Київська митрополія та інші православні церкви перед 1686 роком )"},{"Link":"http://www.transylvaniabeyond.com/the-metropolitan-cathedral-of-cluj/","external_links_name":"The Metropolitan Cathedral of Cluj"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190419122622/http://www.transylvaniabeyond.com/the-metropolitan-cathedral-of-cluj/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Alba-Iulia","external_links_name":"\"Alba Iulia\""},{"Link":"https://www.mediafax.ro/politic/lege-promulgata-iasi-desemnat-capitala-istorica-iar-alba-iulia-capitala-a-marii-uniri-17797862","external_links_name":"Iaşi desemnat \"Capitală istorică\", iar Alba Iulia \"Capitală a Marii Uniri\""},{"Link":"https://projects2014-2020.interregeurope.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_tevprojects/library/file_1657182517.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State Of Play Report Alba Iulila Municipality\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0001_0_00666.html","external_links_name":"\"ALBA IULIA\""},{"Link":"http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ro-albai.html","external_links_name":"\"Alba Iulia (Romania, Alba)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C","external_links_name":"Placenames of the World: Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites"},{"Link":"https://brill.com/display/title/62325","external_links_name":"\"Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania: A Church Discovered in Alba Iulia and its Interpretations\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mS0nAQAAIAAJ&q=white+castle++gyula","external_links_name":"NHQ; the New Hungarian Quarterly, Volume 29; Volumes 109-110"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dCFNHOqCAisC&dq=%22Alba+Yulia%22&pg=PA196","external_links_name":"Medieval and Early Modern for Central and Eastern Europe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d54MAQAAMAAJ&q=K%C3%B6z%C3%B6s+sors--testv%C3%A9ri+hagyom%C3%A1nyok%3A+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi+v%C3%A1zlat","external_links_name":"Közös sors--testvéri hagyományok: történelmi vázlat"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tYNmAAAAMAAJ&q=Alba+Iulia+forditas","external_links_name":"Magyar történeti tanulmányok, Volumes 19-21, Acta Universitatis Debreceniensis de Ludovico Kossuth nominatae: Series historica"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lou-7qh98T4C&pg=PA137","external_links_name":"Berichte und Forschungen. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Savenko	Yuri Savenko	["1 Eugenic views","2 Attitude to homosexuality","3 The resolution on Savenko","4 Awards","5 Further reading","6 References"]	Yuri Sergeevich SavenkoЮрий Сергеевич СавенкоBornSoviet UnionNationalityRussianCitizenship the Soviet Union (1946–1991) Russia (1991–up to the present) Known forHuman rights activismAwardsthe award of the Moscow Helsinki Group "for historic contribution to the defence of human rights and the human rights movement"Scientific careerFieldsPsychiatryInstitutionsthe Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia Yuri Sergeevich Savenko (Russian: Ю́рий Серге́евич Саве́нко) is a Russian psychiatrist, the president since 1989 of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia. He is also a member of the Council of Experts of the Russian Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation. He holds M.D. qualification: 184 and is editor-in-chief of and a regular contributor to the Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal, which has been published since 1991. He had been working as editorial consultant of the Moskovskiy Psikhoterapevticheskiy Zhurnal ("Moscow Journal for Psychotherapy") for many years before he left this position in 2008. Before defending his doctoral thesis, Savenko was expelled from the Institute of Psychiatry in 1974. His main works concern anxious psychotic syndromes, psychotic disorders problems, subject of psychiatry, and the classification of mental disorders. Yuri Savenko took part in a 'wrongful confinement' lawsuit filed in the European Court of Human Rights in 2003.: 294 When writing about this case, Savenko charged the Serbsky Institute with having a "pernicious effect on Russian medicine" and warned that the leadership of the psychiatric community "is now completely under the shadow of the state.": 294 On 28 May 2009, Yuri Savenko wrote to the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev an open letter, in which Savenko asked Medvedev to submit to the State Duma a draft law prepared by the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia to address a sharp drop in the level of forensic psychiatric examinations, which Savenko attributed to a lack of competition within the sector and its increasing nationalization. In 2009, Yuri Savenko and Valery Krasnov provided the leadership for the Second East European Congress of Psychiatry in Moscow. Eugenic views Savenko is a supporter of preventive eugenics, he justifies enforced sterilization of women, which is practiced in Moscow psychoneurological nursing homes, and states that one needs a more strictly adjusted and open control over the practice of preventive eugenics, which, in itself, is, in its turn, justifiable. However, Article 7 of Part 1 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court defines enforced sterilization among crimes against humanity. In 2013, he seemed to take the opposite point of view and criticize German eugenics in the documentary Archetype. Neurosis. Libido. T-4 Death Squad produced by the Rossiya K TV channel. Attitude to homosexuality In 2005, Savenko as the president of the IPA expressed their joint surprise at the proposal by the Executive Committee of the American Psychiatric Association to exclude homosexuality as a mental disorder from manuals on psychiatry, referred the proposal to antipsychiatric actions, and stated that ideological, social and liberal reasoning for the proposal was substituted for scientific one. His statement was put in the following words: "It is surprising for us that the substitution of ideological, social and liberal reasoning for scientific one came not from Russia and that the Executive Committee of the APA unanimously proposed to exclude homosexuality as a mental disorder from manuals on psychiatry. It shows that even the well-developed legal framework for psychiatry and the denationalization of mental health service (by 80% in the USA), ie, the absence of two of the three factors that played a crucial role in Soviet abuses of psychiatry, does not protect against inherently antipsychiatric actions". In 2014, Savenko changed his mind about homosexuality, and he and Perekhov in their joint paper criticized and referred the trend to consider homosexuality as a mental disorder to Soviet mentality that has endured into the present day. The resolution on Savenko On 19 December 2013, the Commission on Professional Ethics Issues at the Board of the Russian Society of Psychiatrists delivered to Savenko when he raised ethical issues concerning the case of Mikhail Kosenko in publications, a resolution as follows: Savenko Yu. S. in his public appearances has grossly violated the norms of professional ethics. In numerous declarations, appeals, appearances by Savenko Yu. S. in the media, there are noted impermissible, insulting, offensive statements, which derogate from honour, dignity and goodwill of both individual experts and the expert institution F S B I "the Serbsky S S C S F P" and at the same time undermine the authority of the psychiatric community as a whole. Savenko responded that the strikingly unethical nature of the resolution by the Ethical Commission (of 12 December 2013) showed in the ascription to the IPA open letter to the WPA, hosted on the website, of phrases that were never used there. He adds we see a rather awkward performance of a social role using the old scenario of accusatory campaigns of Soviet times to have the possibility to refer to "the opinion of the professional public" for use abroad. Awards On 10 December 2013, Savenko received the award of the Moscow Helsinki Group "for historic contribution to the defence of human rights and the human rights movement". Further reading Менделевич, В.Д. (2008). "Глава 1. "Психическая норма и патология"". Психиатрическая пропедевтика (in Russian) (4-е издание, переработанное и дополненное ed.). Москва: МЕДпресс информ. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-5-98322-402-5About Yuri Savenko’s approach to psychiatric diagnostics{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) Савенко, Юрий (2013). Введение в психиатрию. Критическая психопатология. Москва: Логос. References ^ a b c d Savenko, Yuri; Perekhov, Alexei (13 February 2014). "The State of Psychiatry in Russia". Psychiatric Times. 31 (2). ^ Савенко, Юрий (2009). "20-летие НПА России" (PDF). Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (1): 5–18. ISSN 1028-8554. ^ Гурьянова, Татьяна (23 October 2008). "Юрий Cавенко: "Психически больные нуждаются в поддержке"". АиФ Здоровье. No. 43. Retrieved 25 July 2011. ^ Mercer, Ellen; Mesner, Lea (1993). An International psychiatric directory. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 184. ISBN 0-89042-248-6. ^ "About Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal". НПА. Retrieved 21 March 2010. ^ See the title pages of the following issues: Московский психотерапевтический журнал, 1994, № 2. Московский психотерапевтический журнал, 2007, № 3. ^ Савенко, Юрий (2009). "Никакие жизненные коллизии не меняют нас с раннего детства…". Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (1). Retrieved 28 December 2010. ^ Савенко, Юрий (1974). Тревожные психотические синдромы. Автореферат докт. дисс. Москва.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Савенко, Юрий (2008). "Навстречу МКБ-11" . Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (3). Retrieved 9 March 2014. ^ a b Brintlinger, Angela; Vinitsky, Ilya (2007). Madness and the mad in Russian culture. University of Toronto Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-8020-9140-6. ^ Савенко, Юрий (2009). Открытое письмо Президенту Российской Федерации Д.А. Медведеву. Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (in Russian) (2): 5–6. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ Christodoulou, George (June 2008). "The First Psychiatric Congress of Eastern Europe". World Psychiatry. 7 (2): 128. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00177.x. PMC 2408391. PMID 18560477. ^ "Лишённые наследства. Законно ли запрещают рожать пациенткам психоневрологических интернатов?". Novaya Gazeta. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2012. Савенко: "…Необходим более строго выверенный и открытый контроль за практикой предупредительной евгеники, которая сама по себе, в свою очередь, оправданна". ^ "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court". The International Criminal Court. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ He says, "All statistics show Germany has the same rate of serious mental illness as that throughout the whole world. They reached nothing and only disgraced themselves". Watch from 23:09 "Archetype. Neurosis. Libido. T-4 Death Squad (TV documentary)". The Rossiya K TV channel. Retrieved 18 October 2013. ^ Савенко, Юрий; Виноградова, Любовь (2005). Латентные формы антипсихиатрии как главная опасность. Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (in Russian). 4. Retrieved 4 May 2012. ^ "Постановление Комиссии правления Российского общества психиатров по вопросам профессиональной этики" . The Russian Society of Psychiatrists. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014. ^ a b Savenko, Yuri (1 February 2014). Президент НПА России Ю.С.Савенко анализирует итоги дела Михаила Косенко (in Russian). Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia. Retrieved 3 February 2014. ^ "Лия Ахеджакова стала лауреатом премии Московской Хельсинкской группы". Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013. ^ "Лия Ахеджакова удостоена премии за защиту прав человека". 10 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Psychiatric_Association_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savenko,_Perekhov-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5-2"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savenko,_Perekhov-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercer-4"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisimiy_Psikhiatricheskiy_Zhurnal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savenko,_Perekhov-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB-5"},{"link_name":"Moskovskiy Psikhoterapevticheskiy Zhurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovskiy_Psikhoterapevticheskiy_Zhurnal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82._%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81.-8"},{"link_name":"classification of mental disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-11-9"},{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brintlinger-10"},{"link_name":"Serbsky Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbsky_Institute"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brintlinger-10"},{"link_name":"President of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev"},{"link_name":"open letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter"},{"link_name":"State Duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christodoulou-12"}],"text":"Yuri Sergeevich Savenko (Russian: Ю́рий Серге́евич Саве́нко) is a Russian psychiatrist, the president since 1989 of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia.[1][2] He is also a member of the Council of Experts of the Russian Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation.[1][3] He holds M.D. qualification[4]: 184 and is editor-in-chief of and a regular contributor to the Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal, which has been published since 1991.[1][5] He had been working as editorial consultant of the Moskovskiy Psikhoterapevticheskiy Zhurnal (\"Moscow Journal for Psychotherapy\") for many years before he left this position in 2008.[6]Before defending his doctoral thesis, Savenko was expelled from the Institute of Psychiatry in 1974.[7]His main works concern anxious psychotic syndromes,[8] psychotic disorders problems, subject of psychiatry, and the classification of mental disorders.[9]Yuri Savenko took part in a 'wrongful confinement' lawsuit filed in the European Court of Human Rights in 2003.[10]: 294 When writing about this case, Savenko charged the Serbsky Institute with having a \"pernicious effect on Russian medicine\" and warned that the leadership of the psychiatric community \"is now completely under the shadow of the state.\"[10]: 294On 28 May 2009, Yuri Savenko wrote to the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev an open letter, in which Savenko asked Medvedev to submit to the State Duma a draft law prepared by the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia to address a sharp drop in the level of forensic psychiatric examinations, which Savenko attributed to a lack of competition within the sector and its increasing nationalization.[11]In 2009, Yuri Savenko and Valery Krasnov provided the leadership for the Second East European Congress of Psychiatry in Moscow.[12]","title":"Yuri Savenko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"enforced sterilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforced_sterilization"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5-13"},{"link_name":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"crimes against humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome_Statute-14"},{"link_name":"Rossiya K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya_K"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Savenko is a supporter of preventive eugenics, he justifies enforced sterilization of women, which is practiced in Moscow psychoneurological nursing homes, and states thatone needs a more strictly adjusted and open control over the practice of preventive eugenics, which, in itself, is, in its turn, justifiable.[13]However, Article 7 of Part 1 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court defines enforced sterilization among crimes against humanity.[14] In 2013, he seemed to take the opposite point of view and criticize German eugenics in the documentary Archetype. Neurosis. Libido. T-4 Death Squad produced by the Rossiya K TV channel.[15]","title":"Eugenic views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_committee"},{"link_name":"American Psychiatric Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"antipsychiatric actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychiatry"},{"link_name":"legal framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_framework"},{"link_name":"denationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denationalization"},{"link_name":"mental health service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_mental_health_service"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savenko,_Perekhov-1"}],"text":"In 2005, Savenko as the president of the IPA expressed their joint surprise at the proposal by the Executive Committee of the American Psychiatric Association to exclude homosexuality as a mental disorder from manuals on psychiatry, referred the proposal to antipsychiatric actions, and stated that ideological, social and liberal reasoning for the proposal was substituted for scientific one. His statement was put in the following words: \"It is surprising for us that the substitution of ideological, social and liberal reasoning for scientific one came not from Russia and that the Executive Committee of the APA unanimously proposed to exclude homosexuality as a mental disorder from manuals on psychiatry. It shows that even the well-developed legal framework for psychiatry and the denationalization of mental health service (by 80% in the USA), ie, the absence of two of the three factors that played a crucial role in Soviet abuses of psychiatry, does not protect against inherently antipsychiatric actions\".[16] In 2014, Savenko changed his mind about homosexuality, and he and Perekhov in their joint paper criticized and referred the trend to consider homosexuality as a mental disorder to Soviet mentality that has endured into the present day.[1]","title":"Attitude to homosexuality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikhail Kosenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kosenko"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outcomes-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outcomes-18"}],"text":"On 19 December 2013, the Commission on Professional Ethics Issues at the Board of the Russian Society of Psychiatrists delivered to Savenko when he raised ethical issues concerning the case of Mikhail Kosenko in publications, a resolution as follows:Savenko Yu. S. in his public appearances has grossly violated the norms of professional ethics. In numerous declarations, appeals, appearances by Savenko Yu. S. in the media, there are noted impermissible, insulting, offensive statements, which derogate from honour, dignity and goodwill of both individual experts and the expert institution F[ederal] S[tate] B[udgetary] I[nstitution] \"the Serbsky S[tate] S[cientific] C[enter for] S[ocial and] F[orensic] P[sychiatry]\" and at the same time undermine the authority of the psychiatric community as a whole.[17]Savenko responded that the strikingly unethical nature of the resolution by the Ethical Commission (of 12 December 2013) showed in the ascription to the IPA open letter to the WPA, hosted on the website, of phrases that were never used there.[18] He adds we see a rather awkward performance of a social role using the old scenario of accusatory campaigns of Soviet times to have the possibility to refer to \"the opinion of the professional public\" for use abroad.[18]","title":"The resolution on Savenko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow Helsinki Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"On 10 December 2013, Savenko received the award of the Moscow Helsinki Group \"for historic contribution to the defence of human rights and the human rights movement\".[19][20]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-98322-402-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-98322-402-5"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript"}],"text":"Менделевич, В.Д. (2008). \"Глава 1. \"Психическая норма и патология\"\". Психиатрическая пропедевтика (in Russian) (4-е издание, переработанное и дополненное ed.). Москва: МЕДпресс информ. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-5-98322-402-5About Yuri Savenko’s approach to psychiatric diagnostics{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)\nСавенко, Юрий (2013). Введение в психиатрию. Критическая психопатология. Москва: Логос.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Менделевич, В.Д. (2008). \"Глава 1. \"Психическая норма и патология\"\". Психиатрическая пропедевтика (in Russian) (4-е издание, переработанное и дополненное ed.). Москва: МЕДпресс информ. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-5-98322-402-5About Yuri Savenko’s approach to psychiatric diagnostics","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-98322-402-5","url_text":"978-5-98322-402-5"}]},{"reference":"Савенко, Юрий (2013). Введение в психиатрию. Критическая психопатология. Москва: Логос.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Savenko, Yuri; Perekhov, Alexei (13 February 2014). \"The State of Psychiatry in Russia\". Psychiatric Times. 31 (2).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-reports/state-psychiatry-russia","url_text":"\"The State of Psychiatry in Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_Times","url_text":"Psychiatric Times"}]},{"reference":"Савенко, Юрий (2009). \"20-летие НПА России\" (PDF). Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (1): 5–18. ISSN 1028-8554.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npar.ru/pdf/2009-1.pdf","url_text":"\"20-летие НПА России\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisimiy_Psikhiatricheskiy_Zhurnal","url_text":"Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1028-8554","url_text":"1028-8554"}]},{"reference":"Гурьянова, Татьяна (23 October 2008). \"Юрий Cавенко: \"Психически больные нуждаются в поддержке\"\". АиФ Здоровье. No. 43. Retrieved 25 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aif.ru/health/article/22058","url_text":"\"Юрий Cавенко: \"Психически больные нуждаются в поддержке\"\""}]},{"reference":"Mercer, Ellen; Mesner, Lea (1993). An International psychiatric directory. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 184. ISBN 0-89042-248-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HFXiRMYA3QkC&pg=PA184","url_text":"An International psychiatric directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89042-248-6","url_text":"0-89042-248-6"}]},{"reference":"\"About Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal\". НПА. Retrieved 21 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npar.ru/journal/","url_text":"\"About Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal\""}]},{"reference":"Савенко, Юрий (2009). \"Никакие жизненные коллизии не меняют нас с раннего детства…\". Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (1). Retrieved 28 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npar.ru/journal/2009/1/16-savenko.htm","url_text":"\"Никакие жизненные коллизии не меняют нас с раннего детства…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisimiy_Psikhiatricheskiy_Zhurnal","url_text":"Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal"}]},{"reference":"Савенко, Юрий (1974). Тревожные психотические синдромы. Автореферат докт. дисс. Москва.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Савенко, Юрий (2008). \"Навстречу МКБ-11\" [Toward the ICD-11]. Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (3). Retrieved 9 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npar.ru/journal/2008/3/02_mkb.htm","url_text":"\"Навстречу МКБ-11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisimiy_Psikhiatricheskiy_Zhurnal","url_text":"Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal"}]},{"reference":"Brintlinger, Angela; Vinitsky, Ilya (2007). Madness and the mad in Russian culture. University of Toronto Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-8020-9140-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ED3U_XVLwHwC&pg=PA294","url_text":"Madness and the mad in Russian culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9140-6","url_text":"978-0-8020-9140-6"}]},{"reference":"Савенко, Юрий (2009). Открытое письмо Президенту Российской Федерации Д.А. Медведеву. Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (in Russian) (2): 5–6. Retrieved 12 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npar.ru/journal/2009/2/medved.htm","url_text":"Открытое письмо Президенту Российской Федерации Д.А. Медведеву"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisimiy_Psikhiatricheskiy_Zhurnal","url_text":"Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal"}]},{"reference":"Christodoulou, George (June 2008). \"The First Psychiatric Congress of Eastern Europe\". World Psychiatry. 7 (2): 128. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00177.x. PMC 2408391. PMID 18560477.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2408391","url_text":"\"The First Psychiatric Congress of Eastern Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Psychiatry_(journal)","url_text":"World Psychiatry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2051-5545.2008.tb00177.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00177.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2408391","url_text":"2408391"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18560477","url_text":"18560477"}]},{"reference":"\"Лишённые наследства. Законно ли запрещают рожать пациенткам психоневрологических интернатов?\". Novaya Gazeta. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/93n/n93n-s26.shtml","url_text":"\"Лишённые наследства. Законно ли запрещают рожать пациенткам психоневрологических интернатов?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta","url_text":"Novaya Gazeta"}]},{"reference":"\"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court\". The International Criminal Court. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/romefra.htm","url_text":"\"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Criminal_Court","url_text":"The International Criminal Court"}]},{"reference":"\"Archetype. Neurosis. Libido. T-4 Death Squad (TV documentary)\". The Rossiya K TV channel. Retrieved 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvkultura.ru/video/show/brand_id/23166/video_id/640534","url_text":"\"Archetype. Neurosis. Libido. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou_shalt_have_no_other_gods_before_me	Thou shalt have no other gods before me	["1 Biblical narrative","1.1 Elijah's challenge","1.2 The story of Daniel","2 In Judaism","3 In the New Testament","4 In Christianity","5 In the Catholic Church","6 Reformation and Post-Reformation commentary","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]	One of the Ten Commandments Part of a series on theTen Commandments I am the LORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the LORD's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Finger of God Moses Ark of the Covenant Mount Sinai In Catholic theology vte "Thou shalt have no other gods before Me" (Hebrew: לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עַל פָּנָי, romanized: Lōʾ yihyeh lək̲ā ʾĕlōhîm ʾăḥērîm ʿal pānāi) is one, or part of one depending on the numbering tradition used, of the Ten Commandments found in the Hebrew Bible at Exodus 20:3 and Deuteronomy 5:6. According to the Bible, the commandment was originally given to the ancient Israelites by Yahweh at biblical Mount Sinai after the Exodus from slavery in Egypt, as described in the Book of Exodus. Prohibition of idolatry is the central tenet of the Abrahamic religions and the sin of worshipping another god other than the Lord is called idolatry. Historically, the punishment for idolatry was often death. The Bible describes how the ancient Israelites, despite being strictly warned not to do so, repeatedly engaged in idolatry and were therefore punished severely by the Lord. Many of the stories in the Bible from the time of Moses to the Babylonian captivity are predicated on the choice between exclusive worship of the Lord and false gods. The Babylonian exile, itself a punishment for idolatry, seems to have been a turning point after which the Jews became committed to monotheism, even when facing martyrdom before worshipping any other god. The Jewish prayer Shema Yisrael and its accompanying blessing/curse reveals the intent of the commandment to include love for the Lord and not only recognition or outward observance. In the Gospels, Jesus quotes the Shema as the first and Greatest Commandment, and the apostles after him preached that those who would follow Christ must turn from worshipping false gods. Christian theologians teach that the commandment applies in modern times and prohibits the worship of physical idols, the seeking of spiritual activity or guidance from any other source (e.g. magical, astrological, etc.), and the focus on temporal priorities such as self (food, physical pleasures), work, and money, for example. The Catechism of the Catholic Church commends those who refuse even to simulate such worship in a cultural context, since “the duty to offer God authentic worship concerns man both as an individual and as a social being.” Biblical narrative The Book of Exodus tells the story of how the Israelites escape from Egypt after having been kept as slaves for 400 years. While wandering the desert, the Lord appeared to their leader Moses and made an agreement or covenant with him. The Lord declared that the Israelites were his chosen people and that they must obey his laws. These laws were the Ten Commandments delivered to Moses on two stone tablets. The first and most important commandment was that they must not worship any god other than the Lord. Whoever violated this commandment should be killed and Exodus 22:20 reads "Whoever sacrifices to any god other than the Lord must be destroyed." Deuteronomy 13:6-10 specifically prescribes the method of execution to stoning: If your very own brother, or your son or daughter, or the wife you love, or your closest friend secretly entices you, saying, "Let us go and worship other gods" (gods that neither you nor your ancestors have known, gods of the peoples around you, whether near or far, from one end of the land to the other), do not yield to them or listen to them. Show them no pity. Do not spare them or shield them. You must certainly put them to death. Your hand must be the first in putting them to death, and then the hands of all the people. Stone them to death, because they tried to turn you away from the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery. God's interest in exclusive worship is portrayed as a strong jealousy, like that of a husband for his wife: Do not follow other gods, the gods of the peoples around you; for the Lord your God, who is among you, is a jealous God and his anger will burn against you, and he will destroy you from the face of the land. The Biblical prophets Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Hosea referred to Israel's worship of other gods as spiritual adultery: “How I have been grieved by their adulterous hearts, which have turned away from me, and by their eyes, which have lusted after their idols.” This led to a broken covenant between the Lord and Israel, manifested as defeat by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon followed by exile. Elijah's challenge The Bible describes how the Israelites until the Babylonian captivity repeatedly violated the first commandment's demand of exclusive worship. Not only did common people substitute Canaanite gods and worship for that of the Lord, polytheism and worship of foreign gods became official in both the northern and southern kingdoms despite repeated warnings from the prophets of God. For example, 1 Kings 18 describes how the prophet Elijah tries to convince king Ahab whose land suffers from famine of abandoning worship of Baal and Asherah in favor of the Lord. He assembles all the prophets of Baal and Asherah on Mount Carmel and tells them: "How long will you waver between two opinions? If the Lord is God, follow him; but if Baal is God, follow him." He challenges the prophets to a duel. The prophets whose god can burn meat pieces from a bull is the true God. Baal's and Asherah's prophets fail to set fire to the meat, but Elijah's god succeed. But despite this victory for the Lord, Ahab refuses to change the official, polytheistic policy propelled by his wife Jezebel. The story of Daniel The Bible presents Daniel and his companions as distinct, positive examples of individuals refusing to worship another god, even at the price of their lives. During the time of the exile, Nebuchadnezzar erects a gold statue of himself and commands all subjects to worship it. Three Jewish officials – Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego – who had been taken to Babylon as youths along with Daniel, refuse to bow to the statue. As they face being burned alive in a furnace, they communicate their faith as well as their resolve: “If we are thrown into the blazing furnace, the God we serve is able to save us from it, and he will rescue us from your hand, O king. But even if he does not, we want you to know, O king, that we will not serve your gods or worship the image of gold you have set up." In the later reign of Darius, Daniel's refusal to give up private prayer to God and pray to the king instead results in him receiving a death sentence: being thrown into the lions’ den. According to the Book of Daniel, an angel comes and shuts the mouths of the lions so that Daniel is spared and rescued by the king himself the following morning. In Judaism The central prayer of Judaism is the Shema Yisrael in which the belief in a single god is reaffirmed: Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one.— The Shema The prayer is found in printed form in the mezuzah, the small, tubed case on the doorposts of homes of observant Jews (Most non-observent Jews also observe this command. In Israel, most public buildings have mezuzah on their main doorpost). This form was chosen to fulfill the mitzvah (biblical commandment) to inscribe the words of the Shema "on the doorposts of your house.” “Thousands of martyrs did not go to their deaths muttering a numerical truism. When they said that God is one, they meant that … nothing in the universe is comparable to this God or can take the place of this God … that is why they are willing to die rather than abandon .” The national resolve toward monotheism solidified during the experience of the Babylonian captivity. In the centuries that followed, Jews were willing to suffer death rather than pay the honor due God to any other man or god. During the early days of the Maccabean revolt, for example, many Jews were martyred because they refused to acknowledge the claims of Seleucid deities. Idolatry is one of three sins (along with adultery and murder) the Mishnah says must be resisted to the point of death. By the time the Talmud was written, the acceptance or rejection of idolatry was a litmus test for Jewish identity: “Whosoever denies idols is called a Jew." "Whosoever recognizes idols has denied the entire Torah; and whosoever denies idols has recognized the entire Torah." The Talmud discusses the subject of the worship of other gods in many passages. An entire tractate, the Avodah Zarah (“strange worship”) details practical guidelines for interacting with surrounding peoples so as to avoid practicing or even indirectly supporting such worship. Although Jews are forbidden in general to mock at anything holy, it is meritorious to deride idols. This apparently originated in ancient times, as some of the several Hebrew words from the Tanakh translated as “idol” are pejorative and even deliberately contemptuous, such as elilim, “powerless ones,” and gillulim, “pellets of dung.” Although Jews have characteristically separated themselves from the worship of physical gods and statues or persons claiming divinity, since the Babylonian exile, the tendency toward and practice of magic arts (chants, spells, charms, amulets, healing devices, special foods, lucky and unlucky days, magical numbers and a vast array of secret rituals) has continued to be found among some who claim Judaism as their faith. This has been true since ancient times, when the Israelites, having spent 210 years in Egypt, where magic was pervasive, wrongly thought that carrying the Ark of the Covenant into battle would guarantee victory. Such practices, though forbidden, were not surprising since “the ancient Israelites were not immune to the desire to control God.” However, Maimonides warned that special objects (e.g. a mezuzah) and prayers (e.g. the Shema) in Judaism are meant to remind people of love for God and his precepts and do not in themselves guarantee good fortune. In the New Testament According to the gospels, Jesus said the greatest commandment was to “love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your mind.” The scripture in Deuteronomy to which he referred is known in modern times as the Shema, a declaration emphasizing the oneness of God and the sole worship of God by Israel. In his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus contrasted worship of God and running after material possessions and warned, “You cannot serve both God and money.” According to Acts, Stephen summarizes the spiritual history of Israel and quotes the prophet Amos, who identified the worship of foreign gods as a reason for Israel's defeat by the Babylonians and subsequent exile. Later in Acts, the apostles discussed the issue of what immediate behavioral changes would be required of gentiles who became followers of Jesus Christ. They decided to instruct new converts: “You are to abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals and from sexual immorality.” In Athens, Paul was greatly distressed to see that the city was full of idols, and in the Areopagus, he presented the god of Israel as the creator of everything, as unique and not represented by any idol. He taught: “Therefore since we are God’s offspring, we should not think that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone—an image made by human design and skill. – Acts 17:29–31 According to Ephesians, Paul incurred the wrath of silversmiths (worried about losing income from decreased sales of idols) when people responded to his preaching and turned away from idol worship. Paul taught that the gods, which the idols represented, were demons and thus, prohibited Christians from worshiping both God and idols: Therefore, my dear friends, flee from idolatry. I speak to sensible people; judge for yourselves what I say … Do I mean then that a sacrifice offered to an idol is anything, or that an idol is anything? No, but the sacrifices of pagans are offered to demons, not to God, and I do not want you to be participants with demons. You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons too; you cannot have a part in both the Lord's table and the table of demons. Are we trying to arouse the Lord's jealousy? Are we stronger than he? — 1 Corinthians 10:14, 19-22 (NIV) Paul warned the Galatians that those who live in idolatry “will not inherit the kingdom of God,” and in the same passage associates witchcraft with idolatry. In his letter to the Philippians, he refers to those whose “god is their stomach.” In several New Testament scriptures, including the Sermon on the Mount, the term idolatry is applied to the love of money. The apostle James rebukes those who focus on material things, using language similar to that of Old Testament prophets: “When you ask , you do not receive, because you ask with wrong motives, that you may spend what you get on your pleasures. You adulterous people, don't you know that friendship with the world is hatred toward God? Anyone who chooses to be a friend of the world becomes an enemy of God.” Paul commended the church in Thessalonica saying, “Your faith in God has become known everywhere … They tell how you turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God, and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead—Jesus, who rescues us from the coming wrath.” Paul identifies the worship of created things (rather than the Creator) as the cause of the disintegration of sexual and social morality in his letter to the Romans. The apostle Peter and the Book of Revelation also refer to the connection between the worship of other gods and sexual sins, whether metaphorically or literally. The apostle John wrote simply, “Dear children, keep yourselves from idols.” In Christianity Christianity has introduced Trinity, which says that God exists in three persons, God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. This means that Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit can be worshipped as God without violating the first commandment. In the Catholic Church God revealed Himself to His people Israel by making His name known to them … God has a name; He is not an anonymous force. — Catechism of the Catholic Church 203 The Catholic Church teaches that the first commandment forbids honoring gods other than the one Lord who has revealed Himself, for example, in the introduction to the Ten Commandments: “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery." Through the prophets, God calls Israel and all nations to turn to him, the one and only God: "Turn to me and be saved, all the ends of the earth! For I am God, and there is no other. . . . To me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear. ‘Only in the LORD, it shall be said of me, are righteousness and strength.' (Isaiah 45:22-24, see also Philippians 2:10-11)” Because God's identity and transcendent character are described in Scripture as unique, the teaching of the Catholic Church proscribes superstition as well as irreligion and explains the commandment is broken by having images to which divine power is ascribed as well as in divinizing anything that is not God. “Man commits idolatry whenever he honors and reveres a creature in place of God, whether this be gods or demons … power, pleasure, race, ancestors, the state, money, etc.” The Catechism commends those who refuse even to simulate such worship in a cultural context and states that “the duty to offer God authentic worship concerns man both as an individual and as a social being.” The Catechism of the Catholic Church notes that this commandment is recalled many times throughout the Bible and quotes passages describing temporal consequences for those who place trust elsewhere than in God: Scripture constantly recalls this rejection of "idols, silver and gold, the work of men's hands. They have mouths, but do not speak; eyes, but do not see." These empty idols make their worshippers empty: "Those who make them are like them; so are all who trust in them."(Psalm 115:4-5, 8; see also Isaiah 44:9-20; Jeremiah 10:1-16; Daniel 14:1-30). God, however, is the "living God" (Joshua 3:10; Psalm 42:3; etc.) who gives life and intervenes in history. — Catechism of the Catholic Church 2112 While recognizing that God communicates with people, including prophets, the Catholic Catechism teaches that the first commandment forbids the practice of all attempts to tame occult powers as contradictory to the honor, respect and loving fear that is owed to God alone. Such practices are forbidden even if one has “good” motives, such as seeking to restore someone's health, and “recourse to so-called traditional cures does not justify either the invocation of evil powers or the exploitation of another's credulity.” All forms of divination are to be rejected: recourse to Satan or demons, conjuring up the dead or other practices falsely supposed to "unveil" the future (see for example, Deuteronomy 18:10; Jeremiah 29:8). Consulting horoscopes, astrology, palm reading, interpretation of omens and lots, the phenomena of clairvoyance, and recourse to mediums all conceal a desire for power over time, history, and, in the last analysis, other human beings, as well as a wish to conciliate hidden powers. — Catechism of the Catholic Church 2116 Irreligion, in the specific forms of tempting God, sacrilege, and simony, is also considered a violation of the first commandment. The Catechism states that atheism is often based on a “false conception of human autonomy” and all forms of atheism are viewed as violating the first commandment in their common denial of the existence of God. Agnosticism as a way of life is portrayed as a lazy flight from the ultimate question of existence and as “all too often equivalent of practical atheism.” Reformation and Post-Reformation commentary Rev. G. Campbell Morgan emphasized the importance of the first commandment being given after the Lord introduces himself by name, saying, "There is deep significance in the name by which God here declares Himself … to take without the definition of the Person of God is to rob it of its great force." Morgan argues that everyone has “a center, a motive, a reason, a shrine, a deity somewhere” to which his or her energy and loyalty is directed. “In every case man demands a god, a king, a lawgiver – one who arranges the programme, utters the commandments and demands obedience. This incontrovertible fact reveals the genesis of idolatry.” Morgan goes on to argue that thus “idolatry” is not defined by geography or culture but by the object(s) of worship that are not God, which may be spiritual or physical. Martin Luther, Matthew Henry, John Calvin, and John Wesley write in their respective commentaries that in the commandment to have no other gods, God is referring to the heart's allegiance. In Luther's exposition of this commandment, he explains: consists not merely in erecting an image and worshiping it, but rather in the heart, which stands gaping at something else, and seeks help and consolation from creatures, saints, or devils, and neither cares for God, nor looks to Him for so much good as to believe that He is willing to help, neither believes that whatever good it experiences comes from God.— Martin Luther Like the ancient writers and Jewish theologians (see above), Luther considered occult or magic practices to be in violation of this commandment, explaining that those who seek benefit in such ways “make a covenant with the devil, in order that he may give them plenty of money or help them in love-affairs, preserve their cattle, restore to them lost possessions, etc. For all these place their heart and trust elsewhere than in the true God, look for nothing good to Him nor seek it from Him.” Like the New Testament writers, Morgan recognized that departing from the worship of God alone is frequently associated with sexual immorality: “’Tis the homage of the man who, losing his God, worships at the shrine of a fallen Venus.” He references Philippians 3:18-19 to support that gluttony and the pursuit of physical pleasure are also widespread, but not new, examples of idolatry. Calvin recalls Moses’ warning to the people of Israel, “Ye shall not go after other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you,” and notes that this commandment was given despite the abundant temptation to superstitions in the cultures all around them and the lack of good examples. He explains that it is not enough that God's followers put him first, while giving lesser respect to other superstitions or objects of worship. We know that when the Israelites worshipped their Baalim, they did not so substitute them in the place of God as to put Him altogether aside, and assign to them the supreme power; nevertheless, this was an intolerable profanation of God’s worship. — John Calvin In the first and second of his Quatre Sermons, Calvin also discouraged believers in Christ from simulating religious acts that are not worship of the true God in order to avoid persecution. He argued that the growth of the Christian church was based on the “seeds sown” by those who were willing to die, if necessary, rather than worship or appear to worship false gods and that without such people there would never have been a Christian church. He said that if one makes choices to suffer nothing for God's word, one changes Jesus Christ to his own image: “Is that not to want to transform Jesus Christ to have him just as our flesh would like him to be?” Pierre Viret, a Swiss Reformed theologian and contemporary of John Calvin, made similar arguments. Reformers such as Viret and Calvin imbued these decisions with social consciousness: choice of behavior had communal repercussions ranging from providing bad examples and leading others to the same sin, to bringing about God’s ire upon them all, bringing physical harm upon others, and finally to undermining the efforts of the martyrs. — Shepardson Neither Calvin nor Viret advocated reckless martyrdom or purposeful public disturbance, but to the extent possible, to make public choices with “Christian modesty,” even recommending that leaving an area (self-imposed exile) is sometimes the most realistic response to persecution when resources permit. See also Shirk (Islam) Henotheism Monolatry Monotheism Notes References ^ Ten Commandments, in HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, 1996, Achtemeier Paul J., ed., New York:HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 0-06-060037-3. LXX gives two slightly different renditions of the identical Hebrew verses: οὐκ ἔσονταί σοι θεοὶ ἕτεροι πλὴν ἐμοῦ vs. οὐκ ἔσονταί σοι θεοὶ ἕτεροι πρὸ προσώπου μου ^ God: names of God, in Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible, 1986. Wigoder, Geoffrey, ed., G.G. The Jerusalem Publishing House ISBN 0-89577-407-0 ^ a b Moses, World Book Encyclopedia 1998, Chicago:World Book Inc., ISBN 0-7166-0098-6 ^ Richard Liong Seng Phua (4 December 2005). Idolatry and Authority. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-567-28910-0. 'Unfaithfulness' or 'betrayal' defines idolatry when another god or an alien cult other than the Lord is worshipped, which may also be seen as a form of 'rebellion'. In this case, the breach of the covenant would be viewed as idolatry. ^ Deuteronomy 12:4,31; Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible, Commentary on Deuteronomy 12 ^ Idolatry, HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, 1996, Achtemeier Paul J., ed., New York:HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 0-06-060037-3 ^ Idol: In the Exile and After, in HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, 1996, Achtemeier Paul J., ed., New York:HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 0-06-060037-3 ^ Deuteronomy 6:4-5; Wylen, Stephen M., Settings of Silver: an introduction to Judaism, 2000, Paulist Press, ISBN 0-8091-3960-X pp.104 ^ Matthew 22:37; Mark 12:30; Luke 10:27; Shema, in HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, 1996, Achtemeier Paul J., ed., New York:HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 0-06-060037-3 ^ Idolatry: Figurative, in The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, 2006. Unger, Merrill F., Harrison, R.K., ed., Chicago: Moody Publishers, ISBN 0-8024-9066-2 ^ a b Catechism of the Catholic Church 2136 ^ Leviticus 19:28; Idol, Image, in The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, 2006. Unger, Merrill F., Harrison, R.K., ed., Chicago: Moody Publishers, ISBN 0-8024-9066-2 ^ Exodus 22:20; Deuteronomy 13:6-10; Idolatry: Penalties, in The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, 2006. Unger, Merrill F., Harrison, R.K., ed., Chicago: Moody Publishers, ISBN 0-8024-9066-2 ^ Deuteronomy 6:14 ^ Jeremiah 3:6-9, 5:7, Ezekiel 16:38, 23:37, Hosea 1:2; Adultery: OT Words, in Expository Dictionary of Bible Words: Word studies for key English Bible words based on the Hebrew and Greek Texts, Renn, Stephen D., ed., 2005, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-1-56563-938-6 ^ Ezekiel 6:9; Tuell, Steven, The New International Bible Commentary: Ezekiel, 2009, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., p. 33, ISBN 978-1-85364-736-9 ^ Jeremiah 3:8; Ryken P.G. and Hughes R.K., Jeremiah and Lamentations: From Sorrow to Hope, Chapter 3:God Files for Divorce, 2001, Crossway Publishers, ISBN 1-58134-167-9 ^ God in the OT, The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol II, 1992. Freedman, David Noel, ed., New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19360-2 ^ Daniel 3:17-18; Telushkin, Joseph, Jewish Literacy: The most important things to know about the Jewish religion, its people and its history, 1991, William Morrow, ISBN 0-688-08506-7 pp. 80-81 ^ Dan’iel, in The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, 2006. Unger, Merrill F., Harrison, R.K., ed. Chicago: Moody Publishers ISBN 0-8024-9066-2 ^ Daniel 6; Walvoord J.F. and Zuck R. B.; The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament, 1983, Colorado Springs:David C. Cook, p. 1349, ISBN 978-0-88207-813-7 ^ Shema, in The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, 1996, Achtemeier Paul J., ed., New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-06-060037-3 ^ Bernstein, Philip S., What the Jews Believe, 1951, New York: Farrar Straus and Young p. 11 ^ Deuteronomy 6:9; Kadden, Barbara Binder and Bruce, Teaching Mitzvot: Concepts, Values and Activities, 2003, Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, Inc., ISBN 0-86705-080-2 p. 71 ^ Seeskin, Kenneth, No Other Gods: the modern struggle against idolatry, 1995, Behrman House, ISBN 0-87441-583-7 p. 111 ^ Smith, Lacey Baldwin, Fools, Martyrs, Traitors: the story of martyrdom in the western world, Northwestern University Press, ISBN 0-8101-1724-X pp.49-50 ^ Sanhedrin 74a; Telushkin, Joseph, A Code of Jewish Ethics: You shall be holy, 2006, Harmony/Bell Tower ISBN 1-4000-4835-4 pp 471-472 ^ Seeskin, Kenneth, No Other Gods: the modern struggle against idolatry, 1995, Behrman House, ISBN 0-87441-583-7 pp.14-15 ^ Talmud Megilah 13 ^ Midrash Sifre, Deuteronomy 54 ^ Sicker, Martin, Between Man and God: Issues in Judaic thought, 2001, Praeger, ISBN 0-313-31904-9 pp.12-14 ^ Talmud Megilah 25b ^ Idol, in The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, 1996, Achtemeier Paul J., ed., New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-06-060037-3; Idol, Image, in The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, 2006. Unger, Merrill F., Harrison, R.K., ed., Chicago: Moody Publishers, ISBN 0-8024-9066-2 ^ Seeskin, Kenneth, No Other Gods: the modern struggle against idolatry, 1995, Behrman House, ISBN 0-87441-583-7 pp.37-44 ^ 1 Samuel 4; Bell J.S. and Campbell S, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to the Bible, 2003, Indianapolis: Alpha Books, p. 103, ISBN 0-02-864382-8 ^ Seeskin, Kenneth, No Other Gods: the modern struggle against idolatry, 1995, Behrman House, ISBN 0-87441-583-7 p. 40 ^ Glustrom, Simon, The Myth and Reality of Judaism: 82 misconceptions set straight, 1989, Behrman House Publishing, ISBN 0-87441-479-2, p. 131; Kadden, Barbara Binder and Bruce, Teaching Mitzvot: Concepts, Values and Activities, 2003, Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, Inc., ISBN 0-86705-080-2 p. 71 ^ Matthew 22:37-38, Mark 12:29-30, Luke 10:27-28; Milavec, Aaron, The Didache: Faith, Hope and Life of the Earliest Christian Communities 50-70 C.E., 2003, The Newman Press, pp. 65-66, ISBN 0-8091-0537-3 ^ Deuteronomy 6:4-5; Bernstein, Philip S., What the Jews Believe, 1951, New York: Farrar Straus and Young p. 11 ^ Matthew 6:24; Luke 16:13; Wiersbe, Warren, The Bible Exposition Commentary: New Testament, Volume 1, 2001, Cook Communications, ISBN 1-56476-030-8, p. 240 ^ Amos 5:25-27; Pilch, J.J., Stephen: Paul and the Hellenist Israelites, 2008, Liturgical Press, p. 13, ISBN 978-0-8146-5229-9 ^ Acts 15:29, Acts 21:25; Tomson, Peter J., Paul and the Jewish Law: halakha in the Letters of the Apostle to the Gentiles, 1990, Netherlands: Van Gorcum & Comp., pp. 177-178, ISBN 90-232-2490-6 ^ Acts 17:16; Walvoord and Zuck, The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, 1983, Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, p. 402, ISBN 978-0-88207-812-0 ^ Gods, False: Artemis, in The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, 2006. Unger, Merrill F., Harrison, R.K., ed. Chicago: Moody Publishers, ISBN 0-8024-9066-2 ^ Galatians 5:19-21; Galatians: Luther, McGrath A. and Packer J.I., eds., 1998, Wheaton: Crossway Books, p. 279, ISBN 0-89107-994-7 ^ Philippians 3:19; see also Romans 16:18, 2 Timothy 3:4, James 4:4; Hughes R.K., James: Faith that Works, 1991, Wheaton: Crossway Books, pp. 175-176, ISBN 0-89107-627-1 ^ Matthew 6:24; Luke 16:13; Ephesians 5:5; Colossians 3:5; Idolatry: Figurative, in The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, 2006. Unger, Merrill F., Harrison, R.K., ed., Chicago: Moody Publishers, ISBN 0-8024-9066-2 ^ James 4:3-5 (NIV); Hughes R.K., James: Faith that Works, 1991, Wheaton: Crossway Books, pp. 175-176, ISBN 0-89107-627-1 ^ 1 Thessalonians 1:8-10; Green G.L., The Pillar New Testament Commentaries: The Letters to the Thessalonians, 2002, Grand Rapids: W.B. Eardmans Publishing Co., p. 106, ISBN 0-8028-3738-7 ^ Romans 1:22-29; Dunn J.D.G., The Theology of Paul the Apostle, 1998, Grand Rapids: William B. Eardmans Publishing Company, pp.33-34, ISBN 0-8028-3844-8 ^ 1 Peter 4:3-4; Life Application Bible Commentary:1 & 2 Peter and Jude, 1995, Galvin J.C. and Beers R.A., eds., The Livinstone Corporation, p. 112, ISBN 0-8423-3031-3; Revelation 2:14, 2:20; Trebilco P., The Early Christians in Ephesus from Paul to Ignatius, 2004 (Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck) and 2007 (W.B. Eardman’s Publishing Co.), p. 311, ISBN 978-0-8028-0769-4 ^ 1 John 5:20-21; Barclay W., The New Daily Study Bible: The Letters of John and Jude, 2002, Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, p. 139, ISBN 0-664-22557-8 ^ Exodus 20:2 ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 201 ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 212 ^ a b Catechism of the Catholic Church 2113 ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2215 ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2116 ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2117 ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2118 ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2126 ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2123- 2126, 2140 ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2128 ^ Morgan, G. Campbell, The Ten Commandments, 1901, Fleming H. Revell Company, pp.16-18 ^ Morgan, G. Campbell, The Ten Commandments, 1901, Fleming H. Revell Company, p.19 ^ Martin Luther, The Large Catechism, Part First: The Ten Commandments, The First Commandment; Commentary on Exodus 20, Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible; Commentary on the First Commandment; John Calvin, Harmony of the Law:Part 1, The Law: The First Commandment; John Wesley’s Notes on the Bible, Notes on the Second Book of Moses called Exodus, Exodus XX ^ a b The Large Catechism III, Part First: The First Commandment, Translated by F. Bente and W.H.T. Dau Published in: Triglot Concordia: The Symbolical Books of the Ev. Lutheran Church, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921, pp. 565-773 ^ Morgan, G. Campbell, The Ten Commandments, 1901, Fleming H. Revell Company, p.20 ^ Deuteronomy 18:9; Commentary on Deuteronomy 18:9, John Calvin, Harmony of the Law: Part 1, The Law: The First Commandment ^ John Calvin, Harmony of the Law: Part 1, The Law: The First Commandment ^ Shepardson, Nikki, Burning zeal: the rhetoric of martyrdom and the Protestant community in Reformation France 1520–1570, 2007, Associated University Presses, ISBN 978-0-934223-87-4, pp. 138-140 ^ a b Shepardson, Nikki, Burning zeal: the rhetoric of martyrdom and the Protestant community in Reformation France 1520–1570, 2007, Associated University Presses, ISBN 978-0-934223-87-4, p. 140 External links Tanakh (Holy Scriptures), Jewish Publication Society (JPS) 1917 Explanation of Torah, Mishnah, Talmud versions Brief explanations of Talmudic works and their origins Catechism of the Catholic Church New Jerusalem Bible (Catholic) Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible John Wesley’s notes on the Bible John Calvin’s commentary on the Bible Bible Gateway online reading and research tool; several versions are available vteTen CommandmentsTablets of Stone · Finger of God · Ritual DecalogueCommandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Topics Moses Biblical Mount Sinai Mount Sinai Mount Horeb Ark of the Covenant lid Book of Exodus The Exodus In art Descent from Mount Sinai (Sistine Chapel, 1481-1482 painting) Moses (c. 1513–1515 sculpture) Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah (c. 1645-1650 painting) Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (1659 painting) Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain (1876) Moses (1962 sculpture) Moses (1968 sculptures, 3/3) Media The Ten Commandments (1923 film) The Ten Commandments (1956 film) Les Dix Commandements (2000 musical) The Ten Commandments (2004 musical) The Ten Commandments (2006 miniseries) The Ten (2007 film) The Ten Commandments (2007 film) I Am (2010 film) The Ten Commandments (2016 film) Related Joshua In Catholic theology Tabot Alternatives 613 commandments Seven Laws of Noah Great Commandment Golden Rule Ethics in the Bible Authority control databases: National Israel United States Latvia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Ten Commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Exodus 20:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0220.htm#3"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy 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religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions"},{"link_name":"idolatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phua2005-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord#Religion"},{"link_name":"false gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_god"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idolatry,_1996-6"},{"link_name":"monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"martyrdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shema Yisrael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shema_Yisrael"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospels"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Greatest Commandment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Commandment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"physical idols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_image"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Catechism of the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catechism2136-11"}],"text":"\"Thou shalt have no other gods before Me\" (Hebrew: לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עַל פָּנָי, romanized: Lōʾ yihyeh lək̲ā ʾĕlōhîm ʾăḥērîm ʿal pānāi) is one, or part of one depending on the numbering tradition used, of the Ten Commandments found in the Hebrew Bible at Exodus 20:3 and Deuteronomy 5:6.[1] According to the Bible, the commandment was originally given to the ancient Israelites by Yahweh at biblical Mount Sinai after the Exodus from slavery in Egypt, as described in the Book of Exodus.[2][3]Prohibition of idolatry is the central tenet of the Abrahamic religions and the sin of worshipping another god other than the Lord is called idolatry.[4] Historically, the punishment for idolatry was often death.The Bible describes how the ancient Israelites, despite being strictly warned not to do so, repeatedly engaged in idolatry and were therefore punished severely by the Lord.[5] Many of the stories in the Bible from the time of Moses to the Babylonian captivity are predicated on the choice between exclusive worship of the Lord and false gods.[6] The Babylonian exile, itself a punishment for idolatry, seems to have been a turning point after which the Jews became committed to monotheism, even when facing martyrdom before worshipping any other god.[7]The Jewish prayer Shema Yisrael and its accompanying blessing/curse reveals the intent of the commandment to include love for the Lord and not only recognition or outward observance.[8] In the Gospels, Jesus quotes the Shema as the first and Greatest Commandment,[9] and the apostles after him preached that those who would follow Christ must turn from worshipping false gods.Christian theologians teach that the commandment applies in modern times and prohibits the worship of physical idols, the seeking of spiritual activity or guidance from any other source (e.g. magical, astrological, etc.), and the focus on temporal priorities such as self (food, physical pleasures), work, and money, for example.[10] The Catechism of the Catholic Church commends those who refuse even to simulate such worship in a cultural context, since “the duty to offer God authentic worship concerns man both as an individual and as a social being.”[11]","title":"Thou shalt have no other gods before me"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"escape from Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_covenant"},{"link_name":"chosen people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moses,_1998-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Exodus 22:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2022:20"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy"},{"link_name":"stoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel"},{"link_name":"Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"King Nebuchadnezzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Nebuchadnezzar"}],"text":"The Book of Exodus tells the story of how the Israelites escape from Egypt after having been kept as slaves for 400 years. While wandering the desert, the Lord appeared to their leader Moses and made an agreement or covenant with him. The Lord declared that the Israelites were his chosen people and that they must obey his laws. These laws were the Ten Commandments delivered to Moses on two stone tablets. The first and most important commandment was that they must not worship any god other than the Lord.[3][12] Whoever violated this commandment should be killed[13] and Exodus 22:20 reads \"Whoever sacrifices to any god other than the Lord must be destroyed.\"Deuteronomy 13:6-10 specifically prescribes the method of execution to stoning:If your very own brother, or your son or daughter, or the wife you love, or your closest friend secretly entices you, saying, \"Let us go and worship other gods\" (gods that neither you nor your ancestors have known, gods of the peoples around you, whether near or far, from one end of the land to the other), do not yield to them or listen to them. Show them no pity. Do not spare them or shield them. You must certainly put them to death. Your hand must be the first in putting them to death, and then the hands of all the people. Stone them to death, because they tried to turn you away from the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery.God's interest in exclusive worship is portrayed as a strong jealousy, like that of a husband for his wife:Do not follow other gods, the gods of the peoples around you; for the Lord your God, who is among you, is a jealous God and his anger will burn against you, and he will destroy you from the face of the land.[14]The Biblical prophets Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Hosea referred to Israel's worship of other gods as spiritual adultery:[15] “How I have been grieved by their adulterous hearts, which have turned away from me, and by their eyes, which have lusted after their idols.”[16] This led to a broken covenant between the Lord and Israel,[17] manifested as defeat by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon followed by exile.","title":"Biblical narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"Canaanite gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion#Deities"},{"link_name":"polytheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism"},{"link_name":"northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)"},{"link_name":"southern kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%2018"},{"link_name":"Elijah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah"},{"link_name":"Ahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahab"},{"link_name":"Baal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal"},{"link_name":"Asherah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asherah"},{"link_name":"Mount Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Jezebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezebel"}],"sub_title":"Elijah's challenge","text":"The Bible describes how the Israelites until the Babylonian captivity repeatedly violated the first commandment's demand of exclusive worship. Not only did common people substitute Canaanite gods and worship for that of the Lord, polytheism and worship of foreign gods became official in both the northern and southern kingdoms despite repeated warnings from the prophets of God.[18]For example, 1 Kings 18 describes how the prophet Elijah tries to convince king Ahab whose land suffers from famine of abandoning worship of Baal and Asherah in favor of the Lord. He assembles all the prophets of Baal and Asherah on Mount Carmel and tells them: \"How long will you waver between two opinions? If the Lord is God, follow him; but if Baal is God, follow him.\" He challenges the prophets to a duel. The prophets whose god can burn meat pieces from a bull is the true God. Baal's and Asherah's prophets fail to set fire to the meat, but Elijah's god succeed. But despite this victory for the Lord, Ahab refuses to change the official, polytheistic policy propelled by his wife Jezebel.","title":"Biblical narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Book of Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"The story of Daniel","text":"The Bible presents Daniel and his companions as distinct, positive examples of individuals refusing to worship another god, even at the price of their lives. During the time of the exile, Nebuchadnezzar erects a gold statue of himself and commands all subjects to worship it. Three Jewish officials – Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego – who had been taken to Babylon as youths along with Daniel, refuse to bow to the statue. As they face being burned alive in a furnace, they communicate their faith as well as their resolve:“If we are thrown into the blazing furnace, the God we serve is able to save us from it, and he will rescue us from your hand, O king. But even if he does not, we want you to know, O king, that we will not serve your gods or worship the image of gold you have set up.\"[19]In the later reign of Darius, Daniel's refusal to give up private prayer to God and pray to the king instead results in him receiving a death sentence: being thrown into the lions’ den.[20] According to the Book of Daniel, an angel comes and shuts the mouths of the lions so that Daniel is spared and rescued by the king himself the following morning.[21]","title":"Biblical narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shema Yisrael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shema_Yisrael"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"mezuzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezuzah"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"mitzvah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvah"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_shall_not_commit_adultery"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_shall_not_murder"},{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Avodah Zarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avodah_Zarah"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Ark of the Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The central prayer of Judaism is the Shema Yisrael in which the belief in a single god is reaffirmed:Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one.— The Shema[22]The prayer is found in printed form in the mezuzah, the small, tubed case on the doorposts of homes of observant Jews (Most non-observent Jews also observe this command. In Israel, most public buildings have mezuzah on their main doorpost).[23] This form was chosen to fulfill the mitzvah (biblical commandment) to inscribe the words of the Shema \"on the doorposts of your house.”[24] “Thousands of martyrs did not go to their deaths muttering a numerical truism. When they said that God is one, they meant that … nothing in the universe is comparable to this God or can take the place of this God … that is why they are willing to die rather than abandon [these values].”[25]The national resolve toward monotheism solidified during the experience of the Babylonian captivity. In the centuries that followed, Jews were willing to suffer death rather than pay the honor due God to any other man or god. During the early days of the Maccabean revolt, for example, many Jews were martyred because they refused to acknowledge the claims of Seleucid deities.[26]Idolatry is one of three sins (along with adultery and murder) the Mishnah says must be resisted to the point of death.[27] By the time the Talmud was written, the acceptance or rejection of idolatry was a litmus test for Jewish identity:[28] “Whosoever denies idols is called a Jew.\"[29] \"Whosoever recognizes idols has denied the entire Torah; and whosoever denies idols has recognized the entire Torah.\"[30] The Talmud discusses the subject of the worship of other gods in many passages. An entire tractate, the Avodah Zarah (“strange worship”) details practical guidelines for interacting with surrounding peoples so as to avoid practicing or even indirectly supporting such worship.[31] Although Jews are forbidden in general to mock at anything holy, it is meritorious to deride idols.[32] This apparently originated in ancient times, as some of the several Hebrew words from the Tanakh translated as “idol” are pejorative and even deliberately contemptuous, such as elilim, “powerless ones,” and gillulim, “pellets of dung.”[33]Although Jews have characteristically separated themselves from the worship of physical gods and statues or persons claiming divinity, since the Babylonian exile, the tendency toward and practice of magic arts (chants, spells, charms, amulets, healing devices, special foods, lucky and unlucky days, magical numbers and a vast array of secret rituals) has continued to be found among some who claim Judaism as their faith.[34] This has been true since ancient times, when the Israelites, having spent 210 years in Egypt, where magic was pervasive, wrongly thought that carrying the Ark of the Covenant into battle would guarantee victory.[35] Such practices, though forbidden, were not surprising since “the ancient Israelites were not immune to the desire to control God.”[36] However, Maimonides warned that special objects (e.g. a mezuzah) and prayers (e.g. the Shema) in Judaism are meant to remind people of love for God and his precepts and do not in themselves guarantee good fortune.[37]","title":"In Judaism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy"},{"link_name":"Shema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shema"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"gentiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Areopagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areopagus"},{"link_name":"Acts 17:29–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2017:29%E2%80%9331"},{"link_name":"Ephesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesians"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Galatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Philippians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippians"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_James"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Romans"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter"},{"link_name":"Book of Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_John"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"According to the gospels, Jesus said the greatest commandment was to “love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your mind.”[38] The scripture in Deuteronomy to which he referred is known in modern times as the Shema, a declaration emphasizing the oneness of God and the sole worship of God by Israel.[39] In his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus contrasted worship of God and running after material possessions and warned, “You cannot serve both God and money.”[40]According to Acts, Stephen summarizes the spiritual history of Israel and quotes the prophet Amos, who identified the worship of foreign gods as a reason for Israel's defeat by the Babylonians and subsequent exile.[41] Later in Acts, the apostles discussed the issue of what immediate behavioral changes would be required of gentiles who became followers of Jesus Christ. They decided to instruct new converts: “You are to abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals and from sexual immorality.”[42]In Athens, Paul was greatly distressed to see that the city was full of idols,[43] and in the Areopagus, he presented the god of Israel as the creator of everything, as unique and not represented by any idol. He taught:“Therefore since we are God’s offspring, we should not think that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone—an image made by human design and skill. –\nActs 17:29–31According to Ephesians, Paul incurred the wrath of silversmiths (worried about losing income from decreased sales of idols) when people responded to his preaching and turned away from idol worship.[44] Paul taught that the gods, which the idols represented, were demons and thus, prohibited Christians from worshiping both God and idols:Therefore, my dear friends, flee from idolatry. I speak to sensible people; judge for yourselves what I say … Do I mean then that a sacrifice offered to an idol is anything, or that an idol is anything? No, but the sacrifices of pagans are offered to demons, not to God, and I do not want you to be participants with demons. You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons too; you cannot have a part in both the Lord's table and the table of demons. Are we trying to arouse the Lord's jealousy? Are we stronger than he? — 1 Corinthians 10:14, 19-22 (NIV)Paul warned the Galatians that those who live in idolatry “will not inherit the kingdom of God,” and in the same passage associates witchcraft with idolatry.[45] In his letter to the Philippians, he refers to those whose “god is their stomach.”[46] In several New Testament scriptures, including the Sermon on the Mount, the term idolatry is applied to the love of money.[47] The apostle James rebukes those who focus on material things, using language similar to that of Old Testament prophets: “When you ask [in prayer], you do not receive, because you ask with wrong motives, that you may spend what you get on your pleasures. You adulterous people, don't you know that friendship with the world is hatred toward God? Anyone who chooses to be a friend of the world becomes an enemy of God.”[48]Paul commended the church in Thessalonica saying, “Your faith in God has become known everywhere … They tell how you turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God, and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead—Jesus, who rescues us from the coming wrath.”[49]\nPaul identifies the worship of created things (rather than the Creator) as the cause of the disintegration of sexual and social morality in his letter to the Romans.[50] The apostle Peter and the Book of Revelation also refer to the connection between the worship of other gods and sexual sins, whether metaphorically or literally.[51]The apostle John wrote simply, “Dear children, keep yourselves from idols.”[52]","title":"In the New Testament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"God the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"}],"text":"Christianity has introduced Trinity, which says that God exists in three persons, God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. This means that Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit can be worshipped as God without violating the first commandment.","title":"In Christianity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catechism of the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"transcendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"irreligion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"divinizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catechism2113-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catechism2113-56"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catechism2136-11"},{"link_name":"prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"sacrilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilege"},{"link_name":"simony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simony"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"God revealed Himself to His people Israel by making His name known to them … God has a name; He is not an anonymous force. — Catechism of the Catholic Church 203The Catholic Church teaches that the first commandment forbids honoring gods other than the one Lord who has revealed Himself, for example, in the introduction to the Ten Commandments: “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery.\"[53] Through the prophets, God calls Israel and all nations to turn to him, the one and only God: \"Turn to me and be saved, all the ends of the earth! For I am God, and there is no other. . . . To me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear. ‘Only in the LORD, it shall be said of me, are righteousness and strength.' (Isaiah 45:22-24, see also Philippians 2:10-11)”[54]Because God's identity and transcendent character are described in Scripture as unique,[55] the teaching of the Catholic Church proscribes superstition as well as irreligion and explains the commandment is broken by having images to which divine power is ascribed as well as in divinizing anything that is not God. “Man commits idolatry whenever he honors and reveres a creature in place of God, whether this be gods or demons … power, pleasure, race, ancestors, the state, money, etc.”[56] The Catechism commends those who refuse even to simulate such worship in a cultural context[56] and states that “the duty to offer God authentic worship concerns man both as an individual and as a social being.”[11] The Catechism of the Catholic Church notes that this commandment is recalled many times throughout the Bible and quotes passages describing temporal consequences for those who place trust elsewhere than in God:Scripture constantly recalls this rejection of \"idols, [of] silver and gold, the work of men's hands. They have mouths, but do not speak; eyes, but do not see.\" These empty idols make their worshippers empty: \"Those who make them are like them; so are all who trust in them.\"(Psalm 115:4-5, 8; see also Isaiah 44:9-20; Jeremiah 10:1-16; Daniel 14:1-30). God, however, is the \"living God\" (Joshua 3:10; Psalm 42:3; etc.) who gives life and intervenes in history. — Catechism of the Catholic Church 2112While recognizing that God communicates with people, including prophets,[57] the Catholic Catechism teaches that the first commandment forbids the practice of all attempts to tame occult powers as contradictory to the honor, respect and loving fear that is owed to God alone.[58] Such practices are forbidden even if one has “good” motives, such as seeking to restore someone's health, and “recourse to so-called traditional cures does not justify either the invocation of evil powers or the exploitation of another's credulity.”[59]All forms of divination are to be rejected: recourse to Satan or demons, conjuring up the dead or other practices falsely supposed to \"unveil\" the future (see for example, Deuteronomy 18:10; Jeremiah 29:8). Consulting horoscopes, astrology, palm reading, interpretation of omens and lots, the phenomena of clairvoyance, and recourse to mediums all conceal a desire for power over time, history, and, in the last analysis, other human beings, as well as a wish to conciliate hidden powers. — Catechism of the Catholic Church 2116Irreligion, in the specific forms of tempting God, sacrilege, and simony, is also considered a violation of the first commandment.[60] The Catechism states that atheism is often based on a “false conception of human autonomy”[61] and all forms of atheism are viewed as violating the first commandment in their common denial of the existence of God.[62] Agnosticism as a way of life is portrayed as a lazy flight from the ultimate question of existence and as “all too often equivalent of practical atheism.”[63]","title":"In the Catholic Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rev. G. Campbell Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theopedia.com/G._Campbell_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Matthew Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Henry"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"},{"link_name":"John Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCIII-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCIII-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Pierre Viret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Viret"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZ140-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZ140-72"}],"text":"Rev. G. Campbell Morgan emphasized the importance of the first commandment being given after the Lord introduces himself by name, saying, \"There is deep significance in the name by which God here declares Himself … to take [the commandment] without the definition of the Person of God is to rob it of its great force.\"[64]Morgan argues that everyone has “a center, a motive, a reason, a shrine, a deity somewhere” to which his or her energy and loyalty is directed. “In every case man demands a god, a king, a lawgiver – one who arranges the programme, utters the commandments and demands obedience. This incontrovertible fact reveals the genesis of idolatry.”[65] Morgan goes on to argue that thus “idolatry” is not defined by geography or culture but by the object(s) of worship that are not God, which may be spiritual or physical.Martin Luther, Matthew Henry, John Calvin, and John Wesley write in their respective commentaries that in the commandment to have no other gods, God is referring to the heart's allegiance.[66] In Luther's exposition of this commandment, he explains:[Idolatry] consists not merely in erecting an image and worshiping it, but rather in the heart, which stands gaping at something else, and seeks help and consolation from creatures, saints, or devils, and neither cares for God, nor looks to Him for so much good as to believe that He is willing to help, neither believes that whatever good it experiences comes from God.— Martin Luther[67]Like the ancient writers and Jewish theologians (see above), Luther considered occult or magic practices to be in violation of this commandment, explaining that those who seek benefit in such ways “make a covenant with the devil, in order that he may give them plenty of money or help them in love-affairs, preserve their cattle, restore to them lost possessions, etc. For all these place their heart and trust elsewhere than in the true God, look for nothing good to Him nor seek it from Him.”[67]Like the New Testament writers, Morgan recognized that departing from the worship of God alone is frequently associated with sexual immorality: “’Tis the homage of the man who, losing his God, worships at the shrine of a fallen Venus.”[68] He references Philippians 3:18-19 to support that gluttony and the pursuit of physical pleasure are also widespread, but not new, examples of idolatry.Calvin recalls Moses’ warning to the people of Israel, “Ye shall not go after other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you,” and notes that this commandment was given despite the abundant temptation to superstitions in the cultures all around them and the lack of good examples.[69] He explains that it is not enough that God's followers put him first, while giving lesser respect to other superstitions or objects of worship.We know that when the Israelites worshipped their Baalim, they did not so substitute them in the place of God as to put Him altogether aside, and assign to them the supreme power; nevertheless, this was an intolerable profanation of God’s worship. — John Calvin[70]In the first and second of his Quatre Sermons, Calvin also discouraged believers in Christ from simulating religious acts that are not worship of the true God in order to avoid persecution. He argued that the growth of the Christian church was based on the “seeds sown” by those who were willing to die, if necessary, rather than worship or appear to worship false gods and that without such people there would never have been a Christian church. He said that if one makes choices to suffer nothing for God's word, one changes Jesus Christ to his own image: “Is that not to want to transform Jesus Christ to have him just as our flesh would like him to be?” Pierre Viret, a Swiss Reformed theologian and contemporary of John Calvin, made similar arguments.[71]Reformers such as Viret and Calvin imbued these decisions with social consciousness: choice of behavior had communal repercussions ranging from providing bad examples and leading others to the same sin, to bringing about God’s ire upon them all, bringing physical harm upon others, and finally to undermining the efforts of the martyrs. — Shepardson[72]Neither Calvin nor Viret advocated reckless martyrdom or purposeful public disturbance, but to the extent possible, to make public choices with “Christian modesty,” even recommending that leaving an area (self-imposed exile) is sometimes the most realistic response to persecution when resources permit.[72]","title":"Reformation and Post-Reformation commentary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Shirk (Islam)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)"},{"title":"Henotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheism"},{"title":"Monolatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolatry"},{"title":"Monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"}]	[{"reference":"Richard Liong Seng Phua (4 December 2005). Idolatry and Authority. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-567-28910-0. 'Unfaithfulness' or 'betrayal' defines idolatry when another god or an alien cult other than the Lord is worshipped, which may also be seen as a form of 'rebellion'. In this case, the breach of the covenant would be viewed as idolatry.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y8zeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29","url_text":"Idolatry and Authority"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-28910-0","url_text":"978-0-567-28910-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0220.htm#3","external_links_name":"Exodus 20:3"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0505.htm#6","external_links_name":"Deuteronomy 5:6"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2022:20","external_links_name":"Exodus 22:20"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%2018","external_links_name":"1 Kings 18"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2017:29%E2%80%9331","external_links_name":"Acts 17:29–31"},{"Link":"http://www.theopedia.com/G._Campbell_Morgan","external_links_name":"Rev. G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo-Burmese	Lolo-Burmese languages	["1 Names","2 Possible languages","3 External relationships","4 Internal classification","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]	Sino-Tibetan language group of Southeast Asia Lolo-BurmeseGeographicdistributionSouthern China and Southeast AsiaLinguistic classificationSino-TibetanTibeto-BurmanBurmo-Qiangic?Lolo-BurmeseSubdivisions Mondzish Burmish Loloish ? Mruic Glottologlolo1265 The Lolo-Burmese languages (also Burmic languages) of Burma and Southern China form a coherent branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. Names Until ca. 1950, the endonym Lolo was written with derogatory characters in Chinese, and for this reason has sometimes been avoided. Shafer (1966–1974) used the term "Burmic" for the Lolo-Burmese languages. The Chinese term is Mian–Yi, after the Chinese name for Burmese and one of several words for Tai, reassigned to replace Lolo by the Chinese government after 1950. Possible languages The position of Naxi (Moso) within the family is unclear, and it is often left as a third branch besides Loloish and Burmish. Lama (2012) considers it to be a branch of Loloish, while Guillaume Jacques has suggested that it is a Qiangic language. The Pyu language that preceded Burmese in Burma is sometimes linked to the Lolo-Burmese family, but there is no good evidence for any particular classification, and it is best left unclassified within Sino-Tibetan. Löffler (1966) and Bradley (1997) consider the Mru language to be closely related to or part of Lolo-Burmese, while Matisoff includes Mruic in the Northeast Indian areal group. Three Bailang songs were reportedly recorded in Chinese characters in the 1st century, and survive in quotations from the 7th century. The transmission through Chinese makes interpretation difficult, but most authors believe the language to be Lolo-Burmese or a close relative. External relationships Guillaume Jacques & Alexis Michaud (2011) argue for a Burmo-Qiangic branch with two primary subbranches, Na-Qiangic (i.e. Naxi-Qiangic) and Lolo-Burmese. Similarly, David Bradley (2008) also proposes an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes the two subbranches of Burmic (a.k.a. Lolo-Burmese) and Qiangic. Internal classification Bradley (1997, quoted in Peiros 1997) gives the following classification for the Lolo-Burmese languages. In later publications, in place of Loloish, David Bradley instead uses the term Ngwi based on a conservative autonym in the Sanie language. Lolo-Burmese Mru Core Lolo-Burmese Ugong–Burmish Ugong Burmish Loloish (Ngwi) Lama (2012), in a study of 36 languages, finds the Mondzish cluster (Mondzi–Maang, Mantsi–Mo'ang) to be divergent. He did not include Mru or Ugong. Lolo-Burmese (Niso-Burmic) Mondzish Core Lolo-Burmese Burmish (Burmic) Loloish (Nisoic, Ngwi) Lama (2012) recognizes 9 unambiguous coherent groups of Lolo-Burmese languages, whereas Bradley considers there to be 5 groups (Burmish, Southern Ngwi, Northern Ngwi, Southeastern Ngwi, and Central Ngwi). Mondzish Burmish Hanoish Lahoish Naxish Nusoish Kazhuoish Lisoish Nisoish See also Proto-Loloish language References ^ Bradley, David (2012). "The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (1): 171–192. ^ Löffler, Lorenz G. (1966). "The contribution of Mru to Sino-Tibetan linguistics". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 116 (1): 118–159. JSTOR 43369896. ^ Bradley, David (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification" (PDF). Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–71. ^ Matisoff, James A. (2003). Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-520-09843-5. ^ Coblin, W. South (1979), "A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs" (PDF), Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 12: 179–216. ^ Jacques, Guillaume; Michaud, Alexis (2011). "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages". Diachronica. 28: 468–498. doi:10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac.additional. ^ Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman. ^ Bradley, David (2005). "Sanie and language loss in China". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2005 (173): 159–176. doi:10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.173.159. Bibliography Bradley, David (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification" (PDF). Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–71. Bradley, David (2012). "The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (1): 171–192. van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4. Huang, Bufan , ed. (1992). A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon (TBL) . Beijing: Minzu University Press . Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161. Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian. 2011. Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University. Thurgood, Graham (1974). "Lolo–Burmese rhymes". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 1 (1): 98–107. doi:10.15144/LTBA-1.1.98. Yunnan Province Geography Gazetteer Committee (1998). Yunnan Province Gazetteer, volume 59: ethnic minority languages and orthographies gazetteer . Kunming: Yunnan People's Press . Zangmian yuyin he cihui (ZMYYC) (1991). Beijing: Social Sciences Press . vteSino-Tibetan branchesWestern Himalayas(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange Eastern Himalayas(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) Bodish Tibetic East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Gongduk ʼOle Tani Chamdo Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border Karbi Kuki-Chin Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman "Naga" Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish East and Southeast Asia Sinitic Bai Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Burmo-Qiangic Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish Dubious (possible isolates)(Arunachal) Hrusish Hruso Mijiic Kho-Bwa Puroik Miju–Meyor Songlin Greater Siangic Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon Proposed groupings Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri Proto-languages Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. vteLolo-Burmese languagesMondzishKathu Kathu Nuclear Mondzish Maang Manga Mango Mantsi Maza Muangphe Mauphu Motang Mongphu Loloish(Yi)(Ngwi)Southern Loloish(Southern Ngwi)(Hanoish)HanoidAkha Akha Chepya Muteun Muda Hani Hani Nuomei Nuobi Lami Luomian Angluo Guohe Guozuo Gehuo Yiche Qidi Kabie Haoni Honi Woni Baihong Bukong Budu Suobi Duoni Duota Asuo Amu Bisoid Bisu Laomian Laopin Pyen Phunoi Sinsali Cantan Cốông Sangkong Tsukong Laopan Laoseng Phongku Phongset Phunyot Cauho Bantang Khongsat Habei Siloid Sila Khir Cosao Paza Phana’ Wanyä Akeu Luma Gokhy Bi-Ka Piyo Enu Kaduo Mpi Mpi Jino Jino Central Loloish(Central Ngwi)Lawoish Lawu Awu Lewu Lahoish Lahu Kucong Nusoish Nusu Zauzou LisoishLaloid Lalo (Western Yi) Yangliu Eka Mangdi Xuzhang Alu Taloid Talu Lavu Lang'e Tagu Popei Naruo Kua-nsi Kuamasi Laizisi Zibusi Sonaga Gomotage Lisu Toloza Lipo Lolopo (Central Yi) Mili Hlersu Micha Lamu LimiKazhuoish Katso Samu Sanie Sadu Meuma NisoishNorthern Loloish(Northern Ngwi)(Nisoid)Nosoid Nuosu (Northern Yi) Nyisu (Yellow Yi) Nasoid Nasu (Eastern Yi) Chesu Luoji Gepo Ku Aluo Southeastern Loloish(Southeastern Ngwi)(Axi-Puoid)Nisu Nisu (Southern Yi) Lope Sani–Azha Sani (Southeastern Yi) Axi Azhe Azha Alingpo Samei Highland Phula Khlula Muji Muzi Moji Laghuu Phowa Phukha Thopho Zokhuo Riverine Phula Phola Phupa others Pholo Ache Long Xiqi Ati Adu BurmishNorthernHigh Northern Achang Lashi Chashan Zaiwa Hpon Hpon Mid Northern Lhao Vo (Maru) Pela SouthernIntha-Danu Intha-Danu Nuclear Southern Burmese Rakhine Tavoyan Pai-lang Pai-lang (Proto-languages) Proto-Loloish	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Southern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_China"},{"link_name":"Sino-Tibetan family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages"}],"text":"The Lolo-Burmese languages (also Burmic languages) of Burma and Southern China form a coherent branch of the Sino-Tibetan family.","title":"Lolo-Burmese languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"derogatory characters in Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_pejoratives_in_written_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradley_Burmic-1"}],"text":"Until ca. 1950, the endonym Lolo was written with derogatory characters in Chinese, and for this reason has sometimes been avoided. Shafer (1966–1974) used the term \"Burmic\" for the Lolo-Burmese languages. The Chinese term is Mian–Yi, after the Chinese name for Burmese and one of several words for Tai, reassigned to replace Lolo by the Chinese government after 1950.[1]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxish_languages"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Jacques"},{"link_name":"Qiangic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiangic_languages"},{"link_name":"Pyu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyu_language_(Burma)"},{"link_name":"Mru language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mru_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Matisoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Matisoff"},{"link_name":"Northeast Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India"},{"link_name":"areal group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_area"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bailang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailang_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The position of Naxi (Moso) within the family is unclear, and it is often left as a third branch besides Loloish and Burmish. Lama (2012) considers it to be a branch of Loloish, while Guillaume Jacques has suggested that it is a Qiangic language.The Pyu language that preceded Burmese in Burma is sometimes linked to the Lolo-Burmese family, but there is no good evidence for any particular classification, and it is best left unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.Löffler (1966) and Bradley (1997) consider the Mru language to be closely related to or part of Lolo-Burmese,[2][3] while Matisoff includes Mruic in the Northeast Indian areal group.[4]Three Bailang songs were reportedly recorded in Chinese characters in the 1st century, and survive in quotations from the 7th century. The transmission through Chinese makes interpretation difficult, but most authors believe the language to be Lolo-Burmese or a close relative.[5]","title":"Possible languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guillaume Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Jacques"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacques-6"},{"link_name":"Burmo-Qiangic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages"},{"link_name":"Qiangic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiangic_languages"},{"link_name":"David Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Guillaume Jacques & Alexis Michaud (2011)[6] argue for a Burmo-Qiangic branch with two primary subbranches, Na-Qiangic (i.e. Naxi-Qiangic) and Lolo-Burmese. Similarly, David Bradley (2008)[7] also proposes an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes the two subbranches of Burmic (a.k.a. Lolo-Burmese) and Qiangic.","title":"External relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym"},{"link_name":"Sanie language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanie_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mru_language"},{"link_name":"Ugong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugong_language"},{"link_name":"Burmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmish_languages"},{"link_name":"Loloish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loloish_languages"},{"link_name":"Mondzish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondzish_languages"},{"link_name":"Mondzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsi_language"},{"link_name":"Maang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maang_language"},{"link_name":"Mondzish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondzish_languages"},{"link_name":"Burmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmish_languages"},{"link_name":"Loloish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loloish_languages"},{"link_name":"Mondzish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondzish_languages"},{"link_name":"Burmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmish_languages"},{"link_name":"Hanoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Lahoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Naxish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxish_languages"},{"link_name":"Nusoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Kazhuoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhuoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Lisoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Nisoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisoish_languages"}],"text":"Bradley (1997, quoted in Peiros 1997) gives the following classification for the Lolo-Burmese languages. In later publications, in place of Loloish, David Bradley instead uses the term Ngwi based on a conservative autonym in the Sanie language.[8]Lolo-Burmese\nMru\nCore Lolo-Burmese\nUgong–Burmish\nUgong\nBurmish\nLoloish (Ngwi)Lama (2012), in a study of 36 languages, finds the Mondzish cluster (Mondzi–Maang, Mantsi–Mo'ang) to be divergent. He did not include Mru or Ugong.Lolo-Burmese (Niso-Burmic)\nMondzish\nCore Lolo-Burmese\nBurmish (Burmic)\nLoloish (Nisoic, Ngwi)Lama (2012) recognizes 9 unambiguous coherent groups of Lolo-Burmese languages, whereas Bradley considers there to be 5 groups (Burmish, Southern Ngwi, Northern Ngwi, Southeastern Ngwi, and Central Ngwi).Mondzish\nBurmish\nHanoish\nLahoish\nNaxish\nNusoish\nKazhuoish\nLisoish\nNisoish","title":"Internal classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Tibeto-Burman languages and classification\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130728123237/https://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_1_08_4916.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-12062-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12062-4"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10106/11161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10106%2F11161"},{"link_name":"\"Lolo–Burmese rhymes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15144%2FLTBA-1.1.98"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.15144/LTBA-1.1.98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15144%2FLTBA-1.1.98"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches"},{"link_name":"Sino-Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Himachal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"West Himalayish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages"},{"link_name":"Tamangic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamangic_languages"},{"link_name":"Newaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newaric_languages"},{"link_name":"Newar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_language"},{"link_name":"Baram–Thangmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages"},{"link_name":"Kiranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiranti_languages"},{"link_name":"Dhimalish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimalish_languages"},{"link_name":"Dhimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimal_language"},{"link_name":"Toto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_language"},{"link_name":"Lhokpu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhokpu_language"},{"link_name":"Lepcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_language"},{"link_name":"Greater Magaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages"},{"link_name":"Magaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magaric_languages"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"Kham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham_language"},{"link_name":"Chepangic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepangic_languages"},{"link_name":"Chepang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepang_language"},{"link_name":"Bhujel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhujel_language"},{"link_name":"Raji–Raute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages"},{"link_name":"Dura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura_language"},{"link_name":"Tandrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandrange_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Arunachal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bodish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodish_languages"},{"link_name":"Tibetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetic_languages"},{"link_name":"East 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(Central Yi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolopo_language"},{"link_name":"Mili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mili_language"},{"link_name":"Hlersu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlersu_language"},{"link_name":"Micha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha_language"},{"link_name":"Lamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamu_language"},{"link_name":"Limi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limi_language"},{"link_name":"Kazhuoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhuoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Katso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katso_language"},{"link_name":"Samu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samu_language"},{"link_name":"Sanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanie_language"},{"link_name":"Sadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadu_language"},{"link_name":"Meuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuma_language"},{"link_name":"Nisoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Northern 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Yi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_language"},{"link_name":"Axi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axi_language"},{"link_name":"Azhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhe_language"},{"link_name":"Azha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azha_language"},{"link_name":"Alingpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alingpo_language"},{"link_name":"Samei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samei_language"},{"link_name":"Khlula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlula_language"},{"link_name":"Muji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muji_language"},{"link_name":"Muzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi_language"},{"link_name":"Moji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moji_language"},{"link_name":"Laghuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laghuu_language"},{"link_name":"Phowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phowa_language"},{"link_name":"Phukha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phukha_language"},{"link_name":"Thopho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thopho_language"},{"link_name":"Zokhuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zokhuo_language"},{"link_name":"Phola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phola_language"},{"link_name":"Phupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phupa_language"},{"link_name":"Pholo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholo_language"},{"link_name":"Ache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ache_Yi_language"},{"link_name":"Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_language"},{"link_name":"Xiqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiqi_language"},{"link_name":"Ati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati_language_(China)"},{"link_name":"Adu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adu_language"},{"link_name":"Burmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmish_languages"},{"link_name":"Achang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achang_language"},{"link_name":"Lashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashi_language"},{"link_name":"Chashan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashan_language"},{"link_name":"Zaiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaiwa_language"},{"link_name":"Hpon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hpon_language"},{"link_name":"Lhao Vo (Maru)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language"},{"link_name":"Pela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pela_language"},{"link_name":"Intha-Danu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intha-Danu_language"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"Rakhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_language"},{"link_name":"Tavoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects"},{"link_name":"Pai-lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai-lang_language"},{"link_name":"Proto-Loloish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language"}],"text":"Bradley, David (1997). \"Tibeto-Burman languages and classification\" (PDF). Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–71.\nBradley, David (2012). \"The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman\" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (1): 171–192.\nvan Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.\nHuang, Bufan [黄布凡], ed. (1992). A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon (TBL) [藏缅语族语言词汇]. Beijing: Minzu University Press [中央民族学院出版社].\nLama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.\nSatterthwaite-Phillips, Damian. 2011. Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and \"Megalo\"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.\nThurgood, Graham (1974). \"Lolo–Burmese rhymes\". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 1 (1): 98–107. doi:10.15144/LTBA-1.1.98.\nYunnan Province Geography Gazetteer Committee [云南省地方志编纂委员会] (1998). Yunnan Province Gazetteer, volume 59: ethnic minority languages and orthographies gazetteer [云南省志卷59: 少数民族语言文字志]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南人民出版社].\nZangmian yuyin he cihui (ZMYYC) [藏缅语语音和词汇] (1991). Beijing: Social Sciences Press [中国社会科学出版社].vteSino-Tibetan branchesWestern Himalayas(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)\nWest Himalayish\nTamangic\nNewaric\nNewar\nBaram–Thangmi\nKiranti\nDhimalish\nDhimal\nToto\nLhokpu\nLepcha\n Greater Magaric\nMagaric\nMagar\nKham\nChepangic\nChepang\nBhujel\nRaji–Raute\nDura–Tandrange\n\nEastern Himalayas(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)\nBodish\nTibetic\nEast Bodish\nTshangla\nBasum\nNam?\nGongduk\nʼOle\nTani\nChamdo\nMyanmar and Indo-Burmese border\nKarbi\nKuki-Chin\nMruic\nMru\nHkongso\nPyu\nTaman\n \"Naga\"\nAo\nAngami–Pochuri\nMeitei\nTangkhulic\nZeme\nSal\nBoro–Garo\nKonyak\nJingpho–Luish\n\nEast and Southeast Asia\nSinitic\nBai\nTujia\nNungish\nKarenic\nGong\nKathu\nCai–Long\nCaijia\nLongjia\nLuren\n Burmo-Qiangic\nQiangic\nGyalrongic\nErsuic\nNaic\nLolo-Burmese\nMondzish\nBurmish\nLoloish\n\nDubious (possible isolates)(Arunachal)\nHrusish\nHruso\nMijiic\nKho-Bwa\nPuroik\nMiju–Meyor\nSonglin\n Greater Siangic\nSiangic\nKoro\nMilang\nIdu–Taraon\n\nProposed groupings\nCentral Tibeto-Burman\nKuki-Chin–Naga\nMacro-Bai\nMahakiranti\nRung\nTibeto-Burman\nTibeto-Kanauri\nProto-languages\nProto-Sino-Tibetan\nProto-Tibeto-Burman\nProto-Loloish\nProto-Karenic\nProto-Min\nProto-Hakka\nItalics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.vteLolo-Burmese languagesMondzishKathu\nKathu\nNuclear Mondzish\nMaang\nManga\nMango\nMantsi\nMaza\nMuangphe\nMauphu\nMotang\nMongphu\nLoloish(Yi)(Ngwi)Southern Loloish(Southern Ngwi)(Hanoish)HanoidAkha\nAkha\nChepya\nMuteun\nMuda\nHani\nHani\nNuomei\nNuobi\nLami\nLuomian\nAngluo\nGuohe\nGuozuo\nGehuo\nYiche\nQidi\nKabie\nHaoni\nHoni\nWoni\nBaihong\nBukong\nBudu\nSuobi\nDuoni\nDuota\nAsuo\nAmu\nBisoid\nBisu\nLaomian\nLaopin\nPyen\nPhunoi\nSinsali\nCantan\nCốông\nSangkong\nTsukong\nLaopan\nLaoseng\nPhongku\nPhongset\nPhunyot\nCauho\nBantang\nKhongsat\nHabei\nSiloid\nSila\nKhir\nCosao\nPaza\nPhana’\nWanyä\nAkeu\nLuma\nGokhy\nBi-Ka\nPiyo\nEnu\nKaduo\nMpi\nMpi\nJino\nJino\nCentral Loloish(Central Ngwi)Lawoish\nLawu\nAwu\nLewu\nLahoish\nLahu\nKucong\nNusoish\nNusu\nZauzou\nLisoishLaloid\nLalo (Western Yi)\nYangliu\nEka\nMangdi\nXuzhang\nAlu\nTaloid\nTalu\nLavu\nLang'e\nTagu\nPopei\nNaruo\nKua-nsi\nKuamasi\nLaizisi\nZibusi\nSonaga\nGomotage\n\nLisu\nToloza\nLipo\nLolopo (Central Yi)\nMili\nHlersu\nMicha\nLamu\nLimiKazhuoish\nKatso\nSamu\nSanie\nSadu\nMeuma\nNisoishNorthern Loloish(Northern Ngwi)(Nisoid)Nosoid\nNuosu (Northern Yi)\nNyisu (Yellow Yi)\nNasoid\nNasu (Eastern Yi)\nChesu\nLuoji\nGepo\nKu\nAluo\nSoutheastern Loloish(Southeastern Ngwi)(Axi-Puoid)Nisu\nNisu (Southern Yi)\nLope\nSani–Azha\nSani (Southeastern Yi)\nAxi\nAzhe\nAzha\nAlingpo\nSamei\nHighland Phula\nKhlula\nMuji\nMuzi\nMoji\nLaghuu\nPhowa\nPhukha\nThopho\nZokhuo\nRiverine Phula\nPhola\nPhupa\nothers\nPholo\nAche\nLong\nXiqi\nAti\nAdu\nBurmishNorthernHigh Northern\nAchang\nLashi\nChashan\nZaiwa\nHpon\nHpon\nMid Northern\nLhao Vo (Maru)\nPela\nSouthernIntha-Danu\nIntha-Danu\nNuclear Southern\nBurmese\nRakhine\nTavoyan\nPai-lang\nPai-lang\n(Proto-languages)\nProto-Loloish","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Proto-Loloish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language"}]	[{"reference":"Bradley, David (2012). \"The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman\" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (1): 171–192.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_1_08_4916.pdf","url_text":"\"The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman\""}]},{"reference":"Löffler, Lorenz G. (1966). \"The contribution of Mru to Sino-Tibetan linguistics\". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 116 (1): 118–159. JSTOR 43369896.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43369896","url_text":"43369896"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, David (1997). \"Tibeto-Burman languages and classification\" (PDF). Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–71.","urls":[{"url":"http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf","url_text":"\"Tibeto-Burman languages and classification\""}]},{"reference":"Matisoff, James A. (2003). Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-520-09843-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://escholarship.org/uc/item/19d79619","url_text":"Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09843-5","url_text":"978-0-520-09843-5"}]},{"reference":"Coblin, W. South (1979), \"A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs\" (PDF), Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 12: 179–216.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldon_South_Coblin","url_text":"Coblin, W. South"},{"url":"http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/retrieve/72611/JA01_1979_p179.pdf","url_text":"\"A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Jacques, Guillaume; Michaud, Alexis (2011). \"Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages\". Diachronica. 28: 468–498. doi:10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac.additional.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.28.4.02jac.additional","url_text":"\"Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.28.4.02jac.additional","url_text":"10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac.additional"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, David (2005). \"Sanie and language loss in China\". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2005 (173): 159–176. doi:10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.173.159.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.2005.2005.173.159","url_text":"10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.173.159"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, David (1997). \"Tibeto-Burman languages and classification\" (PDF). Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–71.","urls":[{"url":"http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf","url_text":"\"Tibeto-Burman languages and classification\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, David (2012). \"The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman\" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (1): 171–192.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130728123237/https://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_1_08_4916.pdf","url_text":"\"The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman\""}]},{"reference":"van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12062-4","url_text":"978-90-04-12062-4"}]},{"reference":"Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10106%2F11161","url_text":"10106/11161"}]},{"reference":"Thurgood, Graham (1974). \"Lolo–Burmese rhymes\". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 1 (1): 98–107. doi:10.15144/LTBA-1.1.98.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FLTBA-1.1.98","url_text":"\"Lolo–Burmese rhymes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FLTBA-1.1.98","url_text":"10.15144/LTBA-1.1.98"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lolo1265","external_links_name":"lolo1265"},{"Link":"http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_1_08_4916.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43369896","external_links_name":"43369896"},{"Link":"http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tibeto-Burman languages and classification\""},{"Link":"http://escholarship.org/uc/item/19d79619","external_links_name":"Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction"},{"Link":"http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/retrieve/72611/JA01_1979_p179.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.28.4.02jac.additional","external_links_name":"\"Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.28.4.02jac.additional","external_links_name":"10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac.additional"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.2005.2005.173.159","external_links_name":"10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.173.159"},{"Link":"http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tibeto-Burman languages and classification\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130728123237/https://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_1_08_4916.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10106%2F11161","external_links_name":"10106/11161"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FLTBA-1.1.98","external_links_name":"\"Lolo–Burmese rhymes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FLTBA-1.1.98","external_links_name":"10.15144/LTBA-1.1.98"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHN_Corporation	NHN Entertainment Corporation	["1 History","2 Games","3 Studios and subsidiaries","4 References"]	South Korean technology company This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)NHN CorporationNative name엔에이치엔 주식회사Company typePublic companyTraded asKRX: 181710IndustryOnline game portalPredecessorthe first iteration of NHN (now Naver)FoundedDecember 1999; 24 years ago (1999-12) (as Hangame Communications, Inc.)1 August 2013 (2013-08-01) (as NHN Entertainment Corporation)Seongnam, South KoreaHeadquartersSeongnam, South KoreaArea servedWorldwideProductsHangameSubsidiariesNHN Japan Corporation (formerly) NHN Corp. (KRX: 181710) is a South Korean IT company that started its business as a game company called Hangame in 1999. Currently, its main businesses can be categorized as cloud, fin-tech (cross-border e-commerce, payment), entertainment (game, webtoons, music) and advertisement. History It was founded in December 1999 under the name Hangame Communications, Inc. In July 2000, Hangame Communications officially merged with South Korea's largest search engine company, Naver. Upon the merger, the name of the company was changed to "Next Human Network", or NHN, although the two divisions continue to operate under their original brand names. On 1 August 2013, NHN was re-split into NHN Entertainment Corporation and Naver Corporation for strategic reasons. On April 1, 2019, the company name was changed to NHN again. NHN has been focusing on cloud services since 2014. It launched the brand TOAST Cloud in 2014 and built its own IDC center in 2015. TOAST Cloud provides cloud services such as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS. Games Title Year Platform(s) Genre Fish Island 2012 iOS, Android Sports Fish Friends 2012 iOS, Android Sports Wooparoo Mountain 2012 iOS, Android Social LINE POP 2012 iOS, Android Puzzle LINE Dozer 2013 iOS, Android Coin Pusher Crusaders Quest 2014 iOS, Android MMORPG RWBY: Amity Arena 2018 iOS, Android Tower defense Dr. Mario World 2019 iOS, Android Puzzle Critical Ops: Reloaded 2019 iOS, Android FPS Studios and subsidiaries NHN Bigfoot NHN PixelCube NHN Japan Corporation (formerly) NHN Israel NHN Global NHN Singapore NHN Investment NHN Bugs Corporation (formerly Neowiz Internet Corporation, acquired from Neowiz Holdings in 2015), which trades under the Bugs! Brand (often stylized as SUPER SOUND Bugs!) held a 15% share of South Korea's music streaming market at the end of 2016, according to an IFPI survey of Internet users. JPlanet Entertainment (formerly JJ Holic Media) How Entertainment References Specific ^ "Naver Corporation". www.navercorp.com (in Korean). Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ Yoon, Sung-won (24 April 2017). "Paid music streaming services thrive in South Korea". The South China Morning Post. The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. ^ a b "하우 엔터·제이플래닛, '첫사랑' 등 신인걸그룹 연내 론칭 ". entertain.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 16 March 2019. General "NHN Entertainment". Nhnent.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019. "NHN Entertainment Singapore". Nhnent.sg. Retrieved 9 February 2019. "NHN PlayArt Corp". Nhn-playart.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019. Jordan, Jon. "Subsidiarized: NHN breaks out three independent mobile studios". Pocketgamer.biz. Retrieved 9 February 2019. "${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Key Developments". Reuters.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019. "Log In or Sign Up to View". Facebook.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019. "NHN and Hangame Parting Ways - Steparu.com". Steparu.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019. "ASIATODAY". En.asiatoday.co.kr. Retrieved 9 February 2019. "NHN considers separating Hangame – THISISGAME Global – beta". En.thisisgame.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KRX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Exchange"},{"link_name":"181710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//finance.naver.com/item/main.nhn?code=181710"},{"link_name":"Hangame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangame"},{"link_name":"fin-tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fintech"},{"link_name":"webtoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webtoon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"NHN Corp. (KRX: 181710) is a South Korean IT company that started its business as a game company called Hangame in 1999.Currently, its main businesses can be categorized as cloud, fin-tech (cross-border e-commerce, payment), entertainment (game, webtoons, music) and advertisement.[citation needed]","title":"NHN Entertainment Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver"},{"link_name":"Naver Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It was founded in December 1999 under the name Hangame Communications, Inc. In July 2000, Hangame Communications officially merged with South Korea's largest search engine company, Naver. Upon the merger, the name of the company was changed to \"Next Human Network\", or NHN, although the two divisions continue to operate under their original brand names. On 1 August 2013, NHN was re-split into NHN Entertainment Corporation and Naver Corporation for strategic reasons. On April 1, 2019, the company name was changed to NHN again.[1]NHN has been focusing on cloud services since 2014. It launched the brand TOAST Cloud in 2014 and built its own IDC center in 2015. TOAST Cloud provides cloud services such as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NHN Japan Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHN_Japan_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Bugs!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs!_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"NHN Bigfoot\nNHN PixelCube\nNHN Japan Corporation (formerly)\nNHN Israel\nNHN Global\nNHN Singapore\nNHN Investment\nNHN Bugs Corporation (formerly Neowiz Internet Corporation, acquired from Neowiz Holdings in 2015), which trades under the Bugs! Brand (often stylized as SUPER SOUND Bugs!) held a 15% share of South Korea's music streaming market at the end of 2016, according to an IFPI survey of Internet users.[2]\nJPlanet Entertainment (formerly JJ Holic Media)[3]\nHow Entertainment[3]","title":"Studios and subsidiaries"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Naver Corporation\". www.navercorp.com (in Korean). Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navercorp.com/en","url_text":"\"Naver Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Sung-won (24 April 2017). \"Paid music streaming services thrive in South Korea\". The South China Morning Post. The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scmp.com/tech/science-research/article/2090088/paid-music-streaming-services-thrive-south-korea","url_text":"\"Paid music streaming services thrive in South Korea\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065456/http://www.scmp.com/tech/science-research/article/2090088/paid-music-streaming-services-thrive-south-korea","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"하우 엔터·제이플래닛, '첫사랑' 등 신인걸그룹 연내 론칭 [공식입장]\". entertain.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0000949755","url_text":"\"하우 엔터·제이플래닛, '첫사랑' 등 신인걸그룹 연내 론칭 [공식입장]\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHN Entertainment\". Nhnent.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhnent.com/en/index.nhn","url_text":"\"NHN Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHN Entertainment Singapore\". Nhnent.sg. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhnent.sg/singapore/index.nhn","url_text":"\"NHN Entertainment Singapore\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHN PlayArt Corp\". Nhn-playart.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhn-playart.com/index.nhn","url_text":"\"NHN PlayArt Corp\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Jon. \"Subsidiarized: NHN breaks out three independent mobile studios\". Pocketgamer.biz. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pocketgamer.biz/asia/news/56271/subsidiarized-nhn-breaks-out-three-independent-mobile-studios/","url_text":"\"Subsidiarized: NHN breaks out three independent mobile studios\""}]},{"reference":"\"${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Key Developments\". Reuters.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/181710.KS/key-developments","url_text":"\"${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Key Developments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Log In or Sign Up to View\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=218125268219322&story_fbid=673718239326687","url_text":"\"Log In or Sign Up to View\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHN and Hangame Parting Ways - Steparu.com\". Steparu.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://steparu.com/news/front-page/1311-nhn-and-hangame-parting-ways","url_text":"\"NHN and Hangame Parting Ways - Steparu.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASIATODAY\". En.asiatoday.co.kr. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.asiatoday.co.kr/error.php","url_text":"\"ASIATODAY\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHN considers separating Hangame – THISISGAME Global – beta\". En.thisisgame.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_under-19_football_team	Belgium national under-19 football team	["1 Competitive Record","1.1 FIFA U-20 World Cup Record","1.2 UEFA European Under-19 Championship Record","2 Players","2.1 Current squad","3 See also","4 References"]	National under-19 association football team representing Belgium Belgium U-19AssociationBelgian Football AssociationHead coachWesley Sonck First colours Second colours World CupAppearances1 (first in 1997)Best resultRound of 16 (1997)European championshipsAppearances4 (first in 2002)Best resultGroup stage (2002, 2004, 2006 & 2011) The Belgium national under-19 football team is the national under-19 football team of Belgium and is controlled by the Belgian Football Association. The team competes in the European Under-19 Football Championship, held every year. Their biggest success was winning the tournament in 1977, albeit it wore a different name and had a different structure back then. Competitive Record FIFA U-20 World Cup Record Year Round GP W D* L GS GA 1977 did not qualify 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 Round of 16 4 1 1 2 4 14 1999 did not qualify 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2023 2025 Total 1/24 4 1 1 2 4 14 UEFA European Under-19 Championship Record Year Round GP W D L GS GA 2002 Group stage 3 0 1 2 3 5 2003 did not qualify 2004 Group stage 3 0 1 2 0 6 2005 did not qualify 2006 Group stage 3 1 0 2 6 10 2007 did not qualify 2008 2009 2010 2011 Group stage 3 0 2 1 3 6 2012 did not qualify 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2022 2023 Total 4/20 12 1 4 7 12 27 Players Current squad The following players were called up for the 2023 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification matches. Match dates: 22–28 March 2023 Opposition: Slovenia, Germany and Italy Caps and goals correct as of: 22 March 2023, after the match against Slovenia No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club 1 1GK Jelle Van Neck (2004-03-07) 7 March 2004 (age 20) 2 0 Marseille 12 1GK Kjell Peersman (2004-05-21) 21 May 2004 (age 20) 1 0 PSV Eindhoven 2 2DF Richie Sagrado (2004-01-30) 30 January 2004 (age 20) 1 0 Oud-Heverlee Leuven 3 2DF Martin Wasinski (2004-04-07) 7 April 2004 (age 20) 8 0 Kortrijk 4 2DF Bram Lagae (2004-01-14) 14 January 2004 (age 20) 5 0 Gent 5 2DF Arnaud Dony (2004-05-08) 8 May 2004 (age 20) 2 0 Union Saint-Gilloise 15 2DF Jorne Spileers (2005-01-21) 21 January 2005 (age 19) 2 0 Club Brugge 20 2DF Noah Sadiki (2004-12-17) 17 December 2004 (age 19) 3 1 Anderlecht 21 2DF Thiago Paulo da Silva (2004-08-12) 12 August 2004 (age 19) 1 0 Standard Liège 6 3MF Arthur Vermeeren (2005-02-07) 7 February 2005 (age 19) 1 0 Royal Antwerp 8 3MF Noah Mbamba (2005-01-05) 5 January 2005 (age 19) 9 0 Bayer Leverkusen 14 3MF Léandre Kuavita (2004-05-31) 31 May 2004 (age 20) 2 0 Standard Liège 17 3MF Cihan Çanak (2005-01-24) 24 January 2005 (age 19) 1 0 Standard Liège 7 4FW Norman Bassette (2004-11-09) 9 November 2004 (age 19) 3 0 Caen 9 4FW Lucas Stassin (2004-11-29) 29 November 2004 (age 19) 1 0 Anderlecht 10 4FW Mario Stroeykens (2004-09-19) 19 September 2004 (age 19) 2 1 Anderlecht 11 4FW Samuel Mbangula (2004-01-16) 16 January 2004 (age 20) 3 0 Juventus 18 4FW Mika Godts (2005-06-07) 7 June 2005 (age 19) 1 0 Ajax 19 4FW Romeo Vermant (2004-01-24) 24 January 2004 (age 20) 3 1 Club Brugge See also Belgium portalAssociation football portal Belgium national football team Belgium national under-21 football team Belgium national under-17 football team European Under-19 Football Championship References ^ "Belgium-Slovenia \| Under-19 2023". UEFA. Retrieved 26 March 2023. ^ "Germany-Belgium \| Under-19 2023". UEFA. Retrieved 26 March 2023. vteBelgium national football team History Royal Belgian Football Association Management Venues Home venues King Baudouin Stadium (1930–) Records and statisticsResults Match results 1904–1909 1910–1919 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present Unofficial Team Statistics By opponent Per manager Achievements Records Individual Caps Hat-tricks Captaincies Awards Disciplinary Other Goals Romelu Lukaku Players Current Notable Captains 21+ caps 5–20 caps 1–4 caps Rivalries Netherlands World Cup Finals Summary 1930 1934 1938 1954 1970 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2014 2018 2022 European Finals Summary 1972 1980 1984 2000 2016 2020 2024 Other tournaments Belgium vs Netherlands Cups (1905–1932) Summer Olympics (1920–1928) King Hassan II Tournament (1998) Cyprus Tournament (1999) Kirin Cup (1999, 2009) UEFA Nations League (2018–) Matches Belgium 3–3 France (1904) UEFA Euro 1980 final Culture Supporters Media coverage Nickname, logo and mascot Other RBFA teamsMen's Belgium B (defunct) Youth U-21 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Futsal Beach Women's Senior Youth U-21 U-19 U-17 U-16 U-15 Beach Category:Belgium national football team Portal:Association football Commons:Belgium national football team vte Football in BelgiumRoyal Belgian Football Association • Pro LeagueNational teams Seniors Youth U-21 U-19 U-18 U-17 Women W U-17 League systemLevel 1 Pro League Level 2 Challenger Pro League Level 3 National Division 1 (2 divisions: 1 VV, 1 ACFF) Level 4 Division 2 (3 divisions: 2 VV, 1 ACFF) Level 5 Division 3 (4 divisions: 2 VV, 2 ACFF) Levels 6–9 Provincial Leagues (10 groups: Antwerp, Flemish teams from Brabant (unified Brussels Capital Region, Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant division), Francophone teams from Brabant, East Flanders, Hainaut, Liège, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur, and West Flanders) Defunct Belgian Second Division, Belgian Third Division, Belgian Fourth Division Women's League systemLevel 1 Super League Level 2 First Division Level 3 Second Division Level 4+ Provincial Leagues (10 groups: Antwerp, Flemish teams from Brabant (unified Brussels Capital Region, Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant division), Francophone teams from Brabant, East Flanders, Hainaut, Liège, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur, and West Flanders) Defunct BeNe League, Third Division Domestic cupsMen Belgian Cup Belgian Super Cup defunct: Belgian League Cup Women Belgian Women's Cup defunct: BeNe Super Cup Awards Golden Shoe Professional football awards Ebony Shoe Lion Award 'Big Three' List of clubs List of venues Referees Rivalries vteUEFA European U-18 and U-19 ChampionshipUnder-18 era, 1948–2001FIFA YouthTournament England 1948 Netherlands 1949 Austria 1950 France 1951 Spain 1952 Belgium 1953 West Germany 1954 UEFA Youth Tournament Italy 1955 Hungary 1956 Spain 1957 Luxembourg 1958 Bulgaria 1959 Austria 1960 Portugal 1961 Romania 1962 England 1963 Netherlands 1964 West Germany 1965 Yugoslavia 1966 Turkey 1967 France 1968 East Germany 1969 Scotland 1970 Czechoslovakia 1971 Spain 1972 Italy 1973 Sweden 1974 Switzerland 1975 Hungary 1976 Belgium 1977 Poland 1978 Austria 1979 East Germany 1980 UEFA U-18Championships West Germany 1981 Finland 1982 England 1983 Soviet Union 1984 Yugoslavia 1986 Czechoslovakia 1988 Hungary 1990 Germany 1992 England 1993 Spain 1994 Greece 1995 France 1996 Iceland 1997 Cyprus 1998 Sweden 1999 Germany 2000 Finland 2001 Qualification 1986 1988 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Squads 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Under-19 era, 2002–presentUEFA U-19Championships Norway 2002 Liechtenstein 2003 Switzerland 2004 Northern Ireland 2005 Poland 2006 Austria 2007 Czech Republic 2008 Ukraine 2009 France 2010 Romania 2011 Estonia 2012 Lithuania 2013 Hungary 2014 Greece 2015 Germany 2016 Georgia 2017 Finland 2018 Armenia 2019 Northern Ireland 2020 Romania 2021 Slovakia 2022 Malta 2023 Northern Ireland 2024 Romania 2025 Wales 2026 Israel 2027 Qualification 2002 2003 2004 2005 (First, Elite) 2006 (First, Elite) 2007 (First, Elite) 2008 (First, Elite) 2009 (First, Elite) 2010 (First, Elite) 2011 (First, Elite) 2012 (First, Elite) 2013 (First, Elite) 2014 (First, Elite) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Squads 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteNational under-19 football teams of Europe (UEFA)Active Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia (U18) East Germany (U18) Soviet Union(U18) Yugoslavia (U18) vte National sports teams of Belgium Badminton Baseball U18 Basketball M M-U20 M-U18 M-U16 M-3x3 W W-U20 W-U19 W-U17 W-3x3 Beach soccer Bobsleigh Cricket M M-U19 W Cyclo-cross Field hockey M M-U21 W W-U21 Football M M-U21 M-U19 M-U18 M-U17 W Futsal Gymnastics Goalball M W Handball M W Ice hockey M M-U20 M-U18 W W-U18 Korfball Racquetball Road bicycle racing Rugby league Rugby union M M7's W W7's Softball M W Tennis M W X Volleyball M M-U21 M-U19 W W-U23 W-U21 W-U19 Water polo M W Olympics Paralympics Deaflympics European Games	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgian Football 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toleta_de_marteloio	Rule of marteloio	["1 Etymology","2 Purpose","3 The traverse problem","4 Rules","4.1 Ramon Llull's \"miliaria\"","4.2 Andrea Bianco's \"toleta\"","4.3 Rule of three","4.4 Circle and square","5 Other applications","5.1 Triangulation","5.2 Finding locations","6 Relation to later rules","6.1 Relation to the \"regiment of the leagues\"","6.2 Relation to \"traverse sailing\"","7 Manuscript sources","8 Notes","9 External Resources","10 References"]	Medieval technique of navigational computation The tondo e quadro (circle and square) from Andrea Bianco's 1436 atlas The rule of marteloio is a medieval technique of navigational computation that uses compass direction, distance and a simple trigonometric table known as the toleta de marteloio. The rule told mariners how to plot the traverse between two different navigation courses by means of resolving triangles with the help of the Toleta and basic arithmetic. Those uncomfortable with manipulating numbers could resort to the visual tondo e quadro (circle-and-square) and achieve their answer with dividers. The rule of marteloio was commonly used by Mediterranean navigators during the 14th and 15th centuries, before the development of astronomical navigation. Etymology The etymology comes from the Venetian language. In his 1436 atlas, Venetian captain and cartographer Andrea Bianco introduced a table of numbers which he called the toleta de marteloio ("table of marteloio"), and the method of using it as the raxon de marteloio ("reason of marteloio"). The meaning of marteloio itself is uncertain. The most widely accepted hypothesis, first forwarded by A.E. Nordenskiöld, is that marteloio relates to "hammer" ("martelo" in Venetian), referring to the small hammer that was used to hit the on-board ship's bell to mark the passage of time. It has been suggested that the -oio suffix implies that marteloio meant not quite the hammer itself nor the hammerer, but rather "the hammering", intending to indicate "the hammering, the din, the racket" from the change of the watch every four hours. As there were many hands on deck during a change of the watch, it would be an opportune moment for the ship's pilot to order a change in bearing (if necessary). Alternative hypotheses (not nearly as accepted) are that "marteloio" is a corruption of mari logio (meaning "rule of the sea"), or from mare tela (meaning "sea network"), or that it derives from the Greek homartologium (όμαρτόλογίον, meaning "companion piece"), or from the Greek imeralogium (ήμερόλογίον, meaning "daily calculation") or that it might be from the northern French matelot, which in turn comes from Breton martolod (meaning "sailors"). Purpose 15th-century mariner consulting a compass aboard ship (from John Mandeville's Travels, 1403) The "rule of marteloio" was used in European navigation in the Middle Ages, most notably in the Mediterranean Sea between the 14th and 16th centuries, although it may have older roots. It was an integral part of navigation by "compass and chart", before the advent of geographical coordinates and the development of celestial navigation in Europe. Medieval navigation relied on two parameters, direction and distance. On board ship, direction was determined by the mariner's compass (which emerged around 1300). Distance was measured by dead reckoning, (i.e., distance = speed × time), where time was measured by a half-hour-glass, and speed readings were taken with by some form of a chip log (the archaic method, used in the 14th and 15th centuries, involved heaving a piece of wood or flotsam overboard; the crew engaged in a rhythmic chant to mark the time it took for the chip to float past the length of the ship). Anonymous Genoese portolan chart from c. 1325 to c. 1350. (Library of Congress, Washington DC) Plotting a course required knowing the compass direction and distance between point A and point B. Knowledge of where ports lay relative to each other was acquired by navigators by long experience at sea. This information was sometimes collected and written down in a pilot's handbook, known as a portolano ("port book", in Italian, equivalent to the Greek periplus, the Portuguese roteiro and the English rutter). These handbooks were used to construct a class of nautical maps known as portolan charts. Portolan charts began being produced in Genoa in the late 13th century, and soon spread to Venice and Majorca. Portolan charts were not gridded by longitude and latitude lines, but rather by a web of compass rhumb lines, giving mariners an idea of only the distance and direction between places. 32-wind compass rose with traditional names (and traditional color code). By a handbook or a portolan chart, a navigator could see immediately that, for example, Pisa lay 85 miles southeast ("Scirocco" in the traditional compass rose nomenclature) of Genoa, and so a ship that set out from Genoa to Pisa would simply maintain that bearing for that distance. However, most sailing courses were not nearly that neat. A mariner wishing to sail from Majorca to Naples could tell the latter was due east ("Levante") by some 600 miles – but the island of Sardinia lies in the way, therefore the ship's bearing must be changed along the route. This is easier said than done, as geographical coordinates did not exist during this era. The only way to determine the exact position of the ship at sea would be to calculate via past bearing and distance travelled. Islands were a predictable obstacle – circumventing Sardinia would be simply a matter of sailing southeast for a set distance then changing the bearing to northeast ("Greco") for the remainder. More problematic is if the ship were blown off its intended route by fitful winds, or had to engage in tacking, changing bearing repeatedly. How does it return to its intended course? This is where the rule of marteloio came in. The traverse problem The rule of marteloio addressed the problem of changing bearing at sea. More specifically, it helped a navigator plot the traverse from one navigational course to another. For example, suppose a ship was to sail from Corsica to Genoa, a course bearing straight north ("Tramontana") for some 130 miles. But the winds are not cooperative, and the ship was forced to sail northwest ("Maestro") for some 70 miles. How does it return to its original route? Re-setting its bearing to northeast ("Greco") seems sensible enough, but how long should it sail on that bearing? How would a navigator know when the ship had reached its old route and should turn north again? How to avoid overshooting or undershooting the old course? The traverse problem: intended course AB (bearing N), actual course AC (bearing NW). Calculating the ritorno (distance on return course CD, bearing NE) and avanzo (distance made good on intended course) is a matter of solving the triangle ACD This is a mathematical problem of solving a triangle. If a navigator knows how long the ship has sailed on the erroneous course, he can calculate its current distance from its intended course, and estimate how long it must sail back on a new bearing until it recovers its old course. In the Corsica-to-Genoa example, there is an implied triangle ACD, with one side given (AC = 70 miles on actual NW course), a 45° angle at A (angle of difference between actual course NW and intended course N) and another angle of 90° at C (angle of difference between actual course NW and return course NE). The challenge to the navigator is to find how long one must sail on the NE return course (the length of side CD, what is called the ritorno) and how far one has advanced on the intended course by the time one straightens out (the length of the hypotenuse AD, or what is called the total avanzo). This is elementary trigonometry, solving for two sides given one side (70) and two angles (45° and 90°). This is quickly done by applying the law of sines: 70 miles sin ⁡ D = ritorno sin ⁡ 45 = avanzo sin ⁡ 90 {\displaystyle {\frac {70{\text{ miles}}}{\sin D}}={\frac {\text{ritorno}}{\sin 45}}={\frac {\text{avanzo}}{\sin 90}}} yielding up the solutions ritorno = 70 miles and total avanzo = 98.99 miles. This means that if the ship bears NE from its current position (C), it will reach its original intended course after 70 miles of sailing on the NE bearing. By the time it reaches its junction point (D), it will have covered 98.99 miles of its original intended course. There it can straighten its bearing N and sail the remaining 30 miles or so to Genoa. Unfortunately, Medieval sailors with the rudimentary educational levels of the 14th and 15th centuries, were not likely to know the Law of Sines or manipulate it with ease. As a result, Medieval navigators needed simpler and more accessible method of calculation. Rules Ramon Llull's "miliaria" The scholar-cleric Ramon Llull of Majorca, was the first writer to refer to a rule to solve the traverse problem of navigation. In his Arbor Scientiae (1295), in the section of questions on geometry, Llul writes: How do mariners measure miles at sea (miliaria in mari)? Mariners consider the four general winds, that is to say the eastern, western, northern and southern, and also another four winds that lie between them, grec (NE), exaloch (SE), lebeg (SW) and maestre (NW). And they look carefully at the center of the circle in which the winds (rhumbs) meet at angles; they consider when a ship travels by the East wind (levant) 100 miles from the center, how many miles it would make on the southeast (exaloch) wind; and for 200 miles, they double the number by multiplying and then they know how many miles there are from the end of each 100 miles in an easterly direction to the corresponding point in a southeasterly direction. And for this they have this instrument and a chart, rutter, needle and the pole star." What Llull seems to be trying to explain is that a ship actually sailing E, but intending to sail SE, it can figure out how much of its intended southeastward distance it has already made good – what Italians called the "avanzar", but Lull seems to call the "miliaria in mari". Llull does not explain exactly how, but refers only to an "instrument", presumably some sort of trigonometric table. Lull is implying that mariners can calculate the miliaria on the intended course by multiplying the distance actually sailed on the erroneous course by the cosine of the angle between the two routes. Ramon Lull's miliaria in mari, from his 1295 example. Miliaria in mari = distance sailed × cos(θ) where θ is the angle of difference between the two routes. Using Lull's example, a ship that intended to sail southeast ("Exaloch" is Catalan for "Scirocco") but was instead forced to sail east ("Levant"), then the angle of difference is θ = 45°. After 100 miles on the erroneous route, the miliaria on the intended route is 100 × cos 45° = 70.71. Doubling the sailing on the erroneous route to 200 miles will double the miliaria on the intended route to 141.42 miles (= 200 cos 45°). (Diagramatically, Lull's miliaria in mari is measured by constructing a right-angled triangle by running a cord from the distance sailed on the actual course to the intended course, meeting the latter at a 90° angle). Llull is a little more explicit in his Ars magna generalis et ultima (written c. 1305). Reversing his example, with a ship actually sailing Southeast but intending to sail East, Llull notes that for every four miles on the southeast bearing, it "gains three miles" (2.83 actually) on the intended eastward route. Thus, Lull notes, the ship "loses 25 miles" (29 actually) of its intended course for every 100 miles it sails on the current course. Notice that in his passages, Ramon Lull is not recommending the rule, but reporting it, insinuating that this rule was already known and used by contemporary sailors in practice. This is perhaps unsurprising – although trigonometry was only in its infancy in Christian Europe, sine and cosine tables were already known in Arab mathematics. The Kingdom of Majorca, under Muslim rule until the 1230s, remained a multicultural center in Lull's time, with flourishing Jewish communities, many of whom dabbled in mathematics and astronomy, and whose seafarers had extensive contact across the Mediterranean Sea. That Majorcan navigators had some sort of trigonometric table at hand is not improbable. Nonetheless, the exact content and layout of this table implied by Ramon Llull in 1295 is uncertain. Andrea Bianco's "toleta" The toleta de marteloio from Andrea Bianco's 1436 atlas We get our first glimpse of a mariner's trigonometric table more than a century after Llull. In the first folio of his 1436 portolan atlas, the Venetian captain Andrea Bianco explains the raxon de marteloio, how to calculate the traverse and recover the course. He lays out a simple trigonometric table he calls the toleta de marteloio and recommends that mariners commit the table to memory. The toleta de marteloio is set out as follows: Quarter (Angle of deviation) Alargar (Distance from course) Avanzar (Advance on true course) Quarter (Angle of return) Ritorno (Return to course) Avanzo di ritorno (Advance during return) 1 20 98 1 51 50 2 38 92 2 26 24 3 55 83 3 18 15 4 71 71 4 14 10 5 83 55 5 12 6 1⁄2 6 92 38 6 11 4 7 98 20 7 101⁄5 2 1⁄5 8 100 0 8 10 0 For every 100 miles For every 10 miles alargar The numbers in the Toleta can be approximated by the modern formulas: Alargar = 100 × sin (q × 11.25) Avanzar = 100 × cos (q × 11.25) Ritorno = 10 / sin (q × 11.25) Avanzo di ritorno = 10 / tan (q × 11.25) where q = number of quarter winds (angle of difference expressed in number of quarter winds). The numbers work with quarter-winds set at 11.25° intervals, or 11°15', the usual definition of a quarter wind. The Toleta is a simple table with several columns of numbers. In the first column is the angle of difference between the actual and intended courses, expressed by number of quarter-winds. Once that difference is determined, the second column gives the Alargar (the "Widening", the current distance the ship is from the intended course) while the third column tells the Avanzar (the "Advance", how much of the distance on the intended course has already been covered by sailing on the current bearing – this is equivalent of Ramon Llull's miliaria di mari). The Alargar and Avanzar numbers are shown on the Bianco's table for 100 miles of sailing on the current course. Calculating alargar and avanzar from Bianco's Toleta. Example: suppose a ship intended to sail bearing east ("Levante") from point A to point B. But suppose that winds forced it to sail on a southeast-by-east course (SEbE, "Quarto di Scirocco verso Levante"). Southeast-by-east is three quarter winds (or 33.75°) away from east (on a 32-point compass, in order of quarter-winds away from east, 1 quarter is east-by-south, 2 quarters is East-southeast, 3 quarters is southeast-by-east). That means that the navigator should consult the third row, q = 3, on the toleta. Suppose the ship sailed 100 miles on the SE-by-E bearing. To check his distance from the intended eastward course, the mariner will read the corresponding entry on the alargar column and immediately see he is 55 miles away from the intended course. The avanzar column informs him that having sailed 100 miles on the current SEbE course, he has covered 83 miles of the intended E course. The next step is to determine how to return to the intended course. Continuing the example, to get back to the intended Eastward course, our mariner has to re-orient the ship's bearing in a northeasterly direction. But there are various northeasterly angles – NbE, NNE, NE, ENE, etc. The mariner has a choose the bearing – if he returns by a sharp angle (e.g. North by east), he will return to the intended course faster than at a more gentle gradient (e.g. East by north). Whichever angle he chooses, he must deduce exactly how long he must sail on that bearing in order to reach his old course. If he sails too long, he risks overshooting it. Calculating the ritorno and avanzo di ritornoCalculating the return course is what the last three columns of the toleta are for. In the fourth column, the return angles are expressed as quarters from the intended course bearing (not the current course bearing). In our example, the mariner intended to go east, but has been sailing southeast-by-east for 100 miles. Given the winds, he decides it is best to return to the original course by re-orienting the ship east-northeast (ENE, "Greco-Levante"). ENE is two quarter-winds above the intended bearing, East, so now he looks at second row ("quarters = 2") on the fourth column of the table. The fifth column is the ritorno, the distance he must travel on the chosen return angle to recover the original course. Given he has chosen to return by ENE bearing (q = 2), then he must read the second row of the ritorno column, which shows the number 26. This represents the required number of miles he must travel on ENE bearing for every 10 miles he deviated. Remember, his alargar (distance from intended course) was 55 miles. So in order to return to his intended course he must travel 5.5 × 26 = 143 miles on ENE. In other words, he needs to hold his ENE bearing for 143 miles; once that distance is traveled, he should straighten his ship east, and he will be exactly back on the intended course. The sixth and final column (avanzo di ritorno) gives the length on the intended course he has made good by his return travel. This is also expressed in terms per 10 miles alargar. His alargar was 55, and his angle of return was ENE (thus q = 2), that means his avanzo di ritorno is 5.5 × 24 = 132. In other words, if everything goes right, and our mariner holds his ENE bearing for 143 miles (ritorno), then during that return, he will have covered an additional 132 miles on his intended eastward course (avanzo di ritorno). Finally, to calculate the total distance made good (total avanzo) on the eastward bearing by his whole adventure, he must add the avanzar during the deviation (83 miles) plus the avanzo di ritorno (132 miles). Thus on the whole, he has covered 83 + 132 = 215 miles on the intended course. Measuring that distance on the map from the starting point (A), the mariner can figure out his exact current position. This is the simplest use of the toleta de marteloio. It is, at root, a trigonometric table. However, it does not tackle the traverse problem in one go, like the Law of Sines, but rather splits the problem into two right-angled triangles which it proceeds to solve successively. Modern trigonometry would dispense with the step of calculating the alargar, and calculate the ritorno directly – but for that, one needs to be armed with a full sine table. The toleta is a rather simple table, easy to consult and perform calculations with, and sufficiently compact to be memorized by navigators (as Bianco recommends). Rule of three The toleta de marteloio is expressed for nice round numbers, 100 and 10. But, in practice, a ship would not usually sail 100 miles before trying to return, but some other distance, say 65 miles. To calculate this is a simple problem of solving ratios. For example, if the ship had sailed 65 miles on southeast-by-east, then calculating the alargar from the intended Eastward course is simply a matter of solving the following for x: 55 100 = x 65 {\displaystyle {\frac {55}{100}}={\frac {x}{65}}} where 55 is the alargar for 100 miles (as given in the second column of the table at q = 3). This is easily done by the simple "Rule of Three", a method of cross-multiplication, using three numbers to solve for the fourth by successive multiplication and division: x = 65 × 55 ÷ 100 So, sailing for 65 miles on SE by E implies alargar = x = 35.75 miles. The avanzar, etc. can be figured out analogously. While the "rule of three" was already known in the 14th century, skill in executing multiplication and division could be elusive for Medieval sailors drawn from what was a largely illiterate society. Nonetheless, it was not inaccessible. As Andrea Bianco urged, navigators should "know how to multiply well and divide well" ("saver ben moltiplichar e ben partir") It is here where we see the important interface of commerce and navigation. The mathematics of commerce – Arabic numerals, multiplication, division, fractions, the tools needed to calculate purchases and sales of goods and other commercial transactions – was essentially the same as the mathematics of navigation. And this kind of mathematics was taught at the abacus schools which were set up in the 13th century in the commercial centers of northern Italy to train the sons of merchants, the very same class where Italian navigators were drawn from. As historian E.G.R. Taylor notes, "sailors were the first professional group to use mathematics in their everyday work" Circle and square Reproduction of the basic features of the tondo e quadro For those troubled by the high art of manipulating numbers, there was an alternative. This was the visual device known as the "circle and square" (tondo e quadro), also supplied by Andrea Bianco in his 1436 atlas. The circle was a 32-wind compass rose (or gathering of rhumb-lines). The circle was inscribed with an 8 × 8 square grid. The compass rose in the center can be overlooked – indeed, the circle itself can be ignored, as it seems to have no other purpose than the construction of the rays that run across the grid. The rose of interest is in the upper left corner of the square grid. From that corner, emanate a series of compass rhumb lines. In his original 1436 tondo e quadro, Bianco has sixteen emanating rays – that is, Bianco includes half-quarter winds, or eighth-winds (otava), so that the emanating rays are at intervals of 5.625 degrees. Other constructions of the circle-and-square, e.g. the Cornaro Atlas, use only eight rays emanating at quarter-wind distances (11.25 degrees). Visually, these rays replicate the bottom right quarter of a 32-wind compass rose: East (0q), E by S (1q), ESE (2q), SE by E (3q), SE (4q), SE by S (5q), SSE (6q), S by E (7q) and South (8q). Reproduction of the bar scale of Bianco's tondo e quadro Above the grid is a distance bar scale, notched with sub-units. There are two sets of numbers on the scale, one for measuring each grid square by 20 miles, another for measuring each grid square by 100 miles (see diagram). The top bar is the 20m-per-square scale, with every black dot denoting one mile. The bottom bar is the 100m-per-square scale, where the length of a unit square is divided into two equal 50m sub-squares, and a set of dots and red lines break it down further into lengths of 10 miles. So depending on which scale one chooses, the length of the side of the entire grid (eight squares) could be measured up to 160 miles (using the 20 m-per-square scale) or up to 800 miles (using the 100m-per-square scale). Detail of Bianco's tondo e quadro The cherub with the dividers suggests how a navigator is supposed to use the grid to calculate alargar and avanzar by visual measurement rather than manipulating numbers. Solving a triangle with the tondo e quadro Example: suppose the ship has travelled 120 miles at two quarter-winds below the intended course (e.g. traveled at ESE, when the intended course is East). Using the dividers and the 20m scale, the navigator can measure out 120 miles with his dividers. Then setting one end at the top left corner (A), he lays out the dividers along the ESE ray (= two quarter-winds below the East ray, or horizontal top of the grid) and marks the spot (point B on the diagram). Then using a straightedge ruler draws a line up to the East ray, and marks the corresponding spot C. It is easy to see immediately that a right-angled triangle ABC has been created. The length BC is the alargar (distance from intended course), which can be measured as 46 miles (this can be visually seen as two grid squares plus a bit, that is 20m + 20m and a little bit which can be assessed as 6m by using the dividers and the 20m bar scale). The length AC is the avanzar (distance made good), which is 111 miles – visually, five grid squares and a bit, or (20 × 5) + 11, measured by dividers and scale again. This is how the "circle and square" dispenses manipulating numbers by multiplication and division or the rule of three. The navigator can assess the avanzar and alargar visually, by measurement alone. This method can be used for any intended bearing and deviation, as the only purpose is to solve the triangle by dividers and scale. e.g. using our first Corsica-to-Genoa example, where intended bearing was North but the ship actually sailed Northwest, the navigator would set the dividers at length 70 miles and lay it along the fourth quarter wind (= SE ray in the tondo e quadro, as NW is four quarter winds away from North). He would calculate the alargar and avanzar in exactly the same way – draw a line to the horizontal top of the grid, measure the squares, etc. The tondo e quadro device is very similar to the Arab sine quadrant (Rubul mujayyab), with the corner rays replicating the role of the adjustable plumb line. Other applications While the toleta de marteloio (and its visual counterpart, the tondo e quadro) are designed for the explicit task of recovering an intended course, they can be used in more ways, for many classes of navigational problems, e.g. plotting out a course with multiple-bearing changes, etc. Triangulation One of the interesting applications of the rule of marteloio is for triangulation, e.g. determining the distance of the ship from shore landmark. (This was the final exercise attempted in the notebook of the Venetian navigator Michael of Rhodes, which we replicate here.) Example: Suppose a ship sailing NW ("Maestro") spots a landmark due West ("Ponente") one evening, but distance unknown. Suppose the ship continues sailing on the NW route overnight, and the next morning, 40 miles later, it notices that landmark is now west-southwest (WSW, "Ponente-Libeccio") of its current position. Finding the distance of the landmark from the ship is just an application of the rule of marteloio. Application of the rule of marteloio to estimate the distance between the ship and a shore landmark. To solve the problem, start from the evening position (A on the map) and treat the distance between the ship and the landmark (length AB) as the intended course, and the actual route of the ship (NW) as a deviation. To figure out the distance of the landmark from the ship's position in the morning (C) is a matter of treating the distance BC as the calculated ritorno. Since we need to know the alargar to calculate the ritorno, this is a two-step procedure. First, notice that NW is four quarter-winds above W, so looking up on the toleta, in the q = 4 row, the alargar is 71 miles for every 100 miles on the NW course. But the ship only sailed 40 miles overnight, so we have to solve the ratio 71/100 = x/40, which by the rule of three means x = alargar = 28.4 miles. In other words, by the overnight sailing NW by 40 miles from A to C, the ship is now 28.4 miles away from its "intended" Westward course. Now for the ritorno. The landmark, as noted, is WSW of the ship's morning position (C). So to "return" to the landmark, the ship must change its bearing from its current NW bearing to a WSW bearing – that is, 6 quarter-winds below NW. However, the toleta specifies quarter winds in terms of "intended" direction (in this case, West), and WSW is two quarter winds below West, so we need to look at the q = 2 row. This means the ritorno is 26 miles for every 10 miles alargar. Since the alargar is 28.4, that means the ritorno is 26 × 2.84 = 73.84. And there we have it. The landmark is 73.84 miles away from the ship's morning position. (To complete the story, we might wish to find out the distance that landmark was the evening before (i.e. from point A to landmark B). That is simply a matter of adding the avanzar and the avanzo in ritorno. Quick calculations show the avanzar (@ q = 4, for 40 miles) is 28.4 miles (= 71 × 40/100) and the avanzo di ritorno (@ q = 2 for 28.4 miles alargar), is 2.84 × 24 = 68.16. So total avanzo = 28.4 + 68.16 = 96.56 miles. That was the distance between the landmark and the ship the evening before.) Finding locations The rule of marteloio can also be used with the avanzar as a target, e.g. suppose a ship sets out with the intention of finding the Tordesillas Line, the meridian legally set in a 1494 treaty at 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. The ship need not set out from Cape Verde and set sail constantly at West bearing to find it. Rather, it can sail out at a more convenient bearing (e.g. SW), and treat West as an "intended" course. So using the marteloio rule, it can sail on until the avanzar on the "intended" West course reaches 370 leagues. Indeed, it need not even set out from Cape Verde, but can set out from another place, say, Seville, and use the known distance and bearing of Cape Verde (viz. Seville) and the rule of marteloio to calculate when it has finally reached the Tordesillas meridian. This takes a couple of steps. Suppose Cape Verde (B on map) is 400 leagues Southwest of Seville (A on map), but the ship intends to go straight West from Seville to reach the Tordesillas meridian in the open sea. How long does it need to sail? Finding the Tordesillas Line via the rule of marteloio The way to solve this by the rule of marteloio is to pose the problem in reverse: treat West as intended bearing and SW as the actual course. SW is four quarter-winds below W, so looking up the toleta for q = 4, the avanzar is 71 for every 100 miles sailed. So if a ship sailed 400 leagues on the "actual" SW course to Cape Verde, it would achieve an avanzar of 284 leagues (= 71 × 4) on the "intended" Westward course. Of course, the ship is not actually sailing SW to Cape Verde, but sailing W into the open sea. In other words, when the ship sets sail West from Seville, it knows it needs to sail 284 leagues on the West bearing before it reaches the implied Cape Verde meridian (point C on map), and should only start counting the 370 leagues to the Tordesillas line thereafter. In other words, it needs to sail a total of 284 + 370 = 654 leagues West of Seville to reach the Tordesillas line (point D on map). While this particular example shows the flexibility of the rule of marteloio, it also shows one of its principal drawbacks: the result completely ignores the curvature of the Earth, i.e. the fact that the longitude meridian lines converge on the North Pole, and thus narrow at higher latitudes. Contrary to what the marteloio suggests, 370 leagues West of Cape Verde is not on the same longitude meridian as 654 leagues West of Seville. Because Seville is well north of Cape Verde, the meridians are clustered closer together at Seville's latitude than at Cape Verde's latitude. A ship sailing west of Seville will, in fact, reach the real Tordesillas meridian (point T on map) well before 654 leagues are sailed (point D). The rule of marteloio has sailors plot routes by drawing plane triangles on a chart, as if the world's surface were flat. While this might be practical enough for sailing confined to the compact latitudes of the Mediterranean Sea, it is quite misleading on a grander scale. Relation to later rules Relation to the "regiment of the leagues" In the late 15th and 16th centuries, the improvement of nautical astronomy and the introduction of latitude parallels allowed navigators to determine their position at sea by celestial readings, rather than relying on estimation of distance sailed. The successor of the rule of marteloio was the "Regiment of the Leagues" (regimento das léguas), that was used by Portuguese navigators sailing in the Atlantic Ocean. Or, to use the term introduced by William Bourne (1571), the "Rule to Raise or Lay a Degree", also known as the "Table of Leagues" or the "Rule for Raising the Pole". It was first written down in the Portuguese navigation manual Regimento do astrolabio e do quadrante (published in Lisbon c. 1509, but written c. 1480) It was popularized by Martín Cortés de Albacar in his 1551 Breve compendio la esfera y del arte de navegar. The "Regiment of the Leagues" is not very different from the rule of marteloio. The Regiment of the Leagues always considers the west-east bearing as the "intended course" and measures set deviations from it. More specifically, the league table considers a fixed value of alargar – set at 1 latitude degree (or, in the measurements of the time, 17.5 (Portuguese) leagues, or equivalently 70 (Italian) miles). It then gives for every different quarter wind of sailing direction (always designated as quarters away from the north-south axis, rather than away from the intended course), the relevar and the afastar. The relevar is the number of leagues on the actual course that a ship must sail in order to cover the pre-set 1 degree of latitude (17.5 leagues of alargar from the starting parallel). The afastar is merely the corresponding avanzar on the west-east bearing. Illustration of the "Regiment of the Leagues" Example: Suppose a ship sets out on an East-southeast (ESE) bearing. That is six quarter-winds above South (remember: unlike the marteloio, the Regiment of the Leagues always measures quarter-winds away from the north–south meridian). Looking at any regiment of the leagues table (e.g. Martín Cortés de Albacar, 1551), for q = 6, the table gives the relevar as 4511⁄15 leagues and the afastar as 421⁄4 leagues. This means that a ship sailing on the ESE bearing will have to sail 45.73 leagues to cover one degree of latitude (17.5 leagues of alargar from the east bearing, to use the marteloio language), and the corresponding afastar (avanzar in marteloio terms) will be 42.25 leagues. If, instead, the ship had set out on a SE bearing, that is four quarter-winds above South, the corresponding values of the Regiment of the Leagues table at q = 4 are relevar = 243⁄4 and the afastar = 17 1⁄2. Notice that the SE bearing reaches the 1 degree alargar faster (i.e. smaller relevar) than that the ESE bearing, and will have less afastar (closer to the N–S meridian). Mathematically, relevar = 17.5/cos θ afastar = 17.5 × tan θ where θ = 11.25 × number of quarters-winds away from the north-south axis. Despite the difference in terminology, notably the use of latitude degrees, the rule of marteloio and the Regiment of the Leagues are very similar – they are both about solving triangles on a plane chart. The advantage of the regiment over the marteloio is the introduction of latitude parallels in the table, so that the position can be checked by astronomical observation (via quadrant, astrolabe, etc.), and not have to rely wholly on sailor estimations of distance and direction. With the regiment, geographical coordinates can also be used to guide navigation. For instance, the search for the Todesillas line (meridian 370 leagues west of Cape Verde) is much simplified by reference to a precise latitude. For instance, suppose two ships depart from Cape Verde (17° N), one on a West by North bearing (WbN, that is one quarter above West, or q = 7 from North axis), the other by a west-northwest bearing (WNW, two quarters above west, or q = 6 from the North axis). Using the Regiment of the Leagues, it is possible to calculate the precise latitudes when they will cross the Tordesillas meridian – simply divide 370 leagues west by the implied afastar at the different bearings. The WbN ship will reach the meridian when it achieves latitude 21° 21' N, while the WNW ship will reach it when it achieves latitude 29° N. So rather than counting leagues with hourglass and speed readings, the ships can just maintain bearing, and take periodic astronomical observations to assess their latitude. Relation to "traverse sailing" The toleta de marteloio is ancestral to the modern "traverse table" used in more modern navigation. In the modern nomenclature, the traverse is the "crooked path made by a ship when she sails in several successive directions" and resolving the traverse is "the method of finding a single course and distance which would bring a ship to the same place as two or more courses and distances". In marteloio language, when "resolving the traverse", the known information given is the "actual course" and the "ritorno", while the unknowns are the "intended bearing" and "total avanzo". Traverse tables use three values for each of the crooked course segments – the Distance (Dist.), Difference of Latitude (D.Lat., movement along N–S axis) and the Departure (Dep., movement along E–W axis), the latter two calculated by the formulas: Difference of latitude = distance × cos θ Departure = distance × sin θ where θ is the angular difference of the course from the N–S axis if the values of θ are less than 45°; if, however, the angle exceeds 45°, then θ is expressed as the angle of difference from the E–W axis, and the formulas are flipped, i.e. the Difference of Latitude formula becomes the Departure, and the Departure formula is the Difference of Latitude). Or, even more simply, calculate θ as the angle of difference from the nearest principal wind (N, S, E, W), run the formulas and then place the larger number in the appropriate column (D.Lat. or Dep.). For each course segment, the navigator inserts the relevant trio (Dist., D.Lat., Dep.) and can calculate the implied bearing from the beginning to the endpoint and the distance made good on that bearing. He then combines, by addition and subtraction, all the differences of latitude and departure, to get the overall difference of latitude and departure, and converts that back to overall bearing and distance made good. Manuscript sources Ramon Llull's suggestive 1295 remarks aside, the earliest known reference to marteloio is dated 1390, in the inventory of the estate of the mother of a certain Oberto Foglieto of Genoa, where an entry reads unum martelogium....item carta una pro navegando. The first clear appearance and explanation is the 1436 atlas of Venetian captain Andrea Bianco. Other early manuscripts have since been found relating the rule of marteloio, include: Toleta de marteloio and an eight-wind tondo e quadro, from p. 47 of the Cornaro Atlas (c. 1489) an anonymous 15th-century Venetian codex, post-1428, once part of the collection of Doge Marco Foscarini, now lost. the Liber of Venetian mariner Michael of Rhodes (c. 1434–36) (Ms. in private collection) the Adriatic portolano of Grazioso Benincasa of Ancona, compiled 1435–45 (Ms. at Biblioteca comunale Luciano Benincasa in Ancona, Italy). the Venetian portolano manuscript Alcune raxion de marineri by Pietro di Versi, c. 1444 (Ms.It.IV. 170 at Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice, Italy) The Libro of Venetian naval trumpeter known as Zorzi Trombetta of Modone, dated c. 1444–49 (Cotton MS. Titus A.XXVI at the British Library in London, UK) Anonymous Venetian manuscript known as Arte Veneziana del Navigare, c. 1444–45 (Ms. C.M.17 at the Biblioteca del Museo Civico de Padova in Padua, Italy). Ragioni antique spettanti dall'arte del mare et fabriche de vasselli (Ms. NVT 19, at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, UK). Cornaro Atlas, a c. 1489 copy of an earlier manuscript, (Ms.Egerton 73 at the British Library in London) 15th-century anonymous Venetian portolano (Ms. 3345* (Fosc.307) at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (ÖNB) in Vienna, Austria) Notes ^ Nordenskiöld (1897: p.51ff); Ruge (1900: p.177). ^ Kelley (1995: p. 2) ^ This was forwarded by Giuseppe Toaldo (1782: p. 44) ^ This was proposed by Desimoni (1888: p. 15) ^ Morelli (1810: p.42). Morelli's interpretation is cited already by Formaleoni (1783: p.28). ^ This was proposed by Fincati, as reported by Albertis (1893) ^ This is proposed by Breusing (1881: p. 130) ^ Taylor (1956); Parry (1974) ^ Aczel (2001: p.76) ^ Kelley (1995: p.12). This is slightly different from the later chip log, where the wood was tied to a rope with regularly spaced knots; the rope was allowed to unspool freely until a sandglass ran out, and the "knots" counted up in the aftermath. The chip log was first mentioned by William Bourne in 1574. ^ Taylor (1956: p.123, 159, 167); Parry (1974: p.37) ^ Taylor (1956: p.116ff.) Taylor (1960: p.10) ^ Van Brunnelen (2010, p.67) ^ Llull Arbor Scientiae (1295, (1635 Latin ed.):p.570 See also Edson (2007: p.51) and Cotter (1978:p.5) ^ This interpretation is originally due to Taylor (1956: pp. 117–19). See also Cortesão (1969: v. 1, pp. 206–7), Cotter (1978: pp. 6–7) and Campbell (1987: pp. 441–42). ^ Ramom Llull, 1517 ed., Part 10, "De Navigatione", fo. 93, p. 213. See also Cotter (1978: p. 7) ^ "To a mathematician familiar with contemporary mathematical knowledge and practice, it is quite clear that Lull did not fully understand what he was writing about. He used his shipboard observations during his travels to support transcendental ideas about the circle, triangle and square. His value is as a witness to late-thirteenth century mariners doing vector navigations with chart or plotting board." (Kelley, 1995: p. 3) ^ Taylor (1960: p. 10) ^ Taylor (1956: p. 114); Kelley (1995: p. 3); Vernet (2008) ^ For a transcription of Bianco's 1436 instructions, see Formaleoni (1783: p.30) or Gelgich (1892: p.73) ^ The Toleta we replicate here is the version of Michael of Rhodes (McGee et al., p.48b). Bianco's original table contains some small errors – specifically in the ritorno column, Bianco mistakenly inserts 14 rather than 12 in the fifth row (q = 5); in the avanzo di ritorno column, Bianco gives 51⁄10 instead of 21⁄5 in the seventh row and 8 instead of 10 in the eighth row. Gelgich (1892: p.74). It is possible that by the "51⁄10" entry, Bianco meant to write "1/5th of 10" = 2 (the number often given in modern reproductions of the toleta, e.g. Vernet, 2008)). The 21⁄5 is given only in the toleta version of Michael of Rhodes. The version in the Foscarini letter, that entry is given as 19⁄10 9/10 (Toaldo, 1782: p.43). ^ Vernet (2008) ^ As quoted in Gelgich (1892: p.73) ^ This is clearly shown in the book of Michael of Rhodes, where commercial and navigational calculations follow one another. See the Michael of Rhodes website. ^ Taylor (1960: p.12) ^ Formaleoni (1783: p. 35), Cotter (1978: (p. 10) ^ Kelley (1995) ^ Taylor (1956: p. 116; 1960: p. 14) ^ Kelley (1995: p. 3) ^ The Michael of Rhodes website shows various sort of problems Michael considered. ^ See Michael of Rhodes p.48a and 48b ^ Taylor (1956), Albuquerque (1970), Parry (1974), Randles (1998) ^ Taylor (1956: pp. 163–4); Cotter (1978: p.11) ^ Diffie and Winius (1977: p.141); Parry (1974: p.149) ^ Parry (pp. 149–50). One Portuguese league was four Italian miles. In modern nautical measures, one degree is 20 leagues, and one league is three nautical miles, thus 60 nautical miles to the degree. ^ See Cotter (1978: p.13) ^ Albuquerque (1973:p. 231) ^ For an example of a traverse table, see Gunmere (1822) Mathematical Tables, online. ^ Merrifield (1883: p. 58) ^ For applications, see Merrifield (1883: p. 61) ^ This is reproduced in Albertis (1893: p. 118). See also Cortesão (1969: p.209 ^ This list is based on Rossi (2009: p.11) ^ It is described by Abbot Giuseppe Toaldo (1782: p.44); the date is definitely after 1428, since it contains a tract by Venetian captain-general Andrea Mocenigo from that time. Toaldo (p.60) tentatively speculates it may have been introduced as late as 1463 by Regiomontanus, but that is inconsistent with all other earlier manuscript dates. However, Toaldo, writing in 1782, would not have been aware of them (although he does make a note that an "interesting" 1436 atlas (Andrea Bianco's) was just discovered that year by Formaleoni). ^ The manuscript is reproduced in Long, P.I., D. McGee and A.M. Stahl (2009). It can also be found online at the Michael of Rhodes website hosted by the Museo Galileo. Rossi (2009: p.xxxii–iii) suggests 1434–6 as the dating of the writing of the mathematical section, which includes the marteloio, although the rest of the book would continue to be written through the 1440s. ^ Kretschmer (1909: pp. 358–9) ^ This is described by Jacopo Morelli (1810: p.41). Rossi (2009) claims this was actually written by Michael of Rhodes, not Pietro di Versi. ^ The Vienna portolano manuscript 3345* (note asterisk) has a section entitled ""De arte navigandi dicta Martiloro" on pp. 37–38, according to description of 3345* in 1868 Tabulae codicum manuscriptorum praeter Graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi asservatorum, vol. 2, p. 264. See entry at manuscripta.at and entry at Verzeichnis der italienischsprachigen Handschriften in der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek (here) External Resources Altante Bianco, 1436 at Internetculturale.it; Higher resolution at Geoweb.sbn.venezia.it. McGee, D. et al. (2003 onwards) Michael of Rhodes: A medieval mariner and his manuscript website (accessed July 20, 2011). (originally hosted by Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology at M.I.T., now hosted by Museo Galileo Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence, Italy) References Aczel, A.D. (2001) The Riddle of the Compass: the invention that changed the world New York: Harcourt. Albertis, E.A. (1893) Le construzioni navale e l'arte della navigazione al tempo di Cristoforo Colombo, Pat IV, vol. 1 of Raccolta di Documenti e Studi pubblicati dalla Reale Commissione Colombiana pel quarto Centenario della scoperta dell'America. Rome: Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione. Albuquerque, L. de (1970) "A navegação astronômica", in A. Cortesão, editor, 1969–70, História da cartografia portuguesa, vol. 2. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, p. (as reprinted in 1975, Estudos de História, Vol. 3. Coimbra: UC Biblioteca Geral online) Albuquerque, Luís de (1973) "O Tratado de Tordesilhas e dificuldades técnicas da sua aplicação rigorosa" in El Tratado de Tordesillas y su Proyeccion, vol. 1, pp. 119–366. (As reprinted in 1974, Estudos de História, Vol. 2. Coimbra: UC Biblioteca Geral. pp. 221p56 Breusing, A. (1881) "La toleta de Martelojo und die loxodromischen Karten", Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Geographie, vol. II, Pt. 1 (pp. 129–33), Pt.2 (pp. 180–95). Brummelen, G. (2010) "Clear Sailing with Trigonometry" in D. Jardine and A. Shell-Gellasch, editors, Mathematical Time Capsules: Historical modules for the mathematics classroom. Mathematical Association of America. Campbell, T. (1987) "Portolan charts from the late thirteenth century to 1500", in J.B. Harley and D. Woodward, editors, The History of Cartography, Vol. 1 – Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 371–63 online (PDF) Cortesão, A. (1969) History of Portuguese Cartography. Coimbra: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar Cotter, C.H. (1978) "Early tabular, graphical and instrumental, methods for solving problems of plane sailing", Revista da Universidade de Coimbra, Vol. 26, pp. 3–20 offprint D'Avezac, M.A.P. Marquis (1874) Aperçus historiques sur la rose des vents: lettre à Monsieur Henri Narducci. Rome: Civelli online Desimoni, C. (1888) "Le carte nautiche italiane del Medio Evo, a proposito di un libro del prof. Fischer", Atti della Società ligure di storia patria, vol. 19, pp. 225–66. Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius (1977) Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580 Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Edson, E. (2007) The World Map, 1300–1492: the persistence of tradition and transformation. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Formaleoni, Vicenzio (1783) Saggio sulla Nautica antica de' Veneziani, con una illustrazione d'alcune carte idrografiche antiché della Biblioteca di S. Marco, che dimonstrano l'isole Antille prima della scoperta di Cristoforo Colombo. Venice. online Gelcich, E. (1892) "I primi passi della scienza nautica", Rivista Marittima, Vol. 25, pp. 71–102 Kelley, J.E. (2000) Analog and digital navigation in the late Middle Ages, Melrose Park, Pa.: Sometime Publishers Kelley, J.E. (1995) "Perspectives on the Origins and Use of Portolan Charts", Cartographica, vol. 32 (3), pp. 1–16. online Kretschmer, K. (1909) Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie und Nautik. Berlin: Mittler und Sohn Long, P.I., D. McGee and A.M. Stahl, editors, (2009) The Book of Michael of Rhodes: A fifteenth-century manuscript. 3 volumes, Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press. Masiero, F. (1984) "La raxon de marteloio", Studi veneziani, vol. 8, pp. 393–412. Merrifield, J. (1883) Treatise on Navigation. London: Spottiswoode. online Morelli, Jacopo (1810) Lettera rarissima di Cristoforo Colombo. Bassano: Stamperia Remondiniana online Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1897) Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions, tr. Frances A. Bather, Stockholm: Norstedt. Parry, J.H. (1974) The Discovery of the Sea, 1984 edition, Berkeley: University of California Press. online Ramon Llull (1305) Ars magna generalis et ultima, 1517 edition, online, esp. Part 10, "De Navigatione", fo. 93, p.213 Ramon Llull (1295) L'arbre de ciència, 1635 Latin ed: Arbor scientiæ venerabilis et cælitvs illuminati patris Ravmvndi Lvllii Maiorieensis Lyons: Pillehotte. online Randles, W.G.L. "(1998) The Emergence of Nautical Astronomy in Portugal in the XVth Century", Journal of Navigation, Vol. 51, pp. 46–57. Rossi, F. (2009) "Introduction" to Volume 2 of Long, McGee and Stalh, editors, Book of Michael of Rhodes. (online) Ruge, S. (1900) "Der Periplus Nordenskiölds", Deutsche geographische Blätter Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 161–228 Sezgin, F. (2007) Mathematical Geography and Cartography in Islam and Their Continuation in the Occident. Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science Taylor, E.G.R. (1950) "Five Centuries of Dead Reckoning", Journal of Navigation, Vol. 3, pp. 280–85. Taylor, E.G.R. (1956) The Haven-Finding Art: A history of navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook, 1971 ed., London: Hollis and Carter. Taylor, E.G.R. (1960) "Mathematics and the Navigator in the Thirteenth Century", Journal of Navigation, Vol. 13, pp. 1–12. Toaldo, Giuseppe (1782) "Lettera a sua Eccellenza il. Sig. Cav. Giacopo Nani, contenente la spiegazione d'un antica Regola di navigare practicata da' Veneziani, Saggi di studi Veneti Venice: Storti. pp. 40–61 Vernet, J. (2008) "The Scientific World of the Crown of Aragon under James I" in Ramon Llull and Islam, the beginning of dialogue. Barcelona: IEMed., pp. 99–114. Waters, D.W. (1988) "Reflections Upon Some Navigational and Hydrographic Problems of the XVIth Century Related to the voyage of Bartolomeu Dias", Revista da Universidade de Coimbra, Vol. 34, pp. 275 347. offprint	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tondo_e_quadro_(Bianco,_1436).jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bianco_(cartographer)"},{"link_name":"1436 atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianco_world_map"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"navigational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass"},{"link_name":"distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance"},{"link_name":"trigonometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor"},{"link_name":"courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_(navigation)"},{"link_name":"triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic"},{"link_name":"dividers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividers"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"astronomical navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigation"}],"text":"The tondo e quadro (circle and square) from Andrea Bianco's 1436 atlasThe rule of marteloio is a medieval technique of navigational computation that uses compass direction, distance and a simple trigonometric table known as the toleta de marteloio. The rule told mariners how to plot the traverse between two different navigation courses by means of resolving triangles with the help of the Toleta and basic arithmetic.Those uncomfortable with manipulating numbers could resort to the visual tondo e quadro (circle-and-square) and achieve their answer with dividers. The rule of marteloio was commonly used by Mediterranean navigators during the 14th and 15th centuries, before the development of astronomical navigation.","title":"Rule of marteloio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"Venetian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bianco"},{"link_name":"A.E. Nordenskiöld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld"},{"link_name":"hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer"},{"link_name":"ship's bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_bell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"change of the watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_system"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pilot"},{"link_name":"bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(navigation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The etymology comes from the Venetian language. In his 1436 atlas, Venetian captain and cartographer Andrea Bianco introduced a table of numbers which he called the toleta de marteloio (\"table of marteloio\"), and the method of using it as the raxon de marteloio (\"reason of marteloio\").The meaning of marteloio itself is uncertain. The most widely accepted hypothesis, first forwarded by A.E. Nordenskiöld, is that marteloio relates to \"hammer\" (\"martelo\" in Venetian), referring to the small hammer that was used to hit the on-board ship's bell to mark the passage of time.[1] It has been suggested that the -oio suffix implies that marteloio meant not quite the hammer itself nor the hammerer, but rather \"the hammering\", intending to indicate \"the hammering, the din, the racket\" from the change of the watch every four hours. As there were many hands on deck during a change of the watch, it would be an opportune moment for the ship's pilot to order a change in bearing (if necessary).[2]Alternative hypotheses (not nearly as accepted) are that \"marteloio\" is a corruption of mari logio (meaning \"rule of the sea\"),[3] or from mare tela (meaning \"sea network\"),[4] or that it derives from the Greek homartologium (όμαρτόλογίον, meaning \"companion piece\"),[5] or from the Greek imeralogium (ήμερόλογίον, meaning \"daily calculation\")[6] or that it might be from the northern French matelot, which in turn comes from Breton martolod (meaning \"sailors\").[7]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_ship_and_compass_(Mandeville).jpg"},{"link_name":"Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeville%27s_Travels"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"geographical coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_coordinates"},{"link_name":"celestial navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"mariner's compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner%27s_compass"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"dead reckoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_reckoning"},{"link_name":"hour-glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour-glass"},{"link_name":"chip log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_log"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg"},{"link_name":"portolan chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_chart"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"portolano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolano"},{"link_name":"periplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus"},{"link_name":"rutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"portolan charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_charts"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_rose"},{"link_name":"rhumb lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_lines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:32-point_compass_(traditional_winds).svg"},{"link_name":"compass rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_rose"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"compass rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_rose"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"geographical coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_coordinates"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"tacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)"}],"text":"15th-century mariner consulting a compass aboard ship (from John Mandeville's Travels, 1403)The \"rule of marteloio\" was used in European navigation in the Middle Ages, most notably in the Mediterranean Sea between the 14th and 16th centuries, although it may have older roots. It was an integral part of navigation by \"compass and chart\", before the advent of geographical coordinates and the development of celestial navigation in Europe.[8]Medieval navigation relied on two parameters, direction and distance. On board ship, direction was determined by the mariner's compass (which emerged around 1300).[9] Distance was measured by dead reckoning, (i.e., distance = speed × time), where time was measured by a half-hour-glass, and speed readings were taken with by some form of a chip log (the archaic method, used in the 14th and 15th centuries, involved heaving a piece of wood or flotsam overboard; the crew engaged in a rhythmic chant to mark the time it took for the chip to float past the length of the ship).[10]Anonymous Genoese portolan chart from c. 1325 to c. 1350. (Library of Congress, Washington DC)Plotting a course required knowing the compass direction and distance between point A and point B. Knowledge of where ports lay relative to each other was acquired by navigators by long experience at sea. This information was sometimes collected and written down in a pilot's handbook, known as a portolano (\"port book\", in Italian, equivalent to the Greek periplus, the Portuguese roteiro and the English rutter). These handbooks were used to construct a class of nautical maps known as portolan charts. Portolan charts began being produced in Genoa in the late 13th century, and soon spread to Venice and Majorca. Portolan charts were not gridded by longitude and latitude lines, but rather by a web of compass rhumb lines, giving mariners an idea of only the distance and direction between places.32-wind compass rose with traditional names (and traditional color code).By a handbook or a portolan chart, a navigator could see immediately that, for example, Pisa lay 85 miles southeast (\"Scirocco\" in the traditional compass rose nomenclature) of Genoa, and so a ship that set out from Genoa to Pisa would simply maintain that bearing for that distance. However, most sailing courses were not nearly that neat. A mariner wishing to sail from Majorca to Naples could tell the latter was due east (\"Levante\") by some 600 miles – but the island of Sardinia lies in the way, therefore the ship's bearing must be changed along the route. This is easier said than done, as geographical coordinates did not exist during this era. The only way to determine the exact position of the ship at sea would be to calculate via past bearing and distance travelled.[11]Islands were a predictable obstacle – circumventing Sardinia would be simply a matter of sailing southeast for a set distance then changing the bearing to northeast (\"Greco\") for the remainder. More problematic is if the ship were blown off its intended route by fitful winds, or had to engage in tacking, changing bearing repeatedly. How does it return to its intended course? This is where the rule of marteloio came in.","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_(navigation)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marteloio_on_chart.jpg"},{"link_name":"solving a triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_of_triangles"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"law of sines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_sines"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The rule of marteloio addressed the problem of changing bearing at sea. More specifically, it helped a navigator plot the traverse from one navigational course to another.[12] For example, suppose a ship was to sail from Corsica to Genoa, a course bearing straight north (\"Tramontana\") for some 130 miles. But the winds are not cooperative, and the ship was forced to sail northwest (\"Maestro\") for some 70 miles. How does it return to its original route? Re-setting its bearing to northeast (\"Greco\") seems sensible enough, but how long should it sail on that bearing? How would a navigator know when the ship had reached its old route and should turn north again? How to avoid overshooting or undershooting the old course?The traverse problem: intended course AB (bearing N), actual course AC (bearing NW). Calculating the ritorno (distance on return course CD, bearing NE) and avanzo (distance made good on intended course) is a matter of solving the triangle ACDThis is a mathematical problem of solving a triangle. If a navigator knows how long the ship has sailed on the erroneous course, he can calculate its current distance from its intended course, and estimate how long it must sail back on a new bearing until it recovers its old course. In the Corsica-to-Genoa example, there is an implied triangle ACD, with one side given (AC = 70 miles on actual NW course), a 45° angle at A (angle of difference between actual course NW and intended course N) and another angle of 90° at C (angle of difference between actual course NW and return course NE). The challenge to the navigator is to find how long one must sail on the NE return course (the length of side CD, what is called the ritorno) and how far one has advanced on the intended course by the time one straightens out (the length of the hypotenuse AD, or what is called the total avanzo).This is elementary trigonometry, solving for two sides given one side (70) and two angles (45° and 90°). This is quickly done by applying the law of sines:70\n \n miles\n \n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n D\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n ritorno\n \n sin\n ⁡\n 45\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n avanzo\n \n sin\n ⁡\n 90\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {70{\\text{ miles}}}{\\sin D}}={\\frac {\\text{ritorno}}{\\sin 45}}={\\frac {\\text{avanzo}}{\\sin 90}}}yielding up the solutions ritorno = 70 miles and total avanzo = 98.99 miles. This means that if the ship bears NE from its current position (C), it will reach its original intended course after 70 miles of sailing on the NE bearing. By the time it reaches its junction point (D), it will have covered 98.99 miles of its original intended course. There it can straighten its bearing N and sail the remaining 30 miles or so to Genoa.Unfortunately, Medieval sailors with the rudimentary educational levels of the 14th and 15th centuries, were not likely to know the Law of Sines or manipulate it with ease.[13] As a result, Medieval navigators needed simpler and more accessible method of calculation.","title":"The traverse problem"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramon Llull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"cosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marteloio_of_Ramon_Llull.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ramon Lull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Lull"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"right-angled triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-angled_triangle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trigonometry"},{"link_name":"Arab mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trigonometry#Islamic_mathematics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Jewish communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorcan_Jews"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Ramon Llull's \"miliaria\"","text":"The scholar-cleric Ramon Llull of Majorca, was the first writer to refer to a rule to solve the traverse problem of navigation. In his Arbor Scientiae (1295), in the section of questions on geometry, Llul writes:How do mariners measure miles at sea (miliaria in mari)? Mariners consider the four general winds, that is to say the eastern, western, northern and southern, and also another four winds that lie between them, grec (NE), exaloch (SE), lebeg (SW) and maestre (NW). And they look carefully at the center of the circle in which the winds (rhumbs) meet at angles; they consider when a ship travels by the East wind (levant) 100 miles from the center, how many miles it would make on the southeast (exaloch) wind; and for 200 miles, they double the number by multiplying and then they know how many miles there are from the end of each 100 miles in an easterly direction to the corresponding point in a southeasterly direction. And for this they have this instrument [a mathematical table?] and a chart, rutter, needle and the pole star.\"[14]What Llull seems to be trying to explain is that a ship actually sailing E, but intending to sail SE, it can figure out how much of its intended southeastward distance it has already made good – what Italians called the \"avanzar\", but Lull seems to call the \"miliaria in mari\". Llull does not explain exactly how, but refers only to an \"instrument\", presumably some sort of trigonometric table. Lull is implying that mariners can calculate the miliaria on the intended course by multiplying the distance actually sailed on the erroneous course by the cosine of the angle between the two routes.[15]Ramon Lull's miliaria in mari, from his 1295 example.Miliaria in mari = distance sailed × cos(θ)where θ is the angle of difference between the two routes.Using Lull's example, a ship that intended to sail southeast (\"Exaloch\" is Catalan for \"Scirocco\") but was instead forced to sail east (\"Levant\"), then the angle of difference is θ = 45°. After 100 miles on the erroneous route, the miliaria on the intended route is 100 × cos 45° = 70.71. Doubling the sailing on the erroneous route to 200 miles will double the miliaria on the intended route to 141.42 miles (= 200 cos 45°).(Diagramatically, Lull's miliaria in mari is measured by constructing a right-angled triangle by running a cord from the distance sailed on the actual course to the intended course, meeting the latter at a 90° angle).Llull is a little more explicit in his Ars magna generalis et ultima (written c. 1305).[16] Reversing his example, with a ship actually sailing Southeast but intending to sail East, Llull notes that for every four miles on the southeast bearing, it \"gains three miles\" (2.83 actually) on the intended eastward route. Thus, Lull notes, the ship \"loses 25 miles\" (29 actually) of its intended course for every 100 miles it sails on the current course.Notice that in his passages, Ramon Lull is not recommending the rule, but reporting it, insinuating that this rule was already known and used by contemporary sailors in practice.[17] This is perhaps unsurprising – although trigonometry was only in its infancy in Christian Europe, sine and cosine tables were already known in Arab mathematics.[18] The Kingdom of Majorca, under Muslim rule until the 1230s, remained a multicultural center in Lull's time, with flourishing Jewish communities, many of whom dabbled in mathematics and astronomy, and whose seafarers had extensive contact across the Mediterranean Sea.[19] That Majorcan navigators had some sort of trigonometric table at hand is not improbable. Nonetheless, the exact content and layout of this table implied by Ramon Llull in 1295 is uncertain.","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toleta_de_marteloio_(Bianco,_1436).jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bianco"},{"link_name":"portolan atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_chart"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bianco"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"quarter winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_wind"},{"link_name":"quarter-winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter-winds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marteloio_alargar.jpg"},{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_rose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marteloio_ritorno.jpg"},{"link_name":"right-angled triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-angled_triangle"},{"link_name":"trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"sine table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_tables"}],"sub_title":"Andrea Bianco's \"toleta\"","text":"The toleta de marteloio from Andrea Bianco's 1436 atlasWe get our first glimpse of a mariner's trigonometric table more than a century after Llull. In the first folio of his 1436 portolan atlas, the Venetian captain Andrea Bianco explains the raxon de marteloio, how to calculate the traverse and recover the course. He lays out a simple trigonometric table he calls the toleta de marteloio and recommends that mariners commit the table to memory.[20]The toleta de marteloio is set out as follows:[21]The numbers in the Toleta can be approximated by the modern formulas:[22]Alargar = 100 × sin (q × 11.25)\nAvanzar = 100 × cos (q × 11.25)\nRitorno = 10 / sin (q × 11.25)\nAvanzo di ritorno = 10 / tan (q × 11.25)where q = number of quarter winds (angle of difference expressed in number of quarter winds). The numbers work with quarter-winds set at 11.25° intervals, or 11°15', the usual definition of a quarter wind.The Toleta is a simple table with several columns of numbers. In the first column is the angle of difference between the actual and intended courses, expressed by number of quarter-winds. Once that difference is determined, the second column gives the Alargar (the \"Widening\", the current distance the ship is from the intended course) while the third column tells the Avanzar (the \"Advance\", how much of the distance on the intended course has already been covered by sailing on the current bearing – this is equivalent of Ramon Llull's miliaria di mari). The Alargar and Avanzar numbers are shown on the Bianco's table for 100 miles of sailing on the current course.Calculating alargar and avanzar from Bianco's Toleta.Example: suppose a ship intended to sail bearing east (\"Levante\") from point A to point B. But suppose that winds forced it to sail on a southeast-by-east course (SEbE, \"Quarto di Scirocco verso Levante\"). Southeast-by-east is three quarter winds (or 33.75°) away from east (on a 32-point compass, in order of quarter-winds away from east, 1 quarter is east-by-south, 2 quarters is East-southeast, 3 quarters is southeast-by-east). That means that the navigator should consult the third row, q = 3, on the toleta.Suppose the ship sailed 100 miles on the SE-by-E bearing. To check his distance from the intended eastward course, the mariner will read the corresponding entry on the alargar column and immediately see he is 55 miles away from the intended course. The avanzar column informs him that having sailed 100 miles on the current SEbE course, he has covered 83 miles of the intended E course.The next step is to determine how to return to the intended course. Continuing the example, to get back to the intended Eastward course, our mariner has to re-orient the ship's bearing in a northeasterly direction. But there are various northeasterly angles – NbE, NNE, NE, ENE, etc. The mariner has a choose the bearing – if he returns by a sharp angle (e.g. North by east), he will return to the intended course faster than at a more gentle gradient (e.g. East by north). Whichever angle he chooses, he must deduce exactly how long he must sail on that bearing in order to reach his old course. If he sails too long, he risks overshooting it.Calculating the ritorno and avanzo di ritornoCalculating the return course is what the last three columns of the toleta are for. In the fourth column, the return angles are expressed as quarters from the intended course bearing (not the current course bearing). In our example, the mariner intended to go east, but has been sailing southeast-by-east for 100 miles. Given the winds, he decides it is best to return to the original course by re-orienting the ship east-northeast (ENE, \"Greco-Levante\"). ENE is two quarter-winds above the intended bearing, East, so now he looks at second row (\"quarters = 2\") on the fourth column of the table.The fifth column is the ritorno, the distance he must travel on the chosen return angle to recover the original course. Given he has chosen to return by ENE bearing (q = 2), then he must read the second row of the ritorno column, which shows the number 26. This represents the required number of miles he must travel on ENE bearing for every 10 miles he deviated. Remember, his alargar (distance from intended course) was 55 miles. So in order to return to his intended course he must travel 5.5 × 26 = 143 miles on ENE. In other words, he needs to hold his ENE bearing for 143 miles; once that distance is traveled, he should straighten his ship east, and he will be exactly back on the intended course.The sixth and final column (avanzo di ritorno) gives the length on the intended course he has made good by his return travel. This is also expressed in terms per 10 miles alargar. His alargar was 55, and his angle of return was ENE (thus q = 2), that means his avanzo di ritorno is 5.5 × 24 = 132. In other words, if everything goes right, and our mariner holds his ENE bearing for 143 miles (ritorno), then during that return, he will have covered an additional 132 miles on his intended eastward course (avanzo di ritorno).Finally, to calculate the total distance made good (total avanzo) on the eastward bearing by his whole adventure, he must add the avanzar during the deviation (83 miles) plus the avanzo di ritorno (132 miles). Thus on the whole, he has covered 83 + 132 = 215 miles on the intended course. Measuring that distance on the map from the starting point (A), the mariner can figure out his exact current position.This is the simplest use of the toleta de marteloio. It is, at root, a trigonometric table. However, it does not tackle the traverse problem in one go, like the Law of Sines, but rather splits the problem into two right-angled triangles which it proceeds to solve successively. Modern trigonometry would dispense with the step of calculating the alargar, and calculate the ritorno directly – but for that, one needs to be armed with a full sine table. The toleta is a rather simple table, easy to consult and perform calculations with, and sufficiently compact to be memorized by navigators (as Bianco recommends).","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"Rule of Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_three_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"multiplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"fractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"abacus schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus_school"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Rule of three","text":"The toleta de marteloio is expressed for nice round numbers, 100 and 10. But, in practice, a ship would not usually sail 100 miles before trying to return, but some other distance, say 65 miles. To calculate this is a simple problem of solving ratios. For example, if the ship had sailed 65 miles on southeast-by-east, then calculating the alargar from the intended Eastward course is simply a matter of solving the following for x:55\n 100\n \n \n =\n \n \n x\n 65\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {55}{100}}={\\frac {x}{65}}}where 55 is the alargar for 100 miles (as given in the second column of the table at q = 3). This is easily done by the simple \"Rule of Three\", a method of cross-multiplication, using three numbers to solve for the fourth by successive multiplication and division:x = 65 × 55 ÷ 100So, sailing for 65 miles on SE by E implies alargar = x = 35.75 miles. The avanzar, etc. can be figured out analogously.While the \"rule of three\" was already known in the 14th century, skill in executing multiplication and division could be elusive for Medieval sailors drawn from what was a largely illiterate society. Nonetheless, it was not inaccessible. As Andrea Bianco urged, navigators should \"know how to multiply well and divide well\" (\"saver ben moltiplichar e ben partir\")[23] It is here where we see the important interface of commerce and navigation. The mathematics of commerce – Arabic numerals, multiplication, division, fractions, the tools needed to calculate purchases and sales of goods and other commercial transactions – was essentially the same as the mathematics of navigation.[24] And this kind of mathematics was taught at the abacus schools which were set up in the 13th century in the commercial centers of northern Italy to train the sons of merchants, the very same class where Italian navigators were drawn from. As historian E.G.R. Taylor notes, \"sailors were the first professional group to use mathematics in their everyday work\"[25]","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tondo_e_quadro_(basic_features).jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bianco"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"compass rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_rose"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"rhumb lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_lines"},{"link_name":"Cornaro Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornaro_Atlas"},{"link_name":"compass rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_rose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marteloio_grid_scale.jpg"},{"link_name":"bar scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_scale"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tondo_e_quadro_detail_(Bianco,_1436).jpg"},{"link_name":"dividers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tondo_e_quadro_(calculation).jpg"},{"link_name":"straightedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straightedge"},{"link_name":"right-angled triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-angled_triangle"},{"link_name":"sine quadrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_quadrant"},{"link_name":"plumb line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb_line"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Circle and square","text":"Reproduction of the basic features of the tondo e quadroFor those troubled by the high art of manipulating numbers, there was an alternative. This was the visual device known as the \"circle and square\" (tondo e quadro), also supplied by Andrea Bianco in his 1436 atlas.[26]The circle was a 32-wind compass rose (or gathering of rhumb-lines). The circle was inscribed with an 8 × 8 square grid.The compass rose in the center can be overlooked – indeed, the circle itself can be ignored, as it seems to have no other purpose than the construction of the rays that run across the grid.[27] The rose of interest is in the upper left corner of the square grid. From that corner, emanate a series of compass rhumb lines. In his original 1436 tondo e quadro, Bianco has sixteen emanating rays – that is, Bianco includes half-quarter winds, or eighth-winds (otava), so that the emanating rays are at intervals of 5.625 degrees. Other constructions of the circle-and-square, e.g. the Cornaro Atlas, use only eight rays emanating at quarter-wind distances (11.25 degrees). Visually, these rays replicate the bottom right quarter of a 32-wind compass rose: East (0q), E by S (1q), ESE (2q), SE by E (3q), SE (4q), SE by S (5q), SSE (6q), S by E (7q) and South (8q).Reproduction of the bar scale of Bianco's tondo e quadroAbove the grid is a distance bar scale, notched with sub-units. There are two sets of numbers on the scale, one for measuring each grid square by 20 miles, another for measuring each grid square by 100 miles (see diagram).[28] The top bar is the 20m-per-square scale, with every black dot denoting one mile. The bottom bar is the 100m-per-square scale, where the length of a unit square is divided into two equal 50m sub-squares, and a set of dots and red lines break it down further into lengths of 10 miles. So depending on which scale one chooses, the length of the side of the entire grid (eight squares) could be measured up to 160 miles (using the 20 m-per-square scale) or up to 800 miles (using the 100m-per-square scale).Detail of Bianco's tondo e quadroThe cherub with the dividers suggests how a navigator is supposed to use the grid to calculate alargar and avanzar by visual measurement rather than manipulating numbers.Solving a triangle with the tondo e quadroExample: suppose the ship has travelled 120 miles at two quarter-winds below the intended course (e.g. traveled at ESE, when the intended course is East). Using the dividers and the 20m scale, the navigator can measure out 120 miles with his dividers. Then setting one end at the top left corner (A), he lays out the dividers along the ESE ray (= two quarter-winds below the East ray, or horizontal top of the grid) and marks the spot (point B on the diagram). Then using a straightedge ruler draws a line up to the East ray, and marks the corresponding spot C.It is easy to see immediately that a right-angled triangle ABC has been created. The length BC is the alargar (distance from intended course), which can be measured as 46 miles (this can be visually seen as two grid squares plus a bit, that is 20m + 20m and a little bit which can be assessed as 6m by using the dividers and the 20m bar scale). The length AC is the avanzar (distance made good), which is 111 miles – visually, five grid squares and a bit, or (20 × 5) + 11, measured by dividers and scale again.This is how the \"circle and square\" dispenses manipulating numbers by multiplication and division or the rule of three. The navigator can assess the avanzar and alargar visually, by measurement alone.This method can be used for any intended bearing and deviation, as the only purpose is to solve the triangle by dividers and scale. e.g. using our first Corsica-to-Genoa example, where intended bearing was North but the ship actually sailed Northwest, the navigator would set the dividers at length 70 miles and lay it along the fourth quarter wind (= SE ray in the tondo e quadro, as NW is four quarter winds away from North). He would calculate the alargar and avanzar in exactly the same way – draw a line to the horizontal top of the grid, measure the squares, etc.The tondo e quadro device is very similar to the Arab sine quadrant (Rubul mujayyab), with the corner rays replicating the role of the adjustable plumb line.[29]","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"While the toleta de marteloio (and its visual counterpart, the tondo e quadro) are designed for the explicit task of recovering an intended course, they can be used in more ways, for many classes of navigational problems, e.g. plotting out a course with multiple-bearing changes, etc.[30]","title":"Other applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation"},{"link_name":"Michael of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_of_Rhodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marteloio_landmark_triangulation.gif"}],"sub_title":"Triangulation","text":"One of the interesting applications of the rule of marteloio is for triangulation, e.g. determining the distance of the ship from shore landmark. (This was the final exercise attempted in the notebook of the Venetian navigator Michael of Rhodes, which we replicate here.)[31]Example: Suppose a ship sailing NW (\"Maestro\") spots a landmark due West (\"Ponente\") one evening, but distance unknown. Suppose the ship continues sailing on the NW route overnight, and the next morning, 40 miles later, it notices that landmark is now west-southwest (WSW, \"Ponente-Libeccio\") of its current position. Finding the distance of the landmark from the ship is just an application of the rule of marteloio.Application of the rule of marteloio to estimate the distance between the ship and a shore landmark.To solve the problem, start from the evening position (A on the map) and treat the distance between the ship and the landmark (length AB) as the intended course, and the actual route of the ship (NW) as a deviation. To figure out the distance of the landmark from the ship's position in the morning (C) is a matter of treating the distance BC as the calculated ritorno. Since we need to know the alargar to calculate the ritorno, this is a two-step procedure.First, notice that NW is four quarter-winds above W, so looking up on the toleta, in the q = 4 row, the alargar is 71 miles for every 100 miles on the NW course. But the ship only sailed 40 miles overnight, so we have to solve the ratio 71/100 = x/40, which by the rule of three means x = alargar = 28.4 miles. In other words, by the overnight sailing NW by 40 miles from A to C, the ship is now 28.4 miles away from its \"intended\" Westward course.Now for the ritorno. The landmark, as noted, is WSW of the ship's morning position (C). So to \"return\" to the landmark, the ship must change its bearing from its current NW bearing to a WSW bearing – that is, 6 quarter-winds below NW. However, the toleta specifies quarter winds in terms of \"intended\" direction (in this case, West), and WSW is two quarter winds below West, so we need to look at the q = 2 row. This means the ritorno is 26 miles for every 10 miles alargar. Since the alargar is 28.4, that means the ritorno is 26 × 2.84 = 73.84. And there we have it. The landmark is 73.84 miles away from the ship's morning position.(To complete the story, we might wish to find out the distance that landmark was the evening before (i.e. from point A to landmark B). That is simply a matter of adding the avanzar and the avanzo in ritorno. Quick calculations show the avanzar (@ q = 4, for 40 miles) is 28.4 miles (= 71 × 40/100) and the avanzo di ritorno (@ q = 2 for 28.4 miles alargar), is 2.84 × 24 = 68.16. So total avanzo = 28.4 + 68.16 = 96.56 miles. That was the distance between the landmark and the ship the evening before.)","title":"Other applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tordesillas Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillas_Line"},{"link_name":"meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marteloio_tordesillas.gif"},{"link_name":"Tordesillas Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillas_Line"},{"link_name":"meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(geography)"},{"link_name":"curvature of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"}],"sub_title":"Finding locations","text":"The rule of marteloio can also be used with the avanzar as a target, e.g. suppose a ship sets out with the intention of finding the Tordesillas Line, the meridian legally set in a 1494 treaty at 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. The ship need not set out from Cape Verde and set sail constantly at West bearing to find it. Rather, it can sail out at a more convenient bearing (e.g. SW), and treat West as an \"intended\" course. So using the marteloio rule, it can sail on until the avanzar on the \"intended\" West course reaches 370 leagues.Indeed, it need not even set out from Cape Verde, but can set out from another place, say, Seville, and use the known distance and bearing of Cape Verde (viz. Seville) and the rule of marteloio to calculate when it has finally reached the Tordesillas meridian. This takes a couple of steps. Suppose Cape Verde (B on map) is 400 leagues Southwest of Seville (A on map), but the ship intends to go straight West from Seville to reach the Tordesillas meridian in the open sea. How long does it need to sail?Finding the Tordesillas Line via the rule of marteloioThe way to solve this by the rule of marteloio is to pose the problem in reverse: treat West as intended bearing and SW as the actual course. SW is four quarter-winds below W, so looking up the toleta for q = 4, the avanzar is 71 for every 100 miles sailed. So if a ship sailed 400 leagues on the \"actual\" SW course to Cape Verde, it would achieve an avanzar of 284 leagues (= 71 × 4) on the \"intended\" Westward course. Of course, the ship is not actually sailing SW to Cape Verde, but sailing W into the open sea. In other words, when the ship sets sail West from Seville, it knows it needs to sail 284 leagues on the West bearing before it reaches the implied Cape Verde meridian (point C on map), and should only start counting the 370 leagues to the Tordesillas line thereafter. In other words, it needs to sail a total of 284 + 370 = 654 leagues West of Seville to reach the Tordesillas line (point D on map).While this particular example shows the flexibility of the rule of marteloio, it also shows one of its principal drawbacks: the result completely ignores the curvature of the Earth, i.e. the fact that the longitude meridian lines converge on the North Pole, and thus narrow at higher latitudes. Contrary to what the marteloio suggests, 370 leagues West of Cape Verde is not on the same longitude meridian as 654 leagues West of Seville. Because Seville is well north of Cape Verde, the meridians are clustered closer together at Seville's latitude than at Cape Verde's latitude. A ship sailing west of Seville will, in fact, reach the real Tordesillas meridian (point T on map) well before 654 leagues are sailed (point D).The rule of marteloio has sailors plot routes by drawing plane triangles on a chart, as if the world's surface were flat. While this might be practical enough for sailing confined to the compact latitudes of the Mediterranean Sea, it is quite misleading on a grander scale.","title":"Other applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relation to later rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nautical astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigation"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"William Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bourne_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Martín Cortés de Albacar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_de_Albacar"},{"link_name":"latitude degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude#Degree_length"},{"link_name":"leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)"},{"link_name":"miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"quarter wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_wind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regiment_of_the_leagues.gif"},{"link_name":"Martín Cortés de Albacar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_de_Albacar"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"quadrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"astrolabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Relation to the \"regiment of the leagues\"","text":"In the late 15th and 16th centuries, the improvement of nautical astronomy and the introduction of latitude parallels allowed navigators to determine their position at sea by celestial readings, rather than relying on estimation of distance sailed.[32] The successor of the rule of marteloio was the \"Regiment of the Leagues\" (regimento das léguas), that was used by Portuguese navigators sailing in the Atlantic Ocean. Or, to use the term introduced by William Bourne (1571), the \"Rule to Raise or Lay a Degree\", also known as the \"Table of Leagues\" or the \"Rule for Raising the Pole\".[33] It was first written down in the Portuguese navigation manual Regimento do astrolabio e do quadrante (published in Lisbon c. 1509, but written c. 1480)[34] It was popularized by Martín Cortés de Albacar in his 1551 Breve compendio la esfera y del arte de navegar.The \"Regiment of the Leagues\" is not very different from the rule of marteloio. The Regiment of the Leagues always considers the west-east bearing as the \"intended course\" and measures set deviations from it. More specifically, the league table considers a fixed value of alargar – set at 1 latitude degree (or, in the measurements of the time, 17.5 (Portuguese) leagues, or equivalently 70 (Italian) miles).[35] It then gives for every different quarter wind of sailing direction (always designated as quarters away from the north-south axis, rather than away from the intended course), the relevar and the afastar. The relevar is the number of leagues on the actual course that a ship must sail in order to cover the pre-set 1 degree of latitude (17.5 leagues of alargar from the starting parallel). The afastar is merely the corresponding avanzar on the west-east bearing.Illustration of the \"Regiment of the Leagues\"Example: Suppose a ship sets out on an East-southeast (ESE) bearing. That is six quarter-winds above South (remember: unlike the marteloio, the Regiment of the Leagues always measures quarter-winds away from the north–south meridian). Looking at any regiment of the leagues table (e.g. Martín Cortés de Albacar, 1551),[36] for q = 6, the table gives the relevar as 4511⁄15 leagues and the afastar as 421⁄4 leagues. This means that a ship sailing on the ESE bearing will have to sail 45.73 leagues to cover one degree of latitude (17.5 leagues of alargar from the east bearing, to use the marteloio language), and the corresponding afastar (avanzar in marteloio terms) will be 42.25 leagues.If, instead, the ship had set out on a SE bearing, that is four quarter-winds above South, the corresponding values of the Regiment of the Leagues table at q = 4 are relevar = 243⁄4 and the afastar = 17 1⁄2.Notice that the SE bearing reaches the 1 degree alargar faster (i.e. smaller relevar) than that the ESE bearing, and will have less afastar (closer to the N–S meridian).Mathematically,relevar = 17.5/cos θ\nafastar = 17.5 × tan θwhere θ = 11.25 × number of quarters-winds away from the north-south axis.Despite the difference in terminology, notably the use of latitude degrees, the rule of marteloio and the Regiment of the Leagues are very similar – they are both about solving triangles on a plane chart. The advantage of the regiment over the marteloio is the introduction of latitude parallels in the table, so that the position can be checked by astronomical observation (via quadrant, astrolabe, etc.), and not have to rely wholly on sailor estimations of distance and direction.With the regiment, geographical coordinates can also be used to guide navigation. For instance, the search for the Todesillas line (meridian 370 leagues west of Cape Verde) is much simplified by reference to a precise latitude. For instance, suppose two ships depart from Cape Verde (17° N), one on a West by North bearing (WbN, that is one quarter above West, or q = 7 from North axis), the other by a west-northwest bearing (WNW, two quarters above west, or q = 6 from the North axis). Using the Regiment of the Leagues, it is possible to calculate the precise latitudes when they will cross the Tordesillas meridian – simply divide 370 leagues west by the implied afastar at the different bearings. The WbN ship will reach the meridian when it achieves latitude 21° 21' N, while the WNW ship will reach it when it achieves latitude 29° N.[37] So rather than counting leagues with hourglass and speed readings, the ships can just maintain bearing, and take periodic astronomical observations to assess their latitude.","title":"Relation to later rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traverse table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traverse_table&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Relation to \"traverse sailing\"","text":"The toleta de marteloio is ancestral to the modern \"traverse table\" used in more modern navigation.[38] In the modern nomenclature, the traverse is the \"crooked path made by a ship when she sails in several successive directions\" and resolving the traverse is \"the method of finding a single course and distance which would bring a ship to the same place as two or more courses and distances\".[39] In marteloio language, when \"resolving the traverse\", the known information given is the \"actual course\" and the \"ritorno\", while the unknowns are the \"intended bearing\" and \"total avanzo\".Traverse tables use three values for each of the crooked course segments – the Distance (Dist.), Difference of Latitude (D.Lat., movement along N–S axis) and the Departure (Dep., movement along E–W axis), the latter two calculated by the formulas:Difference of latitude = distance × cos θ\nDeparture = distance × sin θwhere θ is the angular difference of the course from the N–S axis if the values of θ are less than 45°; if, however, the angle exceeds 45°, then θ is expressed as the angle of difference from the E–W axis, and the formulas are flipped, i.e. the Difference of Latitude formula becomes the Departure, and the Departure formula is the Difference of Latitude). Or, even more simply, calculate θ as the angle of difference from the nearest principal wind (N, S, E, W), run the formulas and then place the larger number in the appropriate column (D.Lat. or Dep.).For each course segment, the navigator inserts the relevant trio (Dist., D.Lat., Dep.) and can calculate the implied bearing from the beginning to the endpoint and the distance made good on that bearing. He then combines, by addition and subtraction, all the differences of latitude and departure, to get the overall difference of latitude and departure, and converts that back to overall bearing and distance made good.[40]","title":"Relation to later rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramon Llull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bianco"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toleta_de_marteloio_(Cornaro_Atlas).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornaro Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornaro_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Marco Foscarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Foscarini"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Michael of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_of_Rhodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"portolano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolano"},{"link_name":"Grazioso Benincasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazioso_Benincasa"},{"link_name":"Biblioteca comunale Luciano Benincasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_comunale_Luciano_Benincasa"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancona"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"portolano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolano"},{"link_name":"Pietro di Versi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_di_Versi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Marciana"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Zorzi Trombetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zorzi_Trombetta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"National Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cornaro Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornaro_Atlas"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"Österreichische Nationalbibliothek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Ramon Llull's suggestive 1295 remarks aside, the earliest known reference to marteloio is dated 1390, in the inventory of the estate of the mother of a certain Oberto Foglieto of Genoa, where an entry reads unum martelogium....item carta una pro navegando.[41] The first clear appearance and explanation is the 1436 atlas of Venetian captain Andrea Bianco. Other early manuscripts have since been found relating the rule of marteloio, include:[42]Toleta de marteloio and an eight-wind tondo e quadro, from p. 47 of the Cornaro Atlas (c. 1489)an anonymous 15th-century Venetian codex, post-1428, once part of the collection of Doge Marco Foscarini, now lost.[43]\nthe Liber of Venetian mariner Michael of Rhodes (c. 1434–36) (Ms. in private collection)[44]\nthe Adriatic portolano of Grazioso Benincasa of Ancona, compiled 1435–45 (Ms. at Biblioteca comunale Luciano Benincasa in Ancona, Italy).[45]\nthe Venetian portolano manuscript Alcune raxion de marineri by Pietro di Versi, c. 1444 (Ms.It.IV. 170 at Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice, Italy)[46]\nThe Libro of Venetian naval trumpeter known as Zorzi Trombetta of Modone, dated c. 1444–49 (Cotton MS. Titus A.XXVI at the British Library in London, UK)\nAnonymous Venetian manuscript known as Arte Veneziana del Navigare, c. 1444–45 (Ms. C.M.17 at the Biblioteca del Museo Civico de Padova in Padua, Italy).\nRagioni antique spettanti dall'arte del mare et fabriche de vasselli (Ms. NVT 19, at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, UK).\nCornaro Atlas, a c. 1489 copy of an earlier manuscript, (Ms.Egerton 73 at the British Library in London)\n15th-century anonymous Venetian portolano (Ms. 3345* (Fosc.307) at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (ÖNB) in Vienna, Austria)[47]","title":"Manuscript sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"p.177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=S6o9wHoZVZEC&pg=PA177"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"p. 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OWErAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"p.42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4ls6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA42"},{"link_name":"p.28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zso9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"p. 130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vnA9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA130"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"William Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bourne_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"p.570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v1zSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA570"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"fo. 93, p. 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rG_yINh8V1gC&pg=PT213"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"p.30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zso9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30"},{"link_name":"p.73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E6mtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Michael of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_of_Rhodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"p.48b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/michaelofrhodes/manuscript/page_48b.html"},{"link_name":"p.74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E6mtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA74"},{"link_name":"p.43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OWErAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Michael of Rhodes website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/michaelofrhodes/math.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"p. 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zso9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35"},{"link_name":"p. 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5fAnNGk1xXwC&pg=PA10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Michael of Rhodes website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/michaelofrhodes/navigate_toolkit.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"p.48a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/michaelofrhodes/manuscript/page_48a.html"},{"link_name":"48b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/michaelofrhodes/manuscript/page_48b.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"p.149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kCREcRCFD0QC&pg=PA149"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"p.13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5fAnNGk1xXwC&pg=PA13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"p. 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vOrDjQgDzQ8C&pg=PA231"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dAg1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"p. 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DUYDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Toaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Toaldo"},{"link_name":"p.44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OWErAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA44"},{"link_name":"Andrea Mocenigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mocenigo"},{"link_name":"Regiomontanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiomontanus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Michael of Rhodes website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/michaelofrhodes/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Morelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Morelli"},{"link_name":"p.41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4ls6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"p. 264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=D7NFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA264"},{"link_name":"manuscripta.at","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//manuscripta.at/?ID=24862"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/wienonb/noe/kattab1.htm"}],"text":"^ Nordenskiöld (1897: p.51ff); Ruge (1900: p.177).\n\n^ Kelley (1995: p. 2)\n\n^ This was forwarded by Giuseppe Toaldo (1782: p. 44)\n\n^ This was proposed by Desimoni (1888: p. 15)\n\n^ Morelli (1810: p.42). Morelli's interpretation is cited already by Formaleoni (1783: p.28).\n\n^ This was proposed by Fincati, as reported by Albertis (1893)\n\n^ This is proposed by Breusing (1881: p. 130)\n\n^ Taylor (1956); Parry (1974)\n\n^ Aczel (2001: p.76)\n\n^ Kelley (1995: p.12). This is slightly different from the later chip log, where the wood was tied to a rope with regularly spaced knots; the rope was allowed to unspool freely until a sandglass ran out, and the \"knots\" counted up in the aftermath. The chip log was first mentioned by William Bourne in 1574.\n\n^ Taylor (1956: p.123, 159, 167); Parry (1974: p.37)\n\n^ Taylor (1956: p.116ff.) Taylor (1960: p.10)\n\n^ Van Brunnelen (2010, p.67)\n\n^ Llull Arbor Scientiae (1295, (1635 Latin ed.):p.570 See also Edson (2007: p.51) and Cotter (1978:p.5)\n\n^ This interpretation is originally due to Taylor (1956: pp. 117–19). See also Cortesão (1969: v. 1, pp. 206–7), Cotter (1978: pp. 6–7) and Campbell (1987: pp. 441–42).\n\n^ Ramom Llull, 1517 ed., Part 10, \"De Navigatione\", fo. 93, p. 213. See also Cotter (1978: p. 7)\n\n^ \"To a mathematician familiar with contemporary mathematical knowledge and practice, it is quite clear that Lull did not fully understand what he was writing about. He used his shipboard observations during his travels to support transcendental ideas about the circle, triangle and square. His value is as a witness to late-thirteenth century mariners doing vector navigations with chart or plotting board.\" (Kelley, 1995: p. 3)\n\n^ Taylor (1960: p. 10)\n\n^ Taylor (1956: p. 114); Kelley (1995: p. 3); Vernet (2008)\n\n^ For a transcription of Bianco's 1436 instructions, see Formaleoni (1783: p.30) or Gelgich (1892: p.73)\n\n^ The Toleta we replicate here is the version of Michael of Rhodes (McGee et al., p.48b). Bianco's original table contains some small errors – specifically in the ritorno column, Bianco mistakenly inserts 14 rather than 12 in the fifth row (q = 5); in the avanzo di ritorno column, Bianco gives 51⁄10 instead of 21⁄5 in the seventh row and 8 instead of 10 in the eighth row. Gelgich (1892: p.74). It is possible that by the \"51⁄10\" entry, Bianco meant to write \"1/5th of 10\" = 2 (the number often given in modern reproductions of the toleta, e.g. Vernet, 2008)). The 21⁄5 is given only in the toleta version of Michael of Rhodes. The version in the Foscarini letter, that entry is given as 19⁄10 9/10 (Toaldo, 1782: p.43).\n\n^ Vernet (2008)\n\n^ As quoted in Gelgich (1892: p.73)\n\n^ This is clearly shown in the book of Michael of Rhodes, where commercial and navigational calculations follow one another. See the Michael of Rhodes website.\n\n^ Taylor (1960: p.12)\n\n^ Formaleoni (1783: p. 35), Cotter (1978: (p. 10)\n\n^ Kelley (1995)\n\n^ Taylor (1956: p. 116; 1960: p. 14)\n\n^ Kelley (1995: p. 3)\n\n^ The Michael of Rhodes website shows various sort of problems Michael considered.\n\n^ See Michael of Rhodes p.48a and 48b\n\n^ Taylor (1956), Albuquerque (1970), Parry (1974), Randles (1998)\n\n^ Taylor (1956: pp. 163–4); Cotter (1978: p.11)\n\n^ Diffie and Winius (1977: p.141); Parry (1974: p.149)\n\n^ Parry (pp. 149–50). One Portuguese league was four Italian miles. In modern nautical measures, one degree is 20 leagues, and one league is three nautical miles, thus 60 nautical miles to the degree.\n\n^ See Cotter (1978: p.13)\n\n^ Albuquerque (1973:p. 231)\n\n^ For an example of a traverse table, see Gunmere (1822) Mathematical Tables, online.\n\n^ Merrifield (1883: p. 58)\n\n^ For applications, see Merrifield (1883: p. 61)\n\n^ This is reproduced in Albertis (1893: p. 118). See also Cortesão (1969: p.209\n\n^ This list is based on Rossi (2009: p.11)\n\n^ It is described by Abbot Giuseppe Toaldo (1782: p.44); the date is definitely after 1428, since it contains a tract by Venetian captain-general Andrea Mocenigo from that time. Toaldo (p.60) tentatively speculates it may have been introduced as late as 1463 by Regiomontanus, but that is inconsistent with all other earlier manuscript dates. However, Toaldo, writing in 1782, would not have been aware of them (although he does make a note that an \"interesting\" 1436 atlas (Andrea Bianco's) was just discovered that year by Formaleoni).\n\n^ The manuscript is reproduced in Long, P.I., D. McGee and A.M. Stahl (2009). It can also be found online at the Michael of Rhodes website hosted by the Museo Galileo. Rossi (2009: p.xxxii–iii) suggests 1434–6 as the dating of the writing of the mathematical section, which includes the marteloio, although the rest of the book would continue to be written through the 1440s.\n\n^ Kretschmer (1909: pp. 358–9)\n\n^ This is described by Jacopo Morelli (1810: p.41). Rossi (2009) claims this was actually written by Michael of Rhodes, not Pietro di Versi.\n\n^ The Vienna portolano manuscript 3345* (note asterisk) has a section entitled \"\"De arte navigandi dicta Martiloro\" on pp. 37–38, according to description of 3345* in 1868 Tabulae codicum manuscriptorum praeter Graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi asservatorum, vol. 2, p. 264. See entry at manuscripta.at and entry at Verzeichnis der italienischsprachigen Handschriften in der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek (here)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altante Bianco, 1436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.internetculturale.it/opencms/opencms/it/viewItemMag.jsp?case=&id=mag_GEO0029110"},{"link_name":"Higher resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//geoweb.venezia.sbn.it/geoweb/iscgi/archiweb.dll?service=direct&lang=0&uid=000004&session=000000&fld=B&value=029110"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/michaelofrhodes/index.html"},{"link_name":"M.I.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.I.T."}],"text":"Altante Bianco, 1436 at Internetculturale.it; Higher resolution at Geoweb.sbn.venezia.it.\nMcGee, D. et al. (2003 onwards) Michael of Rhodes: A medieval mariner and his manuscript website (accessed July 20, 2011). (originally hosted by Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology at M.I.T., now hosted by Museo Galileo Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence, Italy)","title":"External Resources"}]	[{"image_text":"The tondo e quadro (circle and square) from Andrea Bianco's 1436 atlas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tondo_e_quadro_%28Bianco%2C_1436%29.jpg/300px-Tondo_e_quadro_%28Bianco%2C_1436%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"15th-century mariner consulting a compass aboard ship (from John Mandeville's Travels, 1403)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Medieval_ship_and_compass_%28Mandeville%29.jpg/300px-Medieval_ship_and_compass_%28Mandeville%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anonymous Genoese portolan chart from c. 1325 to c. 1350. (Library of Congress, Washington DC)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg/300px-Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg"},{"image_text":"32-wind compass rose with traditional names (and traditional color code).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/32-point_compass_%28traditional_winds%29.svg/300px-32-point_compass_%28traditional_winds%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The traverse problem: intended course AB (bearing N), actual course AC (bearing NW). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchego	Manchego	["1 PDO requirements","2 Manufacture and labeling","3 Varieties","4 Americas","4.1 North America","4.2 Central America","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Firm sheep milk cheese from Spain Manchegoqueso de la manchego (Spanish)Country of originSpainRegionLa ManchaSource of milkEwesTextureFirm and compactFat content6.5% minProtein content4.5% minDimensionsmax height 12 cm (4.7 in)max diameter 22 cm (8.7 in)Weightmin 0.4 kg (0.88 lb), max 4.0 kg (8.8 lb)Aging timemin 30 days, max 2 yearsCertificationPDO Related media on Commons Manchego (Spanish: queso manchego, pronounced ) is a cheese made in the La Mancha region of Spain from the milk of sheep of the Manchega breed. It is aged between 60 days and 2 years. Manchego has a firm and compact consistency and a buttery texture, often containing small, unevenly distributed air pockets. The colour of the cheese varies from white to ivory-yellow, and the inedible rind from yellow to brownish-beige. The cheese has a distinctive flavour, well developed but not too strong, creamy with a slight piquancy, and leaves an aftertaste that is characteristic of sheep's milk. The designation queso manchego is protected under Spain's denominación de origen regulatory classification system, and the cheese has been granted Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status by the European Union. PDO requirements A queso manchego must satisfy these requirements: It must be produced within designated parts of the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, and Toledo, all in the La Mancha region. It can be made only with the whole milk of sheep of the Manchega breed raised on registered farms within that area. It must be aged for a minimum of 60 days (30 days for cheeses weighing up to 1.5 kg or 3.3 lb) and a maximum of two years. It must be produced by pressing in a cylindrical mould that has a maximum height of 12 cm (4.7 in) and a maximum diameter of 22 cm (8.7 in). Manchego cheese can be made from pasteurised or raw milk; if the latter, it may be labelled artesano (artisan). The only permitted additives are natural rennet or another approved coagulating enzyme and salt. Manufacture and labeling The moulds in which the cheese is pressed are barrel-shaped. Traditionally, manchego cheese was made by pressing the curd in plaited esparto grass baskets, which left a distinctive zig-zag pattern (known as pleita) on the rind. Today, the same effect is achieved by the mould, the inside of which has a design in relief that imparts to the finished cheese an embossed pattern similar to that of woven esparto grass. The top and bottom surfaces of the cheese are impressed with a design of a head of wheat. During the maturation process, manchego cheese develops a natural rind. The regulations permit this to be washed, coated in paraffin, dipped in olive oil, or treated with certain approved transparent substances, but require that it must not be removed if the cheese is to be marketed as PDO. Cheeses that meet the PDO requirements carry a casein tab that is applied when the cheese is in the mould and bear a distinctive label that is issued by the Manchego Cheese Denomination of Origin Regulating Council; this carries the legend queso manchego, a serial number, and artwork depicting Don Quixote de La Mancha. A cheese that is similar to manchego and made in the same region, but from a blend of cow's, goat's, and ewe's milk, is sold as queso ibérico, or ibérico cheese. Almost 60% of Spanish cheese with Denomination of Origin is Manchego, which makes it the main reference of Spanish cheese. As most of its production is exported, it is one of the most important ambassadors of Spain’s national gastronomy. La Mancha exported 5.9 million kg of this cheese in 2017, according to the Foundation for Manchego Cheese (Fundación C.R.D.O Queso Manchego). Varieties Queso manchego has a variety of different flavours depending on its age: Fresco: fresh cheese is aged for 2 weeks. It has a rich but mild flavour, not a true queso manchego due to its lack of ageing. Produced in small quantities, it is rarely found outside Spain. Semicurado: semifirm, semicured cheese aged for 3 weeks to 3–4 months, somewhat milder than curado. Curado: semifirm cured cheese aged for 3–6 months with a caramel and nutty flavour. Viejo: aged for 1–2 years, firm with a sharper flavour the longer it is aged; it has a rich, deep pepperiness to it. It grates well, but can also be eaten on its own or on tapas. Americas North America In Mexico and Spanish-speaking areas of the United States, manchego or queso tipo manchego (manchego-type cheese) is the name given to an industrialized cow's milk cheese similar in taste to Monterey Jack. It melts well and is used as both a table cheese and for cooking. Apart from the name, this cheese has nothing in common with the Spanish variety. Central America In Costa Rica, three companies (Dos Pinos, Los Alpes, and Monteverde) produce a manchego-type cheese (queso tipo manchego), which can come with a drawing of Don Quijote on the labels. One company also makes a manchego-type cheese with basil added. These Costa Rican cheeses can come dipped in paraffin wax, and some have the pleita pattern pressed on the side. See also List of cheeses References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Spanish food – Manchego cheese, 2005, retrieved 28 April 2010 ^ Manchego Cheese Denomination of Origin Regulating Council, retrieved 28 April 2010 ^ "Commission Regulation (EC) No 561/2009", Official Journal of the European Union, vol. L166, Brussels, pp. 36–37, 27 June 2009, retrieved 28 April 2010 ^ "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 129/2012 – approving minor amendments to the specification for a name entered in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Queso Manchego PDO)", Official Journal of the European Union, vol. L43, Brussels, pp. 3–5, 13 February 2012, retrieved 19 September 2017 ^ Identification Manchego cheese, retrieved 28 April 2010 ^ "Manchego Cheese Substitutes". Retrieved 11 December 2020. ^ "Spanish Club Blog - Manchego Cheese: All About It". 8 March 2022. ^ Craddock, Kat. "An Introduction to Manchego-Style Cheese". seriouseats.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017. ^ "Manchego". cheese.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017. ^ Keenan, Tia (February 2016). "Manchego: Surviving The Test Of Time". cheeseconnoisseur.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017. ^ "How Does Manchego Cheese Change With Age?". manchego-cheese.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017. ^ Spanish-Cheese.co.uk – Types of Spanish Cheese (Queso) Archived 8 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Varieties of Cheese". clovegarden.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017. ^ "Los Alpes website". Retrieved 14 June 2010. ^ "Don Quijote Semi-cured, Wheel 3 kg". Lactalis Iberia Export. External links Manchego cheese info at spanishclub.blog vteSpanish cheeses Afuega'l pitu Alpujarra Cabrales Cantabrian cream Casín Campo de Montalbán Flor de Guía Gamonéu Garrotxa Ibores Idiazabal La Serena Mahón Mallorca Majorero Manchego Mató Murcian Murcian wine Palmero Picón Bejes-Tresviso Roncal Tetilla Torta del Casar Tupí Valdeón Zamorano List of Spanish cheeses Spain portal Food portal Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈkeso manˈtʃeɣo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"milk of sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_milk"},{"link_name":"Manchega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchega"},{"link_name":"denominación de origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_de_origen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Protected Designation of Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_Geographical_Status"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Manchego (Spanish: queso manchego, pronounced [ˈkeso manˈtʃeɣo]) is a cheese made in the La Mancha region of Spain from the milk of sheep of the Manchega breed. It is aged between 60 days and 2 years.Manchego has a firm and compact consistency and a buttery texture, often containing small, unevenly distributed air pockets. The colour of the cheese varies from white to ivory-yellow, and the inedible rind from yellow to brownish-beige. The cheese has a distinctive flavour, well developed but not too strong, creamy with a slight piquancy, and leaves an aftertaste that is characteristic of sheep's milk.The designation queso manchego is protected under Spain's denominación de origen regulatory classification system,[2] and the cheese has been granted Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status by the European Union.[3]","title":"Manchego"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Albacete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacete_Province"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real_Province"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca_Province_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Province"},{"link_name":"raw milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_milk"},{"link_name":"rennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"}],"text":"A queso manchego must satisfy these requirements:[4]It must be produced within designated parts of the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, and Toledo, all in the La Mancha region.\nIt can be made only with the whole milk of sheep of the Manchega breed raised on registered farms within that area.\nIt must be aged for a minimum of 60 days (30 days for cheeses weighing up to 1.5 kg or 3.3 lb) and a maximum of two years.\nIt must be produced by pressing in a cylindrical mould that has a maximum height of 12 cm (4.7 in) and a maximum diameter of 22 cm (8.7 in).Manchego cheese can be made from pasteurised or raw milk; if the latter, it may be labelled artesano (artisan). The only permitted additives are natural rennet or another approved coagulating enzyme and salt.","title":"PDO requirements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"esparto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esparto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDO-1"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"paraffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin_wax"},{"link_name":"olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil"},{"link_name":"casein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote de La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Spanish cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheeses_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The moulds in which the cheese is pressed are barrel-shaped. Traditionally, manchego cheese was made by pressing the curd in plaited esparto grass baskets, which left a distinctive zig-zag pattern (known as pleita) on the rind.[1] Today, the same effect is achieved by the mould, the inside of which has a design in relief that imparts to the finished cheese an embossed pattern similar to that of woven esparto grass. The top and bottom surfaces of the cheese are impressed with a design of a head of wheat.During the maturation process, manchego cheese develops a natural rind. The regulations permit this to be washed, coated in paraffin, dipped in olive oil, or treated with certain approved transparent substances, but require that it must not be removed if the cheese is to be marketed as PDO.Cheeses that meet the PDO requirements carry a casein tab that is applied when the cheese is in the mould and bear a distinctive label that is issued by the Manchego Cheese Denomination of Origin Regulating Council; this carries the legend queso manchego, a serial number, and artwork depicting Don Quixote de La Mancha.[5]A cheese that is similar to manchego[6] and made in the same region, but from a blend of cow's, goat's, and ewe's milk, is sold as queso ibérico, or ibérico cheese.Almost 60% of Spanish cheese with Denomination of Origin is Manchego, which makes it the main reference of Spanish cheese. As most of its production is exported, it is one of the most important ambassadors of Spain’s national gastronomy. La Mancha exported 5.9 million kg of this cheese in 2017, according to the Foundation for Manchego Cheese (Fundación C.R.D.O Queso Manchego).[7]","title":"Manufacture and labeling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"tapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Queso manchego has a variety of different flavours depending on its age:[8][9][10]Fresco: fresh cheese is aged for 2 weeks. It has a rich but mild flavour, not a true queso manchego due to its lack of ageing.[11] Produced in small quantities, it is rarely found outside Spain.\nSemicurado: semifirm, semicured cheese aged for 3 weeks to 3–4 months, somewhat milder than curado.\nCurado: semifirm cured cheese aged for 3–6 months with a caramel and nutty flavour.\nViejo: aged for 1–2 years, firm with a sharper flavour the longer it is aged; it has a rich, deep pepperiness to it. It grates well, but can also be eaten on its own or on tapas.[12]","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Americas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industrialized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialized_food"},{"link_name":"Monterey Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Jack"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cg-13"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"In Mexico and Spanish-speaking areas of the United States, manchego or queso tipo manchego (manchego-type cheese) is the name given to an industrialized cow's milk cheese similar in taste to Monterey Jack.[13] It melts well and is used as both a table cheese and for cooking. Apart from the name, this cheese has nothing in common with the Spanish variety.","title":"Americas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Don Quijote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quijote"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil"},{"link_name":"paraffin wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin_wax"}],"sub_title":"Central America","text":"In Costa Rica, three companies (Dos Pinos, Los Alpes,[14] and Monteverde) produce a manchego-type cheese (queso tipo manchego), which can come with a drawing of Don Quijote on the labels.[15] One company also makes a manchego-type cheese with basil added. These Costa Rican cheeses can come dipped in paraffin wax, and some have the pleita pattern pressed on the side.","title":"Americas"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cheeses"}]	[{"reference":"Spanish food – Manchego cheese, 2005, retrieved 28 April 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iberianfoods.co.uk/manchego.htm","url_text":"Spanish food – Manchego cheese"}]},{"reference":"Manchego Cheese Denomination of Origin Regulating Council, retrieved 28 April 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quesomanchego.es/","url_text":"Manchego Cheese Denomination of Origin Regulating Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Commission Regulation (EC) No 561/2009\", Official Journal of the European Union, vol. L166, Brussels, pp. 36–37, 27 June 2009, retrieved 28 April 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/registeredName.html?denominationId=917","url_text":"\"Commission Regulation (EC) No 561/2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 129/2012 – approving minor amendments to the specification for a name entered in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Queso Manchego PDO)\", Official Journal of the European Union, vol. L43, Brussels, pp. 3–5, 13 February 2012, retrieved 19 September 2017","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/registeredName.html?denominationId=917","url_text":"\"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 129/2012 – approving minor amendments to the specification for a name entered in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Queso Manchego PDO)\""}]},{"reference":"Identification Manchego cheese, retrieved 28 April 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quesomanchego.es/ingles/identifica.htm","url_text":"Identification Manchego cheese"}]},{"reference":"\"Manchego Cheese Substitutes\". Retrieved 11 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cheese.buzz/manchego-cheese-substitutes/","url_text":"\"Manchego Cheese Substitutes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish Club Blog - Manchego Cheese: All About It\". 8 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://spanishclub.blog/manchego-cheese-all-about-it/","url_text":"\"Spanish Club Blog - Manchego Cheese: All About It\""}]},{"reference":"Craddock, Kat. \"An Introduction to Manchego-Style Cheese\". seriouseats.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seriouseats.com/2017/08/guide-to-manchego-spanish-sheeps-milk-cheese.html","url_text":"\"An Introduction to Manchego-Style Cheese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchego\". cheese.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://cheese.com/manchego/","url_text":"\"Manchego\""}]},{"reference":"Keenan, Tia (February 2016). \"Manchego: Surviving The Test Of Time\". cheeseconnoisseur.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cheeseconnoisseur.com/manchego-surviving-the-test-of-time/","url_text":"\"Manchego: Surviving The Test Of Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Does Manchego Cheese Change With Age?\". manchego-cheese.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://manchego-cheese.com/types-of-manchego-cheese/","url_text":"\"How Does Manchego Cheese Change With Age?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Varieties of Cheese\". clovegarden.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/da_cheesev.html","url_text":"\"Varieties of Cheese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Alpes website\". Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.losalpesquesos.com/productos/maduros.htm","url_text":"\"Los Alpes website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Quijote Semi-cured, Wheel 3 kg\". Lactalis Iberia Export.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lactalisforlasaexport.com/cheeses-by-format/3k/don-quijote-semi-cured-wheel-3-kg","url_text":"\"Don Quijote Semi-cured, Wheel 3 kg\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.iberianfoods.co.uk/manchego.htm","external_links_name":"Spanish food – Manchego cheese"},{"Link":"http://www.quesomanchego.es/","external_links_name":"Manchego Cheese Denomination of Origin Regulating Council"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/registeredName.html?denominationId=917","external_links_name":"\"Commission Regulation (EC) No 561/2009\""},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/registeredName.html?denominationId=917","external_links_name":"\"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 129/2012 – approving minor amendments to the specification for a name entered in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Queso Manchego PDO)\""},{"Link":"http://www.quesomanchego.es/ingles/identifica.htm","external_links_name":"Identification Manchego cheese"},{"Link":"https://cheese.buzz/manchego-cheese-substitutes/","external_links_name":"\"Manchego Cheese Substitutes\""},{"Link":"https://spanishclub.blog/manchego-cheese-all-about-it/","external_links_name":"\"Spanish Club Blog - Manchego Cheese: All About It\""},{"Link":"http://www.seriouseats.com/2017/08/guide-to-manchego-spanish-sheeps-milk-cheese.html","external_links_name":"\"An Introduction to Manchego-Style Cheese\""},{"Link":"https://cheese.com/manchego/","external_links_name":"\"Manchego\""},{"Link":"https://www.cheeseconnoisseur.com/manchego-surviving-the-test-of-time/","external_links_name":"\"Manchego: Surviving The Test Of Time\""},{"Link":"http://manchego-cheese.com/types-of-manchego-cheese/","external_links_name":"\"How Does Manchego Cheese Change With Age?\""},{"Link":"http://www.spanish-cheese.co.uk/types_of_spanish_cheese.html","external_links_name":"Types of Spanish Cheese (Queso)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000650/http://www.spanish-cheese.co.uk/types_of_spanish_cheese.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/da_cheesev.html","external_links_name":"\"Varieties of Cheese\""},{"Link":"http://www.losalpesquesos.com/productos/maduros.htm","external_links_name":"\"Los Alpes website\""},{"Link":"http://www.lactalisforlasaexport.com/cheeses-by-format/3k/don-quijote-semi-cured-wheel-3-kg","external_links_name":"\"Don Quijote Semi-cured, Wheel 3 kg\""},{"Link":"https://spanishclub.blog/manchego-cheese-all-about-it/","external_links_name":"spanishclub.blog"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551690505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94006566","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._League_Soccer_Prime_Goal_(series)	List of Namco games	["1 Arcade-based games","1.1 Electro-mechanical games","1.2 Namco proprietary arcade systems","1.3 Namco console-based systems","1.4 Namco PC-based systems","1.5 Third-party systems","1.6 Unknown hardware","1.7 Atari releases in Japan","2 Console-based games","2.1 Published, developed, and/or produced","2.2 Developed only","2.3 Published only","2.4 Compilations","2.5 Ports and licensed games","3 Other platforms","4 See also","5 References"]	Namco was a video game developer and publisher, originally from Japan. Bandai Namco Entertainment is the successor to Namco and continues manufacturing and distributing video games worldwide. For Namco games released following the 2006 merger with Bandai's video game division, see List of Bandai Namco video games. For a list of franchises owned by Bandai Namco, see List of Bandai Namco video game franchises. Arcade-based games Namco initially distributed its games in Japan, while relying on third-party companies, such as Atari and Midway Manufacturing to publish them internationally under their own brands. Later, it would handle its own publishing worldwide. Electro-mechanical games See also: Electro-mechanical games Title Release date JP NA PAL Notes Periscope 1965 Yes Yes Yes Electro-mechanical (EM) game released by Sega internationally in 1966. F-1 October 1976 Yes Yes No Released by Atari in North America, in November 1976. Shoot Away 1977 Yes Yes Yes Projection light gun shooter (skeet shooting) game. Clay Champ 1978 Yes Japan's ninth-highest-grossing EM arcade game of 1978. Submarine 1978 Yes Yes No Released by Midway in North America, in September 1979. Pitch In 1980 Yes Yes An arcade baseball game incorporating a pitching machine. It was among Japan's top ten highest-grossing arcade games of 1980. Sweet Licks April 1981 Yes Yes Yes Pic Pac November 1984 Yes Features musical robot band. A video game version Robot Band PicPac is included in Namco Museum Vol. 4 (1996). Sweet Land June 1987 Yes Gator Panic February 1988 Yes Yes Flamin' Finger 2003 No Yes No Featured an LED playfield. Namco proprietary arcade systems Title Arcade Systems/Consoles Release date JP NA PAL Notes Gee Bee Namco Warp & Warp October 1978 Yes Yes No Namco's first independently released video game. Bomb Bee Namco Warp & Warp June 1979 Yes No No Sequel to Gee Bee. Galaxian Namco Galaxian September 15, 1979 Yes Yes Yes Namco's first shoot 'em up game. MSX January 30, 1984 Yes No No Famicom September 7, 1984 Yes No No Famicom Disk System July 20, 1990 Yes No No Mobile June 13, 2003 No Yes No SOS Namco Warp & Warp October 1979 Yes No No Cutie Q Namco Warp & Warp November 1979 Yes No No Second sequel to Gee Bee. Rally-X Namco Pac-Man January 1980 Yes Yes Yes First Namco game to feature background music and a bonus round. MSX March 30, 1984 Yes No No Navarone Namco Warp & Warp February 1980 Yes No No Kaitei Takara Sagashi Namco Warp & Warp May 1980 Yes No No Created by K'K Tokki as a prototype. Pac-Man Namco Pac-Man May 22, 1980 Yes Yes Yes Namco's best-selling arcade game of all time. Three Pac-Man games by Midway also use the Namco Pac-Man hardware - Ms. Pac-Man (2/3/1982), Pac-Man Plus (3/13/1982), and Jr. Pac-Man (8/13/1983). The rights to Ms. Pac-Man were later turned over to Namco. MSX January 17, 1984 Yes No No Famicom/NES November 2, 1984 Yes Yes Yes Famicom Disk System May 18, 1990 Yes No No Game Boy November 16, 1990 Yes Yes Yes Game Gear January 29, 1991 Yes Yes No Neo Geo Pocket Color July 31, 1999 Yes Yes Yes Game Boy Color August 1999 No Yes Yes Renamed Pac-Man: Special Color Edition Mobile June 13, 2003 No Yes No Game Boy Advance February 14, 2004 Yes Yes Yes King & Balloon Namco Galaxian June 1980 Yes Yes Yes First Namco game to feature synthesized voices. MSX February 28, 1984 Yes No No Tank Battalion Namco Warp & Warp October 1980 Yes Yes No MSX August 30, 1984 Yes No No New Rally-X Namco Pac-Man February 1981 Yes Yes No Sequel to Rally-X. Warp & Warp Namco Warp & Warp July 1981 Yes Yes No Released as Warp Warp by Rock-Ola in the U.S. MSX February 18, 1984 Yes No No Famicom July 12, 1985 Yes No No Galaga Namco Galaga September 1981 Yes Yes Yes Sequel to Galaxian. NES version sub-titled Demons of Death in North America. MSX May 29, 1984 Yes No No Famicom February 15, 1985 Yes Yes Yes Famicom Disk System June 22, 1990 Yes No No Mobile September 20, 2004 No Yes No Bosconian Namco Galaga November 20, 1981 Yes Yes Yes First Namco game to have a continue feature. MSX July 13, 1984 Yes No No Dig Dug Namco Galaga February 20, 1982 Yes Yes Yes MSX May 24, 1984 Yes No No Famicom June 4, 1985 Yes No No Famicom Disk System July 22, 1990 Yes No No Game Boy September 1992 No Yes Yes Developed by Now Production. Game Boy Advance May 21, 2004 Yes No No Mobile February 8, 2005 No Yes No Pole Position Namco Pole Position July 1982 Yes Yes No First Namco game to feature 16-bit graphics Super Pac-Man Namco Super Pac-Man August 11, 1982 Yes Yes No Official sequel to Pac-Man. Xevious Namco Galaga December 10, 1982 Yes Yes Yes One of Namco's earliest vertical scrolling shoot 'em up titles. NES version subtitled The Avenger in North America. Famicom November 8, 1984 Yes Yes Yes Famicom Disk System May 18, 1990 Yes No No Game Boy Advance February 14, 2004 Yes Yes Yes Mobile March 9, 2005 No Yes No Mappy Namco Super Pac-Man March 20, 1983 Yes Yes No First Namco game to have a storyline. MSX November 13, 1984 Yes No No Famicom November 14, 1984 Yes No No Game Gear May 24, 1991 Yes No No Game Boy Advance February 14, 2004 Yes No No Pac & Pal Namco Super Pac-Man July 30, 1983 Yes No No Also Known As "Pac-Man & Chomp Chomp", replacing Pal with Chomp Chomp from Hanna-Barbera's Pac-Man Cartoon, but limited to a run of 300 machines produced for several European countries. The game was never released in The United States as it was a failure at the arcades. Phozon Namco Phozon August 1983 Yes No No Libble Rabble Namco Libble Rabble October 1983 Yes No No Super Famicom September 22, 1994 Yes No No Pole Position II Namco Pole Position December 1983 Yes Yes No Sequel to Pole Position. Gaplus Namco Phozon April 1984 Yes Yes No Released in the United States as Galaga 3. The Tower of Druaga Namco Super Pac-Man June 1984 Yes No No First Namco game to have an ending instead of continuing indefinitely, looping, or ending in a kill screen Famicom August 6, 1985 Yes No No MSX October 26, 1986 Yes No No PC Engine June 25, 1992 Yes No No Developed by Game Studio. GameCube December 5, 2003 Yes No No Pac-Land Namco Pac-Land August 1984 Yes Yes No Namco's first side-scrolling platformer. Themed around Hanna-Barbera's Pac-Man television series. Background music is the television series' theme song. Famicom November 21, 1985 Yes No No PC Engine June 1, 1989 Yes No No Grobda Namco Super Pac-Man November 1, 1984 Yes No No Spin-off of Xevious. Super Xevious Namco Galaga 1984 Yes No No First sequel to Xevious. Dragon Buster Namco Pac-Land December 20, 1984 Yes No No First Namco game to have a health bar. Famicom January 7, 1987 Yes No No MSX December 18, 1987 Yes No No Dig Dug II Namco Super Pac-Man March 12, 1985 Yes No No Sequel to Dig Dug. NES version sub-titled Trouble in Paradise in North America. Famicom April 18, 1986 Yes Yes No Famicom Disk System August 31, 1990 Yes No No Metro-Cross Namco Pac-Land May 1985 Yes Yes Yes Famicom December 16, 1986 Yes No No Developed by Now Production. Baraduke Namco Pac-Land July 1985 Yes Yes No Also known as Alien Sector in the United States and Distributed by Midway. Motos Namco Super Pac-Man September 20, 1985 Yes No No Sky Kid Namco Pac-Land December 1, 1985 Yes Yes No First Namco game to allow two players on the screen simultaneously. It was NAMCO's final game to be licensed to Midway for U.S. Distribution before NAMCO chose Atari Games to be their Official U.S. Licensee. Famicom August 22, 1986 Yes No No Toy Pop Namco Libble Rabble April 1986 Yes No No Sky Kid Deluxe Namco System 86 February 1986 Yes No No Sequel to Sky Kid. Hopping Mappy Namco System 86 March 1986 Yes No No Sequel to Mappy. The Return of Ishtar Namco System 86 July 8, 1986 Yes No No Sequel to The Tower of Druaga. MSX September 21, 1988 Yes No No Thunder Ceptor Namco Thunder Ceptor July 1986 Yes No No Genpei Tōma Den Namco System 86 October 1, 1986 Yes No No PC Engine March 16, 1990 Yes No No 3-D Thunder Ceptor II Namco Thunder Ceptor December 1986 Yes No No Sequel to Thunder Ceptor. Rolling Thunder Namco System 86 December 1986 Yes Yes No Licensed to Atari Games for U.S. Distribution. Famicom March 17, 1989 Yes No No Wonder Momo Namco System 86 February 24, 1987 Yes No No Namco's last 8-bit arcade game. PC Engine April 21, 1989 Yes No No Mobile June 1, 2005 Yes No No Yokai Dochuki Namco System 1 April 1987 Yes No No Namco's first 16-bit arcade game. PC Engine February 5, 1988 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Famicom June 24, 1988 Yes No No Developed by Now Production. Dragon Spirit Namco System 1 June 20, 1987 Yes Yes No Licensed to Atari Games for U.S. Distribution. PC Engine December 26, 1988 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Blazer Namco System 1 July 1987 Yes No No Quester Namco System 1 September 1987 Yes No No Namco's answer to Taito's Arkanoid Pac-Mania Namco System 1 November 30, 1987 Yes Yes No 3D remake of Pac-Man.Last Pac-Man arcade title until 1996. Licensed to Atari Games for U.S. Distribution. MSX March 27, 1989 Yes No No Mobile May 27, 2005 No Yes No Galaga '88 Namco System 1 December 1987 Yes Yes No Remake of Galaga. Licensed to Atari Games for U.S. Distribution. PC Engine July 15, 1988 Yes No No Game Gear October 25, 1991 Yes No Yes Released as Galaga '91. Final Lap Namco System 2 December 1987 Yes Yes No First Namco game to allow multiple cabinets to be linked together. Licensed to Atari Games for U.S. Distribution. Famicom August 12, 1988 Yes No No Developed by Arc System Works. World Stadium Namco System 1 March 1988 Yes No No Assault Namco System 2 April 1988 Yes Yes No Licensed to Atari Games for U.S. Distribution. Chozetsu Rinjin: Bravoman Namco System 1 May 20, 1988 Yes No No Also known as Bravoman or Beraboh Man. PC Engine July 13, 1990 Yes No No Developed by Now Production. Marchen Maze Namco System 1 July 1988 Yes No No PC Engine December 11, 1990 Yes No No Bakutotsu Kijuutei: Baraduke II Namco System 1 August 1988 Yes No No Sequel to Baraduke. Ordyne Namco System 2 September 1988 Yes No No PC Engine September 8, 1989 Yes No No Metal Hawk Namco System 2 September 1988 Yes No No World Court Namco System 1 October 1988 Yes No No Splatterhouse Namco System 1 November 1988 Yes No No One of the first ultra-violent games. PC Engine April 3, 1990 Yes No No Mirai Ninja Namco System 2 November 1988 Yes No No Phelios Namco System 2 December 1988 Yes No No Mega Drive July 20, 1990 Yes Yes Yes Face Off Namco System 1 December 1988 Yes No No Winning Run Namco System 21 December 1988 Yes No No Rompers Namco System 1 February 1989 Yes No No Blast Off Namco System 1 March 1989 Yes No No Sequel to Bosconian. Valkyrie No Densetsu Namco System 2 April 1989 Yes No No Sequel to Valkyrie no Boken. PC Engine April 3, 1990 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Dirt Fox Namco System 2 June 1989 Yes No No Finest Hour Namco System 2 September 1989 Yes No No Burning Force Namco System 2 November 1989 Yes No No Mega Drive October 19, 1990 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Nova Games. Four Trax Namco System 2 November 1989 Yes No No Dangerous Seed Namco System 1 December 1989 Yes No No Mega Drive December 18, 1990 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Marvel Land Namco System 2 December 1989 Yes No No Mega Drive June 28, 1991 Yes Yes Yes Developed by TOSE. Also known as Talmit's Adventure. World Stadium '89 Namco System 1 1989 Yes No No Winning Run Suzuka GP Namco System 21 1989 Yes No No First sequel to Winning Run. Features real-life Japanese circuit Suzuka. Galaxian 3 Namco System 21 April 1, 1990 Yes Yes No A theme park attraction game supporting up to 28 players. Also known as Galaxian³: Project Dragoon. Kyuukai Douchuuki Namco System 2 May 1990 Yes No No Spin-off of Yokai Dochuki. Mega Drive July 12, 1991 Yes No No Final Lap 2 Namco System 2 August 1990 Yes Yes No First sequel to Final Lap. Pistol Daimyo no Bouken Namco System 1 October 1990 Yes No No Spin-off of Chozetsu Rinjin: Bravoman. Steel Gunner Namco System 2 October 3, 1990 Yes No No Sokoban Deluxe Namco System 1 November 1990 Yes No No Also known as Boxy Boy. Dragon Saber Namco System 2 December 10, 1990 Yes Yes No Sequel to Dragon Spirit. PC Engine December 27, 1991 Yes No No Developed by Now Production. Rolling Thunder 2 Namco System 2 December 1990 Yes No No Sequel to Rolling Thunder. Mega Drive November 18, 1991 Yes Yes Yes Golly! Ghost! Namco System 2 December 1990 Yes No No Electro-mechanical/video game hybrid. Puzzle Club Namco System 1 1990 Yes No No Unreleased prototype. World Stadium '90 Namco System 1 1990 Yes No No Super World Stadium Namco System 2 January 1991 Yes No No Driver's Eyes Namco System 21 February 1991 Yes No No Features a three-screen panoramic view. Mitsubishi Driving Simulator Unknown 1991 Yes Unknown Unknown Co-developed with Mitsubishi. It was a serious educational street driving simulator that used 3D polygon technology and a sit-down arcade cabinet to simulate realistic driving, including basics such as ensuring the car is in neutral or parking position, starting the engine, placing the car into gear, releasing the hand-brake, and then driving. The player can choose from three routes while following instructions, avoiding collisions with other vehicles or pedestrians, and waiting at traffic lights; the brakes are accurately simulated, with the car creeping forward after taking the foot off the brake until the hand-brake is applied. Leisure Line magazine considered it the "hit of the show" upon its debut at the 1991 JAMMA show. It was designed for use by Japanese driving schools, with a very expensive cost of AU$150,000 or US$117,000 (equivalent to $273,000 in 2023) per unit. Starblade Namco System 21 September 1991 Yes Yes No Mega CD October 28, 1994 Yes Yes No Tank Force Namco System 1 December 1991 Yes No No Sequel to Tank Battalion. Steel Gunner 2 Namco System 2 December 1991 Yes No No Sequel to Steel Gunner. Cosmo Gang the Video Namco System 2 December 1991 Yes No No Features characters from a redemption game titled Cosmo Gangs. Super Famicom October 29, 1992 Yes No No Solvalou Namco System 21 December 1991 Yes No No 3D Spin-off of Xevious. Bubble Trouble: Golly! Ghost! 2 Namco System 2 1991 Yes No No Sequel to Golly! Ghost!. Winning Run '91 Namco System 21 1991 Yes No No Second sequel to Winning Run. Bakuretsu Quiz Ma-Q Dai Bōken Namco NA-1 July 1992 Yes No No Final Lap 3 Namco System 2 September 1992 Yes No No Second sequel to Final Lap. Suzuka 8 Hours Namco System 2 October 10, 1992 Yes Yes No Released as Coca-Cola Suzuka 8 Hours in The United States with a license from the Atlanta, GA based soft drink company. Super Famicom/SNES October 15, 1993 Yes Yes No Developed by Arc System Works. F/A Namco NA-1 October 1992 Yes No No Also known as Fighter & Attacker. Cosmo Gang the Puzzle Namco NA-1 November 1992 Yes No No Sequel to Cosmo Gang the Video. Super Famicom February 26, 1993 Yes No No Exvania Namco NA-1 December 1992 Yes No No Lucky & Wild Namco System 2 December 1992 Yes Yes Yes Super World Court Namco NA-1 December 1992 Yes No No Sequel to Pro Tennis: World Court. Knuckle Heads Namco NA-2 December 1992 Yes No No Super World Stadium '92 Namco System 2 1992 Yes No No Sim Drive Namco System 22 1992 Yes No No Unreleased racing game. Air Combat Namco System 21 February 1993 Yes Yes Yes Galaxian³: Project Dragoon Namco System 21 March 1993 Yes Yes No Six-player arcade version of Galaxian³ developed for Namco's "Theater 6" system. Cyber Sled Namco System 21 March 27, 1993 Yes Yes Yes PlayStation January 27, 1995 Yes Yes No Emeraldia Namco NA-1 July 1993 Yes No No Namco NA-2 July 1993 Yes No No Nettou! Gekitou! Quiztou!! Namco NA-2 September 1993 Yes No No Numan Athletics Namco NA-2 September 1993 Yes No No Ridge Racer Namco System 22 October 30, 1993 Yes Yes Yes PlayStation December 3, 1994 Yes No No Release title for the PlayStation. Suzuka 8 Hours 2 Namco System 2 November 1993 Yes No No Sequel to Suzuka 8 Hours. Great Sluggers Namco NB-1 November 1993 Yes No No Final Lap R Namco System FL December 1993 Yes No No Third sequel to Final Lap. Tinkle Pit Namco NA-1 December 1993 Yes No No Features cameos from several of the company's characters. Super World Stadium '93 Namco System 2 1993 Yes No No X-Day Namco NA-1 1993 Yes No No Magic Edge Hornet 1 Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator 1993 Yes No No Magic Edge F18 Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator 1993 Yes No No Magic Edge X21 Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator 1993 Yes No No NebulasRay Namco NB-1 March 1994 Yes No No Great Sluggers '94 Namco NB-1 June 1994 Yes No No Sequel to Great Sluggers. Ridge Racer 2 Namco System 22 July 8, 1994 Yes No No First sequel to Ridge Racer. Alpine Racer Namco System 22 September 11, 1994 Yes No No J-League Soccer V-Shoot Namco NB-1 September 1994 Yes No No Point Blank Namco NB-1 October 1994 Yes Yes Yes Light gun game. Known as Gun Bullet in Japan. PlayStation August 7, 1997 Yes Yes No Ace Driver Namco System 22 November 1994 Yes No No Attack of the Zolgear Namco System 21 1994 Yes No No Sequel to Galaxian 3; a conversion kit for the "Theater 6" system. Cyber Commando Namco System 22 1994 Yes No No Sequel to Cyber Sled. Mach Breakers: Numan Athletics 2 Namco NB-2 January 1995 Yes No No Sequel to Numan Athletics. Air Combat 22 Namco Super System 22 March 1995 Yes No No Sequel to Air Combat; "22" is a reference to the Namco Super System 22 hardware it was released on. The Outfoxies Namco NB-2 March 1995 Yes No No Rave Racer Namco Super System 22 July 16, 1995 Yes No No Second sequel to Ridge Racer. Super World Stadium '95 Namco NB-1 July 1995 Yes No No Speed Racer Namco System FL October 7, 1995 No Yes No Namco Classic Collection Vol. 1 Namco ND-1 November 1995 Yes Yes Yes Included original and "arranged" versions of Galaga, Xevious and Mappy. Ace Driver: Victory Lap Namco Super System 22 December 1995 Yes No No First sequel to Ace Driver. Dirt Dash Namco Super System 22 December 1995 Yes No No An off-road racing game. Time Crisis Namco Super System 22 December 1995 Yes Yes Yes Light gun game. PlayStation June 27, 1997 Yes Yes No Cyber Cycles Namco Super System 22 1995 Yes No No Namco Classic Collection Vol. 2 Namco ND-1 March 1996 Yes Yes Yes Included original and "arranged" versions of Pac-Man, Dig Dug and Rally-X. Abnormal Check Namco ND-1 1996 Yes No No Alpine Racer 2 Namco Super System 22 December 6, 1996 Yes No No First sequel to Alpine Racer. Super World Stadium '96 Namco NB-1 1996 Yes No No Alpine Surfer Namco Super System 22 July 1996 Yes No No Spin-off of Alpine Racer. Players stand on a snowboard instead of skis. Aqua Jet Namco Super System 22 1996 Yes No No Prop Cycle Namco Super System 22 1996 Yes No No A relatively relaxed game in which the player controls a flying bicycle by pedaling on a mock-up bicycle. Tokyo Wars Namco Super System 22 1996 Yes No No Time Crisis II Namco System 23 March 1997 Yes Yes Yes First sequel to Time Crisis. Namco Super System 23 March 1997 Yes Yes Yes PlayStation 2 October 1, 2001 Yes Yes No Super World Stadium '97 Namco NB-1 1997 Yes No No Armadillo Racing Namco Super System 22 1997 Yes No No A racing game with trackball control. Final Furlong Namco System 22.5 1997 Yes No No A multiplayer horse racing game with a force feedback saddle. Rapid River Namco System 22.5 1997 Yes No No Motocross Go! Namco System 23 1997 Yes No No Downhill Bikers Namco System 23 1997 Yes No No Panic Park Namco System 23 1997 Yes No No Angler King Namco System 23 1998 Yes No No 500GP Namco Super System 23 1998 Yes No No Gunmen Wars Namco Super System 23 GMEN 1998 Yes No No Race On! Namco Super System 23 GMEN 1998 Yes No No Guitar Jam Namco Super System 23 April 17, 1999 Yes No No Rhythm game similar to Konami's GuitarFreaks, released earlier the same year. Final Furlong 2 Namco Super System 23 GMEN 1998 Yes No No Sequel to Final Furlong. Crisis Zone Namco Super System 23 Evolution 2 March 29, 1999 Yes Yes Yes Arcade spin-off of Time Crisis. PlayStation 2 September 17, 2004 No Yes Yes Namco console-based systems Title Arcade Systems/Consoles Release date JP NA PAL Notes Tekken Namco System 11 December 9, 1994 Yes Yes No Namco's answer to Sega's Virtua Fighter. PlayStation March 31, 1995 Yes Yes No Tekken 2 Namco System 11 August 3, 1995 Yes Yes No First sequel to Tekken. PlayStation March 29, 1996 Yes Yes No Soul Edge Namco System 11 December 1995 Yes Yes No Developed by Project Soul. PlayStation December 20, 1996 Yes Yes No Dunk Mania Namco System 11 1996 Yes Yes No Xevious 3D/G Namco System 11 April 1996 Yes No No Third sequel to Xevious. PlayStation March 28, 1997 Yes Yes No Released as Xevious 3D/G+. Soul Edge Ver. II Namco System 11 May 16, 1996 Yes No No Developed by Project Soul. Alternative arcade version of Soul Edge. Dancing Eyes Namco System 11 August 27, 1996 Yes No No J-League Soccer Prime Goal EX Namco System 11 1996 Yes No No Sequel to J-League Soccer V Shoot. Pocket Racer Namco System 11 1996 Yes No No Arcade spin-off of Ridge Racer with mini-machines. Tekken 3 Namco System 12 March 20, 1997 Yes No No Second sequel to Tekken. PlayStation March 26, 1998 Yes Yes No LiberoGrande Namco System 12 1997 Yes No No PlayStation March 26, 1998 Yes No Yes Techno Drive Namco System 12 July 1, 1998 Yes No No Soulcalibur Namco System 12 July 30, 1998 Yes Yes No Developed by Project Soul. Sequel to Soul Edge. The Dreamcast port features enhanced graphics. Dreamcast August 5, 1999 Yes Yes Yes Fighting Layer Namco System 12 December 1998 Yes No No Developed by Arika. Derby Quiz: My Dream Horse Namco System 12 1998 Yes No No Super World Stadium '98 Namco System 12 1998 Yes No No Tenkomori Shooting Namco System 12 1998 Yes No No Tekken Tag Tournament Namco System 12 July 1999 Yes Yes No PlayStation 2 March 30, 2000 Yes Yes No Mr. Driller Namco System 12 October 1999 Yes Yes No PlayStation May 10, 2000 Yes Yes No Dreamcast June 25, 2000 Yes Yes Yes Game Boy Color June 29, 2000 Yes Yes No Windows February 1, 2001 Yes No Yes Mobile September 20, 2004 No Yes No Aqua Rush Namco System 12 1999 Yes No No Golgo 13 Namco System 12 1999 Yes No No Developed by 8ing/Raizing. Sniper gun game based on Japanese manga Golgo 13. Kaiun Quiz Namco System 12 1999 Yes No No Ghoul Panic Namco System 12 1999 Yes No No Developed by 8ing/Raizing. Known as Oh! Bakyuun in Japan. Spin-off of Point Blank. PlayStation April 20, 2000 Yes No No Super World Stadium '99 Namco System 12 1999 Yes No No Vampire Night Namco System 246 January 1, 2000 Yes No No Developed by Wow Entertainment. PlayStation 2 November 14, 2001 Yes Yes No Mr. Driller 2 Namco System 10 July 2000 Yes Yes No Sequel to Mr. Driller. Game Boy Advance March 21, 2001 Yes Yes Yes Windows March 29, 2002 Yes No No Point Blank 3 Namco System 11 2000 Yes Yes No Second sequel to Point Blank. Known in Japan as Gunbalina. Namco System 12 2000 Yes Yes No Namco System 10 2000 Yes Yes No PlayStation December 21, 2000 Yes Yes No Golgo 13 Kiseki no Dandou Namco System 12 2000 Yes No No Developed by 8ing/Raizing. First sequel to Golgo 13. Super World Stadium 2000 Namco System 12 2000 Yes No No Truck Kyosokyoku Namco System 12 June 2000 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Metro. GAHAHA Ippatsu-do Namco System 10 2000 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Metro. GAHAHA Ippatsu-do 2 Namco System 10 2001 Yes No No Developed by Metro. Japan-exclusive update to GAHAHA Ippatsu-do. Wangan Midnight Namco System 246 February 2, 2001 Yes No No Based on the manga Wangan Midnight. PlayStation 2 March 21, 2002 Yes No No Taiko no Tatsujin Namco System 10 February 21, 2001 Yes No No Tekken 4 Namco System 246 July 2001 Yes No No PlayStation 2 March 28, 2002 Yes Yes No Taiko no Tatsujin 2 Namco System 10 August 6, 2001 Yes No No Sequel to Taiko no Tatsujin. Wangan Midnight R Namco System 246 December 20, 2001 Yes No No Sequel to Wangan Midnight. Kotoba no Puzzle: Mojipittan Namco System 10 December 2001 Yes No No PlayStation 2 January 9, 2003 Yes Yes No Golgo 13 Juusei no Requiem Namco System 12 2001 Yes No No Second and last sequel to Golgo 13. Super World Stadium 2001 Namco System 12 2001 Yes No No Mr. Driller G Namco System 10 2001 Yes No No PlayStation November 22, 2001 Yes No No Taiko no Tatsujin 3 Namco System 10 March 15, 2002 Yes No No Soulcalibur II Namco System 246 July 10, 2002 Yes Yes No Sequel to Soulcalibur. PlayStation 2 March 27, 2003 Yes Yes Yes GameCube March 27, 2003 Yes Yes No Xbox March 27, 2003 Yes Yes No Time Crisis 3 Namco System 246 September 16, 2002 Yes Yes No Second sequel to Time Crisis. PlayStation 2 October 21, 2003 Yes Yes Yes Taiko no Tatsujin 4 Namco System 10 December 12, 2002 Yes No No Star Trigon Namco System 10 2002 Yes No No Youth Quiz: Colorful High School Namco System 10 2002 Yes No No Dragon Chronicles Namco System 246 2002 Yes No No Samurai Surf X Namco System 246 2002 Yes No No Professional Baseball 2002 Namco System 246 2002 Yes No No Smash Court Tennis Namco System 246 2002 Yes No No Taiko no Tatsujin 5 Namco System 10 October 6, 2003 Yes No No Love Quiz: High School Angel Namco System 10 2003 Yes No No Sequel to Youth Quiz: Colorful High School. Dragon Chronicles II Namco System 246 2003 Yes No No Sequel to Dragon Chronicles. Taiko no Tatsujin 6 Namco System 10 July 15, 2004 Yes No No Tekken 5 Namco System 246 September 1, 2004 Yes No No PlayStation 2 2005 Yes Yes Yes Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection Namco System 246 September 23, 2005 Yes No No PSP July 2006 Yes Yes Yes Mario Kart Arcade GP Namco-Sega-Nintendo Triforce October 10, 2005 Yes No No Co-produced with Nintendo. Taiko no Tatsujin 7 Namco System 246 2005 Yes No No Tekken 5.1 Namco System 246 December 9, 2004 Yes Yes No The Idolmaster Namco System 256 July 26, 2005 Yes No No Based on the prototype Idol Game. Mario Kart Arcade GP 2 Namco-Sega-Nintendo Triforce 2007 Yes Yes No Co-produced with Nintendo. Namco PC-based systems Title Arcade Systems Release date JP NA PAL Notes Counter Strike Neo Namco System N2 2003 Yes No No Part of Valve's Counter-Strike series. Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 3 Namco System N2 2007 Yes Yes Yes Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 3DX Namco System N2 2008 Yes Yes Yes Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 3DX Plus Namco System N2 2010 Yes Yes Yes Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 4 Namco System ES1 2011 Yes Yes Yes Released 2012 for certain Asia regions. Mario Kart Arcade GP DX Namco System ES3-A 2013 Yes Yes Yes Released 2014 for North America and European regions. Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 5 Namco System ES1/ES3-X 2014 Yes Yes Yes Released 2015 for certain Asia regions, 2017 for North America. Pokkén Tournament Namco System ES3-B 2015 Yes No No Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 5DX Namco System ES1/ES3-X 2015 Yes Yes Yes Released 2016 for certain Asia regions. Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 5DX Plus Namco System ES1/ES3-X 2016 Yes Yes Yes Released 2017 for certain Asia regions. Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 6 Namco System ES3-X 2018 Yes No No Third-party systems Title Arcade Systems/Consoles Release date JP NA PAL Notes Air Buster Kaneko 1990 Yes Yes Developed by Kaneko, released by Namco in Japan, licensed by Namco to Sharp Image Electronics in North America. Kosodate Quiz My Angel Seta 2nd Generation 1996 Yes No No Kosodate Quiz My Angel 2 Seta 2nd Generation 1997 Yes No No First sequel to Kosodate Quiz: My Angel. Ninja Assault Sega Naomi November 18, 2000 Yes Yes No PlayStation 2 September 9, 2002 Yes Yes Yes World Kicks Sega Naomi 2000 Yes Yes No Mazan: Flash Of The Blade Sega Naomi 2002 Yes Yes No Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune Sega Chihiro July 2003 Yes No No Also known as Wangan Midnight: Maxi Boost. Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 2 Sega Chihiro April 2004 Yes No No Also known as Wangan Midnight: Maxi Boost 2. Cobra: The Arcade Sega Chihiro November 2005 Yes No No Developed by Nex Entertainment. Based on the Japanese manga Space Adventure Cobra. Druaga Online: The Story of Aon Sega Chihiro 2005 Yes Yes No Unknown hardware Title Release date JP NA PAL Notes Cosmoswat 1984 Yes No No Re-skin of Shoot Away. Shoot Away II 1992 Yes Yes No Sequel to Shoot Away. Balance Try 1999 Yes No No Ryori no Tatsujin April 2000 Yes No No Wide Wide Clipper December 2000 Yes No No Ryori no Tatsujin 2: Hocho no Tatsujin April 2001 Yes No No Sequel to Ryori no Tatsujin. Atari releases in Japan Namco released a number of Atari arcade titles in Japan. Title Release date Ref Space Race 1974 Gran Trak 10 Gotcha Indy 800 1976 Breakout Marble Madness 1985 Paperboy 1985 Peter Pack Rat 1985 Gauntlet 1986 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1986 Super Sprint 1986 Hard Drivin' 1989 Klax 1990 Rampart 1991 Console-based games Published, developed, and/or produced Title Consoles/Arcade Systems Release date JP NA PAL Notes Battle City NES September 9, 1985 Yes No No Successor to Tank Battalion. Nintendo VS. System 1985 Yes No No Star Luster NES December 6, 1985 Yes No No Namco's first original game for home consoles. Nintendo VS. System 1985 Yes No No Tower of Babel NES July 18, 1986 Yes No No Valkyrie no Bōken: Toki no Kagi Densetsu NES August 1, 1986 Yes No No Super Xevious: GAMP no Nazo NES September 19, 1986 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Second sequel to Xevious. Nintendo VS. System 1986 Yes No No Mappy-Land NES November 26, 1986 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Second sequel to Mappy. Pro Yakyū Family Stadium NES December 10, 1986 Yes No No Known as R.B.I. Baseball in North America. Family Jockey NES April 24, 1987 Yes No No Game Boy March 29, 1991 Yes No No Developed by Use. Family Mahjong NES August 11, 1987 Yes No No Developed by Nihon Bussan. Namco Classic NES May 27, 1988 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Game Boy December 3, 1991 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. The Quest of Ki NES July 22, 1988 Yes No No Developed by Game Studio. Part of the Babylonian Castle Saga franchise. Nintendo VS. System 1988 Yes No No Erika to Satoru no Yume Bōken NES September 27, 1988 Yes No No Developed by Atlus. King of Kings NES December 9, 1988 Yes No No Developed by Atlus. Wagan Land NES February 9, 1989 Yes No No Developed by Now Production. Game Gear July 26, 1991 Yes No No Dragon Buster II: Yami no Fūin NES April 27, 1989 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Sequel to Dragon Buster. Splatterhouse: Wanpaku Graffiti NES July 31, 1989 Yes No No Developed by Now Production. Spin-off to Splatterhouse. Mappy Kids NES December 22, 1989 Yes No No Third sequel to Mappy. Wrestleball Sega Genesis February 8, 1991 Yes Yes No Known as Powerball in North America. Quad Challenge Sega Genesis August 6, 1991 Yes Yes No Developed by Now Production. Based on Four Trax. Super Wagan Land SNES December 13, 1991 Yes No No Developed by Nova. Part of the Wagan Land series. Namco Classic II NES March 13, 1992 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Xandra no Daibōken: Valkyrie to no Deai SNES July 23, 1992 Yes No Yes Developed by Nova. Part of the Valkyrie series. Splatterhouse 2 Sega Genesis August 3, 1992 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Now Production. Sequel to Spatterhouse. Great Greed Game Boy September 17, 1992 Yes Yes No Namcot Open SNES January 29, 1993 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Splatterhouse 3 Sega Genesis March 18, 1993 Yes Yes No Developed by Now Production. Second sequel to Spatterhouse. Rolling Thunder 3 Sega Genesis May 19, 1993 No Yes No Developed by Now Production. Second sequel to Rolling Thunder. Ms. Pac-Man Game Boy October 1993 No Yes No Namco's ports of Ms Pac-Man, originally published by Midway. NES November 1993 No Yes No Game Gear 1993 No Yes No Pac-Attack SNES October 1993 No Yes Yes Based on Cosmo Gang the Puzzle. Sega Genesis 1993 No Yes No Game Boy December 1994 No Yes No Game Gear 1994 No Yes No Metal Marines SNES December 1993 Yes Yes No Known in Japan as Militia. Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures SNES August 26, 1994 Yes Yes Yes Sega Genesis 1994 No Yes No Pac-In-Time Game Boy December 1994 No Yes Yes Developed by Atreid Concept. Part of the Pac-Man franchise. SNES January 1995 Yes Yes No Starblade Alpha PlayStation March 31, 1995 Yes Yes No Developed by High-Tech Lab Japan. Remake of Starblade. Ace Combat PlayStation June 30, 1995 Yes Yes Yes Weaponlord SNES October 1995 No Yes No Developed by Visual Concepts. Sega Genesis 1995 No Yes No Ridge Racer Revolution PlayStation December 3, 1995 Yes Yes No Third sequel to Ridge Racer. Tales of Phantasia SNES December 15, 1995 Yes No No Conceived and developed by Wolf Team. PlayStation December 23, 1998 Yes No No Game Boy Advance August 1, 2003 Yes No No Namco Mahjong: Sparrow Garden PlayStation January 1, 1996 Yes No No Golly! Ghosts! Goal! Windows March 29, 1996 Yes No No Spinoff of Golly! Ghost!. Rage Racer PlayStation December 3, 1996 Yes Yes No Fourth sequel to Ridge Racer. Ace Combat 2 PlayStation May 30, 1997 Yes Yes Yes Sequel to Ace Combat. Klonoa: Door to Phantomile PlayStation December 11, 1997 Yes Yes Yes Tales of Destiny PlayStation December 23, 1997 Yes Yes No Developed by Wolf Team. Super Family Gerenade SNES February 1, 1998 Yes No No Point Blank 2 PlayStation August 6, 1998 Yes Yes No Developed by TOSE. First sequel to Point Blank. Known in Japan as Gun Barl Namco System 11 1999 Yes No No Namco System 12 1999 Yes No No Anna Kournikova's Smash Court Tennis PlayStation November 12, 1998 Yes No Yes R4: Ridge Racer Type 4 PlayStation December 3, 1998 Yes Yes Yes Ace Combat 3: Electrosphere PlayStation May 27, 1999 Yes Yes Yes Star Ixiom PlayStation September 9, 1999 Yes No Yes Sequel to Star Luster. Pac-Man World PlayStation October 12, 1999 Yes Yes No Developed by Namco Hometek. Game Boy Advance November 17, 2004 No Yes No Developed by Full Fat. Dragon Valor PlayStation December 2, 1999 Yes Yes Yes Second sequel to Dragon Buster. Rescue Shot PlayStation January 20, 2000 Yes No Yes Developed by Now Production. Ridge Racer V PlayStation 2 March 4, 2000 Yes Yes No Namco System 246 2001 Yes No No Released as Ridge Racer V: Arcade Battle. LiberoGrande 2 PlayStation September 7, 2000 Yes No Yes Sequel to LiberoGrande. Ms. Pac-Man Maze Madness PlayStation September 8, 2000 Yes Yes No Developed by Namco Hometek. Nintendo 64 November 12, 2000 No Yes No Dreamcast November 13, 2000 No Yes No Game Boy Advance November 3, 2004 No Yes No Developed by Full Fat. MotoGP PlayStation 2 October 12, 2000 Yes Yes Yes First game in the MotoGP series. Najavu no Daiboken: My Favorite Namja Town PlayStation October 13, 2000 Yes No No Based on Namco's Namja Town indoor theme park. Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon Game Boy Color November 10, 2000 Yes No No Developed by Wolf Team. Volfoss PlayStation February 22, 2001 Yes No No Klonoa 2: Lunatea's Veil PlayStation 2 March 22, 2001 Yes Yes Yes Sequel to Klonoa: Door to Phantomile. Time Crisis: Project Titan PlayStation April 6, 2001 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Flying Tiger Entertainment. Part of the Time Crisis series. Klonoa: Empire of Dreams Game Boy Advance July 19, 2001 Yes Yes Yes Co-developed with Now Production. Ace Combat 04: Shattered Skies PlayStation 2 September 13, 2001 Yes Yes Yes MotoGP 2 PlayStation 2 December 20, 2001 Yes Yes Yes Tekken Advance Game Boy Advance December 21, 2001 Yes Yes No Pac-Man World 2 PlayStation 2 February 24, 2002 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Namco America. GameCube March 19, 2002 No Yes Yes Xbox October 15, 2002 No Yes Yes Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht PlayStation 2 February 28, 2002 Yes Yes No Developed by Monolith Soft. Klonoa Beach Volleyball PlayStation April 25, 2002 Yes No Yes Klonoa 2: Dream Champ Tournament Game Boy Advance August 6, 2002 Yes Yes No Co-developed with Now Production. Dead to Rights Xbox August 19, 2002 Yes Yes No Developed by Namco America. PlayStation 2 November 18, 2002 Yes Yes No GameCube November 25, 2002 No Yes No Windows November 10, 2003 No Yes No Pac-Man Fever GameCube September 3, 2002 No Yes No Developed by Mass Media. PlayStation 2 September 3, 2002 No Yes Yes Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 2 Game Boy Advance October 25, 2002 Yes No No Developed by Wolf Team and Alfa System. Klonoa Heroes: Densetsu no Star Medal Game Boy Advance December 13, 2002 Yes No No Mr. Driller Drill Land GameCube December 20, 2002 Yes No No Venus & Braves PlayStation 2 February 13, 2003 Yes No No MotoGP 3 PlayStation 2 February 27, 2003 Yes Yes Yes Tales of the World: Summoner's Lineage Game Boy Advance March 7, 2003 Yes No No Developed by Magic Company. Tales of Symphonia GameCube August 29, 2003 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Namco Tales Studio. PlayStation 2 September 22, 2004 Yes No No Kill Switch PlayStation 2 October 28, 2003 No Yes Yes Developed by Namco America. Windows March 3, 2004 No Yes No R: Racing Evolution PlayStation 2 November 27, 2003 Yes Yes Yes GameCube November 27, 2003 Yes Yes Yes Xbox November 27, 2003 Yes Yes Yes Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean GameCube December 5, 2003 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Monolith Soft and tri-Crescendo. Breakdown Xbox January 29, 2004 Yes Yes No Katamari Damacy PlayStation 2 March 18, 2004 Yes Yes No Xenosaga Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse PlayStation 2 June 24, 2004 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Monolith Soft. Street Racing Syndicate GameCube August 31, 2004 No Yes No Developed by Eutechnyx. PlayStation 2 August 31, 2004 No Yes No Xbox August 31, 2004 No Yes No Windows January 18, 2005 No Yes No Game Boy Advance October 4, 2005 No Yes No Critical Velocity PlayStation 2 October 13, 2005 Yes No No Related to the Ridge Racer series. Ace Combat 5: The Unsung War PlayStation 2 October 21, 2004 Yes Yes Yes Tales of Rebirth PlayStation 2 December 16, 2004 Yes No No Developed by Namco Tales Studio. Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 3 Game Boy Advance January 6, 2005 Yes No No Developed by Alfa System. Death by Degrees PlayStation 2 January 27, 2005 Yes Yes Yes Dead to Rights II PlayStation 2 April 12, 2005 No Yes No Developed by Widescreen Games. Sequel to Dead to Rights. Xbox April 12, 2005 No Yes No Windows August 15, 2005 No Yes No Namco × Capcom PlayStation 2 May 26, 2005 Yes No No Developed by Monolith Soft. MotoGP 4 PlayStation 2 May 27, 2005 Yes Yes Yes Dead to Rights: Reckoning PlayStation Portable June 28, 2005 No Yes Yes Developed by Rebellion Developments. We Love Katamari PlayStation 2 July 6, 2005 Yes Yes No Sequel to Katamari Damacy. Sigma Star Saga Game Boy Advance August 16, 2005 No Yes No Developed by WayForward. Tales of Legendia PlayStation 2 August 25, 2005 Yes Yes No Developed by Project MelFes. Urban Reign PlayStation 2 September 13, 2005 Yes Yes Yes Soulcalibur III PlayStation 2 October 25, 2005 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Project Soul. Namco System 246 2006 Yes No No Released as Soulcalibur III: Arcade Edition. Pac-Man World 3 PlayStation 2 November 15, 2005 No Yes No Co-developed with Blitz Games. GameCube November 15, 2005 No Yes No Xbox November 17, 2005 No Yes No PlayStation Portable December 6, 2005 No Yes No Nintendo DS December 7, 2005 No Yes No Windows December 8, 2005 No Yes No Ridge Racer 6 Xbox 360 November 22, 2005 Yes Yes Yes Tales of the Abyss PlayStation 2 December 15, 2005 Yes No No Developed by Namco Tales Studio. Me & My Katamari PlayStation Portable December 22, 2005 Yes Yes No Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War PlayStation 2 March 23, 2006 Yes No No Developed only Title Consoles/Arcade Systems Release date JP NA PAL Notes Kaze no Klonoa: Moonlight Museum WonderSwan May 20, 1999 Yes No No Published by Bandai. Second game after Klonoa: Door to Phantomile. Tekken Card Challenge WonderSwan June 17, 1999 Yes No No Published by Bandai. Namco Super Wars WonderSwan Color October 31, 2002 Yes No No Published by Bandai. Donkey Konga GameCube December 12, 2003 Yes Yes Yes Developed with Nintendo. Donkey Konga 2 GameCube July 1, 2004 Yes Yes Yes Developed with Nintendo. Star Fox: Assault GameCube February 14, 2005 Yes Yes Yes Developed with Nintendo. Donkey Konga 3 GameCube March 17, 2005 Yes No No Developed with Nintendo. Mario Superstar Baseball GameCube July 21, 2005 Yes Yes Yes Developed with Nintendo. Published only Title Consoles/Arcade Systems Release date JP NA PAL Notes Family Circuit NES January 6, 1988 Yes No No Developed by Game Studio. Quinty NES June 27, 1989 Yes No No Developed by Game Freak. Tenkaichi Bushi Keru Nagūru NES July 21, 1989 Yes No No Developed by Game Studio. I-Ninja PlayStation 2 November 18, 2003 No Yes No Developed by Argonaut Games. GameCube December 4, 2003 No Yes No Xbox December 4, 2003 No Yes No Pac-Man Vs. GameCube November 27, 2003 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Nintendo EAD. Published versions bundled with other Namco games. Compilations Title Consoles Release date JP NA PAL Notes Namco Museum Vol. 1 PlayStation November 22, 1995 Yes Yes Yes Namco Museum Vol. 2 PlayStation February 9, 1996 Yes Yes Yes Namco Museum Vol. 3 PlayStation June 21, 1996 Yes Yes Yes Namco Museum Vol. 4 PlayStation November 8, 1996 Yes Yes Yes Namco Museum Vol. 5 PlayStation February 28, 1997 Yes Yes Yes Namco Museum Encore PlayStation October 30, 1997 Yes No No Namco Anthology 1 PlayStation June 4, 1998 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Namco Anthology 2 PlayStation September 23, 1998 Yes No No Developed by TOSE. Namco Collection Vol. 1 Windows April 2, 1999 Yes No No Namco Collection Vol. 2 Windows April 30, 1999 Yes No No Namco Museum 64 Nintendo 64 October 31, 1999 No Yes No Developed by Mass Media. Dreamcast June 25, 2000 No Yes No Developed by Mass Media. Titled Namco Museum. Game Boy Advance June 11, 2001 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Mass Media. Titled Namco Museum. Pac-Man Collection Game Boy Advance July 12, 2001 Yes Yes Yes Developed by Mass Media Games. Namco Museum PlayStation 2 December 4, 2001 No Yes No Developed by Mass Media. GameCube October 8, 2002 No Yes No Xbox October 9, 2002 No Yes No Namco Museum Battle Collection PlayStation Portable February 24, 2005 Yes Yes No Developed by Namco Tales Studio. Namco Museum 50th Anniversary PlayStation 2 August 30, 2005 Yes Yes No Developed by Digital Eclipse. Xbox August 30, 2005 No Yes No GameCube August 30, 2005 No Yes No Game Boy Advance August 30, 2005 No Yes No Ports and licensed games Title Consoles/Arcade Systems Release date JP NA PAL Notes BurgerTime Famicom November 27, 1985 Yes No No Port of the arcade game by Data East. The Super Dimension Fortress Macross Famicom December 10, 1985 Yes No No Published by Bandai. Based on the 1982 TV show of the same name. Tag Team Pro Wrestling Famicom April 2, 1986 Yes No No Port of the arcade game by Data East. Super Chinese Famicom June 20, 1986 Yes No No Port of the arcade game by Culture Brain. Dragon Slayer IV: Drasle Family Famicom July 17, 1987 Yes No No Port of the MSX2 game by Nihon Falcom. Family Boxing Famicom July 19, 1987 Yes No No Port of the arcade game by Woodplace. Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei Famicom September 11, 1987 Yes No No Developed by Atlus. Based on the Digital Devil Story novels by Aya Nishitani. Side Pocket Famicom October 30, 1987 Yes No No Port of the arcade game by Data East. Lupin III: Pandora no Isan Famicom November 6, 1987 Yes No No Part of the Lupin III franchise. Star Wars Famicom December 4, 1987 Yes No No Based on the first Star Wars film. Karnov Famicom December 18, 1987 Yes No No Port of the arcade game by Data East. Hydlide 3: Yami Kara No Houmonsha Famicom February 17, 1989 Yes No No Port of the home computer game by T&E Soft. Devilman Famicom April 25, 1989 Yes No No Developed by Intelligent Systems. Part of the Devilman franchise. Dragon Ninja Famicom July 14, 1989 Yes No No Port of the arcade game by Data East. Family Stadium '89: Kaimaku Ban Famicom July 28, 1989 Yes No No Uses NPB baseball teams. Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II Famicom April 6, 1990 Yes No No Developed by Atlus. Based on the Digital Devil Story novels by Aya Nishitani. Klax Mega Drive September 7, 1990 Yes No No Port of the arcade game by Atari Games. Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water Mega Drive March 19, 1991 Yes No No Part of the Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water franchise. Heisei Tensai Bakabon Famicom December 6, 1991 Yes No No Part of the Tensai Bakabon franchise. Chibi Maruko-chan: Waku Waku Shopping Mega Drive January 14, 1992 Yes No No Part of the Chibi Maruko-chan franchise. Super Famista SNES March 27, 1992 Yes Yes No Uses NPB baseball teams. Yu Yu Hakusho Super Famicom December 22, 1993 Yes No No Part of the Yu Yu Hakusho franchise. Yu Yu Hakusho 2: Kakuto no Sho Super Famicom June 10, 1994 Yes No No Part of the Yu Yu Hakusho franchise. Yu Yu Hakusho: Tokubetsu Hen Super Famicom December 22, 1994 Yes No No Part of the Yu Yu Hakusho franchise. Yu Yu Hakusho Final: Makai Saikyo Retsuden Super Famicom March 24, 1995 Yes No No Part of the Yu Yu Hakusho franchise. Famista 64 Nintendo 64 November 28, 1997 Yes No No Uses NPB baseball teams. Smashing Drive GameCube February 18, 2002 No Yes No Developed by Point of View, Inc. Port of the arcade game by Gaelco. Xbox May 13, 2002 No Yes No Famista Advance Game Boy Advance June 28, 2002 Yes No No Uses NPB baseball teams. Family Stadium 2003 GameCube May 30, 2003 Yes No No Uses NPB baseball teams. Spawn: Armageddon GameCube November 21, 2003 No Yes Yes Developed by Point of View, Inc. Based on the Spawn comics. Xbox November 21, 2003 No Yes Yes PlayStation 2 November 21, 2003 Yes Yes Yes Hello Kitty: Roller Rescue GameCube August 16, 2005 No Yes No Developed by XPEC Entertainment. Part of the Hello Kitty franchise. Atomic Betty Game Boy Advance August 25, 2005 No Yes No Developed by Big Blue Bubble. Based on the Atomic Betty TV show. The Berenstain Bears and the Spooky Old Tree Game Boy Advance September 20, 2005 No Yes No Developed by Program-Ace. Based on the Berenstain Bears books. Curious George PlayStation 2 February 1, 2006 No Yes No Developed by Monkey Bar Games. Based on the 2006 film of the same name. GameCube February 1, 2006 No Yes No Xbox February 1, 2006 No Yes No Windows February 1, 2006 No Yes No Other platforms Namco has ventured onto other platforms, either itself or through licensing agreements with other publishers. Title iOS Mobile Windows Dig Dug Y Y Y1 Galaga Y Galaga Remix Y Galaxian/Galaxian Mini Y Y1 Ms. Pac-Man Y Y Y2 New Rally-X Y Pac-Man Y Y Y1 Pac-Mania Y Pole Position Y1 Pole Position II Y Rally-X Y2 Time Crisis Mobile Y Xevious/Xevious Mini Y Y2 Notes: Included in Microsoft Return of Arcade. Included in Microsoft Revenge of Arcade. See also List of Bandai Namco video games List of Bandai Namco video game franchises References ^ "人気マシン・ベスト3" (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 113. Amusement Press, Inc. February 1979. pp. 2–3. ^ Rignall, Julian (May 1990). "Arcades". CU Amiga. No. 3. United Kingdom. pp. 84–7. ^ "ベストスリー本紙調査 (調査対象1980年) 〜アーケードゲーム機" (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 159. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 February 1981. p. 2. ^ "Overseas Readers Column: Amazing Amusement Robots Taito, Namco Developed" (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 251. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 January 1985. p. 38. ^ "Midway Mfg. Co. v. Dirkschneider, 543 F. Supp. 466 (D. Neb. 1981)". Justia Law. 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April 1996. p. 98. ^ a b "Model 3: Sega Affirms Arcade Supremacy". Next Generation. No. 17. Imagine Media. May 1996. p. 16. ^ Webb, Marcus (September 1996). "Up and Coming Coin-Ops". Next Generation. No. 21. Imagine Media. p. 22. Based on the Super 22 System, this one-player game is a race against time in which players can jump off waves and down waterfalls. Due in early October. ^ "AOU". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 93. Ziff Davis. April 1997. p. 78. ^ "Gaming Gossip". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 99. Ziff Davis. October 1997. p. 38. ^ Webb, Marcus (May 1998). "Sequel Mania at London and Tokyo Expos". Next Generation. No. 41. Imagine Media. p. 33. ^ "Guitar jam (Registration Number PA0000981692)". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Arcade mode". Hyper. No. 75 (January 2000). 1 December 1999. p. 15. ^ "Dunk Mania". Next Generation. No. 22. Imagine Media. October 1996. p. 190. ^ "Catalog - Brand New: Air Buster". Vol. 15, no. 7. RePlay. April 1990. p. 154. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. pp. 51–5. ISBN 978-4990251215. ^ "Game Machine - Marble Madness" (PDF). Amusement Press. 1985-05-01. ^ "Flyer Fever - Paperboy". ^ "Flyer Fever - Peter Pack Rat". ^ "Flyer Fever - Peter Pack Rat". Archived from the original on 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2020-04-26. ^ "Flyer Fever - Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Archived from the original on 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2020-04-26. ^ "Flyer Fever - Super Sprint". ^ "Flyer Fever - Hard Drivin'". ^ "Flyer Fever - Klax". ^ "Flyer Fever - Rampart". Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2020-04-26. ^ McFerran, Damien (16 February 2023). "Best Ridge Racer Games - Every Ridge Racer, Ranked". Time Extension. Hookshot Media. Retrieved 30 October 2023. vteBandai Namco HoldingsEntertainment UnitDigital Business Bandai Namco Entertainment B.B. Studio Bandai Namco Studios Broccoli Limbic Entertainment D3 Publisher Toys & Hobby Bandai Bandai Spirits Sun-Star Heart Plex MegaHouse CCP Banpresto Sales Bandai Museum IP Production Unit Bandai Namco Filmworks Sunrise Bandai Namco Pictures Actas Eight Bit Bandai Visual Emotion Bandai Channel Sotsu Bandai Namco Music Live Lantis Highway Star Sunrise Music MoooD Records GloryHeaven StarRise Kiramune Amusement Unit Bandai Namco Amusement Hanayashiki Namjatown Gundam Park Pleasurecast Affiliated Companies Bandai Logipal Logipal Express Bandai Namco Business Arc Bandai Namco Will Happinet (27%) J-Broad Former subsidiaries Enterrium Italian Tomato Monolith Soft Nikkatsu Key people Katsuhiro Harada Masaya Nakamura Toru Iwatani Defunct Banpresto Cellius Daisuki Entertainment Software Publishing Namco Namco Bandai Partners Australia Namco Funscape Namco Networks Namco Tales Studio ShiftyLook Wonder Eggs Related List of games Bandai Namco Namco List of video game franchises List of video game compilations Namco Generations Namco Community Magazine NG Shimane Susanoo Magic	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Namco_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"},{"link_name":"video game developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai"},{"link_name":"List of Bandai Namco video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bandai_Namco_video_games"},{"link_name":"List of Bandai Namco video game franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bandai_Namco_video_game_franchises"}],"text":"Namco was a video game developer and publisher, originally from Japan.Bandai Namco Entertainment is the successor to Namco and continues manufacturing and distributing video games worldwide. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_of_San_Agustin	Plains of San Agustin	["1 Geology","2 Climate","3 Landmarks","4 Notes","5 Sources","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°52′31″N 108°15′03″W / 33.87528°N 108.25083°W / 33.87528; -108.25083Location of the San Agustin Plains within New Mexico Plains of San Agustin watershed The Plains of San Agustin (sometimes listed as the Plains of San Augustin) is a region in the southwestern U.S. state of New Mexico in the San Agustin Basin, south of U.S. Highway 60. The area spans Catron and Socorro Counties, about 50 miles (80 km) west of the town of Socorro and about 25 miles north of Reserve. The plains extend roughly northeast-southwest, with a length of about 55 miles (88 km) and a width varying between 5–15 miles (8–24 km). The basin is bounded on the south by the Luera Mountains and Pelona Mountain (outliers of the Black Range); on the west by the Tularosa Mountains; on the north by the Mangas, Crosby, Datil, and Gallinas Mountains; and on the east by the San Mateo Mountains. The Continental Divide lies close to much of the southern and western boundaries of the plains. Geology Geologically, the Plains of San Agustin lie within the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, just south of the southeast edge of the Colorado Plateau, and west of the Rio Grande Rift Valley. The basin is a graben (a downdropped block which subsided between parallel faults). The graben is younger than the Datil-Mogollon volcanic eruptions. The flat floor of the plains was created by a Pleistocene lake (Lake San Agustin). Although the graben has dropped an estimated 4,000 feet (1,200 m), the surface relief has been reduced to about 2,000 feet (610 m) by sedimentation. A great deal of the sediments entered the San Agustin basin prior to the formation of Lake San Agustin in the last glacial period. There is no evidence of tectonic activity in the area after Lake San Agustin became extinct. Ecologically, the plains lie near the northern end of the Chihuahuan Desert (though the ranges surrounding the Gila River headwaters intervene), which is dominated by shrublands. Climate The Plains of San Agustin has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). Climate data for Augustine, New Mexico, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1926–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 74(23) 80(27) 82(28) 85(29) 94(34) 98(37) 102(39) 98(37) 93(34) 85(29) 77(25) 77(25) 102(39) Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.5(15.8) 64.7(18.2) 71.4(21.9) 76.4(24.7) 84.1(28.9) 92.3(33.5) 91.9(33.3) 88.6(31.4) 85.1(29.5) 78.6(25.9) 69.8(21.0) 62.6(17.0) 93.6(34.2) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 45.6(7.6) 49.4(9.7) 56.2(13.4) 63.0(17.2) 71.8(22.1) 81.8(27.7) 82.0(27.8) 79.6(26.4) 74.9(23.8) 65.9(18.8) 55.1(12.8) 45.8(7.7) 64.3(17.9) Daily mean °F (°C) 31.6(−0.2) 35.1(1.7) 40.5(4.7) 47.2(8.4) 55.8(13.2) 65.5(18.6) 68.9(20.5) 66.7(19.3) 60.5(15.8) 50.0(10.0) 39.0(3.9) 31.2(−0.4) 49.3(9.6) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 17.5(−8.1) 20.8(−6.2) 24.9(−3.9) 31.3(−0.4) 39.8(4.3) 49.2(9.6) 55.9(13.3) 53.8(12.1) 46.1(7.8) 34.2(1.2) 22.9(−5.1) 16.5(−8.6) 34.4(1.3) Mean minimum °F (°C) 0.2(−17.7) 3.8(−15.7) 9.6(−12.4) 16.6(−8.6) 24.9(−3.9) 36.1(2.3) 46.6(8.1) 45.1(7.3) 33.3(0.7) 19.2(−7.1) 6.4(−14.2) −3.1(−19.5) −6.2(−21.2) Record low °F (°C) −33(−36) −34(−37) −20(−29) 1(−17) 9(−13) 15(−9) 27(−3) 31(−1) 20(−7) 5(−15) −36(−38) −25(−32) −36(−38) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.46(12) 0.55(14) 0.53(13) 0.48(12) 0.67(17) 0.55(14) 2.69(68) 2.84(72) 2.00(51) 1.08(27) 0.58(15) 0.61(15) 13.04(331) Average snowfall inches (cm) 1.4(3.6) 1.5(3.8) 0.8(2.0) 0.1(0.25) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.4(1.0) 0.5(1.3) 1.9(4.8) 6.6(17) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 3.2 2.7 2.5 1.9 2.7 2.6 8.8 8.8 6.1 3.6 2.6 2.7 48.2 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.9 3.0 Source: NOAA Landmarks Very Large Array, on the Plains of San Agustin Satellite photo of the Plains of San Agustin The plains are probably best known as the site of the Very Large Array, a radio astronomy observatory. The plains were chosen for the observatory because of their isolated location away from large population centers, and the partial shielding effect of the surrounding mountain ranges. The edges of the plains have sites of archaeological interest such as a prehistoric rockshelter known as Bat Cave. Other sites in the area include a ghost town called Old Horse Springs and the Ake Site, a prehistoric occupation site. Notes ^ New Mexico Atlas and Gazetteer, Second Edition, DeLorme Mapping, 2000. ^ a b Stearns, Charles E. (1962) Geology of the north half of the Pelona Quadrangle, Catron County, New Mexico Bulletin 78, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM, OCLC 3926534 ^ Halka Chronic, Roadside Geology of New Mexico, Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, 1987, ISBN 0-87842-209-9. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2021. Sources Powers, William E. (1939) "Basin and Shore Features of the Extinct Lake, San Augustin, New Mexico" Journal of Geomorphology 2: pp. 345–356 Weber, Robert H. (1994) "Pluvial Lakes of the Plains of San Augustin" In Chamberlin, R.M. et al. (1994) Mogollon Slope, West-Central New Mexico and East-Central Arizona pp. 9–11, New Mexico Geological Society, Forty-Fifth Annual Field Conference, Socorro, New Mexico. Holliday, Vance T. 'et al. (2007) "Paleoindian Geoarchaeology and the Archaeological Potential on the Plains of San Augustin, New Mexico" Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund, Department of Anthropology and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA Woodward, Susan L. (November 1996) "North American Deserts" Geography Department, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA External links U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plains of San Agustin vteTopics of Catron County, New MexicoNatural features Aspen Mountain Jordan Hot Springs Middle Fork Hot Springs Mogollon-Datil volcanic field Mogollon Mountains Plains of San Agustin/former Lake San Agustín Red Hill volcanic field San Francisco River Turkey Creek Hot Springs Whitewater Baldy Protected areas Blue Range Wilderness Catwalk National Recreation Trail Gila National Forest Gila Wilderness Whitewater Canyon National Forest Recreation Area National Register of HistoricPlaces listings Bearwallow Park Bearwallow Mountain Lookout Cabins and Shed Black Mountain Black Mountain Lookout Cabin Ake Site El Caso Lake El Caso Lookout Complex Bat Cave Mangas Mountain Lookout Complex Mogollon Historic District Socorro Mines Mining Company Mill, Fannie Hill Mogollon Baldy Lookout Cabin Red Hill Mogollon Pueblo Zuñi Salt Lake Historic people Apache Chiricahua Cochise Elfego Baca Butch Cassidy James C. Cooney Goyaałé (Geronimo) Tom Ketchum Mangas Coloradas Mimbres Culture Mogollon Culture Victorio Wild Bunch Historic places and events Alma Massacre Cooney's Tomb Battle of Tularosa Frisco shootout Gila Cliff Dwellings The Lightning Field 33°52′31″N 108°15′03″W / 33.87528°N 108.25083°W / 33.87528; -108.25083	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NMMap-doton-SanAgustin.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plains-of-San-Agustin-watershed.gif"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Catron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catron_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Socorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Socorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Luera Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luera_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Black Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Range"},{"link_name":"Tularosa Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tularosa_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangas_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crosby_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Datil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datil_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Gallinas Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallinas_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Mateo Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo_Mountains_(Socorro_County,_New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_lorme-1"}],"text":"Location of the San Agustin Plains within New MexicoPlains of San Agustin watershedThe Plains of San Agustin (sometimes listed as the Plains of San Augustin) is a region in the southwestern U.S. state of New Mexico in the San Agustin Basin, south of U.S. Highway 60. The area spans Catron and Socorro Counties, about 50 miles (80 km) west of the town of Socorro and about 25 miles north of Reserve. The plains extend roughly northeast-southwest, with a length of about 55 miles (88 km) and a width varying between 5–15 miles (8–24 km). The basin is bounded on the south by the Luera Mountains and Pelona Mountain (outliers of the Black Range); on the west by the Tularosa Mountains; on the north by the Mangas, Crosby, Datil, and Gallinas Mountains; and on the east by the San Mateo Mountains. The Continental Divide lies close to much of the southern and western boundaries of the plains.[1]","title":"Plains of San Agustin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mogollon-Datil volcanic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogollon-Datil_volcanic_field"},{"link_name":"Colorado Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_Rift"},{"link_name":"graben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stearns-2"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Lake San Agustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_San_Agust%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronic-3"},{"link_name":"last glacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stearns-2"},{"link_name":"Chihuahuan Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert"},{"link_name":"Gila River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_River"},{"link_name":"shrublands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubland"}],"text":"Geologically, the Plains of San Agustin lie within the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, just south of the southeast edge of the Colorado Plateau, and west of the Rio Grande Rift Valley. The basin is a graben (a downdropped block which subsided between parallel faults). The graben is younger than the Datil-Mogollon volcanic eruptions.[2] The flat floor of the plains was created by a Pleistocene lake (Lake San Agustin).[3] Although the graben has dropped an estimated 4,000 feet (1,200 m), the surface relief has been reduced to about 2,000 feet (610 m) by sedimentation. A great deal of the sediments entered the San Agustin basin prior to the formation of Lake San Agustin in the last glacial period. There is no evidence of tectonic activity in the area after Lake San Agustin became extinct.[2]Ecologically, the plains lie near the northern end of the Chihuahuan Desert (though the ranges surrounding the Gila River headwaters intervene), which is dominated by shrublands.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cold semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"BSk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Plains of San Agustin has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk).Climate data for Augustine, New Mexico, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1926–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n74(23)\n\n80(27)\n\n82(28)\n\n85(29)\n\n94(34)\n\n98(37)\n\n102(39)\n\n98(37)\n\n93(34)\n\n85(29)\n\n77(25)\n\n77(25)\n\n102(39)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n60.5(15.8)\n\n64.7(18.2)\n\n71.4(21.9)\n\n76.4(24.7)\n\n84.1(28.9)\n\n92.3(33.5)\n\n91.9(33.3)\n\n88.6(31.4)\n\n85.1(29.5)\n\n78.6(25.9)\n\n69.8(21.0)\n\n62.6(17.0)\n\n93.6(34.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n45.6(7.6)\n\n49.4(9.7)\n\n56.2(13.4)\n\n63.0(17.2)\n\n71.8(22.1)\n\n81.8(27.7)\n\n82.0(27.8)\n\n79.6(26.4)\n\n74.9(23.8)\n\n65.9(18.8)\n\n55.1(12.8)\n\n45.8(7.7)\n\n64.3(17.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n31.6(−0.2)\n\n35.1(1.7)\n\n40.5(4.7)\n\n47.2(8.4)\n\n55.8(13.2)\n\n65.5(18.6)\n\n68.9(20.5)\n\n66.7(19.3)\n\n60.5(15.8)\n\n50.0(10.0)\n\n39.0(3.9)\n\n31.2(−0.4)\n\n49.3(9.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n17.5(−8.1)\n\n20.8(−6.2)\n\n24.9(−3.9)\n\n31.3(−0.4)\n\n39.8(4.3)\n\n49.2(9.6)\n\n55.9(13.3)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n46.1(7.8)\n\n34.2(1.2)\n\n22.9(−5.1)\n\n16.5(−8.6)\n\n34.4(1.3)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n0.2(−17.7)\n\n3.8(−15.7)\n\n9.6(−12.4)\n\n16.6(−8.6)\n\n24.9(−3.9)\n\n36.1(2.3)\n\n46.6(8.1)\n\n45.1(7.3)\n\n33.3(0.7)\n\n19.2(−7.1)\n\n6.4(−14.2)\n\n−3.1(−19.5)\n\n−6.2(−21.2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−33(−36)\n\n−34(−37)\n\n−20(−29)\n\n1(−17)\n\n9(−13)\n\n15(−9)\n\n27(−3)\n\n31(−1)\n\n20(−7)\n\n5(−15)\n\n−36(−38)\n\n−25(−32)\n\n−36(−38)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.46(12)\n\n0.55(14)\n\n0.53(13)\n\n0.48(12)\n\n0.67(17)\n\n0.55(14)\n\n2.69(68)\n\n2.84(72)\n\n2.00(51)\n\n1.08(27)\n\n0.58(15)\n\n0.61(15)\n\n13.04(331)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n1.4(3.6)\n\n1.5(3.8)\n\n0.8(2.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.4(1.0)\n\n0.5(1.3)\n\n1.9(4.8)\n\n6.6(17)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n3.2\n\n2.7\n\n2.5\n\n1.9\n\n2.7\n\n2.6\n\n8.8\n\n8.8\n\n6.1\n\n3.6\n\n2.6\n\n2.7\n\n48.2\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n0.7\n\n0.7\n\n0.3\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.2\n\n0.2\n\n0.9\n\n3.0\n\n\nSource: NOAA[4][5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Very_Large_Array,_New_Mexico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Very Large Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Array"},{"link_name":"radio astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy"},{"link_name":"observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory"},{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological"},{"link_name":"Bat Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat_Cave_(New_Mexico)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Horse Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Horse_Springs,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ake Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ake_Site"}],"text":"Very Large Array, on the Plains of San AgustinSatellite photo of the Plains of San AgustinThe plains are probably best known as the site of the Very Large Array, a radio astronomy observatory. The plains were chosen for the observatory because of their isolated location away from large population centers, and the partial shielding effect of the surrounding mountain ranges. The edges of the plains have sites of archaeological interest such as a prehistoric rockshelter known as Bat Cave.Other sites in the area include a ghost town called Old Horse Springs and the Ake Site, a prehistoric occupation site.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-de_lorme_1-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stearns_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stearns_2-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3926534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3926534"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chronic_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87842-209-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87842-209-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=abq"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00290640&format=pdf"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"}],"text":"^ New Mexico Atlas and Gazetteer, Second Edition, DeLorme Mapping, 2000.\n\n^ a b Stearns, Charles E. (1962) Geology of the north half of the Pelona Quadrangle, Catron County, New Mexico Bulletin 78, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM, OCLC 3926534\n\n^ Halka Chronic, Roadside Geology of New Mexico, Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, 1987, ISBN 0-87842-209-9.\n\n^ \"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2021.\n\n^ \"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2021.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holliday, Vance T. 'et al. (2007) \"Paleoindian Geoarchaeology and the Archaeological Potential on the Plains of San Augustin, New Mexico\" Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund, Department of Anthropology and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120204123717/http://www.argonaut.arizona.edu/projects/sanaugustin.htm"},{"link_name":"Woodward, Susan L. (November 1996) \"North American Deserts\" Geography Department, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/desert/namdesrt.html"}],"text":"Powers, William E. (1939) \"Basin and Shore Features of the Extinct Lake, San Augustin, New Mexico\" Journal of Geomorphology 2: pp. 345–356\nWeber, Robert H. (1994) \"Pluvial Lakes of the Plains of San Augustin\" In Chamberlin, R.M. et al. (1994) Mogollon Slope, West-Central New Mexico and East-Central Arizona pp. 9–11, New Mexico Geological Society, Forty-Fifth Annual Field Conference, Socorro, New Mexico.\nHolliday, Vance T. 'et al. (2007) \"Paleoindian Geoarchaeology and the Archaeological Potential on the Plains of San Augustin, New Mexico\" Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund, Department of Anthropology and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA\nWoodward, Susan L. (November 1996) \"North American Deserts\" Geography Department, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of the San Agustin Plains within New Mexico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/NMMap-doton-SanAgustin.png"},{"image_text":"Plains of San Agustin watershed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Plains-of-San-Agustin-watershed.gif/250px-Plains-of-San-Agustin-watershed.gif"},{"image_text":"Very Large Array, on the Plains of San Agustin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg/300px-USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Satellite photo of the Plains of San Agustin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Very_Large_Array%2C_New_Mexico.jpg/300px-The_Very_Large_Array%2C_New_Mexico.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=abq","url_text":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00290640&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Plains_of_San_Agustin&params=33_52_31_N_108_15_03_W_","external_links_name":"33°52′31″N 108°15′03″W / 33.87528°N 108.25083°W / 33.87528; -108.25083"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3926534","external_links_name":"3926534"},{"Link":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=abq","external_links_name":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00290640&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120204123717/http://www.argonaut.arizona.edu/projects/sanaugustin.htm","external_links_name":"Holliday, Vance T. 'et al. (2007) \"Paleoindian Geoarchaeology and the Archaeological Potential on the Plains of San Augustin, New Mexico\" Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund, Department of Anthropology and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"Link":"http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/desert/namdesrt.html","external_links_name":"Woodward, Susan L. (November 1996) \"North American Deserts\" Geography Department, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/923769","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plains of San Agustin"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Plains_of_San_Agustin&params=33_52_31_N_108_15_03_W_","external_links_name":"33°52′31″N 108°15′03″W / 33.87528°N 108.25083°W / 33.87528; -108.25083"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Labeo	Claudius Labeo	["1 References","2 Footnotes","3 External links"]	Batavian military leader (fl. 69-70 AD) For other people named Labeo, see Labeo (disambiguation). Claudius Labeo (1st. ct. AD) was a Batavian and a military leader in the service of the Roman Empire at the time of the Batavian rebellion. He was prefect of the Batavian ala of auxiliaries, which went over from Lupercus to Civilis. Civilis, whose rival he was in their native town, not being willing to incur the odium of putting him to death, and yet fearing that, if allowed to remain with his army, he might excite disaffection, sent him as a prisoner among the Frisii. He afterwards escaped, and offered his services to Vocula, who gave him a small force, with, which he carried on an irregular warfare against the insurgents. He was defeated by Civilis, who, however, tried in vain to crush him. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, Philip (1870). "Labeo, Claudius". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 2. p. 694. Footnotes ^ Tac. Hist. iv. 18, 56, 66, 70. (cited by Smith) External links Livius.org: Claudius Labeo Archived 2013-10-10 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases: People Netherlands This ancient Roman biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labeo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Batavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavians"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Batavian rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_rebellion"},{"link_name":"prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect"},{"link_name":"ala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_(Roman_military)"},{"link_name":"Lupercus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munius_Lupercus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Civilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Civilis"},{"link_name":"Frisii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisii"},{"link_name":"Vocula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Dillius_Vocula"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named Labeo, see Labeo (disambiguation).Claudius Labeo (1st. ct. AD) was a Batavian and a military leader in the service of the Roman Empire at the time of the Batavian rebellion. He was prefect of the Batavian ala of auxiliaries, which went over from Lupercus to Civilis.Civilis, whose rival he was in their native town, not being willing to incur the odium of putting him to death, and yet fearing that, if allowed to remain with his army, he might excite disaffection, sent him as a prisoner among the Frisii. He afterwards escaped, and offered his services to Vocula, who gave him a small force, with, which he carried on an irregular warfare against the insurgents. He was defeated by Civilis, who, however, tried in vain to crush him.[1]","title":"Claudius Labeo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Tac. Hist. iv. 18, 56, 66, 70. (cited by Smith)","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Smith, Philip (1870). \"Labeo, Claudius\". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 2. p. 694.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Smith_(classicist)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Smith, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)","url_text":"Smith, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/claudius/labeo.html","external_links_name":"Livius.org: Claudius Labeo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131010040302/http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/claudius/labeo.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/81335968","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudius_Labeo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_Off_the_Walls	Bouncing Off the Walls	["1 Music video","2 In popular culture","3 References","4 External links"]	For the Green Day song, see Revolution Radio. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bouncing Off the Walls" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2001 single by Sugarcult"Bouncing Off the Walls"Single by Sugarcultfrom the album Start Static Released2001Recorded2001GenrePop punkLength2:21LabelFearlessSongwriter(s)Ben Davis, Marko DeSantis, Airin Older, Tim PagnottaProducer(s)Mark Trombino "Bouncing Off the Walls" is the debut single by the American punk rock band Sugarcult from their 2001 album Start Static. It was the lead single of the soundtrack to the film Van Wilder. Music video The music video for "Bouncing Off the Walls" features clips of the band and scenes from the film Van Wilder with Ryan Reynolds and Tara Reid. In popular culture "Bouncing Off the Walls" has appeared in various media. It was played in the background of the series premiere of the television show 24 and January 8, 2006 episode of America's Funniest Home Videos. Additionally, the song was featured on the soundtracks of the films Van Wilder and American Wedding. It was also featured in the Warren Miller documentary Off the Grid. The song was also featured in the 2002 game Big Air Freestyle. References ^ https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/sugarcult-sweet-on-tour-van-wilder-77013/amp/ ^ Bouncing Off the Walls Official Music Video ^ Sugarcult - IMDb External links "Bouncing Off the Walls" Official Music Video on YouTube vteSugarcult Tim Pagnotta Airin Older Marko DeSantis Ken Livingston Studio albums Start Static Palm Trees and Power Lines Lights Out Singles "Bouncing Off the Walls" "Memory" Related bands Ridel High Nerf Herder The Playing Favorites Bad Astronaut	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revolution Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_Radio"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Sugarcult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcult"},{"link_name":"Start Static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_Static"},{"link_name":"Van Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Wilder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the Green Day song, see Revolution Radio.2001 single by Sugarcult\"Bouncing Off the Walls\" is the debut single by the American punk rock band Sugarcult from their 2001 album Start Static. It was the lead single of the soundtrack to the film Van Wilder.[1]","title":"Bouncing Off the Walls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Van Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Ryan Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Tara Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Reid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The music video for \"Bouncing Off the Walls\" features clips of the band and scenes from the film Van Wilder with Ryan Reynolds and Tara Reid.[2]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_(TV_Series)"},{"link_name":"America's Funniest Home Videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Funniest_Home_Videos"},{"link_name":"Van Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Van_Wilder"},{"link_name":"American Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wedding"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Warren Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Miller_(director)"},{"link_name":"Big Air Freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Air_Freestyle"}],"text":"\"Bouncing Off the Walls\" has appeared in various media. It was played in the background of the series premiere of the television show 24 and January 8, 2006 episode of America's Funniest Home Videos. Additionally, the song was featured on the soundtracks of the films Van Wilder and American Wedding.[3] It was also featured in the Warren Miller documentary Off the Grid. The song was also featured in the 2002 game Big Air Freestyle.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bouncing+Off+the+Walls%22","external_links_name":"\"Bouncing Off the Walls\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bouncing+Off+the+Walls%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bouncing+Off+the+Walls%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bouncing+Off+the+Walls%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bouncing+Off+the+Walls%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bouncing+Off+the+Walls%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/sugarcult-sweet-on-tour-van-wilder-77013/amp/","external_links_name":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/sugarcult-sweet-on-tour-van-wilder-77013/amp/"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMJUy_HN-00","external_links_name":"Bouncing Off the Walls Official Music Video"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1753861/","external_links_name":"Sugarcult - IMDb"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMJUy_HN-00","external_links_name":"\"Bouncing Off the Walls\" Official Music Video"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Munawar_Khan_Awan	Malik Munawar Khan Awan	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Memorials","4 References"]	British Indian Army officer MajorMalik Munawar Khan Awan ملک منور خان اعوانSitara-e-JuratBornChakwal, Punjab, British IndiaAllegiance British Raj (?-1942) Azad Hind (1942-1945) Pakistan (1947-?)Service/branch British Indian Army Indian National Army Pakistan ArmyRank MajorUnit21 Azad Kashmir RegimentBattles/wars World War II Battle of Imphal Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Operation Gibraltar Awards Sitara-e-Jurat Malik Munawar Khan Awan ( ملک منور خان اعوان ) was a Major rank officer in the Pakistan Army, whose career had begun in the British Indian Army and included spells in the Imperial Japanese Army and the revolutionary Indian National Army that fought against the Allies in World War II where he commanded 2nd INA Guerrilla Battalion during famous Battle of Imphal. He received a gallantry award for his work during Operation Gibraltar in 1965. Early life Munawar was born in Chakwal District, Punjab, British India. As a young boy, he was spotted winning an athletics race that he had entered on the spur of the moment and was nurtured by the British for a role in the army. Career Awan was among those captured and made prisoner of war by Japanese forces while trying to defend Singapore in World War II. He learned the Japanese language while incarcerated and his fluency brought him to the attention of his captors. They moved him out of the prison camp and enlisted him in the Imperial Japanese Army, where he received special training. When the Indian National Army, led by Subhas Chandra Bose, was formed in 1942, Awan joined its fight for Indian independence from British rule. He was captured by the Allied forces and returned to India to stand trial for treason at the end of World War II. Awan was freed, along with other INA prisoners, when the Partition of India occurred. He moved to Pakistan and was invited to join the Pakistan Army by prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan. He then joined the Azad Kashmir Regular Forces (AKRF), which later became the Azad Kashmir Regiment. Operation Gibraltar was launched in July 1965 with the aim of Pakistani infiltration of Jammu & Kashmir. Awan, who now held the rank of major, was involved in this, leading troops in heavy fighting at a pass near to Rajouri. He controlled an area of around 500 square miles for a period of three months and, according to Lt General Mahmud Ahmed in his book War 1965, Munawar enjoyed full support from the local population of the valley. By the time the Second Kashmir War ended, Munawar was in effective control of Rajouri valley and welcomed UN military observers who landed in Rajouri valley to monitor the ceasefire. However, after the Tashkent Agreement between India and Pakistan, he was ordered to withdraw his forces and return to Rawalpindi. Awan was awarded the Sitara-i-Jurat for his actions in the Rajouri valley, and was also referred to as the "King of Rajouri" by Field Marshal Ayub Khan. He died a few years later. Memorials Munawar Pass, a pass in Pir Panjal mountain range north of Pir ki Gali overlooking the town of Rajouri in the union territory of Kashmir was named after Major Munawar by the locals. References ^ Smith, James (12 January 2015). "INA Operations". Southeast Asia:World War II. ^ a b c d e f Niaz, Anjum (21 April 2013). "The 20-watt fountain of energy". Dawn.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Indian National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Battle of Imphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southeast_Asia:World_War_II-1"},{"link_name":"Operation Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar"}],"text":"Malik Munawar Khan Awan ( ملک منور خان اعوان ) was a Major rank officer in the Pakistan Army, whose career had begun in the British Indian Army and included spells in the Imperial Japanese Army and the revolutionary Indian National Army that fought against the Allies in World War II where he commanded 2nd INA Guerrilla Battalion during famous Battle of Imphal.[1] He received a gallantry award for his work during Operation Gibraltar in 1965.","title":"Malik Munawar Khan Awan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-2"}],"text":"Munawar was born in Chakwal District, Punjab, British India. As a young boy, he was spotted winning an athletics race that he had entered on the spur of the moment and was nurtured by the British for a role in the army.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-2"},{"link_name":"Indian National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Subhas Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"Indian independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-2"},{"link_name":"Partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"Liaquat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Azad Kashmir Regular Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Regular_Forces"},{"link_name":"Azad Kashmir Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-2"},{"link_name":"Jammu & Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)"},{"link_name":"Rajouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajouri"},{"link_name":"Second Kashmir War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Kashmir_War"},{"link_name":"Tashkent Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Rawalpindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-2"},{"link_name":"Sitara-i-Jurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitara-i-Jurat"},{"link_name":"Ayub Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-2"}],"text":"Awan was among those captured and made prisoner of war by Japanese forces while trying to defend Singapore in World War II. He learned the Japanese language while incarcerated and his fluency brought him to the attention of his captors. They moved him out of the prison camp and enlisted him in the Imperial Japanese Army, where he received special training.[2]When the Indian National Army, led by Subhas Chandra Bose, was formed in 1942, Awan joined its fight for Indian independence from British rule. He was captured by the Allied forces and returned to India to stand trial for treason at the end of World War II.[2]Awan was freed, along with other INA prisoners, when the Partition of India occurred. He moved to Pakistan and was invited to join the Pakistan Army by prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan. He then joined the Azad Kashmir Regular Forces (AKRF), which later became the Azad Kashmir Regiment.[2]Operation Gibraltar was launched in July 1965 with the aim of Pakistani infiltration of Jammu & Kashmir. Awan, who now held the rank of major, was involved in this, leading troops in heavy fighting at a pass near to Rajouri. He controlled an area of around 500 square miles for a period of three months and, according to Lt General Mahmud Ahmed in his book War 1965, Munawar enjoyed full support from the local population of the valley. By the time the Second Kashmir War ended, Munawar was in effective control of Rajouri valley and welcomed UN military observers who landed in Rajouri valley to monitor the ceasefire. However, after the Tashkent Agreement between India and Pakistan, he was ordered to withdraw his forces and return to Rawalpindi.[2]Awan was awarded the Sitara-i-Jurat for his actions in the Rajouri valley, and was also referred to as the \"King of Rajouri\" by Field Marshal Ayub Khan. He died a few years later.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pir Panjal mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range"}],"text":"Munawar Pass, a pass in Pir Panjal mountain range north of Pir ki Gali overlooking the town of Rajouri in the union territory of Kashmir was named after Major Munawar by the locals.","title":"Memorials"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Smith, James (12 January 2015). \"INA Operations\". Southeast Asia:World War II.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5E_tBgAAQBAJ&q=malik+munawar+khan+awan&pg=PA131","url_text":"\"INA Operations\""}]},{"reference":"Niaz, Anjum (21 April 2013). \"The 20-watt fountain of energy\". Dawn.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1024793/the-20-watt-fountain-of-energy","url_text":"\"The 20-watt fountain of energy\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5E_tBgAAQBAJ&q=malik+munawar+khan+awan&pg=PA131","external_links_name":"\"INA Operations\""},{"Link":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1024793/the-20-watt-fountain-of-energy","external_links_name":"\"The 20-watt fountain of energy\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pionites	Caique	["1 Name","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Taxonomy and systematics","5 Natural history","5.1 Behavior and ecology","5.2 Aviculture","6 Conservation","7 References","8 External links"]	Species of bird For Spanish title, see cacique. For Turkish fishing boat, see caïque. For other uses, see Caique (disambiguation). Caiques Black-headed parrot (Pionites melanocephalus) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Subfamily: Arinae Genus: PionitesHeine, 1890 Type species Psittacus melanocephalusLinnaeus, 1758 Species Pionites melanocephalus Pionites leucogaster Pionites xanthomerius Pionites xanthurus Ranges of black-headed parrot (green) and white-bellied parrot complex overlap Caique (/kaɪˈiːk/ or /kɑːˈiːk/) refers to a group of four species of parrots in the genus Pionites endemic to the Amazon Basin in South America. Name The term "caique" is primarily used in aviculture, with ornithologists typically referring to them as the "black-headed parrot" and "white-bellied parrot" (which is sometimes further split into three separate species - green-thighed parrot, yellow-tailed parrot and black-legged parrot) to describe the nominal species. They have historically been called the “seven-colored parrot”. They are relatively small and stocky, with a short, square tail and bright colors; this may be why they are referred to as “caique” based on the term for a similarly described Turkish vessel. Description The two primary nominal species are best distinguished by the black-headed caique's black crown; both have white “bellies”. Their typical weight is 150–170 grams, with the white-bellied species being the larger and heavier of the two nominal species. They can live up to 40 years, but this is not common in captivity. Distribution and habitat The black-headed caique is found north of the Amazon River, and the white-bellied caique south; there is a large area of overlap between ranges. They can produce fertile hybrids, but this is not common in the wild as it is in captivity. They generally prefer forested areas and subsist on fruit and seeds. Caiques are generally canopy dwellers, spending most of their time in the tops of trees, foraging and playing. Taxonomy and systematics Originally Pionites were classified as two species, the black-headed parrot and white-bellied parrot. However, recent morphological work has indicated that the white-bellied parrot should be split into three species based on plumage and leg coloration. In the past these parrots were often allied with the conures or other South American parakeets. Recent mitochondrial and nuclear DNA work has found Pionites to be the sister taxon to the Deroptyus (the genus that contains the red-fan parrot); the two genera occupy a basal position in the tribe Arini. Pionites Common name(Binomial name)Status Image Description Region and habitat Green-thighed parrot (Pionites leucogaster) Vulnerable About 23 cm (9.1 in) long. Mostly green and pink feet; apricot-orange cap; a medium, stout parrot. Amazon region of BrazilLives in lowland humid tropical and seasonally flooded forest. Yellow-tailed parrot (Pionites xanthurus) Least concern About 23 cm (9.1 in) long. Similar to the black-legged parrot, but yellow tail and pink feet. Amazon region of southern BrazilLives in lowland humid tropical and seasonally flooded forest. Black-legged parrot (Pionites xanthomerius) Least concern About 23 cm (9.1 in) long. Similar to the green-thighed subspecies of white-bellied parrot, but yellow-thighs and blackish feet. Parts of Bolivia, Peru and BrazilPrefers seasonally flooded forest. Black-headed parrot (Pionites melanocephalus) Least concern About 23 cm (9.1 in) long. Mostly green, with yellow thighs with hints of orange; blackish feet; black cap with a black bill; a medium, chunky parrot. Parts of Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Peru, and BrazilLives in lowland humid tropical and seasonally flooded forest. Natural history Behavior and ecology These parrots are found in the edges of forests and secondary-growth forests. They usually forage on at higher levels in the canopy, although can also be found lower at forest edges. At least two members of the flock act as sentries during feeding time. Their diet consists of flowers, fruit, pulp, and seeds, although in captivity they are known to eat insects. Depending on the species and the location, they can breed from October to May at various times of the year. Caiques are high-nesting cavity birds and roost communally. They exhibit pack-like behavior when defending against threats. This may help to explain their relative self-confidence, compared to other parrots. Caiques are also known to form ad-hoc defensive committees in response to predators. The number of the flock is usually around 10 to 30 individuals. White-bellied caiques in the Tambopata National Reserve have been observed to be geophagous. The species of the white-bellied parrot complex is found in humid forest and wooded habitats in the Amazon south of the Amazon River in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. It is generally fairly common throughout its range and is easily seen in a wide range of protected areas, such as the Manú National Park and Tambopata-Candamo in Peru, Cristalino State Park (near Alta Floresta), Xingu National Park and Amazônia National Park in Brazil, and Madidi National Park in Bolivia. The black-headed parrot is found in forest (especially, but not exclusively, humid) and nearby wooded habitats in the Amazon north of the Amazon River and west of the Ucayali River in Brazil, northern Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It is generally fairly common and occurs in many protected areas throughout its range. Caiques have a few unique ways of moving. They “surf” (described below), “hop” (when excited or to move quickly without flying), and “shuffle” (often in a rapid, backwards direction). They flip their wings rapidly, which exposes their red/orange patch under the wing, to potentially communicate to one another or other animals. They make different types of “purring” noises; some express wariness, others interest. They purr quietly when enjoying a drink. A startle call causes all caiques in the vicinity to take flight in random directions regardless of the initiator. A sound resembling a dead battery on a smoke detector is the typical contact call for the Black-headed Parrot. When highly stimulated, caiques pin and flash their pupils, making their emotional state obvious. They are likely to attack and bite when displaying pinning and/or flashing eyes. Caiques are highly vocal and can inflict severely damaging bites. Caiques' wing feathers produce a distinctive whirring sound in flight. Aviculture Juvenile white-bellied caique on back playing Caiques are growing in popularity in aviculture. The more commonly found species is the black-headed caique since it was introduced first in captivity, but the white-bellied caique's popularity is growing rapidly. Well-raised caiques bond well with humans and have a reputation as playful and energetic birds that enjoy playing with toys and lying on their backs. These birds sometimes perform a behavior unusual for avian species in which they roll over on their backs in apparent play-fighting with other caiques—sometimes called "wrestling". They are not particularly good flyers, becoming tired and winded after only a short distance. They also tend to be clumsy and slow in the air compared to other birds. They often prefer to walk, jump, climb, ride other animals' backs, or hop as a mode of transportation. They are excellent climbers, with very strong feet and legs. Caiques also exhibit a unique behavior known as "surfing", where the bird will vigorously rub its face, wings and chest against any nearby soft item (e.g. carpets, towels, cushions, crumpled paper, curtains or human hair) while using its beak to pull itself along. The bird will display jerky movements and may roll over several times. This behavior is thought to be a cleaning or bathing motion and occurs regardless of age or sex. In the wild, caiques use wet leaves for this behavior. In captivity caiques are capable of breeding at under three years of age. They typically lay a clutch of four eggs, with incubation taking between 24 and 27 days. Most pairs will struggle to raise all four chicks; often the last chick to hatch will not survive unless it is taken for hand-rearing or co-parenting. Chicks are fed by both parents and remain in the nest box for approximately 70–75 days. Parents can be very affectionate towards their offspring and after the chicks have fledged they will return to the nest box each night with their parents where the family will roost as a group. Conservation The nominal species of black-headed caique and white-bellied caique are listed on Appendix 2 of CITES as a species of Least Concern but subspecies are more endangered; in reality, data is insufficient as with many parrots. References ^ a b c del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. & Kirwan, G. M. (2014). Black-legged Parrot (Pionites xanthomerius). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/467506 Archived 2023-03-05 at the Wayback Machine on 24 October 2015) ^ "Psittacidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-24. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) , Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2 ^ Tavares, Erika Sendra, et al. "Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences". Systematic Biology 55.3 (2006): 454–470. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Pionites leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T62181308A209668837. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T62181308A209668837.en. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ Collar, N., Kirwan, G. M. & Boesman, P. (2014). Green-thighed Parrot (Pionites leucogaster). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/54710 Archived 2023-03-05 at the Wayback Machine on 3 January 2015). ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Pionites xanthurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T62181371A210186590. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T62181371A210186590.en. Retrieved 26 June 2023. ^ del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. & Kirwan, G. M. (2014). Yellow-tailed Parrot (Pionites xanthurus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/467507 Archived 2023-03-05 at the Wayback Machine on 3 January 2015). ^ BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Pionites xanthomerius. Downloaded from "BirdLife International - conserving the world's birds". Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2012-12-10. on 03/01/2015. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pionites xanthomerius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T62181349A95192110. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62181349A95192110.en. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pionites melanocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22686079A93098194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686079A93098194.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ Collar, N. & Boesman, P. (2013). Black-headed Parrot (Pionites melanocephalus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2013). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/54709 Archived 2023-03-05 at the Wayback Machine on 3 January 2015). ^ BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Pionites melanocephalus. Downloaded from "BirdLife International - conserving the world's birds". Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2012-12-10. ^ Forshaw, J. M. 1973. Parrots of the World. Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, Australia. pp. 481–483. ^ Juniper, T., and M. Parr. 1998. Parrots. A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, CN pp. 503–505. ^ Gilardi Dissertation, 1996 ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Mango Kiwi Caique: Funny Play. YouTube. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Caiques wrestling. YouTube. ^ Jojo and Abu Caiques wrestle: Abu does somersault & Jojo headbutts. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. ^ Blanchard, Sally. "The Bird That Would Be King: The Black-headed Caique". Companion Parrots Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ "clownparrots.com". Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-03. External links Popular description - Companion Parrot Online Website vteGenera of parrots and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Eufalconimorphae Clade: Psittacopasseres Psittacopasseres†Vastanavidae Avolatavis Calcardea? Eurofluvioviridavis Vastanavis †Psittacopedidae Eofringillirostrum Parapsittacopes Psittacomimus Psittacopes Parapasseres †Minutornis †Zygodactylidae Eozygodactylus Primoscens Primozygodactylus Zygodactylus Passeriformes See Passeriformes †Halcyornithidae? Cyrilavis Halcyornis Pseudasturides Pulchrapollia Serudaptus †Messelasturidae? Messelastur Tynskya †Quercypsittidae Palaeopsittacus? Quercypsitta †Morsoravidae Morsoravis Pumiliornis Sororavis Psittaciformes See below ↓ PsittaciformesIncertae sedis †Mogontiacopsitta Namapsittidae †Namapsitta StrigopoideaStrigopidae †Heracles †Nelepsittacus Nestor Strigops CacatuoideaCacatuidae Cacatua Callocephalon Calyptorhynchus Eolophus Lophochroa Nymphicus Probosciger Zanda PsittacoideaPsittacidaeincertae sedis †Archaeopsittacus Arinae Brotogeris Deroptyus Hapalopsittaca Myiopsitta Pionites "Amoropsittacini" Bolborhynchus Nannopsittaca Psilopsiagon Touit Androglossini Alipiopsitta Amazona Graydidascalus Pionopsitta Pionus Pyrilia Triclaria Arini Anodorhynchus Ara Aratinga †Conuropsis Cyanoliseus Cyanopsitta Diopsittaca Enicognathus Eupsittula Guaruba Leptosittaca Ognorhynchus Orthopsittaca Primolius Psittacara Pyrrhura Rhynchopsitta Thectocercus "Forpini" Forpus Psittacinae †Bavaripsitta †Khwenena Poicephalus Psittacus †Xenopsitta PsittrichasiidaeCoracopsinae Coracopsis Coracopsinae Psittrichas PsittaculidaeAgapornithinae Agapornis Bolbopsittacus Loriculus LoriinaeCyclopsittini Cyclopsitta Psittaculirostris Loriini Chalcopsitta Charminetta Charmosyna Charmosynoides Charmosynopsis Eos Glossopsitta Glossoptilus Hypocharmosyna Lorius Neopsittacus Oreopsittacus Parvipsitta Pseudeos Psitteuteles Saudareos Synorhacma Trichoglossus Vini Melopsittacini Melopsittacus PlatycercinaePezoporini Neophema Neopsephotus Pezoporus Platycercini Barnardius Cyanoramphus Eunymphicus Lathamus Northiella Platycercus Prosopeia Psephotellus Psephotus Purpureicephalus Psittacellinae Psittacella PsittaculinaeMicropsittini Micropsitta Polytelini Alisterus Aprosmictus Polytelis Psittaculini Eclectus Geoffroyus †Lophopsittacus †Mascarinus †Necropsittacus Prioniturus Psittacula Psittinus Tanygnathus Taxon identifiersPionites Wikidata: Q579914 Wikispecies: Pionites ADW: Pionites BOLD: 110472 CoL: 6QQJ EoL: 89131 GBIF: 2479436 iNaturalist: 19253 IRMNG: 1363020 ITIS: 177756 NCBI: 309865 Open Tree of Life: 682882 Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cacique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacique"},{"link_name":"caïque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFque"},{"link_name":"Caique (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caique_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/kaɪˈiːk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/kɑːˈiːk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"parrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Amazon Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"}],"text":"For Spanish title, see cacique. For Turkish fishing boat, see caïque.For other uses, see Caique (disambiguation).Caique (/kaɪˈiːk/ or /kɑːˈiːk/[3]) refers to a group of four species of parrots in the genus Pionites endemic to the Amazon Basin in South America.","title":"Caique"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The term \"caique\" is primarily used in aviculture, with ornithologists typically referring to them as the \"black-headed parrot\" and \"white-bellied parrot\" (which is sometimes further split into three separate species - green-thighed parrot, yellow-tailed parrot and black-legged parrot) to describe the nominal species. They have historically been called the “seven-colored parrot”. They are relatively small and stocky, with a short, square tail and bright colors; this may be why they are referred to as “caique” based on the term for a similarly described Turkish vessel.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The two primary nominal species are best distinguished by the black-headed caique's black crown; both have white “bellies”. Their typical weight is 150–170 grams, with the white-bellied species being the larger and heavier of the two nominal species. They can live up to 40 years, but this is not common in captivity.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River"}],"text":"The black-headed caique is found north of the Amazon River, and the white-bellied caique south; there is a large area of overlap between ranges. They can produce fertile hybrids, but this is not common in the wild as it is in captivity. They generally prefer forested areas and subsist on fruit and seeds. Caiques are generally canopy dwellers, spending most of their time in the tops of trees, foraging and playing.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirwan2014-1"},{"link_name":"conures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conure"},{"link_name":"red-fan parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-fan_parrot"},{"link_name":"Arini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arini_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Originally Pionites were classified as two species, the black-headed parrot and white-bellied parrot. However, recent morphological work has indicated that the white-bellied parrot should be split into three species based on plumage and leg coloration.[1] In the past these parrots were often allied with the conures or other South American parakeets. Recent mitochondrial and nuclear DNA work has found Pionites to be the sister taxon to the Deroptyus (the genus that contains the red-fan parrot); the two genera occupy a basal position in the tribe Arini.[4]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Natural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"speculation?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#CRYSTAL"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tambopata National Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambopata_National_Reserve"},{"link_name":"geophagous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophagy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin"},{"link_name":"Amazon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Manú National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%BA_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Tambopata-Candamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambopata-Candamo"},{"link_name":"Alta Floresta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Floresta"},{"link_name":"Xingu National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingu_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Amazônia National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Madidi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madidi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin"},{"link_name":"Amazon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River"},{"link_name":"Ucayali River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucayali_River"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"pin and flash their pupils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_pinning"}],"sub_title":"Behavior and ecology","text":"These parrots are found in the edges of forests and secondary-growth forests.[14] They usually forage on at higher levels in the canopy, although can also be found lower at forest edges. At least two members of the flock act as sentries during feeding time. Their diet consists of flowers, fruit, pulp, and seeds, although in captivity they are known to eat insects. Depending on the species and the location, they can breed from October to May at various times of the year. Caiques are high-nesting cavity birds and roost communally. They exhibit pack-like behavior when defending against threats.[citation needed] This may help to explain their relative self-confidence, compared to other parrots.[speculation?] Caiques are also known to form ad-hoc defensive committees in response to predators. The number of the flock is usually around 10 to 30 individuals.[15] White-bellied caiques in the Tambopata National Reserve have been observed to be geophagous.[16]The species of the white-bellied parrot complex is found in humid forest and wooded habitats in the Amazon south of the Amazon River in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. It is generally fairly common throughout its range and is easily seen in a wide range of protected areas, such as the Manú National Park and Tambopata-Candamo in Peru, Cristalino State Park (near Alta Floresta), Xingu National Park and Amazônia National Park in Brazil, and Madidi National Park in Bolivia.The black-headed parrot is found in forest (especially, but not exclusively, humid) and nearby wooded habitats in the Amazon north of the Amazon River and west of the Ucayali River in Brazil, northern Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It is generally fairly common and occurs in many protected areas throughout its range.Caiques have a few unique ways of moving. They “surf” (described below), “hop” (when excited or to move quickly without flying), and “shuffle” (often in a rapid, backwards direction). They flip their wings rapidly, which exposes their red/orange patch under the wing, to potentially communicate to one another or other animals. They make different types of “purring” noises; some express wariness, others interest. They purr quietly when enjoying a drink. A startle call causes all caiques in the vicinity to take flight in random directions regardless of the initiator. A sound resembling a dead battery on a smoke detector is the typical contact call for the Black-headed Parrot.When highly stimulated, caiques pin and flash their pupils, making their emotional state obvious. They are likely to attack and bite when displaying pinning and/or flashing eyes. Caiques are highly vocal and can inflict severely damaging bites. Caiques' wing feathers produce a distinctive whirring sound in flight.","title":"Natural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caique-onback1.jpg"},{"link_name":"aviculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviculture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blanchard-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Aviculture","text":"Juvenile white-bellied caique on back playingCaiques are growing in popularity in aviculture. The more commonly found species is the black-headed caique since it was introduced first in captivity, but the white-bellied caique's popularity is growing rapidly. Well-raised caiques bond well with humans and have a reputation as playful and energetic birds that enjoy playing with toys and lying on their backs. These birds sometimes perform a behavior unusual for avian species in which they roll over on their backs in apparent play-fighting with other caiques—sometimes called \"wrestling\".[17][18][19] They are not particularly good flyers, becoming tired and winded after only a short distance. They also tend to be clumsy and slow in the air compared to other birds. They often prefer to walk, jump, climb, ride other animals' backs, or hop as a mode of transportation. They are excellent climbers, with very strong feet and legs.Caiques also exhibit a unique behavior known as \"surfing\", where the bird will vigorously rub its face, wings and chest against any nearby soft item (e.g. carpets, towels, cushions, crumpled paper, curtains or human hair) while using its beak to pull itself along. The bird will display jerky movements and may roll over several times. This behavior is thought to be a cleaning or bathing motion and occurs regardless of age or sex. In the wild, caiques use wet leaves for this behavior.[20]In captivity caiques are capable of breeding at under three years of age.[21] They typically lay a clutch of four eggs, with incubation taking between 24 and 27 days. Most pairs will struggle to raise all four chicks; often the last chick to hatch will not survive unless it is taken for hand-rearing or co-parenting. Chicks are fed by both parents and remain in the nest box for approximately 70–75 days. Parents can be very affectionate towards their offspring and after the chicks have fledged they will return to the nest box each night with their parents where the family will roost as a group.","title":"Natural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"Least Concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern"}],"text":"The nominal species of black-headed caique and white-bellied caique are listed on Appendix 2 of CITES as a species of Least Concern but subspecies are more endangered; in reality, data is insufficient as with many parrots.","title":"Conservation"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pionites_leucogaster_-Parque_de_las_Aves_-Foz_de_Iguazu-6a-4c.jpg/150px-Pionites_leucogaster_-Parque_de_las_Aves_-Foz_de_Iguazu-6a-4c.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pionites_leucogaster_-_White-bellied_Parrot%3B_Rio_Branco%2C_Acre%2C_Brazil.jpg/98px-Pionites_leucogaster_-_White-bellied_Parrot%3B_Rio_Branco%2C_Acre%2C_Brazil.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pionites_leucogaster_-_pet_perching_near_books.jpg/188px-Pionites_leucogaster_-_pet_perching_near_books.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Black-headed_Caique_adult_pets_in_cage.JPG/152px-Black-headed_Caique_adult_pets_in_cage.JPG"},{"image_text":"Juvenile white-bellied caique on back playing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Caique-onback1.jpg/220px-Caique-onback1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Psittacidae\". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=67","url_text":"\"Psittacidae\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)","url_text":"Jones, Daniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2","url_text":"3-12-539683-2"}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International (2022). \"Pionites leucogaster\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T62181308A209668837. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T62181308A209668837.en. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International","url_text":"BirdLife International"},{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62181308/209668837","url_text":"\"Pionites leucogaster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T62181308A209668837.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T62181308A209668837.en"}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International (2022). \"Pionites xanthurus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T62181371A210186590. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T62181371A210186590.en. 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IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T62181349A95192110. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62181349A95192110.en. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International","url_text":"BirdLife International"},{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62181349/95192110","url_text":"\"Pionites xanthomerius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62181349A95192110.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62181349A95192110.en"}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Pionites melanocephalus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22686079A93098194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686079A93098194.en. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Graham_(voice_actor)	Frank Graham (voice actor)	["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]	American actor and radio announcer (1914–1950) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (February 2022) Frank GrahamGraham on CBS in the 1940sBornFrank Lee Graham(1914-11-22)November 22, 1914Detroit, Michigan, U.S.DiedSeptember 2, 1950(1950-09-02) (aged 35)Hollywood, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Radio announcer, voice actorYears active1936–1950 So Much for So Little, an Oscar-winning short documentary film narrated by Frank Graham Frank Lee Graham (November 22, 1914 – September 2, 1950) was an American radio announcer and voice actor. Biography Graham was born on November 22, 1914, in Detroit, Michigan, to Frank L. Graham and opera singer Ethel Briggs Graham. He later traveled with his mother on tour. He attended the University of California for one year and left to begin his acting career in Seattle, both on the stage and in radio. He was brought to Hollywood in 1937 to join KNX Radio. He had been married two years before to Dorothy Jack of Seattle. He was the star of Night Cap Yarns over CBS from 1938 through 1942 and was the announcer of dozens of programs, including the Ginny Simms, Rudy Vallee and Nelson Eddy shows. He starred in Jeff Regan, Investigator and co-developed the radio drama Satan's Waitin' with Van Des Autels. Graham was also The Wandering Vaquero, the narrator of The Romance Of The Ranchos radio series (1941–1942), also on the CBS network. One of his few live-action roles was portraying the title character in the film Cosmo Jones, Crime Smasher (1943). He had also served as a writer for the radio program upon which the film was based. Graham voiced numerous characters in animated films for Walt Disney, MGM, Columbia and Warner Bros. He voiced the Wolf in Tex Avery's Droopy cartoons, as well as the Mouse in King-Size Canary at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He provided the voices of the Fox and the Crow in the shorts of the same name at Columbia. He was found dead at age 35 in his convertible in the carport of his home in Hollywood on September 2, 1950, with a photograph of Mildred Rossi by his side. Rossi had ended a relationship with him weeks earlier. A coroner declared he had committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1941 The Night Before Christmas Narrator Voice, uncredited 1942 A Hollywood Detour Narrator Voice, uncredited Horton Hatches the Egg Narrator / Tall Hunter Voice, uncredited Woodman, Spare That Tree The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Foney Fables Narrator / Wolf Voice, uncredited Blitz Wolf Narrator Voice, uncredited Saludos Amigos Himself Uncredited The Early Bird Dood It! Bird Voice, uncredited Toll Bridge Troubles The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited 1943- Slay It with Flowers The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Cosmo Jones, Crime Smasher Professor Cosmo Jones Dumb-Hounded Wolf / Mayor Voice, uncredited Plenty Below Zero The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Red Hot Riding Hood Wolf / Storyteller / Nightclub MC / Cab Driver Voice, uncredited Tree for Two The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Coming!! Snafu Narrator Voice, uncredited A-Hunting We Won't Go The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Reason and Emotion Narrator / Reason Voice, uncredited Sleepy Lagoon Narrator Uncredited Room and Bored The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Way Down Yonder in the Corn The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Chicken Little Narrator / Foxy Loxy / Chicken Little / Cocky Locky / Turkey Lurkey / Additional Voices Voice, uncredited Rumors Narrator – Soldier Voice, uncredited 1944 Ladies Courageous Col. Andy Brennan Voice, uncredited The Weakly Reporter Various Voice, uncredited The Lady and the Monster Narrator Uncredited The Dream Kids The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Going Home Narrator Voice, uncredited The Chow Hound Narrator Voice, uncredited Mr. Moocher The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Big Heel-Watha Narrator / Chief Rain-in-Face / Interpreter Voice, uncredited The Stupid Cupid Narrator and Elmer Fudd Voice, uncredited Be Patient, Patient The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited The Egg-Yegg The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited The Three Caballeros Narrator Voice 1945 Tokyo Woes Narrator Voice, uncredited The Shooting of Dan McGoo Wolf / Bartender / Narrator Voice, uncredited Jerky Turkey Indian Voice, uncredited Something You Didn't Eat Narrator Voice, uncredited Ku-Ku Nuts The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Swing Shift Cinderella Wolf / Nightclub MC / Wolves Voice, uncredited Fresh Airedale Narrator – Shep's Master Voice, uncredited Treasure Jest The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Phoney Baloney The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Wild and Woolfy Race Caller Voice, uncredited 1946 Baseball Bugs Baseball Commentator / Gas-House Gorilla Voice, uncredited Springtime for Thomas Jerry's Devil Conscience / Butch Voice, uncredited Foxy Flatfoots The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Unsure Runts The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited The Hick Chick Bull Voice, uncredited The Eager Beaver Narrator Voice, uncredited Cagey Bird Dog Voice, uncredited Northwest Hounded Police Wolf / Chief / Dr. Putty-Puss Voice, uncredited Mysto-Fox The Fox and the Crow Voice, uncredited Honesty Is the Best Policy Professor J. Waldo Purrington / Fish Vendor Voice, uncredited 1947 Slap Happy Lion Mouse Voice, uncredited King-Size Canary Mouse Voice, uncredited 1949 So Much for So Little Narrator Voice, uncredited The House of Tomorrow Narrator / Machine Voice, uncredited Each Dawn I Crow Narrator Voice, uncredited 1950 Jerry and the Lion Lion / Radio Announcer Voice, uncredited The Chump Champ Announcer Voice, uncredited, final film role, released posthumously References ^ Gilmore, Art; Middleton, Glenn (1946). Radio Announcing. Hollywood, CA: Hollywood Radio Publishers. p. 113. "Frank comes by his talent naturally, having toured with his famous singing mother, Ethel Briggs Graham." ^ "Main Street" (PDF). Radio Daily. October 18, 1949. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ 'Radio Star Graham Commits Suicide', Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1950. ^ "Frank Graham" (PDF). Broadcasting. September 11, 1950. p. 82. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ O'Meara, Mallory (2019). The lady from the black lagoon : Hollywood monsters and the lost legacy of Milicent Patrick. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ISBN 9781335937803. OCLC 1080884379.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Graham Suicide Letter Interrupted by Friend: Filing of Will Discloses Last Writing by Radio Producer Resumed After He Had Caller". Los Angeles Times. September 19, 1950. p. A8. ProQuest 166134820. The producer ended his life last Sept. 2 by inhaling monoxide gas in his automobile outside his home, 9115 Wonderland Ave. ^ "MGM's "The Night Before Christmas" (1941) With Tom & Jerry". cartoonresearch.com. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ a b c d ""Hello All You Happy Tax Payers": Tex Avery's Voice Stock Company". cartoonresearch.com. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ "Snafu Special: For the Boys". cartoonresearch.com. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ "Disney's "Chicken Little" Cartoon from 1943". cartoonresearch.com. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ a b c ""Pretty Long Wait, Wasn't It?": TEX AVERY'S VOICE ACTORS (Volume 3) \|". cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07. ^ Beck, Jerry (2020). The 100 Greatest Looney Tunes. Insight Editions. p. 15. ISBN 978-1647221379. ^ a b Scott, Keith (3 October 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media. ^ "Norm McCabe's "Honesty Is The Best Policy" (1946)". cartoonresearch.com. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ "AVERY.... Vol. 2??? WELL, IMAGINE THAT!". cartoonresearch.com. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020. External links Frank Graham at IMDb The Sad End of Frank Graham Article on The Romance of the Ranchos Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"So Much for So Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Much_for_So_Little"}],"text":"So Much for So Little, an Oscar-winning short documentary film narrated by Frank GrahamFrank Lee Graham (November 22, 1914 – September 2, 1950) was an American radio announcer and voice actor.","title":"Frank Graham (voice actor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"KNX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX_(AM)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Ginny Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginny_Simms"},{"link_name":"Rudy Vallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Vallee"},{"link_name":"Nelson Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Eddy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Van Des Autels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Des_Autels"},{"link_name":"Cosmo Jones, Crime Smasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Jones,_Crime_Smasher"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_cartoon_studio"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Tex Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Avery"},{"link_name":"Droopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droopy"},{"link_name":"King-Size Canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-Size_Canary"},{"link_name":"shorts of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Crow_(animated_characters)"},{"link_name":"Mildred Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Rossi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Graham was born on November 22, 1914, in Detroit, Michigan, to Frank L. Graham and opera singer Ethel Briggs Graham. He later traveled with his mother on tour.[1]He attended the University of California for one year and left to begin his acting career in Seattle, both on the stage and in radio. He was brought to Hollywood in 1937 to join KNX Radio. He had been married two years before to Dorothy Jack of Seattle. He was the star of Night Cap Yarns over CBS from 1938 through 1942 and was the announcer of dozens of programs, including the Ginny Simms, Rudy Vallee and Nelson Eddy shows.[citation needed]He starred in Jeff Regan, Investigator[2] and co-developed the radio drama Satan's Waitin' with Van Des Autels. Graham was also The Wandering Vaquero, the narrator of The Romance Of The Ranchos radio series (1941–1942), also on the CBS network.One of his few live-action roles was portraying the title character in the film Cosmo Jones, Crime Smasher (1943). He had also served as a writer for the radio program upon which the film was based.Graham voiced numerous characters in animated films for Walt Disney, MGM, Columbia and Warner Bros. He voiced the Wolf in Tex Avery's Droopy cartoons, as well as the Mouse in King-Size Canary at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He provided the voices of the Fox and the Crow in the shorts of the same name at Columbia.He was found dead at age 35 in his convertible in the carport of his home in Hollywood on September 2, 1950, with a photograph of Mildred Rossi by his side.[3][4] Rossi had ended a relationship with him weeks earlier.[5] A coroner declared he had committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[{"image_text":"So Much for So Little, an Oscar-winning short documentary film narrated by Frank Graham"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Main Street\" (PDF). Radio Daily. October 18, 1949. 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Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/mgms-the-night-before-christmas-1941-with-tom-jerry/","url_text":"\"MGM's \"The Night Before Christmas\" (1941) With Tom & Jerry\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Hello All You Happy Tax Payers\": Tex Avery's Voice Stock Company\". cartoonresearch.com. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/hello-all-you-happy-tax-payers-tex-averys-voice-stock-company/","url_text":"\"\"Hello All You Happy Tax Payers\": Tex Avery's Voice Stock Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snafu Special: For the Boys\". cartoonresearch.com. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/snafu-special-for-the-boys/","url_text":"\"Snafu Special: For the Boys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disney's \"Chicken Little\" Cartoon from 1943\". cartoonresearch.com. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/disneys-chicken-little-cartoon-from-1943/","url_text":"\"Disney's \"Chicken Little\" Cartoon from 1943\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Pretty Long Wait, Wasn't It?\": TEX AVERY'S VOICE ACTORS (Volume 3) \|\". cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/pretty-long-wait-wasnt-it-tex-averys-voice-actors-volume-3/","url_text":"\"\"Pretty Long Wait, Wasn't It?\": TEX AVERY'S VOICE ACTORS (Volume 3) \|\""}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jerry (2020). The 100 Greatest Looney Tunes. Insight Editions. p. 15. ISBN 978-1647221379.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1647221379","url_text":"978-1647221379"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Keith (3 October 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Norm McCabe's \"Honesty Is The Best Policy\" (1946)\". cartoonresearch.com. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/norm-mccabes-honesty-is-the-best-policy-1946/","url_text":"\"Norm McCabe's \"Honesty Is The Best Policy\" (1946)\""}]},{"reference":"\"AVERY.... Vol. 2??? WELL, IMAGINE THAT!\". cartoonresearch.com. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/avery-vol-2-well-imagine-that/","url_text":"\"AVERY.... Vol. 2??? WELL, IMAGINE THAT!\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/radioannouncing0000unse/page/112/mode/2up?q=%22Frank+Graham%22+%22Ethel+Briggs+Graham%22","external_links_name":"Radio Announcing"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-Radio-Daily-IDX/RD-49/Radio-Daily-1949-Oct-OCR-Page-0086.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Main Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89389004/radio-star-graham-commits-suicide/","external_links_name":"'Radio Star Graham Commits Suicide'"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/50-OCR/1950-09-11-BC-OCR-Page-0082.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Frank Graham\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1080884379","external_links_name":"1080884379"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/166134820","external_links_name":"166134820"},{"Link":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/mgms-the-night-before-christmas-1941-with-tom-jerry/","external_links_name":"\"MGM's \"The Night Before Christmas\" (1941) With Tom & Jerry\""},{"Link":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/hello-all-you-happy-tax-payers-tex-averys-voice-stock-company/","external_links_name":"\"\"Hello All You Happy Tax Payers\": Tex Avery's Voice Stock Company\""},{"Link":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/snafu-special-for-the-boys/","external_links_name":"\"Snafu Special: For the Boys\""},{"Link":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/disneys-chicken-little-cartoon-from-1943/","external_links_name":"\"Disney's \"Chicken Little\" Cartoon from 1943\""},{"Link":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/pretty-long-wait-wasnt-it-tex-averys-voice-actors-volume-3/","external_links_name":"\"\"Pretty Long Wait, Wasn't It?\": TEX AVERY'S VOICE ACTORS (Volume 3) \|\""},{"Link":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/norm-mccabes-honesty-is-the-best-policy-1946/","external_links_name":"\"Norm McCabe's \"Honesty Is The Best Policy\" (1946)\""},{"Link":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/avery-vol-2-well-imagine-that/","external_links_name":"\"AVERY.... Vol. 2??? WELL, IMAGINE THAT!\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0334035/","external_links_name":"Frank Graham"},{"Link":"http://tralfaz.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-sad-end-of-frank-graham.html","external_links_name":"The Sad End of Frank Graham"},{"Link":"http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/DigitalDeliToo/dd2jb-Romance-of-The-Ranchos.html","external_links_name":"Article on The Romance of the Ranchos"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/53533918","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkD6pbrr6D6RC6GdC4g8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003125187","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63n2mk4","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekai_Ichi	Sekai Ichi	["1 Description","2 References"]	Apple cultivar Malus 'Sekai ichi'SpeciesMalus pumilaHybrid parentageParents unknown, theorized to be 'Red Delicious' × 'Golden Delicious'Cultivar'Aori No.4'Marketing namesDevils AppleOriginAomori Prefecture, 1974 Sekai ichi (Japanese: 世界一) is a cultivar of apples first released from Japan in 1974. It is considered one of the largest varieties of apples, with an average circumference of 30 to 46 centimetres (12 to 18 in) and weight of 900 grams (2 lb 0 oz). Sekai ichi means "world's number one" in Japanese. Description 'Sekai Ichi' apples are pale pink/red with red stripes; they are juicy, sweet, and not as crisp/crunchy as other cultivars. The variety came from a cross between the varieties 'Red Delicious' and 'Golden Delicious'. References ^ "Apple Journal "A Passion for apples"". Retrieved 2009-04-28. vteApples List of apple cultivars Species Malus domestica Malus niedzwetzkyana Malus sieversii Table apples Adams Pearmain Aia Ilu Airlie Red Flesh Akane Åkerö Alkmene Allington Pippin Ambrosia Anna Annurca Ariane Arkansas Black Ashmead's Kernel Aurora Golden Gala Autumn Bough Autumn Glory Baldwin Beacon Beauty of Bath Belle de Boskoop Bellflower Ben Davis Birgit Bonnier Braeburn Brina Cameo Champion Civni (Rubens) Claygate Pearmain Clivia Cornish Aromatic Cornish Gilliflower Cortland Cosmic Crisp Court Pendu Plat Cox's Orange Pippin Crimson Gold Cripps Red Cripps Pink (Pink Lady) Delbard Jubilée Delbarestivale Delrouval Devonshire Quarrenden Discovery Dorsett Golden Dougherty Duchess of Oldenburg Dumelow's Seedling Egremont Russet Ellison's Orange Elstar Empire Enterprise Envy Esopus Spitzenburg Eva EverCrisp Fiesta Filippa Flamenco Florina Fuji Gala Gascoyne's Scarlet Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg Ginger Gold Golden Delicious Golden Orange Goldspur Granny Smith Gravenstein Grimes Golden Haralson Hokuto Honeycrisp Honeygold Idared Ingrid Marie James Grieve Jazz Jersey Black Jonadel Jonagold Jonathan Jubilee Julieta Jupiter Kanzi Karmijn de Sonnaville King of the Pippins Knobby Russet Lady Alice Laxton's Superb Liberty Liveland Raspberry Lodi Lord Lambourne Lucombe's Seedling Macoun McIntosh Melba Melrose Mutsu Newtown Pippin Nicola Opal Sciros (Pacific Rose) Pam's Delight Papirovka Paula Red Pink Pearl Pinova Prima Pristine Rajka Ralls Janet Rambo Rave Red Astrachan Red Delicious Red Pineapple Redlove apples Rhode Island Greening Ribston Pippin Roxbury Russet Sandow Sansa Sekai Ichi Spartan Splendour Star of Devon Stayman Sturmer Pippin Summerfree Sundowner Sunset Suntan SweeTango Taliaferro Tartu Rose Tentation Tompkins King Topaz Wealthy Winesap Winston Worcester Pearmain Wyken Pippin York Imperial Zestar Cooking apples Antonovka Bismarck Blenheim Orange Bramley Calville Blanc d'hiver Campanino Chelmsford Wonder Costard Creston Crimson Bramley Flower of Kent Golden Noble Granny Smith Grenadier King Byerd Manks Codlin Newton Wonder Norfolk Biffin Northern Spy Reinette du Canada Rome Upton Pyne White Transparent Wolf River Cider apples Brown Snout Cap of Liberty Chisel Jersey Coccagee Crimson King Dabinett Dufflin Ellis Bitter Foxwhelp Golden Russet Golden Spire Hangdown Harrison Cider Kingston Black Major Michelin Poveshon Redstreak Slack-ma-Girdle Styre Tom Putt Woodcock Yarlington Mill Ornamental apple Flamenco Goldspur Wijcik McIntosh Apple productsFood Apple butter Apple cake Apple cheese Apple chip Apple cider vinegar Apple crisp Apple flour Apple pie Apple sauce Apple seed oil Apple strudel Baked apple Candy apple Caramel apple Himmel und Erde Jewish apple cake Pectin Drink Apfelwein Apple cider Apple juice Applejack Calvados Cider Ice cider Pommeau Agriculture Apple picking Apple scab Applecrab Arctic Apples Fruit tree pruning Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Johnny Appleseed Malling series Malus Pearmain Pollination Pome PRI disease resistant apple breeding program Reinette Russeting US Apple Association Lists Countries by apple production Apple diseases Apples Cultivars Production This article about apples or apple cultivars is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"Sekai ichi (Japanese: 世界一) is a cultivar of apples first released from Japan in 1974. It is considered one of the largest varieties of apples, with an average circumference of 30 to 46 centimetres (12 to 18 in) and weight of 900 grams (2 lb 0 oz). Sekai ichi means \"world's number one\" in Japanese.","title":"Sekai Ichi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Delicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicious"},{"link_name":"Golden Delicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Delicious"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-applejournal-1"}],"text":"'Sekai Ichi' apples are pale pink/red with red stripes; they are juicy, sweet, and not as crisp/crunchy as other cultivars. The variety came from a cross between the varieties 'Red Delicious' and 'Golden Delicious'.[1]","title":"Description"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Apple Journal \"A Passion for apples\"\". Retrieved 2009-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.applejournal.com/useall11.htm","url_text":"\"Apple Journal \"A Passion for apples\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.applejournal.com/useall11.htm","external_links_name":"\"Apple Journal \"A Passion for apples\"\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekai_Ichi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._season	1995–96 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season	["1 Season summary","2 Final league table","3 Results","3.1 Legend","3.2 Football League First Division","3.3 FA Cup","3.4 League Cup","4 First-team squad","4.1 Left club during season","5 Notes","6 References"]	West Bromwich Albion 1995–96 football seasonWest Bromwich Albion1995–96 seasonChairmanTony HaleManagerAlan BuckleyStadiumThe HawthornsFirst Division11thFA CupThird roundLeague CupSecond roundTop goalscorerLeague: Bob Taylor (17)All: Bob Taylor (20)Average home league attendance15,061← 1994–951996–97 → During the 1995–96 English football season, West Bromwich Albion competed in the Football League First Division. Season summary The 1995–96 season was a highly inconsistent one for the club. In October 1995, they were second and hopeful of automatic promotion, but then came a drastic loss of form which, in a fourteen match run, saw them lose 13 games, draw one and win none. They looked set to be relegated to Division Two, but a marked improvement in form during the final four months of the season saw them climb to mid table. Later during the season, the club signed Richard Sneekes from Bolton Wanderers. He would prove an instant hit, scoring ten league goals in less than half a season, and a cult figure with the fans. Final league table Main article: 1995–96 Football League § First Division Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 9 Sheffield United 46 16 14 16 57 54 +3 62 10 Barnsley 46 14 18 14 60 66 −6 60 11 West Bromwich Albion 46 16 12 18 60 68 −8 60 12 Port Vale 46 15 15 16 59 66 −7 60 13 Tranmere Rovers 46 14 17 15 64 60 +4 59 Source: Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goals scored; 3) Goal difference Results West Bromwich Albion's score comes first Legend Win Draw Loss Football League First Division Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Scorers 12 August 1995 Charlton Athletic H 1–0 18,593 Gilbert 20 August 1995 Wolverhampton Wanderers A 1–1 26,329 Taylor 26 August 1995 Ipswich Town H 0–0 14,470 30 August 1995 Southend United A 1–2 4,621 Raven 2 September 1995 Sheffield United H 3–1 14,377 Burgess, Hamilton, Hunt 9 September 1995 Oldham Athletic A 2–1 8,397 Taylor, Gilbert 12 September 1995 Tranmere Rovers A 2–2 7,196 Ashcroft (pen), Hunt 17 September 1995 Birmingham City H 1–0 18,854 Hunt 24 September 1995 Stoke City A 1–2 9,612 Hunt 30 September 1995 Huddersfield Town H 1–2 15,945 Taylor 7 October 1995 Reading H 2–0 12,907 Gilbert, Taylor 14 October 1995 Luton Town A 2–1 8,042 Ashcroft, Hunt 21 October 1995 Portsmouth H 2–1 16,257 Ashcroft, Hunt 28 October 1995 Millwall A 1–2 9,717 Hunt 5 November 1995 Leicester City H 2–3 16,071 Raven, Hamilton 11 November 1995 Derby County A 0–3 13,765 18 November 1995 Grimsby Town A 0–1 8,155 21 November 1995 Norwich City H 1–4 13,680 Hunt 25 November 1995 Sunderland H 0–1 17,980 2 December 1995 Reading A 1–3 7,910 Ashcroft 9 December 1995 Stoke City H 0–1 16,872 16 December 1995 Huddersfield Town A 1–4 12,664 Hamilton 23 December 1995 Crystal Palace H 2–3 13,103 Darby, Hunt 26 December 1995 Port Vale A 1–3 10,807 Gilbert 13 January 1996 Wolverhampton Wanderers H 0–0 21,658 20 January 1996 Charlton Athletic A 1–4 11,864 Hunt 3 February 1996 Ipswich Town A 1–2 10,798 Taylor 10 February 1996 Southend United H 3–1 12,906 Hunt, Taylor (2) 17 February 1996 Tranmere Rovers H 1–1 15,014 Hunt 20 February 1996 Sheffield United A 2–1 10,944 Burgess, Hunt 27 February 1996 Oldham Athletic H 1–0 11,956 Taylor 2 March 1996 Port Vale H 1–1 13,707 Taylor 9 March 1996 Crystal Palace A 0–1 18,336 12 March 1996 Watford H 4–4 11,836 Taylor (3), Sneekes 16 March 1996 Barnsley H 2–1 12,701 Raven, Sneekes 20 March 1996 Birmingham City A 1–1 19,147 Sneekes 23 March 1996 Watford A 1–1 10,334 Taylor 30 March 1996 Portsmouth A 2–0 8,126 Sneekes (2) 2 April 1996 Luton Town H 0–2 15,131 6 April 1996 Millwall H 1–0 13,793 Sneekes 9 April 1996 Leicester City A 2–1 17,889 Sneekes, Raven 13 April 1996 Grimsby Town H 3–1 16,116 Taylor (2), Sneekes 20 April 1996 Norwich City A 2–2 14,667 Sneekes, Taylor 27 April 1996 Sunderland A 0–0 22,027 30 April 1996 Barnsley A 1–1 6,981 Gilbert 5 May 1996 Derby County H 3–2 23,858 Sneekes, Hunt, Taylor FA Cup Main article: 1995-96 FA Cup Round Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Goalscorers R3 6 January 1996 Crewe Alexandra A 3–4 5,750 Coldicott, Hunt, Raven League Cup Main article: 1995-96 Football League Cup Round Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Goalscorers R1 First Leg 15 August 1995 Northampton Town H 1–1 6,489 Taylor R1 Second Leg 22 August 1995 Northampton Town A 4–2 7,083 Taylor (2), Hunt, Donovan R2 First Leg 20 September 1995 Reading A 1–1 6,948 Burgess R2 Second Leg 3 October 1995 Reading H 2–4 8,163 Donovan, Burgess First-team squad Squad at end of season Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK ENG Gary Germaine — GK ENG Stuart Naylor — GK ENG Paul Reece — GK ENG Nigel Spink — DF ENG Daryl Burgess — DF ENG Andy Comyn — DF ENG Paul Edwards — DF ENG Shane Nicholson — DF ENG Paul Raven — DF WAL Paul Mardon — DF NIR Paul Agnew — DF IRL Tony Brien — MF ENG Shaun Cunnington — MF ENG Julian Darby No. Pos. Nation Player — MF ENG Kevin Donovan — MF ENG Stacy Coldicott — MF ENG Dave Gilbert — MF ENG Ian Hamilton — MF ENG Paul Holmes — MF ENG Mike Phelan — MF ENG David Smith — MF NED Richard Sneekes — FW ENG Lee Ashcroft — FW ENG Chris Hargreaves — FW ENG Andy Hunt — FW ENG Bob Taylor — FW WAL Tony Rees Left club during season Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK NIR Alan Fettis (on loan from Hull City) — DF ENG Phil King (on loan from Aston Villa) No. Pos. Nation Player — MF ENG Peter Butler (on loan from Notts County) — FW ENG Brett Angell (on loan from Sunderland) Notes ^ Germaine was born in Birmingham, England, but also qualified to represent Scotland internationally and would represent them at U-21 level. ^ Mardon was born in Bristol, England, but also qualified to represent Wales internationally and made his international debut for Wales in October 1995. References ^ "Then & Now; Richard Sneekes Albion 1996-2001". Birmingham Mail. 26 September 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2011. vteWest Bromwich Albion F.C. seasons 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–00 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte1995–96 in English football « 1994–95 1996–97 » National teams UEFA Euro 1996 (Group A) Terry Venables League competitionsLevel 1 Premier League Levels 2–4 Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, play-offs) Level 5 Football Conference Levels 6–7 Isthmian League (Premier, One) Northern Premier League (Premier, One) Southern League (Premier, Midland, Southern) Levels 8–9 Isthmian League (Two, Three) Combined Counties League (level 8 only) Eastern Counties League (Premier, One) Essex Senior League (level 8 only) Hellenic League (Premier, One) Kent League (level 8 only) Midland Alliance (level 8 only) Midland Football Combination (level 9 only) North West Counties League (One, Two) Northern Counties East League (Premier, One) Northern League (One, Two) South Midlands League (Premier, Senior) Spartan League (Premier, One) Sussex County League (One, Two) United Counties League (Premier, One) Wessex League (level 8 only) West Midlands (Regional) League (level 9 only) Western League (Premier, One) Cup competitionsFA cups FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final) Charity Shield FA Trophy (Final) Football League cups League Cup (Final) Football League Trophy (Final) European competitions Champions League UEFA Cup Cup Winners' Cup Intertoto Cup Club seasonsPremier League Arsenal Aston Villa Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Chelsea Coventry City Everton Leeds United Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Wimbledon First Division Barnsley Birmingham City Charlton Athletic Crystal Palace Derby County Grimsby Town Huddersfield Town Ipswich Town Leicester City Luton Town Millwall Norwich City Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Port Vale Reading Sheffield United Southend United Stoke City Sunderland Tranmere Rovers Watford West Bromwich Albion Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Blackpool Bournemouth Bradford City Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol City Bristol Rovers Burnley Carlisle United Chesterfield Crewe Alexandra Hull City Notts County Oxford United Peterborough United Shrewsbury Town Stockport County Swansea City Swindon Town Walsall Wrexham Wycombe Wanderers York City Third Division Barnet Bury Cambridge United Cardiff City Chester City Colchester United Darlington Doncaster Rovers Exeter City Fulham Gillingham Hartlepool United Hereford United Leyton Orient Lincoln City Mansfield Town Northampton Town Plymouth Argyle Preston North End Rochdale Scarborough Scunthorpe United Torquay United Wigan Athletic List of transfers	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"}],"text":"West Bromwich Albion 1995–96 football seasonDuring the 1995–96 English football season, West Bromwich Albion competed in the Football League First Division.","title":"1995–96 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Sneekes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sneekes"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1995–96 season was a highly inconsistent one for the club. In October 1995, they were second and hopeful of automatic promotion, but then came a drastic loss of form which, in a fourteen match run, saw them lose 13 games, draw one and win none. They looked set to be relegated to Division Two, but a marked improvement in form during the final four months of the season saw them climb to mid table. Later during the season, the club signed Richard Sneekes from Bolton Wanderers. He would prove an instant hit, scoring ten league goals in less than half a season, and a cult figure with the fans.[1]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goals scored; 3) Goal difference","title":"Final league table"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"West Bromwich Albion's score comes first","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Legend","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Football League First Division","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FA Cup","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League Cup","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"Squad at end of seasonNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"First-team squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Left club during season","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"First-team squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"U-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"}],"text":"^ Germaine was born in Birmingham, England, but also qualified to represent Scotland internationally and would represent them at U-21 level.\n\n^ Mardon was born in Bristol, England, but also qualified to represent Wales internationally and made his international debut for Wales in October 1995.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Then & Now; Richard Sneekes Albion 1996-2001\". Birmingham Mail. 26 September 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Then+%26+Now%3B+Richard+Sneekes+Albion+1996-2001.-a0151899345","url_text":"\"Then & Now; Richard Sneekes Albion 1996-2001\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Then+%26+Now%3B+Richard+Sneekes+Albion+1996-2001.-a0151899345","external_links_name":"\"Then & Now; Richard Sneekes Albion 1996-2001\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Pursuits	Ruth Fawcett	["1 Bibliography"]	Ruth Fawcett (born 13 April 1961 in Malvern, England) is the daughter of British-Canadian physicist Eric Fawcett, and the sister-in-law of historian Roger Sarty. She is the author of Nuclear Pursuits, the biography of Canadian nuclear-industry pioneer Wilfrid Bennett Lewis. Fawcett currently lives with her family in Ottawa, Canada. Her second cousin, Samuel Fawcett, is a NOVA teacher in Osaka, Japan. Bibliography Fawcett, Ruth (1994). Nuclear Pursuits: The Scientific Biography of Wilfrid Bennett Lewis. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1186-5. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"Fawcett currently lives with her family in Ottawa, Canada. Her second cousin, Samuel Fawcett, is a NOVA teacher in Osaka, Japan.","title":"Ruth Fawcett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuclear Pursuits: The Scientific Biography of Wilfrid Bennett Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nuclearpursuitss0000fawc"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7735-1186-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1186-5"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7382978#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1522583/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000074047195"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/78362886"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxhjwKtGVHG7jkxtVH9jC"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007344796905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no95030563"}],"text":"Fawcett, Ruth (1994). Nuclear Pursuits: The Scientific Biography of Wilfrid Bennett Lewis. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1186-5.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fawcett, Ruth (1994). Nuclear Pursuits: The Scientific Biography of Wilfrid Bennett Lewis. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1186-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nuclearpursuitss0000fawc","url_text":"Nuclear Pursuits: The Scientific Biography of Wilfrid Bennett Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1186-5","url_text":"0-7735-1186-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nuclearpursuitss0000fawc","external_links_name":"Nuclear Pursuits: The Scientific Biography of Wilfrid Bennett Lewis"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1522583/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000074047195","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/78362886","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxhjwKtGVHG7jkxtVH9jC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007344796905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95030563","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Secret	Letter from Secret	["1 Promotion","2 Track listing","3 Chart performance","3.1 Charts","3.2 Sales","4 Release history","5 Credits and personnel","6 References","7 External links"]	The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Letter from Secret" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2013 EP by SecretLetter from SecretEP by SecretReleasedApril 30, 2013GenreK-popbubblegum popdance-popLabelTSSecret chronology Poison(2012) Letter from Secret(2013) Secret Summer(2014) Singles from Letter from Secret "YooHoo"Released: April 30, 2013 Letter from Secret is the fifth extended play (promoted fourth Korean EP) by South Korean girl group Secret. The EP was released on April 30, 2013 and contains four tracks. "YooHoo", the album's lead single, marked the group's return to aegyo-inspired songs such as "Shy Boy" and "Starlight Moonlight". Promotion Secret had their comeback performance on M Countdown on May 2, 2013. The group also performed "YooHoo" on various music shows such as Music Bank, Show! Music Core and Inkigayo in May and June 2013. Secret made a Japanese comeback on July 23, 2014 with the Japanese version of "YooHoo". Track listing No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."YooHoo"Kang Jiwon, Kim KibumKang Jiwon, Kim Kibum3:202."키다리 아저씨" ((Daddy Long Legs))Jung Hana (Zinger), Park Soo Suk, INOOPark Soo Suk, Yoo Young Min3:123."ONLY U"Jung Hana, Jun Da Woon, MARCOJun Da Woon, MARCO3:474."B.O.Y" ((Because of You))Park Soo Suk, INOOPark Soo Suk, INOO4:05Total length:14:33 Chart performance "YooHoo" peaked at number 5 on the Gaon Singles Chart and has 978,757 downloads. The EP has in total 1,063,071 DLs while it sold 8,532 copies. Charts Chart Peak position Gaon Weekly album chart 7 Gaon Monthly album chart 15 Sales Chart Sales Gaon physical sales KOR: 8,532+ Release history Country Date Format Label South Korea April 30, 2013 CD, Digital Download TS EntertainmentLOEN Entertainment Worldwide Digital Download Sony Music Credits and personnel These credits were adapted from the Letter from Secret liner notes. Kim Tae-sung – executive producer co-producing Song Jieun – vocals Han Sunhwa – vocals Jun Hyoseong – vocals Jung Hana – vocals, rap Kang Jiwon – co-producing, songwriting, arranger, music Kim Kibum – co-producing, songwriting, music References ^ "Gaon Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2013. ^ Letter from Secret(Liner Notes) (Physical Single, Digital Download). Secret (South Korean group). Seoul, South Korea: LOEN Entertainment. 2013.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) External links "YooHoo" Music Video on YouTube vteSecret Hyoseong Hana Jieun Sunhwa Studio albumsKorean Moving in Secret Japanese Welcome to Secret Time Mini albums / EPsKorean Secret Time Madonna Poison Letter from Secret Secret Summer Japanese Shy Boy Singles "Shy Boy" "Starlight Moonlight" "Talk That" Related topics TS Entertainment Sony Music Associated Records Universal D Category Discography Songs Videography Awards and nominations Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_(South_Korean_group)"},{"link_name":"aegyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyo"},{"link_name":"Shy Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Boy_(Secret_song)"},{"link_name":"Starlight Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlight_Moonlight"}],"text":"2013 EP by SecretLetter from Secret is the fifth extended play (promoted fourth Korean EP) by South Korean girl group Secret. The EP was released on April 30, 2013 and contains four tracks. \"YooHoo\", the album's lead single, marked the group's return to aegyo-inspired songs such as \"Shy Boy\" and \"Starlight Moonlight\".","title":"Letter from Secret"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Countdown"},{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Show! Music Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show!_Music_Core"},{"link_name":"Inkigayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkigayo"}],"text":"Secret had their comeback performance on M Countdown on May 2, 2013. The group also performed \"YooHoo\" on various music shows such as Music Bank, Show! Music Core and Inkigayo in May and June 2013. Secret made a Japanese comeback on July 23, 2014 with the Japanese version of \"YooHoo\".","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jung Hana (Zinger)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Ha-na"}],"text":"No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1.\"YooHoo\"Kang Jiwon, Kim KibumKang Jiwon, Kim Kibum3:202.\"키다리 아저씨\" ((Daddy Long Legs))Jung Hana (Zinger), Park Soo Suk, INOOPark Soo Suk, Yoo Young Min3:123.\"ONLY U\"Jung Hana, Jun Da Woon, MARCOJun Da Woon, MARCO3:474.\"B.O.Y\" ((Because of You))Park Soo Suk, INOOPark Soo Suk, INOO4:05Total length:14:33","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaon Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Singles_Chart"}],"text":"\"YooHoo\" peaked at number 5 on the Gaon Singles Chart and has 978,757 downloads. The EP has in total 1,063,071 DLs while it sold 8,532 copies.","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sales","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"co-producing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap"}],"text":"These credits were adapted from the Letter from Secret liner notes.[2]Kim Tae-sung – executive producer co-producing\nSong Jieun – vocals\nHan Sunhwa – vocals\nJun Hyoseong – vocals\nJung Hana – vocals, rap\nKang Jiwon – co-producing, songwriting, arranger, music\nKim Kibum – co-producing, songwriting, music","title":"Credits and personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gaon Album Chart\" (in Korean). Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222085454/http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/album.php?nationGbn=K&chart_Time=year","url_text":"\"Gaon Album Chart\""},{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/album.php?nationGbn=K&chart_Time=year","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Letter from Secret(Liner Notes) (Physical Single, Digital Download). Secret (South Korean group). Seoul, South Korea: LOEN Entertainment. 2013.","urls":[{"url_text":"Letter from Secret(Liner Notes)"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Letter+from+Secret%22","external_links_name":"\"Letter from Secret\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Letter+from+Secret%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Letter+from+Secret%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Letter+from+Secret%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Letter+from+Secret%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Letter+from+Secret%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222085454/http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/album.php?nationGbn=K&chart_Time=year","external_links_name":"\"Gaon Album Chart\""},{"Link":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/album.php?nationGbn=K&chart_Time=year","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0sVjn5DGrc","external_links_name":"\"YooHoo\" Music Video"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/098de1c7-ae92-483c-a623-d89452c81ac1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery-%C3%85sberg_Depression_Rating_Scale	Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale	["1 Interpretation","2 MADRS-S","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Diagnostic questionnaire to measure the severity of depressive episodes Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating ScalePurposeseverity of depression The Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item diagnostic questionnaire which mental health professionals use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. It was designed in 1979 by British and Swedish researchers (Stuart Montgomery and Marie Åsberg) as an adjunct to the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) which would be more sensitive to the changes brought on by antidepressants and other forms of treatment than the Hamilton Scale was. There is, however, a high degree of statistical correlation between scores on the two measures. Interpretation The questionnaire includes questions on ten symptoms: Apparent sadness Reported sadness Inner tension Reduced sleep Reduced appetite Concentration difficulties Lassitude Inability to feel Pessimistic thoughts Suicidal thoughts Each item yields a score of 0 to 6; the overall score thus ranges from 0 to 60. Higher MADRS score indicates more severe depression. Usual cutoff points are: 0 to 6: normal /symptom absent 7 to 19: mild depression 20 to 34: moderate depression 35 to 60: severe depression. MADRS-S A self-rating version of this scale (MADRS-S) is often used in clinical practice and correlates reasonably well with expert ratings. The MADRS-S instrument has nine questions, with an overall score ranging from 0 to 54 points. See also Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry References ^ Williams, J. B. W.; Kobak, K. A. (2008). "Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (SIGMA)" (PDF). The British Journal of Psychiatry. 192 (1): 52–58. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032532. PMID 18174510. ^ Montgomery SA, Asberg M (April 1979). "A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change". British Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (4): 382–89. doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382. PMID 444788. S2CID 22246215. ^ Relationship Between the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale in Depressed Elderly: A Meta-analysis from the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry ^ a b c Test: Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in BioPsychoSocial Assessment Tools for the Elderly - Assessment Summary Sheet. The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. In turn citing: Müller-Thomsen, T; Arlt, S; Mann, U; Maß, R; Ganzer, S (2005). "Detecting depression in Alzheimer's disease: evaluation of four different scales". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 20 (2): 271–6. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.03.010. PMID 15708735. McDowell, I. (2006). Measuring Health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires 3rd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. ^ a b c d Herrmann, N.; Black, S. E.; Lawrence, J.; Szekely, C.; Szalai, J. P. (1998). "The Sunnybrook Stroke Study : A Prospective Study of Depressive Symptoms and Functional Outcome". Stroke. 29 (3): 618–624. doi:10.1161/01.STR.29.3.618. PMID 9506602. ^ Cunningham, JL; et al. (2011). "Agreement between physicians' and patients' ratings on the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale". Journal of Affective Disorders. 135 (1–3): 148–53. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.005. PMID 21856017. ^ Svanborg, P; Åsberg, M (2001). "A comparison between the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the self-rating version of the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)". Journal of Affective Disorders. 64 (2–3): 203–216. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00242-1. PMID 11313087. External links Automatically scored digital version of the MADRS Full version of the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale Side-by-side comparison of the MADRS and HAMD vteRating scales for depression Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Burns Depression Checklist (BDC) Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS-11) M3 Checklist:Depression Major Depression Inventory (MDI) MINI Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) Raskin Depression Rating Scale Wechsler Depression Rating Scale Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"diagnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis"},{"link_name":"depressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_depression"},{"link_name":"mood disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder"},{"link_name":"Marie Åsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_%C3%85sberg"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Rating_Scale_for_Depression"},{"link_name":"antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"correlation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item[1] diagnostic questionnaire which mental health professionals use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. It was designed in 1979 by British and Swedish researchers (Stuart Montgomery and Marie Åsberg) as an adjunct to the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) which would be more sensitive to the changes brought on by antidepressants and other forms of treatment than the Hamilton Scale was.[2] There is, however, a high degree of statistical correlation between scores on the two measures.[3]","title":"Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ontario-4"},{"link_name":"cutoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_(reference_value)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herrmann1998-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ontario-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ontario-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herrmann1998-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herrmann1998-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herrmann1998-5"}],"text":"The questionnaire includes questions on ten symptoms:Apparent sadness\nReported sadness\nInner tension\nReduced sleep\nReduced appetite\nConcentration difficulties\nLassitude\nInability to feel\nPessimistic thoughts\nSuicidal thoughtsEach item yields a score of 0 to 6; the overall score thus ranges from 0 to 60.[4]\nHigher MADRS score indicates more severe depression.\nUsual cutoff points are:0 to 6: normal[5] /symptom absent[4]\n7 to 19: mild depression[4][5]\n20 to 34: moderate depression[5]\n35 to 60: severe depression.[5]","title":"Interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A self-rating version of this scale (MADRS-S) is often used in clinical practice and correlates reasonably well with expert ratings.[6] The MADRS-S instrument has nine questions, with an overall score ranging from 0 to 54 points.[7]","title":"MADRS-S"}]	[]	[{"title":"Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Psychopathological_Rating_Scale"},{"title":"Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_classification_and_rating_scales_used_in_psychiatry"}]	[{"reference":"Williams, J. B. W.; Kobak, K. A. (2008). \"Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (SIGMA)\" (PDF). The British Journal of Psychiatry. 192 (1): 52–58. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032532. PMID 18174510.","urls":[{"url":"http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/bjprcpsych/192/1/52.full.pdf","url_text":"\"Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (SIGMA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.106.032532","url_text":"10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032532"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18174510","url_text":"18174510"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery SA, Asberg M (April 1979). \"A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change\". British Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (4): 382–89. doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382. PMID 444788. 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PMID 15708735.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.acn.2004.03.010","url_text":"\"Detecting depression in Alzheimer's disease: evaluation of four different scales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.acn.2004.03.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.acn.2004.03.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708735","url_text":"15708735"}]},{"reference":"Herrmann, N.; Black, S. E.; Lawrence, J.; Szekely, C.; Szalai, J. P. (1998). \"The Sunnybrook Stroke Study : A Prospective Study of Depressive Symptoms and Functional Outcome\". Stroke. 29 (3): 618–624. doi:10.1161/01.STR.29.3.618. PMID 9506602.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.STR.29.3.618","url_text":"\"The Sunnybrook Stroke Study : A Prospective Study of Depressive Symptoms and Functional Outcome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.STR.29.3.618","url_text":"10.1161/01.STR.29.3.618"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9506602","url_text":"9506602"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, JL; et al. (2011). \"Agreement between physicians' and patients' ratings on the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale\". Journal of Affective Disorders. 135 (1–3): 148–53. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.005. PMID 21856017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2011.07.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21856017","url_text":"21856017"}]},{"reference":"Svanborg, P; Åsberg, M (2001). \"A comparison between the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the self-rating version of the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)\". Journal of Affective Disorders. 64 (2–3): 203–216. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00242-1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Men_(statue)	The Men (statue)	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 40°11′13″N 44°30′50″E / 40.186837°N 44.513836°E / 40.186837; 44.513836The Menhy: ՏղամարդիկArtistDavit MinasyanYear2007 (2007)MediumBronzeConditionGoodLocationYerevan, ArmeniaCoordinates40°11′13″N 44°30′50″E / 40.186837°N 44.513836°E / 40.186837; 44.513836 The Men (Armenian: Տղամարդիկ) is a public artwork in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. Created by Armenian sculptor Davit Minasyan in 2007, it commemorates Edmond Keosayan's 1972 film of the same name, and comprises four statues, depicting the film's stars, the actors Mher Mkrtchyan, Avetik Gevorkyan, Armen Ayvazyan, and Azat Sherents. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Men, Yerevan. ^ City of Yerevan official information board, displayed next to the artwork ^ "'Men' Statue - Yerevan: 'Men' Statue". Armenian Heritage. Retrieved 15 May 2018.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"public artwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Davit Minasyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davit_Minasyan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edmond Keosayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Keosayan"},{"link_name":"Mher Mkrtchyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frunzik_Mkrtchyan"},{"link_name":"Avetik Gevorkyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avetik_Gevorkyan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armen Ayvazyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armen_Ayvazyan_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Azat Sherents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azat_Sherents"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLC-2"}],"text":"The Men (Armenian: Տղամարդիկ) is a public artwork in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. Created by Armenian sculptor Davit Minasyan in 2007, it commemorates Edmond Keosayan's 1972 film of the same name, and comprises four statues, depicting the film's stars, the actors Mher Mkrtchyan, Avetik Gevorkyan, Armen Ayvazyan, and Azat Sherents.[1][2]","title":"The Men (statue)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"'Men' Statue - Yerevan: 'Men' Statue\". Armenian Heritage. Retrieved 15 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.armenianheritage.org/en/monument/Menstatue/1076","url_text":"\"'Men' Statue - Yerevan: 'Men' Statue\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Men_(statue)&params=40.186837_N_44.513836_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°11′13″N 44°30′50″E / 40.186837°N 44.513836°E / 40.186837; 44.513836"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Men_(statue)&params=40.186837_N_44.513836_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°11′13″N 44°30′50″E / 40.186837°N 44.513836°E / 40.186837; 44.513836"},{"Link":"http://www.armenianheritage.org/en/monument/Menstatue/1076","external_links_name":"\"'Men' Statue - Yerevan: 'Men' Statue\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAL4	DNAL4	["1 References","2 Further reading","3 External links"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens DNAL4IdentifiersAliasesDNAL4, PIG27, MRMV3, dynein axonemal light chain 4External IDsOMIM: 610565; MGI: 1859217; HomoloGene: 38094; GeneCards: DNAL4; OMA:DNAL4 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 22 (human)Band22q13.1Start38,778,508 bpEnd38,794,198 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 15 (mouse)Band15 E1\|15 37.85 cMStart79,645,654 bpEnd79,662,050 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inleft testisright testisright uterine tubeanterior pituitaryoocytecingulate gyrusanterior cingulate cortexright lobe of thyroid glandright frontal lobeamygdalaTop expressed inspermatidzygotespermatocytesecondary oocytedentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cellneural layer of retinaentorhinal cortexseminiferous tubuleventricular zoneright kidneyMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function cytoskeletal motor activity protein binding microtubule motor activity cytoskeletal protein binding plus-end-directed microtubule motor activity dynein intermediate chain binding dynein light intermediate chain binding Cellular component cytoplasm plasma membrane cell projection cilium microtubule cytoskeleton dynein complex Biological process microtubule-based process microtubule-based movement Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez1012654152EnsemblENSG00000100246ENSMUSG00000022420UniProtO96015Q9DCM4RefSeq (mRNA)NM_005740NM_017470RefSeq (protein)NP_005731NP_059498Location (UCSC)Chr 22: 38.78 – 38.79 MbChr 15: 79.65 – 79.66 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Dynein light chain 4, axonemal is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAL4 gene. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100246 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022420 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP (Dec 1999). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22". Nature. 402 (6761): 489–495. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..489D. doi:10.1038/990031. PMID 10591208. ^ "Entrez Gene: DNAL4 dynein, axonemal, light chain 4". Further reading Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–1178. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026. Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, Davis MP, Grinham JA, Cole CG, Goward ME, Aguado B, Mallya M, Mokrab Y, Huckle EJ, Beare DM, Dunham I (2005). "A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome". Genome Biol. 5 (10): R84. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84. PMC 545604. PMID 15461802. Iwasaki M, Kuwata T, Yamazaki Y, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Osato M, Ito Y, Kroon E, Sauvageau G, Nakamura T (2005). "Identification of cooperative genes for NUP98-HOXA9 in myeloid leukemogenesis using a mouse model". Blood. 105 (2): 784–793. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1508. PMID 15454493. Collins JE, Goward ME, Cole CG, Smink LJ, Huckle EJ, Knowles S, Bye JM, Beare DM, Dunham I (2003). "Reevaluating human gene annotation: a second-generation analysis of chromosome 22". Genome Res. 13 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1101/gr.695703. PMC 430954. PMID 12529303. Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–156. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149. Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–174. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298. External links DNAL4 human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser. DNAL4 human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser. This article on a gene on human chromosome 22 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10591208-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"Dynein light chain 4, axonemal is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAL4 gene.[5][6]","title":"DNAL4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zoghbi HY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huda_Zoghbi"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2005Natur.437.1173R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437.1173R"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature04209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04209"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16189514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189514"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4427026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427026"},{"link_name":"\"A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545604"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2004-5-10-r84"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"545604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545604"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15461802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15461802"},{"link_name":"\"Identification of cooperative genes for NUP98-HOXA9 in myeloid leukemogenesis using a mouse model\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2004-04-1508"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1182/blood-2004-04-1508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2004-04-1508"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15454493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15454493"},{"link_name":"\"Reevaluating human gene annotation: a second-generation analysis of chromosome 22\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC430954"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.695703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.695703"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"430954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC430954"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12529303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529303"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9373149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8125298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298"}],"text":"Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–1178. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.\nCollins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, Davis MP, Grinham JA, Cole CG, Goward ME, Aguado B, Mallya M, Mokrab Y, Huckle EJ, Beare DM, Dunham I (2005). \"A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome\". Genome Biol. 5 (10): R84. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84. PMC 545604. PMID 15461802.\nIwasaki M, Kuwata T, Yamazaki Y, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Osato M, Ito Y, Kroon E, Sauvageau G, Nakamura T (2005). \"Identification of cooperative genes for NUP98-HOXA9 in myeloid leukemogenesis using a mouse model\". Blood. 105 (2): 784–793. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1508. PMID 15454493.\nCollins JE, Goward ME, Cole CG, Smink LJ, Huckle EJ, Knowles S, Bye JM, Beare DM, Dunham I (2003). \"Reevaluating human gene annotation: a second-generation analysis of chromosome 22\". Genome Res. 13 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1101/gr.695703. PMC 430954. PMID 12529303.\nSuzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). \"Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library\". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–156. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.\nMaruyama K, Sugano S (1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–174. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=10126","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=54152","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP (Dec 1999). \"The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22\". Nature. 402 (6761): 489–495. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..489D. doi:10.1038/990031. PMID 10591208.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F990031","url_text":"\"The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.402..489D","url_text":"1999Natur.402..489D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F990031","url_text":"10.1038/990031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10591208","url_text":"10591208"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: DNAL4 dynein, axonemal, light chain 4\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10126","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: DNAL4 dynein, axonemal, light chain 4\""}]},{"reference":"Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–1178. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. 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Genome Biol. 5 (10): R84. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84. PMC 545604. PMID 15461802.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545604","url_text":"\"A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2004-5-10-r84","url_text":"10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545604","url_text":"545604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15461802","url_text":"15461802"}]},{"reference":"Iwasaki M, Kuwata T, Yamazaki Y, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Osato M, Ito Y, Kroon E, Sauvageau G, Nakamura T (2005). \"Identification of cooperative genes for NUP98-HOXA9 in myeloid leukemogenesis using a mouse model\". Blood. 105 (2): 784–793. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1508. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Term	Full Term	["1 References"]	Calendar used by Oxford University and Cambridge University This article is about the academic calendar. For the duration of pregnancy, see Pregnancy. Full Term in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge refers to the eight weeks within the longer academic term, during which lectures are given and students are required to be in residence. The dates of Full Term may differ from year to year within the fixed dates of the whole term (simply, but ambiguously, referred to as "Term" with a capital, or occasionally "statutory term"). In Oxford, each week is numbered from First Week to Eighth Week, beginning on Sunday and ending on Saturday. The week preceding Full Term is called 'Noughth Week' (sometimes written 0th Week). References University of Oxford: Regulations on the number and length of terms University of Oxford term dates Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine University of Cambridge term dates	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"academic term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_term"},{"link_name":"Noughth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nought"}],"text":"This article is about the academic calendar. For the duration of pregnancy, see Pregnancy.Full Term in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge refers to the eight weeks within the longer academic term, during which lectures are given and students are required to be in residence. The dates of Full Term may differ from year to year within the fixed dates of the whole term (simply, but ambiguously, referred to as \"Term\" with a capital, or occasionally \"statutory term\").In Oxford, each week is numbered from First Week to Eighth Week, beginning on Sunday and ending on Saturday. The week preceding Full Term is called 'Noughth Week' (sometimes written 0th Week).","title":"Full Term"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080527150600/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/examregs/03-00_REGULATIONS_ON_THE_NUMBER_AND_LENGTH_OF_TERMS.shtml","external_links_name":"University of Oxford: Regulations on the number and length of terms"},{"Link":"http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/university_year/dates_of_term.html","external_links_name":"University of Oxford term dates"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080409225107/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/university_year/dates_of_term.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cam.ac.uk/cambuniv/termdates.html","external_links_name":"University of Cambridge term dates"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Anderson	Benjamin Anderson	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Academic influence","4 Personal life","5 Publications","6 References","7 External links"]	American economist (1886–1949) For other people named Benjamin Anderson, see Benjamin Anderson (disambiguation). This biography needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this biography. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Benjamin Anderson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Benjamin AndersonBorn(1886-05-01)May 1, 1886Columbia, Missouri, U.S.DiedJanuary 19, 1949(1949-01-19) (aged 62)Santa Monica, California, U.S.Academic careerFieldEconomicsSchool ortraditionAustrian SchoolInfluencesLudwig von Mises Benjamin McAlester Anderson Jr. (May 1, 1886 – January 19, 1949) was an American economist of the Austrian School. Early life and education Benjamin Anderson was born in Columbia, Missouri on May 1, 1886, to Benjamin McLean Anderson, a businessman and politician, and Mary Frances Anderson (née Bowling). When he was sixteen years old, Anderson enrolled in classes at the University of Missouri in his hometown and earned his A.B. in 1906. After receiving his bachelor's degree, Anderson accepted an appointment as professor of political economy and sociology at Missouri Valley College, where he remained for a year before becoming head of the department of political economy and sociology at the State Normal School (later known as Missouri State University) in Springfield, Missouri. Anderson soon became a degree-seeking student again, this time pursuing his A.M. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He completed his master's degree in 1910 and finished his Ph.D. at Columbia University only a year later. Part of his dissertation was later published as Social Value: A Study in Economic Theory, Critical and Constructive. Career After earning his doctoral degree, Anderson taught at Columbia University and then Harvard University. During this time, he wrote his Value of Money, a critique of the quantity theory of money. He left Harvard to join New York City's National Bank of Commerce in 1918. He remained with NBC for only two years, however, before Chase National Bank hired him as an economist and as the new editor of the bank's Chase Economic Bulletin. It was during this time that the scope of Anderson's writing widened to include: ...articles critical of progressive policy in such diverse areas as money, credit, international economic policy, agriculture, taxation, war, government debt, and economic planning. He was a leading opponent of the New Deal and an enthusiastic supporter of a free market gold standard. In 1939, Anderson again entered the academic community, this time as a professor of economics at the University of California, Los Angeles. He held this position until his death (from a heart attack) at Santa Monica Hospital on January 19, 1949. Academic influence Henry Hazlitt, who is often cited as having popularized Austrian economics in the English-speaking world, credits Anderson with acquainting him with the work of Ludwig von Mises and other Austrians. Explains Hazlitt: I was very lucky in my friendships and lucky in the books I chose. I read a book by Benjamin M. Anderson, whom I later got to know. This was his 1917 book The Value of Money. He was an acute critic of nearly all other writers on money, and especially of Irving Fisher and his mechanical quantity theory of money. Mac Anderson read German, and discussed many German writers on money. He referred to the German edition of Ludwig von Mises's Theory of Money and Credit and wrote: "In von Mises there seems to me to be very noteworthy clarity and power. His Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel is an exceptionally excellent book." That impressed me. According to Mises, Anderson was "one of the outstanding characters in this age of the supremacy of time-servers." Outside of Austrian circles, though, Anderson's writings encountered a cooler reception from the then-dominant Progressives, who disagreed with his calls for reducing government intervention in the market. According to Henry Hazlitt, Anderson was dismayed by the popular political and theoretical trends that ran counter to the positions that he espoused: e did become embittered. I remember he was at my house when Landon was running for President against FDR. As the radio returns came rolling in, Mac shook his head and said, "This is the mob." He was very depressed, but I don't think his writing was ever bitter. It remained analytical and objective. Personal life Anderson was a skilled chess player and penned the preface to José Raúl Capablanca's A Primer of Chess (1935). Publications Social Value: A Study in Economic Theory Critical and Constructive (1911) The Value of Money (1917) Effects of the War on Money, Credit and Banking in France and the U.S. (1919) "Cheap Money, Gold, and Federal Reserve Bank Policy" (1924). Chase Economic Bulletin, Vol. IV, No. 3, August 4, 1924 Economics and the Public Welfare: A Financial and Economic History of the United States, 1914–1946 (1949) References ^ "DR. B. M. Anderson, Economist, is Dead: Professor of Banking at UCLA, Had Served Chase National Bank - Author of Many Books". The New York Times: 27. January 20, 1949.; "Benjamin M. Anderson". The New York Times: 26. January 20, 1949. ^ a b c "An Interview with Henry Hazlitt". Austrian Economics Newsletter. Mises Institute. Spring 1984. ^ Kelley, James Herbert, ed. (1913). The Alumni Record of the University of Illinois. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 606. Retrieved May 3, 2023 – via Google Books. ^ a b c d e f Thornton, Mark. "Who is Benjamin Anderson?" Mises.org ^ "The Value of Money". Mises Institute. August 11, 2000. ^ "UCLA professor dies following heart attack". Daily News. Los Angeles. January 19, 1949. p. 8. Retrieved May 3, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. External links Blanchette, Jude. "Anderson, Hazlitt, and the Quantity Theory of Money". Journal of Libertarian Studies. Vol. 19–1. Winter 2005. Ebeling, Richard. "Benjamin Anderson and the False Goal of Price-Level Stabilization" at the Wayback Machine (archived March 10, 2007). Monetary Central Planning and the State. Future of Freedom Foundation. April 1997. University of California. Biographical information on Benjamin Anderson Works by Benjamin Anderson at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Benjamin Anderson at Internet Archive Benjamin McAlester Anderson at Find a Grave Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Anderson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Anderson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Austrian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hazlitt-2"}],"text":"For other people named Benjamin Anderson, see Benjamin Anderson (disambiguation).Benjamin McAlester Anderson Jr. (May 1, 1886 – January 19, 1949) was an American economist of the Austrian School.[1][2]","title":"Benjamin Anderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"A.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Missouri Valley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Valley_College"},{"link_name":"Missouri State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_University"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"A.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thornton-4"}],"text":"Benjamin Anderson was born in Columbia, Missouri on May 1, 1886, to Benjamin McLean Anderson, a businessman and politician, and Mary Frances Anderson (née Bowling).[3] When he was sixteen years old, Anderson enrolled in classes at the University of Missouri in his hometown and earned his A.B. in 1906. After receiving his bachelor's degree, Anderson accepted an appointment as professor of political economy and sociology at Missouri Valley College, where he remained for a year before becoming head of the department of political economy and sociology at the State Normal School (later known as Missouri State University) in Springfield, Missouri.Anderson soon became a degree-seeking student again, this time pursuing his A.M. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He completed his master's degree in 1910 and finished his Ph.D. at Columbia University only a year later. Part of his dissertation was later published as Social Value: A Study in Economic Theory, Critical and Constructive.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thornton-4"},{"link_name":"quantity theory of money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbener-5"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Chase National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_National_Bank"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thornton-4"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thornton-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After earning his doctoral degree, Anderson taught at Columbia University and then Harvard University.[4] During this time, he wrote his Value of Money, a critique of the quantity theory of money.[5] He left Harvard to join New York City's National Bank of Commerce in 1918.He remained with NBC for only two years, however, before Chase National Bank hired him as an economist and as the new editor of the bank's Chase Economic Bulletin. It was during this time that the scope of Anderson's writing widened to include:...articles critical of progressive policy in such diverse areas as money, credit, international economic policy, agriculture, taxation, war, government debt, and economic planning. He was a leading opponent of the New Deal and an enthusiastic supporter of a free market gold standard.[4]In 1939, Anderson again entered the academic community, this time as a professor of economics at the University of California, Los Angeles. He held this position until his death (from a heart attack) at Santa Monica Hospital on January 19, 1949.[4][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Hazlitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt"},{"link_name":"Ludwig von Mises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises"},{"link_name":"Irving Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Theory of Money and Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Money_and_Credit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hazlitt-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thornton-4"},{"link_name":"Progressives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thornton-4"},{"link_name":"Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Landon"},{"link_name":"FDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hazlitt-2"}],"text":"Henry Hazlitt, who is often cited as having popularized Austrian economics in the English-speaking world, credits Anderson with acquainting him with the work of Ludwig von Mises and other Austrians. Explains Hazlitt:I was very lucky in my friendships and lucky in the books I chose. I read a book by Benjamin M. Anderson, whom I later got to know. This was his 1917 book The Value of Money. He was an acute critic of nearly all other writers on money, and especially of Irving Fisher and his mechanical quantity theory of money. Mac Anderson read German, and discussed many German writers on money. He referred to the German edition of Ludwig von Mises's Theory of Money and Credit and wrote: \"In von Mises there seems to me to be very noteworthy clarity and power. His Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel is an exceptionally excellent book.\" That impressed me.[2]According to Mises, Anderson was \"one of the outstanding characters in this age of the supremacy of time-servers.\"[4]Outside of Austrian circles, though, Anderson's writings encountered a cooler reception from the then-dominant Progressives, who disagreed with his calls for reducing government intervention in the market.[4] According to Henry Hazlitt, Anderson was dismayed by the popular political and theoretical trends that ran counter to the positions that he espoused:[H]e did become embittered. I remember he was at my house when Landon was running for President against FDR. As the radio returns came rolling in, Mac shook his head and said, \"This is the mob.\" He was very depressed, but I don't think his writing was ever bitter. It remained analytical and objective.[2]","title":"Academic influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"José Raúl Capablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca"}],"text":"Anderson was a skilled chess player and penned the preface to José Raúl Capablanca's A Primer of Chess (1935).","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Value of Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mises.org/books/valuemoney.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Cheap Money, Gold, and Federal Reserve Bank Policy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//library.mises.org/books/Benjamin%20Anderson/Cheap%20Money,%20Gold,%20and%20the%20Federal%20Reserve%20Bank%20Policy.pdf"},{"link_name":"Economics and the Public Welfare: A Financial and Economic History of the United States, 1914–1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mises.org/Books/economics_public_welfare_anderson.pdf"}],"text":"Social Value: A Study in Economic Theory Critical and Constructive (1911)\nThe Value of Money (1917)\nEffects of the War on Money, Credit and Banking in France and the U.S. (1919)\n\"Cheap Money, Gold, and Federal Reserve Bank Policy\" (1924). Chase Economic Bulletin, Vol. IV, No. 3, August 4, 1924\nEconomics and the Public Welfare: A Financial and Economic History of the United States, 1914–1946 (1949)","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"DR. B. M. Anderson, Economist, is Dead: Professor of Banking at UCLA, Had Served Chase National Bank - Author of Many Books\". The New York Times: 27. January 20, 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin M. Anderson\". The New York Times: 26. January 20, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/01/20/archives/benjamin-m-anderson.html","url_text":"\"Benjamin M. Anderson\""}]},{"reference":"Kelley, James Herbert, ed. (1913). The Alumni Record of the University of Illinois. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 606. Retrieved May 3, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-6Q_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA606&ci=174%2C147%2C709%2C57","url_text":"The Alumni Record of the University of Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign","url_text":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"reference":"\"The Value of Money\". Mises Institute. August 11, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://mises.org/library/value-money","url_text":"\"The Value of Money\""}]},{"reference":"\"UCLA professor dies following heart attack\". Daily News. Los Angeles. January 19, 1949. p. 8. Retrieved May 3, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-ucla-professor-dies-following/123999189/","url_text":"\"UCLA professor dies following heart attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_Daily_News","url_text":"Daily News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Benjamin+Anderson%22","external_links_name":"\"Benjamin Anderson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Benjamin+Anderson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Benjamin+Anderson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Benjamin+Anderson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Benjamin+Anderson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Benjamin+Anderson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.mises.org/books/valuemoney.pdf","external_links_name":"The Value of Money"},{"Link":"http://library.mises.org/books/Benjamin%20Anderson/Cheap%20Money,%20Gold,%20and%20the%20Federal%20Reserve%20Bank%20Policy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cheap Money, Gold, and Federal Reserve Bank Policy\""},{"Link":"https://mises.org/Books/economics_public_welfare_anderson.pdf","external_links_name":"Economics and the Public Welfare: A Financial and Economic History of the United States, 1914–1946"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/01/20/archives/benjamin-m-anderson.html","external_links_name":"\"Benjamin M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Lewis_(English_cricketer)	Keith Lewis (English cricketer)	["1 References","2 External links"]	English cricketer Keith LewisPersonal informationFull nameLeslie Keith LewisBorn(1929-09-25)25 September 1929East Finchley, Middlesex, EnglandDied10 October 2015(2015-10-10) (aged 86)BattingRight-handedDomestic team information YearsTeam1952–1953Cambridge University Career statistics Competition First-class Matches 6 Runs scored 155 Batting average 15.50 100s/50s 0/1 Top score 53* Balls bowled 0 Wickets – Bowling average – 5 wickets in innings – 10 wickets in match – Best bowling – Catches/stumpings 2/–Source: Cricinfo, 26 May 2020 Leslie Keith Lewis (25 September 1929 – 10 October 2015) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Cambridge University in 1952 and 1953. Keith Lewis attended Taunton School, where he was School Captain and played for the First XI, setting a record for the highest score for the school, 186 against Downside School, in 1948. After two years of National Service in the Army he went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge, to study Law and Economics. He gained his cricket and hockey blues, captaining the university hockey team. A middle-order batsman, his highest score was 53 not out against Surrey in 1953. He also played hockey for Middlesex. After finishing his studies he was employed by the meat suppliers Borthwick and Sons for 23 years, including periods in Australia and New Zealand. He married Elizabeth Winyard in 1955, and they had two sons and a daughter. They were married for more than 60 years. References ^ a b "Keith Lewis". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 May 2020. ^ a b c d "In Memoriam: the Lives of OTs" (PDF). The OT Review: 26. 2017. ^ Wisden 1954, p. 286. ^ "Surrey v Cambridge University 1953". Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2020. External links Keith Lewis at ESPNcricinfo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-class cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA-1"},{"link_name":"Taunton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton_School"},{"link_name":"Downside School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downside_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OTR-2"},{"link_name":"National Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(university_sport)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OTR-2"},{"link_name":"not out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OTR-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OTR-2"}],"text":"Leslie Keith Lewis (25 September 1929 – 10 October 2015) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Cambridge University in 1952 and 1953.[1]Keith Lewis attended Taunton School, where he was School Captain and played for the First XI, setting a record for the highest score for the school, 186 against Downside School, in 1948.[2] After two years of National Service in the Army he went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge, to study Law and Economics.[3] He gained his cricket and hockey blues, captaining the university hockey team.[2] A middle-order batsman, his highest score was 53 not out against Surrey in 1953.[4] He also played hockey for Middlesex.[1]After finishing his studies he was employed by the meat suppliers Borthwick and Sons for 23 years, including periods in Australia and New Zealand.[2] He married Elizabeth Winyard in 1955, and they had two sons and a daughter. They were married for more than 60 years.[2]","title":"Keith Lewis (English cricketer)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Keith Lewis\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30986/30986.html","url_text":"\"Keith Lewis\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam: the Lives of OTs\" (PDF). The OT Review: 26. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://taunton.web-intouch.com/StaticFiles/TauntonWIT_0000024367.pdf","url_text":"\"In Memoriam: the Lives of OTs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surrey v Cambridge University 1953\". Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1953/ENG_LOCAL/UNIV/SURREY_CAMB-UNIV_UNIV_27-30JUN1953.html","url_text":"\"Surrey v Cambridge University 1953\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/16568.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30986/30986.html","external_links_name":"\"Keith Lewis\""},{"Link":"https://taunton.web-intouch.com/StaticFiles/TauntonWIT_0000024367.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In Memoriam: the Lives of OTs\""},{"Link":"http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1953/ENG_LOCAL/UNIV/SURREY_CAMB-UNIV_UNIV_27-30JUN1953.html","external_links_name":"\"Surrey v Cambridge University 1953\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/16568.html","external_links_name":"Keith Lewis"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carl_Lineberger	William Carl Lineberger	["1 References","2 External links"]	American chemist William Carl Lineberger (born December 5, 1939-October 17, 2023) was an American chemist. A native of Hamlet, North Carolina, William Carl Lineberger was born to parents Caleb Henry and Evelyn Pelot Cooper Lineberger on December 5, 1939. His mother was a former teacher and his father was a railroad worker. Through his mother, Lineberger is of French Huguenot descent. As a child, Lineberger was a Boy Scout and made Eagle rank. After completing his bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Lineberger began teaching at his alma mater, leaving for a research position at the U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory and later the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics. The University of Colorado at Boulder, one of two joint operators of JILA, hired Lineberger as an assistant professor in 1970. He was named E. U. Condon Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of Colorado in 1985. Over the course of his career, Lineberger received several awards. Among them are: the Herbert P. Broida Prize (1981) awarded by the American Physical Society, the Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy (1992), Irving Langmuir Award (1996) and Peter Debye Award (2004) of the American Chemical Society, and the William F. Meggers Award in Spectroscopy (1989) from the Optical Society of America. Lineberger received the NAS Award in Chemical Sciences in 2015. Linberger is a member of the American Chemical Society as well as the National Academy of Sciences (1983) and American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1995). He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Physical Society (1973). From 2011 to 2016, Lineberger served on the National Science Board and was nominated for a second term by Barack Obama in 2016. References ^ Lineberger, W. Carl (January 21, 2010). "Autobiography of W. Carl Lineberger". J. Phys. Chem. A. 114 (3): 1227–1229. Bibcode:2010JPCA..114.1227L. doi:10.1021/jp911450m. PMID 20088610. ^ a b c d "Lineberger, William Carl". University of Colorado. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ a b c d Lineberger, W. Carl (January 28, 2010). "Curriculum Vita of W. Carl Lineberger". J. Phys. Chem. A. 114 (3): 1231–1232. Bibcode:2010JPCA..114.1231.. doi:10.1021/jp911447z. ^ "OSA Awards Mark Achievements in Many Facets of Optical Science". Physics Today. 42 (7): 85. July 1, 1989. Bibcode:1989PhT....42g..85.. doi:10.1063/1.2811098. ^ "Carl Lineberger Wins NAS Award in Chemical Sciences". JILA. January 22, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ "W. Carl Lineberger". United States National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ "APS Fellow Archive". American Physical Society. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ "Senate Confirms Fellow Carl Lineberger as Member of the National Science Board". JILA. August 5, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ Fostering Integrity in Research. National Academies Press. 2018. p. 231. ISBN 9780309391252. External links NSF Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Academics Google Scholar ORCID Scopus	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October 17, 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jila.colorado.edu/news-events/news/remembering-jila-fellow-w-carl-lineberger"},{"link_name":"Hamlet, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"French Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Boy Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scout"},{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autobio-1"},{"link_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Laboratory_Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado at Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wclcv-2"},{"link_name":"Herbert P. Broida Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_P._Broida_Prize"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_K._Plyler_Prize_for_Molecular_Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"Irving Langmuir Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir_Award"},{"link_name":"Peter Debye Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Debye_Award"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcljournalcv-3"},{"link_name":"William F. Meggers Award in Spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Meggers_Award_in_Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"Optical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"NAS Award in Chemical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Chemical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wclcv-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcljournalcv-3"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wclcv-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcljournalcv-3"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wclcv-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcljournalcv-3"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Science Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Board"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"William Carl Lineberger (born December 5, 1939-October 17, 2023) was an American chemist.A native of Hamlet, North Carolina, William Carl Lineberger was born to parents Caleb Henry and Evelyn Pelot Cooper Lineberger on December 5, 1939. His mother was a former teacher and his father was a railroad worker. Through his mother, Lineberger is of French Huguenot descent. As a child, Lineberger was a Boy Scout and made Eagle rank.[1] After completing his bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Lineberger began teaching at his alma mater, leaving for a research position at the U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory and later the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics. The University of Colorado at Boulder, one of two joint operators of JILA, hired Lineberger as an assistant professor in 1970. He was named E. U. Condon Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of Colorado in 1985.[2]Over the course of his career, Lineberger received several awards. Among them are: the Herbert P. Broida Prize (1981) awarded by the American Physical Society, the Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy (1992), Irving Langmuir Award (1996) and Peter Debye Award (2004) of the American Chemical Society,[3] and the William F. Meggers Award in Spectroscopy (1989) from the Optical Society of America.[4] Lineberger received the NAS Award in Chemical Sciences in 2015.[5] Linberger is a member of the American Chemical Society[2][3] as well as the National Academy of Sciences (1983)[6] and American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1995).[2][3] He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science[2][3] and the American Physical Society (1973).[7] From 2011 to 2016, Lineberger served on the National Science Board and was nominated for a second term by Barack Obama in 2016.[8][9]","title":"William Carl Lineberger"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lineberger, W. Carl (January 21, 2010). \"Autobiography of W. Carl Lineberger\". J. Phys. Chem. A. 114 (3): 1227–1229. Bibcode:2010JPCA..114.1227L. doi:10.1021/jp911450m. 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Bibcode:2010JPCA..114.1231.. doi:10.1021/jp911447z.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp911447z","url_text":"\"Curriculum Vita of W. Carl Lineberger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPCA..114.1231.","url_text":"2010JPCA..114.1231."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp911447z","url_text":"10.1021/jp911447z"}]},{"reference":"\"OSA Awards Mark Achievements in Many Facets of Optical Science\". Physics Today. 42 (7): 85. July 1, 1989. Bibcode:1989PhT....42g..85.. doi:10.1063/1.2811098.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhT....42g..85.","url_text":"1989PhT....42g..85."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2811098","url_text":"10.1063/1.2811098"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Lineberger Wins NAS Award in Chemical Sciences\". JILA. January 22, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://jila.colorado.edu/news/carl-lineberger-wins-nas-award-chemical","url_text":"\"Carl Lineberger Wins NAS Award in Chemical Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"\"W. Carl Lineberger\". United States National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/53222.html","url_text":"\"W. Carl Lineberger\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Fellow Archive\". American Physical Society. Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=L","url_text":"\"APS Fellow Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Confirms Fellow Carl Lineberger as Member of the National Science Board\". JILA. August 5, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://jila.colorado.edu/news/senate-confirms-fellow-carl-lineberger-member-national-science-board","url_text":"\"Senate Confirms Fellow Carl Lineberger as Member of the National Science Board\""}]},{"reference":"Fostering Integrity in Research. National Academies Press. 2018. p. 231. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK6-83	MK6-83	["1 See also","2 References"]	Chemical compound MK6-83Identifiers IUPAC name 5-methyl-N-thiophene-2-sulfonamide CAS Number1062271-24-2 YPubChem CID18191179ChemSpider17030252UNIIRE9JUR6NT4CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID501336629 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H20N2O2S2Molar mass336.47 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CC1=CC=C(S1)S(=O)(=O)NC2=CC=CC=C2N3CCCCC3 InChI InChI=1S/C16H20N2O2S2/c1-13-9-10-16(21-13)22(19,20)17-14-7-3-4-8-15(14)18-11-5-2-6-12-18/h3-4,7-10,17H,2,5-6,11-12H2,1H3Key:IRGYSXZCDAWOOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N MK6-83 is a chemical compound which acts as a channel opener for the TRPML family of calcium channels, with moderate selectivity for TRPML1 over the related TRPML2 and TRPML3 subtypes. See also ML-SI3 ML2-SA1 SN-2 References ^ Kilpatrick BS, Yates E, Grimm C, Schapira AH, Patel S (October 2016). "Endo-lysosomal TRP mucolipin-1 channels trigger global ER Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx". Journal of Cell Science. 129 (20): 3859–3867. doi:10.1242/jcs.190322. PMC 5087663. PMID 27577094. ^ Morelli MB, Amantini C, Tomassoni D, Nabissi M, Arcella A, Santoni G (April 2019). "Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin-1 Channels in Glioblastoma: Role in Patient's Survival". Cancers. 11 (4). doi:10.3390/cancers11040525. PMC 6521337. PMID 31013784. ^ Xia Z, Wang L, Li S, Tang W, Sun F, Wu Y, et al. (October 2020). "ML-SA1, a selective TRPML agonist, inhibits DENV2 and ZIKV by promoting lysosomal acidification and protease activity". Antiviral Research. 182: 104922. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922. PMID 32858116. vteTRP channel modulatorsTRPAActivators 4-Hydroxynonenal 4-Oxo-2-nonenal 4,5-EET 12S-HpETE 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Acrolein Allicin (garlic) Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi) AM404 ASP-7663 Bradykinin Cannabichromene (cannabis) Cannabidiol (cannabis) Cannabigerol (cannabis) Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO) CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile) Cuminaldehyde (cumin) Curcumin (turmeric) Dehydroligustilide (celery) Diallyl disulfide Dicentrine (Lindera spp.) Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols (ginger) Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate JT-010 Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba) Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme) Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate (wintergreen) N-Methylmaleimide Nicotine (tobacco) Oleocanthal (olive oil) Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) PF-4840154 Phenacyl chloride Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis) Tetrahydrocannabiorcol Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion) Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica) WIN 55,212-2 Blockers A-967079 AM-0902 Dehydroligustilide (celery) HC-030031 Nicotine (tobacco) PF-04745637 Ruthenium red TRPCActivators Adhyperforin (St John's wort) Diacyl glycerol GSK1702934A Hyperforin (St John's wort) Substance P Blockers DCDPC DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GSK417651A GSK2293017A Meclofenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone Pyr3 Tolfenamic acid TRPMActivators ADP-ribose BCTC Calcium (intracellular) CIM-0216 Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 Eucalyptol (eucalyptus) Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol (mint) PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana) Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly) Thio-BCTC WS-12 Blockers AMG-333 Capsazepine Clotrimazole DCDPC Elismetrep Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Nicotine (tobacco) Niflumic acid Ononetin PF-05105679 RQ-00203078 Ruthenium red Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Tolfenamic acid TPPO TRPM4-IN-5 TRPMLActivators EVP21 MK6-83 ML-SA1 ML2-SA1 PI(3,5)P2 SF-22 SN-2 Blockers ML-SI3 PI(4,5)P2 TRPPActivators Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii) Blockers Ruthenium red TRPVActivators 2-APB 5',6'-EET 9-HODE 9-oxoODE 12S-HETE 12S-HpETE 13-HODE 13-oxoODE 20-HETE α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Allicin (garlic) AM404 Anandamide Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata) Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil) Cannabidiol (cannabis) Cannabidivarin (cannabis) Capsaicin (chili pepper) Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others) DHEA Diacyl glycerol Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Estradiol Eugenol (basil, clove) Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa) Gingerols (ginger) GSK1016790A Heat Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Homocapsaicin (chili pepper) Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Incensole (incense) Lysophosphatidic acid Low pH (acidic conditions) Menthol (mint) N-Arachidonoyl dopamine N-Oleoyldopamine N-Oleoylethanolamide Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray) Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Phenylacetylrinvanil Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD) Piperine (black pepper, long pepper) Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) Probenecid Protons RhTx Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis) Thymol (thyme, oregano) Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) Tramadol Vanillin (vanilla) Zucapsaicin Blockers α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana) AMG-517 AMG-9810 Asivatrep BCTC Cannabigerol (cannabis) Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis) Cannabigerovarin (cannabis) Cannabinol (cannabis) Capsazepine DCDPC DHEA DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GRC-6211 HC-067047 Lanthanum Mavatrep Meclofenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid NGD-8243 Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate RN-1734 RN-9893 Ruthenium red SB-366791 SB-705498 Tivanisiran Tolfenamic acid TRPV3-74a See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TRPML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPML"},{"link_name":"TRPML1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPML1"},{"link_name":"TRPML2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPML2"},{"link_name":"TRPML3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPML3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"MK6-83 is a chemical compound which acts as a channel opener for the TRPML family of calcium channels, with moderate selectivity for TRPML1 over the related TRPML2 and TRPML3 subtypes.[1][2][3]","title":"MK6-83"}]	[]	[{"title":"ML-SI3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML-SI3"},{"title":"ML2-SA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML2-SA1"},{"title":"SN-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-2"}]	[{"reference":"Kilpatrick BS, Yates E, Grimm C, Schapira AH, Patel S (October 2016). \"Endo-lysosomal TRP mucolipin-1 channels trigger global ER Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx\". Journal of Cell Science. 129 (20): 3859–3867. doi:10.1242/jcs.190322. PMC 5087663. PMID 27577094.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087663","url_text":"\"Endo-lysosomal TRP mucolipin-1 channels trigger global ER Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.190322","url_text":"10.1242/jcs.190322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087663","url_text":"5087663"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27577094","url_text":"27577094"}]},{"reference":"Morelli MB, Amantini C, Tomassoni D, Nabissi M, Arcella A, Santoni G (April 2019). \"Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin-1 Channels in Glioblastoma: Role in Patient's Survival\". Cancers. 11 (4). doi:10.3390/cancers11040525. PMC 6521337. PMID 31013784.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6521337","url_text":"\"Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin-1 Channels in Glioblastoma: Role in Patient's Survival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcancers11040525","url_text":"10.3390/cancers11040525"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6521337","url_text":"6521337"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013784","url_text":"31013784"}]},{"reference":"Xia Z, Wang L, Li S, Tang W, Sun F, Wu Y, et al. (October 2020). \"ML-SA1, a selective TRPML agonist, inhibits DENV2 and ZIKV by promoting lysosomal acidification and protease activity\". Antiviral Research. 182: 104922. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922. PMID 32858116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.antiviral.2020.104922","url_text":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32858116","url_text":"32858116"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1062271-24-2","external_links_name":"1062271-24-2"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/18191179","external_links_name":"18191179"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.17030252.html","external_links_name":"17030252"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/RE9JUR6NT4","external_links_name":"RE9JUR6NT4"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID501336629","external_links_name":"DTXSID501336629"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC1%3DCC%3DC%28S1%29S%28%3DO%29%28%3DO%29NC2%3DCC%3DCC%3DC2N3CCCCC3","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087663","external_links_name":"\"Endo-lysosomal TRP mucolipin-1 channels trigger global ER Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.190322","external_links_name":"10.1242/jcs.190322"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087663","external_links_name":"5087663"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27577094","external_links_name":"27577094"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6521337","external_links_name":"\"Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin-1 Channels in Glioblastoma: Role in Patient's Survival\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcancers11040525","external_links_name":"10.3390/cancers11040525"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6521337","external_links_name":"6521337"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013784","external_links_name":"31013784"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.antiviral.2020.104922","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32858116","external_links_name":"32858116"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_series_16)	Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) series 16	["1 Production","1.1 Live streaming","1.2 Best bits series","1.3 Bit on the Side","1.4 Teasers","1.5 Sponsorship","1.6 House","2 Housemates","2.1 Austin Armacost","2.2 Bobby Davro","2.3 Chris Ellison","2.4 Daniel Baldwin","2.5 Farrah Abraham","2.6 Gail Porter","2.7 James Hill","2.8 Janice Dickinson","2.9 Jenna Jameson","2.10 Natasha Hamilton","2.11 Scoop","2.12 Sherrie Hewson","2.13 Stevi Ritchie & Chloe-Jasmine Whichello","2.14 Tila Tequila","3 House guests","3.1 Paul Burrell","3.2 Jennie Bond","3.3 Emma Willis","3.4 Eamonn Holmes","4 Summary","5 Nominations table","5.1 Notes","6 Ratings","7 References","8 External links"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) series 16" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Season of television series Celebrity Big BrotherSeries 16Series sixteen logoPresented byEmma WillisNo. of days29No. of housemates14WinnerJames HillRunner-upAustin ArmacostCompanion showsBig Brother's Bit On The Side No. of episodes29ReleaseOriginal networkChannel 5Original release27 August (2015-08-27) –24 September 2015 (2015-09-24)Series chronology← PreviousSeries 15Next →Series 17 Celebrity Big Brother 16, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: UK vs USA, was the sixteenth series of the British reality television series Celebrity Big Brother, hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 27 August 2015 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in Ireland, and ended after 29 days on 24 September 2015. It is the ninth celebrity series and the fourteenth series of Big Brother overall to air on Channel 5. It was the only celebrity series to credit Denis O'Connor as creative director. James Hill was named as the winner on 24 September. Austin Armacost returned to the house for Celebrity Big Brother 19 as an All-Star, representing this series. He was second to be evicted. Production Live streaming On 14 August 2015, it was revealed that Channel 5 had partially reinstated live streaming from the House. For the first time since 2013, live streaming would air every weekday between midnight and 1am on 5. 30 minutes of live streaming will also air on Channel 5 after the live eviction show on Friday, meaning 90 minutes of live streaming will air every Friday. Best bits series On 20 August 2015 it was revealed that a special six-part best bits series would be airing every Saturday night on 5. The series will look back at some of the best moments from Celebrity Big Brother history and will feature a range of special guests. Each episode would have its own topic, the first being "Heroes vs Villains", with the second being "Flirty Friendships and more". The series began on 29 August 2015. Bit on the Side Channel 5 confirmed on 31 July 2015 that Big Brother's Bit on the Side would be airing seven nights a week for the first time since 2014. The weekday episodes will air on Channel 5, with the weekend episodes airing on 5. Teasers The first five-second teaser for Celebrity Big Brother aired on 31 July 2015 confirming the theme UK v USA. Channel 5 later revealed the full length advert on 7 August 2015. The advert featured hosts Emma Willis and Rylan Clark. Sponsorship Lucozade returns to sponsor Celebrity Big Brother after previously sponsoring Big Brother 16 earlier in the year. House The house was redecorated following the sixteenth civilian series. The house was decorated with British and American iconography to suit the UK v USA theme. House pictures were officially revealed on 23 August 2015. Housemates This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) On Day 1, twelve Housemates entered the House. On Day 2, a further two Housemates entered. Celebrity Age on entry Notability Day entered Day exited Status James Hill 28 Reality TV star 1 29 Winner Austin Armacost 27 Reality TV star 1 29 Runner-up Natasha Hamilton 33 Singer 1 29 3rd Place Bobby Davro 56 Comedian 2 29 4th Place Stevi Ritchie 34 Singers and Reality TV stars 1 29 5th Place Chloe-Jasmine Whichello 26 Sherrie Hewson 64 Actress 1 29 6th Place Janice Dickinson 60 Model 2 27 Evicted Jenna Jameson 41 Porn star 1 27 Evicted Farrah Abraham 24 Reality TV star 1 23 Evicted Gail Porter 44 TV presenter 1 20 Evicted Fatman Scoop 44 Rapper 1 20 Evicted Chris Ellison 68 Actor 1 13 Evicted Daniel Baldwin 54 Actor 1 9 Evicted Tila Tequila 33 Internet personality and reality TV star 1 2 Ejected ^ a b Stevi and Chloe-Jasmine entered the House together on Day 1 and were treated as a single Housemate under the collective name "Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine" for the duration of the series. Austin Armacost Austin Armacost is an American reality television personality, who is best known for his role in The A-List: New York, as well as dating fashion designer Marc Jacobs. He entered the House on Day 1. He left the House on Day 29 as the runner-up. He later returned to compete in Celebrity Big Brother 19 as an "All star" housemate. Bobby Davro Bobby Davro is an English actor and comedian best known for his work as an impressionist. He made his television debut in 1981, but it wasn't until 1983 that he made his television breakthrough at Live from Her Majesty's, followed by appearances on the television show, Who Do You Do?. He entered the House on Day 2, competing against Janice Dickinson in order to win the title of "Prime Minister". He finished in fourth place on Day 29. Chris Ellison Ellison is an English actor. He is best known for his role as DCI Frank Burnside in the popular ITV police series The Bill and short-lived spin-off series Burnside. He entered the House on Day 1 representing Team UK. On Day 13 he became the second Housemate to be evicted. Daniel Baldwin Daniel Baldwin is an American actor, film director and film producer. He is the second eldest of the four Baldwin brothers, all of whom are actors (one of whom Stephen Baldwin, appeared in Celebrity Big Brother 7) as well as part of the Baldwin family. Baldwin is known for his role as Detective Beau Felton in the popular NBC TV series Homicide: Life on the Street. He entered the House on Day 1 representing Team USA, but became the first Housemate to be evicted on Day 9. Farrah Abraham Farrah Abraham is an American television personality. She came to prominence after being cast in the reality television series 16 and Pregnant, which documented the pregnancies and first months of motherhood for several young women. She then became part of the spin-off series, Teen Mom until it was axed in 2012. The show was revived for the fifth season in 2015 as Teen Mom: Original Girls. She entered the House on Day 1. On Day 16 she was fake evicted along with Jenna and moved into Big Brother's Luxury Suite where they spied on the other Housemates until their return on Day 18. Unbeknownst to them, the other Housemates were in on the secret. She became the fifth Housemate to be evicted following an eviction showdown on Day 23. Gail Porter Gail Porter is a Scottish television presenter and personality, and former model. In the 1990s she became known for photos in men's magazines such as FHM, including one nude which was projected on to the Houses of Parliament. She moved into television, becoming a presenter. Her career was affected by alopecia, which in her case resulted in a total loss of her hair. She entered the House on Day 1. On Day 20 she became the fourth Housemate to be evicted. James Hill James Hill is an English reality television personality, who rose to fame following his appearance during the tenth series of The Apprentice. He entered the House on Day 1. On Day 29 he was announced as the winner of the series. Janice Dickinson Janice Dickinson is an American model, photographer, author and talent agent. Initially notable as a model, she has been described by herself and others as the first supermodel. She entered the House on Day 2, competing against Bobby Davro in order to win the title of "President". Janice became the seventh Housemate to be evicted on Day 27. Jenna Jameson Jenna Jameson is an American entrepreneur, webcam model and former pornographic film actress, who has been called the world's most famous adult-entertainment performer and "The Queen of Porn". She entered the House on Day 1. On Day 16 she was fake evicted along with Farrah and moved into Big Brother's Luxury Suite where they spied on the other Housemates until their return on Day 18. Unbeknownst to them, the other Housemates were in on the secret. She became the sixth Housemate to be evicted on Day 27. Natasha Hamilton Natasha Hamilton is an English singer-songwriter, dancer and occasional stage actress. She is a member of girl group Atomic Kitten. She entered the House on Day 1. She finished in third place on Day 29. Scoop Isaac Freeman III, better known by his stage name Fatman Scoop (or simply Scoop), is an American hype man, hip hop promoter and radio personality famed for his on-stage rough, raw, loud voice. He is known for the song "Be Faithful" which went to number one in the UK and Ireland in late 2003 and top 5 in Australia. He entered the House on Day 1. On Day 10, Scoop was voted as President of the House. He became the third Housemate to be evicted from the House on Day 20. Sherrie Hewson Sherrie Hutchinson is an English actress, presenter, broadcaster, television personality and novelist. She is best known for her roles in Coronation Street, Crossroads, Emmerdale and Benidorm. Since 2003, she has also been a regular panellist on lunchtime chat show Loose Women. She entered the House on Day 1. She finished in sixth place on Day 29. Stevi Ritchie & Chloe-Jasmine Whichello Stevi Ritchie and Chloe-Jasmine Whichello, the latter of whom is better known by her stage name Chloe Jasmine, are a couple who appeared (separately) in the eleventh series of The X Factor. They entered the House on Day 1 competing as one Housemate. They finished in fifth place on Day 29. Tila Tequila Thien Nguyen, better known by her stage names Tila Tequila, Miss Tila (or simply Tila), is an American model, television personality, singer, songwriter, actress, writer and blogger. She entered the House on Day 1 as an American contestant. However, she was ejected on her second day in the House after it was discovered that she had posted items on social media proclaiming her support for Adolf Hitler, Nazism and white supremacism, along with photos of herself in Nazi outfits. House guests Paul Burrell On Day 6, Paul Burrell, a former British Royal Household servant, footman and butler, entered the House to accommodate the "Big Brother Royal Family" task. He left the House on Day 9. Jennie Bond On Day 7, Jennie Bond, a British journalist and television presenter, briefly entered the House as part of the "Big Brother Royal Family" task where she interviewed Lord James and Lady Natasha. Both were unaware that the American servants were watching from the potato-peeling tower. Emma Willis On Day 23, presenter Emma Willis briefly entered the House as part of an eviction showdown leading to Farrah's departure. Willis then immediately left the House to prepare for her interview. Eamonn Holmes On Day 27, Eamonn Holmes briefly entered the House as part of the "Battle of the Nations" task, in which he would ask questions to the Housemates about the public's perception of them. He later returned that day as a guest on Big Brother's Bit on the Side, which was presented from inside the House. Summary Day 1 Entrances Sherrie, Scoop, Natasha, Austin, Gail, Chris, Jenna, Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine, Farrah, James, Tila and Daniel entered the house. Tasks Housemates were split into two teams consisting of the UK Housemates (Gail, Natasha, Chris, Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine, James and Sherrie) and the USA Housemates (Austin, Farrah, Jenna, Scoop, Tila and Daniel). One by one, each Housemate from both teams would take turns to try and aim for the six Housemate targets from their opposing teams, whilst firing footballs out of a glitter cannon. The UK team ultimately won the task with three out of six targets hit, and were awarded with a special party. However, they had to select three USA Housemates who wouldn't be invited to the party and would instead spend time in the tower until further notice. They chose Daniel, Scoop and Farrah. Day 2 Entrances Bobby and Janice entered the house. Tasks Bobby and Janice were selected as team captains for the UK and USA respectively, and competed against each other in a series of challenges in order to become "Prime Minister" or "President" of the House. These challenges included answering questions which related to British and American culture, correctly spelling famous colloquialisms, drinking liquefied substances and putting as many clothing items on in one minute. At the end of the task, Bobby was announced as the winner, thus becoming "Prime Minister" of the House. Exits Tila was ejected from the House, following awareness of social media comments that she made prior to entering the house, where she expressed her support for Adolf Hitler, Nazism and white supremacism. Day 3 Tasks Dizzy Dash: The Housemates, in their respective teams, were spun around in a cart whilst being asked a question about one of their fellow Housemates. When the cart stopped spinning, they had to run down a small track and cross the finish line, with the first Housemate to cross the finish line being able to answer the question to win a point for their team. Day 4 Punishments Janice was given a formal warning for appearing to spit at Austin. Day 5 Exits Janice left the House temporarily to receive emergency medical attention after having an allergic reaction to a wasp sting. Day 6 Nominations Housemates nominated for the first time. Chris, Daniel, Farrah, Janice, Jenna, and Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine received the most nominations and faced the public vote. Tasks Big Brother's Royal Family: For the Housemates' first shopping task, the House was transformed into a Royal Palace with the UK Housemates becoming the monarchy, and the USA Housemates being their servants. The servants were joined by House guest Paul Burrell, who assigned roles for the servants and, throughout the course of the week, will teach them how to reach Royal standards in order to help them pass the task. Entrances Paul Burrell entered the House to participate in this week's shopping task. Day 7 Tasks Housemates continued with their first shopping task. It was revealed to the American Housemates that the real goal of the task was to disgrace the royal family and expose them in situations where they lack etiquette and decorum. Today, the American Housemates were instructed to write up questions for a royal interview with Natasha and James. Later that day, Big Brother tasked the servants with taking photos of the Royal Family in compromising shots. Day 8 Tasks Housemates continued with their first shopping tasks. The American Housemates were tasked with choosing two of their own (Austin and Farrah) to sit in on afternoon tea with four members of the Royal Family (Chloe-Jasmine, Gail, James, and Natasha). Austin and Farrah had the task of making the members of the Royal Family angry, ruining afternoon tea. Later that day, it was revealed to the British Housemates the true nature of the shopping task. Big Brother then informed all Housemates that they had passed the task and would be rewarded with a luxury shopping budget for the week. Punishments Farrah was given a formal warning for using offensive language during the last part of the shopping task. Day 9 Tasks The Newlywed Game: Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine were tasked with answering questions about each other in the same style as The Newlywed Game. Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine answered enough questions correctly and passed the task. For passing the task, they were rewarded with a romantic picnic later that day. Exits Paul left the House. Daniel was evicted from the house, receiving the fewest votes to save. Day 10 Tasks And the Weiner is...: Team UK and Team USA competed in a giant hot dog making competition. Housemates were to dress up as hotdogs and slid into a hotdog bun. Bobby and Janice would then measure how close each person was to the centre of the target. The team with the lowest collective distance would win the task. Team USA won the task and were then given the power to vote for a President of the House. They chose Scoop. Twists Due to Team USA winning the task earlier in the day, they were all granted immunity from the next eviction and were the only Housemates able to nominate. Also, as President of the House, Scoop was forced to nominate one of the UK Housemates with a killer nomination. He chose Chris, meaning Chris automatically faced the next public vote. Nominations Team USA were the only housemates to nominate this week. They all had to agree on three of the UK housemates to nominate. They nominated Bobby, Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine and Gail. As President, Scoop was able to give a killer nomination. He nominated Chris, meaning Bobby, Chris, Gail and Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine faced the public vote. Punishments As punishment for Chloe-Jasmine, James, and Janice discussing nominations, the hot water in the House was turned off until further notice. Day 13 Exits Chris was evicted from the house, receiving the fewest votes to save. Nominations The housemates all nominated for the second time. Bobby, Farrah, Gail, Jenna and Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine received the most nominations and faced the public vote. Day 18 Exits Farrah and Jenna were fake evicted and sent to the Luxury Suite. Twists As residents of the Luxury Suite, Farrah and Jenna were immune from nominations, and were in control of who will face the public vote. However, unbeknownst to them, whoever they believed they nominated for eviction, will actually be immune from the public vote. The housemates in the main house were made aware of this and tried to get nominated in order to be immune from the next eviction. Nominations Farrah and Jenna nominated Austin, Bobby, James, Natasha and Sherrie for eviction. They instead became immune, meaning Gail, Janice, Scoop and Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine faced the public vote. Day 20 Exits Scoop and Gail were evicted from the house, respectively, receiving the fewest votes to save. Day 23 Exits Emma Willis entered the House as part of an eviction showdown. As all nine remaining Housemates faced the public vote, the four with the most votes to save; Austin, James, Natasha and Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine were asked to randomly stand behind another podium which unknown to them had a hidden number on them. This would be the order in which they would save their fellow Housemates. Natasha went first and saved Sherrie, followed by James who saved Janice, then Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine who saved Bobby. This then left Austin with the decisive vote. He chose to save Jenna meaning Farrah was evicted. Day 25 Nominations The housemates all nominated for the third and final time. Austin, Bobby, Janice and Jenna received the most nominations and faced the public vote. Day 27 Exits Jenna and Janice were evicted from the house, respectively, receiving the fewest votes to save. Day 29 Exits Sherrie left the house in sixth place, Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine left the house in fifth place, Bobby left the house in fourth place and Natasha left the house in third place. It was revealed that James was the winner, leaving Austin as the runner-up. Nominations table Key: Team UK Team USA Day 6 Day 11 Day 13 Day 18 Day 20 Day 25 Day 29Final Nominationsreceived James Janice,Farrah Noteligible Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine,Farrah Noteligible Nonominations Jenna,Austin Winner(Day 29) 3 Austin Farrah,Janice Bobby,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine,Gail Farrah,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Noteligible Nonominations Janice,Bobby Runner-up(Day 29) 6 Natasha Farrah,Janice Noteligible Farrah,Jenna Noteligible Nonominations Jenna,Austin Third Place(Day 29) 2 Bobby Jenna,Farrah Noteligible Farrah,Gail Noteligible Nonominations Janice,Austin Fourth Place(Day 29) 8 Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Farrah,Daniel Noteligible Farrah,Austin Noteligible Nonominations Jenna,Austin Fifth Place(Day 29) 9 Sherrie Jenna,Farrah Noteligible Farrah,Jenna Noteligible Nonominations Janice,Bobby Sixth Place(Day 29) 3 Janice Farrah,Daniel Bobby,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine,Gail Gail,Scoop Noteligible Nonominations Jenna,Bobby Evicted(Day 27) 8 Jenna Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine,Chris Bobby,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine,Gail Bobby,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Austin,Natasha,Bobby,James,Sherrie Nonominations Janice,Bobby Evicted(Day 27) 9 Farrah James,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Bobby,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine,Gail Natasha,James Austin,Natasha,Bobby,James,Sherrie Nonominations Evicted(Day 23) 14 Gail Farrah,Daniel Noteligible Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine,Bobby Noteligible Evicted(Day 20) 3 Scoop Sherrie,Chris Chris,Bobby,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine,Gail Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine,Sherrie Noteligible Evicted(Day 20) 1 Chris Jenna,Daniel Noteligible Evicted(Day 13) 3 Daniel Janice,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Evicted(Day 9) 4 Tila Ejected(Day 2) N/A Notes none 1 2 3 4 5 6 Againstpublic vote Chris,Daniel,Farrah,Janice,Jenna,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Bobby,Chris,Gail,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Bobby,Farrah,Gail,Jenna,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Gail,Janice,Scoop,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Austin,Bobby,Farrah,James,Janice,Jenna,Natasha,Sherrie,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Austin,Bobby,Janice,Jenna Austin,Bobby,James,Natasha,Sherrie,Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine Ejected Tila none Evicted DanielFewest votesto save ChrisFewest votesto save FarrahMost votesto fake evict ScoopFewest votesto save FarrahAustin's choice(out of 2)to evict JennaFewest votesto save Sherrie1.54%(out of 6) Natasha12.57%(out of 3) Stevi &Chloe-Jasmine1.82%(out of 5) Austin33.83%(out of 2) JennaMost votesto fake evict GailFewest votesto save JaniceFewest votesto save Bobby5.09%(out of 4) James45.16%to win Notes ^Note 1 : As Team USA won a task on Day 10, they were granted the right to nominate as Scoop became President of the House. In addition, as Team USA won, Team UK will not be allowed to nominate and will be the only ones able to be nominated. Later that day, President Scoop was forced to make a killer nomination against one Housemate, meaning they would automatically face the public vote. On Day 11, Team USA then collectively decided three more Housemates who would also face the public vote with Chris. They chose Bobby, Gail, and Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine. ^Note 2 : This week, the Housemates nominated face-to-face. However, in a twist, the public were voting to fake evict rather than to save, with the two Housemates receiving the most votes fake evicted and moved into a secret Luxury Suite. In a further twist, the other Housemates will be made aware of this, unbeknownst to the residents of the Suite. ^Note 3 : As residents of the Luxury Suite, Farrah and Jenna are immune from nominations, and will be in control of who will face the public vote. However, unbeknownst to them, whoever they believe to have nominated for eviction will be immune from the public vote. The Housemates in the main house will be made aware of this and will have to try to get nominated in order to be immune from the next eviction, and whoever is not chosen will face the public vote. ^Note 4 : This week all Housemates automatically faced the public vote. The four Housemates with the most votes will be saved, while the five remaining Housemates will be subject to an eviction twist. The four saved housemates (Austin, James, Natasha and Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine) had to pick one of the five remaining housemates (Bobby, Farrah, Janice, Jenna and Sherrie) to save from eviction. Natasha saved Sherrie, James saved Janice, Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine saved Bobby and ultimately Austin chose to evict Farrah thus saving Jenna from eviction. ^Note 5 : In addition to finding out who was nominated on Day 25, Housemates were also shown who nominated them. ^Note 6 : For the final two days, the public were voting to win rather than to save. The voting percentages reflect the overall share of the final vote and do not take into account the vote freezes between each position. James won with 57.17% of the vote over Austin. Ratings Official ratings are taken from BARB. Official viewers (millions) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Saturday 1.341 1.49 1.401 1.241 Sunday 1.71 1.72 2.02 1.68 Monday 2.10 1.99 2.28 1.85 Tuesday 2.09 1.76 1.99 2.08 Wednesday 1.88 1.94 2.02 1.73 Thursday 2.66 2.01 2.09 2.02 2.05 Friday 2.03 1.96 1.84 1.77 Weekly average 1.97 1.83 1.93 1.77 Running average 1.97 1.90 1.91 1.88 Series average 1.9 blue-coloured boxes denote live shows. 1Ratings for these episodes do not include Channel 5 +1. References ^ Harp, Justin (7 August 2015). "This Celebrity Big Brother teaser will have you hyped for the UK vs USA showdown". Digital Spy. Retrieved 12 August 2015. ^ bbspy. "Celeb BB UK vs. USA final dated for 24th September". bbspy.co.uk. ^ Wightman, Catriona (22 April 2015). "Big Brother has just got a new boss and he's got "big ideas"". Digital Spy. Retrieved 22 April 2015. ^ "James Hill wins Celebrity Big Brother 2015 beating Austin Armacost into second place as the header". Daily Mirror. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015. ^ "C5 schedule weekday live feed for Celebrity Big Brother". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 14 August 2015. ^ "Heroes and Villains' best bits special to air on 5". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 20 August 2015. ^ "C5 airs first Celebrity Big Brother teaser trailer". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 31 July 2015. ^ "Bit on the Side to air seven days a week for CBB". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 31 July 2015. ^ "Channel 5 debut main CBB: UK vs USA trailer". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 7 August 2015. ^ "Lucozade to sponsor Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother". campaignlive.co.uk. ^ "Celebrity Big Brother confirms the UK vs USA theme - and it's all kicking off next month". Digital Spy. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015. ^ bbspy. "Celebrity Big Brother UK vs. USA house revealed – pictures - Celebrity Big Brother 2015 UK vs. USA Channel 5 News - bbspy". bbspy.co.uk. ^ "Celebrity Big Brother 2015 contestants: This year's line-up revealed". The Independent. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015. ^ bbspy. "Celebrity Big Brother UK vs. USA: Daniel Baldwin first evicted". bbspy.co.uk. ^ bbspy. "Tila Tequila ejected from Celeb BB amid Nazi scandal". bbspy.co.uk. ^ bbspy. "Paul Burrell joining Celeb BB for Royal Family task". bbspy.co.uk. ^ "Day 7: Watch the sabotaged royal interview". Channel 5. ^ bbspy. "C5 releases Celeb BB UK vs. USA final voting results". bbspy.co.uk. External links Official website Archived 12 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Celebrity Big Brother at IMDb vteBig Brother UKBig BrotherSeries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Housemates Winners Craig Phillips Brian Dowling Kate Lawler Cameron Stout Nadia Almada Anthony Hutton Pete Bennett Brian Belo Rachel Rice Sophie Reade Josie Gibson Aaron Allard-Morgan Luke Anderson Sam Evans Helen Wood Chloe Wilburn Jason Burrill Isabelle Warburton Cameron Cole Jordan Sangha Otherhousemates Anna Nolan Nick Bateman Helen Adams Jade Goody Alison Hammond Adele Roberts Ray Shah Jon Tickle Michelle Bass Derek Laud Aisleyne Horgan-Wallace Richard Newman Glyn Wise Nikki Grahame Imogen Thomas Sam and Amanda Marchant Ziggy Lichman Chanelle Hayes Thaila Zucchi Sam Pepper JJ Bird Jemma Palmer Deana Uppal Zoe Birkett Pauline Bennett Eileen Daly Marco Pierre White Jr Laura Carter Lateysha Grace Andrew Tate Rebecca Jane Noky Simbani CelebrityBig BrotherSeries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Winners Jack Dee Mark Owen Bez Chantelle Houghton Shilpa Shetty Ulrika Jonsson Alex Reid Paddy Doherty Denise Welch Julian Clary Rylan Clark Charlotte Crosby Jim Davidson Gary Busey Katie Price James Hill Scotty T Stephen Bear Coleen Nolan Sarah Harding Shane Jenek/Courtney Act Ryan Thomas David Potts Otherhousemates Celebrity Big Brother housemates Special Teen Panto Celebrity Hijack Ultimate Related articles List of shows Elementfour (Theme song) Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy Dead Set "Bad Wolf" Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Emma Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Willis"},{"link_name":"Marcus Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Bentley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hill_(TV_personality)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_19"}],"text":"Season of television seriesCelebrity Big Brother 16, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: UK vs USA, was the sixteenth series of the British reality television series Celebrity Big Brother, hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 27 August 2015[1] on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in Ireland, and ended after 29 days on 24 September 2015.[2] It is the ninth celebrity series and the fourteenth series of Big Brother overall to air on Channel 5. It was the only celebrity series to credit Denis O'Connor as creative director.[3]James Hill was named as the winner on 24 September.[4]Austin Armacost returned to the house for Celebrity Big Brother 19 as an All-Star, representing this series. He was second to be evicted.","title":"Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) series 16"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Live streaming","text":"On 14 August 2015, it was revealed that Channel 5 had partially reinstated live streaming from the House. For the first time since 2013, live streaming would air every weekday between midnight and 1am on 5. 30 minutes of live streaming will also air on Channel 5 after the live eviction show on Friday, meaning 90 minutes of live streaming will air every Friday.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Best bits series","text":"On 20 August 2015 it was revealed that a special six-part best bits series would be airing every Saturday night on 5. The series will look back at some of the best moments from Celebrity Big Brother history and will feature a range of special guests. Each episode would have its own topic, the first being \"Heroes vs Villains\", with the second being \"Flirty Friendships and more\". The series began on 29 August 2015.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Bit on the Side","text":"Channel 5 confirmed on 31 July 2015 that Big Brother's Bit on the Side would be airing seven nights a week for the first time since 2014. The weekday episodes will air on Channel 5, with the weekend episodes airing on 5*.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rylan Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylan_Clark"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Teasers","text":"The first five-second teaser for Celebrity Big Brother aired on 31 July 2015 confirming the theme UK v USA.[8] Channel 5 later revealed the full length advert on 7 August 2015. The advert featured hosts Emma Willis and Rylan Clark.[9]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucozade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucozade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Sponsorship","text":"Lucozade returns to sponsor Celebrity Big Brother after previously sponsoring Big Brother 16 earlier in the year.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sixteenth civilian series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_16_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theme-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"House","text":"The house was redecorated following the sixteenth civilian series. The house was decorated with British and American iconography to suit the UK v USA theme.[11] House pictures were officially revealed on 23 August 2015.[12]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SteviChloe_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SteviChloe_14-1"}],"text":"On Day 1, twelve Housemates entered the House. On Day 2, a further two Housemates entered.[13]^ a b Stevi and Chloe-Jasmine entered the House together on Day 1 and were treated as a single Housemate under the collective name \"Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine\" for the duration of the series.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin Armacost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Armacost"},{"link_name":"The A-List: New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A-List:_New_York"},{"link_name":"Marc Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_19"}],"sub_title":"Austin Armacost","text":"Austin Armacost is an American reality television personality, who is best known for his role in The A-List: New York, as well as dating fashion designer Marc Jacobs. He entered the House on Day 1. He left the House on Day 29 as the runner-up. He later returned to compete in Celebrity Big Brother 19 as an \"All star\" housemate.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Davro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Davro"},{"link_name":"Live from Her Majesty's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Her_Majesty%27s"},{"link_name":"Janice Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Janice_Dickinson"}],"sub_title":"Bobby Davro","text":"Bobby Davro is an English actor and comedian best known for his work as an impressionist. He made his television debut in 1981, but it wasn't until 1983 that he made his television breakthrough at Live from Her Majesty's, followed by appearances on the television show, Who Do You Do?. He entered the House on Day 2, competing against Janice Dickinson in order to win the title of \"Prime Minister\". He finished in fourth place on Day 29.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ellison_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Burnside"},{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Chris Ellison","text":"Ellison is an English actor. He is best known for his role as DCI Frank Burnside in the popular ITV police series The Bill and short-lived spin-off series Burnside. He entered the House on Day 1 representing Team UK. On Day 13 he became the second Housemate to be evicted.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Baldwin brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_brothers"},{"link_name":"Stephen Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_7"},{"link_name":"Baldwin family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_family"},{"link_name":"Homicide: Life on the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbspy-15"}],"sub_title":"Daniel Baldwin","text":"Daniel Baldwin is an American actor, film director and film producer. He is the second eldest of the four Baldwin brothers, all of whom are actors (one of whom Stephen Baldwin, appeared in Celebrity Big Brother 7) as well as part of the Baldwin family. Baldwin is known for his role as Detective Beau Felton in the popular NBC TV series Homicide: Life on the Street. He entered the House on Day 1 representing Team USA, but became the first Housemate to be evicted on Day 9.[14]","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farrah Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrah_Abraham"},{"link_name":"16 and Pregnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_and_Pregnant"},{"link_name":"Teen Mom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Mom"}],"sub_title":"Farrah Abraham","text":"Farrah Abraham is an American television personality. She came to prominence after being cast in the reality television series 16 and Pregnant, which documented the pregnancies and first months of motherhood for several young women. She then became part of the spin-off series, Teen Mom until it was axed in 2012. The show was revived for the fifth season in 2015 as Teen Mom: Original Girls. She entered the House on Day 1. On Day 16 she was fake evicted along with Jenna and moved into Big Brother's Luxury Suite where they spied on the other Housemates until their return on Day 18. Unbeknownst to them, the other Housemates were in on the secret. She became the fifth Housemate to be evicted following an eviction showdown on Day 23.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gail Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Porter"},{"link_name":"FHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHM"},{"link_name":"alopecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia"}],"sub_title":"Gail Porter","text":"Gail Porter is a Scottish television presenter and personality, and former model. In the 1990s she became known for photos in men's magazines such as FHM, including one nude which was projected on to the Houses of Parliament. She moved into television, becoming a presenter. Her career was affected by alopecia, which in her case resulted in a total loss of her hair. She entered the House on Day 1. On Day 20 she became the fourth Housemate to be evicted.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hill_(TV_personality)"},{"link_name":"tenth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_(UK_series_ten)"},{"link_name":"The Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_(UK)"}],"sub_title":"James Hill","text":"James Hill is an English reality television personality, who rose to fame following his appearance during the tenth series of The Apprentice. He entered the House on Day 1. On Day 29 he was announced as the winner of the series.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janice Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"talent agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_agent"},{"link_name":"supermodel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermodel"},{"link_name":"Bobby Davro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bobby_Davro"}],"sub_title":"Janice Dickinson","text":"Janice Dickinson is an American model, photographer, author and talent agent. Initially notable as a model, she has been described by herself and others as the first supermodel. She entered the House on Day 2, competing against Bobby Davro in order to win the title of \"President\". Janice became the seventh Housemate to be evicted on Day 27.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jenna Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Jameson"},{"link_name":"entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur"},{"link_name":"webcam model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam_model"},{"link_name":"pornographic film actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film_actress"}],"sub_title":"Jenna Jameson","text":"Jenna Jameson is an American entrepreneur, webcam model and former pornographic film actress, who has been called the world's most famous adult-entertainment performer and \"The Queen of Porn\". She entered the House on Day 1. On Day 16 she was fake evicted along with Farrah and moved into Big Brother's Luxury Suite where they spied on the other Housemates until their return on Day 18. Unbeknownst to them, the other Housemates were in on the secret. She became the sixth Housemate to be evicted on Day 27.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natasha Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Atomic Kitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Kitten"}],"sub_title":"Natasha Hamilton","text":"Natasha Hamilton is an English singer-songwriter, dancer and occasional stage actress. She is a member of girl group Atomic Kitten. She entered the House on Day 1. She finished in third place on Day 29.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaac Freeman III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatman_Scoop"},{"link_name":"hype man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_man"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Be Faithful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Faithful"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"sub_title":"Scoop","text":"Isaac Freeman III, better known by his stage name Fatman Scoop (or simply Scoop), is an American hype man, hip hop promoter and radio personality famed for his on-stage rough, raw, loud voice. He is known for the song \"Be Faithful\" which went to number one in the UK and Ireland in late 2003 and top 5 in Australia. He entered the House on Day 1. On Day 10, Scoop was voted as President of the House. He became the third Housemate to be evicted from the House on Day 20.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherrie Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherrie_Hewson"},{"link_name":"Coronation Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street"},{"link_name":"Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads_(soap_opera)"},{"link_name":"Emmerdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerdale"},{"link_name":"Benidorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benidorm_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Loose Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Women"}],"sub_title":"Sherrie Hewson","text":"Sherrie Hutchinson is an English actress, presenter, broadcaster, television personality and novelist. She is best known for her roles in Coronation Street, Crossroads, Emmerdale and Benidorm. Since 2003, she has also been a regular panellist on lunchtime chat show Loose Women. She entered the House on Day 1. She finished in sixth place on Day 29.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stevi Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevi_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"Chloe-Jasmine Whichello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Jasmine"},{"link_name":"eleventh series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_series_11)"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK)"}],"sub_title":"Stevi Ritchie & Chloe-Jasmine Whichello","text":"Stevi Ritchie and Chloe-Jasmine Whichello, the latter of whom is better known by her stage name Chloe Jasmine, are a couple who appeared (separately) in the eleventh series of The X Factor. They entered the House on Day 1 competing as one Housemate. They finished in fifth place on Day 29.","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thien Nguyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tila_Tequila"},{"link_name":"stage names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"television personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"white supremacism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Tila Tequila","text":"Thien Nguyen, better known by her stage names Tila Tequila, Miss Tila (or simply Tila), is an American model, television personality, singer, songwriter, actress, writer and blogger. She entered the House on Day 1 as an American contestant. However, she was ejected on her second day in the House after it was discovered that she had posted items on social media proclaiming her support for Adolf Hitler, Nazism and white supremacism, along with photos of herself in Nazi outfits.[15]","title":"Housemates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"House guests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Burrell"},{"link_name":"British Royal Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_Household"},{"link_name":"footman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footman"},{"link_name":"butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Paul Burrell","text":"On Day 6, Paul Burrell, a former British Royal Household servant, footman and butler, entered the House to accommodate the \"Big Brother Royal Family\" task.[16] He left the House on Day 9.","title":"House guests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jennie Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Bond"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Jennie Bond","text":"On Day 7, Jennie Bond, a British journalist and television presenter, briefly entered the House as part of the \"Big Brother Royal Family\" task where she interviewed Lord James and Lady Natasha. Both were unaware that the American servants were watching from the potato-peeling tower.[17]","title":"House guests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emma Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Willis"}],"sub_title":"Emma Willis","text":"On Day 23, presenter Emma Willis briefly entered the House as part of an eviction showdown leading to Farrah's departure. Willis then immediately left the House to prepare for her interview.","title":"House guests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eamonn Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Big Brother's Bit on the Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother%27s_Bit_on_the_Side"}],"sub_title":"Eamonn Holmes","text":"On Day 27, Eamonn Holmes briefly entered the House as part of the \"Battle of the Nations\" task, in which he would ask questions to the Housemates about the public's perception of them. He later returned that day as a guest on Big Brother's Bit on the Side, which was presented from inside the House.","title":"House guests"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Key:Team UK\n Team USA","title":"Nominations table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^Note 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"^Note 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"^Note 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"},{"link_name":"^Note 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_4"},{"link_name":"^Note 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_5"},{"link_name":"^Note 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^Note 1 : As Team USA won a task on Day 10, they were granted the right to nominate as Scoop became President of the House. In addition, as Team USA won, Team UK will not be allowed to nominate and will be the only ones able to be nominated. Later that day, President Scoop was forced to make a killer nomination against one Housemate, meaning they would automatically face the public vote. On Day 11, Team USA then collectively decided three more Housemates who would also face the public vote with Chris. They chose Bobby, Gail, and Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine.\n^Note 2 : This week, the Housemates nominated face-to-face. However, in a twist, the public were voting to fake evict rather than to save, with the two Housemates receiving the most votes fake evicted and moved into a secret Luxury Suite. In a further twist, the other Housemates will be made aware of this, unbeknownst to the residents of the Suite.\n^Note 3 : As residents of the Luxury Suite, Farrah and Jenna are immune from nominations, and will be in control of who will face the public vote. However, unbeknownst to them, whoever they believe to have nominated for eviction will be immune from the public vote. The Housemates in the main house will be made aware of this and will have to try to get nominated in order to be immune from the next eviction, and whoever is not chosen will face the public vote.\n^Note 4 : This week all Housemates automatically faced the public vote. The four Housemates with the most votes will be saved, while the five remaining Housemates will be subject to an eviction twist. The four saved housemates (Austin, James, Natasha and Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine) had to pick one of the five remaining housemates (Bobby, Farrah, Janice, Jenna and Sherrie) to save from eviction. Natasha saved Sherrie, James saved Janice, Stevi & Chloe-Jasmine saved Bobby and ultimately Austin chose to evict Farrah thus saving Jenna from eviction.\n^Note 5 : In addition to finding out who was nominated on Day 25, Housemates were also shown who nominated them.\n^Note 6 : For the final two days, the public were voting to win rather than to save. The voting percentages reflect the overall share of the final vote and do not take into account the vote freezes between each position. James won with 57.17% of the vote over Austin.[18]","title":"Nominations table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BARB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasters%27_Audience_Research_Board"}],"text":"Official ratings are taken from BARB.1Ratings for these episodes do not include Channel 5 +1.","title":"Ratings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Harp, Justin (7 August 2015). \"This Celebrity Big Brother teaser will have you hyped for the UK vs USA showdown\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s150/celebrity-big-brother/news/a662424/this-celebrity-big-brother-teaser-will-have-you-hyped-for-the-uk-vs-usa-showdown.html","url_text":"\"This Celebrity Big Brother teaser will have you hyped for the UK vs USA showdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"bbspy. \"Celeb BB UK vs. USA final dated for 24th September\". bbspy.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbspy.co.uk/cbb16/news/0909/channel-5-confirms-celebrity-big-brother-summer-2015-uk-vs-usa-final-will-air-thursday-24th-september","url_text":"\"Celeb BB UK vs. USA final dated for 24th September\""}]},{"reference":"Wightman, Catriona (22 April 2015). \"Big Brother has just got a new boss and he's got \"big ideas\"\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 22 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s149/big-brother/news/a643499/big-brother-has-just-got-a-new-boss-and-hes-got-big-ideas.html","url_text":"\"Big Brother has just got a new boss and he's got \"big ideas\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"James Hill wins Celebrity Big Brother 2015 beating Austin Armacost into second place as the header\". Daily Mirror. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/james-hill-wins-celebrity-big-6510877","url_text":"\"James Hill wins Celebrity Big Brother 2015 beating Austin Armacost into second place as the header\""}]},{"reference":"\"C5 schedule weekday live feed for Celebrity Big Brother\". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 14 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/day-13-c5-schedule-weekday-live-feed-for-celebrity-big-brother/","url_text":"\"C5 schedule weekday live feed for Celebrity Big Brother\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heroes and Villains' best bits special to air on 5\". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/day-8-heroes-and-villains-best-bits-special-to-air-on-5/","url_text":"\"Heroes and Villains' best bits special to air on 5\""}]},{"reference":"\"C5 airs first Celebrity Big Brother teaser trailer\". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/pre-cbb-c5-airs-first-celebrity-big-brother-teaser-trailer/","url_text":"\"C5 airs first Celebrity Big Brother teaser trailer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bit on the Side to air seven days a week for CBB\". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/pre-cbb-bit-on-the-side-to-air-seven-days-a-week-for-cbb/","url_text":"\"Bit on the Side to air seven days a week for CBB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Channel 5 debut main CBB: UK vs USA trailer\". Big Brother 24/7. Retrieved 7 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/pre-cbb-channel-5-debut-main-cbb-uk-vs-usa-trailer/","url_text":"\"Channel 5 debut main CBB: UK vs USA trailer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucozade to sponsor Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother\". campaignlive.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/lucozade-sponsor-big-brother-celebrity-big-brother/1346862","url_text":"\"Lucozade to sponsor Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrity Big Brother confirms the UK vs USA theme - and it's all kicking off next month\". Digital Spy. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s150/celebrity-big-brother/news/a661071/celebrity-big-brother-confirms-the-uk-vs-usa-theme-and-its-all-kicking-off-next-month.html","url_text":"\"Celebrity Big Brother confirms the UK vs USA theme - and it's all kicking off next month\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"bbspy. \"Celebrity Big Brother UK vs. USA house revealed – pictures - Celebrity Big Brother 2015 UK vs. USA Channel 5 News - bbspy\". bbspy.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbspy.co.uk/cbb16/news/0823/new-celebrity-big-brother-summer-2015-uk-vs-usa-house-unveiled-houses-parliament-statue-liberty-image-gallery","url_text":"\"Celebrity Big Brother UK vs. USA house revealed – pictures - Celebrity Big Brother 2015 UK vs. USA Channel 5 News - bbspy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrity Big Brother 2015 contestants: This year's line-up revealed\". The Independent. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/celebrity-big-brother-2015-lineup-chloe-jasmine-jenna-jameson-gail-porter-10475838.html","url_text":"\"Celebrity Big Brother 2015 contestants: This year's line-up revealed\""}]},{"reference":"bbspy. \"Celebrity Big Brother UK vs. USA: Daniel Baldwin first evicted\". bbspy.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbspy.co.uk/cbb16/news/0904/who-was-evicted-from-celebrity-big-brother-summer-2015-uk-vs-usa-daniel-baldwin-first-out","url_text":"\"Celebrity Big Brother UK vs. USA: Daniel Baldwin first evicted\""}]},{"reference":"bbspy. \"Tila Tequila ejected from Celeb BB amid Nazi scandal\". bbspy.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbspy.co.uk/cbb16/news/0828/channel-5-confirms-tila-tequila-removed-celebrity-big-brother-summer-2015-amid-nazi-hitler-scandal-position-house-untenable","url_text":"\"Tila Tequila ejected from Celeb BB amid Nazi scandal\""}]},{"reference":"bbspy. \"Paul Burrell joining Celeb BB for Royal Family task\". bbspy.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbspy.co.uk/cbb16/news/0901/paul-burrell-joining-celebrity-big-brother-2015-uk-usa-special-guest-royal-family-task-british-monarchs-american-servants","url_text":"\"Paul Burrell joining Celeb BB for Royal Family task\""}]},{"reference":"\"Day 7: Watch the sabotaged royal interview\". Channel 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://bigbrother.channel5.com/day-7-watch-sabotaged-royal-interview","url_text":"\"Day 7: Watch the sabotaged royal interview\""}]},{"reference":"bbspy. \"C5 releases Celeb BB UK vs. USA final voting results\". bbspy.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbspy.co.uk/cbb16/news/0924/channel-5-reveals-voting-percentages-for-celebrity-big-brother-summer-2015-final-james-hill-won-with-45-percent","url_text":"\"C5 releases Celeb BB UK vs. USA final voting results\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Celebrity+Big+Brother+%28British+TV+series%29+series+16%22","external_links_name":"\"Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) series 16\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Celebrity+Big+Brother+%28British+TV+series%29+series+16%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Celebrity+Big+Brother+%28British+TV+series%29+series+16%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Celebrity+Big+Brother+%28British+TV+series%29+series+16%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Celebrity+Big+Brother+%28British+TV+series%29+series+16%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Celebrity+Big+Brother+%28British+TV+series%29+series+16%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s150/celebrity-big-brother/news/a662424/this-celebrity-big-brother-teaser-will-have-you-hyped-for-the-uk-vs-usa-showdown.html","external_links_name":"\"This Celebrity Big Brother teaser will have you hyped for the UK vs USA showdown\""},{"Link":"http://www.bbspy.co.uk/cbb16/news/0909/channel-5-confirms-celebrity-big-brother-summer-2015-uk-vs-usa-final-will-air-thursday-24th-september","external_links_name":"\"Celeb BB UK vs. USA final dated for 24th September\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s149/big-brother/news/a643499/big-brother-has-just-got-a-new-boss-and-hes-got-big-ideas.html","external_links_name":"\"Big Brother has just got a new boss and he's got \"big ideas\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/james-hill-wins-celebrity-big-6510877","external_links_name":"\"James Hill wins Celebrity Big Brother 2015 beating Austin Armacost into second place as the header\""},{"Link":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/day-13-c5-schedule-weekday-live-feed-for-celebrity-big-brother/","external_links_name":"\"C5 schedule weekday live feed for Celebrity Big Brother\""},{"Link":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/day-8-heroes-and-villains-best-bits-special-to-air-on-5/","external_links_name":"\"Heroes and Villains' best bits special to air on 5*\""},{"Link":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/pre-cbb-c5-airs-first-celebrity-big-brother-teaser-trailer/","external_links_name":"\"C5 airs first Celebrity Big Brother teaser trailer\""},{"Link":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/pre-cbb-bit-on-the-side-to-air-seven-days-a-week-for-cbb/","external_links_name":"\"Bit on the Side to air seven days a week for CBB\""},{"Link":"http://bigbrother247.co.uk/pre-cbb-channel-5-debut-main-cbb-uk-vs-usa-trailer/","external_links_name":"\"Channel 5 debut main CBB: UK vs USA trailer\""},{"Link":"http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/lucozade-sponsor-big-brother-celebrity-big-brother/1346862","external_links_name":"\"Lucozade to sponsor Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s150/celebrity-big-brother/news/a661071/celebrity-big-brother-confirms-the-uk-vs-usa-theme-and-its-all-kicking-off-next-month.html","external_links_name":"\"Celebrity Big Brother confirms the UK vs USA theme - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith-Barry	Robert Smith-Barry	["1 Early life","2 World War I","3 Later years","4 References","5 External links"]	Robert Smith-BarryRobert Smith Barry (right) with his Commanding Officer F. F. Waldron (left) at Gosport in 1916Birth nameRobert Raymond Smith-BarryBorn(1886-04-04)4 April 1886London, EnglandDied23 April 1949(1949-04-23) (aged 63)Durban, South AfricaAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchRoyal Flying CorpsRoyal Air Force Volunteer ReserveYears of service1912–19181940–1943RankMajor (temporary Brigadier-General)Commands heldNo. 60 Squadron RFCBattles/warsFirst World WarSecond World WarAwardsAir Force Cross Robert Raymond Smith Barry AFC (4 April 1886 – 23 April 1949) was an officer in the Royal Flying Corps and its successor, the Royal Air Force. His most notable contribution was in developing flying instruction methods. In December 1916 he masterminded a complete reorganisation of flying training methods at Gosport. This new training method later became known as the "Gosport System" and was adopted worldwide. The curriculum combined classroom training and dual flight instruction. Students were not led away from potentially dangerous manoeuvres but deliberately exposed to them in controlled environments so they could learn to recover from errors of judgement. The choice of training aircraft later settled on the Avro 504J. Smith-Barry was later described by Lord Trenchard as the man who "taught the air forces of the world how to fly". Early life Smith-Barry was born on 1 August 1886 in Mayfair, London, the son of James Hugh Smith-Barry and his wife Charlotte Jane. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge from 1904 although he left without taking a degree. He learnt to fly in 1911 at Salisbury Plain and was one of the first officers in the new Royal Flying Corps formed in August 1912. World War I With the outbreak of war, on 5 August 1914, Smith-Barry was appointed as a flying officer. Only days later, on 14 August, while on operations in France with No. 5 Squadron RFC, Smith-Barry's Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.8 had an engine failure and crashed, killing his passenger. Smith-Barry had had two broken legs but on hearing of the imminent arrival of Germans he managed to get back to England on his own accord. On 5 November 1915 he was made a temporary captain and less than a month later on 1 December his temporary promotion was made permanent. 3 July 1916 saw Smith-Barry temporarily promoted to major. On 23 August 1917 he was made a wing commander and temporary lieutenant-colonel. Towards the end of January 1918, he was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier-general but he relinquished the rank on 23 February 1918. Later in 1918, his promotion to colonel in the new Royal Air Force was gazetted but this was later cancelled. He was awarded the Air Force Cross in May 1918. Later years Retiring to Conock Manor near Upavon, Wiltshire after the war as a country gentleman, he re-joined the Royal Air Force during the second world war as a ferry pilot and ground instructor. Smith-Barry died in Durban, South Africa on 23 April 1949, aged 63, following an operation on his leg, which had troubled him since the crash in 1914. References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "1954 \| 2060 \| Flight Archive". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b c d e Orange, Vincent. "Barry, Robert Raymond Smith- (1886–1949)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/72242. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "No. 29018". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 December 1914. p. 11038. ^ "No. 29367". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 November 1915. p. 11302. ^ "No. 29431". The London Gazette. 7 January 1916. p. 346. ^ "No. 29669". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 July 1916. p. 7071. ^ "No. 30274". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 September 1917. p. 9320. ^ "No. 30515". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 February 1918. p. 1805. ^ "No. 30582". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 March 1918. p. 3400. ^ "No. 30640". The London Gazette. 19 April 1918. p. 4743. ^ "No. 30668". The London Gazette. 3 May 1918. p. 5366. ^ "No. 30722". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1918. p. 6520. ^ "Deaths." Times 27 April 1949: 1. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 8 Sept. 2013. David McKenna (23 February 2013), Robert Smith-Barry: The man who taught the world to fly, BBC External links Firstworldwar.com – Robert Smith-Barry Gosport Reunion – a 1938 Flight article on a reunion of Smith-Barry's former staff and pupils "Robert Smith-Barry" – the 1949 Flight obituary of Smith-Barry Military offices Preceded byUnknown General Officer Commanding Northern Training Brigade Succeeded byJohn BeckeAs GOC No. 16 Group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"flying instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_training"},{"link_name":"Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Avro 504J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_504"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lord Trenchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Trenchard,_1st_Viscount_Trenchard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Robert Raymond Smith Barry AFC (4 April 1886 – 23 April 1949) was an officer in the Royal Flying Corps and its successor, the Royal Air Force. His most notable contribution was in developing flying instruction methods.In December 1916 he masterminded a complete reorganisation of flying training methods at Gosport. This new training method later became known as the \"Gosport System\" and was adopted worldwide.[1] The curriculum combined classroom training and dual flight instruction. Students were not led away from potentially dangerous manoeuvres but deliberately exposed to them in controlled environments so they could learn to recover from errors of judgement. The choice of training aircraft later settled on the Avro 504J.[2]Smith-Barry was later described by Lord Trenchard as the man who \"taught the air forces of the world how to fly\".[3]","title":"Robert Smith-Barry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-4"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-4"}],"text":"Smith-Barry was born on 1 August 1886 in Mayfair, London, the son of James Hugh Smith-Barry and his wife Charlotte Jane.[4] He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge from 1904 although he left without taking a degree.[4] He learnt to fly in 1911 at Salisbury Plain and was one of the first officers in the new Royal Flying Corps formed in August 1912.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"No. 5 Squadron RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._5_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_B.E.8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"brigadier-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier-general"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Air Force Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"With the outbreak of war, on 5 August 1914, Smith-Barry was appointed as a flying officer.[5] Only days later, on 14 August, while on operations in France with No. 5 Squadron RFC, Smith-Barry's Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.8 had an engine failure and crashed, killing his passenger. Smith-Barry had had two broken legs but on hearing of the imminent arrival of Germans he managed to get back to England on his own accord.[4] On 5 November 1915 he was made a temporary captain[6] and less than a month later on 1 December his temporary promotion was made permanent.[7] 3 July 1916 saw Smith-Barry temporarily promoted to major.[8] On 23 August 1917 he was made a wing commander and temporary lieutenant-colonel.[9] Towards the end of January 1918, he was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier-general[10] but he relinquished the rank on 23 February 1918.[11] Later in 1918, his promotion to colonel in the new Royal Air Force was gazetted[12] but this was later cancelled.[13] He was awarded the Air Force Cross in May 1918.[14]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conock Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conock_Manor"},{"link_name":"Upavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upavon"},{"link_name":"ferry pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_flying"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-4"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Retiring to Conock Manor near Upavon, Wiltshire after the war as a country gentleman, he re-joined the Royal Air Force during the second world war as a ferry pilot and ground instructor.[4]Smith-Barry died in Durban, South Africa on 23 April 1949, aged 63, following an operation on his leg, which had troubled him since the crash in 1914.[15]","title":"Later years"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305165414/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%202004.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%202004.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1954 \| 2060 \| Flight Archive\". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110317154048/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%202060.html","url_text":"\"1954 \| 2060 \| Flight Archive\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%202060.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305161229/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%202455.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%202455.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Orange, Vincent. \"Barry, Robert Raymond Smith- (1886–1949)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/72242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F72242","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/72242"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29018\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 December 1914. p. 11038.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29018/supplement/11038","url_text":"\"No. 29018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29367\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 November 1915. p. 11302.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29367/supplement/11302","url_text":"\"No. 29367\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29431\". The London Gazette. 7 January 1916. p. 346.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29431/page/346","url_text":"\"No. 29431\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29669\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 July 1916. p. 7071.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29669/supplement/7071","url_text":"\"No. 29669\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30274\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 September 1917. p. 9320.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30274/supplement/9320","url_text":"\"No. 30274\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30515\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 February 1918. p. 1805.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30515/supplement/1805","url_text":"\"No. 30515\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30582\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 March 1918. p. 3400.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30582/supplement/3400","url_text":"\"No. 30582\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30640\". The London Gazette. 19 April 1918. p. 4743.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30640/page/4743","url_text":"\"No. 30640\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30668\". The London Gazette. 3 May 1918. p. 5366.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30668/page/5366","url_text":"\"No. 30668\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30722\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1918. p. 6520.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30722/supplement/6520","url_text":"\"No. 30722\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"David McKenna (23 February 2013), Robert Smith-Barry: The man who taught the world to fly, BBC","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21321362","url_text":"Robert Smith-Barry: The man who taught the world to fly"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305165414/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%202004.html","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%202004.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110317154048/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%202060.html","external_links_name":"\"1954 \| 2060 \| Flight Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%202060.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305161229/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%202455.html","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%202455.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F72242","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/72242"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29018/supplement/11038","external_links_name":"\"No. 29018\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29367/supplement/11302","external_links_name":"\"No. 29367\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29431/page/346","external_links_name":"\"No. 29431\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29669/supplement/7071","external_links_name":"\"No. 29669\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30274/supplement/9320","external_links_name":"\"No. 30274\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30515/supplement/1805","external_links_name":"\"No. 30515\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30582/supplement/3400","external_links_name":"\"No. 30582\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30640/page/4743","external_links_name":"\"No. 30640\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30668/page/5366","external_links_name":"\"No. 30668\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30722/supplement/6520","external_links_name":"\"No. 30722\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21321362","external_links_name":"Robert Smith-Barry: The man who taught the world to fly"},{"Link":"http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/smithbarry.htm","external_links_name":"Firstworldwar.com – Robert Smith-Barry"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%202034.html","external_links_name":"Gosport Reunion"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1949/1949%20-%200828.html","external_links_name":"\"Robert Smith-Barry\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GURPS_Illuminati_University	GURPS Illuminati University	["1 Contents","1.1 School structure","2 Publication history","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "GURPS Illuminati University" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) GURPS Illuminati UniversityGURPS Illuminati University coverDesignersElizabeth McCoy, Walter MillikenPublishersSteve Jackson GamesPublication1995GenresunknownSystemsGURPS GURPS Illuminati University (1995) (ISBN 1-55634-206-3), also called GURPS IOU, is a 128-page softbound campaign setting sourcebook for the GURPS role-playing game. Page 11 is notably the first printed appearance of Agatha Heterodyne, the star of the 2001 comic series Girl Genius. Contents The book details a fictional college where absurdity and awful puns are the order of the day; its students range from witches and werewolves to secret agents and space aliens. Adventures can involve joining fraternities, surviving dorm life, dealing with rampaging lab accidents, conquering other worlds on field trips, getting caught up in faculty bloodfeuds and even attempting to pass a class. Characters from every GURPS setting can be fitted into the campaign with little or no difficulty. The setting shares much in common with the equally bizarre game Teenagers from Outer Space. Agatha Heterodyne, from the Foglios' Girl Genius, is also featured in the book. School structure IOU is divided into nine major schools of teaching, listed here, along with a sampling of the departments each contains. School of Weird and Unnatural Sciences & Engineering (WUSE)Mad scientists have to study, too. Department of Recreational Biochemistry Department of Rude Engineering Department of Weird Science and Culinary Studies ("Can we eat it, or will it eat us?") College of Obscure and Unhealthy Professions (COUP)Where straight professionals are set crooked. Department of Dirty Tricks School of Law Department of Technical Difficulties College of Temporal Happenstance, Ultimate Lies & Historical Undertakings (C.T.H.U.L.H.U.; the periods are meant to be pronounced) Whenever you go, then you are. Department of Ancient History Department of Future History School of Conservative Arts (SCA) Today the lemonade stand, tomorrow, the world! Department of Empire-Building School of Performing & Creative Arts (SPCA) "There's no business like show business" doesn't even begin to describe it. Department of Melodrama Department of Cinematography College of Metaphysics (CoM) Sufficiently advanced magic is indistinguishable from technology. So there! Department of Applied Theology Department of Political Thaumaturgy College of Communications (CoC) Fnord. Ketchup is a Vegetable. Big Brother Loves Lucy. Department of Disinformation School of Social Anti-Sciences (SSAS) We have never made a profit! We don't do useful things here! We devote ourselves to pure Art and Research! English Department Department of Misanthropology College of Zen Surrealism (CZS) Ommmms! Ommmms for the poor! Department of Inapplicable Mathematics Due to the extremely dangerous nature of the academic work done at IOU, many of the staff undergo The Treatment, a mysterious and dreaded procedure that makes them virtually unkillable and thus immune to their own recklessness. In addition, there are resurrection facilities on campus for student use. Academic rivalries at IOU tend to result in extreme violence, property damage, and mayhem. There are rules to such conflicts (Faculty Bloodfeuds), one of which is that "freshthings" in their first semester are off-limits and harm done to them will attract the unfavorable attention of the Archdean. Any student asking what the "O" in "IOU" stands for will be told he or she isn't cleared for that information. Publication history GURPS Illuminati University was published as a 128-page softbound sourcebook by Steve Jackson Games. The authors are Elizabeth McCoy and Walter Milliken; the illustrations are by Phil Foglio and Kaja Foglio. The setting began life as an online campaign run on the Steve Jackson Games BBS Illuminati Online. It was codified into a book for the Third Edition of GURPS. There have been no announced plans to officially update the setting for 2004's Fourth Edition ruleset. Reception Rick Swan reviewed GURPS IOU: Illuminati University for Dragon magazine #228 (April 1996). Noting SJG's success with the Illuminati: New World Order card game, he commented that "despite its title, GURPS IOU has nothing to do with cards. Nor, for that matter, does it have much to do with the GURPS Illuminati supplement of a few years back. IOU looks like a setting for the GURPS role-playing game – and indeed, it has its share of game stats and adventure hooks – but the anything-goes, logic-down-the-dumper approach makes it virtually unplayable, at least by anyone who takes their games even semi-seriously. So what is it? Basically, IOU is a glorified joke book, a drop of Monty Python mixed with a bucket of Three Stooges." Swan concluded his review by saying: "Maybe you consider yourself too sophisticated for silly stuff like this. But you've gotta admit – Democrats for Cthulhu, that’s pretty good." References ^ a b c Swan, Rick (April 1996). "Role-playing Reviews". Dragon (#228). Lake Geneva, Wisconsin: TSR: 65. External links GURPS Illuminati University at Steve Jackson Games Independent review at RPGnet Masonic references in games (Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55634-206-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55634-206-3"},{"link_name":"campaign setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_setting"},{"link_name":"GURPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GURPS"},{"link_name":"role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Agatha Heterodyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Heterodyne"},{"link_name":"Girl Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Genius"}],"text":"GURPS Illuminati University (1995) (ISBN 1-55634-206-3), also called GURPS IOU, is a 128-page softbound campaign setting sourcebook for the GURPS role-playing game. Page 11 is notably the first printed appearance of Agatha Heterodyne, the star of the 2001 comic series Girl Genius.","title":"GURPS Illuminati University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teenagers from Outer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenagers_from_Outer_Space_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"Agatha Heterodyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Genius#Characters"},{"link_name":"Girl Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Genius"}],"text":"The book details a fictional college where absurdity and awful puns are the order of the day; its students range from witches and werewolves to secret agents and space aliens. Adventures can involve joining fraternities, surviving dorm life, dealing with rampaging lab accidents, conquering other worlds on field trips, getting caught up in faculty bloodfeuds and even attempting to pass a class.Characters from every GURPS setting can be fitted into the campaign with little or no difficulty. The setting shares much in common with the equally bizarre game Teenagers from Outer Space. Agatha Heterodyne, from the Foglios' Girl Genius, is also featured in the book.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"School structure","text":"IOU is divided into nine major schools of teaching, listed here, along with a sampling of the departments each contains.School of Weird and Unnatural Sciences & Engineering (WUSE)Mad scientists have to study, too.\nDepartment of Recreational Biochemistry\nDepartment of Rude Engineering\nDepartment of Weird Science and Culinary Studies (\"Can we eat it, or will it eat us?\")\nCollege of Obscure and Unhealthy Professions (COUP)Where straight professionals are set crooked.\nDepartment of Dirty Tricks\nSchool of Law\nDepartment of Technical Difficulties\nCollege of Temporal Happenstance, Ultimate Lies & Historical Undertakings (C.T.H.U.L.H.U.; the periods are meant to be pronounced) Whenever you go, then you are.\nDepartment of Ancient History\nDepartment of Future History\nSchool of Conservative Arts (SCA) Today the lemonade stand, tomorrow, the world!\nDepartment of Empire-Building\nSchool of Performing & Creative Arts (SPCA) \"There's no business like show business\" doesn't even begin to describe it.\nDepartment of Melodrama\nDepartment of Cinematography\nCollege of Metaphysics (CoM) Sufficiently advanced magic is indistinguishable from technology. So there!\nDepartment of Applied Theology\nDepartment of Political Thaumaturgy\nCollege of Communications (CoC) Fnord. Ketchup is a Vegetable. Big Brother Loves Lucy.\nDepartment of Disinformation\nSchool of Social Anti-Sciences (SSAS) We have never made a profit! We don't do useful things here! We devote ourselves to pure Art and Research!\nEnglish Department\nDepartment of Misanthropology\nCollege of Zen Surrealism (CZS) Ommmms! Ommmms for the poor!\nDepartment of Inapplicable MathematicsDue to the extremely dangerous nature of the academic work done at IOU, many of the staff undergo The Treatment, a mysterious and dreaded procedure that makes them virtually unkillable and thus immune to their own recklessness. In addition, there are resurrection facilities on campus for student use.Academic rivalries at IOU tend to result in extreme violence, property damage, and mayhem. There are rules to such conflicts (Faculty Bloodfeuds), one of which is that \"freshthings\" in their first semester are off-limits and harm done to them will attract the unfavorable attention of the Archdean.Any student asking what the \"O\" in \"IOU\" stands for will be told he or she isn't cleared for that information.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Jackson Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jackson_Games"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Walter Milliken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Milliken"},{"link_name":"Phil Foglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Foglio"},{"link_name":"Kaja Foglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaja_Foglio"},{"link_name":"BBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system"},{"link_name":"Illuminati Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminati_Online&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"GURPS Illuminati University was published as a 128-page softbound sourcebook by Steve Jackson Games. The authors are Elizabeth McCoy and Walter Milliken; the illustrations are by Phil Foglio and Kaja Foglio.The setting began life as an online campaign run on the Steve Jackson Games BBS Illuminati Online. It was codified into a book for the Third Edition of GURPS. There have been no announced plans to officially update the setting for 2004's Fourth Edition ruleset.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Swan"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#228-1"},{"link_name":"Illuminati: New World Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati:_New_World_Order"},{"link_name":"GURPS Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GURPS_Illuminati"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#228-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#228-1"}],"text":"Rick Swan reviewed GURPS IOU: Illuminati University for Dragon magazine #228 (April 1996).[1] Noting SJG's success with the Illuminati: New World Order card game, he commented that \"despite its title, GURPS IOU has nothing to do with cards. Nor, for that matter, does it have much to do with the GURPS Illuminati supplement of a few years back. IOU looks like a setting for the GURPS role-playing game – and indeed, it has its share of game stats and adventure hooks – but the anything-goes, logic-down-the-dumper approach makes it virtually unplayable, at least by anyone who takes their games even semi-seriously. So what is it? Basically, IOU is a glorified joke book, a drop of Monty Python mixed with a bucket of Three Stooges.\"[1] Swan concluded his review by saying: \"Maybe you consider yourself too sophisticated for silly stuff like this. But you've gotta admit – Democrats for Cthulhu, that’s pretty good.\"[1]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Swan, Rick (April 1996). \"Role-playing Reviews\". Dragon (#228). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fabvier	Charles Nicolas Fabvier	["1 Career under Napoleon","2 Life after Napoleon","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Charles Nicolas Fabvier" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Portrait of Fabvier in the Athens War Museum Charles Nicolas Fabvier (Greek: Κάρολος Φαβιέρος, romanized: Karolos Favieros) (10 December 1782 – 15 September 1855) was an ambassador, general and French member of parliament who played a distinguished role in the Greek War of Independence. Career under Napoleon He was born at Pont-à-Mousson in Meurthe and was a student at the École Polytechnique before joining the 1st Artillery Regiment in Napoleon’s army in Germany in 1804. He participated in the 1805 Ulm Campaign, and was wounded in the battle of Dürenstein. In 1807, he was part of the French military mission to the Ottoman Sultan Selim III, tasked with shoring up the defences of Constantinople. Fabvier then managed to join the diplomatic mission of General Charles Mathieu Gardanne, Napoleon's envoy to Persia, who tried to combat British and Russian influence in the region. Fabvier was tasked with creating an artillery school and arsenal at Esfahān, and was awarded the newly constituted Order of the Lion and the Sun for his efforts. In 1809, he returned to Europe via Russia, and served for a while as a volunteer in the Polish army of the Duchy of Warsaw. Arriving at Vienna, he was named captain in the French Imperial Guard. He served as aide-de-camp of Marshal Auguste de Marmont in Spain, and was sent by him to Russia to inform Napoleon on the Battle of Salamanca. He arrived at Napoleon's headquarters on 6 September 1812, the eve of the Battle of Borodino. Fabvier was gravely wounded in this battle, leading the charge during the final assault on the Russian fortifications. Napoleon rewarded him by naming him artillery major in the VI Corps under Marshal Ney. He distinguished himself further during the operations of the War of the Sixth Coalition in Germany, and was raised to colonel of the General Staff and made baron de l'Empire. He participated in the retreat into France, and on 31 March 1814, on behalf of Marshals Marmont and Mortier, he signed the surrender of Paris to the Coalition armies. During the Hundred Days, he joined the frontier defence forces as a volunteer. Life after Napoleon After Napoleon's downfall in 1815, he continued to serve in the royal French army. In 1817, he accompanied Marshal Marmont as chief of staff in quelling the riots at Lyon, provoked by the harsh conduct of the local military governor, General Simon Canuel. Soon after, he was suspended from his military duties for his liberal beliefs, and was arrested in August 1820 and charged with participation in a military conspiracy. Although he was released for lack of evidence, he was later called as a witness, but refused to disclose a name demanded by the public prosecutor, for which he was fined 500 francs. In 1822, he was charged with aiding the flight of the four sergeants of La Rochelle, but was acquitted. In 1823 he decided to leave France and went to Greece, to help the Greeks during their ongoing War of Independence. His first task was the supervision of the fortifications of Navarino. Then he travelled to Britain to drum up support among the Philhellenes. Returning again to Greece, he was appointed head of the small Greek regular army, with which he participated in several battles, most notably the Siege of the Acropolis of Athens in 1826. In 1828, he returned to France, only to return to Greece alongside the French Morea expedition. For his services during the Greek War of Independence, the Third National Assembly at Troezen declared Fabvier an honorary Greek citizen in 1827, and he was later awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer by King Otho I. In 1830, he returned to France and took part in the July Revolution. Initially chief of staff to General Étienne Maurice Gérard, on 4 August Fabvier was named military commander of Paris. In 1831, he resigned his commission and retired with the rank Lieutenant General. Fabvier was made a peer of France in 1845, and in 1848, he was sent as the French ambassador to Constantinople, and thereafter to Denmark. Back in France he was elected to the National Assembly of France as a representative of Meurthe. There he sided with the conservative group of the assembly. He retired from public life on 2 December 1851, and died in Paris four years later. References ^ a b c d "Charles Fabvier: Napoleonic soldier & Greek hero - Shannon Selin". Shannon Selin. 15 April 2016. ^ Stites, Richard (9 January 2014). The Four Horsemen: Riding to Liberty in Post-Napoleonic Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780199981489. 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of Russia Nicholas I of Russia Financial aid London Philhellenic Committee Ludwig I of Bavaria Jean-Gabriel Eynard Lazaros Kountouriotis Ioannis Papafis Georgios Stavros Ioannis Varvakis Rothschild & Co Morea expeditionMilitary Nicolas Joseph Maison Antoine Simon Durrieu Antoine Virgile Schneider Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély Camille Alphonse Trézel Scientific Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois Pierre Peytier Stamatis Voulgaris Guillaume-Abel Blouet Gabriel Bibron Prosper Baccuet Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval Pierre-Narcisse Guérin Charles Lenormant Edgar Quinet Historians/Memoirists Dimitrios Ainian Fotis Chrysanthopoulos Ioannis Filimon George Finlay Ambrosios Frantzis Lambros Koutsonikas Konstantinos Metaxas Panoutsos Notaras Panagiotis Papatsonis Anastasios Polyzoidis Georgios Tertsetis Spyridon Trikoupis Art Eugène Delacroix Louis Dupré Peter von Hess Victor Hugo François Pouqueville Alexander Pushkin Karl Krazeisen Andreas Kalvos Dionysios Solomos Theodoros Vryzakis Hellas The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi Le siège de Corinthe The Massacre at Chios The Free Besieged Hymn to Liberty The Archipelago on Fire Loukis Laras The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos Remembrance 25 March (Independence Day) Hymn to Liberty Eleftheria i thanatos Pedion tou Areos Propylaea (Munich) Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi) Royal Phalanx Evzones (Presidential Guard) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Sycomore Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_de_Charles_Nicolas_Fabvier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Athens War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shan-1"}],"text":"Portrait of Fabvier in the Athens War MuseumCharles Nicolas Fabvier (Greek: Κάρολος Φαβιέρος, romanized: Karolos Favieros) (10 December 1782 – 15 September 1855) was an ambassador, general and French member of parliament who played a distinguished role in the Greek War of Independence.[1]","title":"Charles Nicolas Fabvier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pont-à-Mousson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-%C3%A0-Mousson"},{"link_name":"Meurthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe_Department"},{"link_name":"École Polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique"},{"link_name":"1st Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Artillery_Regiment_(France)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ulm Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm_Campaign"},{"link_name":"battle of Dürenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Selim III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_III"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Charles Mathieu Gardanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mathieu_Gardanne"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Esfahān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfah%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"Order of the Lion and the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_and_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shan-1"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"French Imperial Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Imperial_Guard"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"Auguste de Marmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont"},{"link_name":"Battle of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino"},{"link_name":"VI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)"},{"link_name":"Marshal Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_Ney"},{"link_name":"War of the Sixth Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"baron de l'Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Marmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont"},{"link_name":"Mortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph_Mortier"},{"link_name":"surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shan-1"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"}],"text":"He was born at Pont-à-Mousson in Meurthe and was a student at the École Polytechnique before joining the 1st Artillery Regiment in Napoleon’s army in Germany in 1804. He participated in the 1805 Ulm Campaign, and was wounded in the battle of Dürenstein. In 1807, he was part of the French military mission to the Ottoman Sultan Selim III, tasked with shoring up the defences of Constantinople. Fabvier then managed to join the diplomatic mission of General Charles Mathieu Gardanne, Napoleon's envoy to Persia, who tried to combat British and Russian influence in the region. Fabvier was tasked with creating an artillery school and arsenal at Esfahān, and was awarded the newly constituted Order of the Lion and the Sun for his efforts.[1]In 1809, he returned to Europe via Russia, and served for a while as a volunteer in the Polish army of the Duchy of Warsaw. Arriving at Vienna, he was named captain in the French Imperial Guard. He served as aide-de-camp of Marshal Auguste de Marmont in Spain, and was sent by him to Russia to inform Napoleon on the Battle of Salamanca. He arrived at Napoleon's headquarters on 6 September 1812, the eve of the Battle of Borodino. Fabvier was gravely wounded in this battle, leading the charge during the final assault on the Russian fortifications. Napoleon rewarded him by naming him artillery major in the VI Corps under Marshal Ney. He distinguished himself further during the operations of the War of the Sixth Coalition in Germany, and was raised to colonel of the General Staff and made baron de l'Empire. He participated in the retreat into France, and on 31 March 1814, on behalf of Marshals Marmont and Mortier, he signed the surrender of Paris to the Coalition armies.[1]During the Hundred Days, he joined the frontier defence forces as a volunteer.","title":"Career under Napoleon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Simon Canuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Canuel"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"four sergeants of La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Sergeants_of_La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Navarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylos"},{"link_name":"Philhellenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philhellenism"},{"link_name":"Siege of the Acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%931827)"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Morea expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea_expedition"},{"link_name":"Third National Assembly at Troezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_National_Assembly_at_Troezen"},{"link_name":"Order of the Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer"},{"link_name":"Otho I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"July Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Étienne Maurice Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General"},{"link_name":"peer of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_of_France"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France"},{"link_name":"Meurthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe_Department"},{"link_name":"2 December 1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shan-1"}],"text":"After Napoleon's downfall in 1815, he continued to serve in the royal French army. In 1817, he accompanied Marshal Marmont as chief of staff in quelling the riots at Lyon, provoked by the harsh conduct of the local military governor, General Simon Canuel. Soon after, he was suspended from his military duties for his liberal beliefs, and was arrested in August 1820 and charged with participation in a military conspiracy. Although he was released for lack of evidence, he was later called as a witness, but refused to disclose a name demanded by the public prosecutor, for which he was fined 500 francs.In 1822, he was charged with aiding the flight of the four sergeants of La Rochelle, but was acquitted.[2] In 1823 he decided to leave France and went to Greece, to help the Greeks during their ongoing War of Independence. His first task was the supervision of the fortifications of Navarino. Then he travelled to Britain to drum up support among the Philhellenes. Returning again to Greece, he was appointed head of the small Greek regular army, with which he participated in several battles, most notably the Siege of the Acropolis of Athens in 1826. In 1828, he returned to France, only to return to Greece alongside the French Morea expedition. For his services during the Greek War of Independence, the Third National Assembly at Troezen declared Fabvier an honorary Greek citizen in 1827, and he was later awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer by King Otho I.In 1830, he returned to France and took part in the July Revolution. Initially chief of staff to General Étienne Maurice Gérard, on 4 August Fabvier was named military commander of Paris. In 1831, he resigned his commission and retired with the rank Lieutenant General. Fabvier was made a peer of France in 1845, and in 1848, he was sent as the French ambassador to Constantinople, and thereafter to Denmark. Back in France he was elected to the National Assembly of France as a representative of Meurthe. There he sided with the conservative group of the assembly. He retired from public life on 2 December 1851, and died in Paris four years later.[1]","title":"Life after Napoleon"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of Fabvier in the Athens War Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Portrait_de_Charles_Nicolas_Fabvier.jpg/220px-Portrait_de_Charles_Nicolas_Fabvier.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Charles Fabvier: Napoleonic soldier & Greek hero - Shannon Selin\". Shannon Selin. 15 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://shannonselin.com/2016/04/charles-fabvier/","url_text":"\"Charles Fabvier: Napoleonic soldier & Greek hero - Shannon Selin\""}]},{"reference":"Stites, Richard (9 January 2014). The Four Horsemen: Riding to Liberty in Post-Napoleonic Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 46. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_American_Samoa	Seal of American Samoa	["1 References","2 External links"]	Official government emblem of the U.S. territory of American Samoa Seal of American SamoaArmigerAmerican SamoaMottoSamoa Muamua Le Atua "Samoa, God Is First" The Seal of American Samoa is based in traditional local design. The fly switch (fue) represents wisdom and the staff (To'oto'o) represents authority. Both symbols are used by talking chiefs indicating their rank. The Tanoa (kava bowl) represents service to the chief. The tapa clothed background represents the artistry of the Samoan people. It also includes the date April 17, 1900, which was the date when Samoa became a U.S. territory. On Flag Day April 17, 1973, the official seal of American Samoa, with the motto, Sāmoa Muamua Le Atua (English: "Samoa, Let God Be First"), was dedicated. The seal was introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives on March 2, 1985, by Delegate Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia. Fofo made the request in November 1981. The artwork was performed by the staff of the architect of the capitol. References ^ Shaffer, Robert J. (2000). American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Island Heritage. p. 193. ISBN 9780896103399. ^ Sunia, Fofo I. F. (2009). A History of American Samoa. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. p. 320. ISBN 9781573062992. External links American Samoa tourism agency vteTerritory of American SamoaPago Pago (capital), Fagatogo (seat of government)Topics Bibliography History 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami Geography Birds Mammals Reptiles Geology National Park Protected areas Template Superfund sites Rainmaker Mountain Matafao Peak Vaiʻava Strait Cape Taputapu Politics Constitution Delegates to US Congress Elections Government Governor First Lady Lieutenant Governor High Court Judiciary Law enforcement Legislature House of Representatives Senate Political party strength Economy Telecommunications Internet domain Transportation LBJ Tropical Medical Center Per capita income Airports Pago Pago Int'l Fitiuta Ofu Closed Tau Culture Demographics LGBT rights Music People Sports Football Symbols Anthem Flag Seal NRHP listings Template Education Dept. of Ed. Community College Leone HS Samoana HS Feleti Barstow Public Library Religion Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker Congregational Christian Church in AS Islam Districts Eastern District Western District Manuʻa District Islands Tutuila Aunuʻu Taʻū Ofu‑Olosega Rose Atoll Swains Island Villages Aʻasu Afao Āfono Agugulu Alao Alaufau Ālega Ālōfau Amalau Amaluia ʻAmanave Amaua Āmouli Ānua ʻAoa Aʻoloau Asili Atuʻu ʻAūa ʻAuʻasi Aʻumi Aunuʻu Auto Avaio Etena Fagaʻalu Fagaʻitua Fagaliʻi Fagamalo Faganeanea Fagasā Fagatogo (Malaloa) Faiava Faʻilolo Faleāsao Faleniu Fatumafuti Fitiuta (Maia and Leusoaliʻi) Fūtiga ʻIliʻili Lalomoana Lauliʻi Leloaloa Leone Lumā Malaeimi Malaeloa/Aitulagi Malaeola/Itūʻau Mālōatā Mapusaga Masausi Masefau Matuʻu Mesepa Nuʻuuli Nua Ofu Olosega Onenoa Pagai Pago Pago Pavaʻiaʻi Poloa Saʻilele Satala Seʻetaga Siʻufaga Sili Taulaga Tāfuna (Ottoville) Taputimu Tula Utulei Utumea East Utumea West Vailoatai Vaitogi Vatia vteState seals of the United StatesStates Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Great Seal of theUnited StatesFederal districtWashington, D.C.Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands vteArmorial of OceaniaSovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated statesof New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependenciesand other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna This American Samoa–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This heraldry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"fue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-whisk"},{"link_name":"To'oto'o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To%27oto%27o&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tanoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAva_ceremony#Bowl_-_tanoa"},{"link_name":"Flag Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Day_(American_Samoa)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Delegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)"},{"link_name":"Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fof%C3%B3_Iosefa_Fiti_Sunia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Seal of American Samoa is based in traditional local design.The fly switch (fue) represents wisdom and the staff (To'oto'o) represents authority. Both symbols are used by talking chiefs indicating their rank. The Tanoa (kava bowl) represents service to the chief. The tapa clothed background represents the artistry of the Samoan people. It also includes the date April 17, 1900, which was the date when Samoa became a U.S. territory.On Flag Day April 17, 1973, the official seal of American Samoa, with the motto, Sāmoa Muamua Le Atua (English: \"Samoa, Let God Be First\"), was dedicated.[1]The seal was introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives on March 2, 1985, by Delegate Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia. Fofo made the request in November 1981. The artwork was performed by the staff of the architect of the capitol.[2]","title":"Seal of American Samoa"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010509235850/http://www.amsamoa.com/tourism/agencies.htm","external_links_name":"American Samoa tourism agency"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seal_of_American_Samoa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seal_of_American_Samoa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignat_Bednarik	Ignat Bednarik	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Symbolism","1.3 Later work","2 Legacy","3 Notes","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Ignat BednarikBorn(1882-03-08)March 8, 1882Orşova, Austria-HungaryDiedMarch 11, 1963(1963-03-11) (aged 81)Bucharest, RomaniaNationalityRomanianKnown forPainting, decorative art, design, illustrationMovementSymbolism Ignat Bednarik (March 8, 1882 – March 11, 1963) was a Romanian painter who worked in almost every genre of painting before devoting himself purely to watercolor. He was also interested in decorative art, design, interior decoration and book illustration. In his lifetime, he produced more than 3,000 works of art. Biography Early life Bednarik was born in Orschowa (Orşova), at the time part of Austria-Hungary, to Czech parents; he was son of the second marriage of Adalbert Bednarik (originally from Moravia) and Genoveva Hauschka, followed by two sisters, Genoveva, and Maria. While a pupil at the Traian High School in Drobeta Turnu Severin, he won first prize for his works in drawing at the Tinerimea Română society. From 1898 to 1900, Bednarik studied at the Bucharest School of Fine Arts under the sculptor and water-colourist, Ion Georgescu. In 1901, he went to Vienna where he occasionally attended classes at the Academy of Fine Arts; Bednarik preferred instead to study masterpieces in the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and the Albertina. In 1909, he married Elena Alexandrina Barabaş, also a graduate of the Bucharest School of Fine Arts. Together they left for Munich to study at the Royal School of Applied Art, at a time when the city was a dynamic international cultural centre, brimming with new ideas, in particular the influence of the Jugendstil aesthetic. Symbolism The Bednariks made their debut in 1910, in Paris, at the Salon d'Automne held in the Grand Palais. They returned to Bucharest in the same year. Ignat Bednarik exhibited for the first time in Romania in 1913 with Associaţia Artistică; he subsequently took part in official salons and opened his first individual exhibition in Bucharest in 1915. His works of this period brought the influence of European symbolism to Romania at the same time as Alexandru Macedonski was exploring similar ideas in poetry. The longing for evasion, a favourite concern of symbolists, shows itself in a variety of ways in his work. A symbolic interpretation of reality, seen through the world of myths, is found in works like Saved, while the interdependence of heaven and earth is explored in When the Gods Came Down to Earth and a demythologising of fiction is attempted in End of the Legend (all 1915). The need for escape, the longing for the absolute and the desire to recreate reality in an ideal dimension can also be seen in Towards glory (1915), The Spirit Triumphs (1916), Excelsior, The Paths of Life (1922) and Æternum Vale!. The escape into the world of legends and ancient ballads (for example, Meşterul Manole) demonstrates Bednarik's debt to Romanian folk-tales, seen particularly well in his series of illustrations for Petre Ispirescu's Tales of the Romanians (1925–1926). Notes of nostalgia and reverie also permeate his portrait-compositions Ioana (1920), The Letter (1921) and Portrait of Mrs. M. Tomescu (1923), while his treatment of philosophical subjects, such as Towards the Styx (1916), The Enigma of Life (1919), Chimera, or To Be or Not To Be (1922), is imbued with an air of symbolic mystery. Another kind of symbolic escape is found in the realm of fine sensations, of correspondences. The theme of music often appears in Bednarik's work, for example Young Girl Playing the Violin (1915), At the Piano (1922) and Playing the Violin (1922). Bednarik often associates music with flowers which decorate the interior where the former is being produced; at times they are so faintly sketched on the canvas as to be almost invisible (another symbolist trait). Flowers are often present in portraits of children (Mother's Birthday) and almost always in paintings of female figures (a favourite association of Art Nouveau artists), for example in Portrait of the Artist's Wife (1919), Portrait of a Young Girl (1925), or Portrait of Miss J.P. (1924). They are also seen in his interiors with nudes painted in 1921. The flower symbolism is enhanced by the choice of the blossom which accompanies the female figure. Mastering the delicate transparency of watercolour, Bednarik surrounds his sitters sometimes with lilies, but more often with roses or peonies. In his next period, from 1919 to 1928, the still life with flowers became one of his favourite subjects. The novelty of his work lies in its symbolist conception as well as the atmosphere of deep philosophical contemplation, transposed through watercolour, which imbues his painting with such distinctive individuality. Later work The violence of World War I brought an abrupt halt to his heady and coloured symbolist compositions. As a member of the War Team of Artists and Sculptors set up in Iaşi by Queen Marie, during the time when Bucharest was occupied by German forces, Bednarik employed all his graphic skill in vigorous depictions of conflict and hardships. Between 1915 and 1927, Bednarik held eight individual watercolour exhibitions in Bucharest and, in 1928, one in New York City. He also executed a series of works which were designed as an overlook of typical scenes from Romanian daily life. Towards 1947, partially recovering his sight after a period of almost total blindness, he painted a number of canvases depicting characters from old Bucharest, or scenes from Romanian history (The Execution of Gheorghe Doja, 1954). In 1956, a retrospective of the work of Ignat Bednarik was organised in Bucharest by the Union of Artists. In 1961 he went completely blind. He died two years later. Legacy Today, his works can be seen in collections and museums both in Romania and abroad, such as in the National Museum of Art of Romania, Military Museum, and National Museum of Romanian History, the Bucharest City Museum of History and Art, the library of the Romanian Academy, the Brukenthal Museum in Sibiu; also in the Albertina Collection in Vienna and in private collections in Europe, the Americas and the Middle East. Notes ^ Gemaldeasstellung „Bednarik - Sofronie” în Rumanischer Lloyd, XXXII (1915), nr. 8507, decembrie 22, p. 2 ^ Olimp Grigore Ioan: „Le Cénacle idéaliste”/„Cenaclul Idealist”/„Idealistic Literary Club” în L’Indepéndence Roumaine”, 38 (1915), nr. 12236, nov. 30/ dec. 13, p. 2. ^ Temele simboliste, p.10-13, Album Ignat Bednarik, Editura Meridiane, 1987, autor Beatrice Bednarik ^ Petru Comarnescu, „Pictorul Bednarik”/„Painter Bednarik”, Arta Plastică IX (1962), nr/no.4, page.44. ^ The Art Center 65-67 East 56th Street, An Exhibition of Paintings and Water Colors by Oscar Schmidt, Ignatz Bednarik and Edward Nagel. Shown under the patronage of the Royal Rumanian Legation. October 16 to November 6, 1928 ^ Catalogul Expoziției retrospective de acuarelă și desen I. Bednarik, Editat de Uniunea Artiștilor Plastici, București, 1956/Catalog Exhibition of Ignat Bednarik Publishing House, U.A.P. Bucharest 1956 ^ Beatrice Bednarik, Ignat Bednarik Album, Meridiane Publishing House, Bucharest 1987, p.5 Bibliography Beatrice Bednarik, Ignat Bednarik Album, Meridiane Publishing House, Bucharest 1987 Beatrice Bednarik - “Ignat Bednarik, pictor și ilustrator al reginei Maria” - Revista Academica, Nr. 56-57 (193-194), Annul XVII, Noiembrie-Decembrie 2006 Catalogul Expoziției retrospective de acuarelă și desen I. Bednarik, Editat de Uniunea Artiștilor Plastici, București, 1956/Catalog Exhibition of Ignat Bednarik Publishing House, U.A.P. Bucharest 1956. Petru Comarnescu, „Pictorul Bednarik”, Arta Plastică IX(1962), nr.4, p. 44. Victor Bilciurescu, „Pictorul Bednarik” în Lumea Ilustrată, Nr. 5, Ianuarie 29, p. 5. The Art Center 65-67 East 56th Street, An Exhibition of Paintings and Water Colors by Oscar Schmidt, Ignatz Bednarik and Edward Nagel. Shown under the patronage of the Royal Rumanian Legation. October 16 to November 6, 1928. Fulmen, „(Expoziție de Artă) Pictorul Bednarik”, în Adevărul, XXXII (1919), nr. 10994, decembrie 26, p. 2. Leontin Iliescu, „Un gânditor în artă: I. Bednarik ” în Universul, 38 (1919), nr. 42, decembrie 27, p. 4. Nicolae Tonitza, „Expozițiile: Manea, Bednarik, Lazăr, Ionescu-Doru, Savargin” în Izbânda II (1920), nr. 679 decembrie 6, p. 4. Constanța Zissu, „Expoziția de pictură I.Bednarik și Sofronie” în Drepturile Femeii, IV (1915), decembrie, p. 156. Gemaldeasstellung „Bednarik - Sofronie” în Rumanischer Lloyd, XXXII (1915), nr. 8507, decembrie 22, p. 2. Ignat Bednarik, în Repertoriul Graficii Românești din Secolul al XX lea, A-C, vol.I, Editat de Muzeul Național de Artă a României, București, 1978, p. 158-160 Mircea Deac "Nudul în pictura româneacă", Ed. Monitorul Oficial, 2010, p. 132. Ministerul Cultelor și Artelor. Muzeul A. Simu și Casa Simu – Muzeu catalog. Fondul Anastase Simu – București 1937. Paul Dudea „ Ignat Bednarik. Un artist plastic polivalent ” – (115 ani de la nașterea sa), în Revista Gândirea, Sibiu, Seria Nouă nr. 5–6, VI (1997), p. 101 -102. Lucifer/Sigmund Maur/: (Pictură – Sculptură) „Expoziția aquarelistului I. Bednarik” în Rampa IV(1920), nr. 930, noiembrie 29, p. 2. Rogin, Theodor : „Ignat Bednarik - un artist uitat?” în Minimum, Tel Aviv, XII˝(1998), nr.139, octombrie, p. 77 Ministerul Cultelor și Artelor. Muzeul A. Simu și Casa Simu – Muzeu catalog. Fondul Anastase Simu – București 1937. Șotropa, Adriana, ”Visuri și himere”, Editura Compania, București, 2009 Iliescu, Leontin, „Salonul de toamnă al Cenaclului Idealist” în Universul Literar, XXXI (1915), nr. 47, noiembrie 22, p. 5. Iliescu, Leontin „Cenaclul Idealist” (”Un salon artistic de toamnă„), Universul Literar, XXXI (1915), nr. 42, octombrie 18, p. 6. Olimp Grigore Ioan: „Le Cénacle idéaliste” în L’Indepéndence Roumaine”, 38 (1915), nr. 12236, nov. 30/ dec. 13, p. 2. External links Ignat Bednarik (used with permission) Archived 2009-04-04 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"watercolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor"},{"link_name":"decorative art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorative_art"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"interior decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_decoration"},{"link_name":"illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration"}],"text":"Ignat Bednarik (March 8, 1882 – March 11, 1963) was a Romanian painter who worked in almost every genre of painting before devoting himself purely to watercolor. He was also interested in decorative art, design, interior decoration and book illustration. In his lifetime, he produced more than 3,000 works of art.","title":"Ignat Bednarik"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orschowa (Orşova)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C5%9Fova"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"Drobeta Turnu Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobeta_Turnu_Severin"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Ion Georgescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_Georgescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Albertina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Royal School of Applied Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich"},{"link_name":"Jugendstil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendstil"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Bednarik was born in Orschowa (Orşova), at the time part of Austria-Hungary, to Czech parents; he was son of the second marriage of Adalbert Bednarik (originally from Moravia) and Genoveva Hauschka, followed by two sisters, Genoveva, and Maria.While a pupil at the Traian High School in Drobeta Turnu Severin, he won first prize for his works in drawing at the Tinerimea Română society.From 1898 to 1900, Bednarik studied at the Bucharest School of Fine Arts under the sculptor and water-colourist, Ion Georgescu. In 1901, he went to Vienna where he occasionally attended classes at the Academy of Fine Arts; Bednarik preferred instead to study masterpieces in the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and the Albertina.In 1909, he married Elena Alexandrina Barabaş, also a graduate of the Bucharest School of Fine Arts. Together they left for Munich to study at the Royal School of Applied Art, at a time when the city was a dynamic international cultural centre, brimming with new ideas, in particular the influence of the Jugendstil aesthetic.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Salon d'Automne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne"},{"link_name":"Grand Palais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Palais"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Macedonski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Macedonski"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Meşterul Manole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9Fterul_Manole"},{"link_name":"Romanian folk-tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_folklore"},{"link_name":"Petre Ispirescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petre_Ispirescu"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Chimera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"To Be or Not To Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_be,_or_not_to_be"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Symbolism","text":"The Bednariks made their debut in 1910, in Paris, at the Salon d'Automne held in the Grand Palais. They returned to Bucharest in the same year. Ignat Bednarik exhibited for the first time in Romania in 1913 with Associaţia Artistică; he subsequently took part in official salons and opened his first individual exhibition in Bucharest in 1915.[1]His works of this period brought the influence of European symbolism to Romania at the same time as Alexandru Macedonski was exploring similar ideas in poetry.[2] The longing for evasion, a favourite concern of symbolists, shows itself in a variety of ways in his work. A symbolic interpretation of reality, seen through the world of myths, is found in works like Saved, while the interdependence of heaven and earth is explored in When the Gods Came Down to Earth and a demythologising of fiction is attempted in End of the Legend (all 1915). The need for escape, the longing for the absolute and the desire to recreate reality in an ideal dimension can also be seen in Towards glory (1915), The Spirit Triumphs (1916), Excelsior, The Paths of Life (1922) and Æternum Vale!.The escape into the world of legends and ancient ballads (for example, Meşterul Manole) demonstrates Bednarik's debt to Romanian folk-tales, seen particularly well in his series of illustrations for Petre Ispirescu's Tales of the Romanians (1925–1926).Notes of nostalgia and reverie also permeate his portrait-compositions Ioana (1920), The Letter (1921) and Portrait of Mrs. M. Tomescu (1923), while his treatment of philosophical subjects, such as Towards the Styx (1916), The Enigma of Life (1919), Chimera, or To Be or Not To Be (1922), is imbued with an air of symbolic mystery.Another kind of symbolic escape is found in the realm of fine sensations, of correspondences. The theme of music often appears in Bednarik's work, for example Young Girl Playing the Violin (1915), At the Piano (1922) and Playing the Violin (1922). Bednarik often associates music with flowers which decorate the interior where the former is being produced; at times they are so faintly sketched on the canvas as to be almost invisible (another symbolist trait). Flowers are often present in portraits of children (Mother's Birthday) and almost always in paintings of female figures (a favourite association of Art Nouveau artists), for example in Portrait of the Artist's Wife (1919), Portrait of a Young Girl (1925), or Portrait of Miss J.P. (1924). They are also seen in his interiors with nudes painted in 1921. The flower symbolism is enhanced by the choice of the blossom which accompanies the female figure. Mastering the delicate transparency of watercolour, Bednarik surrounds his sitters sometimes with lilies, but more often with roses or peonies. In his next period, from 1919 to 1928, the still life with flowers became one of his favourite subjects.[3]The novelty of his work lies in its symbolist conception as well as the atmosphere of deep philosophical contemplation, transposed through watercolour, which imbues his painting with such distinctive individuality.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Iaşi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Queen Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"occupied by German forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Romanian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Doja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Doja"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Later work","text":"The violence of World War I brought an abrupt halt to his heady and coloured symbolist compositions. As a member of the War Team of Artists and Sculptors[4] set up in Iaşi by Queen Marie, during the time when Bucharest was occupied by German forces, Bednarik employed all his graphic skill in vigorous depictions of conflict and hardships.Between 1915 and 1927, Bednarik held eight individual watercolour exhibitions in Bucharest and, in 1928, one in New York City.[5] He also executed a series of works which were designed as an overlook of typical scenes from Romanian daily life. Towards 1947, partially recovering his sight after a period of almost total blindness, he painted a number of canvases depicting characters from old Bucharest, or scenes from Romanian history (The Execution of Gheorghe Doja, 1954). In 1956, a retrospective of the work of Ignat Bednarik was organised in Bucharest by the Union of Artists.[6]In 1961 he went completely blind. He died two years later.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Museum of Art of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Art_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Romanian History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Romanian_History"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Brukenthal Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukenthal_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"Albertina Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina_(Vienna)"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Today, his works can be seen in collections and museums both in Romania and abroad, such as in the National Museum of Art of Romania, Military Museum, and National Museum of Romanian History, the Bucharest City Museum of History and Art, the library of the Romanian Academy, the Brukenthal Museum in Sibiu; also in the Albertina Collection in Vienna and in private collections in Europe, the Americas and the Middle East.[7]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Gemaldeasstellung „Bednarik - Sofronie” în Rumanischer Lloyd, XXXII (1915), nr. 8507, decembrie 22, p. 2\n\n^ Olimp Grigore Ioan: „Le Cénacle idéaliste”/„Cenaclul Idealist”/„Idealistic Literary Club” în L’Indepéndence Roumaine”, 38 (1915), nr. 12236, nov. 30/ dec. 13, p. 2.\n\n^ Temele simboliste, p.10-13, Album Ignat Bednarik, Editura Meridiane, 1987, autor Beatrice Bednarik\n\n^ Petru Comarnescu, „Pictorul Bednarik”/„Painter Bednarik”, Arta Plastică IX (1962), nr/no.4, page.44.\n\n^ The Art Center 65-67 East 56th Street, An Exhibition of Paintings and Water Colors by Oscar Schmidt, Ignatz Bednarik and Edward Nagel. Shown under the patronage of the Royal Rumanian Legation. October 16 to November 6, 1928\n\n^ Catalogul Expoziției retrospective de acuarelă și desen I. Bednarik, Editat de Uniunea Artiștilor Plastici, București, 1956/Catalog Exhibition of Ignat Bednarik Publishing House, U.A.P. Bucharest 1956\n\n^ Beatrice Bednarik, Ignat Bednarik Album, Meridiane Publishing House, Bucharest 1987, p.5","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolae Tonitza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Tonitza"}],"text":"Beatrice Bednarik, Ignat Bednarik Album, Meridiane Publishing House, Bucharest 1987\nBeatrice Bednarik - “Ignat Bednarik, pictor și ilustrator al reginei Maria” - Revista Academica, Nr. 56-57 (193-194), Annul XVII, Noiembrie-Decembrie 2006\nCatalogul Expoziției retrospective de acuarelă și desen I. Bednarik, Editat de Uniunea Artiștilor Plastici, București, 1956/Catalog Exhibition of Ignat Bednarik Publishing House, U.A.P. Bucharest 1956.\nPetru Comarnescu, „Pictorul Bednarik”, Arta Plastică IX(1962), nr.4, p. 44.\nVictor Bilciurescu, „Pictorul Bednarik” în Lumea Ilustrată, Nr. 5, Ianuarie 29, p. 5.\nThe Art Center 65-67 East 56th Street, An Exhibition of Paintings and Water Colors by Oscar Schmidt, Ignatz Bednarik and Edward Nagel. Shown under the patronage of the Royal Rumanian Legation. October 16 to November 6, 1928.\nFulmen, „(Expoziție de Artă) Pictorul Bednarik”, în Adevărul, XXXII (1919), nr. 10994, decembrie 26, p. 2.\nLeontin Iliescu, „Un gânditor în artă: I. Bednarik ” în Universul, 38 (1919), nr. 42, decembrie 27, p. 4.\nNicolae Tonitza, „Expozițiile: Manea, Bednarik, Lazăr, Ionescu-Doru, Savargin” în Izbânda II (1920), nr. 679 decembrie 6, p. 4.\nConstanța Zissu, „Expoziția de pictură I.Bednarik și Sofronie” în Drepturile Femeii, IV (1915), decembrie, p. 156.\nGemaldeasstellung „Bednarik - Sofronie” în Rumanischer Lloyd, XXXII (1915), nr. 8507, decembrie 22, p. 2.\nIgnat Bednarik, în Repertoriul Graficii Românești din Secolul al XX lea, A-C, vol.I, Editat de Muzeul Național de Artă a României, București, 1978, p. 158-160\nMircea Deac \"Nudul în pictura româneacă\", Ed. Monitorul Oficial, 2010, p. 132.\nMinisterul Cultelor și Artelor. Muzeul A. Simu și Casa Simu – Muzeu catalog. Fondul Anastase Simu – București 1937.\nPaul Dudea „ Ignat Bednarik. Un artist plastic polivalent ” – (115 ani de la nașterea sa), în Revista Gândirea, Sibiu, Seria Nouă nr. 5–6, VI (1997), p. 101 -102.\nLucifer/Sigmund Maur/: (Pictură – Sculptură) „Expoziția aquarelistului I. Bednarik” în Rampa IV(1920), nr. 930, noiembrie 29, p. 2.\nRogin, Theodor : „Ignat Bednarik - un artist uitat?” în Minimum, Tel Aviv, XII˝(1998), nr.139, octombrie, p. 77\nMinisterul Cultelor și Artelor. Muzeul A. Simu și Casa Simu – Muzeu catalog. Fondul Anastase Simu – București 1937.\nȘotropa, Adriana, ”Visuri și himere”, Editura Compania, București, 2009\nIliescu, Leontin, „Salonul de toamnă al Cenaclului Idealist” în Universul Literar, XXXI (1915), nr. 47, noiembrie 22, p. 5.\nIliescu, Leontin „Cenaclul Idealist” (”Un salon artistic de toamnă„), Universul Literar, XXXI (1915), nr. 42, octombrie 18, p. 6.\nOlimp Grigore Ioan: „Le Cénacle idéaliste” în L’Indepéndence Roumaine”, 38 (1915), nr. 12236, nov. 30/ dec. 13, p. 2.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.bednarik.non-profit.nl/","external_links_name":"Ignat Bednarik (used with permission)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090404225224/http://www.bednarik.non-profit.nl/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000019764802","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/65230956","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg4gJH8R6R7wtxJK4xbh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13575626X","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C4%ABte_Municipality	Babīte Municipality	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 56°57′N 23°57′E / 56.950°N 23.950°E / 56.950; 23.950Municipality of Latvia Former municipality in LatviaBabīte Municipality Babītes novadsFormer municipality FlagCoat of armsCountry LatviaMerged into Mārupe Municipality2021CentrePiņķiGovernment • ChairmanAivars Osītis (LRA)Area • Total243.42 km2 (93.98 sq mi) • Land204.77 km2 (79.06 sq mi) • Water38.65 km2 (14.92 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total11,247 • Density46/km2 (120/sq mi)Websitewww.babite.lv Babīte Municipality (Latvian: Babītes novads) is a former municipality in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 when Babīte parish and Sala parish merged with the administrative centre becoming Piņķi. On 1 July 2021, Babīte Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Mārupe Municipality Large bog Cenas Tīrelis in Babīte Municipality See also Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009) References ^ Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT010/. Retrieved 25 February 2021. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRD060/. Retrieved 15 June 2021. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Law on Administrative Territories and Populated Areas vteFormer first-level administrative divisions of Latvia (2009–2021)Republican cities Daugavpils Jēkabpils Jelgava Jūrmala Liepāja Rēzekne Riga Valmiera Ventspils Municipalities Aglona Aizkraukle Aizpute Aknīste Aloja Alsunga Alūksne Amata Ape Auce Ādaži Babīte Baldone Baltinava Balvi Bauska Beverīna Brocēni Burtnieki Carnikava Cesvaine Cēsis Cibla Dagda Daugavpils Dobele Dundaga Durbe Engure Ērgļi Garkalne Grobiņa Gulbene Iecava Ikšķile Ilūkste Inčukalns Jaunjelgava Jaunpiebalga Jaunpils Jelgava Jēkabpils Kandava Kārsava Kocēni Koknese Krāslava Krimulda Krustpils Kuldīga Ķegums Ķekava Lielvārde Limbaži Līgatne Līvāni Lubāna Ludza Madona Mazsalaca Mālpils Mārupe Mērsrags Naukšēni Nereta Nīca Ogre Olaine Ozolnieki Pārgauja Pāvilosta Pļaviņas Preiļi Priekule Priekuļi Rauna Rēzekne Riebiņi Roja Ropaži Rucava Rugāji Rundāle Rūjiena Salacgrīva Sala Salaspils Saldus Saulkrasti Sēja Sigulda Skrīveri Skrunda Smiltene Stopiņi Strenči Talsi Tērvete Tukums Vaiņode Valka Varakļāni Vārkava Vecpiebalga Vecumnieki Ventspils Viesīte Viļaka Viļāni Zilupe vteState cities and municipalities in Riga Planning RegionState cities Riga Jūrmala Ogre Municipalities Ādaži Ķekava Limbaži Mārupe Ogre Olaine Ropaži Salaspils Saulkrasti Sigulda Tukums Ogre is a state city, but it is also part of Ogre Municipality. Unlike the other listed entities, it is not a first-level administrative division of Latvia. 56°57′N 23°57′E / 56.950°N 23.950°E / 56.950; 23.950 Authority control databases: National Latvia This Vidzeme location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Babīte parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C4%ABte_parish"},{"link_name":"Sala parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala_parish,_Bab%C4%ABte_municipality"},{"link_name":"merged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Piņķi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%86%C4%B7i"},{"link_name":"Mārupe Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rupe_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cenas_t%C4%ABrelis.jpg"}],"text":"Municipality of LatviaFormer municipality in LatviaBabīte Municipality (Latvian: Babītes novads) is a former municipality in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 when Babīte parish and Sala parish merged with the administrative centre becoming Piņķi.On 1 July 2021, Babīte Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Mārupe Municipality[3]Large bog Cenas Tīrelis in Babīte Municipality","title":"Babīte Municipality"}]	[]	[{"title":"Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia_(2009)"}]	[{"reference":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT010/. Retrieved 25 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT010/","url_text":"https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT010/"}]},{"reference":"Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRD060/. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRD060/","url_text":"https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRD060/"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bab%C4%ABte_Municipality&params=56_57_N_23_57_E_source:kolossus-itwiki","external_links_name":"56°57′N 23°57′E / 56.950°N 23.950°E / 56.950; 23.950"},{"Link":"http://www.babite.lv/","external_links_name":"www.babite.lv"},{"Link":"https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT010/","external_links_name":"https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT010/"},{"Link":"https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRD060/","external_links_name":"https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRD060/"},{"Link":"https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/315654-law-on-administrative-territories-and-populated-areas","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bab%C4%ABte_Municipality&params=56_57_N_23_57_E_source:kolossus-itwiki","external_links_name":"56°57′N 23°57′E / 56.950°N 23.950°E / 56.950; 23.950"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000139611&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bab%C4%ABte_Municipality&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Haul	Million Dollar Haul	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	1935 film Million Dollar HaulDirected byAlbert HermanWritten byRobert WalkerVictor PotelProduced byBert SternbachLouis WeissStarringReed HowesJanet ChandlerWilliam FarnumCinematographyHarry ForbesEdited byRalph HoltProductioncompanyWeiss ProductionsDistributed byStage & Screen ProductionsRelease date April 3, 1935 (1935-04-03) Running time63 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Million Dollar Haul is a 1935 American mystery film directed by Albert Herman and starring Reed Howes, Janet Chandler and William Farnum. Plot The owner of a Los Angeles warehouse that has been robbed calls in a private investigator, who believes that they are an inside job and sets out to find the perpetrator. Cast Reed Howes as Dan Kennedy Janet Chandler as Sheila Mallory William Farnum as Mr. Mallory - Sheila's Dad Robert Frazer as Steve Graham Creighton Hale as Arthur 'Curley' Roberts John Ince as Amos Boswell Vance Carroll as Henchman Ed Charles King as Savonne Tom London as Henchman Joe Margaret McConnell as Rea aka Operator 27 Dick Rush as Police Commissioner Jack Grant as Henchman Bing Bruce Randall as Henchman Randy Dick Botiller as Henchman Dick Tiny Skelton as Henchman Red Thelma Moreland as Blue Moon Cafe Singer Robert Walker as Policeman Victor Potel as Schultz References ^ Pitts p.374 Bibliography Pitts, Michael R. Poverty Row Studios, 1929-1940. McFarland & Company, 2005. External links Million Dollar Haul at IMDb vteFilms directed by Albert Herman Sporting Chance (1931) Exposed (1932) The Big Chance (1933) Twisted Rails (1934) Hot Off the Press (1935) Speed Limited (1935) Gun Play (1935) Big Boy Rides Again (1935) Western Frontier (1935) Million Dollar Haul (1935) What Price Crime (1935) The Cowboy and the Bandit (1935) Danger Ahead (1935) The Drunkard (1935) Bars of Hate (1935) Trails End (1935) Blazing Justice (1936) Outlaws of the Range (1936) Valley of Terror (1937) Renfrew of the Royal Mounted (1937) Rollin' Plains (1938) Where the Buffalo Roam (1938) Starlight Over Texas (1938) On the Great White Trail (1938) The Utah Trail (1938) Song of the Buckaroo (1938) Sundown on the Prairie (1939) Rollin' Westward (1939) Man from Texas (1939) Down the Wyoming Trail (1939) The Golden Trail (1940) Rhythm of the Rio Grande (1940) Pals of the Silver Sage (1940) Rainbow Over the Range (1940) Roll Wagons Roll (1940) Arizona Frontier (1940) Take Me Back to Oklahoma (1940) Rollin' Home to Texas (1940) Gentleman from Dixie (1941) The Pioneers (1941) Miss V from Moscow (1942) A Yank in Libya (1942) The Rangers Take Over (1942) The Dawn Express (1942) Bad Men of Thunder Gap (1943) Rogues' Gallery (1944) Delinquent Daughters (1944) Shake Hands with Murder (1944) The Missing Corpse (1945) The Phantom of 42nd Street (1945) This article about a mystery film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mystery film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"Albert Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Herman"},{"link_name":"Reed Howes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Howes"},{"link_name":"Janet Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Chandler"},{"link_name":"William Farnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Farnum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Million Dollar Haul is a 1935 American mystery film directed by Albert Herman and starring Reed Howes, Janet Chandler and William Farnum.[1]","title":"Million Dollar Haul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inside job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_job"}],"text":"The owner of a Los Angeles warehouse that has been robbed calls in a private investigator, who believes that they are an inside job and sets out to find the perpetrator.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reed Howes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Howes"},{"link_name":"Janet Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Chandler"},{"link_name":"William Farnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Farnum"},{"link_name":"Robert Frazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frazer"},{"link_name":"Creighton Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creighton_Hale"},{"link_name":"John Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ince_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Charles King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_King_(character_actor)"},{"link_name":"Tom London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_London"},{"link_name":"Dick Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Rush"},{"link_name":"Dick Botiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Botiller"},{"link_name":"Robert Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walker_(actor,_born_1888)"},{"link_name":"Victor Potel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Potel"}],"text":"Reed Howes as Dan Kennedy\nJanet Chandler as Sheila Mallory\nWilliam Farnum as Mr. Mallory - Sheila's Dad\nRobert Frazer as Steve Graham\nCreighton Hale as Arthur 'Curley' Roberts\nJohn Ince as Amos Boswell\nVance Carroll as Henchman Ed\nCharles King as Savonne\nTom London as Henchman Joe\nMargaret McConnell as Rea aka Operator 27\nDick Rush as Police Commissioner\nJack Grant as Henchman Bing\nBruce Randall as Henchman Randy\nDick Botiller as Henchman Dick\nTiny Skelton as Henchman Red\nThelma Moreland as Blue Moon Cafe Singer\nRobert Walker as Policeman\nVictor Potel as Schultz","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pitts, Michael R. Poverty Row Studios, 1929-1940. McFarland & Company, 2005.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0312963/","external_links_name":"Million Dollar Haul"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Million_Dollar_Haul&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Reding	Janine Reding	["1 Biography","2 The Reding–Piette Piano Duo","3 International career","4 Janine Reding-Piette Collection","5 Repertoire","6 References"]	Belgian pianist and pedagogue Janine RedingBorn(1920-11-21)November 21, 1920Died31 December 2015(2015-12-31) (aged 95)GenresClassicalOccupation(s)PianistMusical artist Janine Reding (Brussels, 21 November 1920 – Monaco, 31 December 2015) was a Belgian pianist and pedagogue. Biography Janine Reding was the daughter of Fernand Reding, lawyer and editor-in-chief of the Brussels daily newspaper L'Éventail, and Yvonne Guidé (1892-1932), daughter of the oboist and opera manager Guillaume Guidé. She grew up in Brussels’ privileged circles. Her mother Yvonne, was an accomplished & well-known musician, and as a child she heard a number of prominent pianists and composers playing on the Pleyel grand piano in the family salon in Rue Américaine. Reding began to study piano at six, becoming at ten the youngest student of Arthur De Greef who usually only taught adults. When De Greef died in 1940, she continued her musical studies with Austrian conductor Erich Kleiber and German pianist Kurt Leimer. Reding gave her first public recital at the age of 17 at Brussels Charlier Museum where, in spite of a blackout, she carried on performing to thunderous applause. In November 1939, she entered the newly created Queen Elisabeth Music Chapel where she studied harmony with René Moulaert, music history with Roger Bragard, acoustics with Monfort, philosophy with Philippe Devaux, art history with Paul Fierens, and counterpoint, fugue and composition with Jean Absil. While still studying, she met her future husband, pianist Henry Piette, also a student of the Music Chapel. The couple married on 6 March 1942. The Reding–Piette Piano Duo The Reding–Piette duo in 1972, visiting Finland. To the right, the conductor Jorma Panula. Janine Reding and Henry Piette graduated in piano pedagogy in 1943. In May 1945, following advice from the conductor Leon Guller, the young couple devoted themselves to performing repertoire for two pianos. The duo’s early career was boosted thanks to support from Marcel Cuvelier, director of the Philharmonic Society in Brussels, and later from Ernest Ansermet, famous conductor at Radio Suisse Romande, and Émile Vuillermoz, influent French musical critic. During this period, the Duo played the first European performance of the Sonata for two pianos and percussion by Béla Bartók in both its chamber and orchestral versions. International career Following these auspicious beginnings, the Reding-Piette Duo went on to perform much of the repertoire for two pianos. They also premiered a number of new works written especially for them. Important milestones in their career included the first Belgian performance of the Scottish Ballad by Benjamin Britten, the Sonata for two pianos by Igor Stravinsky, the 5th symphony, "In Ecco", from the Concerto for two pianos by Gian Francesco Malipiero, and the concertos for two pianos by Darius Milhaud and Francis Poulenc. The duo performed with important conductors including Eugène Jochum, Lorin Maazel, Dean Dixon, Mario Rossi, Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt, Eleazar de Carvalho, Charles Munch, André Cluytens, Rafael Kubelík, and Paul van Kempen. Preferring the spontaneity of live performance, the Reding-Piette Duo refused to record, considering recordings “canned music”. However, after her husband’s death in 1987, Janine Reding changed her mind. English pianist Moura Lympany was put in charge of gathering different recording sessions that the duet had performed for various radio stations around the world. This compilation was edited by the English firm Olympia Compact Discs Ltd. Following the release of this anthology, Janine Reding was contacted to give master classes in a broad variety of musical institutions (Occidental College, UCLA, the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, the Peabody Institute, Charles University (Prague), and the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest. She later taught from her home in Monaco. Janine Reding-Piette Collection The Janine-Reding-Piette Collection is composed of donations made between 1987 and 2015 and is housed at the Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium. It includes documents relating to the musical careers of Reding-Piette Duo and of Guillaume Guidé, the autographs collection of Yvonne Guidé, numerous autograph and printed scores, pictures, and correspondence. Repertoire Composer Two pianos with orchestra Two pianos Jean Absil Rhapsodie no.5 op. 102 (1959), for 2 pianos Jehan Alain Litanies (JA119a) for two pianos, transcribed by Olivier Alain Wilhelm Friedemann Bach Sonata in F major Béla Bartók Concerto for two pianos and orchestra Johannes Brahms Variations on a theme of Haydn Benjamin Britten Scottish Ballad Claude Debussy En blanc et noir Gian Francesco Malipiero Concerto for two pianos and orchestra Bohuslav Martinů Concerto for two pianos and orchestra Three Czech Danses for two pianos References ^ Raoul Pugno, Arthur De Greef, Francis Planté, Giacomo Puccini, Jules Massenet, Camille Saint-Saëns and Isaac Albéniz, among others. The autographs' book of Yvonne Guidé - kept in the Royal Library of Belgium - includes a number of notable signatures collected thanks to her father’s network. ^ J. Reding-Piette, 2 pianos, une vocation, Brussels, La Longue Vue, 1992, p. 16-17. ^ Reding-Piette J., 2 pianos, une vocation, Brussels, La Longue Vue, 1992, p. 18. ^ Fonds Reding-Piette at the Royal Library of Belgium: http://www.kbr.be ^ a b c d e Cahiers du Sud (in French). Vol. 351–355. France: Au Siège. 1959. p. 328. LCCN 89658093. Janine Reding et Henry Piette ont justifié leur réputation internationale dans un concert à deux pianos... ...concert consacré à Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (sonate en fa majeur), Johannes Brahms (Variations sur un thème de Haydn), Bohuslav Martinů (trois danses tchèques), Jehan Alain (Litanies), Debussy (En blanc et en noir)(sic.) ^ a b c Reding and Piette play concertos for two pianos and orchestra. 1990. OCLC 1235902981. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via WorldCat. Concerto for two pianos and orchestra / B. Martinú; Concerto for two pianos and orchestra / G.F. Malipiero; Concerto for two pianos and orchestra / B. Bartók. ^ Reding-Piette, J. (1992). 2 pianos, une vocation (in French). Brussels: La Longue Vue. p. 145. ISBN 287121042X. Répertoire des œuvres originales pour deux pianos: Deux pianos avec orchestre. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"}],"text":"Musical artistJanine Reding (Brussels, 21 November 1920 – Monaco, 31 December 2015) was a Belgian pianist and pedagogue.","title":"Janine Reding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arthur De Greef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_De_Greef_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Erich Kleiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Kleiber"},{"link_name":"Kurt Leimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Leimer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Queen Elisabeth Music Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elisabeth_Music_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Jean Absil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Absil"}],"text":"Janine Reding was the daughter of Fernand Reding, lawyer and editor-in-chief of the Brussels daily newspaper L'Éventail, and Yvonne Guidé (1892-1932), daughter of the oboist and opera manager Guillaume Guidé.\nShe grew up in Brussels’ privileged circles. Her mother Yvonne, was an accomplished & well-known musician, and as a child she heard a number of prominent pianists and composers playing on the Pleyel grand piano in the family salon in Rue Américaine.[1]Reding began to study piano at six, becoming at ten the youngest student of Arthur De Greef who usually only taught adults.[2] When De Greef died in 1940, she continued her musical studies with Austrian conductor Erich Kleiber and German pianist Kurt Leimer. \nReding gave her first public recital at the age of 17 at Brussels Charlier Museum where, in spite of a blackout, she carried on performing to thunderous applause.[3] In November 1939, she entered the newly created Queen Elisabeth Music Chapel where she studied harmony with René Moulaert, music history with Roger Bragard, acoustics with Monfort, philosophy with Philippe Devaux, art history with Paul Fierens, and counterpoint, fugue and composition with Jean Absil. While still studying, she met her future husband, pianist Henry Piette, also a student of the Music Chapel. The couple married on 6 March 1942.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reding-Piette-Piano-duo-1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jorma Panula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorma_Panula"},{"link_name":"Ernest Ansermet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ansermet"},{"link_name":"Radio Suisse Romande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Suisse_Romande"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"}],"text":"The Reding–Piette duo in 1972, visiting Finland. To the right, the conductor Jorma Panula.Janine Reding and Henry Piette graduated in piano pedagogy in 1943. In May 1945, following advice from the conductor Leon Guller, the young couple devoted themselves to performing repertoire for two pianos. The duo’s early career was boosted thanks to support from Marcel Cuvelier, director of the Philharmonic Society in Brussels, and later from Ernest Ansermet, famous conductor at Radio Suisse Romande, and Émile Vuillermoz, influent French musical critic. During this period, the Duo played the first European performance of the Sonata for two pianos and percussion by Béla Bartók in both its chamber and orchestral versions.","title":"The Reding–Piette Piano Duo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Gian Francesco Malipiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Malipiero"},{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Francis Poulenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Poulenc"},{"link_name":"Eugène Jochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Jochum"},{"link_name":"Lorin Maazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorin_Maazel"},{"link_name":"Dean Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Mario Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Rossi_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schmidt-Isserstedt"},{"link_name":"Eleazar de Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar_de_Carvalho"},{"link_name":"Charles Munch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Munch_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"André Cluytens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cluytens"},{"link_name":"Rafael Kubelík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Paul van Kempen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Kempen"},{"link_name":"Moura Lympany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moura_Lympany"},{"link_name":"Occidental College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"Oberlin Conservatory of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Conservatory_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Peabody Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Institute"},{"link_name":"Charles University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt_Academy_of_Music"}],"text":"Following these auspicious beginnings, the Reding-Piette Duo went on to perform much of the repertoire for two pianos. They also premiered a number of new works written especially for them. Important milestones in their career included the first Belgian performance of the Scottish Ballad by Benjamin Britten, the Sonata for two pianos by Igor Stravinsky, the 5th symphony, \"In Ecco\", from the Concerto for two pianos by Gian Francesco Malipiero, and the concertos for two pianos by Darius Milhaud and Francis Poulenc.\nThe duo performed with important conductors including Eugène Jochum, Lorin Maazel, Dean Dixon, Mario Rossi, Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt, Eleazar de Carvalho, Charles Munch, André Cluytens, Rafael Kubelík, and Paul van Kempen.Preferring the spontaneity of live performance, the Reding-Piette Duo refused to record, considering recordings “canned music”. However, after her husband’s death in 1987, Janine Reding changed her mind. English pianist Moura Lympany was put in charge of gathering different recording sessions that the duet had performed for various radio stations around the world. This compilation was edited by the English firm Olympia Compact Discs Ltd.\nFollowing the release of this anthology, Janine Reding was contacted to give master classes in a broad variety of musical institutions (Occidental College, UCLA, the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, the Peabody Institute, Charles University (Prague), and the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest. She later taught from her home in Monaco.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Library of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium"}],"text":"The Janine-Reding-Piette Collection [4] is composed of donations made between 1987 and 2015 and is housed at the Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium. It includes documents relating to the musical careers of Reding-Piette Duo and of Guillaume Guidé, the autographs collection of Yvonne Guidé, numerous autograph and printed scores, pictures, and correspondence.","title":"Janine Reding-Piette Collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Repertoire"}]	[{"image_text":"The Reding–Piette duo in 1972, visiting Finland. To the right, the conductor Jorma Panula.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Reding-Piette-Piano-duo-1972.jpg/220px-Reding-Piette-Piano-duo-1972.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cahiers du Sud [Notebooks of the South] (in French). Vol. 351–355. France: Au Siège. 1959. p. 328. LCCN 89658093. Janine Reding et Henry Piette ont justifié leur réputation internationale dans un concert à deux pianos... ...concert consacré à Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (sonate en fa majeur), Johannes Brahms (Variations sur un thème de Haydn), Bohuslav Martinů (trois danses tchèques), Jehan Alain (Litanies), Debussy (En blanc et en noir)(sic.)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cWMTAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Cahiers du Sud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/89658093","url_text":"89658093"}]},{"reference":"Reding and Piette play concertos for two pianos and orchestra. 1990. OCLC 1235902981. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via WorldCat. Concerto for two pianos and orchestra / B. Martinú; Concerto for two pianos and orchestra / G.F. Malipiero; Concerto for two pianos and orchestra / B. Bartók.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29415371","url_text":"Reding and Piette play concertos for two pianos and orchestra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1235902981","url_text":"1235902981"}]},{"reference":"Reding-Piette, J. (1992). 2 pianos, une vocation [Two pianos, one vocation] (in French). Brussels: La Longue Vue. p. 145. ISBN 287121042X. Répertoire des œuvres originales pour deux pianos: Deux pianos avec orchestre.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CqbHAAAACAAJ","url_text":"2 pianos, une vocation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/287121042X","url_text":"287121042X"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://uurl.kbr.be/1065465","external_links_name":"autographs' book of Yvonne Guidé"},{"Link":"http://www.kbr.be/","external_links_name":"http://www.kbr.be"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cWMTAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Cahiers du Sud"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/89658093","external_links_name":"89658093"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29415371","external_links_name":"Reding and Piette play concertos for two pianos and orchestra"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1235902981","external_links_name":"1235902981"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CqbHAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"2 pianos, une vocation"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/433392/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000004617420X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/32187326","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd3HCmMdMtCVVtQQpwYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139360188","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139360188","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/173771866","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MODV361674","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007416865305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14130339","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99034234","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b4a2d430-31d9-4641-8793-b81c0b2f82d0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_D%C3%A9noix_des_Vergnes	Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes	["1 Biography","1.1 Correspondent","1.2 Poet and writer","1.3 Congress member","1.4 Death","2 Honors","3 Selected works","4 References"]	French poet and writer Fanny DénoixBornMarie-Françoise Descampeaux5 May 1798Luchy (Oise), FranceDied17 January 1879Beauvais, FranceOther namesFanny Dénoix des VergnesOccupation(s)Writer, PoetSpouse(s)Mr. Lavergnat and Mr. Dénoix des VergnesParentsJean-Françoise Descampeaux (father)Marie-Jeanne Boutielle (mother)HonoursNamed "Muse of the Oise" Fanny Dénoix or Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes (1798-1879) was a French poet and writer who was lauded as "the muse of the Oise," the site of her well known poem, Jeanne Hachette, or the siege of Beauvais. Biography Fanny was born Marie-Françoise Descampeaux, in Luchy (Oise), France on May 5, 1798. Her father was Jean-Françoise Descampeaux and her mother, Marie-Jeanne Boutielle. Her father was the tutor for one of the sons of King Louis XV. From an early age, Fanny loved literature, preferring "the reveries of solitude to the distractions of the world." Married first to Mr. Lavergnat, Fanny married a second time on 16 February 1818 to Mr. Dénoix des Vergnes, surgeon of the Royal Guard dragoons. From 1832 on, she published collections of poems under the name of Fanny Dénoix, Fanny Denoix (without the accent, which corresponds to the local pronunciation of her name) or Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes. Correspondent Dénoix corresponded with many French intellectuals of the time including, Victor Hugo, Chateaubriand, Eugène Sue and Alphonse de Lamartine. On 29 June 1832, as Dénoix was just exploring her poetic aspirations, she learned that the famed writer, François-René de Chateaubriand, had been imprisoned. According to an account by Countess Amable Tastu, Dénoix "flew to Paris, entered the hotel of the police prefecture, and despite the most severe orders, obstacles constantly raised, refusals a thousand times repeated, she reached the dungeon of the illustrious prisoner. Thrilled with confusion, emotion, happiness, she could finally contemplate the august features of the author of Rene, hearing the sound of his immortal voice and savoring the touching expression of his gratitude. Full of inexpressible delight, she returned to her province, exclaiming: "This day is the most beautiful of my life!" A correspondence ensued with the famed writer answering "in the most generous way." Some of those letters have been preserved. Poet and writer In 1833, Dénoix published a poem, Jeanne Hachette, or the siege of Beauvais winning an award at the Toulouse Floral Games, and was described as a "young woman with born talent." In 1837, she published Why I am a Poet: To my detractors in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts of Amiens. Dénoix produced her first poetry collection in 1837, Hours of Solitude, and perhaps her most ambitious endeavor was to translate into verse the Mysteries of Paris by Eugène Sue (1843). After the 1848 French revolution, Fanny Dénoix became actively involved in politics, publishing an ode to the army (1850), a collection of patriotic verses (1855), and a salute to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1858). Statue in Beauvais of the city's 1472 heroine, Jeanne Hachette. In 1851, in Beauvais, on the occasion of the erection of the statue to Jeanne Hachette (who was being honoured for her heroism in 1472), Dénoix read her renown poem about the heroine using "flaming stanzas that were reflected on the lips of the 'Muse de l'Oise,' with a superhuman enthusiasm." On that same occasion, the author bequeathed to the city the substantial sum of 5,000 francs with the stipulation that the interest would be awarded every four years to deserving poets. (To put that sum in perspective, in 1831, a working-class family could rent a small house for about 40 francs a year.) She took that opportunity to make the first awards: Paul Dupont-Sevres (200 fr), the unnamed author of a Latin poem "Ode to Jeanne Hachette" (200 fr.), and Laçroix de a Neuville-en-Ilez (100 fr). The prizes were awarded 1880-1914, ceasing with World War I. Congress member Dénoix was a contributor to Flandre Illustrée and a member of several intellectual societies, notably the 1853 scientific congress, for which she authored a poem, To the city of Arras. According to Gerson, she was one of only three female members of the congress among 421 men. He notes that "women published less than two percent of historical monographs between 1866 and 1875, for instance. Their subordinate role in this patrimonial field suggests that they struggled to impose themselves within an amateurish realm that participated in a broader program of political exclusion." Death Dénoix died in Beauvais, France on 17 January 1879, at about 82 years of age. Honors Awarded an honorable mention of the Academy of Floral Games of Toulouse for Jeanne Hachette, or the seat of Beauvais Received an honorable mention from the Philotechnical Society, The Universal Exhibition, April 1868 A street in the city of Beauvais (Rue Denoix des Vergnes) near the Jeu de Paume was named after her in 1882. The plaque on display there spells her name Denoix, without an accent. Selected works Among her many books, poems and letters, the author's name is spelled Dénoix or Denoix (without the accent). The Holly Fountain, by Fanny Dénoix Jeanne Hachette, or the siege of Beauvais, a poem by Fanny Denoix The Brothers of Christian doctrine in Beauvais, letter to the Progress of the Somme by Fanny Denoix Vergnes Gisors-Neauffles, by Fanny Dénoix To Napoleon III, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes To HM the Empress of Mexico, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes Jefferson Davis before the High Court of Justice, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes M. de Cavour, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes To Victor Hugo, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes The Return, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes Without fear and without reproach, poetry, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes Hours of solitude, poems by Fanny Denoix, 1837 The Council, letters written in the Journal d'Amiens, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes Warriors and sentimental, poems by Fanny Denoix Honor to you! Virtues, Courage, Glory, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes Mysteries of Paris (from the novel Les Mystères de Paris by Eugène Sue), poem, by Fanny Dénoix, 1843 Compiègne, La Forêt, by Fanny Dénoix / Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes Pierrefonds, by Fanny Dénoix To the French Army, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1850 Heart and Country, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1855 Floods, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1856 Cancan, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1857 Stances, poem (for the inauguration of the Beauvais railway ), 1857 Beauvais, by Fanny Vergnes Denoix, 1858 Toby, Dog of Muse, to Milord, Dog of Czar, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1865 Here and there, Historical Studies (including Visit to Monsieur de Chateaubriand), by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1865 Let the justice of a woman, by Fanny Vergnes Denoix (sic), 1866 My Politics, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1867 References ^ Les hommes illustres du département de l'Oise : Bibliothèque du Beauvaisis : notices biographiques, critiques, analyses littéraires, citations d'ouvrages, documents particuliers, etc.. 2 / recueillis et publ. par Ch. Brainne. 1858–1864. ^ a b Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes (1858). Beauvais (in French). Lyon Public Library. le Doyen. pp. 112. ^ a b c d e Tastu, Amable (1843). Les femmes célèbres contemporaines (in French). Le Bailly, libraire. pp. 115–116. ^ a b c d e f Bloy, Léon (13 November 2009). "Autographes & Manuscrits" (PDF). pp. 6, 18. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ a b c d Renet, M. (1898). Beauvais et le Beauvaisis dans les temps modernes, époque de Louis XI et de Charles le Téméraire (1461-1483), siège de Beauvais, Jeanne-Hachette (in French). p. 577. ^ Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, des lettres et des arts d'Amiens. France, n.p, 1837. pp 203-208. ^ a b c Gerson, Stéphane (2018-08-06). The Pride of Place: Local Memories and Political Culture in Modern France. Cornell University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-5017-2431-2. ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2020-03-24. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National France BnF data Netherlands Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Fanny Dénoix or Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes (1798-1879) was a French poet and writer who was lauded as \"the muse of the Oise,\" the site of her well known poem, Jeanne Hachette, or the siege of Beauvais.[1][2]","title":"Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchy"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"King Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Fanny was born Marie-Françoise Descampeaux, in Luchy (Oise), France on May 5, 1798. Her father was Jean-Françoise Descampeaux and her mother, Marie-Jeanne Boutielle. Her father was the tutor for one of the sons of King Louis XV. From an early age, Fanny loved literature, preferring \"the reveries of solitude to the distractions of the world.\"[3]Married first to Mr. Lavergnat, Fanny married a second time on 16 February 1818 to Mr. Dénoix des Vergnes, surgeon of the Royal Guard dragoons.[3][4] From 1832 on, she published collections of poems under the name of Fanny Dénoix, Fanny Denoix (without the accent, which corresponds to the local pronunciation of her name) or Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Chateaubriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand"},{"link_name":"Eugène Sue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue"},{"link_name":"Alphonse de Lamartine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Amable Tastu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amable_Tastu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"Correspondent","text":"Dénoix corresponded with many French intellectuals of the time including, Victor Hugo, Chateaubriand, Eugène Sue and Alphonse de Lamartine.[4]On 29 June 1832, as Dénoix was just exploring her poetic aspirations, she learned that the famed writer, François-René de Chateaubriand, had been imprisoned. According to an account by Countess Amable Tastu, Dénoix \"flew to Paris, entered the hotel of the police prefecture, and despite the most severe orders, obstacles constantly raised, refusals a thousand times repeated, she reached the dungeon of the illustrious prisoner. Thrilled with confusion, emotion, happiness, she could finally contemplate the august features of the author of Rene, hearing the sound of his immortal voice and savoring the touching expression of his gratitude. Full of inexpressible delight, she returned to her province, exclaiming: \"This day is the most beautiful of my life!\" A correspondence ensued with the famed writer answering \"in the most generous way.\" Some of those letters have been preserved.[3][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1848 French revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beauvais_Jeanne_Hachette_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Hachette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Hachette"},{"link_name":"statue to Jeanne Hachette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Hachette"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"sub_title":"Poet and writer","text":"In 1833, Dénoix published a poem, Jeanne Hachette, or the siege of Beauvais winning an award at the Toulouse Floral Games,[3] and was described as a \"young woman with born talent.\"[5] In 1837, she published Why I am a Poet: To my detractors in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts of Amiens.[6]Dénoix produced her first poetry collection in 1837, Hours of Solitude, and perhaps her most ambitious endeavor was to translate into verse the Mysteries of Paris by Eugène Sue (1843). After the 1848 French revolution, Fanny Dénoix became actively involved in politics, publishing an ode to the army (1850), a collection of patriotic verses (1855), and a salute to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1858).[4]Statue in Beauvais of the city's 1472 heroine, Jeanne Hachette.In 1851, in Beauvais, on the occasion of the erection of the statue to Jeanne Hachette (who was being honoured for her heroism in 1472), Dénoix read her renown poem about the heroine using \"flaming stanzas that were reflected on the lips of the 'Muse de l'Oise,' with a superhuman enthusiasm.\"[5] On that same occasion, the author bequeathed to the city the substantial sum of 5,000 francs with the stipulation that the interest would be awarded every four years to deserving poets. (To put that sum in perspective, in 1831, a working-class family could rent a small house for about 40 francs a year.[7]) She took that opportunity to make the first awards: Paul Dupont-Sevres (200 fr), the unnamed author of a Latin poem \"Ode to Jeanne Hachette\" (200 fr.), and Laçroix de a Neuville-en-Ilez (100 fr).[5] The prizes were awarded 1880-1914, ceasing with World War I.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"}],"sub_title":"Congress member","text":"Dénoix was a contributor to Flandre Illustrée and a member of several intellectual societies, notably the 1853 scientific congress, for which she authored a poem, To the city of Arras. According to Gerson,[7] she was one of only three female members of the congress among 421 men. He notes that \"women published less than two percent of historical monographs between 1866 and 1875, for instance. Their subordinate role in this patrimonial field suggests that they struggled to impose themselves within an amateurish realm that participated in a broader program of political exclusion.\"[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Dénoix died in Beauvais, France on 17 January 1879, at about 82 years of age.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Awarded an honorable mention of the Academy of Floral Games of Toulouse for Jeanne Hachette, or the seat of Beauvais[4][5][3]\nReceived an honorable mention from the Philotechnical Society, The Universal Exhibition, April 1868\nA street in the city of Beauvais (Rue Denoix des Vergnes) near the Jeu de Paume was named after her in 1882.[8] The plaque on display there spells her name Denoix, without an accent.","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeanne Hachette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Hachette"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Among her many books, poems and letters, the author's name is spelled Dénoix or Denoix (without the accent).The Holly Fountain, by Fanny Dénoix\nJeanne Hachette, or the siege of Beauvais, a poem by Fanny Denoix\nThe Brothers of Christian doctrine in Beauvais, letter to the Progress of the Somme by Fanny Denoix Vergnes\nGisors-Neauffles, by Fanny Dénoix\nTo Napoleon III, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nTo HM the Empress of Mexico, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nJefferson Davis before the High Court of Justice, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nM. de Cavour, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nTo Victor Hugo, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nThe Return, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nWithout fear and without reproach, poetry, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nHours of solitude, poems by Fanny Denoix, 1837\nThe Council, letters written in the Journal d'Amiens, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nWarriors and sentimental, poems by Fanny Denoix\nHonor to you! Virtues, Courage, Glory, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nMysteries of Paris (from the novel Les Mystères de Paris by Eugène Sue), poem, by Fanny Dénoix, 1843\nCompiègne, La Forêt, by Fanny Dénoix / Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes\nPierrefonds, by Fanny Dénoix\nTo the French Army, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1850[4]\nHeart and Country, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1855\nFloods, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1856\nCancan, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1857\nStances, poem (for the inauguration of the Beauvais railway ), 1857\nBeauvais, by Fanny Vergnes Denoix, 1858[2]\nToby, Dog of Muse, to Milord, Dog of Czar, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1865\nHere and there, Historical Studies (including Visit to Monsieur de Chateaubriand), by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1865\nLet the justice of a woman, by Fanny Vergnes Denoix (sic), 1866\nMy Politics, by Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes, 1867","title":"Selected works"}]	[{"image_text":"Statue in Beauvais of the city's 1472 heroine, Jeanne Hachette.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Beauvais_Jeanne_Hachette_3.jpg/220px-Beauvais_Jeanne_Hachette_3.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Les hommes illustres du département de l'Oise : Bibliothèque du Beauvaisis : notices biographiques, critiques, analyses littéraires, citations d'ouvrages, documents particuliers, etc.. 2 / recueillis et publ. par Ch. Brainne. 1858–1864.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k36834j","url_text":"Les hommes illustres du département de l'Oise : Bibliothèque du Beauvaisis : notices biographiques, critiques, analyses littéraires, citations d'ouvrages, documents particuliers, etc.. 2 / recueillis et publ. par Ch. Brainne"}]},{"reference":"Fanny Dénoix des Vergnes (1858). Beauvais (in French). Lyon Public Library. le Doyen. pp. 112.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_L9Bs_Onyv_IC","url_text":"Beauvais"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_L9Bs_Onyv_IC/page/n119","url_text":"112"}]},{"reference":"Tastu, Amable (1843). Les femmes célèbres contemporaines (in French). Le Bailly, libraire. pp. 115–116.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IUxVnKygc2MC&q=%22Fanny+D%C3%A9noix%22&pg=PA116","url_text":"Les femmes célèbres contemporaines"}]},{"reference":"Bloy, Léon (13 November 2009). \"Autographes & Manuscrits\" (PDF). pp. 6, 18. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalogue.gazette-drouot.com/pdf/beaussant/livres/13112009/BEAUSSANT%2013%20NOV%20BDEF(1).pdf?id=5765&cp=92","url_text":"\"Autographes & Manuscrits\""}]},{"reference":"Renet, M. (1898). Beauvais et le Beauvaisis dans les temps modernes, époque de Louis XI et de Charles le Téméraire (1461-1483), siège de Beauvais, Jeanne-Hachette (in French). p. 577.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k143749x","url_text":"Beauvais et le Beauvaisis dans les temps modernes, époque de Louis XI et de Charles le Téméraire (1461-1483), siège de Beauvais, Jeanne-Hachette"}]},{"reference":"Gerson, Stéphane (2018-08-06). The Pride of Place: Local Memories and Political Culture in Modern France. Cornell University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-5017-2431-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4pRlDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Fanny+D%C3%A9noix%22&pg=PA56","url_text":"The Pride of Place: Local Memories and Political Culture in Modern France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2431-2","url_text":"978-1-5017-2431-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Maps\". Google Maps. Retrieved 2020-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/@49.4322737,2.089394,17.88z","url_text":"\"Google Maps\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k36834j","external_links_name":"Les hommes illustres du département de l'Oise : Bibliothèque du Beauvaisis : notices biographiques, critiques, analyses littéraires, citations d'ouvrages, documents particuliers, etc.. 2 / recueillis et publ. par Ch. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawoish_languages	Lawoish languages	["1 References"]	LawoishGeographicdistributionYunnan, ChinaLinguistic classificationSino-Tibetan(Tibeto-Burman)Lolo–BurmeseLoloishCentral Loloish?LawoishGlottologlawo1234 The Lawu languages or Lawoish languages are a proposed branch of Loloish languages. Internal classification within Loloish is uncertain. It may form a branch of Central Loloish, or it may be an independent branch of Loloish. The Lawu languages are: Lawu Awu Lewu Cathryn Yang (2012) suggests that Lawu is most likely a Central Ngwi language, but notes that it does not classify with Lalo, Lahu, or the Lisoid (Lisu, Lipo, Lolopo) languages. References ^ Hsiu, Andrew. 2017. The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor. ^ Yang, Cathryn. 2012. Phonology sketch and classification of Lawu, an undocumented Ngwi language of Yunnan. In Linguistic Discovery, Volume 10, Issue 2, Year 2012. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived) vteSino-Tibetan branchesWestern Himalayas(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange Eastern Himalayas(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) Bodish Tibetic East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Gongduk ʼOle Tani Chamdo Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border Karbi Kuki-Chin Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman "Naga" Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish East and Southeast Asia Sinitic Bai Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Burmo-Qiangic Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish Dubious (possible isolates)(Arunachal) Hrusish Hruso Mijiic Kho-Bwa Puroik Miju–Meyor Songlin Greater Siangic Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon Proposed groupings Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri Proto-languages Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. vteLolo-Burmese languagesMondzishKathu Kathu Nuclear Mondzish Maang Manga Mango Mantsi Maza Muangphe Mauphu Motang Mongphu Loloish(Yi)(Ngwi)Southern Loloish(Southern Ngwi)(Hanoish)HanoidAkha Akha Chepya Muteun Muda Hani Hani Nuomei Nuobi Lami Luomian Angluo Guohe Guozuo Gehuo Yiche Qidi Kabie Haoni Honi Woni Baihong Bukong Budu Suobi Duoni Duota Asuo Amu Bisoid Bisu Laomian Laopin Pyen Phunoi Sinsali Cantan Cốông Sangkong Tsukong Laopan Laoseng Phongku Phongset Phunyot Cauho Bantang Khongsat Habei Siloid Sila Khir Cosao Paza Phana’ Wanyä Akeu Luma Gokhy Bi-Ka Piyo Enu Kaduo Mpi Mpi Jino Jino Central Loloish(Central Ngwi)Lawoish Lawu Awu Lewu Lahoish Lahu Kucong Nusoish Nusu Zauzou LisoishLaloid Lalo (Western Yi) Yangliu Eka Mangdi Xuzhang Alu Taloid Talu Lavu Lang'e Tagu Popei Naruo Kua-nsi Kuamasi Laizisi Zibusi Sonaga Gomotage Lisu Toloza Lipo Lolopo (Central Yi) Mili Hlersu Micha Lamu LimiKazhuoish Katso Samu Sanie Sadu Meuma NisoishNorthern Loloish(Northern Ngwi)(Nisoid)Nosoid Nuosu (Northern Yi) Nyisu (Yellow Yi) Nasoid Nasu (Eastern Yi) Chesu Luoji Gepo Ku Aluo Southeastern Loloish(Southeastern Ngwi)(Axi-Puoid)Nisu Nisu (Southern Yi) Lope Sani–Azha Sani (Southeastern Yi) Axi Azhe Azha Alingpo Samei Highland Phula Khlula Muji Muzi Moji Laghuu Phowa Phukha Thopho Zokhuo Riverine Phula Phola Phupa others Pholo Ache Long Xiqi Ati Adu BurmishNorthernHigh Northern Achang Lashi Chashan Zaiwa Hpon Hpon Mid Northern Lhao Vo (Maru) Pela SouthernIntha-Danu Intha-Danu Nuclear Southern Burmese Rakhine Tavoyan Pai-lang Pai-lang (Proto-languages) Proto-Loloish	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loloish languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loloish_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsiu2017-1"},{"link_name":"Central Loloish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Loloish_languages"},{"link_name":"Lawu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawu_language"},{"link_name":"Awu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awu_language"},{"link_name":"Lewu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewu_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yang2012-2"},{"link_name":"Central Ngwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Loloish_languages"},{"link_name":"Lalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_language"},{"link_name":"Lahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahu_language"},{"link_name":"Lisoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Lisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisu_language"},{"link_name":"Lipo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipo_language"},{"link_name":"Lolopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolopo_language"}],"text":"The Lawu languages or Lawoish languages are a proposed branch of Loloish languages.[1] Internal classification within Loloish is uncertain. It may form a branch of Central Loloish, or it may be an independent branch of Loloish. The Lawu languages are:Lawu\nAwu\nLewuCathryn Yang (2012)[2] suggests that Lawu is most likely a Central Ngwi language, but notes that it does not classify with Lalo, Lahu, or the Lisoid (Lisu, Lipo, Lolopo) languages.","title":"Lawoish languages"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lawo1234","external_links_name":"lawo1234"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1249178/files/Lawu_languages.pdf","external_links_name":"The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor"},{"Link":"http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/article/410?htmlAlways=yes","external_links_name":"Phonology sketch and classification of Lawu, an undocumented Ngwi language of Yunnan"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6AdB9D07H?url=https://dspace.uta.edu/bitstream/handle/10106/11161/Lama_uta_2502D_11591.pdf","external_links_name":"archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAPE_(defunct)	WOKV (AM)	["1 History","1.1 The Big Ape","1.2 News/talk","1.3 Flip to sports","1.4 AM 690 facilities","2 Programming","3 References","4 External links"]	Sports radio station in Jacksonville, Florida, United States This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "WOKV" AM – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) WOKVJacksonville, FloridaBroadcast areaJacksonville metro areaFrequency690 KHzBrandingESPN 690ProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatSportsAffiliationsESPN RadioJacksonville Jumbo ShrimpOwnershipOwnerCox Media Group(Cox Radio, LLC)Sister stationsWAPE-FMWEZIWHJXWJGLWOKV-FMHistoryFirst air dateOctober 23, 1958; 65 years ago (1958-10-23)Former call signsWAPE (1958–89)WJKF (1989)WPDQ (1989–94)Call sign meaning"OK"Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID53601ClassBPower50,000 watts day25,000 watts nightTransmitter coordinates30°07′56.3″N 81°41′58.9″W / 30.132306°N 81.699694°W / 30.132306; -81.699694 (WOKV-690 AM (day)) (day)30°18′28.5″N 81°56′22.5″W / 30.307917°N 81.939583°W / 30.307917; -81.939583 (WOKV-690 AM (night tower)) (night)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen liveListen live (via Audacy)Websitewww.espn690.com WOKV (690 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to the Jacksonville, Florida, United States. WOKV is owned by Cox Media Group and broadcasts a sports format from studios in Jacksonville's Southside district and transmitters in Orange Park and Baldwin. 690 AM is a Canadian and Mexican clear-channel frequency, on which CKGM in Montreal, Quebec and XEN-AM in Mexico City, Mexico share Class A status. History For the history of WOKV at 600 kHz prior to 1993, see WBOB (AM). The Big Ape AM 690 first signed on the air on October 23, 1958, as WAPE. It was a daytimer, owned by Brennan Broadcasting. WAPE originally broadcast with 25,000 watts and was required to be off the air at night. In 1963, the station got a boost to 50,000 watts by day and it also got nighttime authorization, running 10,000 watts after sunset; a previous attempt to add 25,000 watts of night power in 1960 was dismissed as contravening the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement. For more than two decades, WAPE operated as a popular Top 40 station, known as "The Big Ape". Comic actor Jay Thomas started his professional career as the station's morning man. The Brennan family sold the station in 1970 to Stan and Sis Atlass Kaplan for $1.48 million. Eastman Radio acquired WAPE in 1980. The next year, despite a rating increase, WAPE flipped to country. Several years later, it converted to a Christian radio format. In 1986, WAPE migrated to 95.1 MHz (which, at the time, aired a rhythmic contemporary as WJAX-FM) and relaunched its Top 40 format as WAPE-FM. News/talk In 1989, WAPE was bought by Genesis Communications, which changed the call sign to WJKF, and then to WPDQ, and switched the format to news/talk. The station carried a mix of local hosts and nationally syndicated shows, and was an affiliate of the ABC Information Network. In 1993, Prism Radio Partners bought WPDQ for $400,000. The following year, Prism bought talk station WOKV (600 AM) and oldies station WKQL (96.9 FM) for $3.75 million. The company moved the talk programming and call letters of WOKV from 600 to 690. Cox Radio acquired WOKV and several other Jacksonville-area stations in 2000. In 2006, Cox upgraded WOKV's nighttime signal to 25,000 watts after sunset, with a broader pattern, and also added an FM simulcast on 106.5 FM, formerly WBGB (now WHJX). This made WOKV one of only a few large-market news/talk radio stations at the time to simulcast on both AM and FM. In 2013, the FM simulcast was upgraded when WOKV moved the simulcast to the former WFYV-FM at 104.5, broadcasting with 100,000 watts; the 106.5 frequency returned to a music format, first as soft AC WEZI, then as alternative rock WXXJ, and now as urban adult contemporary WHJX. WOKV was the flagship for the NFL's Jacksonville Jaguars from the team's inception in 1995 through 2013. WJXL took over that role in 2014. In 2010, WOKV was added as a Primary Entry Point to the Emergency Alert System as part of a doubling of the number of designated PEP stations. Flip to sports On January 2, 2019, WOKV (AM) split from its simulcast with WOKV-FM and changed its format to sports, branded as "ESPN 690" with programming from ESPN Radio. AM 690 facilities WOKV has one of the strongest daytime AM signals in the Southeast. In addition to the Jacksonville metropolitan area, its non-directional 50,000–watt daytime signal covers the Atlantic coast, as far south as Melbourne, Florida, and as far north as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, an area that includes Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina. At night, the station reduces power to 25,000 watts and uses a directional antenna to protect clear channel Class A station CKGM in Montreal as well as older, high-power stations on the 690 frequency, including XEWW in Baja California, Mexico and CBU in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Programming WOKV AM 690's programming is made up primarily of ESPN Radio shows, with some live play-by-play coverage of sporting events. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for WOKV". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1960 page A-131 ^ "For the Record" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 6, 1960. p. 104. Retrieved June 6, 2020. ^ "Jay Thomas Dead At 69". Radio Ink. August 24, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2020. ^ "Are FCC threats spur to sales boom?" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 28, 1970. p. 59. Retrieved June 6, 2020. ^ "WAPE Sold To Eastman" (PDF). Radio & Records. August 22, 1980. p. 3. Retrieved June 6, 2020. ^ "Street Talk" (PDF). Radio & Records. February 6, 1981. p. 18. Retrieved June 6, 2020. ^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1991 page B-68 ^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1994 page B-76 ^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1995 page B-83 ^ Stimson, Leslie (September 22, 2010). "New PEP Station in Florida Dedicated". Radio World. Retrieved June 6, 2020. ^ Cox to Launch ESPN 690 Jacksonville Radioinsight - November 6, 2018 ^ "WOKV-AM NEWS TALK 690 - BUSINESS OFC". cylex-usa.com. Retrieved 29 March 2013. External links Official website WOKV in the FCC AM station database WOKV in Nielsen Audio's AM station database FCC History Cards for WOKV vteRadio stations in the Jacksonville metropolitan area (Florida)By AM frequency 550 600 690 930 970 1010 1050 1160 1170 1190 1220 1240 1320 1360 1400 1420 1460 1530 1570 1600 By FM frequency 88.1 88.7 89.3 89.9 90.9 91.7 92.1 92.5 93.3 94.1 95.1 96.1 96.9 97.9 99.1 99.9 100.7 101.5 102.9 104.5 105.3 105.5 105.7 106.3 106.5 107.3 LPFM 95.5 Translators 89.5 92.3 92.9 94.7 95.7 96.5 W243AW W243DO 97.3 98.3 98.7 99.5 100.3 101.1 101.3 101.9 102.1 102.3 103.3 103.7 103.9 104.1 104.9 106.1 106.3 106.9 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 88.1-1 88.1-2 88.1-3 89.9-1 89.9-2 89.9-3 89.9-4 90.9-1 90.9-2 90.9-3 93.3-1 93.3-2 93.3-3 95.1-1 96.1-1 96.9-1 96.9-2 97.9-1 97.9-2 99.1-1 99.1-2 99.9-1 101.5-1 101.5-2 102.9-1 104.5-1 104.5-2 105.5-1 105.5-2 106.5-1 107.3-1 107.3-3 By call sign W208AV W222CL W225BI W234CW W239CN W243AW W243DO W247CF W252DJ W254CW W258CN W262AG W266CX W267BX W270CD W271CJ W272CQ W277DE W279AG W280EY W281AM W285FE W291CI W292DE W295AZ WAOC WAPE-FM WAYR WBHU HD2 WBOB WCGL WCRJ HD2 HD3 WECC-FM WEJZ WEWC WEZI WFOY WFXJ WGNE-FM WHJX WJBT HD2 HD3 WJCT-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WJFR WJGL HD2 WJGM WJKV HD2 HD3 WJNJ WJXL WJXL-FM WJXR WKBX WKSL HD2 WKTZ WMUV WNNR WOKV WOKV-FM HD2 WPLA HD3 WQIK-FM HD2 WQOP WROS WSKR-LP WSOL-FM HD2 WSOS WSOS-FM WTRJ-FM WVOJ WWIO WYKB WYMM WZAZ WZNZ Defunct WCAN (833 AM) WDAL (833 AM) WSVE (1280 AM) Nearby regions Brunswick Daytona Beach Gainesville/Ocala Lake City Savannah Waycross See also List of radio stations in Florida vteSports radio stations in the state of Florida Cudjoe Key WAVK Fort Myers WBCN WWCD Gainesville WRUF Jacksonville WFXJ WJXL WJXL-FM WOKV Live Oak/Lake City WJZS Melbourne WLZR Miami WINZ WQAM WQBA Orlando WRSO WYGM Panama City WGSX Pensacola WBSR WEBY WTKE Saint Petersburg/Tampa WDAE Sebring WJCM Tallahassee WTLY Titusville WIXC West Palm Beach WBZT WEFL WMEN WUUB See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Florida See also ESPN Radio Fox Sports Radio CBS Sports Radio NBC Sports Radio Sports Byline USA SportsMap Radio vteESPN Radio stations in the state of FloridaFull-time affiliates Gainesville WRUF Jacksonville WOKV Lynn Haven WGSX Milton WEBY North Fort Myers WBCN Tampa Bay WDAE West Palm Beach WEFL Part-time affiliates Ormond Beach WELE Venice/ Sarasota WAMR Winter Haven WSIR Brooksville WWJB Stuart WSTU Port St. Lucie WPSL See also List of ESPN Radio affiliates See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Florida See also ESPN Radio Fox Sports Radio CBS Sports Radio NBC Sports Radio Sports Byline USA SportsMap Radio vteCox Media GroupOwned by Apollo Global Management (71%) and Cox Enterprises (29%)Radio stations KCYY KISS-FM KJSR KKYX KONO KONO-FM KRAV-FM KRMG KRMG-FM KSMG KTKX KWEN WALR-FM WAPE-FM WBAB WBLI WCFB WDBO WDUV WEDR WEZI WFEZ WFLC WGAU WGMG WHFM WHIO WHIO-FM WHJX WHKO WHPT WHQT WJGL WMMO WNGC WOEX WOKV WOKV-FM WPUP WRFC WSB WSB-FM WSBB-FM WSRV WTBV WWKA WWRM WXGL WXKT WZLR Television stations(by primary affiliation)ABC WFTV WSB-TV WSOC-TV CBS KIRO-TV WHIO-TV WJAX-TV 1 Fox KLSR-TV WFOX-TV WFXT MyNetworkTV KEVU-CD NBC WPXI Telemundo KIRO-TV 2 WSOC-TV 2 WFOX-TV 2 Other affiliates Independent WAXN-TV WRDQ Cable channels Pittsburgh Cable News Channel Defunct Miami Valley Channel Acquisitions Newport Television Northwest Broadcasting Standard Media (cancelled) 1 Owned by Hoffmann Communications, Inc., Cox Media Group operates WJAX under a SSA. 2 These stations broadcast these networks on their digital subchannels.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radio"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Cox Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"Southside district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Jacksonville"},{"link_name":"transmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"Orange Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Park,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin,_Florida"},{"link_name":"690 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/690_AM"},{"link_name":"clear-channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel"},{"link_name":"CKGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKGM"},{"link_name":"Montreal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"XEN-AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEN-AM"},{"link_name":"Mexico City, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes#AM"}],"text":"WOKV (690 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to the Jacksonville, Florida, United States. WOKV is owned by Cox Media Group and broadcasts a sports format from studios in Jacksonville's Southside district and transmitters in Orange Park and Baldwin.690 AM is a Canadian and Mexican clear-channel frequency, on which CKGM in Montreal, Quebec and XEN-AM in Mexico City, Mexico share Class A status.","title":"WOKV (AM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WBOB (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBOB_(AM)"}],"text":"For the history of WOKV at 600 kHz prior to 1993, see WBOB (AM).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_on"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"daytimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytimer"},{"link_name":"North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"Jay Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Christian radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_radio"},{"link_name":"rhythmic contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary"},{"link_name":"WAPE-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAPE-FM"}],"sub_title":"The Big Ape","text":"AM 690 first signed on the air on October 23, 1958, as WAPE.[2] It was a daytimer, owned by Brennan Broadcasting. WAPE originally broadcast with 25,000 watts and was required to be off the air at night. In 1963, the station got a boost to 50,000 watts by day and it also got nighttime authorization, running 10,000 watts after sunset; a previous attempt to add 25,000 watts of night power in 1960 was dismissed as contravening the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement.[3]For more than two decades, WAPE operated as a popular Top 40 station, known as \"The Big Ape\". Comic actor Jay Thomas started his professional career as the station's morning man.[4] The Brennan family sold the station in 1970 to Stan and Sis Atlass Kaplan for $1.48 million.[5]Eastman Radio acquired WAPE in 1980.[6] The next year, despite a rating increase, WAPE flipped to country.[7] Several years later, it converted to a Christian radio format. In 1986, WAPE migrated to 95.1 MHz (which, at the time, aired a rhythmic contemporary as WJAX-FM) and relaunched its Top 40 format as WAPE-FM.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ABC Information Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"WOKV (600 AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBOB_(AM)"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"WKQL (96.9 FM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJGL"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cox Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Radio"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"WHJX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHJX"},{"link_name":"the former WFYV-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOKV-FM"},{"link_name":"soft AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_AC"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"urban adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"WJXL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJXL_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Emergency Alert System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"News/talk","text":"In 1989, WAPE was bought by Genesis Communications, which changed the call sign to WJKF, and then to WPDQ, and switched the format to news/talk.[8] The station carried a mix of local hosts and nationally syndicated shows, and was an affiliate of the ABC Information Network.In 1993, Prism Radio Partners bought WPDQ for $400,000.[9] The following year, Prism bought talk station WOKV (600 AM) and oldies station WKQL (96.9 FM) for $3.75 million.[10] The company moved the talk programming and call letters of WOKV from 600 to 690.Cox Radio acquired WOKV and several other Jacksonville-area stations in 2000. In 2006, Cox upgraded WOKV's nighttime signal to 25,000 watts after sunset, with a broader pattern, and also added an FM simulcast on 106.5 FM, formerly WBGB (now WHJX). This made WOKV one of only a few large-market news/talk radio stations at the time to simulcast on both AM and FM. In 2013, the FM simulcast was upgraded when WOKV moved the simulcast to the former WFYV-FM at 104.5, broadcasting with 100,000 watts; the 106.5 frequency returned to a music format, first as soft AC WEZI, then as alternative rock WXXJ, and now as urban adult contemporary WHJX.WOKV was the flagship for the NFL's Jacksonville Jaguars from the team's inception in 1995 through 2013. WJXL took over that role in 2014.In 2010, WOKV was added as a Primary Entry Point to the Emergency Alert System as part of a doubling of the number of designated PEP stations.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESPN Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_Radio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Flip to sports","text":"On January 2, 2019, WOKV (AM) split from its simulcast with WOKV-FM and changed its format to sports, branded as \"ESPN 690\" with programming from ESPN Radio.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"non-directional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni-directional_antenna"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"Melbourne, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Cape Hatteras, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Hatteras,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"directional antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_array"},{"link_name":"clear channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_stations"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"CKGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKGM"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"XEWW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEWW-AM"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"CBU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBU_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"sub_title":"AM 690 facilities","text":"WOKV has one of the strongest daytime AM signals in the Southeast.[13] In addition to the Jacksonville metropolitan area, its non-directional 50,000–watt daytime signal covers the Atlantic coast, as far south as Melbourne, Florida, and as far north as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, an area that includes Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina. At night, the station reduces power to 25,000 watts and uses a directional antenna to protect clear channel Class A station CKGM in Montreal as well as older, high-power stations on the 690 frequency, including XEWW in Baja California, Mexico and CBU in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESPN Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_Radio"}],"text":"WOKV AM 690's programming is made up primarily of ESPN Radio shows, with some live play-by-play coverage of sporting events.","title":"Programming"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WOKV\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=53601","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WOKV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"For the Record\" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 6, 1960. p. 104. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1960/BC-1960-06-06.pdf","url_text":"\"For the Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jay Thomas Dead At 69\". Radio Ink. August 24, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioink.com/2017/08/24/jay-thomas-dead-69/","url_text":"\"Jay Thomas Dead At 69\""}]},{"reference":"\"Are FCC threats spur to sales boom?\" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 28, 1970. p. 59. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-12-28-&-Jan-4-1971-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"Are FCC threats spur to sales boom?\""}]},{"reference":"\"WAPE Sold To Eastman\" (PDF). Radio & Records. August 22, 1980. p. 3. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1980/RR-1980-08-22.pdf","url_text":"\"WAPE Sold To Eastman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Street Talk\" (PDF). Radio & Records. February 6, 1981. p. 18. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1981/RR-1981-02-06.pdf","url_text":"\"Street Talk\""}]},{"reference":"Stimson, Leslie (September 22, 2010). \"New PEP Station in Florida Dedicated\". Radio World. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/new-pep-station-in-florida-dedicated","url_text":"\"New PEP Station in Florida Dedicated\""}]},{"reference":"\"WOKV-AM NEWS TALK 690 - BUSINESS OFC\". cylex-usa.com. Retrieved 29 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cylex-usa.com/company/wokv-am-news-talk-690---business-ofc-1820682.html","url_text":"\"WOKV-AM NEWS TALK 690 - BUSINESS OFC\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22WOKV%22+AM","external_links_name":"\"WOKV\" AM"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22WOKV%22+AM+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22WOKV%22+AM&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22WOKV%22+AM+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22WOKV%22+AM","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22WOKV%22+AM&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WOKV_(AM)&params=30_07_56.3_N_81_41_58.9_W_region:US-FL_type:landmark&title=WOKV-690+AM+%28day%29","external_links_name":"30°07′56.3″N 81°41′58.9″W / 30.132306°N 81.699694°W / 30.132306; -81.699694 (WOKV-690 AM (day))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WOKV_(AM)&params=30_18_28.5_N_81_56_22.5_W_region:US-FL_type:landmark&title=WOKV-690+AM+%28night+tower%29","external_links_name":"30°18′28.5″N 81°56′22.5″W / 30.307917°N 81.939583°W / 30.307917; -81.939583 (WOKV-690 AM (night tower))"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/am-profile/WOKV","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=53601","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://www.espn690.com/stream/","external_links_name":"Listen live"},{"Link":"https://www.audacy.com/espn690jacksonville/listen","external_links_name":"Listen live"},{"Link":"https://www.espn690.com/","external_links_name":"www.espn690.com"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=53601","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WOKV\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1960/B%201%20Radio%20Yearbook%201960.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting Yearbook 1960 page A-131"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1960/BC-1960-06-06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"For the Record\""},{"Link":"https://radioink.com/2017/08/24/jay-thomas-dead-69/","external_links_name":"\"Jay Thomas Dead At 69\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-12-28-&-Jan-4-1971-BC.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Are FCC threats spur to sales boom?\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1980/RR-1980-08-22.pdf","external_links_name":"\"WAPE Sold To Eastman\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1981/RR-1981-02-06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Street Talk\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1991/B-Radio-AL-MT-1991-B&W.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1991 page B-68"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1994/B-Radio-AL-MT-BC-YB-1994-B&W.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1994 page B-76"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1995/B-Radio-AL-MT-YB-1995.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1995 page B-83"},{"Link":"https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/new-pep-station-in-florida-dedicated","external_links_name":"\"New PEP Station in Florida Dedicated\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/171812/cox-to-launch-espn-690-jacksonville/","external_links_name":"Cox to Launch ESPN 690 Jacksonville"},{"Link":"http://www.cylex-usa.com/company/wokv-am-news-talk-690---business-ofc-1820682.html","external_links_name":"\"WOKV-AM NEWS TALK 690 - BUSINESS OFC\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn690.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WOKV","external_links_name":"WOKV"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WOKV","external_links_name":"WOKV"},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=49180&.pdf","external_links_name":"FCC History Cards for WOKV"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury	Spinal cord injury	["1 Classification","1.1 Complete and incomplete injuries","1.2 Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality","1.3 Central cord syndrome","1.4 Anterior spinal artery syndrome","1.5 Brown-Séquard syndrome","1.6 Posterior spinal artery syndrome","1.7 Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndromes","2 Signs and symptoms","2.1 Dermatome","2.2 Muscle function","3 Spinal cord injury locations","3.1 Cervical spine","3.2 Lumbosacral","3.3 Thoracic","3.3.1 Autonomic dysreflexia","3.3.2 Neurogenic shock","3.4 Complications","3.4.1 Muscle atrophy","3.4.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory complications","3.4.3 Deep venous thrombosis","3.4.4 Urinary tract infection","3.4.5 Clinical depression","4 Causes","5 Prevention","6 Diagnosis","7 Management","7.1 Pre-hospital treatment","7.1.1 Spinal motion restriction","7.1.2 Devices","7.2 Early hospital treatment","7.2.1 Blood pressure","7.2.2 Steroid treatment","7.2.3 Surgery","7.3 Rehabilitation","8 Prognosis","9 Epidemiology","10 History","11 Research directions","12 See also","13 References","14 Bibliography","15 External links"]	Injury to the main nerve bundle in the back of humans Medical conditionSpinal cord injuryMRI of a fractured and dislocated cervical vertebra (C4) in the neck that is compressing the spinal cordSpecialtyNeurosurgeryTypesComplete, incompleteDiagnostic methodBased on symptoms, medical imagingTreatmentSpinal motion restriction, intravenous fluids, vasopressorsFrequencyc. 12,000 annually in the United States A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. It is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Symptoms of spinal cord injury may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury. Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be complete, with a total loss of sensation and muscle function at lower sacral segments, or incomplete, meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord up to the Sacral S4-5 spinal cord segments. Depending on the location and severity of damage, the symptoms vary, from numbness to paralysis, including bowel or bladder incontinence. Long term outcomes also range widely, from full recovery to permanent tetraplegia (also called quadriplegia) or paraplegia. Complications can include muscle atrophy, loss of voluntary motor control, spasticity, pressure sores, infections, and breathing problems. In the majority of cases the damage results from physical trauma such as car accidents, gunshot wounds, falls, or sports injuries, but it can also result from nontraumatic causes such as infection, insufficient blood flow, and tumors. Just over half of injuries affect the cervical spine, while 15% occur in each of the thoracic spine, border between the thoracic and lumbar spine, and lumbar spine alone. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and medical imaging. Efforts to prevent SCI include individual measures such as using safety equipment, societal measures such as safety regulations in sports and traffic, and improvements to equipment. Treatment starts with restricting further motion of the spine and maintaining adequate blood pressure. Corticosteroids have not been found to be useful. Other interventions vary depending on the location and extent of the injury, from bed rest to surgery. In many cases, spinal cord injuries require long-term physical and occupational therapy, especially if it interferes with activities of daily living. In the United States, about 12,000 people annually survive a spinal cord injury. The most commonly affected group are young adult males. SCI has seen great improvements in its care since the middle of the 20th century. Research into potential treatments includes stem cell implantation, hypothermia, engineered materials for tissue support, epidural spinal stimulation, and wearable robotic exoskeletons. Classification The effects of injury depend on the level along the spinal column (left). A dermatome is an area of the skin that sends sensory messages to a specific spinal nerve (right). Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord between each pair of vertebrae. Spinal cord injury can be traumatic or nontraumatic, and can be classified into three types based on cause: mechanical forces, toxic, and ischemic from lack of blood flow. The damage can also be divided into primary and secondary injury: the cell death that occurs immediately in the original injury, and biochemical cascades that are initiated by the original insult and cause further tissue damage. These secondary injury pathways include the ischemic cascade, inflammation, swelling, cell suicide, and neurotransmitter imbalances. They can take place for minutes or weeks following the injury. At each level of the spinal column, spinal nerves branch off from either side of the spinal cord and exit between a pair of vertebrae, to innervate a specific part of the body. The area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a dermatome, and the group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a myotome. The part of the spinal cord that was damaged corresponds to the spinal nerves at that level and below. Injuries can be cervical 1–8 (C1–C8), thoracic 1–12 (T1–T12), lumbar 1–5 (L1–L5), or sacral (S1–S5). A person's level of injury is defined as the lowest level of full sensation and function. Paraplegia occurs when the legs are affected by the spinal cord damage (in thoracic, lumbar, or sacral injuries), and tetraplegia occurs when all four limbs are affected (cervical damage). SCI is also classified by the degree of impairment. The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), published by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), is widely used to document sensory and motor impairments following SCI. It is based on neurological responses, touch and pinprick sensations tested in each dermatome, and strength of the muscles that control key motions on both sides of the body. Muscle strength is scored on a scale of 0–5 according to the table on the right, and sensation is graded on a scale of 0–2: 0 is no sensation, 1 is altered or decreased sensation, and 2 is full sensation. Each side of the body is graded independently. Muscle strength ASIA Impairment Scale for classifying spinal cord injury Grade Muscle function Grade Description 0 No muscle contraction A Complete injury. No motor or sensory function is preserved in the sacral segments S4 or S5. 1 Muscle flickers B Sensory incomplete. Sensory but not motor function is preserved below the level of injury, including the sacral segments. 2 Full range of motion, gravity eliminated C Motor incomplete. Motor function is preserved below the level of injury, and more than half of muscles tested below the level of injury have a muscle grade less than 3 (see muscle strength scores, left). 3 Full range of motion, against gravity D Motor incomplete. Motor function is preserved below the level of injury and at least half of the key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade of 3 or more. 4 Full range of motion against resistance E Normal. No motor or sensory deficits, but deficits existed in the past. 5 Normal strength Complete and incomplete injuries Level and completeness of injuries Complete Incomplete Tetraplegia 18.3% 34.1% Paraplegia 23.0% 18.5% In a "complete" spinal injury, all functions below the injured area are lost, whether or not the spinal cord is severed. An "incomplete" spinal cord injury involves preservation of motor or sensory function below the level of injury in the spinal cord. To be classed as incomplete, there must be some preservation of sensation or motion in the areas innervated by S4 to S5, including voluntary external anal sphincter contraction. The nerves in this area are connected to the very lowest region of the spinal cord, and retaining sensation and function in these parts of the body indicates that the spinal cord is only partially damaged. Incomplete injury by definition includes a phenomenon known as sacral sparing: some degree of sensation is preserved in the sacral dermatomes, even though sensation may be more impaired in other, higher dermatomes below the level of the lesion. Sacral sparing has been attributed to the fact that the sacral spinal pathways are not as likely as the other spinal pathways to become compressed after injury due to the lamination of fibers within the spinal cord. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality Main article: Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality exists when spinal cord injury is present but there is no evidence of spinal column injury on radiographs. Spinal column injury is trauma that causes fracture of the bone or instability of the ligaments in the spine; this can coexist with or cause injury to the spinal cord, but each injury can occur without the other. Abnormalities might show up on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the term was coined before MRI was in common use. Central cord syndrome Main article: Central cord syndrome Incomplete lesions of the spinal cord: Central cord syndrome (top), Anterior cord syndrome (middle), and Brown-Séquard syndrome (bottom) Central cord syndrome, almost always resulting from damage to the cervical spinal cord, is characterized by weakness in the arms with relative sparing of the legs, and spared sensation in regions served by the sacral segments. There is loss of sensation of pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure below the level of injury. The spinal tracts that serve the arms are more affected due to their central location in the spinal cord, while the corticospinal fibers destined for the legs are spared due to their more external location. The most common of the incomplete SCI syndromes, central cord syndrome usually results from neck hyperextension in older people with spinal stenosis. In younger people, it most commonly results from neck flexion. The most common causes are falls and vehicle accidents; however other possible causes include spinal stenosis and impingement on the spinal cord by a tumor or intervertebral disc. Anterior spinal artery syndrome Main article: Anterior spinal artery syndrome Anterior spinal artery syndrome also known as anterior spinal cord syndrome, due to damage to the front portion of the spinal cord or reduction in the blood supply from the anterior spinal artery, can be caused by fractures or dislocations of vertebrae or herniated disks. Below the level of injury, motor function, pain sensation, and temperature sensation are lost, while sense of touch and proprioception (sense of position in space) remain intact. These differences are due to the relative locations of the spinal tracts responsible for each type of function. Brown-Séquard syndrome Main article: Brown-Séquard syndrome Brown-Séquard syndrome occurs when the spinal cord is injured on one side much more than the other. It is rare for the spinal cord to be truly hemisected (severed on one side), but partial lesions due to penetrating wounds (such as gunshot or knife wounds) or fractured vertebrae or tumors are common. On the ipsilateral side of the injury (same side), the body loses motor function, proprioception, and senses of vibration and touch. On the contralateral (opposite side) of the injury, there is a loss of pain and temperature sensations.If the injury is above pyramidal decussation there is contralateral hemiplagia, at the level of decussation there is completed motor loss on both sides and below pyramidal decussation there is ipsilateral hemiplagia. Spinothalamic tracts are in charge for pain and temperature sensation and because these tracts cross to the opposite side and above the spinal cord there is loss on the contralateral side. Posterior spinal artery syndrome Main article: Posterior spinal artery syndrome Posterior spinal artery syndrome (PSAS), in which just the dorsal columns of the spinal cord are affected, is usually seen in cases of chronic myelopathy but can also occur with infarction of the posterior spinal artery. This rare syndrome causes the loss of proprioception and sense of vibration below the level of injury while motor function and sensation of pain, temperature, and touch remain intact. Usually posterior cord injuries result from insults like disease or vitamin deficiency rather than trauma. Tabes dorsalis, due to injury to the posterior part of the spinal cord caused by syphilis, results in loss of touch and proprioceptive sensation. Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndromes Main articles: Conus medullaris and Cauda equina syndrome Conus medullaris syndrome is an injury to the end of the spinal cord the conus medullaris, located at about the T12–L2 vertebrae in adults. This region contains the S4–S5 spinal segments, responsible for bowel, bladder, and some sexual functions, so these can be disrupted in this type of injury. In addition, sensation and the Achilles reflex can be disrupted. Causes include tumors, physical trauma, and ischemia. Cauda equina syndrome may also be caused by central disc prolapse or slipped disc, infections such as epidural abscess, spinal haemorrhages, secondary to medical procedures and birth abnormalities. Cauda equina syndrome (CES) results from a lesion below the level at which the spinal cord ends. Descending nerve roots continue as the cauda equina at levels L2–S5 below the conus medullaris before exiting through intervertebral foraminae. Thus it is not a true spinal cord syndrome since it is nerve roots that are damaged and not the cord itself; however, it is common for several of these nerves to be damaged at the same time due to their proximity. CES can occur by itself or alongside conus medullaris syndrome. It can cause low back pain, weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs, loss of sensation, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and loss of reflexes. There may be bilateral sciatica with central disc prolapse and altered gait. Unlike conus medullaris syndrome, symptoms often occur only on one side of the body. The cause is often compression, e.g. by a ruptured intervertebral disk or tumor. Since the nerves damaged in CES are actually peripheral nerves because they have already branched off from the spinal cord, the injury has better prognosis for recovery of function: the peripheral nervous system has a greater capacity for healing than the central nervous system. Signs and symptoms Actions of the spinal nerves Level Motor Function C1–C6 Neck flexors C1–T1 Neck extensors C3, C4, C5 Supply diaphragm (mostly C4) C5, C6 Move shoulder, raise arm (deltoid); flex elbow (biceps) C6 externally rotate (supinate) the arm C6, C7 Extend elbow and wrist (triceps and wrist extensors); pronate wrist C7, T1 Flex wrist; supply small muscles of the hand T1–T6 Intercostals and trunk above the waist T7–L1 Abdominal muscles L1–L4 Flex thigh L2, L3, L4 Adduct thigh; Extend leg at the knee (quadriceps femoris) L4, L5, S1 abduct thigh; Flex leg at the knee (hamstrings); Dorsiflex foot (tibialis anterior); Extend toes L5, S1, S2 Extend leg at the hip (gluteus maximus); Plantar flex foot and flex toes Signs (observed by a clinician) and symptoms (experienced by a patient) vary depending on where the spine is injured and the extent of the injury. Dermatome Further information: Dermatome (anatomy) A section of skin innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a dermatome, and injury to that part of the spine can cause pain, numbness, or a loss of sensation in the related areas. Paraesthesia, a tingling or burning sensation in affected areas of the skin, is another symptom. A person with a lowered level of consciousness may show a response to a painful stimulus above a certain point but not below it. Muscle function A group of muscles innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a myotome, and injury to that part of the spinal cord can cause problems with movements that involve those muscles. The muscles may contract uncontrollably (spasticity), become weak, or be completely paralysed. Spinal shock, loss of neural activity including reflexes below the level of injury, occurs shortly after the injury and usually goes away within a day. Priapism, an erection of the penis may be a sign of acute spinal cord injury. The specific parts of the body affected by loss of function are determined by the level of injury. Some signs, such as bowel and bladder dysfunction can occur at any level. Neurogenic bladder involves a compromised ability to empty the bladder and is a common symptom of spinal cord injury. This can lead to high pressures in the bladder that can damage the kidneys. Spinal cord injury locations Cervical spine Further information: Cervical vertebrae Muscle mass is reduced as muscles atrophy with disuse. Spinal cord injuries at the cervical vertebrae (neck) level result in full or partial tetraplegia, also called quadriplegia. Depending on the specific location and severity of trauma, limited function may be retained. Additional symptoms of cervical injuries include low heart rate, low blood pressure, problems regulating body temperature, and breathing dysfunction. If the injury is high enough in the neck to impair the muscles involved in breathing, the person may not be able to breathe without the help of an endotracheal tube and mechanical ventilator. Function after complete cervical spinal cord injury Level Motor Function Respiratory function C1–C4 Full paralysis of the limbs Cannot breathe without mechanical ventilation C5 Paralysis of the wrists, hands, and triceps Difficulty coughing, may need help clearing secretions C6 Paralysis of the wrist flexors, triceps, and hands C7–C8 Some hand muscle weakness, difficulty grasping and releasing Lumbosacral Further information: Lumbar and Sacrum The effects of injuries at or above the lumbar or sacral regions of the spinal cord (lower back and pelvis) include decreased control of the legs and hips, genitourinary system, and anus. People injured below level L2 may still have use of their hip flexor and knee extensor muscles. Bowel and bladder function are regulated by the sacral region. It is common to experience sexual dysfunction after injury, as well as dysfunction of the bowel and bladder, including fecal and urinary incontinence. Expected spinal cord injury complications by level of injury. Thoracic Further information: Thorax In addition to the problems found in lower-level injuries, thorax (chest height) spinal lesions can affect the muscles in the trunk. Injuries at the level of T1 to T8 result in inability to control the abdominal muscles. Trunk stability may be affected; even more so in higher level injuries. The lower the level of injury, the less extensive its effects. Injuries from T9 to T12 result in partial loss of trunk and abdominal muscle control. Thoracic spinal injuries result in paraplegia, but function of the hands, arms, and neck are not affected. Autonomic dysreflexia Further information: Autonomic dysreflexia One condition that occurs typically in lesions above the T6 level is autonomic dysreflexia (AD), in which the blood pressure increases to dangerous levels, high enough to cause potentially deadly stroke. It results from an overreaction of the system to a stimulus such as pain below the level of injury, because inhibitory signals from the brain cannot pass the lesion to dampen the excitatory sympathetic nervous system response. Signs and symptoms of AD include anxiety, headache, nausea, ringing in the ears, blurred vision, flushed skin, and nasal congestion. It can occur shortly after the injury or not until years later. Other autonomic functions may also be disrupted. For example, problems with body temperature regulation mostly occur in injuries at T8 and above. Neurogenic shock Further information: Neurogenic shock Another serious complication that can result from lesions above T6 is neurogenic shock, which results from an interruption in output from the sympathetic nervous system responsible for maintaining muscle tone in the blood vessels. Without the sympathetic input, the vessels relax and dilate. Neurogenic shock presents with dangerously low blood pressure, low heart rate, and blood pooling in the limbs—which results in insufficient blood flow to the spinal cord and potentially further damage to it. Complications Complications of spinal cord injuries include pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, neurogenic shock, and paralysis below the injury site. Muscle atrophy Further information: Atrophy In the long term, the loss of muscle function can have additional effects from disuse, including muscle atrophy. Immobility also can lead to pressure sores, particularly in bony areas, requiring precautions such as extra cushioning and turning in bed every two hours (in the acute setting) to relieve pressure. In the long term, people in wheelchairs must shift periodically to relieve pressure. Another complication is pain, including nociceptive pain (indication of potential or actual tissue damage) and neuropathic pain, when nerves affected by damage convey erroneous pain signals in the absence of noxious stimuli. Spasticity, the uncontrollable tensing of muscles below the level of injury, occurs in 65–78% of chronic SCI. It results from lack of input from the brain that quells muscle responses to stretch reflexes. It can be treated with drugs and physical therapy. Spasticity increases the risk of contractures (shortening of muscles, tendons, or ligaments that result from lack of use of a limb); this problem can be prevented by moving the limb through its full range of motion multiple times a day. Another problem lack of mobility can cause is loss of bone density and changes in bone structure. Loss of bone density (bone demineralization), thought to be due to lack of input from weakened or paralysed muscles, can increase the risk of fractures. Conversely, a poorly understood phenomenon is the overgrowth of bone tissue in soft tissue areas, called heterotopic ossification. It occurs below the level of injury, possibly as a result of inflammation, and happens to a clinically significant extent in 27% of people. Cardiovascular and respiratory complications People with spinal cord injury are at especially high risk for respiratory and cardiovascular problems, so hospital staff must be watchful to avoid them. Respiratory problems (especially pneumonia) are the leading cause of death in people with SCI, followed by infections, usually of pressure sores, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections. Pneumonia can be accompanied by shortness of breath, fever, and anxiety. Deep venous thrombosis Further information: Deep venous thrombosis Another potentially deadly threat to respiration is deep venous thrombosis (DVT), in which blood forms a clot in immobile limbs; the clot can break off and form a pulmonary embolism, lodging in the lung and cutting off blood supply to it. DVT is an especially high risk in SCI, particularly within 10 days of injury, occurring in over 13% in the acute care setting. Preventative measures include anticoagulants, pressure hose, and moving the patient's limbs. The usual signs and symptoms of DVT and pulmonary embolism may be masked in SCI cases due to effects such as alterations in pain perception and nervous system functioning. Urinary tract infection Further information: Urinary tract infection Urinary tract infection (UTI) is another risk that may not display the usual symptoms (pain, urgency, and frequency); it may instead be associated with worsened spasticity. The risk of UTI, likely the most common complication in the long term, is heightened by use of indwelling urinary catheters. Catheterization may be necessary because SCI interferes with the bladder's ability to empty when it gets too full, which could trigger autonomic dysreflexia or damage the bladder permanently. The use of intermittent catheterization to empty the bladder at regular intervals throughout the day has decreased the mortality due to kidney failure from UTI in the first world, but it is still a serious problem in developing countries. Clinical depression Further information: Major depressive disorder An estimated 24–45% of people with spinal cord injuries have major depressive disorder, and the suicide rate is as much as six times that of the rest of the population. The risk of suicide is worst in the first five years after injury. In young people with SCI, suicide is the leading cause of death. Depression is associated with an increased risk of other complications such as UTI and pressure ulcers that occur more when self-care is neglected. Causes Falling as a part of recreational activities can cause spinal cord injuries. Spinal cord injuries are most often caused by physical trauma. Forces involved can be hyperflexion (forward movement of the head); hyperextension (backward movement); lateral stress (sideways movement); rotation (twisting of the head); compression (force along the axis of the spine downward from the head or upward from the pelvis); or distraction (pulling apart of the vertebrae). Traumatic SCI can result in contusion, compression, or stretch injury. It is a major risk of many types of vertebral fracture. Pre-existing asymptomatic congenital anomalies can cause major neurological deficits, such as hemiparesis, to result from otherwise minor trauma. In the U.S., motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of SCIs; second are falls, then violence such as gunshot wounds, then sports injuries. Another study from Asia, found that the most common cause of the SCI is fall (31.70%) from various sites such as fall from roof-tops (9.75%), electric pole (7.31%), fall from tree (7.31%) etc. Whereas road traffic accidents count for 19.51%, firearm injuries (12.19%), slipped foot (7.31%) and sports injuries (4.87%). As a result of injury, 26.82% In some countries falls are more common, even surpassing vehicle crashes as the leading cause of SCI. The rates of violence-related SCI depend heavily on place and time. Of all sports-related SCIs, shallow water dives are the most common cause; winter sports and water sports have been increasing as causes while association football and trampoline injuries have been declining. Hanging can cause injury to the cervical spine, as may occur in attempted suicide. Military conflicts are another cause, and when they occur they are associated with increased rates of SCI. Another potential cause of SCI is iatrogenic injury, caused by an improperly done medical procedure such as an injection into the spinal column. SCI can also be of a nontraumatic origin. Nontraumatic lesions cause anywhere from 30 to 80% of all SCI; the percentage varies by locale, influenced by efforts to prevent trauma. Developed countries have higher percentages of SCI due to degenerative conditions and tumors than developing countries. In developed countries, the most common cause of nontraumatic SCI is degenerative diseases, followed by tumors; in many developing countries the leading cause is infection such as HIV and tuberculosis. SCI may occur in intervertebral disc disease, and spinal cord vascular disease. Spontaneous bleeding can occur within or outside of the protective membranes that line the cord, and intervertebral disks can herniate. Damage can result from dysfunction of the blood vessels, as in arteriovenous malformation, or when a blood clot becomes lodged in a blood vessel and cuts off blood supply to the cord. When systemic blood pressure drops, blood flow to the spinal cord may be reduced, potentially causing a loss of sensation and voluntary movement in the areas supplied by the affected level of the spinal cord. Congenital conditions and tumors that compress the cord can also cause SCI, as can vertebral spondylosis and ischemia. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that can damage the spinal cord, as can infectious or inflammatory conditions such as tuberculosis, herpes zoster or herpes simplex, meningitis, myelitis, and syphilis. Prevention Vehicle-related spinal cord injury is prevented with measures including societal and individual efforts to reduce driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, distracted driving, and drowsy driving. Other efforts include increasing road safety (such as marking hazards and adding lighting) and vehicle safety, both to prevent accidents, such as routine maintenance and antilock brakes. and to mitigate the damage of crashes, such as head restraints, air bags, seat belts, and child safety seats. Falls can be prevented by making changes to the environment, such as nonslip materials and grab bars in bathtubs and showers, railings for stairs, child and safety gates for windows. Gun-related injuries can be prevented with conflict resolution training, gun safety education campaigns, and changes to the technology of guns, including trigger locks to improve their safety. Sports injuries can be prevented with changes to sports rules and equipment to increase safety, and education campaigns to reduce risky practices such as diving into water of unknown depth or head-first tackling in association football. Diagnosis X-rays (left) are more available, but can miss details like herniated disks that MRIs can show (right). A person's presentation in context of trauma or non-traumatic background determines suspicion for a spinal cord injury. The features are namely paralysis, sensory loss, or both at any level. Other symptoms may include incontinence. A radiographic evaluation using an X-ray, CT scan, or MRI can determine if there is damage to the spinal column and where it is located. X-rays are commonly available and can detect instability or misalignment of the spinal column, but do not give very detailed images and can miss injuries to the spinal cord or displacement of ligaments or disks that do not have accompanying spinal column damage. Thus when X-ray findings are normal but SCI is still suspected due to pain or SCI symptoms, CT or MRI scans are used. CT gives greater detail than X-rays, but exposes the patient to more radiation, and it still does not give images of the spinal cord or ligaments; MRI shows body structures in the greatest detail. Thus it is the standard for anyone who has neurological deficits found in SCI or is thought to have an unstable spinal column injury. Neurological evaluations to help determine the degree of impairment are performed initially and repeatedly in the early stages of treatment; this determines the rate of improvement or deterioration and informs treatment and prognosis. The ASIA Impairment Scale outlined above is used to determine the level and severity of injury. Management Pre-hospital treatment Spinal precaution with use of a long spinal board The first stage in the management of a suspected spinal cord injury is geared toward basic life support and preventing further injury: maintaining airway, breathing, circulation, and restricting further motion of the spine. Spinal motion restriction Main article: Spinal motion restriction In the emergency setting, most people who has been subjected to forces strong enough to cause SCI are treated as though they have instability in the spinal column and have spinal motion restricted to prevent damage to the spinal cord. Injuries or fractures in the head, neck, or pelvis as well as penetrating trauma near the spine and falls from heights are assumed to be associated with an unstable spinal column until it is ruled out in the hospital. High-speed vehicle crashes, sports injuries involving the head or neck, and diving injuries are other mechanisms that indicate a high SCI risk. Since head and spinal trauma frequently coexist, anyone who is unconscious or has a lowered level of consciousness as a result of a head injury is spinal motion restricted. Devices A rigid cervical collar is applied to the neck, and the head is held with blocks on either side and the person is strapped to a backboard. Extrication devices are used to move people without excessively moving the spine if they are still inside a vehicle or other confined space. The use of a cervical collar has been shown to increase mortality in people with penetrating trauma and is thus not routinely recommended in this group. Modern trauma care includes a step called clearing the cervical spine, ruling out spinal cord injury if the patient is fully conscious and not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, displays no neurological deficits, has no pain in the middle of the neck and no other painful injuries that could distract from neck pain. If these are all absent, no spinal motion restriction is necessary. If an unstable spinal column injury is moved, damage may occur to the spinal cord. Between 3 and 25% of SCIs occur not at the time of the initial trauma but later during treatment or transport. While some of this is due to the nature of the injury itself, particularly in the case of multiple or massive trauma, some of it reflects the failure to adequately restrict motion of the spine. SCI can impair the body's ability to keep warm, so warming blankets may be needed. Early hospital treatment Initial care in the hospital, as in the prehospital setting, aims to ensure adequate airway, breathing, cardiovascular function, and spinal motion restriction. Imaging of the spine to determine the presence of a SCI may need to wait if emergency surgery is needed to stabilize other life-threatening injuries. Acute SCI merits treatment in an intensive care unit, especially injuries to the cervical spinal cord. People with SCI need repeated neurological assessments and treatment by neurosurgeons. People should be removed from the spine board as rapidly as possible to prevent complications from its use. Blood pressure If the systolic blood pressure falls below 90 mmHg within days of the injury, blood supply to the spinal cord may be reduced, resulting in further damage. Thus it is important to maintain the blood pressure which may be done using intravenous fluids and vasopressors. Vasopressors used include phenylephrine, dopamine, or norepinephrine. Mean arterial blood pressure is measured and kept at 85 to 90 mmHg for seven days after injury. The CAMPER Trial led by Dr Kwon and subsequent studies by the UCSF TRACK-SCI group (Dhall) have shown that spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) goals are more closely associated with better neurologic recovery than MAP goals. Some institutions have adopted these SCPP goals and lumbar CSF drain placement as a standard of care. The treatment for shock from blood loss is different from that for neurogenic shock, and could harm people with the latter type, so it is necessary to determine why someone is in shock. However it is also possible for both causes to exist at the same time. Another important aspect of care is prevention of insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream, which could deprive the spinal cord of oxygen. People with cervical or high thoracic injuries may experience a dangerously slowed heart rate; treatment to speed it may include atropine. Steroid treatment The corticosteroid medication methylprednisolone has been studied for use in spinal cord injury patients with the hope of limiting swelling and secondary injury. As there does not appear to be long term benefits and the medication is associated with risks such as gastrointestinal bleeding and infection its use is not recommended as of 2018. Its use in traumatic brain injury is also not recommended. Surgery Surgery may be necessary, e.g. to relieve excess pressure on the cord, to stabilize the spine, or to put vertebrae back in their proper place. In cases involving instability or compression, failing to operate can lead to worsening of the condition. Surgery is also necessary when something is pressing on the cord, such as bone fragments, blood, material from ligaments or intervertebral discs, or a lodged object from a penetrating injury. Although the ideal timing of surgery is still debated, studies have found that earlier surgical intervention (within 12 hours of injury) is associated with better outcomes. This type of surgery is often referred to as "Ultra-Early", coined by Burke et al. at UCSF. Sometimes a patient has too many other injuries to be a surgical candidate this early. Surgery is controversial because it has potential complications (such as infection), so in cases where it is not clearly needed (e.g. the cord is being compressed), doctors must decide whether to perform surgery based on aspects of the patient's condition and their own beliefs about its risks and benefits. Recent large-scale studies have shown that patients who do undergo earlier surgery (within 12–24 hours) experience significantly lower rates of life-threatening complications and spend less time in hospital and critical care. However, in cases where a more conservative approach is chosen, bed rest, cervical collars, motion restriction devices, and optionally traction are used. Surgeons may opt to put traction on the spine to remove pressure from the spinal cord by putting dislocated vertebrae back into alignment, but herniation of intervertebral disks may prevent this technique from relieving pressure. Gardner-Wells tongs are one tool used to exert spinal traction to reduce a fracture or dislocation and to reduce motion to the affected areas. Rehabilitation Main article: Rehabilitation in spinal cord injury A drop foot orthosis lifts the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors. If other muscle groups, such as the plantar flexors, are weak, additional functional elements must be considered. An ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) is not suitable for the care of patients with weakness in other muscle groups. A patient after incomplete paraplegia (lesion height L3) with a knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) with an integrated stance phase control knee joint Spinal cord injury patients often require extended treatment in specialized spinal unit or an intensive care unit. The rehabilitation process typically begins in the acute care setting. Usually, the inpatient phase lasts 8–12 weeks and then the outpatient rehabilitation phase lasts 3–12 months after that, followed by yearly medical and functional evaluation. Physical therapists, occupational therapists, recreational therapists, nurses, social workers, psychologists, and other health care professionals work as a team under the coordination of a physiatrist to decide on goals with the patient and develop a plan of discharge that is appropriate for the person's condition. In the acute phase physical therapists focus on the patient's respiratory status, prevention of indirect complications (such as pressure ulcers), maintaining range of motion, and keeping available musculature active. For people whose injuries are high enough to interfere with breathing, there is great emphasis on airway clearance during this stage of recovery. Weakness of respiratory muscles impairs the ability to cough effectively, allowing secretions to accumulate within the lungs. As SCI patients have reduced total lung capacity and tidal volume, physical therapists teach them accessory breathing techniques (e.g. apical breathing, glossopharyngeal breathing) that typically are not taught to healthy individuals. Physical therapy treatment for airway clearance may include manual percussions and vibrations, postural drainage, respiratory muscle training, and assisted cough techniques. Patients are taught to increase their intra-abdominal pressure by leaning forward to induce cough and clear mild secretions. The quad cough technique is done lying on the back with the therapist applying pressure on the abdomen in the rhythm of the cough to maximize expiratory flow and mobilize secretions. Manual abdominal compression is another technique used to increase expiratory flow which later improves coughing. Other techniques used to manage respiratory dysfunction include respiratory muscle pacing, use of a constricting abdominal binder, ventilator-assisted speech, and mechanical ventilation. The amount of functional recovery and independence achieved in terms of activities of daily living, recreational activities, and employment is affected by the level and severity of injury. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is an assessment tool that aims to evaluate the function of patients throughout the rehabilitation process following a spinal cord injury or other serious illness or injury. It can track a patient's progress and degree of independence during rehabilitation. People with SCI may need to use specialized devices and to make modifications to their environment in order to handle activities of daily living and to function independently. Weak joints can be stabilized with devices such as ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) or knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs), but walking may still require a lot of effort. Increasing activity will increase chances of recovery. For treatment of paralysis levels in the lower thoracic spine or lower, starting therapy with an orthosis is promising from the intermediate phase (2–26 weeks after the incident). In patients with complete paraplegia (ASIA A), this applies to lesion heights between T12 and S5. In patients with incomplete paraplegia (ASIA B-D), orthoses are even suitable for lesion heights above T12. In both cases, however, a detailed muscle function test must be carried out to precisely plan the construction with an orthosis. Prognosis Holly Koester, who incurred a spinal injury as a result of a motor vehicle collision, is now a wheelchair racer. Spinal cord injuries generally result in at least some incurable impairment even with the best possible treatment. The best predictor of prognosis is the level and completeness of injury, as measured by the ASIA impairment scale. The neurological score at the initial evaluation done 72 hours after injury is the best predictor of how much function will return. Most people with ASIA scores of A (complete injuries) do not have functional motor recovery, but improvement can occur. Most patients with incomplete injuries recover at least some function. Chances of recovering the ability to walk improve with each AIS grade found at the initial examination; e.g. an ASIA D score confers a better chance of walking than a score of C. The symptoms of incomplete injuries can vary and it is difficult to make an accurate prediction of the outcome. A person with a mild, incomplete injury at the T5 vertebra will have a much better chance of using his or her legs than a person with a severe, complete injury at exactly the same place. Of the incomplete SCI syndromes, Brown-Séquard and central cord syndromes have the best prognosis for recovery and anterior cord syndrome has the worst. People with nontraumatic causes of SCI have been found to be less likely to develop complete injuries and some complications such as pressure sores and deep vein thrombosis, and to have shorter hospital stays. Their scores on functional tests were better than those of people with traumatic SCI upon hospital admission, but when they were tested upon discharge, those with traumatic SCI had improved such that both groups' results were the same. In addition to the completeness and level of the injury, age and concurrent health problems affect the extent to which a person with SCI will be able to live independently and to walk. However, in general people with injuries to L3 or below will likely be able to walk functionally, T10 and below to walk around the house with bracing, and C7 and below to live independently. New therapies are beginning to provide hope for better outcomes in patients with SCI, but most are in the experimental/translational stage. One important predictor of motor recovery in an area is presence of sensation there, particularly pain perception. Most motor recovery occurs in the first year post-injury, but modest improvements can continue for years; sensory recovery is more limited. Recovery is typically quickest during the first six months. Spinal shock, in which reflexes are suppressed, occurs immediately after the injury and resolves largely within three months but continues resolving gradually for another 15. Sexual dysfunction after spinal injury is common. Problems that can occur include erectile dysfunction, loss of ability to ejaculate, insufficient lubrication of the vagina, and reduced sensation and impaired ability to orgasm. Despite this, many people learn ways to adapt their sexual practices so they can lead satisfying sex lives. Although life expectancy has improved with better care options, it is still not as good as the uninjured population. The higher the level of injury, and the more complete the injury, the greater the reduction in life expectancy. Mortality is very elevated within a year of injury. Epidemiology Breakdown of age at time of injury in the US from 1995–1999. 0–15 (3.0%) 16–30 (42.1%) 31–45 (28.1%) 46–60 (15.1%) 61–75 (8.5%) 76+ (3.2%) Worldwide, the number of new cases since 1995 of SCI ranges from 10.4 to 83 people per million per year. This wide range of numbers is probably partly due to differences among regions in whether and how injuries are reported. In North America, about 39 people per every million incur SCI traumatically each year, and in Western Europe, the incidence is 16 per million. In the United States, the incidence of spinal cord injury has been estimated to be about 40 cases per 1 million people per year or around 12,000 cases per year. In China, the incidence is approximately 60,000 per year. The estimated number of people living with SCI in the world ranges from 236 to 4187 per million. Estimates vary widely due to differences in how data are collected and what techniques are used to extrapolate the figures. Little information is available from Asia, and even less from Africa and South America. In Western Europe the estimated prevalence is 300 per million people and in North America it is 853 per million. It is estimated at 440 per million in Iran, 526 per million in Iceland, and 681 per million in Australia. In the United States there are between 225,000 and 296,000 individuals living with spinal cord injuries, and different studies have estimated prevalences from 525 to 906 per million. SCI is present in about 2% of all cases of blunt force trauma. Anyone who has undergone force sufficient to cause a thoracic spinal injury is at high risk for other injuries also. In 44% of SCI cases, other serious injuries are sustained at the same time; 14% of SCI patients also have head trauma or facial trauma. Other commonly associated injuries include chest trauma, abdominal trauma, pelvic fractures, and long bone fractures. Males account for four out of five traumatic spinal cord injuries. Most of these injuries occur in men under 30 years of age. The average age at the time of injury has slowly increased from about 29 years in the 1970s to 41. In Pakistan, spinal cord injury is more common in males (92.68%) as compared to females in the 20-30 years of age group with a median age of 40 years, although people from 12-70 years of age suffered from spinal cord injury Rates of injury are at their lowest in children, at their highest in the late teens to early twenties, then get progressively lower in older age groups; however rates may rise in the elderly. In Sweden between 50 and 70% of all cases of SCI occur in people under 30, and 25% occur in those over 50. While SCI rates are highest among people age 15–20, fewer than 3% of SCIs occur in people under 15. Neonatal SCI occurs in one in 60,000 births, e.g. from breech births or injuries by forceps. The difference in rates between the sexes diminishes in injuries at age 3 and younger; the same number of girls are injured as boys, or possibly more. Another cause of pediatric injury is child abuse such as shaken baby syndrome. For children, the most common cause of SCI (56%) is vehicle crashes. High numbers of adolescent injuries are attributable in a large part to traffic accidents and sports injuries. For people over 65, falls are the most common cause of traumatic SCI. The elderly and people with severe arthritis are at high risk for SCI because of defects in the spinal column. In nontraumatic SCI, the gender difference is smaller, the average age of occurrence is greater, and incomplete lesions are more common. History The ancient Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus, who provided the earliest known description of spinal cord injury Spinal cord injury has been known to be devastating for millennia; the ancient Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus from 2500 BC, the first known description of the injury, says it is "not to be treated". Hindu texts dating back to 1800 BC also mention SCI and describe traction techniques to straighten the spine. The Greek physician Hippocrates, born in the fifth century BC, described SCI in his Hippocratic Corpus and invented traction devices to straighten dislocated vertebrae. But it was not until Aulus Cornelius Celsus, born 30 BC, noted that a cervical injury resulted in rapid death that the spinal cord itself was implicated in the condition. In the second century AD the Greek physician Galen experimented on monkeys and reported that a horizontal cut through the spinal cord caused them to lose all sensation and motion below the level of the cut. The seventh-century Greek physician Paul of Aegina described surgical techniques for treatment of broken vertebrae by removing bone fragments, as well as surgery to relieve pressure on the spine. Little medical progress was made during the Middle Ages in Europe; it was not until the Renaissance that the spine and nerves were accurately depicted in human anatomy drawings by Leonardo da Vinci and Andreas Vesalius. In 1762, Andre Louis, a surgeon, removed a bullet from the lumbar spine of a patient, who regained motion in the legs. In 1829, Gilpin Smith, a surgeon, performed a successful laminectomy that improved the patient's sensation. However, the idea that SCI was untreatable remained predominant until the early 20th century. In 1934, the mortality rate in the first two years after injury was over 80%, mostly due to infections of the urinary tract and pressure sores, the latter of which were believed to be intrinsic to SCI rather than a result of continuous bedrest. It was not until the second half of the century that breakthroughs in imaging, surgery, medical care, and rehabilitation medicine contributed to a substantial improvement in SCI care. The relative incidence of incomplete compared to complete injuries has improved since the mid-20th century, due mainly to the emphasis on faster and better initial care and stabilization of spinal cord injury patients. The creation of emergency medical services to professionally transport people to the hospital is given partial credit for an improvement in outcomes since the 1970s. Improvements in care have been accompanied by increased life expectancy of people with SCI; survival times have improved by about 2000% since 1940. In 2015/2016 23% of people in nine spinal injury centres in England had their discharge delayed because of disputes about who should pay for the equipment they needed. Research directions Main article: Spinal cord injury research Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells seen under phase contrast microscope at 63-times magnification) Scientists are investigating various avenues for treatment of spinal cord injury. Therapeutic research is focused on two main areas: neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. The former seeks to prevent the harm that occurs from secondary injury in the minutes to weeks following the insult, and the latter aims to reconnect the broken circuits in the spinal cord to allow function to return. Neuroprotective drugs target secondary injury effects including inflammation, damage by free radicals, excitotoxicity (neuronal damage by excessive glutamate signaling), and apoptosis (cell suicide). Several potentially neuroprotective agents that target pathways like these are under investigation in human clinical trials. Stem cell transplantation is an important avenue for SCI research: the goal is to replace lost spinal cord cells, allow reconnection in broken neural circuits by regrowing axons, and to create an environment in the tissues that is favorable to growth. A key avenue of SCI research is research on stem cells, which can differentiate into other types of cells—including those lost after SCI. Types of cells being researched for use in SCI include embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, Schwann cells, activated macrophages, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Hundreds of stem cell studies have been done in humans, with promising but inconclusive results. An ongoing Phase 2 trial in 2016 presented data showing that after 90 days, 2 out of 4 subjects had already improved two motor levels and had thus already achieved its endpoint of 2/5 patients improving two levels within 6–12 months. Six-month data was expected in January 2017. Another type of approach is tissue engineering, using biomaterials to help scaffold and rebuild damaged tissues. Biomaterials being investigated include natural substances such as collagen or agarose and synthetic ones like polymers and nitrocellulose. They fall into two categories: hydrogels and nanofibers. These materials can also be used as a vehicle for delivering gene therapy to tissues. One avenue being explored to allow paralyzed people to walk and to aid in rehabilitation of those with some walking ability is the use of wearable powered robotic exoskeletons. The devices, which have motorized joints, are put on over the legs and supply a source of power to move and walk. Several such devices are already available for sale, but investigation is still underway as to how they can be made more useful. Preliminary studies of epidural spinal cord stimulators for motor complete injuries have demonstrated some improvement, and in some cases to enable walking to some degree bypassing the injury. In 2014, Darek Fidyka underwent pioneering spinal surgery that used nerve grafts, from his ankle, to bridge the gap in his severed spinal cord and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) to stimulate the spinal cord cells. The surgery was performed in Poland in collaboration with Prof. Geoff Raisman, chair of neural regeneration at University College London's Institute of Neurology, and his research team. The OECs were taken from the patient's olfactory bulbs in his brain and then grown in the lab, these cells were then injected above and below the impaired spinal tissue. There have been a number of advances in technological spinal cord injury treatment, including the use of implants that provided a "digital bridge" between the brain and the spinal cord. 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Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 47 (1): 17–29. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2009.08.0140. PMID 20437324. ^ del-Ama AJ, Koutsou AD, Moreno JC, de-los-Reyes A, Gil-Agudo A, Pons JL (2012). "Review of hybrid exoskeletons to restore gait following spinal cord injury". Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 49 (4): 497–514. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2011.03.0043. PMID 22773254. ^ Frood RT (2011). "The use of treadmill training to recover locomotor ability in patients with spinal cord injury". Bioscience Horizons. 4: 108–117. doi:10.1093/biohorizons/hzr003. ^ James W. Rowland, Gregory W. J. Hawryluk. "Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon". JNS Journal of Neurosurgery. 25: 2, 6. ^ Burns, Anthony S.; Ditunno, John F. (2001-12-15). "Establishing Prognosis and Maximizing Functional Outcomes After Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Current and Future Directions in Rehabilitation Management". 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Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities. National Academies Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-309-16520-4. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. ^ Liu JM, Long XH, Zhou Y, Peng HW, Liu ZL, Huang SH (March 2016). "Is Urgent Decompression Superior to Delayed Surgery for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury? A Meta-Analysis". World Neurosurgery. 87: 124–31. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.098. PMID 26724625. ^ a b Chéhensse C, Bahrami S, Denys P, Clément P, Bernabé J, Giuliano F (2013). "The spinal control of ejaculation revisited: a systematic review and meta-analysis of anejaculation in spinal cord injured patients". Human Reproduction Update. 19 (5): 507–26. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt029. PMID 23820516. ^ "Spinal Cord Injury Facts". Foundation for Spinal Cord Injury Prevention, Care & Cure. June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015. ^ Qiu J (July 2009). "China Spinal Cord Injury Network: changes from within". The Lancet. Neurology. 8 (7): 606–7. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70162-0. PMID 19539234. S2CID 206158809. ^ a b c Singh A, Tetreault L, Kalsi-Ryan S, Nouri A, Fehlings MG (2014). "Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury". Clinical Epidemiology. 6: 309–31. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S68889. PMC 4179833. PMID 25278785. ^ Field-Fote 2009, p. 3. ^ Devivo MJ (May 2012). "Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: trends and future implications". Spinal Cord. 50 (5): 365–72. doi:10.1038/sc.2011.178. PMID 22270188. ^ Pellock & Myer 2013, p. 124. ^ Hammell 2013, p. 274. ^ a b Sabharwal 2013, p. 388. ^ Schottler J, Vogel LC, Sturm P (December 2012). "Spinal cord injuries in young children: a review of children injured at 5 years of age and younger". Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 54 (12): 1138–43. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04411.x. PMID 22998495. S2CID 8040837. ^ Augustine 2011, p. 197. ^ a b Aghayan HR, Arjmand B, Yaghoubi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Kashani H, Shokraneh F (2014). "Clinical outcome of autologous mononuclear cells transplantation for spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 28: 112. PMC 4313447. PMID 25678991. ^ Augustine 2011, pp. 197–98. ^ a b c d e Lifshutz J, Colohan A (January 2004). "A brief history of therapy for traumatic spinal cord injury". Neurosurgical Focus. 16 (1): E5. doi:10.3171/foc.2004.16.1.6. PMID 15264783. ^ Holtz & Levi 2010, pp. 3–4. ^ a b c Holtz & Levi 2010, p. 5. ^ Holtz & Levi 2010, p. 6. ^ a b Morganti-Kossmann, Raghupathi & Maas 2012, p. 229. ^ Fallah, Dance & Burns 2012, p. 235. ^ Tremblay, Mary (1995). "The Canadian Revolution in the Management of Spinal Cord Injury". Canadian Bulletin of Medical History. 12 (1): 125–155. doi:10.3138/cbmh.12.1.125. PMID 11609092. ^ Sekhon LH, Fehlings MG (December 2001). "Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury". Spine. 26 (24 Suppl): S2–12. doi:10.1097/00007632-200112151-00002. PMID 11805601. ^ Sabharwal 2013, p. 35. ^ Holtz & Levi 2010, p. 7. ^ "Revealed: Patients stranded in hospital for months as officials 'squabble' over equipment". Health Service Journal. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018. ^ Silva NA, Sousa N, Reis RL, Salgado AJ (March 2014). "From basics to clinical: a comprehensive review on spinal cord injury". Progress in Neurobiology. 114: 25–57. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.002. PMID 24269804. S2CID 23121381. ^ Wirth, Edward (September 14, 2016). "Initial Clinical Trials of hESC-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in Subacute Spinal Cord Injury" (PDF). ISCoS Meeting presentation. Asterias Biotherapeutics. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016. ^ "Asterias Biotherapeutics Announces Positive Efficacy Data in Patients with Complete Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries Treated with AST-OPC1". asteriasbiotherapeutics.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-09-15. ^ a b c Louie DR, Eng JJ, Lam T (October 2015). "Gait speed using powered robotic exoskeletons after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and correlational study". Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 12: 82. doi:10.1186/s12984-015-0074-9. PMC 4604762. PMID 26463355. ^ Young W (2015). "Electrical stimulation and motor recovery". Cell Transplantation. 24 (3): 429–46. doi:10.3727/096368915X686904. PMID 25646771. ^ "Paralysed man with severed spine walks thanks to implant". BBC News. 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-02-11. ^ Rowald, Andreas; Komi, Salif; Demesmaeker, Robin; Baaklini, Edeny; Hernandez-Charpak, Sergio Daniel; Paoles, Edoardo; Montanaro, Hazael; Cassara, Antonino; Becce, Fabio; Lloyd, Bryn; Newton, Taylor (2022-02-07). "Activity-dependent spinal cord neuromodulation rapidly restores trunk and leg motor functions after complete paralysis". Nature Medicine. 28 (2): 260–271. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01663-5. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 35132264. S2CID 246651655.SharedIt ^ "Paralysed man Darek Fidyka walks again after pioneering surgery". TheGuardian.com. 20 October 2014. ^ Bashir, F. "What Is Cauda Equina Syndrome: Causes, Sign, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment And Prognosis". FCP Medical. Retrieved 22 July 2022. ^ Whang, Oliver (24 May 2023). "Brain Implants Allow Paralyzed Man to Walk Using His Thoughts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-07-26. Bibliography Adams JG (5 September 2012). Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4557-3394-1. Augustine JJ (21 November 2011). "Spinal trauma". In Campbell JR (ed.). International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-300408-3. Bigelow S, Medzon R (16 June 2011). "Injuries of the spine: Nerve". In Legome E, Shockley LW (eds.). Trauma: A Comprehensive Emergency Medicine Approach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50072-2. Brown J, Wyatt JP, Illingworth RN, Clancy MJ, Munro P (6 June 2008). Oxford American Handbook of Emergency Medicine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977948-2. Cameron P, Jelinek G, Kelly AM, Brown AF, Little M (1 April 2014). Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences UK. ISBN 978-0-7020-5438-9. Cifu DK, Lew HL (10 September 2013). Handbook of Polytrauma Care and Rehabilitation. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61705-100-5. Cortois F, Charvier K (21 May 2015). "Sexual dysfunction in patients with spinal cord lesions". In Vodusek DB, Boller F (eds.). Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-444-63254-8. DeKoning EP (10 January 2014). "Cervical spine injuries". In Sherman, S., Weber, J., Schindlbeck, M., Patwari, R. (eds.). Clinical Emergency Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-179461-9. Elliott S (19 March 2010). "Sexual dysfunction in women with spinal cord injury". In Bono CM, Cardenas DD, Frost FS (eds.). Spinal Cord Medicine, Second Edition: Principles & Practice. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 429–38. ISBN 978-1-935281-77-1. Field-Fote E (26 March 2009). "Spinal cord injury: An overview". In Field-Fote E (ed.). Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-2319-4. Fallah A, Dance D, Burns AS (29 October 2012). "Rehabilitation of the individual with spinal cord injury". In Fehlings, M.G., Vaccaro, A.R., Maxwell B. (eds.). Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury: Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Thieme. ISBN 978-1-60406-727-9. Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD (5 September 2014). Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-22272-3. Fulk GD, Behrman AL, Schmitz TJ (23 July 2013). "Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury". In O'Sullivan S, Schmitz T (eds.). Physical Rehabilitation. F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-4058-0. Hammell KW (11 December 2013). Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4899-4451-1. Harvey L (2008). Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-443-06858-4. Holtz A, Levi R (6 July 2010). Spinal Cord Injury. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970681-5. Ilyas A, Rehman S (31 March 2013). Contemporary Surgical Management of Fractures and Complications. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5025-964-1. Marx J, Walls R, Hockberger R (1 August 2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4557-4987-4. Miller E, Marini I (24 February 2012). "Sexuality and spinal cord injury counseling implications". In Marini I, Stebnicki MA (eds.). The Psychological and Social Impact of Illness and Disability, 6th Edition. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-0655-1. Moore K (2006). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-3639-8. Morganti-Kossmann C, Raghupathi R, Maas A (19 July 2012). Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges and Developments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00743-7. Namdari S, Pill S, Mehta S (21 October 2014). Orthopedic Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-17285-1. Newman MF, Fleisher LA, Fink MP (2008). Perioperative Medicine: Managing for Outcome. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-2456-9. Peitzman AB, Fabian TC, Rhodes M, Schwab CW, Yealy DM (2012). The Trauma Manual: Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-1679-3. Pellock JM, Myer EC (22 October 2013). Neurologic Emergencies in Infancy and Childhood. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-1-4831-9392-2. Roos KL (7 March 2012). Emergency Neurology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-88585-8. Sabharwal S (10 December 2013). Essentials of Spinal Cord Medicine. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61705-075-6. Sabharwal S (5 September 2014). "Spinal cord injury (Cervical)". In Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD (eds.). Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-22272-3. Shah KH, Egan D, Quaas J (17 February 2012). Essential Emergency Trauma. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-5318-7. Snell, R.S. (2010). "The spinal cord and the ascending and descending tracts". Clinical Neuroanatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-9427-5. Teufack S, Harrop JS, Ashwini DS (29 October 2012). "Spinal Cord Injury Classification". In Fehlings MG, Vaccaro AR, Maxwell B (eds.). Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury: Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Thieme. ISBN 978-1-60406-727-9. Weiss JM (15 March 2010). "Spinal cord injury". In Weiss, L.D., Weiss, J.M., Pobre, T. (eds.). Oxford American Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-970999-1. Wyatt JP, Illingworth RN, Graham CA, Hogg K, Robertson C, Clancy M (9 February 2012). Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-101605-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spinal cord injuries. Spinal cord injury at Curlie Lorach, Henri; et al. (2023). "Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain–spine interface". Nature. 618 (7963): 126–133. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..126L. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06094-5. PMC 10232367. PMID 37225984. S2CID 258889735. ClassificationDICD-10: G95.9, S14, S24, S34, T06.0, T06.1, T09.3MeSH: D013119DiseasesDB: 12327External resourcesMedlinePlus: 001066eMedicine: emerg/553 neuro/711 pmr/182 pmr/183 orthoped/425 vteNeurotraumaTraumatic brain injury Intracranial hemorrhage Intra-axial Intraparenchymal hemorrhage Intraventricular hemorrhage Extra-axial Subdural hematoma Epidural hematoma Subarachnoid hemorrhage Brain herniation Cerebral contusion Cerebral laceration Concussion Post-concussion syndrome Second-impact syndrome Dementia pugilistica Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Diffuse axonal injury Abusive head trauma Penetrating head injury Spinal cord injury Anterior spinal artery syndrome Brown-Séquard syndrome Cauda equina syndrome Central cord syndrome Paraplegia Posterior cord syndrome Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia) Peripheral nerves Nerve injury Peripheral nerve injury classification Wallerian degeneration Injury of accessory nerve Brachial plexus injury Traumatic neuroma vteTraumaPrinciples Polytrauma Major trauma Traumatology Triage Resuscitation Trauma triad of death AssessmentClinical prediction rules Abbreviated Injury Scale Injury Severity Score NACA score Revised Trauma Score Investigations Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Focused assessment with sonography for trauma ManagementPrinciples Advanced trauma life support Damage control surgery Early appropriate care Trauma center Trauma surgery Trauma team Procedures Resuscitative thoracotomy PathophysiologyInjury MSK Bone fracture Degloving Joint dislocation Soft tissue injury Resp Diaphragmatic rupture Flail chest Hemothorax Pneumothorax Pulmonary contusion Cardio Cardiac tamponade Internal bleeding Thoracic aorta injury GI Blunt kidney trauma Splenic injury Neuro Intracranial hemorrhage Penetrating head injury Traumatic brain injury Mechanism Blast injury Blunt trauma Burn Crush injury Electrocution Gunshot wound Penetrating trauma Stab wound Region Abdominal trauma Chest injury Facial trauma Head injury Spinal cord injury Demographic Geriatric trauma Pediatric trauma Complications Acute respiratory distress syndrome Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Compartment syndrome Contracture Volkmann's contracture Crush syndrome Rhabdomyolysis Embolism air fat Post-traumatic stress disorder Subcutaneous emphysema Wound healing Authority control databases: National Japan Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system"},{"link_name":"autonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"numbness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbness"},{"link_name":"paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"},{"link_name":"incontinence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_incontinence"},{"link_name":"tetraplegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraplegia"},{"link_name":"paraplegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplegia"},{"link_name":"muscle atrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy"},{"link_name":"spasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasticity"},{"link_name":"pressure 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conditionA spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. It is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions.[3]Symptoms of spinal cord injury may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury. Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be complete, with a total loss of sensation and muscle function at lower sacral segments, or incomplete, meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord up to the Sacral S4-5 spinal cord segments. Depending on the location and severity of damage, the symptoms vary, from numbness to paralysis, including bowel or bladder incontinence. Long term outcomes also range widely, from full recovery to permanent tetraplegia (also called quadriplegia) or paraplegia. Complications can include muscle atrophy, loss of voluntary motor control, spasticity, pressure sores, infections, and breathing problems.In the majority of cases the damage results from physical trauma such as car accidents, gunshot wounds, falls, or sports injuries, but it can also result from nontraumatic causes such as infection, insufficient blood flow, and tumors. Just over half of injuries affect the cervical spine, while 15% occur in each of the thoracic spine, border between the thoracic and lumbar spine, and lumbar spine alone.[1] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and medical imaging.[1]Efforts to prevent SCI include individual measures such as using safety equipment, societal measures such as safety regulations in sports and traffic, and improvements to equipment. Treatment starts with restricting further motion of the spine and maintaining adequate blood pressure.[1] Corticosteroids have not been found to be useful.[1] Other interventions vary depending on the location and extent of the injury, from bed rest to surgery. In many cases, spinal cord injuries require long-term physical and occupational therapy, especially if it interferes with activities of daily living.In the United States, about 12,000 people annually survive a spinal cord injury.[2] The most commonly affected group are young adult males.[2] SCI has seen great improvements in its care since the middle of the 20th century. Research into potential treatments includes stem cell implantation, hypothermia, engineered materials for tissue support, epidural spinal stimulation, and wearable robotic exoskeletons.[4]","title":"Spinal cord injury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_trauma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabapathy15-5"},{"link_name":"ischemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanFleisherFink2008348-6"},{"link_name":"primary and secondary injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_injury"},{"link_name":"biochemical cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanFleisherFink2008335-7"},{"link_name":"ischemic cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic_cascade"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"swelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"cell suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanFleisherFink2008335-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yu15-8"},{"link_name":"spinal nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_nerve"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra"},{"link_name":"dermatome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatome_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"myotome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECifuLew2013197-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerMarini2012138-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote20095-12"},{"link_name":"American Spinal Injury Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Spinal_Injury_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marino-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISCOS-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2010307-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2010307-15"}],"text":"Spinal cord injury can be traumatic or nontraumatic,[5] and can be classified into three types based on cause: mechanical forces, toxic, and ischemic from lack of blood flow.[6] The damage can also be divided into primary and secondary injury: the cell death that occurs immediately in the original injury, and biochemical cascades that are initiated by the original insult and cause further tissue damage.[7] These secondary injury pathways include the ischemic cascade, inflammation, swelling, cell suicide, and neurotransmitter imbalances.[7] They can take place for minutes or weeks following the injury.[8]At each level of the spinal column, spinal nerves branch off from either side of the spinal cord and exit between a pair of vertebrae, to innervate a specific part of the body. The area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a dermatome, and the group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a myotome. The part of the spinal cord that was damaged corresponds to the spinal nerves at that level and below. Injuries can be cervical 1–8 (C1–C8), thoracic 1–12 (T1–T12), lumbar 1–5 (L1–L5),[9] or sacral (S1–S5).[10] A person's level of injury is defined as the lowest level of full sensation and function.[11] Paraplegia occurs when the legs are affected by the spinal cord damage (in thoracic, lumbar, or sacral injuries), and tetraplegia occurs when all four limbs are affected (cervical damage).[12]SCI is also classified by the degree of impairment. The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), published by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), is widely used to document sensory and motor impairments following SCI.[13] It is based on neurological responses, touch and pinprick sensations tested in each dermatome, and strength of the muscles that control key motions on both sides of the body.[14] Muscle strength is scored on a scale of 0–5 according to the table on the right, and sensation is graded on a scale of 0–2: 0 is no sensation, 1 is altered or decreased sensation, and 2 is full sensation.[15] Each side of the body is graded independently.[15]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCI_Medicine-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal2014840-20"},{"link_name":"external anal sphincter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_anal_sphincter"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCI_Medicine-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lafuente85-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lafuente85-21"}],"sub_title":"Complete and incomplete injuries","text":"In a \"complete\" spinal injury, all functions below the injured area are lost, whether or not the spinal cord is severed.[10] An \"incomplete\" spinal cord injury involves preservation of motor or sensory function below the level of injury in the spinal cord.[19] To be classed as incomplete, there must be some preservation of sensation or motion in the areas innervated by S4 to S5,[20] including voluntary external anal sphincter contraction.[19] The nerves in this area are connected to the very lowest region of the spinal cord, and retaining sensation and function in these parts of the body indicates that the spinal cord is only partially damaged. Incomplete injury by definition includes a phenomenon known as sacral sparing: some degree of sensation is preserved in the sacral dermatomes, even though sensation may be more impaired in other, higher dermatomes below the level of the lesion.[21] Sacral sparing has been attributed to the fact that the sacral spinal pathways are not as likely as the other spinal pathways to become compressed after injury due to the lamination of fibers within the spinal cord.[21]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury_without_radiographic_abnormality"},{"link_name":"radiographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiograph"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012288-22"},{"link_name":"Spinal column injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column"},{"link_name":"fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"},{"link_name":"ligaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denticulate_ligaments"},{"link_name":"spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_column"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012288%E2%80%9389-23"},{"link_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012289-24"}],"sub_title":"Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality","text":"Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality exists when spinal cord injury is present but there is no evidence of spinal column injury on radiographs.[22] Spinal column injury is trauma that causes fracture of the bone or instability of the ligaments in the spine; this can coexist with or cause injury to the spinal cord, but each injury can occur without the other.[23] Abnormalities might show up on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the term was coined before MRI was in common use.[24]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cord_s.svg"},{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"Central cord syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_cord_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal2014839-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell2010170-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell2010170-26"},{"link_name":"hyperextension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperextension"},{"link_name":"spinal stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_stenosis"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENamdariPillMehta2014297-27"},{"link_name":"intervertebral disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_disc"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarxWallsHockberger20131420-28"}],"sub_title":"Central cord syndrome","text":"Incomplete lesions of the spinal cord: Central cord syndrome (top), Anterior cord syndrome (middle), and Brown-Séquard syndrome (bottom)Central cord syndrome, almost always resulting from damage to the cervical spinal cord, is characterized by weakness in the arms with relative sparing of the legs, and spared sensation in regions served by the sacral segments.[25] There is loss of sensation of pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure below the level of injury.[26] The spinal tracts that serve the arms are more affected due to their central location in the spinal cord, while the corticospinal fibers destined for the legs are spared due to their more external location.[26]The most common of the incomplete SCI syndromes, central cord syndrome usually results from neck hyperextension in older people with spinal stenosis. In younger people, it most commonly results from neck flexion.[27] The most common causes are falls and vehicle accidents; however other possible causes include spinal stenosis and impingement on the spinal cord by a tumor or intervertebral disc.[28]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anterior spinal artery syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_spinal_artery_syndrome"},{"link_name":"anterior spinal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_spinal_artery"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell2010170-26"},{"link_name":"proprioception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote20099-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENamdariPillMehta2014297-27"}],"sub_title":"Anterior spinal artery syndrome","text":"Anterior spinal artery syndrome also known as anterior spinal cord syndrome, due to damage to the front portion of the spinal cord or reduction in the blood supply from the anterior spinal artery, can be caused by fractures or dislocations of vertebrae or herniated disks.[26] Below the level of injury, motor function, pain sensation, and temperature sensation are lost, while sense of touch and proprioception (sense of position in space) remain intact.[29][27] These differences are due to the relative locations of the spinal tracts responsible for each type of function.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brown-Séquard syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-S%C3%A9quard_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200910-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell2010171-31"},{"link_name":"proprioception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200910-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarxWallsHockberger20131420-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200910-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Brown-Séquard syndrome","text":"Brown-Séquard syndrome occurs when the spinal cord is injured on one side much more than the other.[30] It is rare for the spinal cord to be truly hemisected (severed on one side), but partial lesions due to penetrating wounds (such as gunshot or knife wounds) or fractured vertebrae or tumors are common.[31] On the ipsilateral side of the injury (same side), the body loses motor function, proprioception, and senses of vibration and touch.[30] On the contralateral (opposite side) of the injury, there is a loss of pain and temperature sensations.If the injury is above pyramidal decussation there is contralateral hemiplagia, at the level of decussation there is completed motor loss on both sides and below pyramidal decussation there is ipsilateral hemiplagia.[28][30]Spinothalamic tracts are in charge for pain and temperature sensation and because these tracts cross to the opposite side and above the spinal cord there is loss on the contralateral side.[32]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Posterior spinal artery syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_spinal_artery_syndrome"},{"link_name":"dorsal columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_column"},{"link_name":"myelopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelopathy"},{"link_name":"posterior spinal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_spinal_artery"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoos2012249%E2%80%9350-33"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENamdariPillMehta2014297-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlyasRehman2013389-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012294-35"},{"link_name":"Tabes dorsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabes_dorsalis"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell2010167-36"}],"sub_title":"Posterior spinal artery syndrome","text":"Posterior spinal artery syndrome (PSAS), in which just the dorsal columns of the spinal cord are affected, is usually seen in cases of chronic myelopathy but can also occur with infarction of the posterior spinal artery.[33] This rare syndrome causes the loss of proprioception and sense of vibration below the level of injury[27] while motor function and sensation of pain, temperature, and touch remain intact.[34] Usually posterior cord injuries result from insults like disease or vitamin deficiency rather than trauma.[35] Tabes dorsalis, due to injury to the posterior part of the spinal cord caused by syphilis, results in loss of touch and proprioceptive sensation.[36]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conus medullaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_medullaris"},{"link_name":"conus medullaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_medullaris"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200910-30"},{"link_name":"sexual functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_function"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200910-30"},{"link_name":"Achilles reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_reflex"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200910-30"},{"link_name":"tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarxWallsHockberger20131422-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashir2022-38"},{"link_name":"Cauda equina syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauda_equina_syndrome"},{"link_name":"cauda equina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauda_equina"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012294-35"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200911-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarxWallsHockberger20131422-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200911-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200911-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashir2022-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarxWallsHockberger20131422-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarxWallsHockberger20131422-37"},{"link_name":"peripheral nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nerve"},{"link_name":"peripheral nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200911-39"}],"sub_title":"Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndromes","text":"Conus medullaris syndrome is an injury to the end of the spinal cord the conus medullaris, located at about the T12–L2 vertebrae in adults.[30] This region contains the S4–S5 spinal segments, responsible for bowel, bladder, and some sexual functions, so these can be disrupted in this type of injury.[30] In addition, sensation and the Achilles reflex can be disrupted.[30] Causes include tumors, physical trauma, and ischemia.[37] Cauda equina syndrome may also be caused by central disc prolapse or slipped disc, infections such as epidural abscess, spinal haemorrhages, secondary to medical procedures and birth abnormalities.[38]Cauda equina syndrome (CES) results from a lesion below the level at which the spinal cord ends. Descending nerve roots continue as the cauda equina[35] at levels L2–S5 below the conus medullaris before exiting through intervertebral foraminae.[39] Thus it is not a true spinal cord syndrome since it is nerve roots that are damaged and not the cord itself; however, it is common for several of these nerves to be damaged at the same time due to their proximity.[37] CES can occur by itself or alongside conus medullaris syndrome.[39] It can cause low back pain, weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs, loss of sensation, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and loss of reflexes.[39] There may be bilateral sciatica with central disc prolapse and altered gait.[38] Unlike conus medullaris syndrome, symptoms often occur only on one side of the body.[37] The cause is often compression, e.g. by a ruptured intervertebral disk or tumor.[37] Since the nerves damaged in CES are actually peripheral nerves because they have already branched off from the spinal cord, the injury has better prognosis for recovery of function: the peripheral nervous system has a greater capacity for healing than the central nervous system.[39]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sign"},{"link_name":"symptoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom"}],"text":"Signs (observed by a clinician) and symptoms (experienced by a patient) vary depending on where the spine is injured and the extent of the injury.","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dermatome (anatomy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatome_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"innervated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve"},{"link_name":"dermatome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatome_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Paraesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraesthesia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine2011199-40"},{"link_name":"level of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201339-41"}],"sub_title":"Dermatome","text":"Further information: Dermatome (anatomy)A section of skin innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a dermatome, and injury to that part of the spine can cause pain, numbness, or a loss of sensation in the related areas. Paraesthesia, a tingling or burning sensation in affected areas of the skin, is another symptom.[40] A person with a lowered level of consciousness may show a response to a painful stimulus above a certain point but not below it.[41]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"myotome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome"},{"link_name":"spasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasticity"},{"link_name":"weak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresis"},{"link_name":"paralysed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"},{"link_name":"Spinal shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_shock"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnell2010169-42"},{"link_name":"Priapism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapism"},{"link_name":"erection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erection"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine2011200-43"},{"link_name":"Neurogenic bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenic_bladder_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Muscle function","text":"A group of muscles innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a myotome, and injury to that part of the spinal cord can cause problems with movements that involve those muscles. The muscles may contract uncontrollably (spasticity), become weak, or be completely paralysed. Spinal shock, loss of neural activity including reflexes below the level of injury, occurs shortly after the injury and usually goes away within a day.[42] Priapism, an erection of the penis may be a sign of acute spinal cord injury.[43]The specific parts of the body affected by loss of function are determined by the level of injury. Some signs, such as bowel and bladder dysfunction can occur at any level. Neurogenic bladder involves a compromised ability to empty the bladder and is a common symptom of spinal cord injury. This can lead to high pressures in the bladder that can damage the kidneys.[44]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cervical vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1025_Atrophy.png"},{"link_name":"cervical vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae"},{"link_name":"tetraplegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraplegia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal2014839-25"},{"link_name":"heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"body temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperature"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201353%E2%80%9354-45"},{"link_name":"endotracheal tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotracheal_tube"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"}],"sub_title":"Cervical spine","text":"Further information: Cervical vertebraeMuscle mass is reduced as muscles atrophy with disuse.Spinal cord injuries at the cervical vertebrae (neck) level result in full or partial tetraplegia, also called quadriplegia.[25] Depending on the specific location and severity of trauma, limited function may be retained. Additional symptoms of cervical injuries include low heart rate, low blood pressure, problems regulating body temperature, and breathing dysfunction.[45] If the injury is high enough in the neck to impair the muscles involved in breathing, the person may not be able to breathe without the help of an endotracheal tube and mechanical ventilator.[10]","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lumbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar"},{"link_name":"Sacrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum"},{"link_name":"lumbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar"},{"link_name":"sacral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum"},{"link_name":"legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leg"},{"link_name":"hips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip"},{"link_name":"genitourinary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitourinary_system"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2010313-47"},{"link_name":"Bowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestine"},{"link_name":"bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladder"},{"link_name":"sacral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum"},{"link_name":"sexual dysfunction after injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_after_spinal_cord_injury"},{"link_name":"fecal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_incontinence"},{"link_name":"urinary incontinence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_incontinence"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SCI_complications_by_level.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Lumbosacral","text":"Further information: Lumbar and SacrumThe effects of injuries at or above the lumbar or sacral regions of the spinal cord (lower back and pelvis) include decreased control of the legs and hips, genitourinary system, and anus. People injured below level L2 may still have use of their hip flexor and knee extensor muscles.[47] Bowel and bladder function are regulated by the sacral region. It is common to experience sexual dysfunction after injury, as well as dysfunction of the bowel and bladder, including fecal and urinary incontinence.[10]Expected spinal cord injury complications by level of injury.","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax"},{"link_name":"thorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2010311,_313-48"},{"link_name":"paraplegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplegia"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2010311-49"}],"sub_title":"Thoracic","text":"Further information: ThoraxIn addition to the problems found in lower-level injuries, thorax (chest height) spinal lesions can affect the muscles in the trunk. Injuries at the level of T1 to T8 result in inability to control the abdominal muscles. Trunk stability may be affected; even more so in higher level injuries.[48] The lower the level of injury, the less extensive its effects. Injuries from T9 to T12 result in partial loss of trunk and abdominal muscle control. Thoracic spinal injuries result in paraplegia, but function of the hands, arms, and neck are not affected.[49]","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autonomic dysreflexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_dysreflexia"},{"link_name":"autonomic dysreflexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_dysreflexia"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECifuLew2013197-9"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dimitriadis10-50"},{"link_name":"sympathetic nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanFleisherFink2008348-6"},{"link_name":"headache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"},{"link_name":"nausea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"},{"link_name":"ringing in the ears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitus"},{"link_name":"nasal congestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_congestion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanFleisherFink2008348-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanFleisherFink2008348-6"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2010313-47"}],"sub_title":"Thoracic - Autonomic dysreflexia","text":"Further information: Autonomic dysreflexiaOne condition that occurs typically in lesions above the T6 level is autonomic dysreflexia (AD), in which the blood pressure increases to dangerous levels, high enough to cause potentially deadly stroke.[9][50] It results from an overreaction of the system to a stimulus such as pain below the level of injury, because inhibitory signals from the brain cannot pass the lesion to dampen the excitatory sympathetic nervous system response.[6] Signs and symptoms of AD include anxiety, headache, nausea, ringing in the ears, blurred vision, flushed skin, and nasal congestion.[6] It can occur shortly after the injury or not until years later.[6]Other autonomic functions may also be disrupted. For example, problems with body temperature regulation mostly occur in injuries at T8 and above.[47]","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neurogenic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenic_shock"},{"link_name":"neurogenic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenic_shock"},{"link_name":"sympathetic nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"muscle tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanFleisherFink2008348-6"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dimitriadis10-50"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanFleisherFink2008348-6"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dimitriadis10-50"},{"link_name":"low heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201063-51"}],"sub_title":"Thoracic - Neurogenic shock","text":"Further information: Neurogenic shockAnother serious complication that can result from lesions above T6 is neurogenic shock, which results from an interruption in output from the sympathetic nervous system responsible for maintaining muscle tone in the blood vessels.[6][50] Without the sympathetic input, the vessels relax and dilate.[6][50] Neurogenic shock presents with dangerously low blood pressure, low heart rate, and blood pooling in the limbs—which results in insufficient blood flow to the spinal cord and potentially further damage to it.[51]","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pulmonary edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema"},{"link_name":"respiratory failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_failure"},{"link_name":"neurogenic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenic_shock"},{"link_name":"paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"}],"sub_title":"Complications","text":"Complications of spinal cord injuries include pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, neurogenic shock, and paralysis below the injury site.","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophy"},{"link_name":"atrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophy"},{"link_name":"pressure sores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sore"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201070-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2010314%E2%80%9315-53"},{"link_name":"nociceptive pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptive_pain"},{"link_name":"neuropathic pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200917-54"},{"link_name":"Spasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasticity"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hesse12-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selzer2010-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selzer2010-56"},{"link_name":"contractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracture"},{"link_name":"shortening of muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contracture"},{"link_name":"range of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_motion"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2010315-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronteraSilverRizzo2014407-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qin2010-59"},{"link_name":"bone demineralization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralization_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200916-60"},{"link_name":"heterotopic ossification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotopic_ossification"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200915-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200915-61"}],"sub_title":"Complications - Muscle atrophy","text":"Further information: AtrophyIn the long term, the loss of muscle function can have additional effects from disuse, including muscle atrophy. Immobility also can lead to pressure sores, particularly in bony areas, requiring precautions such as extra cushioning and turning in bed every two hours (in the acute setting) to relieve pressure.[52]In the long term, people in wheelchairs must shift periodically to relieve pressure.[53] Another complication is pain, including nociceptive pain (indication of potential or actual tissue damage) and neuropathic pain, when nerves affected by damage convey erroneous pain signals in the absence of noxious stimuli.[54] Spasticity, the uncontrollable tensing of muscles below the level of injury, occurs in 65–78% of chronic SCI.[55] It results from lack of input from the brain that quells muscle responses to stretch reflexes.[56] It can be treated with drugs and physical therapy.[56] Spasticity increases the risk of contractures (shortening of muscles, tendons, or ligaments that result from lack of use of a limb); this problem can be prevented by moving the limb through its full range of motion multiple times a day.[57] Another problem lack of mobility can cause is loss of bone density and changes in bone structure.[58][59] Loss of bone density (bone demineralization), thought to be due to lack of input from weakened or paralysed muscles, can increase the risk of fractures.[60] Conversely, a poorly understood phenomenon is the overgrowth of bone tissue in soft tissue areas, called heterotopic ossification.[61] It occurs below the level of injury, possibly as a result of inflammation, and happens to a clinically significant extent in 27% of people.[61]","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fehlings11-62"},{"link_name":"urinary tract infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection"},{"link_name":"respiratory infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_infection"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201326-63"},{"link_name":"Pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"shortness of breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal2014839-25"}],"sub_title":"Complications - Cardiovascular and respiratory complications","text":"People with spinal cord injury are at especially high risk for respiratory and cardiovascular problems, so hospital staff must be watchful to avoid them.[62] Respiratory problems (especially pneumonia) are the leading cause of death in people with SCI, followed by infections, usually of pressure sores, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections.[63] Pneumonia can be accompanied by shortness of breath, fever, and anxiety.[25]","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deep venous thrombosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_venous_thrombosis"},{"link_name":"deep venous thrombosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_venous_thrombosis"},{"link_name":"pulmonary embolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200913-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201069-65"},{"link_name":"anticoagulants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201069-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201069-65"}],"sub_title":"Complications - Deep venous thrombosis","text":"Further information: Deep venous thrombosisAnother potentially deadly threat to respiration is deep venous thrombosis (DVT), in which blood forms a clot in immobile limbs; the clot can break off and form a pulmonary embolism, lodging in the lung and cutting off blood supply to it.[64] DVT is an especially high risk in SCI, particularly within 10 days of injury, occurring in over 13% in the acute care setting.[65] Preventative measures include anticoagulants, pressure hose, and moving the patient's limbs.[65] The usual signs and symptoms of DVT and pulmonary embolism may be masked in SCI cases due to effects such as alterations in pain perception and nervous system functioning.[65]","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urinary tract infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection"},{"link_name":"Urinary tract infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal2014839-25"},{"link_name":"urinary catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_catheter"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201070-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201070-52"},{"link_name":"intermittent catheterization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_catheterization"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200916-60"}],"sub_title":"Complications - Urinary tract infection","text":"Further information: Urinary tract infectionUrinary tract infection (UTI) is another risk that may not display the usual symptoms (pain, urgency, and frequency); it may instead be associated with worsened spasticity.[25] The risk of UTI, likely the most common complication in the long term, is heightened by use of indwelling urinary catheters.[52] Catheterization may be necessary because SCI interferes with the bladder's ability to empty when it gets too full, which could trigger autonomic dysreflexia or damage the bladder permanently.[52] The use of intermittent catheterization to empty the bladder at regular intervals throughout the day has decreased the mortality due to kidney failure from UTI in the first world, but it is still a serious problem in developing countries.[60]","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major depressive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"major depressive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BurnsMahalik2008-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201327-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollard07-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollard07-68"}],"sub_title":"Complications - Clinical depression","text":"Further information: Major depressive disorderAn estimated 24–45% of people with spinal cord injuries have major depressive disorder, and the suicide rate is as much as six times that of the rest of the population.[66] The risk of suicide is worst in the first five years after injury.[67] In young people with SCI, suicide is the leading cause of death.[68] Depression is associated with an increased risk of other complications such as UTI and pressure ulcers that occur more when self-care is neglected.[68]","title":"Spinal cord injury locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_falling_of_horse.jpg"},{"link_name":"physical trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012288-22"},{"link_name":"hyperflexion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperflexion"},{"link_name":"hyperextension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperextension"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_force"},{"link_name":"distraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distraction_injury"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine2011198-69"},{"link_name":"contusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contusion"},{"link_name":"compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_compression"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabapathy15-5"},{"link_name":"vertebral fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_fracture"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radiologyassistant-70"},{"link_name":"hemiparesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiparesis"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"motor vehicle accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_accident"},{"link_name":"falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_(accident)"},{"link_name":"sports injuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_injury"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201324%E2%80%9325-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashir201748-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201010-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201010-74"},{"link_name":"winter sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sport"},{"link_name":"water sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_sport"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"trampoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trampoline"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201334-75"},{"link_name":"Hanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownWyattIllingworthClancy20081132-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kabu15-77"},{"link_name":"iatrogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrogenic"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronteraSilverRizzo201439-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scivoletto14-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Celani01-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New14-81"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201324-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Den_Berg10-83"},{"link_name":"intervertebral disks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_disk"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote20095-12"},{"link_name":"arteriovenous malformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulkBehrmanSchmitz2013890-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2006530%E2%80%9331-85"},{"link_name":"tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"spondylosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylosis"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabapathy15-5"},{"link_name":"Multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"herpes zoster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_zoster"},{"link_name":"herpes simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex"},{"link_name":"meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis"},{"link_name":"myelitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelitis"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote20095-12"}],"text":"Falling as a part of recreational activities can cause spinal cord injuries.Spinal cord injuries are most often caused by physical trauma.[22] Forces involved can be hyperflexion (forward movement of the head); hyperextension (backward movement); lateral stress (sideways movement); rotation (twisting of the head); compression (force along the axis of the spine downward from the head or upward from the pelvis); or distraction (pulling apart of the vertebrae).[69] Traumatic SCI can result in contusion, compression, or stretch injury.[5] It is a major risk of many types of vertebral fracture.[70] Pre-existing asymptomatic congenital anomalies can cause major neurological deficits, such as hemiparesis, to result from otherwise minor trauma.[71]In the U.S., motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of SCIs; second are falls, then violence such as gunshot wounds, then sports injuries.[72] Another study from Asia, found that the most common cause of the SCI is fall (31.70%) from various sites such as fall from roof-tops (9.75%), electric pole (7.31%), fall from tree (7.31%) etc. Whereas road traffic accidents count for 19.51%, firearm injuries (12.19%), slipped foot (7.31%) and sports injuries (4.87%). As a result of injury, 26.82% [73]In some countries falls are more common, even surpassing vehicle crashes as the leading cause of SCI.[74] The rates of violence-related SCI depend heavily on place and time.[74] Of all sports-related SCIs, shallow water dives are the most common cause; winter sports and water sports have been increasing as causes while association football and trampoline injuries have been declining.[75] Hanging can cause injury to the cervical spine, as may occur in attempted suicide.[76] Military conflicts are another cause, and when they occur they are associated with increased rates of SCI.[77] Another potential cause of SCI is iatrogenic injury, caused by an improperly done medical procedure such as an injection into the spinal column.[78]SCI can also be of a nontraumatic origin. Nontraumatic lesions cause anywhere from 30 to 80% of all SCI;[79] the percentage varies by locale, influenced by efforts to prevent trauma.[80] Developed countries have higher percentages of SCI due to degenerative conditions and tumors than developing countries.[81] In developed countries, the most common cause of nontraumatic SCI is degenerative diseases, followed by tumors; in many developing countries the leading cause is infection such as HIV and tuberculosis.[82] SCI may occur in intervertebral disc disease, and spinal cord vascular disease.[83] Spontaneous bleeding can occur within or outside of the protective membranes that line the cord, and intervertebral disks can herniate.[12] Damage can result from dysfunction of the blood vessels, as in arteriovenous malformation, or when a blood clot becomes lodged in a blood vessel and cuts off blood supply to the cord.[84] When systemic blood pressure drops, blood flow to the spinal cord may be reduced, potentially causing a loss of sensation and voluntary movement in the areas supplied by the affected level of the spinal cord.[85] Congenital conditions and tumors that compress the cord can also cause SCI, as can vertebral spondylosis and ischemia.[5] Multiple sclerosis is a disease that can damage the spinal cord, as can infectious or inflammatory conditions such as tuberculosis, herpes zoster or herpes simplex, meningitis, myelitis, and syphilis.[12]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"driving under the influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence"},{"link_name":"distracted driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distracted_driving"},{"link_name":"drowsy driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsy_driving"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201331-86"},{"link_name":"road safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_safety"},{"link_name":"antilock brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilock_brakes"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201331-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201332-87"},{"link_name":"conflict resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resolution"},{"link_name":"gun safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_safety"},{"link_name":"trigger locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_lock"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201332-87"},{"link_name":"head-first tackling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearing_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201333-88"}],"text":"Vehicle-related spinal cord injury is prevented with measures including societal and individual efforts to reduce driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, distracted driving, and drowsy driving.[86] Other efforts include increasing road safety (such as marking hazards and adding lighting) and vehicle safety, both to prevent accidents, such as routine maintenance and antilock brakes. and to mitigate the damage of crashes, such as head restraints, air bags, seat belts, and child safety seats.[86] Falls can be prevented by making changes to the environment, such as nonslip materials and grab bars in bathtubs and showers, railings for stairs, child and safety gates for windows.[87] Gun-related injuries can be prevented with conflict resolution training, gun safety education campaigns, and changes to the technology of guns, including trigger locks to improve their safety.[87] Sports injuries can be prevented with changes to sports rules and equipment to increase safety, and education campaigns to reduce risky practices such as diving into water of unknown depth or head-first tackling in association football.[88]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiology_ND_0127_AAL.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C6-C7-disc-herniation-cevical-mri-scan-cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"MRIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyattIllingworthGrahamHogg2012384-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyattIllingworthGrahamHogg2012384-89"},{"link_name":"ligaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denticulate_ligaments"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyattIllingworthGrahamHogg2012384-89"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201078-91"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeKoning2014389-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201064%E2%80%9365-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201355-94"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"}],"text":"X-rays (left) are more available, but can miss details like herniated disks that MRIs can show (right).[89]A person's presentation in context of trauma or non-traumatic background determines suspicion for a spinal cord injury. The features are namely paralysis, sensory loss, or both at any level. Other symptoms may include incontinence.[90]A radiographic evaluation using an X-ray, CT scan, or MRI can determine if there is damage to the spinal column and where it is located.[10] X-rays are commonly available[89] and can detect instability or misalignment of the spinal column, but do not give very detailed images and can miss injuries to the spinal cord or displacement of ligaments or disks that do not have accompanying spinal column damage.[10] Thus when X-ray findings are normal but SCI is still suspected due to pain or SCI symptoms, CT or MRI scans are used.[89] CT gives greater detail than X-rays, but exposes the patient to more radiation,[91] and it still does not give images of the spinal cord or ligaments; MRI shows body structures in the greatest detail.[10] Thus it is the standard for anyone who has neurological deficits found in SCI or is thought to have an unstable spinal column injury.[92]Neurological evaluations to help determine the degree of impairment are performed initially and repeatedly in the early stages of treatment; this determines the rate of improvement or deterioration and informs treatment and prognosis.[93][94] The ASIA Impairment Scale outlined above is used to determine the level and severity of injury.[10]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immobilisation_plan_dur.png"},{"link_name":"Spinal precaution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_precautions"},{"link_name":"spinal board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_board"},{"link_name":"basic life support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_life_support"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012289-24"}],"sub_title":"Pre-hospital treatment","text":"Spinal precaution with use of a long spinal boardThe first stage in the management of a suspected spinal cord injury is geared toward basic life support and preventing further injury: maintaining airway, breathing, circulation, and restricting further motion of the spine.[24]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spinal motion restricted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_motion_restriction"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201338-95"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine2011207-96"},{"link_name":"level of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronJelinekKellyBrown2014-97"}],"sub_title":"Pre-hospital treatment - Spinal motion restriction","text":"In the emergency setting, most people who has been subjected to forces strong enough to cause SCI are treated as though they have instability in the spinal column and have spinal motion restricted to prevent damage to the spinal cord.[95] Injuries or fractures in the head, neck, or pelvis as well as penetrating trauma near the spine and falls from heights are assumed to be associated with an unstable spinal column until it is ruled out in the hospital.[10] High-speed vehicle crashes, sports injuries involving the head or neck, and diving injuries are other mechanisms that indicate a high SCI risk.[96] Since head and spinal trauma frequently coexist, anyone who is unconscious or has a lowered level of consciousness as a result of a head injury is spinal motion restricted.[97]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cervical collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_collar"},{"link_name":"backboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_board"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201338-95"},{"link_name":"Extrication devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Extrication_Device"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201337-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"clearing the cervical spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing_the_cervical_spine"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012294-35"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201337-98"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahn11-100"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012289-24"},{"link_name":"multiple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_trauma"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameronJelinekKellyBrown2014-97"}],"sub_title":"Pre-hospital treatment - Devices","text":"A rigid cervical collar is applied to the neck, and the head is held with blocks on either side and the person is strapped to a backboard.[95] Extrication devices are used to move people without excessively moving the spine[98] if they are still inside a vehicle or other confined space. The use of a cervical collar has been shown to increase mortality in people with penetrating trauma and is thus not routinely recommended in this group.[99]Modern trauma care includes a step called clearing the cervical spine, ruling out spinal cord injury if the patient is fully conscious and not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, displays no neurological deficits, has no pain in the middle of the neck and no other painful injuries that could distract from neck pain.[35] If these are all absent, no spinal motion restriction is necessary.[98]If an unstable spinal column injury is moved, damage may occur to the spinal cord.[100] Between 3 and 25% of SCIs occur not at the time of the initial trauma but later during treatment or transport.[24] While some of this is due to the nature of the injury itself, particularly in the case of multiple or massive trauma, some of it reflects the failure to adequately restrict motion of the spine. SCI can impair the body's ability to keep warm, so warming blankets may be needed.[97]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201353-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelowMedzon2011173-102"},{"link_name":"Acute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"intensive care unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201353-101"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeKoning2014373-103"},{"link_name":"spine board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_board"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITLS2018-104"}],"sub_title":"Early hospital treatment","text":"Initial care in the hospital, as in the prehospital setting, aims to ensure adequate airway, breathing, cardiovascular function, and spinal motion restriction.[101] Imaging of the spine to determine the presence of a SCI may need to wait if emergency surgery is needed to stabilize other life-threatening injuries.[102] Acute SCI merits treatment in an intensive care unit, especially injuries to the cervical spinal cord.[101] People with SCI need repeated neurological assessments and treatment by neurosurgeons.[103] People should be removed from the spine board as rapidly as possible to prevent complications from its use.[104]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"systolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systole"},{"link_name":"mmHg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MmHg"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201063-51"},{"link_name":"intravenous fluids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_fluids"},{"link_name":"vasopressors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressor"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201063%E2%80%9364-105"},{"link_name":"phenylephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylephrine"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATLS2018-1"},{"link_name":"arterial blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witiw15-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"shock from blood loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagic_shock"},{"link_name":"neurogenic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenic_shock"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201063%E2%80%9364-105"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATLS2018-1"},{"link_name":"insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelowMedzon2011167,_176-108"},{"link_name":"slowed heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia"},{"link_name":"atropine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATLS2018-1"}],"sub_title":"Early hospital treatment - Blood pressure","text":"If the systolic blood pressure falls below 90 mmHg within days of the injury, blood supply to the spinal cord may be reduced, resulting in further damage.[51] Thus it is important to maintain the blood pressure which may be done using intravenous fluids and vasopressors.[105] Vasopressors used include phenylephrine, dopamine, or norepinephrine.[1] Mean arterial blood pressure is measured and kept at 85 to 90 mmHg for seven days after injury.[106]The CAMPER Trial led by Dr Kwon and subsequent studies by the UCSF TRACK-SCI group (Dhall) have shown that spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) goals are more closely associated with better neurologic recovery than MAP goals. Some institutions have adopted these SCPP goals and lumbar CSF drain placement as a standard of care.[107] The treatment for shock from blood loss is different from that for neurogenic shock, and could harm people with the latter type, so it is necessary to determine why someone is in shock.[105] However it is also possible for both causes to exist at the same time.[1] Another important aspect of care is prevention of insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream, which could deprive the spinal cord of oxygen.[108] People with cervical or high thoracic injuries may experience a dangerously slowed heart rate; treatment to speed it may include atropine.[1]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corticosteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"methylprednisolone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylprednisolone"},{"link_name":"secondary injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_injury"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rou2017-109"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal bleeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATLS2018-1"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rou2017-109"},{"link_name":"traumatic brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITLS2018-104"}],"sub_title":"Early hospital treatment - Steroid treatment","text":"The corticosteroid medication methylprednisolone has been studied for use in spinal cord injury patients with the hope of limiting swelling and secondary injury.[109] As there does not appear to be long term benefits and the medication is associated with risks such as gastrointestinal bleeding and infection its use is not recommended as of 2018.[1][109] Its use in traumatic brain injury is also not recommended.[104]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witiw15-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witiw15-106"},{"link_name":"intervertebral discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_disc"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201065-110"},{"link_name":"penetrating injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrating_trauma"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyattIllingworthGrahamHogg2012384-89"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witiw15-106"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201065%E2%80%9369-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"bed rest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_rest"},{"link_name":"traction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(orthopedics)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201067-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelowMedzon2011177-116"},{"link_name":"dislocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krag89-117"}],"sub_title":"Early hospital treatment - Surgery","text":"Surgery may be necessary, e.g. to relieve excess pressure on the cord, to stabilize the spine, or to put vertebrae back in their proper place.[106] In cases involving instability or compression, failing to operate can lead to worsening of the condition.[106] Surgery is also necessary when something is pressing on the cord, such as bone fragments, blood, material from ligaments or intervertebral discs,[110] or a lodged object from a penetrating injury.[89] Although the ideal timing of surgery is still debated, studies have found that earlier surgical intervention (within 12 hours of injury) is associated with better outcomes.[111] This type of surgery is often referred to as \"Ultra-Early\", coined by Burke et al. at UCSF. Sometimes a patient has too many other injuries to be a surgical candidate this early.[106] Surgery is controversial because it has potential complications (such as infection), so in cases where it is not clearly needed (e.g. the cord is being compressed), doctors must decide whether to perform surgery based on aspects of the patient's condition and their own beliefs about its risks and benefits.[112] Recent large-scale studies have shown that patients who do undergo earlier surgery (within 12–24 hours) experience significantly lower rates of life-threatening complications and spend less time in hospital and critical care.[113][114]However, in cases where a more conservative approach is chosen, bed rest, cervical collars, motion restriction devices, and optionally traction are used.[115] Surgeons may opt to put traction on the spine to remove pressure from the spinal cord by putting dislocated vertebrae back into alignment, but herniation of intervertebral disks may prevent this technique from relieving pressure.[116] Gardner-Wells tongs are one tool used to exert spinal traction to reduce a fracture or dislocation and to reduce motion to the affected areas.[117]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evo.JPG"},{"link_name":"drop foot orthosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orthese_Querschnittl%C3%A4hmung.jpg"},{"link_name":"knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics"},{"link_name":"intensive care unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review02-118"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECifuLew2013197-9"},{"link_name":"Physical therapists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapist"},{"link_name":"occupational therapists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_therapist"},{"link_name":"recreational therapists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_therapist"},{"link_name":"psychologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"},{"link_name":"pressure ulcers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_ulcer"},{"link_name":"range of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_motion"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulk,_G._2007-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-121"},{"link_name":"total lung capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_lung_capacity"},{"link_name":"tidal volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_volume"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winslow_C-122"},{"link_name":"glossopharyngeal breathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_breathing"},{"link_name":"postural drainage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_drainage"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-121"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid-120"},{"link_name":"mechanical ventilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-121"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2010306-123"},{"link_name":"Functional Independence Measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Independence_Measure"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chumney-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chumney-124"},{"link_name":"activities of daily living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living"},{"link_name":"ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics#Ankle%E2%80%93foot_orthosis_(AFO)"},{"link_name":"knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics#Knee-ankle-foot_orthosis_(KAFO)_in_the_field_of_paralysis_orthoses"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-del-Ama12-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frood,_R._2010-126"},{"link_name":"orthosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"sub_title":"Rehabilitation","text":"A drop foot orthosis lifts the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors. If other muscle groups, such as the plantar flexors, are weak, additional functional elements must be considered. An ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) is not suitable for the care of patients with weakness in other muscle groups.A patient after incomplete paraplegia (lesion height L3) with a knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) with an integrated stance phase control knee jointSpinal cord injury patients often require extended treatment in specialized spinal unit or an intensive care unit.[118] The rehabilitation process typically begins in the acute care setting. Usually, the inpatient phase lasts 8–12 weeks and then the outpatient rehabilitation phase lasts 3–12 months after that, followed by yearly medical and functional evaluation.[9] Physical therapists, occupational therapists, recreational therapists, nurses, social workers, psychologists, and other health care professionals work as a team under the coordination of a physiatrist[10] to decide on goals with the patient and develop a plan of discharge that is appropriate for the person's condition.In the acute phase physical therapists focus on the patient's respiratory status, prevention of indirect complications (such as pressure ulcers), maintaining range of motion, and keeping available musculature active.[119]For people whose injuries are high enough to interfere with breathing, there is great emphasis on airway clearance during this stage of recovery.[120] Weakness of respiratory muscles impairs the ability to cough effectively, allowing secretions to accumulate within the lungs.[121] As SCI patients have reduced total lung capacity and tidal volume,[122] physical therapists teach them accessory breathing techniques (e.g. apical breathing, glossopharyngeal breathing) that typically are not taught to healthy individuals. Physical therapy treatment for airway clearance may include manual percussions and vibrations, postural drainage,[120] respiratory muscle training, and assisted cough techniques.[121] Patients are taught to increase their intra-abdominal pressure by leaning forward to induce cough and clear mild secretions.[121] The quad cough technique is done lying on the back with the therapist applying pressure on the abdomen in the rhythm of the cough to maximize expiratory flow and mobilize secretions.[121] Manual abdominal compression is another technique used to increase expiratory flow which later improves coughing.[120] Other techniques used to manage respiratory dysfunction include respiratory muscle pacing, use of a constricting abdominal binder, ventilator-assisted speech, and mechanical ventilation.[121]The amount of functional recovery and independence achieved in terms of activities of daily living, recreational activities, and employment is affected by the level and severity of injury.[123] The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is an assessment tool that aims to evaluate the function of patients throughout the rehabilitation process following a spinal cord injury or other serious illness or injury.[124] It can track a patient's progress and degree of independence during rehabilitation.[124] People with SCI may need to use specialized devices and to make modifications to their environment in order to handle activities of daily living and to function independently. Weak joints can be stabilized with devices such as ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) or knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs), but walking may still require a lot of effort.[125] Increasing activity will increase chances of recovery.[126]For treatment of paralysis levels in the lower thoracic spine or lower, starting therapy with an orthosis is promising from the intermediate phase (2–26 weeks after the incident).[127][128][129] In patients with complete paraplegia (ASIA A), this applies to lesion heights between T12 and S5. In patients with incomplete paraplegia (ASIA B-D), orthoses are even suitable for lesion heights above T12. In both cases, however, a detailed muscle function test must be carried out to precisely plan the construction with an orthosis.[130]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holly_Koester,_2007_Chevron_Houston_Marathon_(357322273).jpg"},{"link_name":"wheelchair racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair_racer"},{"link_name":"incurable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incurable"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012293-131"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scivoletto14-79"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012293-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waters91-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waters91-132"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scivoletto14-79"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote20099-29"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote20095-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote20095-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECifuLew2013197-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECifuLew2013197-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toward_Functional_Restoration-4"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote200911-39"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote20098-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recovery-134"},{"link_name":"Spinal shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_shock"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortoisCharvier2015236-135"},{"link_name":"Sexual dysfunction after spinal injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_after_spinal_cord_injury"},{"link_name":"erectile dysfunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"loss of ability to ejaculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anejaculation"},{"link_name":"orgasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgasm"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hesse12-55"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2010-136"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulkBehrmanSchmitz2013890-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulkBehrmanSchmitz2013890-84"}],"text":"Holly Koester, who incurred a spinal injury as a result of a motor vehicle collision, is now a wheelchair racer.Spinal cord injuries generally result in at least some incurable impairment even with the best possible treatment. The best predictor of prognosis is the level and completeness of injury, as measured by the ASIA impairment scale.[131] The neurological score at the initial evaluation done 72 hours after injury is the best predictor of how much function will return.[79] Most people with ASIA scores of A (complete injuries) do not have functional motor recovery, but improvement can occur.[131][132] Most patients with incomplete injuries recover at least some function.[132] Chances of recovering the ability to walk improve with each AIS grade found at the initial examination; e.g. an ASIA D score confers a better chance of walking than a score of C.[79] The symptoms of incomplete injuries can vary and it is difficult to make an accurate prediction of the outcome. A person with a mild, incomplete injury at the T5 vertebra will have a much better chance of using his or her legs than a person with a severe, complete injury at exactly the same place. Of the incomplete SCI syndromes, Brown-Séquard and central cord syndromes have the best prognosis for recovery and anterior cord syndrome has the worst.[29]People with nontraumatic causes of SCI have been found to be less likely to develop complete injuries and some complications such as pressure sores and deep vein thrombosis, and to have shorter hospital stays.[12] Their scores on functional tests were better than those of people with traumatic SCI upon hospital admission, but when they were tested upon discharge, those with traumatic SCI had improved such that both groups' results were the same.[12] In addition to the completeness and level of the injury, age and concurrent health problems affect the extent to which a person with SCI will be able to live independently and to walk.[9] However, in general people with injuries to L3 or below will likely be able to walk functionally, T10 and below to walk around the house with bracing, and C7 and below to live independently.[9] New therapies are beginning to provide hope for better outcomes in patients with SCI, but most are in the experimental/translational stage.[4]One important predictor of motor recovery in an area is presence of sensation there, particularly pain perception.[39] Most motor recovery occurs in the first year post-injury, but modest improvements can continue for years; sensory recovery is more limited.[133] Recovery is typically quickest during the first six months.[134] Spinal shock, in which reflexes are suppressed, occurs immediately after the injury and resolves largely within three months but continues resolving gradually for another 15.[135]Sexual dysfunction after spinal injury is common. Problems that can occur include erectile dysfunction, loss of ability to ejaculate, insufficient lubrication of the vagina, and reduced sensation and impaired ability to orgasm.[55] Despite this, many people learn ways to adapt their sexual practices so they can lead satisfying sex lives.[136]Although life expectancy has improved with better care options, it is still not as good as the uninjured population. The higher the level of injury, and the more complete the injury, the greater the reduction in life expectancy.[84] Mortality is very elevated within a year of injury.[84]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProgressPromise-137"},{"link_name":"number of new cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witiw15-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witiw15-106"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu15-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clement13-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FSCIP-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qiu09-141"},{"link_name":"number of people living with SCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence_(epidemiology)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witiw15-106"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh14-142"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witiw15-106"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clement13-139"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh14-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField-Fote20093-143"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh14-142"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahn11-100"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelowMedzon2011173-102"},{"link_name":"other serious injuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrauma"},{"link_name":"head trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_trauma"},{"link_name":"facial trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_trauma"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeitzmanFabianRhodesSchwab2012288-22"},{"link_name":"chest trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_trauma"},{"link_name":"abdominal trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_trauma"},{"link_name":"pelvic fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture"},{"link_name":"bone fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201355-94"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal2014839-25"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NINDS13-10"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal2014839-25"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashir201748-73"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeVivo2012-144"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi201010-74"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellockMyer2013124-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammell2013274-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal2013388-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchottlerVogel2012-148"},{"link_name":"child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"shaken baby syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal2013388-147"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine2011197-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aghayan14-150"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabapathy15-5"},{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine2011197%E2%80%9398-151"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scivoletto14-79"}],"text":"Breakdown of age at time of injury in the US from 1995–1999.[137]\n\n 0–15 (3.0%) 16–30 (42.1%) 31–45 (28.1%) 46–60 (15.1%) 61–75 (8.5%) 76+ (3.2%)Worldwide, the number of new cases since 1995 of SCI ranges from 10.4 to 83 people per million per year.[106] This wide range of numbers is probably partly due to differences among regions in whether and how injuries are reported.[106] In North America, about 39 people per every million incur SCI traumatically each year, and in Western Europe, the incidence is 16 per million.[138][139] In the United States, the incidence of spinal cord injury has been estimated to be about 40 cases per 1 million people per year or around 12,000 cases per year.[140] In China, the incidence is approximately 60,000 per year.[141]The estimated number of people living with SCI in the world ranges from 236 to 4187 per million.[106] Estimates vary widely due to differences in how data are collected and what techniques are used to extrapolate the figures.[142] Little information is available from Asia, and even less from Africa and South America.[106] In Western Europe the estimated prevalence is 300 per million people and in North America it is 853 per million.[139] It is estimated at 440 per million in Iran, 526 per million in Iceland, and 681 per million in Australia.[142] In the United States there are between 225,000 and 296,000 individuals living with spinal cord injuries,[143] and different studies have estimated prevalences from 525 to 906 per million.[142]SCI is present in about 2% of all cases of blunt force trauma.[100] Anyone who has undergone force sufficient to cause a thoracic spinal injury is at high risk for other injuries also.[102] In 44% of SCI cases, other serious injuries are sustained at the same time; 14% of SCI patients also have head trauma or facial trauma.[22] Other commonly associated injuries include chest trauma, abdominal trauma, pelvic fractures, and long bone fractures.[94]Males account for four out of five traumatic spinal cord injuries.[25] Most of these injuries occur in men under 30 years of age.[10] The average age at the time of injury has slowly increased from about 29 years in the 1970s to 41.[25] In Pakistan, spinal cord injury is more common in males (92.68%) as compared to females in the 20-30 years of age group with a median age of 40 years, although people from 12-70 years of age suffered from spinal cord injury [73] Rates of injury are at their lowest in children, at their highest in the late teens to early twenties, then get progressively lower in older age groups; however rates may rise in the elderly.[144] In Sweden between 50 and 70% of all cases of SCI occur in people under 30, and 25% occur in those over 50.[74] While SCI rates are highest among people age 15–20,[145] fewer than 3% of SCIs occur in people under 15.[146] Neonatal SCI occurs in one in 60,000 births, e.g. from breech births or injuries by forceps.[147] The difference in rates between the sexes diminishes in injuries at age 3 and younger; the same number of girls are injured as boys, or possibly more.[148] Another cause of pediatric injury is child abuse such as shaken baby syndrome.[147] For children, the most common cause of SCI (56%) is vehicle crashes.[149] High numbers of adolescent injuries are attributable in a large part to traffic accidents and sports injuries.[150] For people over 65, falls are the most common cause of traumatic SCI.[5] The elderly and people with severe arthritis are at high risk for SCI because of defects in the spinal column.[151] In nontraumatic SCI, the gender difference is smaller, the average age of occurrence is greater, and incomplete lesions are more common.[79]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edwin Smith Papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lifshutz04-152"},{"link_name":"Edwin Smith Papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lifshutz04-152"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lifshutz04-152"},{"link_name":"Hippocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"},{"link_name":"Hippocratic Corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi20103%E2%80%934-153"},{"link_name":"Aulus Cornelius Celsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lifshutz04-152"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi20105-154"},{"link_name":"Paul of Aegina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Aegina"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lifshutz04-152"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Andreas Vesalius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi20105-154"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi20105-154"},{"link_name":"laminectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminectomy"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi20106-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganti-KossmannRaghupathiMaas2012229-156"},{"link_name":"mortality rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallahDanceBurns2012235-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tremblay-158"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganti-KossmannRaghupathiMaas2012229-156"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sekhon01-159"},{"link_name":"emergency medical services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabharwal201335-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltzLevi20107-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"text":"The ancient Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus, who provided the earliest known description of spinal cord injury[152]Spinal cord injury has been known to be devastating for millennia; the ancient Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus from 2500 BC, the first known description of the injury, says it is \"not to be treated\".[152] Hindu texts dating back to 1800 BC also mention SCI and describe traction techniques to straighten the spine.[152] The Greek physician Hippocrates, born in the fifth century BC, described SCI in his Hippocratic Corpus and invented traction devices to straighten dislocated vertebrae.[153] But it was not until Aulus Cornelius Celsus, born 30 BC, noted that a cervical injury resulted in rapid death that the spinal cord itself was implicated in the condition.[152] In the second century AD the Greek physician Galen experimented on monkeys and reported that a horizontal cut through the spinal cord caused them to lose all sensation and motion below the level of the cut.[154] The seventh-century Greek physician Paul of Aegina described surgical techniques for treatment of broken vertebrae by removing bone fragments, as well as surgery to relieve pressure on the spine.[152] Little medical progress was made during the Middle Ages in Europe; it was not until the Renaissance that the spine and nerves were accurately depicted in human anatomy drawings by Leonardo da Vinci and Andreas Vesalius.[154]In 1762, Andre Louis, a surgeon, removed a bullet from the lumbar spine of a patient, who regained motion in the legs.[154] In 1829, Gilpin Smith, a surgeon, performed a successful laminectomy that improved the patient's sensation.[155] However, the idea that SCI was untreatable remained predominant until the early 20th century.[156] In 1934, the mortality rate in the first two years after injury was over 80%, mostly due to infections of the urinary tract and pressure sores,[157] the latter of which were believed to be intrinsic to SCI rather than a result of continuous bedrest.[158] It was not until the second half of the century that breakthroughs in imaging, surgery, medical care, and rehabilitation medicine contributed to a substantial improvement in SCI care.[156] The relative incidence of incomplete compared to complete injuries has improved since the mid-20th century, due mainly to the emphasis on faster and better initial care and stabilization of spinal cord injury patients.[159] The creation of emergency medical services to professionally transport people to the hospital is given partial credit for an improvement in outcomes since the 1970s.[160] Improvements in care have been accompanied by increased life expectancy of people with SCI; survival times have improved by about 2000% since 1940.[161] In 2015/2016 23% of people in nine spinal injury centres in England had their discharge delayed because of disputes about who should pay for the equipment they needed.[162]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_bone_marrow_derived_MSCs.jpg"},{"link_name":"mesenchymal stem 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cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silva14-163"},{"link_name":"stem cell studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_research"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aghayan14-150"},{"link_name":"Phase 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"endpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_endpoint"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"biomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterial"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kabu15-77"},{"link_name":"Biomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterials"},{"link_name":"collagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen"},{"link_name":"agarose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarose"},{"link_name":"polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"nitrocellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kabu15-77"},{"link_name":"hydrogels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel"},{"link_name":"nanofibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofiber"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kabu15-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kabu15-77"},{"link_name":"powered robotic exoskeletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louie15-166"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louie15-166"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louie15-166"},{"link_name":"epidural spinal cord stimulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_stimulator"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Darek Fidyka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darek_Fidyka"},{"link_name":"olfactory ensheathing cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_ensheathing_cells"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"}],"text":"Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells seen under phase contrast microscope at 63-times magnification)Scientists are investigating various avenues for treatment of spinal cord injury. Therapeutic research is focused on two main areas: neuroprotection and neuroregeneration.[77] The former seeks to prevent the harm that occurs from secondary injury in the minutes to weeks following the insult, and the latter aims to reconnect the broken circuits in the spinal cord to allow function to return.[77] Neuroprotective drugs target secondary injury effects including inflammation, damage by free radicals, excitotoxicity (neuronal damage by excessive glutamate signaling), and apoptosis (cell suicide).[77] Several potentially neuroprotective agents that target pathways like these are under investigation in human clinical trials.[77]Stem cell transplantation is an important avenue for SCI research: the goal is to replace lost spinal cord cells, allow reconnection in broken neural circuits by regrowing axons, and to create an environment in the tissues that is favorable to growth.[77] A key avenue of SCI research is research on stem cells, which can differentiate into other types of cells—including those lost after SCI.[77] Types of cells being researched for use in SCI include embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, Schwann cells, activated macrophages, and induced pluripotent stem cells.[163] Hundreds of stem cell studies have been done in humans, with promising but inconclusive results.[150] An ongoing Phase 2 trial in 2016 presented data[164] showing that after 90 days, 2 out of 4 subjects had already improved two motor levels and had thus already achieved its endpoint of 2/5 patients improving two levels within 6–12 months. Six-month data was expected in January 2017.[165]Another type of approach is tissue engineering, using biomaterials to help scaffold and rebuild damaged tissues.[77] Biomaterials being investigated include natural substances such as collagen or agarose and synthetic ones like polymers and nitrocellulose.[77] They fall into two categories: hydrogels and nanofibers.[77] These materials can also be used as a vehicle for delivering gene therapy to tissues.[77]One avenue being explored to allow paralyzed people to walk and to aid in rehabilitation of those with some walking ability is the use of wearable powered robotic exoskeletons.[166] The devices, which have motorized joints, are put on over the legs and supply a source of power to move and walk.[166] Several such devices are already available for sale, but investigation is still underway as to how they can be made more useful.[166]Preliminary studies of epidural spinal cord stimulators for motor complete injuries have demonstrated some improvement,[167] and in some cases to enable walking to some degree bypassing the injury.[168][169]In 2014, Darek Fidyka underwent pioneering spinal surgery that used nerve grafts, from his ankle, to bridge the gap in his severed spinal cord and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) to stimulate the spinal cord cells. The surgery was performed in Poland in collaboration with Prof. Geoff Raisman, chair of neural regeneration at University College London's Institute of Neurology, and his research team. The OECs were taken from the patient's olfactory bulbs in his brain and then grown in the lab, these cells were then injected above and below the impaired spinal tissue.[170][171]There have been a number of advances in technological spinal cord injury treatment, including the use of implants that provided a \"digital bridge\" between the brain and the spinal cord. In a study published in May 2023 in the journal Nature, researchers in Switzerland described such implants which allowed a 40-year old man, paralyzed from the hips down for 12 years, to stand, walk and ascend a steep ramp with only the assistance of a walker. More than a year after the implant was inserted, he has retained these abilities and was walking with crutches even when the implant was switched off.[172]","title":"Research directions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4557-3394-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-3394-1"},{"link_name":"\"Spinal trauma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ubkuAAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-300408-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-300408-3"},{"link_name":"\"Injuries of the spine: 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Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4557-3394-1.\nAugustine JJ (21 November 2011). \"Spinal trauma\". In Campbell JR (ed.). International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-300408-3.\nBigelow S, Medzon R (16 June 2011). \"Injuries of the spine: Nerve\". In Legome E, Shockley LW (eds.). Trauma: A Comprehensive Emergency Medicine Approach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50072-2.\nBrown J, Wyatt JP, Illingworth RN, Clancy MJ, Munro P (6 June 2008). Oxford American Handbook of Emergency Medicine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977948-2.\nCameron P, Jelinek G, Kelly AM, Brown AF, Little M (1 April 2014). Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences UK. ISBN 978-0-7020-5438-9.\nCifu DK, Lew HL (10 September 2013). Handbook of Polytrauma Care and Rehabilitation. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61705-100-5.\nCortois F, Charvier K (21 May 2015). \"Sexual dysfunction in patients with spinal cord lesions\". In Vodusek DB, Boller F (eds.). Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-444-63254-8.\nDeKoning EP (10 January 2014). \"Cervical spine injuries\". In Sherman, S., Weber, J., Schindlbeck, M., Patwari, R. (eds.). Clinical Emergency Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-179461-9.\nElliott S (19 March 2010). \"Sexual dysfunction in women with spinal cord injury\". In Bono CM, Cardenas DD, Frost FS (eds.). Spinal Cord Medicine, Second Edition: Principles & Practice. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 429–38. ISBN 978-1-935281-77-1.\nField-Fote E (26 March 2009). \"Spinal cord injury: An overview\". In Field-Fote E (ed.). Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-2319-4.\nFallah A, Dance D, Burns AS (29 October 2012). \"Rehabilitation of the individual with spinal cord injury\". In Fehlings, M.G., Vaccaro, A.R., Maxwell B. (eds.). Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury: Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Thieme. ISBN 978-1-60406-727-9.\nFrontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD (5 September 2014). Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-22272-3.\nFulk GD, Behrman AL, Schmitz TJ (23 July 2013). \"Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury\". In O'Sullivan S, Schmitz T (eds.). Physical Rehabilitation. F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-4058-0.\nHammell KW (11 December 2013). Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4899-4451-1.\nHarvey L (2008). Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-443-06858-4.\nHoltz A, Levi R (6 July 2010). Spinal Cord Injury. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970681-5.\nIlyas A, Rehman S (31 March 2013). Contemporary Surgical Management of Fractures and Complications. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5025-964-1.\nMarx J, Walls R, Hockberger R (1 August 2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4557-4987-4.\nMiller E, Marini I (24 February 2012). \"Sexuality and spinal cord injury counseling implications\". In Marini I, Stebnicki MA (eds.). The Psychological and Social Impact of Illness and Disability, 6th Edition. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-0655-1.\nMoore K (2006). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-3639-8.\nMorganti-Kossmann C, Raghupathi R, Maas A (19 July 2012). Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges and Developments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00743-7.\nNamdari S, Pill S, Mehta S (21 October 2014). Orthopedic Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-17285-1.\nNewman MF, Fleisher LA, Fink MP (2008). Perioperative Medicine: Managing for Outcome. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-2456-9.\nPeitzman AB, Fabian TC, Rhodes M, Schwab CW, Yealy DM (2012). The Trauma Manual: Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-1679-3.\nPellock JM, Myer EC (22 October 2013). Neurologic Emergencies in Infancy and Childhood. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-1-4831-9392-2.\nRoos KL (7 March 2012). Emergency Neurology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-88585-8.\nSabharwal S (10 December 2013). Essentials of Spinal Cord Medicine. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61705-075-6.\nSabharwal S (5 September 2014). \"Spinal cord injury (Cervical)\". In Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD (eds.). Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-22272-3.\nShah KH, Egan D, Quaas J (17 February 2012). Essential Emergency Trauma. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-5318-7.\nSnell, R.S. (2010). \"The spinal cord and the ascending and descending tracts\". Clinical Neuroanatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-9427-5.\nTeufack S, Harrop JS, Ashwini DS (29 October 2012). \"Spinal Cord Injury Classification\". In Fehlings MG, Vaccaro AR, Maxwell B (eds.). Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury: Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Thieme. ISBN 978-1-60406-727-9.\nWeiss JM (15 March 2010). \"Spinal cord injury\". In Weiss, L.D., Weiss, J.M., Pobre, T. (eds.). Oxford American Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-970999-1.\nWyatt JP, Illingworth RN, Graham CA, Hogg K, Robertson C, Clancy M (9 February 2012). Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-101605-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Incomplete lesions of the spinal cord: Central cord syndrome (top), Anterior cord syndrome (middle), and Brown-Séquard syndrome (bottom)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cord_s.svg/220px-Cord_s.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Muscle mass is reduced as muscles atrophy with disuse.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1025_Atrophy.png/220px-1025_Atrophy.png"},{"image_text":"Expected spinal cord injury complications by level of injury.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SCI_complications_by_level.jpg/220px-SCI_complications_by_level.jpg"},{"image_text":"Falling as a part of recreational activities can cause spinal cord injuries.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Man_falling_of_horse.jpg/220px-Man_falling_of_horse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spinal precaution with use of a long spinal board","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Immobilisation_plan_dur.png"},{"image_text":"A drop foot orthosis lifts the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors. If other muscle groups, such as the plantar flexors, are weak, additional functional elements must be considered. An ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) is not suitable for the care of patients with weakness in other muscle groups.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Evo.JPG/220px-Evo.JPG"},{"image_text":"A patient after incomplete paraplegia (lesion height L3) with a knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) with an integrated stance phase control knee joint","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Orthese_Querschnittl%C3%A4hmung.jpg/220px-Orthese_Querschnittl%C3%A4hmung.jpg"},{"image_text":"Holly Koester, who incurred a spinal injury as a result of a motor vehicle collision, is now a wheelchair racer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Holly_Koester%2C_2007_Chevron_Houston_Marathon_%28357322273%29.jpg/220px-Holly_Koester%2C_2007_Chevron_Houston_Marathon_%28357322273%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ancient Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus, who provided the earliest known description of spinal cord injury[152]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg/220px-Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells seen under phase contrast microscope at 63-times magnification)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Human_bone_marrow_derived_MSCs.jpg/220px-Human_bone_marrow_derived_MSCs.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Paralyzed Veterans of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America"}]	[{"reference":"ATLS – Advanced Trauma Life Support – Student Course Manual (10th ed.). American College of Surgeons. 2018. pp. 129–144. ISBN 9780996826235.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780996826235","url_text":"9780996826235"}]},{"reference":"\"Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance\" (PDF). 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2018. 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S2CID 246651655.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01663-5","url_text":"\"Activity-dependent spinal cord neuromodulation rapidly restores trunk and leg motor functions after complete paralysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41591-021-01663-5","url_text":"10.1038/s41591-021-01663-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-170X","url_text":"1546-170X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35132264","url_text":"35132264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246651655","url_text":"246651655"}]},{"reference":"\"Paralysed man Darek Fidyka walks again after pioneering surgery\". TheGuardian.com. 20 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/oct/21/paralysed-darek-fidyka-pioneering-surgery","url_text":"\"Paralysed man Darek Fidyka walks again after pioneering surgery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"}]},{"reference":"Bashir, F. \"What Is Cauda Equina Syndrome: Causes, Sign, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment And Prognosis\". FCP Medical. Retrieved 22 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcpmedical.com/blog/cauda-equina-syndrome/","url_text":"\"What Is Cauda Equina Syndrome: Causes, Sign, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment And Prognosis\""}]},{"reference":"Whang, Oliver (24 May 2023). \"Brain Implants Allow Paralyzed Man to Walk Using His Thoughts\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/24/science/paralysis-brain-implants-ai.html","url_text":"\"Brain Implants Allow Paralyzed Man to Walk Using His Thoughts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230726205430/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/24/science/paralysis-brain-implants-ai.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Adams JG (5 September 2012). Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4557-3394-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC","url_text":"Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-3394-1","url_text":"978-1-4557-3394-1"}]},{"reference":"Augustine JJ (21 November 2011). \"Spinal trauma\". In Campbell JR (ed.). International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers. Pearson Education. 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ISBN 978-0-19-977948-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=csdGgwKCIQUC","url_text":"Oxford American Handbook of Emergency Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977948-2","url_text":"978-0-19-977948-2"}]},{"reference":"Cameron P, Jelinek G, Kelly AM, Brown AF, Little M (1 April 2014). Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences UK. ISBN 978-0-7020-5438-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gP1sAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine: Expert Consult"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-5438-9","url_text":"978-0-7020-5438-9"}]},{"reference":"Cifu DK, Lew HL (10 September 2013). Handbook of Polytrauma Care and Rehabilitation. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61705-100-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ReadAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9","url_text":"Handbook of Polytrauma Care and Rehabilitation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61705-100-5","url_text":"978-1-61705-100-5"}]},{"reference":"Cortois F, Charvier K (21 May 2015). \"Sexual dysfunction in patients with spinal cord lesions\". In Vodusek DB, Boller F (eds.). Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier Science. 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In Bono CM, Cardenas DD, Frost FS (eds.). Spinal Cord Medicine, Second Edition: Principles & Practice. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 429–38. ISBN 978-1-935281-77-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I2n5hTAxdTYC&pg=PT1521","url_text":"\"Sexual dysfunction in women with spinal cord injury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935281-77-1","url_text":"978-1-935281-77-1"}]},{"reference":"Field-Fote E (26 March 2009). \"Spinal cord injury: An overview\". In Field-Fote E (ed.). Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-2319-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SRRhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA527","url_text":"\"Spinal cord injury: An overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2319-4","url_text":"978-0-8036-2319-4"}]},{"reference":"Fallah A, Dance D, Burns AS (29 October 2012). \"Rehabilitation of the individual with spinal cord injury\". In Fehlings, M.G., Vaccaro, A.R., Maxwell B. (eds.). Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury: Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Thieme. 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Physical Rehabilitation. F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-4058-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=URLTAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-4058-0","url_text":"978-0-8036-4058-0"}]},{"reference":"Hammell KW (11 December 2013). Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4899-4451-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sVn5BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289","url_text":"Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-4451-1","url_text":"978-1-4899-4451-1"}]},{"reference":"Harvey L (2008). Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-443-06858-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FujsWb3H2UEC&pg=PA30","url_text":"Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06858-4","url_text":"978-0-443-06858-4"}]},{"reference":"Holtz A, Levi R (6 July 2010). Spinal Cord Injury. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970681-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvCqdwWwGRsC&pg=PA63","url_text":"Spinal Cord Injury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970681-5","url_text":"978-0-19-970681-5"}]},{"reference":"Ilyas A, Rehman S (31 March 2013). Contemporary Surgical Management of Fractures and Complications. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5025-964-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dA6rL081vEsC&pg=PA388","url_text":"Contemporary Surgical Management of Fractures and Complications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5025-964-1","url_text":"978-93-5025-964-1"}]},{"reference":"Marx J, Walls R, Hockberger R (1 August 2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4557-4987-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uggC0i_jXAsC&pg=PA1420","url_text":"Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-4987-4","url_text":"978-1-4557-4987-4"}]},{"reference":"Miller E, Marini I (24 February 2012). \"Sexuality and spinal cord injury counseling implications\". In Marini I, Stebnicki MA (eds.). The Psychological and Social Impact of Illness and Disability, 6th Edition. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-0655-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gWCkby69fXAC&pg=PA148","url_text":"\"Sexuality and spinal cord injury counseling implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-0655-1","url_text":"978-0-8261-0655-1"}]},{"reference":"Moore K (2006). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-3639-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/clinicallyorient00moor_1","url_text":"Clinically Oriented Anatomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3639-8","url_text":"978-0-7817-3639-8"}]},{"reference":"Morganti-Kossmann C, Raghupathi R, Maas A (19 July 2012). Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges and Developments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00743-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P3TmLKOED94C","url_text":"Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges and Developments"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00743-7","url_text":"978-1-107-00743-7"}]},{"reference":"Namdari S, Pill S, Mehta S (21 October 2014). Orthopedic Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-17285-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q26PBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA297","url_text":"Orthopedic Secrets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-17285-1","url_text":"978-0-323-17285-1"}]},{"reference":"Newman MF, Fleisher LA, Fink MP (2008). Perioperative Medicine: Managing for Outcome. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-2456-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CshZr9vGSYkC&pg=PA348","url_text":"Perioperative Medicine: Managing for Outcome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2456-9","url_text":"978-1-4160-2456-9"}]},{"reference":"Peitzman AB, Fabian TC, Rhodes M, Schwab CW, Yealy DM (2012). The Trauma Manual: Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-1679-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=glFVZRUmkTYC","url_text":"The Trauma Manual: Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1679-3","url_text":"978-1-4511-1679-3"}]},{"reference":"Pellock JM, Myer EC (22 October 2013). Neurologic Emergencies in Infancy and Childhood. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-1-4831-9392-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t0EfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124","url_text":"Neurologic Emergencies in Infancy and Childhood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-9392-2","url_text":"978-1-4831-9392-2"}]},{"reference":"Roos KL (7 March 2012). Emergency Neurology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-88585-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJ8RwwKT-DkC&pg=PA249","url_text":"Emergency Neurology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-88585-8","url_text":"978-0-387-88585-8"}]},{"reference":"Sabharwal S (10 December 2013). Essentials of Spinal Cord Medicine. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61705-075-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uaJdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35","url_text":"Essentials of Spinal Cord Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61705-075-6","url_text":"978-1-61705-075-6"}]},{"reference":"Sabharwal S (5 September 2014). \"Spinal cord injury (Cervical)\". In Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD (eds.). Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-22272-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1sXsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA856","url_text":"\"Spinal cord injury (Cervical)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-22272-3","url_text":"978-0-323-22272-3"}]},{"reference":"Shah KH, Egan D, Quaas J (17 February 2012). Essential Emergency Trauma. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-5318-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5d4PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT279","url_text":"Essential Emergency Trauma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-5318-7","url_text":"978-1-4511-5318-7"}]},{"reference":"Snell, R.S. (2010). \"The spinal cord and the ascending and descending tracts\". Clinical Neuroanatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-9427-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ABPmvroyrD0C&pg=PA170","url_text":"\"The spinal cord and the ascending and descending tracts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9427-5","url_text":"978-0-7817-9427-5"}]},{"reference":"Teufack S, Harrop JS, Ashwini DS (29 October 2012). \"Spinal Cord Injury Classification\". In Fehlings MG, Vaccaro AR, Maxwell B (eds.). Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury: Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Thieme. ISBN 978-1-60406-727-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aQC-sQOCzhQC","url_text":"\"Spinal Cord Injury Classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60406-727-9","url_text":"978-1-60406-727-9"}]},{"reference":"Weiss JM (15 March 2010). \"Spinal cord injury\". In Weiss, L.D., Weiss, J.M., Pobre, T. (eds.). Oxford American Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-970999-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aFuYCAiW0hsC","url_text":"\"Spinal cord injury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970999-1","url_text":"978-0-19-970999-1"}]},{"reference":"Wyatt JP, Illingworth RN, Graham CA, Hogg K, Robertson C, Clancy M (9 February 2012). Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-101605-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VFpIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384","url_text":"Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101605-9","url_text":"978-0-19-101605-9"}]},{"reference":"Lorach, Henri; et al. (2023). \"Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain–spine interface\". Nature. 618 (7963): 126–133. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..126L. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06094-5. PMC 10232367. PMID 37225984. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleistpark_(Berlin_U-Bahn)	Kleistpark (Berlin U-Bahn)	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 52°29′26″N 13°21′37″E / 52.49056°N 13.36028°E / 52.49056; 13.36028Station of the Berlin U-Bahn Platform of the station Kleistpark is a Berlin U-Bahn station on the U7 line. The station was designed by the architect Rümmler, opened in 1971 (1971), and is located near the head office of the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (Berlin Transport Company). The following station is Yorckstraße (with connections to S-Bahn lines S1, S2 and S25). References ^ Meyer-Kronthaler, Jürgen (1996). Berlins U-Bahnhöfe (in German) (2nd, corrected and expanded ed.). Berlin: be.bra. ISBN 978-3-930863-16-7. OCLC 40288234. Also OCLC 246976215. Preceding station Berlin U-Bahn Following station Eisenacher Straßetowards Rathaus Spandau U7 Yorckstraßetowards Rudow vteStations on the Berlin U-Bahn Warschauer Straße Stralauer Tor (dismantled) Schlesisches Tor Görlitzer Bahnhof Kottbusser Tor Prinzenstraße Hallesches Tor Möckernbrücke Gleisdreieck Kurfürstenstraße Nollendorfplatz Wittenbergplatz Kurfürstendamm Uhlandstraße Pankow Vinetastraße Schönhauser Allee Eberswalder Straße Senefelderplatz Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz Alexanderplatz Klosterstraße Märkisches Museum Spittelmarkt Hausvogteiplatz Stadtmitte Mohrenstraße Potsdamer Platz Mendelssohn-Bartholdy-Park Gleisdreieck Bülowstraße Nollendorfplatz Wittenbergplatz Zoologischer Garten Ernst-Reuter-Platz Deutsche Oper Bismarckstraße Sophie-Charlotte-Platz Kaiserdamm Theodor-Heuss-Platz Neu-Westend Olympia-Stadion Ruhleben Warschauer Straße Stralauer Tor (dismantled) Schlesisches Tor Görlitzer Bahnhof Kottbusser Tor Prinzenstraße Hallesches Tor Möckernbrücke Gleisdreieck Kurfürstenstraße Nollendorfplatz Wittenbergplatz Augsburger Straße Nürnberger Platz (dismantled) Spichernstraße Hohenzollernplatz Fehrbelliner Platz Heidelberger Platz Rüdesheimer Platz Breitenbachplatz Podbielskiallee Dahlem-Dorf Freie Universität (Thielplatz) Oskar-Helene-Heim Onkel Toms Hütte Krumme Lanke Nollendorfplatz Viktoria-Luise-Platz Bayerischer Platz Rathaus Schöneberg Innsbrucker Platz Hauptbahnhof Bundestag Brandenburger Tor Unter den Linden Museumsinsel Rotes Rathaus Alexanderplatz Schillingstraße Strausberger Platz Weberwiese Frankfurter Tor Samariterstraße Frankfurter Allee Magdalenenstraße Lichtenberg Friedrichsfelde Tierpark Biesdorf-Süd Elsterwerdaer Platz Wuhletal Kaulsdorf Nord Kienberg (Gärten der Welt) Cottbusser Platz Hellersdorf Louis-Lewin-Straße Hönow Alt-Tegel Borsigwerke Holzhauser Straße Otisstraße Scharnweberstraße Kurt-Schumacher-Platz Afrikanische Straße Rehberge Seestraße Leopoldplatz Wedding Reinickendorfer Straße Schwartzkopffstraße Naturkundemuseum Oranienburger Tor Friedrichstraße Unter den Linden Französische Straße (closed) Stadtmitte Kochstraße Hallesches Tor Mehringdamm Platz der Luftbrücke Paradestraße Tempelhof Alt Tempelhof Kaiserin-Augusta-Straße Ullsteinstraße Westphalweg Alt-Mariendorf Rathaus Spandau Altstadt Spandau Zitadelle Haselhorst Paulsternstraße Rohrdamm Siemensdamm Halemweg Jakob-Kaiser-Platz Jungfernheide Mierendorffplatz Richard-Wagner-Platz Bismarckstraße Wilmersdorfer Straße Adenauerplatz Konstanzer Straße Fehrbelliner Platz Blissestraße Berliner Straße Bayerischer Platz Eisenacher Straße Kleistpark Yorckstraße Möckernbrücke Mehringdamm Gneisenaustraße Südstern Hermannplatz Rathaus Neukölln Karl-Marx-Straße Neukölln Grenzallee Blaschkoallee Parchimer Allee Britz-Süd Johannisthaller Chaussee Lipschitzallee Wutzkyallee Zwickauer Damm Rudow Wittenau Rathaus Reinickendorf Karl-Bonhoeffer-Nervenklinik Lindauer Allee Paracelsus-Bad Residenzstraße Franz-Neumann-Platz Osloer Straße Pankstraße Gesundbrunnen Voltastraße Bernauer Straße Rosenthaler Platz Weinmeisterstraße Alexanderplatz Jannowitzbrücke Heinrich-Heine-Straße Moritzplatz Kottbusser Tor Schönleinstraße Hermannplatz Boddinstraße Leinestraße Hermannstraße Osloer Straße Nauener Platz Leopoldplatz Amrumer Straße Westhafen Birkenstraße Turmstraße Hansaplatz Zoologischer Garten Kurfürstendamm Spichernstraße Güntzelstraße Berliner Straße Bundesplatz Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz Walther-Schreiber-Platz Schloßstraße Rathaus Steglitz 52°29′26″N 13°21′37″E / 52.49056°N 13.36028°E / 52.49056; 13.36028 This Berlin U-Bahn-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a railway station in Berlin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubahnhof-Kleistpark.JPG"},{"link_name":"Berlin U-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Berlin_U-Bahn_stations"},{"link_name":"U7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U7_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Verkehrsbetriebe"},{"link_name":"Yorckstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Yorckstra%C3%9Fe_station"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S1_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"S25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S25_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Station of the Berlin U-BahnPlatform of the stationKleistpark is a Berlin U-Bahn station on the U7 line. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_My_Arrow	Me and My Arrow	["1 Chart history","2 In popular culture","3 References"]	1971 single by Harry Nilsson"Me And My Arrow"Side A of the US singleSingle by Harry Nilssonfrom the album The Point! B-side"Are You Sleeping?"ReleasedMarch 1971 (1971)GenrePopLength2:03LabelRCA VictorSongwriter(s)Harry NilssonProducer(s)Harry NilssonHarry Nilsson singles chronology "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City" (1969) "Me And My Arrow" (1971) "Without You" (1972) "Me and My Arrow" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson for his 1970 album The Point! It was also released as a single in 1971, reaching number 34 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 3 on the Adult Contemporary chart. The song was composed as the theme for The Point, a story about Oblio, the pointless boy, and his dog Arrow. Chart history Chart (1971) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 52 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 18 Canada RPM Top Singles 17 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 34 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 3 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 27 In popular culture Sampled in the "Blackalicious" song "Blazing Arrow" on their 2002 album by the same name. Featured in the season 24 episode "To Cur with Love" of The Simpsons as the theme for Homer Simpson and his dog Bongo. Used in a series of television commercials promoting the Plymouth Arrow compact car. According to the official Twitter account of the Harry Nilsson estate, the songwriter agreed to let Plymouth use the song in exchange for a new car of which Chrysler agreed. The corporation originally balked at Nilsson's request for a Mercedes-Benz instead of a Plymouth but eventually relented. Performed by Adrian Belew on the album For the Love of Harry: Everyone Sings Nilsson References ^ Greenwald, Matthew. "Me and My Arrow". AllMusic. ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 177. ^ "The Point". IMDb. 10 July 1973. ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1971-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-31. ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, June 19, 1971 ^ "Blazing Arrow". whosampled.com. Retrieved 17 May 2023. ^ Jeff Koch (23 September 2018). "To The Point - Plymouth Arrow". hemmings.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023. ^ Tuesday, August 21, 2018 social media entry from the official Twitter account of the Harry Nilsson estate explaining the song's use in marketing the Plymouth Arrow. Retrieved May 15, 2023. vteHarry NilssonStudio albums Spotlight on Nilsson Pandemonium Shadow Show Aerial Ballet Harry Nilsson Sings Newman The Point! Nilsson Schmilsson Son of Schmilsson A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night Pussy Cats Duit on Mon Dei Sandman ...That's the Way It Is Knnillssonn Flash Harry Losst and Founnd Soundtracks Skidoo The Point! Son of Dracula Popeye Remixes Aerial Pandemonium Ballet Compilations Early Tymes Nilsson The RCA Albums Collection Singles "All for the Beatles" "Sixteen Tons" "Without Her" "You Can't Do That" "River Deep – Mountain High" "One" "Everybody's Talkin'" "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City" "Me and My Arrow" "Without You" "Jump into the Fire" "Coconut" "Spaceman" "As Time Goes By" "Subterranean Homesick Blues" "Save the Last Dance for Me" "Many Rivers to Cross" "A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)" "Sail Away" "Just One Look/Baby I'm Yours (medley)" Other songs "Gotta Get Up" "Old Dirt Road" "The Puppy Song" "Ten Little Indians" "This Could Be the Night" "You're Breakin' My Heart" Collaborations Pussy Cats Every Man Has a Woman Ringo Son of Dracula Walls and Bridges Goodnight Vienna Ringo's Rotogravure Stop and Smell the Roses Two Sides of the Moon Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films Related articles Discography The Monkees Richard Perry The Hollywood Vampires The Telephone "Pussy Cats" Starring the Walkmen For the Love of Harry: Everybody Sings Nilsson Who Is Harry Nilsson (And Why Is Everybody Talkin' About Him)?	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"The Point!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Point!"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Me and My Arrow\" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson for his 1970 album The Point![1] It was also released as a single in 1971, reaching number 34 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 3 on the Adult Contemporary chart.[2]The song was composed as the theme for The Point, a story about Oblio, the pointless boy, and his dog Arrow.[3]","title":"Me and My Arrow"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackalicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackalicious"},{"link_name":"Blazing Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazing_Arrow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"To Cur with Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Cur_with_Love"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Homer Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Lancer_(A70)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"For the Love of Harry: Everyone Sings Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Love_of_Harry:_Everybody_Sings_Nilsson"}],"text":"Sampled in the \"Blackalicious\" song \"Blazing Arrow\" on their 2002 album by the same name.[7]\nFeatured in the season 24 episode \"To Cur with Love\" of The Simpsons as the theme for Homer Simpson and his dog Bongo.\nUsed in a series of television commercials promoting the Plymouth Arrow compact car.[8] According to the official Twitter account of the Harry Nilsson estate, the songwriter agreed to let Plymouth use the song in exchange for a new car of which Chrysler agreed. The corporation originally balked at Nilsson's request for a Mercedes-Benz instead of a Plymouth but eventually relented.[9]\nPerformed by Adrian Belew on the album For the Love of Harry: Everyone Sings Nilsson","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Greenwald, Matthew. \"Me and My Arrow\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/me-and-my-arrow-mt0034065982","url_text":"\"Me and My Arrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 177.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"\"The Point\". IMDb. 10 July 1973.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0067595/","url_text":"\"The Point\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1971-04-24. Retrieved 2018-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5375&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.5375.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5375","url_text":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blazing Arrow\". whosampled.com. Retrieved 17 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/2339/Blackalicious-Blazing-Arrow-Harry-Nilsson-Me-and-My-Arrow/","url_text":"\"Blazing Arrow\""}]},{"reference":"Jeff Koch (23 September 2018). \"To The Point - Plymouth Arrow\". hemmings.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/to-the-point-plymouth-arrow","url_text":"\"To The Point - Plymouth Arrow\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/me-and-my-arrow-mt0034065982","external_links_name":"\"Me and My Arrow\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0067595/","external_links_name":"\"The Point\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5375&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.5375.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5375","external_links_name":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\""},{"Link":"http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19710619.html","external_links_name":"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, June 19, 1971"},{"Link":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/2339/Blackalicious-Blazing-Arrow-Harry-Nilsson-Me-and-My-Arrow/","external_links_name":"\"Blazing Arrow\""},{"Link":"https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/to-the-point-plymouth-arrow","external_links_name":"\"To The Point - Plymouth Arrow\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/OfficialNilsson/status/1031946624199614464","external_links_name":"Tuesday, August 21, 2018 social media entry from the official Twitter account of the Harry Nilsson estate explaining the song's use in marketing the Plymouth Arrow."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Melville_Gilliss	James Melville Gilliss	["1 Biography","2 Published works","3 Honors","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	James Melville GillissJames Melville GillissBorn(1811-09-06)September 6, 1811Georgetown, Washington, D.C., U.S.DiedFebruary 9, 1865 (1865-02-10) (aged 53)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeOak Hill CemeteryWashington, D.C., U.S.Known forUnited States Naval ObservatoryScientific careerFieldsastronomy Signature James Melville Gilliss (September 6, 1811 – February 9, 1865) was an astronomer, United States naval officer and founder of the United States Naval Observatory. Biography Gilliss was born on September 6, 1811, in Georgetown, District of Columbia. His parents were George Gilliss, a federal employee, and Mary (Melville) Gillis. In 1827 at the age of fifteen he joined the navy as a midshipman. He made several training cruises on the Delaware, the Java, and the Concord. In 1833 he passed his examinations and was advanced to passed midshipman. In 1833 Gilliss requested a leave of absence and began his studies at the University of Virginia. Poor health forced him to leave after six months. He went to Paris for further studies in 1835 and was recalled to Washington to serve as an assistant at the Depot of Charts and Instruments in 1836. In late 1837 he married Rebecca Roberts of Alexandria, D.C. The Depot of Charts and Instruments was headed by Charles Wilkes. The depot was responsible for the navy's chronometers, charts, and other navigational instruments and provided Gilliss with an opportunity to practice astronomy. Astronomical observations were necessary to determine the accuracy of the Navy's chronometers. Gilliss proved himself to be an excellent astronomical observer. In 1837 he was named officer-in-charge of the depot and began an extensive series of observations of the moon and stars for the purpose of longitude determination. In February 1838 he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1838 Wilkes left the depot to lead the U.S. Exploring Expedition and Gilliss replaced him as head of the organization. Gilliss began a series of celestial observations that were published in 1846 as Astronomical Observations made at the Naval Observatory, Washington. This reference listed some 1,248 stars and was the first star catalog published in the United States. Gilliss is most noted for his successful efforts to establish the U.S. Naval Observatory, the first national observatory in the United States. In 1841 he first proposed a new depot and personally lobbied congress for the funds. In 1842 Congress passed an authorization for $25,000 for a new depot and "a small observatory". Gilliss used the funds to equip the new building with astronomical instruments, including a 9.6-inch achromatic refracting telescope, a 5.5-inch transit instrument, a 4-inch meridian circle, and a 5-inch prime vertical telescope. He traveled to Europe to purchase the necessary instruments and books and by October 1844 the observatory was ready. However, because of internal politics Gilliss was not appointed director; that position went instead to Matthew Fontaine Maury (the secretary of the navy was from Maury's home state, Virginia). In 1848, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Santa Lucia Hill, site of Gilliss' observatory in Santiago, Chile. Gilliss continued working at the observatory, completing publication of his celestial catalog and providing support to the Office of Coast Survey. In 1848 he obtained $5,000 from Congress for a naval astronomical expedition to Chile in order to more precisely measure the solar parallax. Gilliss headed the expedition from August 1849 until his return in November 1852. In Chile the expedition enjoyed the support of the government, the University of Chile, the Military School plus a wide array of individuals. They successfully completed the planned astronomical observations and also made valuable observations of the Earth's magnetic field, earthquakes, geography, politics and natural science. The specimens of fauna and flora brought back from Chile formed the earliest part of the Smithsonian collection from Latin America. The wide-ranging results of the expedition were published in as six-volume treatise, the United States Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere, published 1855-1896. The observatory and staff he left in Chile became the nucleus of Chile's astronomical program, previous to this there was no astronomical tradition in Chile. Under the direct influence of the expedition from 1850 onward the journal Anales de la Universidad de Chile begun to publish content on astronomy. Gilliss later led two expeditions to observe the solar eclipses in Peru in 1858 and Washington Territory in 1860. At the onset of the Civil War, Maury resigned to join the Confederate Navy and Gilliss was placed in charge of the observatory in 1861. He also became a founding member of the National Academy of Sciences and was promoted to captain in July 1862. During his four-year tenure, Gilliss reduced the backlog of scientific work that had gone unpublished, encouraged the manufacture of American-made astronomical equipment, and worked closely with other American observatories. His organization also played a crucial role in providing charts and navigation instruments to the rapidly expanding Union navy. Gilliss died unexpectedly on February 9, 1865. He had been looking forward to seeing his son who had just been released from a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp. That morning he collapsed and died from a stroke at the age of 53. He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Published works Astronomical Observations made at the Naval Observatory, Washington (1846) The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the Years 1849-50-51-52 (6 vols., Washington, 1855-95) An Account of the Total Eclipse of the Sun on September 7, 1858, as Observed near Olmos, Peru (Washington, 1859) An Account of the Total Solar Eclipse of July 18, 1860: as Observed for the United States Coast Survey near Steilacoom, Washington Territory (1861) Honors The James Melville Gilliss Building in Washington, D.C., houses the offices of the Naval Observatory and the Oceanographer of the Navy. The library of the US Naval Observatory is also named in his honor and two US Navy ships were named for him: USS James M. Gilliss (AMCU-13),a minesweeper built in 1945. USNS James M. Gilliss (T-AGOR-4), an oceanographic research ship launched 1962. Notes ^ a b Gould (1866) ^ Dick (2000) ^ a b c Sterling (1997) ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 14, 2021. ^ a b c Valdés, Catalina; Peliowski, Amarí; Booth, Rodrigo; Montalbán, Magdalena (2019). "Alcances naturalistas de una expedición astronómica: James Melville Gilliss y la institucionalización de la ciencia en Chile (1849-1852)". Historia (in Spanish). 52 (II): 547–580. ^ Hidalgo Hermosilla (2017) ^ a b c Dick (1996) ^ "Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Corcoran) - Lot 39" (PDF). Oak Hill Cemetery. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022. ^ Butowsky (1989) References Butowsky, Harry (1989). "United States Naval Observatory". Astronomy and Astrophysics National Historic Landmark Theme Study. US National Park Service. Bibcode:1989aanh.book.....B. Dick, Steven J. (1996). "A Brief Biography of Lieutenant Gilliss". Naval Oceanography Portal. U.S. Naval Observatory. Dick, Steven J. (2000). "James Melville Gilliss". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. Dick, Steven J. (2003). Sky and Ocean Joined: The US Naval Observatory 1830-2000. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–56. Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1866). "Memoir of James Melville Gilliss 1811-1865" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. Hidalgo Hermosilla, Germán (2017). "Revisiting J.M. Gilliss' astronomical expedition to Chile in 1849-1852" (PDF). Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 20 (2): 161–176. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018. Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Sterling, Keir B., ed. (1997). "Gilliss, James Melville". Biographical Dictionary of American and Canadian Naturalists and Environmentalists. Greenwood Press. External links Media related to James Melville Gilliss at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Catalonia Germany Israel United States 2 Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie 2 Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Naval Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory"}],"text":"James Melville Gilliss (September 6, 1811 – February 9, 1865) was an astronomer, United States naval officer and founder of the United States Naval Observatory.","title":"James Melville Gilliss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Delaware_(1820)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Java_(1815)"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Concord_(1828)"},{"link_name":"passed midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_midshipman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gould-1"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gould-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charles Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes"},{"link_name":"chronometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chronometer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dick2000-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Exploring Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Exploring_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sterling-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Observatory"},{"link_name":"achromatic refracting telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achromatic_telescope"},{"link_name":"meridian circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_circle"},{"link_name":"Matthew Fontaine Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Lucia_c_1850_The_U.S._naval_astronomical_expedition_to_the_southern_hemisphere_during_the_year_1849-50-51-52_by_Lieut._J.M._Gilliss,_A.M_-_Washington,_1855.jpg"},{"link_name":"Office of Coast Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Coast_Survey"},{"link_name":"University of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Military School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escuela_Militar_del_Libertador_Bernardo_O%27Higgins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valdesetal2019-5"},{"link_name":"Earth's magnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"astronomical program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Astronomical_Observatory_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sterling-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valdesetal2019-5"},{"link_name":"Anales de la Universidad de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anales_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valdesetal2019-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sterling-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dick1996-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dick1996-7"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Gilliss was born on September 6, 1811, in Georgetown, District of Columbia. His parents were George Gilliss, a federal employee, and Mary (Melville) Gillis. In 1827 at the age of fifteen he joined the navy as a midshipman. He made several training cruises on the Delaware, the Java, and the Concord. In 1833 he passed his examinations and was advanced to passed midshipman.[1]In 1833 Gilliss requested a leave of absence and began his studies at the University of Virginia. Poor health forced him to leave after six months. He went to Paris for further studies in 1835 and was recalled to Washington to serve as an assistant at the Depot of Charts and Instruments in 1836.[1] In late 1837 he married Rebecca Roberts of Alexandria, D.C.[citation needed]The Depot of Charts and Instruments was headed by Charles Wilkes. The depot was responsible for the navy's chronometers, charts, and other navigational instruments and provided Gilliss with an opportunity to practice astronomy. Astronomical observations were necessary to determine the accuracy of the Navy's chronometers. Gilliss proved himself to be an excellent astronomical observer. In 1837 he was named officer-in-charge of the depot and began an extensive series of observations of the moon and stars for the purpose of longitude determination. In February 1838 he was promoted to lieutenant.[2]In 1838 Wilkes left the depot to lead the U.S. Exploring Expedition and Gilliss replaced him as head of the organization. Gilliss began a series of celestial observations that were published in 1846 as Astronomical Observations made at the Naval Observatory, Washington. This reference listed some 1,248 stars and was the first star catalog published in the United States.[3]Gilliss is most noted for his successful efforts to establish the U.S. Naval Observatory, the first national observatory in the United States. In 1841 he first proposed a new depot and personally lobbied congress for the funds. In 1842 Congress passed an authorization for $25,000 for a new depot and \"a small observatory\". Gilliss used the funds to equip the new building with astronomical instruments, including a 9.6-inch achromatic refracting telescope, a 5.5-inch transit instrument, a 4-inch meridian circle, and a 5-inch prime vertical telescope. He traveled to Europe to purchase the necessary instruments and books and by October 1844 the observatory was ready. However, because of internal politics Gilliss was not appointed director; that position went instead to Matthew Fontaine Maury (the secretary of the navy was from Maury's home state, Virginia).[citation needed]In 1848, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[4]Santa Lucia Hill, site of Gilliss' observatory in Santiago, Chile.Gilliss continued working at the observatory, completing publication of his celestial catalog and providing support to the Office of Coast Survey. In 1848 he obtained $5,000 from Congress for a naval astronomical expedition to Chile in order to more precisely measure the solar parallax. Gilliss headed the expedition from August 1849 until his return in November 1852. In Chile the expedition enjoyed the support of the government, the University of Chile, the Military School plus a wide array of individuals.[5] They successfully completed the planned astronomical observations and also made valuable observations of the Earth's magnetic field, earthquakes, geography, politics and natural science. The specimens of fauna and flora brought back from Chile formed the earliest part of the Smithsonian collection from Latin America. The wide-ranging results of the expedition were published in as six-volume treatise, the United States Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere, published 1855-1896. The observatory and staff he left in Chile became the nucleus of Chile's astronomical program, previous to this there was no astronomical tradition in Chile.[3][6][5] Under the direct influence of the expedition from 1850 onward the journal Anales de la Universidad de Chile begun to publish content on astronomy.[5] Gilliss later led two expeditions to observe the solar eclipses in Peru in 1858 and Washington Territory in 1860.[citation needed]At the onset of the Civil War, Maury resigned to join the Confederate Navy and Gilliss was placed in charge of the observatory in 1861. He also became a founding member of the National Academy of Sciences and was promoted to captain in July 1862. During his four-year tenure, Gilliss reduced the backlog of scientific work that had gone unpublished, encouraged the manufacture of American-made astronomical equipment, and worked closely with other American observatories.[3] His organization also played a crucial role in providing charts and navigation instruments to the rapidly expanding Union navy.[7]Gilliss died unexpectedly on February 9, 1865. He had been looking forward to seeing his son who had just been released from a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp. That morning he collapsed and died from a stroke at the age of 53.[7] He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Astronomical Observations made at the Naval Observatory, Washington (1846)\nThe U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the Years 1849-50-51-52 (6 vols., Washington, 1855-95)\nAn Account of the Total Eclipse of the Sun on September 7, 1858, as Observed near Olmos, Peru (Washington, 1859)\nAn Account of the Total Solar Eclipse of July 18, 1860: as Observed for the United States Coast Survey near Steilacoom, Washington Territory (1861)","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dick1996-7"},{"link_name":"USS James M. 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Gilliss (T-AGOR-4), an oceanographic research ship launched 1962.","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gould_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gould_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dick2000_2-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sterling_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sterling_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sterling_3-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"APS Member History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1847&year-max=1848&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Valdesetal2019_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Valdesetal2019_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Valdesetal2019_5-2"},{"link_name":"\"Alcances naturalistas de una expedición astronómica: James Melville Gilliss y la institucionalización de la ciencia en Chile (1849-1852)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ojs.uc.cl/index.php/rhis/article/view/9244/8650"},{"link_name":"Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_(history_of_the_Americas_journal)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dick1996_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dick1996_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dick1996_7-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Corcoran) - Lot 39\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oakhillcemeterydc.org/app/themes/oakhill/assets/records/39.pdf"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220302053210/https://www.oakhillcemeterydc.org/app/themes/oakhill/assets/records/39.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ a b Gould (1866)\n\n^ Dick (2000)\n\n^ a b c Sterling (1997)\n\n^ \"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 14, 2021.\n\n^ a b c Valdés, Catalina; Peliowski, Amarí; Booth, Rodrigo; Montalbán, Magdalena (2019). \"Alcances naturalistas de una expedición astronómica: James Melville Gilliss y la institucionalización de la ciencia en Chile (1849-1852)\". Historia (in Spanish). 52 (II): 547–580.\n\n^ Hidalgo Hermosilla (2017)\n\n^ a b c Dick (1996)\n\n^ \"Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Corcoran) - Lot 39\" (PDF). Oak Hill Cemetery. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.\n\n^ Butowsky (1989)","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Santa Lucia Hill, site of Gilliss' observatory in Santiago, Chile.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Santa_Lucia_c_1850_The_U.S._naval_astronomical_expedition_to_the_southern_hemisphere_during_the_year_1849-50-51-52_by_Lieut._J.M._Gilliss%2C_A.M_-_Washington%2C_1855.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1847&year-max=1848&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Valdés, Catalina; Peliowski, Amarí; Booth, Rodrigo; Montalbán, Magdalena (2019). \"Alcances naturalistas de una expedición astronómica: James Melville Gilliss y la institucionalización de la ciencia en Chile (1849-1852)\". Historia (in Spanish). 52 (II): 547–580.","urls":[{"url":"http://ojs.uc.cl/index.php/rhis/article/view/9244/8650","url_text":"\"Alcances naturalistas de una expedición astronómica: James Melville Gilliss y la institucionalización de la ciencia en Chile (1849-1852)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_(history_of_the_Americas_journal)","url_text":"Historia"}]},{"reference":"\"Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Corcoran) - Lot 39\" (PDF). Oak Hill Cemetery. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oakhillcemeterydc.org/app/themes/oakhill/assets/records/39.pdf","url_text":"\"Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Corcoran) - Lot 39\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)","url_text":"Oak Hill Cemetery"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220302053210/https://www.oakhillcemeterydc.org/app/themes/oakhill/assets/records/39.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Butowsky, Harry (1989). \"United States Naval Observatory\". Astronomy and Astrophysics National Historic Landmark Theme Study. US National Park Service. Bibcode:1989aanh.book.....B.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/butowsky5/astro4g.htm","url_text":"Astronomy and Astrophysics National Historic Landmark Theme Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989aanh.book.....B","url_text":"1989aanh.book.....B"}]},{"reference":"Dick, Steven J. (1996). \"A Brief Biography of Lieutenant Gilliss\". Naval Oceanography Portal. U.S. Naval Observatory.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/library/library-history/library-dedication-1/a-brief-biography-of-lieutenant-gilliss","url_text":"\"A Brief Biography of Lieutenant Gilliss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Observatory","url_text":"U.S. Naval Observatory"}]},{"reference":"Dick, Steven J. (2000). \"James Melville Gilliss\". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anb.org/articles/13/13-00610.html","url_text":"\"James Melville Gilliss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Dick, Steven J. (2003). Sky and Ocean Joined: The US Naval Observatory 1830-2000. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–56.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"}]},{"reference":"Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1866). \"Memoir of James Melville Gilliss 1811-1865\" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/gilliss-james.pdf","url_text":"\"Memoir of James Melville Gilliss 1811-1865\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo Hermosilla, Germán (2017). \"Revisiting J.M. Gilliss' astronomical expedition to Chile in 1849-1852\" (PDF). Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 20 (2): 161–176. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180820144654/http://www.narit.or.th/en/files/2017JAHHvol20/2017JAHH...20..161H.pdf","url_text":"\"Revisiting J.M. Gilliss' astronomical expedition to Chile in 1849-1852\""},{"url":"http://www.narit.or.th/en/files/2017JAHHvol20/2017JAHH...20..161H.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing","url_text":"Springer Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0","url_text":"978-0-387-31022-0"}]},{"reference":"Sterling, Keir B., ed. (1997). \"Gilliss, James Melville\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrud_Elisabeth_Mara	Gertrud Elisabeth Mara	["1 Life","2 Notes","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	German operatic soprano (1749–1833) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gertrud Elisabeth MaraGertrud Elisabeth Mara, by Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le BrunBornGertrud Elisabeth Schmeling(1749-02-23)23 February 1749KasselDied20 January 1833(1833-01-20) (aged 83)LivoniaNationalityGermanOccupationoperatic soprano. Gertrud Elisabeth Mara (née Schmeling) (23 February 1749 – 20 January 1833) was a German operatic soprano. Life Gertrude was born in Kassel, the daughter of a poor musician, Johann Schmeling. From him she learnt to play the violin, and while still a child, her playing at the fair at Frankfurt was so remarkable that money was collected to provide for her. She took singing lessons under Pietro Domenico Paradisi. She was helped by influential friends, and studied under Johann Adam Hiller in Leipzig for five years, alongside Corona Schröter, proving to be endowed with a wonderful soprano voice. She began to sing in public in 1771, and was soon recognized as the greatest singer that Germany had produced. She was permanently engaged for the Prussian court in Berlin, but her marriage to a debauched cellist named Mara created difficulties, and in 1780 she was released. After singing in Vienna, Munich and elsewhere, she appeared in Paris in 1782, where her rivalry with the singer Luísa Todi split the public into Todists and Maratists. In 1784, she went to London and continued to appear there with great success, with visits at intervals to Italy and to Paris until 1802, when for some years she retired to Russia, where she lost her fortune at the time of the French invasion. She visited England again in 1819, but then abandoned the stage. She went to Livonia, where she became a music teacher in Reval, and died there in 1833 in extreme poverty; she was buried at Kopli cemetery. Notes ^ Marshall, Julian (20 January 2001). "Mara , Gertrud Elisabeth". Grove Music Online. ^ a b Chisholm 1911. References "Elisabeth Mara", Brockhaus Conversations-Lexikon, vol. 3, pp. 59–62, Amsterdam 1809 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mara, Gertrud Elisabeth". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 667. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) Further reading Isabelle Emerson (2005). "7". Five Centuries of Women Singers. Praeger Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 9780313308109. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elisabeth Mara. Biography (in French) Portraits on the National Portrait Gallery site Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Finland United States Latvia Poland Portugal Artists MusicBrainz People BMLO Deutsche Biographie Other RISM SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"}],"text":"Gertrud Elisabeth Mara (née Schmeling) (23 February 1749 – 20 January 1833) was a German operatic soprano.","title":"Gertrud Elisabeth Mara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"Pietro Domenico Paradisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Domenico_Paradies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Johann Adam Hiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adam_Hiller"},{"link_name":"Corona Schröter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Schr%C3%B6ter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"cellist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Luísa Todi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Todi"},{"link_name":"French invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"},{"link_name":"Livonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia"},{"link_name":"Reval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Kopli cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopli_cemetery"}],"text":"Gertrude was born in Kassel, the daughter of a poor musician, Johann Schmeling. From him she learnt to play the violin, and while still a child, her playing at the fair at Frankfurt was so remarkable that money was collected to provide for her. She took singing lessons under Pietro Domenico Paradisi.[1] She was helped by influential friends, and studied under Johann Adam Hiller in Leipzig for five years, alongside Corona Schröter, proving to be endowed with a wonderful soprano voice.[2]She began to sing in public in 1771, and was soon recognized as the greatest singer that Germany had produced. She was permanently engaged for the Prussian court in Berlin, but her marriage to a debauched cellist named Mara created difficulties, and in 1780 she was released. After singing in Vienna, Munich and elsewhere, she appeared in Paris in 1782, where her rivalry with the singer Luísa Todi split the public into Todists and Maratists. In 1784, she went to London and continued to appear there with great success, with visits at intervals to Italy and to Paris until 1802, when for some years she retired to Russia, where she lost her fortune at the time of the French invasion. She visited England again in 1819, but then abandoned the stage.[2]She went to Livonia, where she became a music teacher in Reval, and died there in 1833 in extreme poverty; she was buried at Kopli cemetery.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Mara [née Schmeling], Gertrud Elisabeth\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//0-www.oxfordmusiconline.com.pacificatclassic.pacific.edu/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000017698"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"}],"text":"^ Marshall, Julian (20 January 2001). \"Mara [née Schmeling], Gertrud Elisabeth\". Grove Music Online.\n\n^ a b Chisholm 1911.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"7\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1r4QcCH-0W0C&dq=johann+adam+miller+composer&pg=PA77"},{"link_name":"Praeger Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780313308109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313308109"}],"text":"Isabelle Emerson (2005). \"7\". Five Centuries of Women Singers. Praeger Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 9780313308109.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Marshall, Julian (20 January 2001). \"Mara [née Schmeling], Gertrud Elisabeth\". Grove Music Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://0-www.oxfordmusiconline.com.pacificatclassic.pacific.edu/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000017698","url_text":"\"Mara [née Schmeling], Gertrud Elisabeth\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Mara, Gertrud Elisabeth\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 667.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mara,_Gertrud_Elisabeth","url_text":"Mara, Gertrud Elisabeth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punisher_(2001_series)	The Punisher (2001 series)	["1 Publication history","2 Plot","3 Reception","4 Collected editions","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Punisher" 2001 series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The PunisherCover of The Punisher vol. 6, 32 (November 2003), art by Tim BradstreetPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsMarvel KnightsScheduleMonthlyFormatOngoing seriesGenre Crime Publication dateAugust 2001 – February 2004No. of issues37Main character(s)PunisherCreative teamWritten byGarth Ennis (#1-6, 13-37)Steve Dillon (#7)Ron Zimmerman (#8)Tom Peyer (#9-12)Artist(s)Manuel Gutierrez (#9-12)Darick Robertson (#15-17)Penciller(s)Steve Dillon (#1-7, 13-14, 18-23, 32)Mike Lilly (#8)Inker(s)Jimmy Palmiotti (#1-7)Rodney Ramos (#8)Letterer(s)ComicraftWes AbbottRichard StarkingsColorist(s)Chris Sotomayor (#1-7)Steve Oliff (#8-11, 13)Andy Troy (#12)Editor(s)Nanci DakesianStuart Moore The Punisher is the sixth eponymous Marvel Comics comic book series featuring the character Frank Castle, also known as the Punisher. It consists of 37 issues as part of the Marvel Knights imprint. Most of the issues in this series are written by Garth Ennis; however, Tom Peyer, Steve Dillon, and Ron Zimmerman also feature as writers. Publication history The series continues on from Ennis' The Punisher 2000 limited series. The Russian, who was decapitated in the previous series, is resurrected using stolen S.H.I.E.L.D. technology and returns as one of the main antagonists in this series. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Reception The series holds an average rating of 5.1 by eight professional critics on the review aggregation website Comic Book Roundup. Collected editions The series has been collected into individual volumes. However, The Punisher #8-12 of vol. 6 were not written by Ennis and are not collected among the following volumes. Instead, the issues were collected in a separate paperback titled Marvel Knights Punisher by Peyer & Gutierrez: Taxi Wars. Included in the lone paperback is PUNISHER X-MAS SPECIAL (2006) #1, SPIDER-MAN VS. PUNISHER #1 and material from MARVEL KNIGHTS DOUBLE-SHOT #4 ISBN 1302916335 Paperback: Volume 1: Welcome Back, Frank (collects The Punisher vol. 5, #1-12), June 2001, ISBN 978-0-7851-0783-5 (Panini, ISBN 1-904159-21-4) Volume 2: Army of One (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #1-7), February 2002, ISBN 978-0-7851-0839-9 Volume 3: Business As Usual (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #13-18), November 2003, ISBN 978-0-7851-1014-9 Volume 4: Full Auto (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #20-26), July 2003, ISBN 978-0-7851-1149-8 Volume 5: Streets of Laredo (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #19, 27-32), December 2003, ISBN 978-0-7851-1096-5 Volume 6: Confederacy of Dunces (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #33-37), July 2004, ISBN 978-0-7851-1344-7 Hardcover: Volume 1 (collects The Punisher vol. 5, #1-12; Marvel Knights: Double Shot #1; Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe), June 2002, ISBN 978-0-7851-0982-2 Volume 2 (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #1-7, 13-18), June 2003, ISBN 978-0-7851-1170-2 Volume 3 (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #19-27), March 2004, ISBN 978-0-7851-1317-1 The Complete Collections: Marvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: The Complete Collection Vol. 1, (collects The Punisher vol. 5, #1-12; Marvel Knights: Double Shot #1; Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe), December 2018, ISBN 978-1302914080 Marvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: The Complete Collection Vol. 2, (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #1-7, #13-26; Material From Marvel Knights Double Shot #1), March 2019, ISBN 978-1302916077 Marvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: The Complete Collection Vol. 3, (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #27-37; Punisher: War Zone vol. 1, #1-6), June 2019, ISBN 978-1302918651 See also 2001 in comics References ^ "PUNISHER VOL. 6". Comic Book Roundup. Retrieved 2017-12-12. External links The Punisher (2001) at the Grand Comics Database The Punisher (2001) at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) vteThe PunisherCreated by Gerry Conway, Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in "The Punisher Strikes Twice!"CharactersSupporting Daredevil G. W. Bridge Rachel Cole-Alves Rampage Lynn Michaels Mickey Fondozzi Martin Soap Nick Fury Outlaw Spider-Man Enemies Barracuda Bullseye Bushwacker Damage Hitman Hood Jigsaw Kingpin Lady Gorgon Ma Gnucci Microchip Mister Negative Olivier Rapido Rev Russian Saracen Sniper TitlesMain 1986 series 1987 series 1995 series 1998 series 2000 series 2001 series 2004 series 2009 series 2011 series 2014 series Spin-offs War Journal 1988 series 2006 series War Zone 1992 series 2008 series 2012 series 2099 Punisher Max Cosmic Ghost Rider Other Punisher P.O.V. Archie Meets the Punisher Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe Born The Platoon The End In the Blood 5 Ronin In othermediaFilms The Punisher (1989) score The Punisher (2004) score album Punisher: War Zone score soundtrack Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher Fan films Dirty Laundry Do Not Fall in New York City Video games The Punisher (computer) The Punisher (NES) The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback! The Punisher (1993) The Punisher (2005) The Punisher: No Mercy Television The Punisher season 1 2 Frank Castle Related Garth Ennis The 'Nam Palm Beach Punishers Shadowmasters Category vteGarth Ennis Garth Ennis bibliography The Boys franchise DC Comics and Vertigo "Dangerous Habits" Preacher Hitman Bloody Mary Heartland Adventures in the Rifle Brigade War Stories Section 8 Marvel Comics Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe 2000 series 2001 series Born 2004 series The End War Zone The Platoon Fury Thor: Vikings Ghost Rider: Road to Damnation Fury: Peacemaker My War Gone By Avatar Press 303 Chronicles of Wormwood Streets of Glory Crossed Caliban Image Comics andTop Cow Productions The Darkness The Pro Back to Brooklyn Dynamite Entertainment The Boys The Name of the Game Get Some Good for the Soul We Gotta Go Now The Self-Preservation Society The Innocents The Big Ride Over the Hill with the Swords of a Thousand Men The Bloody Doors Off Herogasm Highland Laddie Butcher, Baker, Candlestickmaker Dear Becky Battlefields Miscellaneous Troubled Souls True Faith For a Few Troubles More Time Flies "Judgement Day" Just a Pilgrim Seven Brothers Other The Punisher (2005 video game) Ghost Rider (2007 video game) Stitched (2011 short) Do Not Fall in New York City (2012 fan film) Garth Ennis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eponymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongoing_series"},{"link_name":"Punisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punisher"},{"link_name":"Marvel Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Knights"},{"link_name":"imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"Garth Ennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Ennis"},{"link_name":"Tom Peyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Peyer"},{"link_name":"Steve Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Ron Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ron_Zimmerman&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Punisher is the sixth eponymous Marvel Comics comic book series featuring the character Frank Castle, also known as the Punisher. 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PUNISHER #1 and material from MARVEL KNIGHTS DOUBLE-SHOT #4 ISBN 1302916335Paperback:Volume 1: Welcome Back, Frank (collects The Punisher vol. 5, #1-12), June 2001, ISBN 978-0-7851-0783-5 (Panini, ISBN 1-904159-21-4)\nVolume 2: Army of One (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #1-7), February 2002, ISBN 978-0-7851-0839-9\nVolume 3: Business As Usual (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #13-18), November 2003, ISBN 978-0-7851-1014-9\nVolume 4: Full Auto (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #20-26), July 2003, ISBN 978-0-7851-1149-8\nVolume 5: Streets of Laredo (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #19, 27-32), December 2003, ISBN 978-0-7851-1096-5\nVolume 6: Confederacy of Dunces (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #33-37), July 2004, ISBN 978-0-7851-1344-7Hardcover:Volume 1 (collects The Punisher vol. 5, #1-12; Marvel Knights: Double Shot #1; Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe), June 2002, ISBN 978-0-7851-0982-2\nVolume 2 (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #1-7, 13-18), June 2003, ISBN 978-0-7851-1170-2\nVolume 3 (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #19-27), March 2004, ISBN 978-0-7851-1317-1The Complete Collections:Marvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: The Complete Collection Vol. 1, (collects The Punisher vol. 5, #1-12; Marvel Knights: Double Shot #1; Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe), December 2018, ISBN 978-1302914080\nMarvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: The Complete Collection Vol. 2, (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #1-7, #13-26; Material From Marvel Knights Double Shot #1), March 2019, ISBN 978-1302916077\nMarvel Knights Punisher by Garth Ennis: The Complete Collection Vol. 3, (collects The Punisher vol. 6, #27-37; Punisher: War Zone vol. 1, #1-6), June 2019, ISBN 978-1302918651","title":"Collected editions"}]	[]	[{"title":"2001 in comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_comics"}]	[{"reference":"\"PUNISHER VOL. 6\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Da_Silva	Luis Da Silva	["1 Basketball career","2 Acting career","2.1 Filmography","3 Writing career","4 References","5 External links"]	This article is about the American basketball player and actor. For the Brazilian sprinter, see Luís da Silva. Portuguese actor Luis Da Silva JrLuiz Da Silva Jr in 2016BornLuis Fernando Da Silva Jr. (1982-08-03) August 3, 1982 (age 41)Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.Occupation(s)Actor, freestyle basketball pioneer, author, producerYears active2001–presentWebsitewww.luisdasilvajr.com Luis Fernando Da Silva Jr. (born August 3, 1982), also known as Trikz, is an American actor, basketball player, author, and producer. He gained fame after headlining the 2001 Nike Freestyle ad campaign. Basketball career In a 2001 episode of This American Life, Da Silva was the first streetball athlete to be signed to an advertising contract by Nike. He performed with Alicia Keys in 2001 in New York City's Niketown while promoting the well known Nike campaign. He was subsequently mentioned in Scoop Jackson’s main division, titled Sole Provider, which recognized the best of Nike’s 35-year chronicle. In 2003, Da Silva was the youngest player signed to the Harlem Wizards Show basketball team. Midway Games offered Da Silva a lead in the 2005 video game, L.A. Rush, which sold 1 million units internationally. He has also worked with Midway performing the video game motion capturing for NBA Ballers, NBA Ballers: Phenom, NBA Ballers: Chosen One, NBA 2K8, NBA 2K9 and AND 1 Streetball video games. He has been featured in magazines SLAM and DIME and on the front page of The Wall Street Journal and the cover of TIME overseas. In 2006, Stephon Marbury and Steve & Barry's announced that Da Silva would hit the road on the Starbury SLAM Tour, with the first of many appearances at Steve & Barry's stores and schools across 120 cities in 60 days to perform his unique style of hip hop themed basketball wizardry in front of kids and parents. Andy Todd, president of Steve & Barry's, said "Trikz is not only a phenomenal performer; he's also a phenomenal guy who kids will enjoy seeing and hearing." In August 2007, Da Silva fulfilled a childhood dream when he was invited to participate in a Harlem Globetrotters mini-camp in Houston, TX and two days into the camp was offered a contract to join the legendary team. In October 2008, the Maryland Nighthawks announced that they selected Da Silva with the 14th overall pick as part of their official "Travel team" of the PBL this year, and are set to tour China and other Asian countries during the season. In 2009, Da Silva achieved a personal goal of setting a Guinness World Record of 24 consecutive neck catches of a basketball. In 2009, Da Silva became the youngest person ever inducted into the City of Elizabeth Athletic Hall of Fame. Da Silva performed during the 2010 World Basketball Festival in New York City, while the Jay-Z performance took place in the Radio City Music Hall, all presented by Nike. Acting career Da Silva began appearing in such films as The Brave One and Pride & Glory in the late 2000s. He has produced and directed an instructional DVD entitled Freestyle 101, which has been created into an Apple application available on iTunes and Apple store. This DVD is a streetball tutorial that is devoted to inspiring children, adolescents and adults to use basketball in a creative and challenging way of physical fitness. In 2011, Da Silva played Diogo in Fast Five, a role he reprised in 2023's Fast X. He also appeared in the 2012 comedy 21 Jump Street, gaining increasing exposure. With the release of 2013's Dead Man Down, he had his biggest role yet, as Terrence Howard's righthand man, Terry. This was followed up by a role in the 2013 summer hit The Heat featuring Sandra Bullock and Melissa McCarthy. In 2014, he completed filming roles for several films, like Convergence, Aztec Warrior, American Heist, American Project, American Hero, Triple 9, and Mr. Right. Da Silva has roles in many of John Travolta's pictures, Gotti, Trading Paint and Speed Kills. He appears on television in roles on series like Graceland, Person of Interest and Power. Filmography Film/Television Year Title Role Notes 2004 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Marvin TV – 1 episode 2007 The Brave One Lee 2008 Pride and Glory Dominican Bodega Customer 2009 Clear Lake, WI Jason 2010 Mercy Burned Prisoner TV – 1 episode Southern Fried Stings Guy TV – 1 episode America's Most Wanted Various TV – 9 episodes Burn Notice Prison Gang TV – 3 episodes 2011 Loving the Bad Man Alejandro Garcia De La Paz The Mortician Benny Fast Five Diogo Treme Brazilian Foreman TV – 1 episode Remnants Russ Also associate producer In a Pickle Latino toughs CO2 Latino gang member 2012 Dragon Eyes Dash 21 Jump Street Luis The Baytown Outlaws Large Vatos Hound Dogs Orlando Pilot episode 2013 Dead Man Down Terry Body of Proof Oscar Ramirez TV- 1 episode The Heat Dealer #4 Aztec Warrior Chupacabra Leader 2015 Kickboxer: Vengeance Stahl Mr. Right Espinoza 2015–2016 Power Mexican Hitter 2016 Triple 9 Luis Pinto I Am Wrath Charley Wolves Defender W.4th Paterson Blood in convertible 2017 Hidden America with Jonah Ray Gabriel Gotti Dr. Carmine The Girl Who Invented Kissing Luis 2018 Speed Kills Panama Trading Paint Diner Redneck 2023 Fast X Diogo Video games Year Title Role Notes 2004 NBA Ballers Trikz 2005 L.A. Rush Trikz Lane Main role 2006 AND 1 Streetball Trikz Writing career Silva published his first children's book titled A Boy Named Boo, which he wrote and illustrated. References ^ a b Rovell, Darren (June 14, 2001). "Bedazzling ballhandlers make video a Stomping success". Retrieved January 31, 2016. ^ "Radio Archive by Date". ^ "Fotoday". Archived from the original on August 23, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010. ^ "Luis Da Silva" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2008. ^ a b "City of Elizabeth". Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010. ^ LeWinter, Marlon. "Luis 'Trikz' Da Silva Joins Team Starbury". ^ "Harlem Globetrotters". Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2011. ^ "Maryland Nighthawks Select Trikz and Pat da Roc in 2008 PBL Draft". October 17, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2016. ^ "Shaquille O Neal Attempts GWR". Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010. ^ "13 Tip Off". ^ "The Trikz". Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2019. ^ "The Premiere of FilmDistrict's 'Dead Man Down' at ArcLight Hollywood". ^ "A Boy Named Boo by Luis Trikz Da Silva, Jr". External links Luis Da Silva at IMDb Official page on Facebook Freestyle 101 DVD website. Retrieved on 2011-05-04.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luís da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"basketball player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports.espn.go.com-1"}],"text":"This article is about the American basketball player and actor. For the Brazilian sprinter, see Luís da Silva.Portuguese actorLuis Fernando Da Silva Jr. (born August 3, 1982), also known as Trikz, is an American actor, basketball player, author, and producer. He gained fame after headlining the 2001 Nike Freestyle ad campaign.[1]","title":"Luis Da Silva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This American Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_American_Life"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"streetball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetball"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports.espn.go.com-1"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"Scoop Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_Jackson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotoday.net-3"},{"link_name":"Harlem Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Wizards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Midway Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Games"},{"link_name":"L.A. Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Rush"},{"link_name":"NBA Ballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Ballers"},{"link_name":"NBA Ballers: Phenom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Ballers:_Phenom"},{"link_name":"NBA Ballers: Chosen One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Ballers:_Chosen_One"},{"link_name":"NBA 2K8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K8"},{"link_name":"NBA 2K9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K9"},{"link_name":"AND 1 Streetball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_1_Streetball"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elizabethnj.org-5"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Stephon Marbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephon_Marbury"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Harlem Globetrotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elizabethnj.org-5"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Radio City Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In a 2001 episode of This American Life,[2] Da Silva was the first streetball athlete to be signed to an advertising contract by Nike.[1] He performed with Alicia Keys in 2001 in New York City's Niketown while promoting the well known Nike campaign. He was subsequently mentioned in Scoop Jackson’s main division, titled Sole Provider, which recognized the best of Nike’s 35-year chronicle.[3] In 2003, Da Silva was the youngest player signed to the Harlem Wizards Show basketball team.[4]Midway Games offered Da Silva a lead in the 2005 video game, L.A. Rush, which sold 1 million units internationally. He has also worked with Midway performing the video game motion capturing for NBA Ballers, NBA Ballers: Phenom, NBA Ballers: Chosen One, NBA 2K8, NBA 2K9 and AND 1 Streetball video games.[5] He has been featured in magazines SLAM and DIME and on the front page of The Wall Street Journal and the cover of TIME overseas.In 2006, Stephon Marbury and Steve & Barry's announced that Da Silva would hit the road on the Starbury SLAM Tour, with the first of many appearances at Steve & Barry's stores and schools across 120 cities in 60 days to perform his unique style of hip hop themed basketball wizardry in front of kids and parents. Andy Todd, president of Steve & Barry's, said \"Trikz is not only a phenomenal performer; he's also a phenomenal guy who kids will enjoy seeing and hearing.\"[6]In August 2007, Da Silva fulfilled a childhood dream when he was invited to participate in a Harlem Globetrotters mini-camp in Houston, TX and two days into the camp was offered a contract to join the legendary team.[7]In October 2008, the Maryland Nighthawks announced that they selected Da Silva with the 14th overall pick as part of their official \"Travel team\" of the PBL this year, and are set to tour China and other Asian countries during the season.[8]In 2009, Da Silva achieved a personal goal of setting a Guinness World Record of 24 consecutive neck catches of a basketball.[9] In 2009, Da Silva became the youngest person ever inducted into the City of Elizabeth Athletic Hall of Fame.[5]Da Silva performed during the 2010 World Basketball Festival in New York City, while the Jay-Z performance took place in the Radio City Music Hall, all presented by Nike.[10]","title":"Basketball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Brave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brave_One_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Pride & Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Glory_(film)"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"streetball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetball"},{"link_name":"Fast Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Five"},{"link_name":"Fast X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_X"},{"link_name":"21 Jump Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Jump_Street_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dead Man Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man_Down"},{"link_name":"Terrence Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Howard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contactmusic.com-12"},{"link_name":"The Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heat_(film)"},{"link_name":"American Heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heist"},{"link_name":"American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hero_(film)"},{"link_name":"Triple 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_9"},{"link_name":"Mr. Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Right_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"John Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta"},{"link_name":"Gotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotti_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Trading Paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Paint"},{"link_name":"Speed Kills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Kills"},{"link_name":"Graceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Person of Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_Interest_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(TV_Series)"}],"text":"Da Silva began appearing in such films as The Brave One and Pride & Glory in the late 2000s.He has produced and directed an instructional DVD entitled Freestyle 101, which has been created into an Apple application available on iTunes and Apple store.[11] This DVD is a streetball tutorial that is devoted to inspiring children, adolescents and adults to use basketball in a creative and challenging way of physical fitness.In 2011, Da Silva played Diogo in Fast Five, a role he reprised in 2023's Fast X. He also appeared in the 2012 comedy 21 Jump Street, gaining increasing exposure. With the release of 2013's Dead Man Down, he had his biggest role yet, as Terrence Howard's righthand man, Terry.[12] This was followed up by a role in the 2013 summer hit The Heat featuring Sandra Bullock and Melissa McCarthy.In 2014, he completed filming roles for several films, like Convergence, Aztec Warrior, American Heist, American Project, American Hero, Triple 9, and Mr. Right.Da Silva has roles in many of John Travolta's pictures, Gotti, Trading Paint and Speed Kills.He appears on television in roles on series like Graceland, Person of Interest and Power.","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Filmography","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"children's book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_book"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Silva published his first children's book titled A Boy Named Boo, which he wrote and illustrated.[13]","title":"Writing career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rovell, Darren (June 14, 2001). \"Bedazzling ballhandlers make video a Stomping success\". Retrieved January 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1213974&type=story","url_text":"\"Bedazzling ballhandlers make video a Stomping success\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Archive by Date\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisamericanlife.org/Radio_Episode.aspx?sched=887","url_text":"\"Radio Archive by Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fotoday\". Archived from the original on August 23, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100823065710/http://fotoday.net/archives/1530-trikz-streetball-basketball-itunes-app-promotion-only-99-to-unlock-all-content-for-the-iphone-ipod-touch-and-ipad.html","url_text":"\"Fotoday\""},{"url":"http://fotoday.net/archives/1530-trikz-streetball-basketball-itunes-app-promotion-only-99-to-unlock-all-content-for-the-iphone-ipod-touch-and-ipad.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Luis Da Silva\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720063726/http://www.harlemwizards.com/media/pdf/HW_LuisTRIKZDaSilva-notawiz.pdf","url_text":"\"Luis Da Silva\""},{"url":"http://www.harlemwizards.com/media/pdf/HW_LuisTRIKZDaSilva-notawiz.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City of Elizabeth\". Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100605081451/http://www.elizabethnj.org/2009_dasilva.html","url_text":"\"City of Elizabeth\""},{"url":"http://www.elizabethnj.org/2009_dasilva.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LeWinter, Marlon. \"Luis 'Trikz' Da Silva Joins Team Starbury\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Luis+'Trikz'+Da+Silva+Joins+Team+Starbury.-a0154351449","url_text":"\"Luis 'Trikz' Da Silva Joins Team Starbury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harlem Globetrotters\". Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930024052/http://www.harlemglobetrotters.com/news/archive/index.html?article_id=17","url_text":"\"Harlem Globetrotters\""},{"url":"http://www.harlemglobetrotters.com/news/archive/index.html?article_id=17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland Nighthawks Select Trikz and Pat da Roc in 2008 PBL Draft\". October 17, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3729367","url_text":"\"Maryland Nighthawks Select Trikz and Pat da Roc in 2008 PBL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shaquille O Neal Attempts GWR\". Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705113659/http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_SHAQUILLE-ONEAL-ATTEMPTS-GWR/blog/187302/7691.html","url_text":"\"Shaquille O Neal Attempts GWR\""},{"url":"http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_SHAQUILLE-ONEAL-ATTEMPTS-GWR/blog/187302/7691.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"13 Tip Off\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nikebiz.com/media/pr/2010/08/13_tip_off_inauguralWBF.html","url_text":"\"13 Tip Off\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Trikz\". Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100826084716/http://thetrikz.com/","url_text":"\"The Trikz\""},{"url":"http://www.thetrikz.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Premiere of FilmDistrict's 'Dead Man Down' at ArcLight Hollywood\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.contactmusic.com/photo/luis-da-silva-jr.-the-premiere-of-filmdistricts-dead-man-down-at_3530326/","url_text":"\"The Premiere of FilmDistrict's 'Dead Man Down' at ArcLight Hollywood\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Boy Named Boo by Luis Trikz Da Silva, Jr\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.authorhouse.co.uk/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000941843","url_text":"\"A Boy Named Boo by Luis Trikz Da Silva, Jr\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.luisdasilvajr.com/","external_links_name":"www.luisdasilvajr.com"},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1213974&type=story","external_links_name":"\"Bedazzling ballhandlers make video a Stomping success\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisamericanlife.org/Radio_Episode.aspx?sched=887","external_links_name":"\"Radio Archive by Date\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100823065710/http://fotoday.net/archives/1530-trikz-streetball-basketball-itunes-app-promotion-only-99-to-unlock-all-content-for-the-iphone-ipod-touch-and-ipad.html","external_links_name":"\"Fotoday\""},{"Link":"http://fotoday.net/archives/1530-trikz-streetball-basketball-itunes-app-promotion-only-99-to-unlock-all-content-for-the-iphone-ipod-touch-and-ipad.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720063726/http://www.harlemwizards.com/media/pdf/HW_LuisTRIKZDaSilva-notawiz.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Luis Da Silva\""},{"Link":"http://www.harlemwizards.com/media/pdf/HW_LuisTRIKZDaSilva-notawiz.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100605081451/http://www.elizabethnj.org/2009_dasilva.html","external_links_name":"\"City of Elizabeth\""},{"Link":"http://www.elizabethnj.org/2009_dasilva.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Luis+'Trikz'+Da+Silva+Joins+Team+Starbury.-a0154351449","external_links_name":"\"Luis 'Trikz' Da Silva Joins Team Starbury\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930024052/http://www.harlemglobetrotters.com/news/archive/index.html?article_id=17","external_links_name":"\"Harlem Globetrotters\""},{"Link":"http://www.harlemglobetrotters.com/news/archive/index.html?article_id=17","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3729367","external_links_name":"\"Maryland Nighthawks Select Trikz and Pat da Roc in 2008 PBL Draft\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705113659/http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_SHAQUILLE-ONEAL-ATTEMPTS-GWR/blog/187302/7691.html","external_links_name":"\"Shaquille O Neal Attempts GWR\""},{"Link":"http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_SHAQUILLE-ONEAL-ATTEMPTS-GWR/blog/187302/7691.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nikebiz.com/media/pr/2010/08/13_tip_off_inauguralWBF.html","external_links_name":"\"13 Tip Off\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100826084716/http://thetrikz.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Trikz\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetrikz.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.contactmusic.com/photo/luis-da-silva-jr.-the-premiere-of-filmdistricts-dead-man-down-at_3530326/","external_links_name":"\"The Premiere of FilmDistrict's 'Dead Man Down' at ArcLight Hollywood\""},{"Link":"http://www.authorhouse.co.uk/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000941843","external_links_name":"\"A Boy Named Boo by Luis Trikz Da Silva, Jr\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1534888/","external_links_name":"Luis Da Silva"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/luistrikz","external_links_name":"Official page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141218062808/http://thetrikz.com/","external_links_name":"Freestyle 101 DVD website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Calvo	Leslie Calvo	["1 Education","2 Film production","3 References"]	Spanish film producer and director Leslie CalvoBornLeslie Calvo GrijalbaSan José, Costa RicaNationalitySpanishOccupation(s)Film producer, director, actorYears active1998 - present Leslie Calvo (born in San José, Costa Rica) is a Spanish film producer and director. He was an executive producer of musical films by Spanish director Carlos Saura. Education Calvo began his drama education in Costa Rica, where he acted in the National Theater Company. In 1991, he moved to Spain. Calvo graduated Business Telecom (UPC/Telefónica) at Media Business School (MBS), mastering in Audiovisual Management, and in Audiovisual Production at the School of Radio Televisión Española (RTVE). Film production In 1998, Calvo was assistant director and executive producer of A Perfect Day, directed by Jacobo Rispa (Goya Prize 2000), and produced other short films such as Acelera and Aguilar Soria, a documentary on the work of painter Alejandro Aguilar Soria. Calvo began feature film work in 2002, with Chueca: buscando una identidad, directed by Juana Macías, Iruya la magia del títere by Damián Ainstein (Fike Prize 2002 Évora – Portugal) and Di que sí by Juan Calvo. He also helped make Teresa: el cuerpo de Cristo by Ray Loriga,¿Y tú quién eres? by Antonio Mercero and the TV series Mi gemela es hija única. Calvo worked on the last musical productions and documentaries of director Carlos Saura, including Fados (2007- Luso Spanish Prize of Art and Culture), Symphony of Aragon (2008 - Best Audiovisual Award Zaragoza Universal Exhibition) and Flamenco, Flamenco (2009), as a production manager. In 2010, Calvo founded Tresmonstruos Media and produced Vivir de negro by Alejo Flah, Los B de M de Rosa Maroto (Best Short Film Moratalaz Film Festival) and the documentaries Sin Ruido, Zarzuela en Femenino and Zarzuela en Masculino. In 2016, Calvo produced J: Beyond Flamenco by Carlos Saura, a musical and dance documentary featuring musicians Ara Malikian, Juan Manuel Cañizares and Carlos Núñez, as well as dancers Sara Baras and Miguel Ángel Berna. References ^ ARCE (Revistas Culturales: Revista Intramuros nº 45. (Special number dedicated to Costa Rica, pp 10-11). https://www.quioscocultural.com/intramuros/749-intramuros-n-45.html ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1991159/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm ^ La Nación (1/05/2005). Constancia: Pantalla Grande, de Karina Salguero. http://wvw.nacion.com/viva/2005/mayo/01/espectaculos0.html ^ Público. “Festival Internacional de Curtas-metragens de Évora atribui oito prémios” https://www.publico.pt/2002/11/27/culturaipsilon/noticia/festival-internacional-de-curtasmetragens-de-evora-atribui-oito-premios-198714 ^ "Ray Loriga levita y la Iglesia palpita (Santa Teresa, gloria in excelsis deo)" El Mundo (6 de marzo, 2007) http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/03/06/cineclu/1173200599.html ^ http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1612827/0/carlos-saura/fados/premio/ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1056422/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm ^ Biblioteca Nacional de España, datos “Sinfonía de Aragón”. http://datos.bne.es/edicion/a4649697.html y https://wn.com/carlos_saura_sinfon%C3%ADa_de_arag%C3%B3n ^ "Vivir de negro (C) (2010)". ^ “Carlos Saura produce un documental sobre flamenco” Fotogramas (13/11/2012) http://www.fotogramas.es/Noticias-cine/Carlos-Saura-produce-un-documental-sobre-flamenco ^ Europa Press http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/fundacion-cajasol-00621/noticia-malaga-cultura-cervantes-fundacion-zarzuela-thyssen-retratan-musica-pintura-mujer-siglo-xix-20130912171833.html ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4557084/ ^ “El Festival Internacional de Cine de Panamá arranca con proyección de "Jota", La Vanguardia 31/3/2017. “Festival de Cine de Panamá será la vitrina de los filmes independientes de América Latina, Agencia EFE https://www.efe.com/efe/america/cultura/festival-de-cine-panama-sera-la-vitrina-los-filmes-independientes-america-latina/20000009-3224289	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saura"}],"text":"Leslie Calvo (born in San José, Costa Rica) is a Spanish film producer and director. He was an executive producer of musical films by Spanish director Carlos Saura.","title":"Leslie Calvo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"RTVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTVE"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Calvo began his drama education in Costa Rica, where he acted in the National Theater Company. In 1991, he moved to Spain.[1]Calvo graduated Business Telecom (UPC/Telefónica) at Media Business School (MBS), mastering in Audiovisual Management, and in Audiovisual Production at the School of Radio Televisión Española (RTVE).[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacobo Rispa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Rispa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ray Loriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Loriga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Antonio Mercero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mercero"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saura"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Symphony of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symphony_of_Aragon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Flamenco, Flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flamenco,_Flamenco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"J: Beyond Flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J:_Beyond_Flamenco"},{"link_name":"Ara Malikian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Malikian"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Cañizares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Ca%C3%B1izares"},{"link_name":"Carlos Núñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cort%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Sara Baras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Baras"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ángel Berna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Berna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1998, Calvo was assistant director and executive producer of A Perfect Day, directed by Jacobo Rispa (Goya Prize 2000), and produced other short films such as Acelera and Aguilar Soria, a documentary on the work of painter Alejandro Aguilar Soria.[3]Calvo began feature film work in 2002, with Chueca: buscando una identidad, directed by Juana Macías, Iruya la magia del títere by Damián Ainstein (Fike Prize 2002 Évora – Portugal)[4] and Di que sí by Juan Calvo. He also helped make Teresa: el cuerpo de Cristo by Ray Loriga,[5]¿Y tú quién eres? by Antonio Mercero and the TV series Mi gemela es hija única.Calvo worked on the last musical productions and documentaries of director Carlos Saura, including Fados (2007- Luso Spanish Prize of Art and Culture),[6] Symphony of Aragon (2008 - Best Audiovisual Award Zaragoza Universal Exhibition)[7] and Flamenco, Flamenco (2009), as a production manager.In 2010, Calvo founded Tresmonstruos Media and produced Vivir de negro by Alejo Flah,[8] Los B de M de Rosa Maroto (Best Short Film Moratalaz Film Festival) and the documentaries Sin Ruido,[9] Zarzuela en Femenino[10] and Zarzuela en Masculino.[11]In 2016, Calvo produced J: Beyond Flamenco by Carlos Saura, a musical and dance documentary featuring musicians Ara Malikian, Juan Manuel Cañizares and Carlos Núñez, as well as dancers Sara Baras and Miguel Ángel Berna.[12]","title":"Film production"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Vivir de negro (C) (2010)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film641847.html","url_text":"\"Vivir de negro (C) (2010)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.quioscocultural.com/intramuros/749-intramuros-n-45.html","external_links_name":"https://www.quioscocultural.com/intramuros/749-intramuros-n-45.html"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1991159/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm","external_links_name":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1991159/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm"},{"Link":"http://wvw.nacion.com/viva/2005/mayo/01/espectaculos0.html","external_links_name":"http://wvw.nacion.com/viva/2005/mayo/01/espectaculos0.html"},{"Link":"https://www.publico.pt/2002/11/27/culturaipsilon/noticia/festival-internacional-de-curtasmetragens-de-evora-atribui-oito-premios-198714","external_links_name":"https://www.publico.pt/2002/11/27/culturaipsilon/noticia/festival-internacional-de-curtasmetragens-de-evora-atribui-oito-premios-198714"},{"Link":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/03/06/cineclu/1173200599.html","external_links_name":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/03/06/cineclu/1173200599.html"},{"Link":"http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1612827/0/carlos-saura/fados/premio/","external_links_name":"http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1612827/0/carlos-saura/fados/premio/"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1056422/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm","external_links_name":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1056422/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm"},{"Link":"http://datos.bne.es/edicion/a4649697.html","external_links_name":"http://datos.bne.es/edicion/a4649697.html"},{"Link":"https://wn.com/carlos_saura_sinfon%C3%ADa_de_arag%C3%B3n","external_links_name":"https://wn.com/carlos_saura_sinfon%C3%ADa_de_arag%C3%B3n"},{"Link":"https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film641847.html","external_links_name":"\"Vivir de negro (C) (2010)\""},{"Link":"http://www.fotogramas.es/Noticias-cine/Carlos-Saura-produce-un-documental-sobre-flamenco","external_links_name":"http://www.fotogramas.es/Noticias-cine/Carlos-Saura-produce-un-documental-sobre-flamenco"},{"Link":"http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/fundacion-cajasol-00621/noticia-malaga-cultura-cervantes-fundacion-zarzuela-thyssen-retratan-musica-pintura-mujer-siglo-xix-20130912171833.html","external_links_name":"http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/fundacion-cajasol-00621/noticia-malaga-cultura-cervantes-fundacion-zarzuela-thyssen-retratan-musica-pintura-mujer-siglo-xix-20130912171833.html"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4557084/","external_links_name":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4557084/"},{"Link":"https://www.efe.com/efe/america/cultura/festival-de-cine-panama-sera-la-vitrina-los-filmes-independientes-america-latina/20000009-3224289","external_links_name":"https://www.efe.com/efe/america/cultura/festival-de-cine-panama-sera-la-vitrina-los-filmes-independientes-america-latina/20000009-3224289"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Ciudad_Real	Province of Ciudad Real	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Population development","4 Government and administration","5 Communications","6 See also","7 References"]	Coordinates: 39°00′N 4°00′W / 39.000°N 4.000°W / 39.000; -4.000Province of Spain Province in Castile–La Mancha, SpainProvince of Ciudad RealProvince FlagCoat of armsMap of Spain with Province of Ciudad Real highlightedCoordinates: 39°00′N 4°00′W / 39.000°N 4.000°W / 39.000; -4.000CountrySpainAutonomous communityCastile–La ManchaCapitalCiudad RealGovernment • BodyProvincial Deputation of Ciudad Real • PresidentNemesio de Lara Guerrero (PSOE)Area • Total19,813 km2 (7,650 sq mi) • RankRanked 3rd 3.93% of SpainPopulation (2013) • Total524,962 • RankRanked 30th • Density26/km2 (69/sq mi) 1.13% of SpainDemonymCiudarrealeñosOfficial language(s)SpanishParliamentCortes GeneralesWebsitewww.dipucr.es The province of Ciudad Real (pronounced ) is a province in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Cuenca, Albacete, Jaén, Córdoba, Badajoz, and Toledo. It is partly located in the old natural region of La Mancha. Its capital is Ciudad Real. It is the third largest province by area in all of Spain, after Cáceres and Badajoz. The historic comarca Campo de Calatrava is located in the center of the province. History Ciudad Real was one of the 49 provinces in which Spain was divided in the territorial reorganization of 1833, taking its name from its largest city and capital. Its limits corresponded more or less to the historical province of La Mancha, which was part of the kingdom of Toledo. The Spanish government created the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha on 15 November 1978, as one of several autonomous regions. The new, hyphenated name was chosen to join the historic Castilla region, which extended beyond the new autonomous region, and that of the smaller historic province of La Mancha. Initially a "pre-autonomous" region, the reorganization proposal finally took effect one week after the Statute of Autonomy of Castilla–La Mancha was approved on 10 August 1982. Under this new arrangement, Castilla-La Mancha was subdivided into five provinces, Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo, each named after its largest town and capital city. Geography The province of Ciudad Real is located in central Spain and is the third largest province in the country with an area of 19,813 km2 (7,650 sq mi). To the north lies the Province of Toledo, to the northeast the Province of Cuenca, to the east the Province of Albacete, to the south lie the Provinces of Córdoba and Jaén, and to the west the Province of Badajoz. To the northwest of the province is a separate area, the exclave of Anchuras, which is sandwiched between the Province of Badajoz and the Province of Toledo. The provincial capital is Ciudad Real. Part of the province is part of the plateau of La Mancha, an elevated but fertile area averaging 500 to 600 metres (1,600 to 2,000 ft) above sea level, the highest elevation being in the comarca of Campo de Montiel at 900 metres (2,950 ft). The main river, crossing the province from east to west, is the Guadiana, and its right bank tributary, the Cigüela. Most of the province is an arid plain, cool in summer and very cold in winter with wide daily fluctuations. The area is agricultural, with wheat, barley, oats, sugar beet, grapes and olives being grown. Cattle are raised here and there are large flocks of sheep. In the valleys formed by the upper reaches of the Guadiana and Cigüela is a wetland area called La Mancha Húmeda. The lagoons and marshes have a resident population of wetland birds and are visited by migrating wildfowl in autumn and spring. The largest towns in the province are Ciudad Real, with a population of 74,960 at the 2014 census, Puertollano with 50,608, Tomelloso with 38,080, Alcázar de San Juan with 31,650, and Valdepeñas with 30,705. Other larger municipalities with over ten thousand inhabitants are Manzanares, Daimiel, La Solana, Miguelturra, Campo de Criptana, Socuéllamos, Bolaños de Calatrava and Villarrubia de los Ojos. The Tablas de Daimiel National Park is located in the province of Ciudad Real. It is a wetland area on the La Mancha plain, an otherwise mainly arid region. It has an area of about 2,000 hectares and is the smallest of Spain's fifteen national parks. It is being expanded to include some of the neighbouring dryland farming areas. The Cabañeros National Park is shared with the neighbouring Province of Toledo. It has an area of 390 square kilometres (150 sq mi) and lies between the Estena and Bullaque rivers, extending into the Chorito and Miraflores mountain ranges. It contains remnants of the Iberian Mediterranean forest which used to clothe this part of Spain. In the centre of the province is the Campo de Calatrava, the geology of which is volcanic. The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field covers an area of 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) and has more than three hundred individual structures. It is composed of pyroclastic cones, lava domes and maars, and rises to 1,117 m (3,665 ft). The last known eruption was around 3,600 BC. Population development The historical population is given in the following chart: Government and administration Main article: Provincial Deputation of Ciudad Real Communications The province has good communications with other parts of Spain and is on the main route between Toledo and Andalusia. The A-4 route passes from north to south between Puerto Lápice and Almuradiel on the way from Madrid to Andalusia. The capital, Puertollano, and other locations are linked to this road by the A-43 and A-41, and the Autovía de los Viñedos motorway passes through the northeastern part of the province. Railway communications are via the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line which has stations in the towns of Ciudad Real and Puertollano. Air travel was enabled by the opening in 2008 of the Ciudad Real Central Airport, which started to have international flights in June 2010. However, the link to the high-speed railway line was never built and the airport had financial difficulties and went into administration in October of the same year. In September 2015, it was reported that a new owner had purchased the airport. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Province of Ciudad Real. List of municipalities in Ciudad Real References ^ The statute is L.O. 9/1982 ^ Philips' Modern School Atlas. George Philip and Son, Ltd. 1973. p. 37. ISBN 0-540-05278-7. ^ Baskett, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Brown, Jules; Fisher,John; Dubin, Marc Stephen (2004). The Rough Guide to Spain. Rough Guides. pp. 210–213. ISBN 978-1-84353-261-3. ^ "Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel". Red de Parques Nacionales. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Retrieved 7 October 2015. ^ "Parque Nacional de Cabañeros". Red de Parques Nacionales. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Retrieved 7 October 2015. ^ "Calatrava volcanic field". Global volcanism program. Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2015. ^ "Un grupo británico, a por el aeródromo de Ciudad Real". El País (in Spanish). Ediciones El País S.L. 14 Sep 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015. vteProvinces of Castilla–La Mancha Albacete Ciudad Real Cuenca Guadalajara Toledo vteProvinces of Spain A Coruña Álava Albacete Alicante Almería Asturias Ávila Badajoz Balearic Islands Barcelona Biscay Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Cantabria Castellón Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Girona Granada Guadalajara Gipuzkoa Huelva Huesca Jaén Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Navarre Ourense Palencia Pontevedra La Rioja Salamanca Santa Cruz de Tenerife Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Zamora Zaragoza Portal: Spain Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[θjuˈðað reˈal]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"autonomous community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Castile-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Cuenca"},{"link_name":"Albacete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Albacete"},{"link_name":"Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"natural region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_region"},{"link_name":"La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%A1ceres"},{"link_name":"comarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Campo de Calatrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_Calatrava"}],"text":"Province of SpainProvince in Castile–La Mancha, SpainThe province of Ciudad Real (pronounced [θjuˈðað reˈal]) is a province in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Cuenca, Albacete, Jaén, Córdoba, Badajoz, and Toledo. It is partly located in the old natural region of La Mancha. Its capital is Ciudad Real. It is the third largest province by area in all of Spain, after Cáceres and Badajoz. The historic comarca Campo de Calatrava is located in the center of the province.","title":"Province of Ciudad Real"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"territorial reorganization of 1833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833_territorial_division_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"autonomous community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Castilla-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Castilla region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Albacete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Albacete"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Cuenca"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ciudad Real was one of the 49 provinces in which Spain was divided in the territorial reorganization of 1833, taking its name from its largest city and capital. Its limits corresponded more or less to the historical province of La Mancha, which was part of the kingdom of Toledo.The Spanish government created the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha on 15 November 1978, as one of several autonomous regions. The new, hyphenated name was chosen to join the historic Castilla region, which extended beyond the new autonomous region, and that of the smaller historic province of La Mancha. Initially a \"pre-autonomous\" region, the reorganization proposal finally took effect one week after the Statute of Autonomy of Castilla–La Mancha was approved on 10 August 1982. Under this new arrangement, Castilla-La Mancha was subdivided into five provinces, Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo, each named after its largest town and capital city.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Provinces of Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Province of Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"exclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave"},{"link_name":"Anchuras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchuras"},{"link_name":"Province of Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Province of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Campo de Montiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_Montiel_(Ciudad_Real)"},{"link_name":"Guadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadiana"},{"link_name":"Cigüela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cig%C3%BCela"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philips-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baskett-3"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"Puertollano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertollano"},{"link_name":"Tomelloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomelloso"},{"link_name":"Alcázar de San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_de_San_Juan"},{"link_name":"Valdepeñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdepe%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"Manzanares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanares,_Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"Daimiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimiel"},{"link_name":"La Solana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Solana"},{"link_name":"Miguelturra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguelturra"},{"link_name":"Campo de Criptana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_Criptana"},{"link_name":"Socuéllamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socu%C3%A9llamos"},{"link_name":"Bolaños de Calatrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%C3%B1os_de_Calatrava"},{"link_name":"Villarrubia de los Ojos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarrubia_de_los_Ojos"},{"link_name":"Tablas de Daimiel National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablas_de_Daimiel_National_Park"},{"link_name":"dryland farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farming"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cabañeros National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caba%C3%B1eros_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Province of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Campo de Calatrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_Calatrava"},{"link_name":"Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_Calatrava_Volcanic_Field"},{"link_name":"pyroclastic cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone"},{"link_name":"lava domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_dome"},{"link_name":"maars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The province of Ciudad Real is located in central Spain and is the third largest province in the country with an area of 19,813 km2 (7,650 sq mi). To the north lies the Province of Toledo, to the northeast the Province of Cuenca, to the east the Province of Albacete, to the south lie the Provinces of Córdoba and Jaén, and to the west the Province of Badajoz. To the northwest of the province is a separate area, the exclave of Anchuras, which is sandwiched between the Province of Badajoz and the Province of Toledo. The provincial capital is Ciudad Real. Part of the province is part of the plateau of La Mancha, an elevated but fertile area averaging 500 to 600 metres (1,600 to 2,000 ft) above sea level, the highest elevation being in the comarca of Campo de Montiel at 900 metres (2,950 ft). The main river, crossing the province from east to west, is the Guadiana, and its right bank tributary, the Cigüela.[2]Most of the province is an arid plain, cool in summer and very cold in winter with wide daily fluctuations. The area is agricultural, with wheat, barley, oats, sugar beet, grapes and olives being grown. Cattle are raised here and there are large flocks of sheep. In the valleys formed by the upper reaches of the Guadiana and Cigüela is a wetland area called La Mancha Húmeda. The lagoons and marshes have a resident population of wetland birds and are visited by migrating wildfowl in autumn and spring.[3]The largest towns in the province are Ciudad Real, with a population of 74,960 at the 2014 census, Puertollano with 50,608, Tomelloso with 38,080, Alcázar de San Juan with 31,650, and Valdepeñas with 30,705. Other larger municipalities with over ten thousand inhabitants are Manzanares, Daimiel, La Solana, Miguelturra, Campo de Criptana, Socuéllamos, Bolaños de Calatrava and Villarrubia de los Ojos.The Tablas de Daimiel National Park is located in the province of Ciudad Real. It is a wetland area on the La Mancha plain, an otherwise mainly arid region. It has an area of about 2,000 hectares and is the smallest of Spain's fifteen national parks. It is being expanded to include some of the neighbouring dryland farming areas.[4] The Cabañeros National Park is shared with the neighbouring Province of Toledo. It has an area of 390 square kilometres (150 sq mi) and lies between the Estena and Bullaque rivers, extending into the Chorito and Miraflores mountain ranges. It contains remnants of the Iberian Mediterranean forest which used to clothe this part of Spain.[5]In the centre of the province is the Campo de Calatrava, the geology of which is volcanic. The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field covers an area of 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) and has more than three hundred individual structures. It is composed of pyroclastic cones, lava domes and maars, and rises to 1,117 m (3,665 ft). The last known eruption was around 3,600 BC.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The historical population is given in the following chart:","title":"Population development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Lápice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_L%C3%A1pice"},{"link_name":"Almuradiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almuradiel"},{"link_name":"Puertollano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertollano"},{"link_name":"Autovía de los Viñedos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autov%C3%ADa_de_los_Vi%C3%B1edos"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Seville_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Real Central Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real_Central_Airport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The province has good communications with other parts of Spain and is on the main route between Toledo and Andalusia. The A-4 route passes from north to south between Puerto Lápice and Almuradiel on the way from Madrid to Andalusia. The capital, Puertollano, and other locations are linked to this road by the A-43 and A-41, and the Autovía de los Viñedos motorway passes through the northeastern part of the province. Railway communications are via the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line which has stations in the towns of Ciudad Real and Puertollano. Air travel was enabled by the opening in 2008 of the Ciudad Real Central Airport, which started to have international flights in June 2010. However, the link to the high-speed railway line was never built and the airport had financial difficulties and went into administration in October of the same year. In September 2015, it was reported that a new owner had purchased the airport.[7]","title":"Communications"}]	[]	[{"title":"Province of Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Province_of_Ciudad_Real"},{"title":"List of municipalities in Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ciudad_Real"}]	[{"reference":"Philips' Modern School Atlas. George Philip and Son, Ltd. 1973. p. 37. ISBN 0-540-05278-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-540-05278-7","url_text":"0-540-05278-7"}]},{"reference":"Baskett, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Brown, Jules; Fisher,John; Dubin, Marc Stephen (2004). The Rough Guide to Spain. Rough Guides. pp. 210–213. ISBN 978-1-84353-261-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GeMY4BGzNiMC&pg=PA210","url_text":"The Rough Guide to Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-261-3","url_text":"978-1-84353-261-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel\". Red de Parques Nacionales. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Retrieved 7 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/red-parques-nacionales/nuestros-parques/daimiel/","url_text":"\"Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parque Nacional de Cabañeros\". Red de Parques Nacionales. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Retrieved 7 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/red-parques-nacionales/nuestros-parques/cabaneros/","url_text":"\"Parque Nacional de Cabañeros\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calatrava volcanic field\". Global volcanism program. Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=210040","url_text":"\"Calatrava volcanic field\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un grupo británico, a por el aeródromo de Ciudad Real\". El País (in Spanish). Ediciones El País S.L. 14 Sep 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2015/09/14/actualidad/1442254678_848846.html","url_text":"\"Un grupo británico, a por el aeródromo de Ciudad Real\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_Ciudad_Real&params=39_00_N_4_00_W_region:ES_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°00′N 4°00′W / 39.000°N 4.000°W / 39.000; -4.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_Ciudad_Real&params=39_00_N_4_00_W_region:ES_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°00′N 4°00′W / 39.000°N 4.000°W / 39.000; -4.000"},{"Link":"http://www.dipucr.es/","external_links_name":"www.dipucr.es"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GeMY4BGzNiMC&pg=PA210","external_links_name":"The Rough Guide to Spain"},{"Link":"http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/red-parques-nacionales/nuestros-parques/daimiel/","external_links_name":"\"Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel\""},{"Link":"http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/red-parques-nacionales/nuestros-parques/cabaneros/","external_links_name":"\"Parque Nacional de Cabañeros\""},{"Link":"http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=210040","external_links_name":"\"Calatrava volcanic field\""},{"Link":"http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2015/09/14/actualidad/1442254678_848846.html","external_links_name":"\"Un grupo británico, a por el aeródromo de Ciudad Real\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158269139","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhTpqTGFHt6RrB47MMfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575382","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119433189","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119433189","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4429581-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557242405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80001093","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000323308&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/2570d464-630c-4958-8f9e-14b3c5321853","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Luna	Paul Luna	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Advocacy and philanthropy","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]	Paul Luna (born c. 1966) is a Dominican-American chef, restaurateur, author, and political activist. In Atlanta during the 1990s he opened and operated a number of successful restaurants featuring European, Mediterranean, and South American cuisine, including Luna Sí, Eclipse di Luna, and Loca Luna. In 2009 he opened a training kitchen for refugee women, Lunacy Black Market, in downtown Atlanta. Early life Luna was born circa 1966 in the Dominican Republic, to middle-class parents. He was one of 13 siblings. He is of Italian and Spanish heritage. Career Luna moved to Atlanta in 1992 and opened Bice, a Milan-based, upscale Italian restaurant chain. In 1993 he opened his first proprietary restaurant, Luna Sí, on Peachtree Road. He introduced new types of European, Mediterranean, and South American cuisine, and tapas, to Atlanta, through his restaurants Luna Sí, Eclipse di Luna (opened in 1997), and Loca Luna (opened in 1999). He was a controversial figure on the Atlanta restaurant scene in the 1990s, often critical of local trendiness and faddish tastes. He was widely known as a "bad boy" who ruled his dining room impetuously, sometimes staging impromptu striptease dances to amuse and shock patrons. Luna left Atlanta in late 2002, and worked as a chef in Canada, Washington, D.C., Hawaii, and California. He returned to Atlanta in 2009, and opened Lunacy Black Market. In 2009, Luna wrote and published a bilingual children’s book, Luna Needs a Miracle! ¡Luna Necesita un Milagro! Advocacy and philanthropy Luna advocated small businesses run by mixed-income, multi-national owners as the way to rejuvenate Atlanta's historic downtown area. "We're still segregated," he said; "All my white customers think, downtown: black. Period." Luna's tenure with Four Seasons Resort Maui at Wailea, Hawaii gave him the opportunity to lead cooking classes for children through the Big Brothers Big Sisters of Maui program. In 2009 he opened a training kitchen for refugee women, Lunacy Black Market, a low-cost restaurant in downtown Atlanta. He worked with BryAnn Chen, executive director of Refugee Women's Network, to identify appropriate candidates for employment in this restaurant. It closed in 2014, a year after Luna moved to Switzerland. Beginning in 2010, Luna declared for a few years that he would run for mayor of Atlanta. Personal life Luna is married to Cynthia T. Luna. After she moved to Switzerland, Luna moved there as well in 2013 to be with her. References ^ a b c d e f g h Peisner, Lynn (May 18, 2010). "Paul Luna pioneers downtown dinnertable politics". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved July 29, 2010. ^ a b c d Lauterbach, Christiane (April 1, 2011). "Culinary Character: Paul Luna". Atlanta. Retrieved February 11, 2024. ^ Kessler, John (April 15, 2011). "Food from the heart". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. pp. D1, D4. Retrieved February 11, 2024. ^ a b Bostock, Cliff (May 8, 2002). "The mystique of Paul Luna". Creative Loafing. Retrieved February 11, 2024. ^ Kaupman, Gary (May 20, 1993). "Eat" (PDF). Southern Voice. pp. 25–26. Retrieved February 15, 2024. (p. 26) ^ McKibben, Beth (October 26, 2021). "Restaurant Prepares to Spice Up Alpharetta Development With Paella, Sangria, and Salsa Dancing". Eater. Retrieved February 17, 2024. ^ Innovative Restaurant Concepts, Volumes 3-4. Ecklein Communications. 1999. p. 9. ^ Eldredge, Richard (January 7, 2010). "Chef Paul Luna Returns to Dabble in Downtown Black Market Lunacy". Atlanta. Archived from the original (blog) on March 23, 2010. ^ Bostock, Cliff (September 18, 2002). "Eating in all directions". Creative Loafing. Retrieved February 18, 2024. ^ Sietsema, Tom (March 1, 2005). "The Weekly Dish". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 11, 2024. ^ Sietsema, Tom (June 21, 2005). "Taking Some Heat". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 11, 2024. ^ Sietsema, Tom (October 15, 2005). "Food Moods". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 18, 2024. ^ a b "Hawaii Restaurant News Archive". Gayot. November 16, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2024. ^ a b Cabasin, Linda; Wang, Amy (2008). Fodor's Maui 2009. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4000-1945-8. ^ a b Pizarro, Sal (August 13, 2009). "Il Fornaio chef Paul Luna cooks up a children's book". The Mercury News. Retrieved February 15, 2024. ^ "Hotel News". FourSeasons.com. Four Seasons Atlanta. September 25, 2009. Archived from the original (press release) on March 8, 2012. ^ "Big Brothers Big Sisters Has a 'Private Chef'". ChefLuna.com. The Maui News. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. ^ "Lunacy Black Market". Atlanta. Retrieved February 15, 2024. ^ Townsend, Bob (October 20, 2014). "Lunacy Black Market Closed". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 15, 2024. ^ Endolyn, Osayi (October 30, 2012). "Paul Luna stirs up guisados, runs for mayor". Atlanta. Retrieved February 15, 2024. ^ Chopra, Sonia (January 4, 2013). "Paul Luna for Mayor?". Eater Atlanta. Retrieved February 11, 2024. ^ Spivak, Caleb J. (October 15, 2014). "Lunacy Black Market Shutters". What Now Atlanta. Retrieved February 15, 2024. ^ Wheatley, Thomas (December 15, 2013). "Omnivore - Paul Luna has left Atlanta for Switzerland". Creative Loafing. Retrieved February 15, 2024. External links Official website (archived 2021) Lunacy Black Market	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Paul Luna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pioneers-1"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Culinary_Character-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Culinary_Character-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-from_the_heart-3"}],"text":"Luna was born circa 1966[1] in the Dominican Republic, to middle-class parents.[2] He was one of 13 siblings.[2] He is of Italian and Spanish heritage.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Bice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiCE_Ristorante"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Culinary_Character-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mystique-4"},{"link_name":"Peachtree Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachtree_Street"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pioneers-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dabble-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mystique-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gayot_2010-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cabasin-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Il_Fornaio-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Culinary_Character-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Il_Fornaio-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Four_Seasons_Atlanta-16"}],"text":"Luna moved to Atlanta in 1992 and opened Bice, a Milan-based, upscale Italian restaurant chain.[2][4]In 1993 he opened his first proprietary restaurant, Luna Sí, on Peachtree Road.[5] He introduced new types of European, Mediterranean, and South American cuisine, and tapas, to Atlanta,[1] through his restaurants Luna Sí, Eclipse di Luna (opened in 1997),[6] and Loca Luna (opened in 1999).[7]He was a controversial figure on the Atlanta restaurant scene in the 1990s, often critical of local trendiness and faddish tastes.[8] He was widely known as a \"bad boy\" who ruled his dining room impetuously, sometimes staging impromptu striptease dances to amuse and shock patrons.[4]Luna left Atlanta in late 2002, and worked as a chef in Canada,[9] Washington, D.C.,[10][11][12] Hawaii,[13][14] and California.[15]He returned to Atlanta in 2009, and opened Lunacy Black Market.[2]In 2009, Luna wrote and published a bilingual children’s book, Luna Needs a Miracle! ¡Luna Necesita un Milagro![15][16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pioneers-1"},{"link_name":"Four Seasons Resort Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Seasons_Resort_Maui"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gayot_2010-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cabasin-14"},{"link_name":"Big Brothers Big Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brothers_Big_Sisters_of_America"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"refugee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pioneers-1"},{"link_name":"downtown Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pioneers-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pioneers-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Luna advocated small businesses run by mixed-income, multi-national owners as the way to rejuvenate Atlanta's historic downtown area. \"We're still segregated,\" he said; \"All my white customers think, downtown: black. Period.\"[1]Luna's tenure with Four Seasons Resort Maui at Wailea, Hawaii[13][14] gave him the opportunity to lead cooking classes for children through the Big Brothers Big Sisters of Maui program.[17]In 2009 he opened a training kitchen for refugee women, Lunacy Black Market,[1] a low-cost restaurant in downtown Atlanta.[18] He worked with BryAnn Chen, executive director of Refugee Women's Network, to identify appropriate candidates for employment in this restaurant.[1] It closed in 2014, a year after Luna moved to Switzerland.[19]Beginning in 2010, Luna declared for a few years that he would run for mayor of Atlanta.[1][20][21]","title":"Advocacy and philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Luna is married to Cynthia T. Luna.[22] After she moved to Switzerland, Luna moved there as well in 2013 to be with her.[23]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Peisner, Lynn (May 18, 2010). \"Paul Luna pioneers downtown dinnertable politics\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved July 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/dining/paul-luna-pioneers-downtown-dinnertable-politics/IkZJ7TC4Xe9kMDUgTF4g6L/","url_text":"\"Paul Luna pioneers downtown dinnertable politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution"}]},{"reference":"Lauterbach, Christiane (April 1, 2011). \"Culinary Character: Paul Luna\". Atlanta. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlantamagazine.com/article/culinary-character-paul-luna1/","url_text":"\"Culinary Character: Paul Luna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_(magazine)","url_text":"Atlanta"}]},{"reference":"Kessler, John (April 15, 2011). \"Food from the heart\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. pp. D1, D4. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/423316408/","url_text":"\"Food from the heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution"}]},{"reference":"Bostock, Cliff (May 8, 2002). \"The mystique of Paul Luna\". Creative Loafing. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativeloafing.com/content-174320-the-mystique-of-paul-luna","url_text":"\"The mystique of Paul Luna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Loafing","url_text":"Creative Loafing"}]},{"reference":"Kaupman, Gary (May 20, 1993). \"Eat\" (PDF). Southern Voice. pp. 25–26. Retrieved February 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gahistoricnewspapers-files.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn61311684/1993-05-20/ed-1/seq-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Eat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Voice_(newspaper)","url_text":"Southern Voice"}]},{"reference":"McKibben, Beth (October 26, 2021). \"Restaurant Prepares to Spice Up Alpharetta Development With Paella, Sangria, and Salsa Dancing\". Eater. Retrieved February 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://atlanta.eater.com/2021/10/26/22746885/alpharetta-eclipse-di-luna-tapas-bar-salsa-dancing-opening-halcyon","url_text":"\"Restaurant Prepares to Spice Up Alpharetta Development With Paella, Sangria, and Salsa Dancing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eater_(website)","url_text":"Eater"}]},{"reference":"Innovative Restaurant Concepts, Volumes 3-4. Ecklein Communications. 1999. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yVgsAQAAMAAJ&q=%22paul+luna%22+%22loca+luna%22+%221999%22","url_text":"Innovative Restaurant Concepts, Volumes 3-4"}]},{"reference":"Eldredge, Richard (January 7, 2010). \"Chef Paul Luna Returns to Dabble in Downtown Black Market Lunacy\". Atlanta. Archived from the original (blog) on March 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115840/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/blogs/atlintel/blogentry.aspx?BlogEntryID=10078484","url_text":"\"Chef Paul Luna Returns to Dabble in Downtown Black Market Lunacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_(magazine)","url_text":"Atlanta"},{"url":"https://press.fourseasons.com/atlanta/hotel-news/chef-paul-luna-and-park-75-s-chef-robert-gerstenecker-collaborate-to-cook-up-some-fun-in-atlanta/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bostock, Cliff (September 18, 2002). \"Eating in all directions\". Creative Loafing. Retrieved February 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativeloafing.com/content-174338-eating-in-all-directions","url_text":"\"Eating in all directions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Loafing","url_text":"Creative Loafing"}]},{"reference":"Sietsema, Tom (March 1, 2005). \"The Weekly Dish\". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2005/03/02/the-weekly-dish/3d38968e-b1a1-4efa-88b1-8f87a89c7b81/","url_text":"\"The Weekly Dish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Sietsema, Tom (June 21, 2005). \"Taking Some Heat\". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2005/06/22/taking-some-heat-novice-chef/29fcf6a9-39dd-4870-9719-e17a4e1957fb/","url_text":"\"Taking Some Heat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Sietsema, Tom (October 15, 2005). \"Food Moods\". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2005/10/16/food-moods/5af1149f-59de-4c07-8062-9e7afece7f2e/","url_text":"\"Food Moods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Hawaii Restaurant News Archive\". Gayot. November 16, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gayot.com/restaurants/hawaiinews_archive.html","url_text":"\"Hawaii Restaurant News Archive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayot","url_text":"Gayot"}]},{"reference":"Cabasin, Linda; Wang, Amy (2008). Fodor's Maui 2009. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4000-1945-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncTSIgceVc0C&pg=PA203","url_text":"Fodor's Maui 2009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodor%27s_Travel_Publications","url_text":"Fodor's Travel Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-1945-8","url_text":"978-1-4000-1945-8"}]},{"reference":"Pizarro, Sal (August 13, 2009). \"Il Fornaio chef Paul Luna cooks up a children's book\". The Mercury News. Retrieved February 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2009/08/13/pizarro-il-fornaio-chef-paul-luna-cooks-up-a-childrens-book/","url_text":"\"Il Fornaio chef Paul Luna cooks up a children's book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_News","url_text":"The Mercury News"}]},{"reference":"\"Hotel News\". FourSeasons.com. Four Seasons Atlanta. September 25, 2009. Archived from the original (press release) on March 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308174519/https://press.fourseasons.com/atlanta/hotel-news/chef-paul-luna-and-park-75-s-chef-robert-gerstenecker-collaborate-to-cook-up-some-fun-in-atlanta/","url_text":"\"Hotel News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Seasons_Atlanta","url_text":"Four Seasons Atlanta"},{"url":"https://press.fourseasons.com/atlanta/hotel-news/chef-paul-luna-and-park-75-s-chef-robert-gerstenecker-collaborate-to-cook-up-some-fun-in-atlanta/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Brothers Big Sisters Has a 'Private Chef'\". ChefLuna.com. The Maui News. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905204538/http://www.chefluna.com/Updates-20070930.html","url_text":"\"Big Brothers Big Sisters Has a 'Private Chef'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maui_News","url_text":"The Maui News"},{"url":"http://www.chefluna.com/Updates-20070930.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lunacy Black Market\". Atlanta. Retrieved February 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlantamagazine.com/guide/restaurants/lunacy-black-market/","url_text":"\"Lunacy Black Market\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_(magazine)","url_text":"Atlanta"}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Bob (October 20, 2014). \"Lunacy Black Market Closed\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/blog/atlanta-restaurants/lunacy-black-market-closed/QQh8sYfeTKeNLYDeOXeVXO/","url_text":"\"Lunacy Black Market Closed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution"}]},{"reference":"Endolyn, Osayi (October 30, 2012). \"Paul Luna stirs up guisados, runs for mayor\". Atlanta. Retrieved February 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlantamagazine.com/dining-news/paul-luna-stirs-up-guisados-runs-for-mayor2/","url_text":"\"Paul Luna stirs up guisados, runs for mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_(magazine)","url_text":"Atlanta"}]},{"reference":"Chopra, Sonia (January 4, 2013). \"Paul Luna for Mayor?\". Eater Atlanta. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://atlanta.eater.com/2013/1/4/6500247/paul-luna-for-mayor","url_text":"\"Paul Luna for Mayor?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eater_(website)","url_text":"Eater Atlanta"}]},{"reference":"Spivak, Caleb J. (October 15, 2014). \"Lunacy Black Market Shutters\". What Now Atlanta. Retrieved February 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://whatnowatlanta.com/lunacy-black-market-shutters/","url_text":"\"Lunacy Black Market Shutters\""}]},{"reference":"Wheatley, Thomas (December 15, 2013). \"Omnivore - Paul Luna has left Atlanta for Switzerland\". Creative Loafing. Retrieved February 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativeloafing.com/content-229112-omnivore---paul-luna-has-left-atlanta-for","url_text":"\"Omnivore - Paul Luna has left Atlanta for Switzerland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Loafing","url_text":"Creative Loafing"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/dining/paul-luna-pioneers-downtown-dinnertable-politics/IkZJ7TC4Xe9kMDUgTF4g6L/","external_links_name":"\"Paul Luna pioneers downtown dinnertable politics\""},{"Link":"https://www.atlantamagazine.com/article/culinary-character-paul-luna1/","external_links_name":"\"Culinary Character: Paul Luna\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/423316408/","external_links_name":"\"Food from the heart\""},{"Link":"https://creativeloafing.com/content-174320-the-mystique-of-paul-luna","external_links_name":"\"The mystique of Paul Luna\""},{"Link":"https://gahistoricnewspapers-files.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn61311684/1993-05-20/ed-1/seq-25.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eat\""},{"Link":"https://gahistoricnewspapers-files.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn61311684/1993-05-20/ed-1/seq-26.pdf","external_links_name":"p. 26"},{"Link":"https://atlanta.eater.com/2021/10/26/22746885/alpharetta-eclipse-di-luna-tapas-bar-salsa-dancing-opening-halcyon","external_links_name":"\"Restaurant Prepares to Spice Up Alpharetta Development With Paella, Sangria, and Salsa Dancing\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yVgsAQAAMAAJ&q=%22paul+luna%22+%22loca+luna%22+%221999%22","external_links_name":"Innovative Restaurant Concepts, Volumes 3-4"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115840/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/blogs/atlintel/blogentry.aspx?BlogEntryID=10078484","external_links_name":"\"Chef Paul Luna Returns to Dabble in Downtown Black Market Lunacy\""},{"Link":"https://press.fourseasons.com/atlanta/hotel-news/chef-paul-luna-and-park-75-s-chef-robert-gerstenecker-collaborate-to-cook-up-some-fun-in-atlanta/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://creativeloafing.com/content-174338-eating-in-all-directions","external_links_name":"\"Eating in all directions\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2005/03/02/the-weekly-dish/3d38968e-b1a1-4efa-88b1-8f87a89c7b81/","external_links_name":"\"The Weekly Dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2005/06/22/taking-some-heat-novice-chef/29fcf6a9-39dd-4870-9719-e17a4e1957fb/","external_links_name":"\"Taking Some Heat\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2005/10/16/food-moods/5af1149f-59de-4c07-8062-9e7afece7f2e/","external_links_name":"\"Food Moods\""},{"Link":"https://www.gayot.com/restaurants/hawaiinews_archive.html","external_links_name":"\"Hawaii Restaurant News Archive\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncTSIgceVc0C&pg=PA203","external_links_name":"Fodor's Maui 2009"},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2009/08/13/pizarro-il-fornaio-chef-paul-luna-cooks-up-a-childrens-book/","external_links_name":"\"Il Fornaio chef Paul Luna cooks up a children's book\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308174519/https://press.fourseasons.com/atlanta/hotel-news/chef-paul-luna-and-park-75-s-chef-robert-gerstenecker-collaborate-to-cook-up-some-fun-in-atlanta/","external_links_name":"\"Hotel News\""},{"Link":"https://press.fourseasons.com/atlanta/hotel-news/chef-paul-luna-and-park-75-s-chef-robert-gerstenecker-collaborate-to-cook-up-some-fun-in-atlanta/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905204538/http://www.chefluna.com/Updates-20070930.html","external_links_name":"\"Big Brothers Big Sisters Has a 'Private Chef'\""},{"Link":"http://www.chefluna.com/Updates-20070930.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.atlantamagazine.com/guide/restaurants/lunacy-black-market/","external_links_name":"\"Lunacy Black Market\""},{"Link":"https://www.ajc.com/blog/atlanta-restaurants/lunacy-black-market-closed/QQh8sYfeTKeNLYDeOXeVXO/","external_links_name":"\"Lunacy Black Market Closed\""},{"Link":"https://www.atlantamagazine.com/dining-news/paul-luna-stirs-up-guisados-runs-for-mayor2/","external_links_name":"\"Paul Luna stirs up guisados, runs for mayor\""},{"Link":"https://atlanta.eater.com/2013/1/4/6500247/paul-luna-for-mayor","external_links_name":"\"Paul Luna for Mayor?\""},{"Link":"https://whatnowatlanta.com/lunacy-black-market-shutters/","external_links_name":"\"Lunacy Black Market Shutters\""},{"Link":"https://creativeloafing.com/content-229112-omnivore---paul-luna-has-left-atlanta-for","external_links_name":"\"Omnivore - Paul Luna has left Atlanta for Switzerland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211229134912/https://chefluna.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310014524/http://www.lunacyblackmarket.com/","external_links_name":"Lunacy Black Market"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Quest	Endless Quest	["1 Endless Quest: Series One","1.1 Collectors' sets","2 Endless Quest: Crimson Crystal Adventures","3 Endless Quest: Series Two","4 Endless Quest (2018-9)","5 Related series","6 Reception","7 Reviews","8 References","9 External links"]	Cover of Dungeon of Dread The Endless Quest books were three series of gamebooks. The first two series were released in the 1980s and 1990s by TSR, while the third series was released by Wizards of the Coast. Originally, these books were the result of an Educational department established by TSR with the intention of developing curriculum programs for subjects such as reading, math, history, and problem solving. The first series of 36 books was released from 1982 to 1987, the second series of 13 from 1994 to 1996. These were respectively the first and last gamebooks released by TSR. A short spin-off series of 4 Endless Quest: Crimson Crystal Adventures books were also released during 1985. There were also several series of similar books that did not bear the Endless Quest name. The mechanics of these books involved simple choices in the style of Choose Your Own Adventure books, rather than the game-like randomized elements of Fighting Fantasy gamebooks. However, the stories and characters in an Endless Quest book, while not necessarily more complex than in a Choose Your Own Adventure book, are often more fully developed because the Endless Quest books are much longer. For example, the character referred to as "you" in the text almost always has a name, gender, and backstory. The result is that the books in the Endless Quest series resemble miniature novels with many different endings. The majority of the books in the series were based on Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), but some were based on other TSR games (e.g. Gamma World, Top Secret) or even licensed properties (e.g. Conan, Tarzan). Mirrorstone, a division of Wizards of the Coast that publishes fantasy fiction for children and teens, began republishing the Endless Quest series in January 2008. The first book in the series is a revision of Claw of the Dragon (#34 from Series One). They have updated the book, including making it gender neutral so it can be enjoyed by both boys and girls, and plan to update and publish more of the D&D books pending the success of this first title. Endless Quest: Series One Endless Quest: Series One # Title Setting Author Published Cover art Interior art ISBN 1 Dungeon of Dread D&D Rose Estes June, 1982 Larry Elmore Jim Holloway 0-935696-86-5 2 Mountain of Mirrors D&D Rose Estes June, 1982 Larry Elmore Jim Holloway 0-935696-87-3 3 Pillars of Pentegarn D&D Rose Estes June, 1982 Larry Elmore Harry J Quinn 0-935696-92-X 4 Return to Brookmere D&D Rose Estes June, 1982 Larry Elmore Timothy Truman 0-935696-93-8 5 Revolt of the Dwarves D&D Rose Estes Jan, 1983 Larry Elmore Jim Holloway 0-88038-020-9 6 Revenge of the Rainbow Dragons D&D Rose Estes Jan, 1983 Jeff Easley Harry J Quinn 0-88038-021-7 7 Hero of Washington Square Top Secret Rose Estes May, 1983 Jeff Easley Timothy Truman 0-88038-022-5 8 Villains of Volturnus Star Frontiers Jean Blashfield May, 1983 Larry Elmore Jim Roslof 0-88038-023-3 9 Robbers and Robots Top Secret Mike Carr July, 1983 Larry Elmore Vernon Posey 0-88038-036-5 10 Circus of Fear D&D Rose Estes July, 1983 Keith Parkinson Kevin Nichols 0-88038-037-3 11 Spell of the Winter Wizard D&D Linda Lowery Aug, 1983 Larry Elmore Jeffrey R. Busch 0-88038-054-3 12 Light on Quest's Mountain Gamma World Mary L. KirchoffJames M. Ward Aug, 1983 Keith Parkinson Steve McAfee 0-88038-055-1 13 Dragon of Doom D&D Rose Estes Nov, 1983 Clyde Caldwell Harry J Quinn 0-88038-100-0 14 Raid on Nightmare Castle D&D Catherine McGuire Nov, 1983 Jeff Easley Jim Holloway 0-88038-101-9 15 Under Dragon's Wing D&D John Kendall Feb, 1984 Larry Elmore Sam Grainger 0-88038-076-4 16 The Dragon's Ransom D&D Laura French Feb, 1984 Clyde Caldwell Doug Chaffee 0-88038-077-2 17 Captive Planet Star Frontiers Morris Simon Jul, 1984 Clyde Caldwell Sam Grainger 0-88038-078-0 18 King's Quest D&D Tom McGowen Jul, 1984 Ben Otero Kevin Nichols 0-88038-079-9 19 Conan the Undaunted Hyborian Age James M. Ward Jun, 1984 Clyde Caldwell Doug Chaffee 0-88038-120-5 20 Conan and the Prophecy Hyborian Age Roger E. Moore Jun, 1984 Keith Parkinson Sam Grainger 0-88038-121-3 21 Duel of the Masters D&D Chris Martindale Sept, 1984 Clyde Caldwell Keith Parkinson 0-88038-154-X 22 The Endless Catacombs D&D Margaret Weis Sept, 1984 Jeff Easley Jeff Easley 0-88038-162-0 23 Blade of the Young Samurai D&D Morris Simon Nov, 1984 Clyde Caldwell Gary Williams 0-88038-155-8 24 Trouble on Artule Star Frontiers Catherine McGuire Nov, 1984 Jeff Easley Mitchell O'Connell 0-88038-169-8 25 Conan the Outlaw Hyborian Age Roger E. Moore Dec, 1984 Keith Parkinson Ron Randall 0-88038-222-8 26 Tarzan and the Well of Slaves Tarzan Douglas Niles Jan, 1985 Larry Elmore Ben Otero 0-394-73968-X 0-88038-206-6 27 Lair of the Lich D&D Bruce Algozin Mar, 1985 Jeff Easley Jim Roslof 0-88038-212-0 28 Mystery of the Ancients Gamma World Morris Simon May, 1985 Keith Parkinson Doug Chaffee 0-88038-217-1 29 Tower of Darkness D&D Regina Oehler Fultz Jul, 1985 Jeff Easley Mark Nelson 0-88038-204-X 30 The Fireseed D&D Morris Simon Oct, 1985 Larry Elmore Jeffrey Butler 0-88038-171-X 31 Tarzan and the Tower of Diamonds Tarzan Richard Reinsmith Dec, 1985 Jeff Easley Jeffrey Butler 0-394-74188-9 0-88038-205-8 32 Prisoner of Elderwood D&D Bruce Algozin Feb, 1986 Jeff Easley Gary Williams 0-88038-283-X 33 Knight of Illusion D&D Mary L. Kirchoff Jun, 1986 Clyde Caldwell Sam GraingerJim Holloway 0-88038-284-8 34 Claw of the Dragon D&D Bruce Algozin Sept, 1986 Clyde Caldwell Stephen Fabian 0-88038-306-2 35 Vision of Doom D&D Mary L. Kirchoff Dec, 1986 Ben Otero George Barr 0-88038-307-0 36 Song of the Dark Druid D&D Josepha Sherman March, 1987 Jeff Easley Jim Holloway 0-88038-442-5 Collectors' sets contains Books 1–4, ISBN 0-88038-056-X contains Books 5–8, ISBN 0-88038-057-8 contains Books 9–12, ISBN 0-88038-163-9 contains Books 13–16, ISBN 0-39472-777-0 Endless Quest: Crimson Crystal Adventures TSR also released a spin-off series of four Endless Quest: Crimson Crystal Adventures books during 1985. These books add a small twist in the form of a clear sheet of red plastic that comes stapled to the inside. This plastic piece is removed and then overlaid on top of certain portions of the book to reveal hidden images (by acting as an optical filter). Endless Quest: Crimson Crystal Adventures # Title Setting Author Published Cover art Interior art ISBN 1 Riddle of the Griffon D&D Susan Lawson (pseudonym for Margaret Weis and Roger E. Moore) March, 1985 Keith Parkinson Mario D. Macari, Jr.Gary Williams 0-880382-10-4 2 Search for the Pegasus D&D Roger E. Moore March, 1985 Clyde Caldwell Mario D. Macari, Jr.Gary Williams 0-880382-11-2 3 Renegades of Luntar Generic Sci-Fi Roger E. Moore June, 1985 Keith Parkinson Mario D. Macari, Jr. 0-880382-18-X 4 Stop that Witch! D&D Mary Clark September, 1985 Larry Elmore Mario D. Macari, Jr. 0-880382-51-1 Endless Quest: Series Two The second series differed from the first in several ways: they were printed in smaller type, the section numbers were independent of the page numbers, they were based on different original games, and they were not officially numbered (collectors and gamers use the numbering shown below, continuing from series one, for convenience). Endless Quest: Series Two # Title Setting Author Published Cover art Interior art ISBN 37 Dungeon of Fear Dragon Strike Michael Andrews 1994 Jeff Easley Terry Dykstra 1-560768-35-5 38 Castle of the Undead AD&D Ravenloft Nick Baron 1994 Clyde Caldwell Terry Dykstra 1-560768-36-3 39 Secret of the Djinn AD&D Al-Qadim Jean Rabe 1994 Jeff Easley Terry Dykstra 1-560768-64-9 40 The Siege of the Tower AD&D Greyhawk Kem Antillies (pseudonym for Kevin J. Anderson and Rebecca Moesta) 1994 Jeff Easley Terry Dykstra 1-560768-94-0 41 A Wild Ride Wildspace Louis Anderson 1994 Jeff Easley Terry Dykstra 1-560769-28-9 42 Forest of Darkness Dragon Strike Michael Andrews Jeff Easley Terry Dykstra 1-560769-32-7 43 American Knights Gamma World Nick Pollotta 1995 Jeff Easley Terry Dykstra 0-099540-21-5 1-560768-99-1 44 Night of the Tiger AD&D Ravenloft Jean Rabe 1995 Roger Loveless Terry Dykstra 0-099540-81-9 0-786901-14-4 45 Galactic Challenge Amazing Engine Allen Varney 1995 Dennis Kauth Terry Dykstra 0-786901-58-6 46 Bigby's Curse AD&D Greyhawk Anne K. Brown 1995 Jeff Easley Terry Dykstra 0-786901-78-0 47 The 24-Hour War Gamma World Nick Pollotta 1995 Keith Parkinson Terry Dykstra 0-786901-98-5 48 The Test* AD&D Greyhawk Wes Nicholson 1996 0-786904-85-2 49 Sands of Deception* AD&D Al-Qadim Jean Rabe 1996 0-786904-94-1 * These were never released. The Test was written, turned in, and ready to print, but dropped at the last minute. Sands of Deception was written, but dropped as well. Endless Quest (2018-9) These books were all written by Matt Forbeck. Each one is loosely based on a Dungeons & Dragons 5th Edition campaign. Endless Quest (2018-2019) Title Module Published ISBN Escape the Underdark Out of the Abyss 2018 9781787410510 Big Trouble Storm King's Thunder 2018 9781536202441 Into the Jungle Tomb of Annihilation 2018 9781536202410 To Catch a Thief Waterdeep: Dragon Heist 2018 9781536200669 Escape from Castle Ravenloft Curse of Strahd 2019 9781536209235 The Mad Mage's Academy Waterdeep: Dungeon of the Mad Mage 2019 9781536209259 Related series The related Super Endless Quest series changed its name to Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks starting with the fourth book; these books added a more complex game system to stories that otherwise share the same style with the Endless Quest books. A bookmark-style insert was provided with simple Dungeons & Dragons statistics for the book's main character, and a dice-rolling mechanic was added for determining the character's fate within the story. The Fantasy Forest series of gamebooks (1982–1983) is quite similar to the Endless Quest books, but it is aimed at a somewhat younger audience. Other similar series from TSR included HeartQuest (interactive romances, set in the world of Dungeons & Dragons), Catacombs Solo Quest (more complex again than Super Endless Quest), and 1 on 1 Adventure Gamebooks that were each a pair of books for two players/readers. TSR also used the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks format for books tied into their Marvel Super Heroes roleplaying game, published as single-character Adventure Gamebooks, and later as 1 on 1 Adventure Gamebooks, and featuring licensed Marvel Comics characters. Reception The first four Endless Quest books were reviewed by Marcus Rowland in White Dwarf #39 (March 1983). Rowland rated Pillars of Pentegarn as 5 out of 10, Mountain of Mirrors as 4 out of 10, Dungeon of Dread as 6 out of 10, and Return to Brookmere as 7 out of 10. Rowland also reviewed the next two books in the series, giving both Revolt of the Dwarves and Revenge of the Rainbow Dragons 5 out of 10. Reviews Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine Jeux & Stratégie #31 Jeux & Stratégie #39 Science Fiction Chronicle References ^ "The History of TSR". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2005-08-20. ^ "Unreleased Books". The Acaeum Forum. Retrieved 2011-03-21. ^ a b Rowland, Marcus L (March 1983). "Open Box: Dungeons & Dragons Endless Quest Books". White Dwarf (39). Games Workshop: 14. ISSN 0265-8712. ^ Rowland, Marcus L. (April 1983). "Open Box". White Dwarf (44): 13. ^ "Asimov's v09n06 (1985 06)". ^ "Jeux & stratégie 31". February 1985. ^ "Jeux & stratégie 39". June 1986. ^ "Science Fiction Chronicle 1984-10: Vol 6 Iss 1". DNA Publications. October 1984. "D&D 4th Edition and Endless Quest". Gamer Radio Zero Podcasts. Episode 29. 2008-02-13. External links Official publishers site of the 2008 revisions of the series Demian's Endless Quest page Endless Quest Universe series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Series 1, Series 2 and Crimson Crystal Adventures at the Internet Book List	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gamebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamebooks"},{"link_name":"TSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Wizards of the Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Choose Your Own Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choose_Your_Own_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Fighting Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Gamma World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_World"},{"link_name":"Top Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Secret_(game)"},{"link_name":"Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian"},{"link_name":"Tarzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan"},{"link_name":"Wizards of the Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast"}],"text":"The Endless Quest books were three series of gamebooks. The first two series were released in the 1980s and 1990s by TSR, while the third series was released by Wizards of the Coast. Originally, these books were the result of an Educational department established by TSR with the intention of developing curriculum programs for subjects such as reading, math, history, and problem solving.[1]The first series of 36 books was released from 1982 to 1987, the second series of 13 from 1994 to 1996.These were respectively the first and last gamebooks released by TSR. A short spin-off series of 4 Endless Quest: Crimson Crystal Adventures books were also released during 1985. There were also several series of similar books that did not bear the Endless Quest name.The mechanics of these books involved simple choices in the style of Choose Your Own Adventure books, rather than the game-like randomized elements of Fighting Fantasy gamebooks. However, the stories and characters in an Endless Quest book, while not necessarily more complex than in a Choose Your Own Adventure book, are often more fully developed because the Endless Quest books are much longer. For example, the character referred to as \"you\" in the text almost always has a name, gender, and backstory. The result is that the books in the Endless Quest series resemble miniature novels with many different endings.The majority of the books in the series were based on Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), but some were based on other TSR games (e.g. Gamma World, Top Secret) or even licensed properties (e.g. Conan, Tarzan).Mirrorstone, a division of Wizards of the Coast that publishes fantasy fiction for children and teens, began republishing the Endless Quest series in January 2008. The first book in the series is a revision of Claw of the Dragon (#34 from Series One). They have updated the book, including making it gender neutral so it can be enjoyed by both boys and girls, and plan to update and publish more of the D&D books pending the success of this first title.","title":"Endless Quest"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Endless Quest: Series One"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88038-056-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88038-056-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88038-057-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88038-057-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88038-163-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88038-163-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-39472-777-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-39472-777-0"}],"sub_title":"Collectors' sets","text":"contains Books 1–4, ISBN 0-88038-056-X\ncontains Books 5–8, ISBN 0-88038-057-8\ncontains Books 9–12, ISBN 0-88038-163-9\ncontains Books 13–16, ISBN 0-39472-777-0","title":"Endless Quest: Series One"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"optical filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_filter"}],"text":"TSR also released a spin-off series of four Endless Quest: Crimson Crystal Adventures books during 1985. These books add a small twist in the form of a clear sheet of red plastic that comes stapled to the inside. This plastic piece is removed and then overlaid on top of certain portions of the book to reveal hidden images (by acting as an optical filter).","title":"Endless Quest: Crimson Crystal Adventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unreleased-2"}],"text":"The second series differed from the first in several ways: they were printed in smaller type, the section numbers were independent of the page numbers, they were based on different original games, and they were not officially numbered (collectors and gamers use the numbering shown below, continuing from series one, for convenience).* These were never released. The Test was written, turned in, and ready to print, but dropped at the last minute. Sands of Deception was written, but dropped as well.[2]","title":"Endless Quest: Series Two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Forbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Forbeck"},{"link_name":"5th Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editions_of_Dungeons_%26_Dragons#Dungeons_&_Dragons_5th_edition"}],"text":"These books were all written by Matt Forbeck. Each one is loosely based on a Dungeons & Dragons 5th Edition campaign.","title":"Endless Quest (2018-9)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Endless Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Endless_Quest"},{"link_name":"Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Dungeons_%26_Dragons_Adventure_Gamebooks"},{"link_name":"Fantasy Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Forest"},{"link_name":"HeartQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeartQuest"},{"link_name":"Catacombs Solo Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catacombs_Solo_Quest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1 on 1 Adventure Gamebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_on_1_Adventure_Gamebooks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Dungeons_%26_Dragons_Adventure_Gamebooks"},{"link_name":"Marvel Super Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Super_Heroes_(roleplaying_game)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"}],"text":"The related Super Endless Quest series changed its name to Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks starting with the fourth book; these books added a more complex game system to stories that otherwise share the same style with the Endless Quest books. A bookmark-style insert was provided with simple Dungeons & Dragons statistics for the book's main character, and a dice-rolling mechanic was added for determining the character's fate within the story.The Fantasy Forest series of gamebooks (1982–1983) is quite similar to the Endless Quest books, but it is aimed at a somewhat younger audience.Other similar series from TSR included HeartQuest (interactive romances, set in the world of Dungeons & Dragons), Catacombs Solo Quest (more complex again than Super Endless Quest), and 1 on 1 Adventure Gamebooks that were each a pair of books for two players/readers.TSR also used the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks format for books tied into their Marvel Super Heroes roleplaying game, published as single-character Adventure Gamebooks, and later as 1 on 1 Adventure Gamebooks, and featuring licensed Marvel Comics characters.","title":"Related series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Rowland_(author)"},{"link_name":"White Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD39-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD39-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD44-4"}],"text":"The first four Endless Quest books were reviewed by Marcus Rowland in White Dwarf #39 (March 1983).[3] Rowland rated Pillars of Pentegarn as 5 out of 10, Mountain of Mirrors as 4 out of 10, Dungeon of Dread as 6 out of 10, and Return to Brookmere as 7 out of 10.[3] Rowland also reviewed the next two books in the series, giving both Revolt of the Dwarves and Revenge of the Rainbow Dragons 5 out of 10.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jeux & Stratégie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_et_Strat%C3%A9gie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jeux & Stratégie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_et_Strat%C3%A9gie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Science Fiction Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine[5]\nJeux & Stratégie #31[6]\nJeux & Stratégie #39[7]\nScience Fiction Chronicle[8]","title":"Reviews"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover of Dungeon of Dread","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Dungeon_of_Dread.jpg/220px-Dungeon_of_Dread.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The History of TSR\". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2005-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924195557/http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp","url_text":"\"The History of TSR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast","url_text":"Wizards of the Coast"},{"url":"http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Unreleased Books\". The Acaeum Forum. Retrieved 2011-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acaeum.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=177438","url_text":"\"Unreleased Books\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Acaeum_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"The Acaeum Forum"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Marcus L (March 1983). \"Open Box: Dungeons & Dragons Endless Quest Books\". White Dwarf (39). Games Workshop: 14. ISSN 0265-8712.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Rowland_(author)","url_text":"Rowland, Marcus L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)","url_text":"White Dwarf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_Workshop","url_text":"Games Workshop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0265-8712","url_text":"0265-8712"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Marcus L. (April 1983). \"Open Box\". White Dwarf (44): 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Rowland_(author)","url_text":"Rowland, Marcus L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)","url_text":"White Dwarf"}]},{"reference":"\"Asimov's v09n06 (1985 06)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Asimovs_v09n06_1985-06/page/n23/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Asimov's v09n06 (1985 06)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeux & stratégie 31\". February 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jeux-et-strategie-31/page/12/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Jeux & stratégie 31\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeux & stratégie 39\". June 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jeux-et-strategie-39/page/14/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Jeux & stratégie 39\""}]},{"reference":"\"Science Fiction Chronicle 1984-10: Vol 6 Iss 1\". DNA Publications. October 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_chronicle_1984-10_6_1/page/36/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Science Fiction Chronicle 1984-10: Vol 6 Iss 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D&D 4th Edition and Endless Quest\". Gamer Radio Zero Podcasts. Episode 29. 2008-02-13.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924195557/http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp","external_links_name":"\"The History of TSR\""},{"Link":"http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.acaeum.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=177438","external_links_name":"\"Unreleased Books\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0265-8712","external_links_name":"0265-8712"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Asimovs_v09n06_1985-06/page/n23/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Asimov's v09n06 (1985 06)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jeux-et-strategie-31/page/12/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Jeux & stratégie 31\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jeux-et-strategie-39/page/14/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Jeux & stratégie 39\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sim_chronicle_1984-10_6_1/page/36/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Science Fiction Chronicle 1984-10: Vol 6 Iss 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411202105/http://ww2.wizards.com/books/Mirrorstone/EndlessQuest/Home.aspx","external_links_name":"Official publishers site of the 2008 revisions of the series"},{"Link":"http://www.gamebooks.org/show_series.php?name=Endless+Quest","external_links_name":"Demian's Endless Quest page"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pe.cgi?20745","external_links_name":"Endless Quest Universe"},{"Link":"http://www.iblist.com/series688.htm","external_links_name":"Series 1"},{"Link":"http://www.iblist.com/series.php?id=705","external_links_name":"Series 2"},{"Link":"http://www.iblist.com/series.php?id=687","external_links_name":"Crimson Crystal Adventures"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Antoine-Henri_Descroizilles	Titration	["1 History and etymology","2 Procedure","2.1 Preparation techniques","3 Titration curves","4 Types of titrations","4.1 Acid–base titration","4.2 Redox titration","4.3 Gas phase titration","4.4 Complexometric titration","4.5 Zeta potential titration","4.6 Assay","5 Measuring the endpoint of a titration","5.1 Endpoint and equivalence point","5.2 Back titration","6 Graphical methods","7 Particular uses","7.1 Acid–base titrations","7.2 Redox titrations","7.3 Miscellaneous","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Laboratory method for determining the concentration of an analyte Not to be confused with Tetration. This article is about volumetric titration. For other uses, see Titration (disambiguation). A burette and Erlenmeyer flask (conical flask) being used for an acid–base titration. Titration (also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed). A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration and volume. The titrant reacts with a solution of analyte (which may also be termed the titrand) to determine the analyte's concentration. The volume of titrant that reacted with the analyte is termed the titration volume. History and etymology The word "titration" descends from the French word titrer (1543), meaning the proportion of gold or silver in coins or in works of gold or silver; i.e., a measure of fineness or purity. Tiltre became titre, which thus came to mean the "fineness of alloyed gold", and then the "concentration of a substance in a given sample". In 1828, the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac first used titre as a verb (titrer), meaning "to determine the concentration of a substance in a given sample". Volumetric analysis originated in late 18th-century France. François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles (fr) developed the first burette (which was similar to a graduated cylinder) in 1791. Gay-Lussac developed an improved version of the burette that included a side arm, and invented the terms "pipette" and "burette" in an 1824 paper on the standardization of indigo solutions. The first true burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist Étienne Ossian Henry (1798–1873). A major improvement of the method and popularization of volumetric analysis was due to Karl Friedrich Mohr, who redesigned the burette into a simple and convenient form, and who wrote the first textbook on the topic, Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode (Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods), published in 1855. Procedure Analysis of soil samples by titration. A typical titration begins with a beaker or Erlenmeyer flask containing a very precise amount of the analyte and a small amount of indicator (such as phenolphthalein) placed underneath a calibrated burette or chemistry pipetting syringe containing the titrant. Small volumes of the titrant are then added to the analyte and indicator until the indicator changes color in reaction to the titrant saturation threshold, representing arrival at the endpoint of the titration, meaning the amount of titrant balances the amount of analyte present, according to the reaction between the two. Depending on the endpoint desired, single drops or less than a single drop of the titrant can make the difference between a permanent and temporary change in the indicator. Preparation techniques Typical titrations require titrant and analyte to be in a liquid (solution) form. Though solids are usually dissolved into an aqueous solution, other solvents such as glacial acetic acid or ethanol are used for special purposes (as in petrochemistry, which specializes in petroleum.) Concentrated analytes are often diluted to improve accuracy. Many non-acid–base titrations require a constant pH during the reaction. Therefore, a buffer solution may be added to the titration chamber to maintain the pH. In instances where two reactants in a sample may react with the titrant and only one is the desired analyte, a separate masking solution may be added to the reaction chamber which eliminates the effect of the unwanted ion. Some reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions may require heating the sample solution and titrating while the solution is still hot to increase the reaction rate. For instance, the oxidation of some oxalate solutions requires heating to 60 °C (140 °F) to maintain a reasonable rate of reaction. Titration curves Main article: Titration curve A typical titration curve of a diprotic acid titrated with a strong base. Shown here is oxalic acid titrated with sodium hydroxide. Both equivalence points are visible. A titration curve is a curve in graph the x-coordinate of which represents the volume of titrant added since the beginning of the titration, and the y-coordinate of which represents the concentration of the analyte at the corresponding stage of the titration (in an acid–base titration, the y-coordinate usually represents the pH of the solution). In an acid–base titration, the titration curve represents the strength of the corresponding acid and base. For a strong acid and a strong base, the curve will be relatively smooth and very steep near the equivalence point. Because of this, a small change in titrant volume near the equivalence point results in a large pH change and many indicators would be appropriate (for instance litmus, phenolphthalein or bromothymol blue). If one reagent is a weak acid or base and the other is a strong acid or base, the titration curve is irregular and the pH shifts less with small additions of titrant near the equivalence point. For example, the titration curve for the titration between oxalic acid (a weak acid) and sodium hydroxide (a strong base) is pictured. The equivalence point occurs between pH 8-10, indicating the solution is basic at the equivalence point and an indicator such as phenolphthalein would be appropriate. Titration curves corresponding to weak bases and strong acids are similarly behaved, with the solution being acidic at the equivalence point and indicators such as methyl orange and bromothymol blue being most appropriate. Titrations between a weak acid and a weak base have titration curves which are very irregular. Because of this, no definite indicator may be appropriate and a pH meter is often used to monitor the reaction. The type of function that can be used to describe the curve is termed a sigmoid function. Types of titrations There are many types of titrations with different procedures and goals. The most common types of qualitative titration are acid–base titrations and redox titrations. Acid–base titration Main article: Acid–base titration Methyl orange Indicator Color on acidic side Range of color change(pH) Color on basic side Methyl violet Yellow 0.0—1.6 Violet Bromophenol blue Yellow 3.0—4.6 Blue Methyl orange Red 3.1—4.4 Yellow Methyl red Red 4.4—6.3 Yellow Litmus Red 5.0—8.0 Blue Bromothymol blue Yellow 6.0—7.6 Blue Phenolphthalein Colorless 8.3—10.0 Pink Alizarin yellow Yellow 10.1—12.0 Red Acid–base titrations depend on the neutralization between an acid and a base when mixed in solution. In addition to the sample, an appropriate pH indicator is added to the titration chamber, representing the pH range of the equivalence point. The acid–base indicator indicates the endpoint of the titration by changing color. The endpoint and the equivalence point are not exactly the same because the equivalence point is determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction while the endpoint is just the color change from the indicator. Thus, a careful selection of the indicator will reduce the indicator error. For example, if the equivalence point is at a pH of 8.4, then the phenolphthalein indicator would be used instead of Alizarin Yellow because phenolphthalein would reduce the indicator error. Common indicators, their colors, and the pH range in which they change color are given in the table above. When more precise results are required, or when the reagents are a weak acid and a weak base, a pH meter or a conductance meter are used. For very strong bases, such as organolithium reagent, metal amides, and hydrides, water is generally not a suitable solvent and indicators whose pKa are in the range of aqueous pH changes are of little use. Instead, the titrant and indicator used are much weaker acids, and anhydrous solvents such as THF are used. Phenolphthalein, a commonly used indicator in acid and base titration. The approximate pH during titration can be approximated by three kinds of calculations. Before beginning of titration, the concentration of [ H + ] {\displaystyle {\ce {}}} is calculated in an aqueous solution of weak acid before adding any base. When the number of moles of bases added equals the number of moles of initial acid or so called equivalence point, one of hydrolysis and the pH is calculated in the same way that the conjugate bases of the acid titrated was calculated. Between starting and end points, [ H + ] {\displaystyle {\ce {}}} is obtained from the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and titration mixture is considered as buffer. In Henderson-Hasselbalch equation the and are said to be the molarities that would have been present even with dissociation or hydrolysis. In a buffer, [ H + ] {\displaystyle {\ce {}}} can be calculated exactly but the dissociation of HA, the hydrolysis of A − {\displaystyle {\ce {A-}}} and self-ionization of water must be taken into account. Four independent equations must be used: [ H + ] [ OH − ] = 10 − 14 {\displaystyle =10^{-14}} [ H + ] = K a [ HA ] [ A − ] {\displaystyle =K_{a}{\ce {{\frac {}{}}}}} [ HA ] + [ A − ] = ( n A + n B ) V {\displaystyle +={\frac {(n_{{\ce {A}}}+n_{{\ce {B}}})}{V}}} [ H + ] + n B V = [ A − ] + [ OH − ] {\displaystyle +{\frac {n_{{\ce {B}}}}{V}}=+} In the equations, n A {\displaystyle n_{{\ce {A}}}} and n B {\displaystyle n_{{\ce {B}}}} are the moles of acid (HA) and salt (XA where X is the cation), respectively, used in the buffer, and the volume of solution is V. The law of mass action is applied to the ionization of water and the dissociation of acid to derived the first and second equations. The mass balance is used in the third equation, where the sum of V [ HA ] {\displaystyle V} and V [ A − ] {\displaystyle V} must equal to the number of moles of dissolved acid and base, respectively. Charge balance is used in the fourth equation, where the left hand side represents the total charge of the cations and the right hand side represents the total charge of the anions: n B V {\displaystyle {\frac {n_{{\ce {B}}}}{V}}} is the molarity of the cation (e.g. sodium, if sodium salt of the acid or sodium hydroxide is used in making the buffer). Redox titration Main article: Redox titration Redox titrations are based on a reduction-oxidation reaction between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. A potentiometer or a redox indicator is usually used to determine the endpoint of the titration, as when one of the constituents is the oxidizing agent potassium dichromate. The color change of the solution from orange to green is not definite, therefore an indicator such as sodium diphenylamine is used. Analysis of wines for sulfur dioxide requires iodine as an oxidizing agent. In this case, starch is used as an indicator; a blue starch-iodine complex is formed in the presence of excess iodine, signalling the endpoint. Some redox titrations do not require an indicator, due to the intense color of the constituents. For instance, in permanganometry a slight persisting pink color signals the endpoint of the titration because of the color of the excess oxidizing agent potassium permanganate. In iodometry, at sufficiently large concentrations, the disappearance of the deep red-brown triiodide ion can itself be used as an endpoint, though at lower concentrations sensitivity is improved by adding starch indicator, which forms an intensely blue complex with triiodide. Color of iodometric titration mixture before (left) and after (right) the end point. Gas phase titration Gas phase titrations are titrations done in the gas phase, specifically as methods for determining reactive species by reaction with an excess of some other gas, acting as the titrant. In one common gas phase titration, gaseous ozone is titrated with nitrogen oxide according to the reaction O3 + NO → O2 + NO2. After the reaction is complete, the remaining titrant and product are quantified (e.g., by Fourier transform spectroscopy) (FT-IR); this is used to determine the amount of analyte in the original sample. Gas phase titration has several advantages over simple spectrophotometry. First, the measurement does not depend on path length, because the same path length is used for the measurement of both the excess titrant and the product. Second, the measurement does not depend on a linear change in absorbance as a function of analyte concentration as defined by the Beer–Lambert law. Third, it is useful for samples containing species which interfere at wavelengths typically used for the analyte. Complexometric titration Main article: Complexometric titration Complexometric titrations rely on the formation of a complex between the analyte and the titrant. In general, they require specialized complexometric indicators that form weak complexes with the analyte. The most common example is the use of starch indicator to increase the sensitivity of iodometric titration, the dark blue complex of starch with iodine and iodide being more visible than iodine alone. Other complexometric indicators are Eriochrome Black T for the titration of calcium and magnesium ions, and the chelating agent EDTA used to titrate metal ions in solution. Zeta potential titration Main article: Zeta potential titration Zeta potential titrations are titrations in which the completion is monitored by the zeta potential, rather than by an indicator, in order to characterize heterogeneous systems, such as colloids. One of the uses is to determine the iso-electric point when surface charge becomes zero, achieved by changing the pH or adding surfactant. Another use is to determine the optimum dose for flocculation or stabilization. Assay Main articles: Assay and Virus quantification An assay is a type of biological titration used to determine the concentration of a virus or bacterium. Serial dilutions are performed on a sample in a fixed ratio (such as 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, etc.) until the last dilution does not give a positive test for the presence of the virus. The positive or negative value may be determined by inspecting the infected cells visually under a microscope or by an immunoenzymetric method such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This value is known as the titer. Measuring the endpoint of a titration Main article: Equivalence point Different methods to determine the endpoint include: Indicator: A substance that changes color in response to a chemical change. An acid–base indicator (e.g., phenolphthalein) changes color depending on the pH. Redox indicators are also used. A drop of indicator solution is added to the titration at the beginning; the endpoint has been reached when the color changes. Potentiometer: An instrument that measures the electrode potential of the solution. These are used for redox titrations; the potential of the working electrode will suddenly change as the endpoint is reached. An elementary pH meter that can be used to monitor titration reactions. pH meter: A potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ion present in the solution. (This is an example of an ion-selective electrode.) The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator; at the endpoint there will be a sudden change in the measured pH. Conductivity: A measurement of ions in a solution. Ion concentration can change significantly in a titration, which changes the conductivity. (For instance, during an acid–base titration, the H+ and OH− ions react to form neutral H2O.) As total conductance depends on all ions present in the solution and not all ions contribute equally (due to mobility and ionic strength), predicting the change in conductivity is more difficult than measuring it. Color change: In some reactions, the solution changes color without any added indicator. This is often seen in redox titrations when the different oxidation states of the product and reactant produce different colors. Precipitation: If a reaction produces a solid, a precipitate will form during the titration. A classic example is the reaction between Ag+ and Cl− to form the insoluble salt AgCl. Cloudy precipitates usually make it difficult to determine the endpoint precisely. To compensate, precipitation titrations often have to be done as "back" titrations (see below). Isothermal titration calorimeter: An instrument that measures the heat produced or consumed by the reaction to determine the endpoint. Used in biochemical titrations, such as the determination of how substrates bind to enzymes. Thermometric titrimetry: Differentiated from calorimetric titrimetry because the heat of the reaction (as indicated by temperature rise or fall) is not used to determine the amount of analyte in the sample solution. Instead, the endpoint is determined by the rate of temperature change. Spectroscopy: Used to measure the absorption of light by the solution during titration if the spectrum of the reactant, titrant or product is known. The concentration of the material can be determined by Beer's Law. Amperometry: Measures the current produced by the titration reaction as a result of the oxidation or reduction of the analyte. The endpoint is detected as a change in the current. This method is most useful when the excess titrant can be reduced, as in the titration of halides with Ag+. Endpoint and equivalence point Though the terms equivalence point and endpoint are often used interchangeably, they are different terms. Equivalence point is the theoretical completion of the reaction: the volume of added titrant at which the number of moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in polyprotic acids). Endpoint is what is actually measured, a physical change in the solution as determined by an indicator or an instrument mentioned above. There is a slight difference between the endpoint and the equivalence point of the titration. This error is referred to as an indicator error, and it is indeterminate. Back titration Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of titrating the original sample, a known excess of standard reagent is added to the solution, and the excess is titrated. A back titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of the normal titration, as with precipitation reactions. Back titrations are also useful if the reaction between the analyte and the titrant is very slow, or when the analyte is in a non-soluble solid. Graphical methods The titration process creates solutions with compositions ranging from pure acid to pure base. Identifying the pH associated with any stage in the titration process is relatively simple for monoprotic acids and bases. The presence of more than one acid or base group complicates these computations. Graphical methods, such as the equiligraph, have long been used to account for the interaction of coupled equilibria. Particular uses A titration is demonstrated to secondary school students. Acid–base titrations For biodiesel fuel: waste vegetable oil (WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed. A portion of WVO is titrated with a base to determine acidity, so the rest of the batch may be neutralized properly. This removes free fatty acids from the WVO that would normally react to make soap instead of biodiesel fuel. Kjeldahl method: a measure of nitrogen content in a sample. Organic nitrogen is digested into ammonia with sulfuric acid and potassium sulfate. Finally, ammonia is back titrated with boric acid and then sodium carbonate. Acid value: the mass in milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to titrate fully an acid in one gram of sample. An example is the determination of free fatty acid content. Saponification value: the mass in milligrams of KOH required to saponify a fatty acid in one gram of sample. Saponification is used to determine average chain length of fatty acids in fat. Ester value (or ester index): a calculated index. Ester value = Saponification value – Acid value. Amine value: the mass in milligrams of KOH equal to the amine content in one gram of sample. Hydroxyl value: the mass in milligrams of KOH corresponding to hydroxyl groups in one gram of sample. The analyte is acetylated using acetic anhydride then titrated with KOH. Redox titrations Winkler test for dissolved oxygen: Used to determine oxygen concentration in water. Oxygen in water samples is reduced using manganese(II) sulfate, which reacts with potassium iodide to produce iodine. The iodine is released in proportion to the oxygen in the sample, thus the oxygen concentration is determined with a redox titration of iodine with thiosulfate using a starch indicator. Vitamin C: Also known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C is a powerful reducing agent. Its concentration can easily be identified when titrated with the blue dye Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) which becomes colorless when reduced by the vitamin. Benedict's reagent: Excess glucose in urine may indicate diabetes in a patient. Benedict's method is the conventional method to quantify glucose in urine using a prepared reagent. During this type of titration, glucose reduces cupric ions to cuprous ions which react with potassium thiocyanate to produce a white precipitate, indicating the endpoint. Bromine number: A measure of unsaturation in an analyte, expressed in milligrams of bromine absorbed by 100 grams of sample. Iodine number: A measure of unsaturation in an analyte, expressed in grams of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of sample. Miscellaneous Karl Fischer titration: A potentiometric method to analyze trace amounts of water in a substance. A sample is dissolved in methanol, and titrated with Karl Fischer reagent (consists of iodine, sulfur dioxide, a base and a solvent, such as alcohol). The reagent contains iodine, which reacts proportionally with water. Thus, the water content can be determined by monitoring the electric potential of excess iodine. See also Primary standards are compounds with consistent and reliable properties used to prepare standard solutions for titrations. References ^ Whitney, W.D; Smith, B.E. (1911). "Titrimetry". The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. The Century Co. p. 6504. ^ Compendium for Basal Practice in Biochemistry. Aarhus University. 2008. ^ "Titrand". Science & Technology Dictionary. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 30 September 2011. ^ Ortolang: "titre" (in French): "4. a) 1543 tiltre « proportion d'or ou d'argent dans les monnaies, dans les ouvrages d'or et d'argent » " (tiltre: proportion of gold or silver in monies, in works of gold or silver) ^ "Etymology On Line: titrate". ^ "WordReference: titre and titer". ^ Gay-Lussac (1828). "Essai des potasses du commerce" . Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 2nd series (in French). 39: 337–368. In footnote (1) of p. 340, Gay-Lussac first uses titre as a verb: "Il leur serait plus facile de titrer l'acide sulfurique normal au moyen du carbonate de soude ou de potasse pur; … " ( it would be easier for them to titrate normal sulfuric acid by means of pure sodium or potassium carbonate; … ) ^ Szabadváry, Ferenc (1993). History of Analytical Chemistry. Taylor & Francis. pp. 208–209. ISBN 2-88124-569-2. ^ Descroizilles (1795). "Description et usages du Berthollimêtre, …" . Journal des Arts et Manufactures (in French). 1: 256–276. ^ Wisniak, Jaime (2014). "François Antoine Henri Descroizilles". Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas. 45 (1): 184–193. ^ Gay-Lussac (1824). "Instruction sur l'essai du chlorure de chaux" . Annales de chimie et de physique. 2nd series (in French). 26: 162–175. On pp. 170–171, Gay-Lussac describes various figures that appear in a plate (illustration) that accompanies the article. From p. 170: " F, petite mesure ou pipette de 2 ½ centimètres cubes, … " ( F, small measure or "pipette" of 2 ½ cc., … ) From p. 171: " I, burette destinée à mesurer la teinture d'épreuve: … " ( I, "burette" intended to measure the test dye: … ) ^ Henry, O. (1845). "Nouvelles expériences sur l'essai des potasses du commerce et appareil dit potassimètre pour l'effectuer" . Journale de Pharmacie et de Chimie. 3rd series (in French). 7: 214–222. A sketch of Henry's burette appears on p. 218. ^ Szabadváry, Ferenc (1986). "The history of chemical laboratory equipment". Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering. 30 (1–2): 77–95. See p. 87. ^ Szabadváry, Ferenc (1966). History of Analytical Chemistry. Translated by Gyula Svehla. Oxford, England: Permagon Press. p. 237. ISBN 9781483157122. ^ Christophe, R. (1971). "L'analyse volumétrique de 1790 à 1860. Caractéristiques et importance industrielle. Evolution des instruments" . Revue d'histoire des sciences (in French). 24 (1): 25–44. doi:10.3406/rhs.1971.3172. From p. 38: " … il préfigure bien ses descendants actuelles … " ( … it foreshadows well its modern descendants … ) ^ Rosenfeld, L. (1999). Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. CRC Press. pp. 72–75. ISBN 90-5699-645-2. ^ Mohr, Karl Friedrich (1855). Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode … , part 1 (in German). Braunschweig, (Germany): Friederich Vieweg und Sohn. pp. 2–20. Page 3 shows Mohr's burette; page 12 shows a burette with a glass stopcock (Glasshahn). ^ Gaiao, Edvaldo da Nobrega; Martins, Valdomiro Lacerda; Lyra, Wellington da Silva; Almeida, Luciano Farias de; Silva, Edvan Cirino da; Araújo, Mário César Ugulino (2006). "Digital image-based titrations". Analytica Chimica Acta. 570 (2): 283–290. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.048. PMID 17723410. ^ Matar, S.; L.F. Hatch (2001). Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes (2 ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 0-88415-315-0. ^ Verma, Dr. N.K.; S.K. Khanna; Dr B. Kapila. Comprehensive Chemistry XI. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. pp. 642–645. ISBN 81-7008-596-9. ^ Patnaik, P. (2004). Dean's Analytical Chemistry Handbook (2 ed.). McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech. pp. 2.11–2.16. ISBN 0-07-141060-0. ^ Walther, J.V. (2005). Essentials of Geochemistry. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 515–520. ISBN 0-7637-2642-7. ^ Reger, D.L.; S.R. Goode; D.W. Ball (2009). Chemistry: Principles and Practice (3 ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-42012-3. ^ Bewick, S.; J. Edge; T. Forsythe; R. Parsons (2009). CK12 Chemistry. CK-12 Foundation. pp. 794–797. ^ "pH measurements with indicators". Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Titrating Soluble RM, R2NM and ROM Reagents" (PDF). shenvilab.org/education. ^ "Methods for Standardizing Alkyllithium Reagents (literature through 2006)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-04. ^ Harris, Daniel C. (2007). Quantitative Chemical Analysis (Seventh ed.). Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-7041-1. ^ Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. (2000). Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, seventh edition. Emily Barrosse. pp. 265-305. ISBN 0-03-020293-0. ^ Henry, N.; M.M. Senozon (2001). The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations. Journal of Chermical Education. pp. 1499–1503. ^ Vogel, A.I.; J. Mendham (2000). Vogel's textbook of quantitative chemical analysis (6 ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 423. ISBN 0-582-22628-7. ^ Amerine, M.A.; M.A. Joslyn (1970). Table wines: the technology of their production. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 751–753. ISBN 0-520-01657-2. ^ German Chemical Society. Division of Analytical Chemistry (1959). Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry (in German). Vol. 166–167. University of Michigan: J.F. Bergmann. p. 1. ^ Hänsch, T.W. (2007). Metrology and Fundamental Constants. IOS Press. p. 568. ISBN 978-1-58603-784-0. ^ "Gas phase titration". Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. Retrieved 29 September 2001. ^ DeMore, W.B.; M. Patapoff (September 1976). "Comparison of Ozone Determinations by Ultraviolet Photometry and Gas-Phase Titration". Environmental Science & Technology. 10 (9): 897–899. Bibcode:1976EnST...10..897D. doi:10.1021/es60120a012. ^ Khopkar, S.M. (1998). Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry (2 ed.). New Age International. pp. 63–76. ISBN 81-224-1159-2. ^ Somasundaran, P. (2006). "Calculation of Zeta-Potentials from Electrokinetic Data". Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science. 2 (2 ed.). CRC Press: 1097. ISBN 0-8493-9607-7. ^ Dukhin, A. S. and Goetz, P. J. Characterization of liquids, nano- and micro- particulates and porous bodies using Ultrasound, Elsevier, 2017 ISBN 978-0-444-63908-0 ^ Decker, J.M. (2000). Introduction to immunology. Eleventh Hour (3 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 18–20. ISBN 0-632-04415-2. ^ "Titration". Science & Technology Encyclopedia. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 30 September 2011. ^ Harris, D.C. (2003). Quantitative Chemical Analysis (6 ed.). Macmillan. p. 129. ISBN 0-7167-4464-3. ^ Hannan, H.J. (2007). Technician's Formulation Handbook for Industrial and Household Cleaning Products. Lulu.com. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-615-15601-9. ^ Kenkel, J. (2003). Analytical Chemistry for Technicians. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 108–109. ^ Hatfield, D. Brooke (2015). "The Equligraph: Revisiting an old tool". tahosa.us. ^ Freiser, H. (1963). Ionic Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry. Kreiger. ISBN 0-88275-955-8. ^ Purcella, G. (2007). Do It Yourself Guide to Biodiesel: Your Alternative Fuel Solution for Saving Money, Reducing Oil Dependency, Helping the Planet. Ulysses Press. pp. 81–96. ISBN 978-1-56975-624-9. ^ Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. Vol. 1 (21 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. p. 501. ISBN 0-7817-4673-6. ^ Spellman, F.R. (2009). Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations (2 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 545. ISBN 978-1-4200-7530-4. ^ Biology. Vol. 3. London: Taylor & Francis. 1967. p. 52. ^ Nigam (2007). Lab Manual Of Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-07-061767-4. ^ Jackson, M.L.; P. Barak (2005). Soil Chemical Analysis: Advanced Course. UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press. pp. 305–309. ISBN 1-893311-47-3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titration. Look up titration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikihow: Perform a Titration An interactive guide to titration Science Aid: A simple explanation of titrations including calculation examples Titration freeware - simulation of any pH vs. volume curve, distribution diagrams and real data analysis Graphical method to solve acid-base problems, including titrations Graphic and numerical solver for general acid-base problems - Software Program for phone and tablets vteAnalytical chemistryInstrumentation Atomic absorption spectrometer Flame emission spectrometer Gas chromatograph High-performance liquid chromatograph Infrared spectrometer Mass spectrometer Melting point apparatus Microscope Optical spectrometer Spectrophotometer Techniques Calorimetry Chromatography Electroanalytical methods Gravimetric analysis Ion mobility spectrometry Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy Titration Sampling Coning and quartering Dilution Dissolution Filtration Masking Pulverization Sample preparation Separation process Sub-sampling Calibration Chemometrics 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Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetration"},{"link_name":"Titration (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acid_and_Base_Titration.jpg"},{"link_name":"burette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burette"},{"link_name":"Erlenmeyer flask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenmeyer_flask"},{"link_name":"acid–base titration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_titration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research"},{"link_name":"chemical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration"},{"link_name":"analyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyte"},{"link_name":"reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"standard solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_solution"},{"link_name":"concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Tetration.This article is about volumetric titration. For other uses, see Titration (disambiguation).A burette and Erlenmeyer flask (conical flask) being used for an acid–base titration.Titration (also known as titrimetry[1] and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed). A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator,[2] is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration and volume. The titrant reacts with a solution of analyte (which may also be termed the titrand[3]) to determine the analyte's concentration. The volume of titrant that reacted with the analyte is termed the titration volume.","title":"Titration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Antoine-Henri_Descroizilles"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Antoine-Henri_Descroizilles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"pipette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipette"},{"link_name":"burette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burette"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Étienne Ossian Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Ossian_Henry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Karl Friedrich Mohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Mohr"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The word \"titration\" descends from the French word titrer (1543), meaning the proportion of gold or silver in coins or in works of gold or silver; i.e., a measure of fineness or purity. Tiltre became titre,[4] which thus came to mean the \"fineness of alloyed gold\",[5] and then the \"concentration of a substance in a given sample\".[6] In 1828, the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac first used titre as a verb (titrer), meaning \"to determine the concentration of a substance in a given sample\".[7]Volumetric analysis originated in late 18th-century France. François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles (fr) developed the first burette (which was similar to a graduated cylinder) in 1791.[8][9][10] Gay-Lussac developed an improved version of the burette that included a side arm, and invented the terms \"pipette\" and \"burette\" in an 1824 paper on the standardization of indigo solutions.[11] The first true burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist Étienne Ossian Henry (1798–1873).[12][13][14][15] A major improvement of the method and popularization of volumetric analysis was due to Karl Friedrich Mohr, who redesigned the burette into a simple and convenient form, and who wrote the first textbook on the topic, Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode (Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods), published in 1855.[16][17]","title":"History and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titration_for_Soil.JPG"},{"link_name":"beaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaker_(glassware)"},{"link_name":"Erlenmeyer flask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenmeyer_flask"},{"link_name":"indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator"},{"link_name":"phenolphthalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolphthalein"},{"link_name":"burette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burette"},{"link_name":"chemistry pipetting syringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipette"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"endpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_point"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Analysis of soil samples by titration.A typical titration begins with a beaker or Erlenmeyer flask containing a very precise amount of the analyte and a small amount of indicator (such as phenolphthalein) placed underneath a calibrated burette or chemistry pipetting syringe containing the titrant.[18] Small volumes of the titrant are then added to the analyte and indicator until the indicator changes color in reaction to the titrant saturation threshold, representing arrival at the endpoint of the titration, meaning the amount of titrant balances the amount of analyte present, according to the reaction between the two. Depending on the endpoint desired, single drops or less than a single drop of the titrant can make the difference between a permanent and temporary change in the indicator. [further explanation needed]","title":"Procedure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glacial acetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"petrochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemistry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"buffer solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_solution"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"masking solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking_agent"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"redox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"reaction rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_rate"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Preparation techniques","text":"Typical titrations require titrant and analyte to be in a liquid (solution) form. Though solids are usually dissolved into an aqueous solution, other solvents such as glacial acetic acid or ethanol are used for special purposes (as in petrochemistry, which specializes in petroleum.)[19] Concentrated analytes are often diluted to improve accuracy.Many non-acid–base titrations require a constant pH during the reaction. Therefore, a buffer solution may be added to the titration chamber to maintain the pH.[20]In instances where two reactants in a sample may react with the titrant and only one is the desired analyte, a separate masking solution may be added to the reaction chamber which eliminates the effect of the unwanted ion.[21]Some reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions may require heating the sample solution and titrating while the solution is still hot to increase the reaction rate. For instance, the oxidation of some oxalate solutions requires heating to 60 °C (140 °F) to maintain a reasonable rate of reaction.[22]","title":"Procedure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxalic_acid_titration_grid.svg"},{"link_name":"diprotic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotic_acid"},{"link_name":"oxalic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalic_acid"},{"link_name":"sodium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"titrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titrant"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid"},{"link_name":"base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"litmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litmus"},{"link_name":"phenolphthalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolphthalein"},{"link_name":"bromothymol blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromothymol_blue"},{"link_name":"equivalence point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_point"},{"link_name":"oxalic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalic_acid"},{"link_name":"sodium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"phenolphthalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolphthalein"},{"link_name":"methyl orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_orange"},{"link_name":"bromothymol blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromothymol_blue"},{"link_name":"pH meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"sigmoid function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_function"}],"text":"A typical titration curve of a diprotic acid titrated with a strong base. Shown here is oxalic acid titrated with sodium hydroxide. Both equivalence points are visible.A titration curve is a curve in graph the x-coordinate of which represents the volume of titrant added since the beginning of the titration, and the y-coordinate of which represents the concentration of the analyte at the corresponding stage of the titration (in an acid–base titration, the y-coordinate usually represents the pH of the solution).[23]In an acid–base titration, the titration curve represents the strength of the corresponding acid and base. For a strong acid and a strong base, the curve will be relatively smooth and very steep near the equivalence point. Because of this, a small change in titrant volume near the equivalence point results in a large pH change and many indicators would be appropriate (for instance litmus, phenolphthalein or bromothymol blue).If one reagent is a weak acid or base and the other is a strong acid or base, the titration curve is irregular and the pH shifts less with small additions of titrant near the equivalence point. For example, the titration curve for the titration between oxalic acid (a weak acid) and sodium hydroxide (a strong base) is pictured. The equivalence point occurs between pH 8-10, indicating the solution is basic at the equivalence point and an indicator such as phenolphthalein would be appropriate. Titration curves corresponding to weak bases and strong acids are similarly behaved, with the solution being acidic at the equivalence point and indicators such as methyl orange and bromothymol blue being most appropriate.Titrations between a weak acid and a weak base have titration curves which are very irregular. Because of this, no definite indicator may be appropriate and a pH meter is often used to monitor the reaction.[24]The type of function that can be used to describe the curve is termed a sigmoid function.","title":"Titration curves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acid–base titrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_titration"},{"link_name":"redox titrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_titration"}],"text":"There are many types of titrations with different procedures and goals. The most common types of qualitative titration are acid–base titrations and redox titrations.","title":"Types of titrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acidobazna_titracija_004.jpg"},{"link_name":"neutralization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"pH indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"pH meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter"},{"link_name":"organolithium reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organolithium_reagent"},{"link_name":"metal amides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_amides"},{"link_name":"hydrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydride"},{"link_name":"pKa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKa"},{"link_name":"THF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THF"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faint_pink_color_of_Phenolphthalein.jpg"},{"link_name":"equivalence point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_point"},{"link_name":"Henderson-Hasselbalch equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson%E2%80%93Hasselbalch_equation"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"law of mass action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_mass_action"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Acid–base titration","text":"Methyl orangeAcid–base titrations depend on the neutralization between an acid and a base when mixed in solution. In addition to the sample, an appropriate pH indicator is added to the titration chamber, representing the pH range of the equivalence point. The acid–base indicator indicates the endpoint of the titration by changing color. The endpoint and the equivalence point are not exactly the same because the equivalence point is determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction while the endpoint is just the color change from the indicator. Thus, a careful selection of the indicator will reduce the indicator error. For example, if the equivalence point is at a pH of 8.4, then the phenolphthalein indicator would be used instead of Alizarin Yellow because phenolphthalein would reduce the indicator error. Common indicators, their colors, and the pH range in which they change color are given in the table above.[25] When more precise results are required, or when the reagents are a weak acid and a weak base, a pH meter or a conductance meter are used.For very strong bases, such as organolithium reagent, metal amides, and hydrides, water is generally not a suitable solvent and indicators whose pKa are in the range of aqueous pH changes are of little use. Instead, the titrant and indicator used are much weaker acids, and anhydrous solvents such as THF are used.[26][27]Phenolphthalein, a commonly used indicator in acid and base titration.The approximate pH during titration can be approximated by three kinds of calculations. Before beginning of titration, the concentration of \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n H\n \n +\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[H+]}}}\n \n is calculated in an aqueous solution of weak acid before adding any base. When the number of moles of bases added equals the number of moles of initial acid or so called equivalence point, one of hydrolysis and the pH is calculated in the same way that the conjugate bases of the acid titrated was calculated. Between starting and end points, \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n H\n \n +\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[H+]}}}\n \n is obtained from the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and titration mixture is considered as buffer. In Henderson-Hasselbalch equation the [acid] and [base] are said to be the molarities that would have been present even with dissociation or hydrolysis. In a buffer, \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n H\n \n +\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[H+]}}}\n \n can be calculated exactly but the dissociation of HA, the hydrolysis of \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {A-}}}\n \n and self-ionization of water must be taken into account.[28] Four independent equations must be used:[29][\n \n \n H\n \n +\n \n \n \n ]\n [\n \n \n OH\n \n −\n \n \n \n ]\n =\n \n 10\n \n −\n 14\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\ce {H+}}][{\\ce {OH-}}]=10^{-14}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n H\n \n +\n \n \n \n ]\n =\n \n K\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n HA\n ]\n \n \n [\n \n A\n \n −\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\ce {H+}}]=K_{a}{\\ce {{\\frac {[HA]}{[A^{-}]}}}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n [\n \n HA\n \n ]\n +\n [\n \n \n A\n \n −\n \n \n \n ]\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n n\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n +\n \n n\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n )\n \n V\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\ce {HA}}]+[{\\ce {A-}}]={\\frac {(n_{{\\ce {A}}}+n_{{\\ce {B}}})}{V}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n H\n \n +\n \n \n \n ]\n +\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n V\n \n \n =\n [\n \n \n A\n \n −\n \n \n \n ]\n +\n [\n \n \n OH\n \n −\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\ce {H+}}]+{\\frac {n_{{\\ce {B}}}}{V}}=[{\\ce {A-}}]+[{\\ce {OH-}}]}In the equations, \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{{\\ce {A}}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{{\\ce {B}}}}\n \n are the moles of acid (HA) and salt (XA where X is the cation), respectively, used in the buffer, and the volume of solution is V. The law of mass action is applied to the ionization of water and the dissociation of acid to derived the first and second equations. The mass balance is used in the third equation, where the sum of \n \n \n \n V\n [\n \n HA\n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V[{\\ce {HA}}]}\n \n and \n \n \n \n V\n [\n \n \n A\n \n −\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V[{\\ce {A-}}]}\n \n must equal to the number of moles of dissolved acid and base, respectively. Charge balance is used in the fourth equation, where the left hand side represents the total charge of the cations and the right hand side represents the total charge of the anions: \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n V\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {n_{{\\ce {B}}}}{V}}}\n \n is the molarity of the cation (e.g. sodium, if sodium salt of the acid or sodium hydroxide is used in making the buffer).[30]","title":"Types of titrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reduction-oxidation reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"potentiometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer"},{"link_name":"redox indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_indicator"},{"link_name":"potassium dichromate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_dichromate"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"sulfur dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"permanganometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanganometry"},{"link_name":"potassium permanganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"iodometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodometry"},{"link_name":"triiodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodide"},{"link_name":"starch indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch_indicator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iodometric_titration_mixture.jpg"},{"link_name":"iodometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodometry"}],"sub_title":"Redox titration","text":"Redox titrations are based on a reduction-oxidation reaction between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. A potentiometer or a redox indicator is usually used to determine the endpoint of the titration, as when one of the constituents is the oxidizing agent potassium dichromate. The color change of the solution from orange to green is not definite, therefore an indicator such as sodium diphenylamine is used.[31] Analysis of wines for sulfur dioxide requires iodine as an oxidizing agent. In this case, starch is used as an indicator; a blue starch-iodine complex is formed in the presence of excess iodine, signalling the endpoint.[32]Some redox titrations do not require an indicator, due to the intense color of the constituents. For instance, in permanganometry a slight persisting pink color signals the endpoint of the titration because of the color of the excess oxidizing agent potassium permanganate.[33] In iodometry, at sufficiently large concentrations, the disappearance of the deep red-brown triiodide ion can itself be used as an endpoint, though at lower concentrations sensitivity is improved by adding starch indicator, which forms an intensely blue complex with triiodide.Color of iodometric titration mixture before (left) and after (right) the end point.","title":"Types of titrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gas phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_phase"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Fourier transform spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"spectrophotometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometry"},{"link_name":"Beer–Lambert law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer%E2%80%93Lambert_law"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Gas phase titration","text":"Gas phase titrations are titrations done in the gas phase, specifically as methods for determining reactive species by reaction with an excess of some other gas, acting as the titrant. In one common gas phase titration, gaseous ozone is titrated with nitrogen oxide according to the reactionO3 + NO → O2 + NO2.[34][35]After the reaction is complete, the remaining titrant and product are quantified (e.g., by Fourier transform spectroscopy) (FT-IR); this is used to determine the amount of analyte in the original sample.Gas phase titration has several advantages over simple spectrophotometry. First, the measurement does not depend on path length, because the same path length is used for the measurement of both the excess titrant and the product. Second, the measurement does not depend on a linear change in absorbance as a function of analyte concentration as defined by the Beer–Lambert law. Third, it is useful for samples containing species which interfere at wavelengths typically used for the analyte.[36]","title":"Types of titrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"complexometric indicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexometric_indicator"},{"link_name":"starch indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch_indicator"},{"link_name":"Eriochrome Black T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriochrome_Black_T"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"chelating agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelating_agent"},{"link_name":"EDTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDTA"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Complexometric titration","text":"Complexometric titrations rely on the formation of a complex between the analyte and the titrant. In general, they require specialized complexometric indicators that form weak complexes with the analyte. The most common example is the use of starch indicator to increase the sensitivity of iodometric titration, the dark blue complex of starch with iodine and iodide being more visible than iodine alone. Other complexometric indicators are Eriochrome Black T for the titration of calcium and magnesium ions, and the chelating agent EDTA used to titrate metal ions in solution.[37]","title":"Types of titrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zeta potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_potential"},{"link_name":"indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator"},{"link_name":"heterogeneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous"},{"link_name":"colloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"iso-electric point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso-electric_point"},{"link_name":"surface charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_charge"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"surfactant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant"},{"link_name":"flocculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculation"},{"link_name":"stabilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dukhin2002-39"}],"sub_title":"Zeta potential titration","text":"Zeta potential titrations are titrations in which the completion is monitored by the zeta potential, rather than by an indicator, in order to characterize heterogeneous systems, such as colloids.[38] One of the uses is to determine the iso-electric point when surface charge becomes zero, achieved by changing the pH or adding surfactant. Another use is to determine the optimum dose for flocculation or stabilization.[39]","title":"Types of titrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"bacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium"},{"link_name":"microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope"},{"link_name":"enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISA"},{"link_name":"titer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titer"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Assay","text":"An assay is a type of biological titration used to determine the concentration of a virus or bacterium. Serial dilutions are performed on a sample in a fixed ratio (such as 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, etc.) until the last dilution does not give a positive test for the presence of the virus. The positive or negative value may be determined by inspecting the infected cells visually under a microscope or by an immunoenzymetric method such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This value is known as the titer.[40]","title":"Types of titrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"acid–base indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator"},{"link_name":"phenolphthalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolphthalein"},{"link_name":"Redox indicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_indicator"},{"link_name":"Potentiometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer_(measuring_instrument)"},{"link_name":"electrode potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode_potential"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PHmeter_basic.JPG"},{"link_name":"pH meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter"},{"link_name":"pH meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter"},{"link_name":"ion-selective electrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-selective_electrode"},{"link_name":"Conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivity"},{"link_name":"mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophoretic_mobility"},{"link_name":"ionic strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_strength"},{"link_name":"Precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"Isothermal titration calorimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter#Isothermal_titration_calorimeter"},{"link_name":"biochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"Thermometric titrimetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometric_Titration"},{"link_name":"Spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Beer's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"Amperometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperometric_titration"},{"link_name":"halides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halide"}],"text":"Different methods to determine the endpoint include:[41]Indicator: A substance that changes color in response to a chemical change. An acid–base indicator (e.g., phenolphthalein) changes color depending on the pH. Redox indicators are also used. A drop of indicator solution is added to the titration at the beginning; the endpoint has been reached when the color changes.\nPotentiometer: An instrument that measures the electrode potential of the solution. These are used for redox titrations; the potential of the working electrode will suddenly change as the endpoint is reached.An elementary pH meter that can be used to monitor titration reactions.pH meter: A potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ion present in the solution. (This is an example of an ion-selective electrode.) The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator; at the endpoint there will be a sudden change in the measured pH.\nConductivity: A measurement of ions in a solution. Ion concentration can change significantly in a titration, which changes the conductivity. (For instance, during an acid–base titration, the H+ and OH− ions react to form neutral H2O.) As total conductance depends on all ions present in the solution and not all ions contribute equally (due to mobility and ionic strength), predicting the change in conductivity is more difficult than measuring it.\nColor change: In some reactions, the solution changes color without any added indicator. This is often seen in redox titrations when the different oxidation states of the product and reactant produce different colors.\nPrecipitation: If a reaction produces a solid, a precipitate will form during the titration. A classic example is the reaction between Ag+ and Cl− to form the insoluble salt AgCl. Cloudy precipitates usually make it difficult to determine the endpoint precisely. To compensate, precipitation titrations often have to be done as \"back\" titrations (see below).\nIsothermal titration calorimeter: An instrument that measures the heat produced or consumed by the reaction to determine the endpoint. Used in biochemical titrations, such as the determination of how substrates bind to enzymes.\nThermometric titrimetry: Differentiated from calorimetric titrimetry because the heat of the reaction (as indicated by temperature rise or fall) is not used to determine the amount of analyte in the sample solution. Instead, the endpoint is determined by the rate of temperature change.\nSpectroscopy: Used to measure the absorption of light by the solution during titration if the spectrum of the reactant, titrant or product is known. The concentration of the material can be determined by Beer's Law.\nAmperometry: Measures the current produced by the titration reaction as a result of the oxidation or reduction of the analyte. The endpoint is detected as a change in the current. This method is most useful when the excess titrant can be reduced, as in the titration of halides with Ag+.","title":"Measuring the endpoint of a titration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)"},{"link_name":"polyprotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyprotic"},{"link_name":"indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"}],"sub_title":"Endpoint and equivalence point","text":"Though the terms equivalence point and endpoint are often used interchangeably, they are different terms. Equivalence point is the theoretical completion of the reaction: the volume of added titrant at which the number of moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in polyprotic acids). Endpoint is what is actually measured, a physical change in the solution as determined by an indicator or an instrument mentioned above.[42]There is a slight difference between the endpoint and the equivalence point of the titration. This error is referred to as an indicator error, and it is indeterminate.[43][self-published source?]","title":"Measuring the endpoint of a titration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"soluble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Back titration","text":"Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of titrating the original sample, a known excess of standard reagent is added to the solution, and the excess is titrated. A back titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of the normal titration, as with precipitation reactions. Back titrations are also useful if the reaction between the analyte and the titrant is very slow, or when the analyte is in a non-soluble solid.[44]","title":"Measuring the endpoint of a titration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"The titration process creates solutions with compositions ranging from pure acid to pure base. Identifying the pH associated with any stage in the titration process is relatively simple for monoprotic acids and bases. The presence of more than one acid or base group complicates these computations. Graphical methods,[45] such as the equiligraph,[46] have long been used to account for the interaction of coupled equilibria.","title":"Graphical methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_level_titration_demonstration.jpg"}],"text":"A titration is demonstrated to secondary school students.","title":"Particular uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biodiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel"},{"link_name":"waste vegetable oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel"},{"link_name":"free fatty acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid#Free_fatty_acids"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Kjeldahl method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeldahl_method"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"potassium sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_sulfate"},{"link_name":"boric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid"},{"link_name":"sodium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Acid value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_value"},{"link_name":"potassium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"free fatty acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid#Free_fatty_acids"},{"link_name":"Saponification value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification_value"},{"link_name":"fatty acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"amine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"},{"link_name":"Hydroxyl value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_value"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"acetylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylation"},{"link_name":"acetic anhydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_anhydride"}],"sub_title":"Acid–base titrations","text":"For biodiesel fuel: waste vegetable oil (WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed. A portion of WVO is titrated with a base to determine acidity, so the rest of the batch may be neutralized properly. This removes free fatty acids from the WVO that would normally react to make soap instead of biodiesel fuel.[47]\nKjeldahl method: a measure of nitrogen content in a sample. Organic nitrogen is digested into ammonia with sulfuric acid and potassium sulfate. Finally, ammonia is back titrated with boric acid and then sodium carbonate.[48]\nAcid value: the mass in milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to titrate fully an acid in one gram of sample. An example is the determination of free fatty acid content.\nSaponification value: the mass in milligrams of KOH required to saponify a fatty acid in one gram of sample. Saponification is used to determine average chain length of fatty acids in fat.\nEster value (or ester index): a calculated index. Ester value = Saponification value – Acid value.\nAmine value: the mass in milligrams of KOH equal to the amine content in one gram of sample.\nHydroxyl value: the mass in milligrams of KOH corresponding to hydroxyl groups in one gram of sample. The analyte is acetylated using acetic anhydride then titrated with KOH.","title":"Particular uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winkler test for dissolved oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkler_test_for_dissolved_oxygen"},{"link_name":"manganese(II) sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_sulfate"},{"link_name":"potassium iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_iodide"},{"link_name":"iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine"},{"link_name":"thiosulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiosulfate"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Vitamin C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C"},{"link_name":"DCPIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorophenolindophenol"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Benedict's reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"cupric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"potassium thiocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_thiocyanate"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Bromine number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine_number"},{"link_name":"unsaturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_and_unsaturated_compounds"},{"link_name":"Iodine number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_number"}],"sub_title":"Redox titrations","text":"Winkler test for dissolved oxygen: Used to determine oxygen concentration in water. Oxygen in water samples is reduced using manganese(II) sulfate, which reacts with potassium iodide to produce iodine. The iodine is released in proportion to the oxygen in the sample, thus the oxygen concentration is determined with a redox titration of iodine with thiosulfate using a starch indicator.[49]\nVitamin C: Also known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C is a powerful reducing agent. Its concentration can easily be identified when titrated with the blue dye Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) which becomes colorless when reduced by the vitamin.[50]\nBenedict's reagent: Excess glucose in urine may indicate diabetes in a patient. Benedict's method is the conventional method to quantify glucose in urine using a prepared reagent. During this type of titration, glucose reduces cupric ions to cuprous ions which react with potassium thiocyanate to produce a white precipitate, indicating the endpoint.[51]\nBromine number: A measure of unsaturation in an analyte, expressed in milligrams of bromine absorbed by 100 grams of sample.\nIodine number: A measure of unsaturation in an analyte, expressed in grams of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of sample.","title":"Particular uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Fischer titration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fischer_titration"},{"link_name":"methanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine"},{"link_name":"sulfur dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"electric potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"Karl Fischer titration: A potentiometric method to analyze trace amounts of water in a substance. A sample is dissolved in methanol, and titrated with Karl Fischer reagent (consists of iodine, sulfur dioxide, a base and a solvent, such as alcohol). The reagent contains iodine, which reacts proportionally with water. Thus, the water content can be determined by monitoring the electric potential of excess iodine.[52]","title":"Particular uses"}]	[{"image_text":"A burette and Erlenmeyer flask (conical flask) being used for an acid–base titration.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Acid_and_Base_Titration.jpg/220px-Acid_and_Base_Titration.jpg"},{"image_text":"Analysis of soil samples by titration.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Titration_for_Soil.JPG/220px-Titration_for_Soil.JPG"},{"image_text":"A typical titration curve of a diprotic acid titrated with a strong base. Shown here is oxalic acid titrated with sodium hydroxide. Both equivalence points are visible.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Oxalic_acid_titration_grid.svg/220px-Oxalic_acid_titration_grid.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Methyl orange","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Acidobazna_titracija_004.jpg/220px-Acidobazna_titracija_004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Phenolphthalein, a commonly used indicator in acid and base titration.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Faint_pink_color_of_Phenolphthalein.jpg/220px-Faint_pink_color_of_Phenolphthalein.jpg"},{"image_text":"Color of iodometric titration mixture before (left) and after (right) the end point.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Iodometric_titration_mixture.jpg/400px-Iodometric_titration_mixture.jpg"},{"image_text":"An elementary pH meter that can be used to monitor titration reactions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/PHmeter_basic.JPG/220px-PHmeter_basic.JPG"},{"image_text":"A titration is demonstrated to secondary school students.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/School_level_titration_demonstration.jpg/220px-School_level_titration_demonstration.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Primary standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_standard"},{"title":"standard solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_solution"}]	[{"reference":"Whitney, W.D; Smith, B.E. (1911). \"Titrimetry\". The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. The Century Co. p. 6504.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Compendium for Basal Practice in Biochemistry. Aarhus University. 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Titrand\". Science & Technology Dictionary. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 30 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answers.com/topic/titrand","url_text":"\"Titrand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Etymology On Line: titrate\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/search?q=titre","url_text":"\"Etymology On Line: titrate\""}]},{"reference":"\"WordReference: titre and titer\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wordreference.com/definition/titre","url_text":"\"WordReference: titre and titer\""}]},{"reference":"Gay-Lussac (1828). \"Essai des potasses du commerce\" [Assays of commercial potash]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 2nd series (in French). 39: 337–368.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dvy;view=1up;seq=339","url_text":"\"Essai des potasses du commerce\""}]},{"reference":"Szabadváry, Ferenc (1993). History of Analytical Chemistry. Taylor & Francis. pp. 208–209. ISBN 2-88124-569-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88124-569-2","url_text":"2-88124-569-2"}]},{"reference":"Descroizilles (1795). \"Description et usages du Berthollimêtre, …\" [Description and uses of the Berthollimeter, …]. Journal des Arts et Manufactures (in French). 1: 256–276.","urls":[{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k43824q/f299.image","url_text":"\"Description et usages du Berthollimêtre, …\""}]},{"reference":"Wisniak, Jaime (2014). \"François Antoine Henri Descroizilles\". Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas. 45 (1): 184–193.","urls":[{"url":"http://revista.cnic.edu.cu/revistaCQ/articulos/fran%C3%A7ois-antoine-henri-descroizilles","url_text":"\"François Antoine Henri Descroizilles\""}]},{"reference":"Gay-Lussac (1824). \"Instruction sur l'essai du chlorure de chaux\" [Instructions on the assaying of chlorinated lime]. Annales de chimie et de physique. 2nd series (in French). 26: 162–175.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dwa;view=1up;seq=180","url_text":"\"Instruction sur l'essai du chlorure de chaux\""}]},{"reference":"Henry, O. (1845). \"Nouvelles expériences sur l'essai des potasses du commerce et appareil dit potassimètre pour l'effectuer\" [New experiments on the assay of commercial potash and an apparatus called a \"potassimeter\" to perform it]. Journale de Pharmacie et de Chimie. 3rd series (in French). 7: 214–222.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3kbt;view=1up;seq=216","url_text":"\"Nouvelles expériences sur l'essai des potasses du commerce et appareil dit potassimètre pour l'effectuer\""}]},{"reference":"Szabadváry, Ferenc (1986). \"The history of chemical laboratory equipment\". Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering. 30 (1–2): 77–95.","urls":[{"url":"https://pp.bme.hu/ch/article/view/2829/1934","url_text":"\"The history of chemical laboratory equipment\""}]},{"reference":"Szabadváry, Ferenc (1966). History of Analytical Chemistry. Translated by Gyula Svehla. Oxford, England: Permagon Press. p. 237. ISBN 9781483157122.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=icn9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237","url_text":"History of Analytical Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483157122","url_text":"9781483157122"}]},{"reference":"Christophe, R. (1971). \"L'analyse volumétrique de 1790 à 1860. Caractéristiques et importance industrielle. Evolution des instruments\" [Volumetric analysis from 1790–1860. Characteristics and industrial importance. Evolution of instruments.]. Revue d'histoire des sciences (in French). 24 (1): 25–44. doi:10.3406/rhs.1971.3172.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frhs.1971.3172","url_text":"10.3406/rhs.1971.3172"}]},{"reference":"Rosenfeld, L. (1999). Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. CRC Press. pp. 72–75. ISBN 90-5699-645-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5699-645-2","url_text":"90-5699-645-2"}]},{"reference":"Mohr, Karl Friedrich (1855). Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode … , part 1 [Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods …] (in German). Braunschweig, (Germany): Friederich Vieweg und Sohn. pp. 2–20.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89087461158;view=1up;seq=7","url_text":"Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode … , part 1"}]},{"reference":"Gaiao, Edvaldo da Nobrega; Martins, Valdomiro Lacerda; Lyra, Wellington da Silva; Almeida, Luciano Farias de; Silva, Edvan Cirino da; Araújo, Mário César Ugulino (2006). \"Digital image-based titrations\". Analytica Chimica Acta. 570 (2): 283–290. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.048. PMID 17723410.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2006.04.048","url_text":"10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17723410","url_text":"17723410"}]},{"reference":"Matar, S.; L.F. Hatch (2001). Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes (2 ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 0-88415-315-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88415-315-0","url_text":"0-88415-315-0"}]},{"reference":"Verma, Dr. N.K.; S.K. Khanna; Dr B. Kapila. Comprehensive Chemistry XI. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. pp. 642–645. 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Retrieved 2014-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/gladysz/documents/alkylreagents.pdf","url_text":"\"Methods for Standardizing Alkyllithium Reagents (literature through 2006)\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, Daniel C. (2007). Quantitative Chemical Analysis (Seventh ed.). Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-7041-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/32945832","url_text":"Quantitative Chemical Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-7041-1","url_text":"978-0-7167-7041-1"}]},{"reference":"Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. (2000). Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, seventh edition. Emily Barrosse. pp. 265-305. ISBN 0-03-020293-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030202933/page/265","url_text":"Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, seventh edition"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030202933/page/265","url_text":"265-305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-020293-0","url_text":"0-03-020293-0"}]},{"reference":"Henry, N.; M.M. Senozon (2001). The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations. Journal of Chermical Education. pp. 1499–1503.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vogel, A.I.; J. Mendham (2000). Vogel's textbook of quantitative chemical analysis (6 ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 423. ISBN 0-582-22628-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-22628-7","url_text":"0-582-22628-7"}]},{"reference":"Amerine, M.A.; M.A. Joslyn (1970). Table wines: the technology of their production. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 751–753. ISBN 0-520-01657-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01657-2","url_text":"0-520-01657-2"}]},{"reference":"German Chemical Society. Division of Analytical Chemistry (1959). Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry (in German). Vol. 166–167. University of Michigan: J.F. Bergmann. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hänsch, T.W. (2007). Metrology and Fundamental Constants. IOS Press. p. 568. ISBN 978-1-58603-784-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-784-0","url_text":"978-1-58603-784-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Gas phase titration\". Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. Retrieved 29 September 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bipm.fr/en/scientific/chem/gas_titration.html","url_text":"\"Gas phase titration\""}]},{"reference":"DeMore, W.B.; M. Patapoff (September 1976). \"Comparison of Ozone Determinations by Ultraviolet Photometry and Gas-Phase Titration\". Environmental Science & Technology. 10 (9): 897–899. Bibcode:1976EnST...10..897D. doi:10.1021/es60120a012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976EnST...10..897D","url_text":"1976EnST...10..897D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes60120a012","url_text":"10.1021/es60120a012"}]},{"reference":"Khopkar, S.M. (1998). Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry (2 ed.). New Age International. pp. 63–76. 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Brooke (2015). \"The Equligraph: Revisiting an old tool\". tahosa.us.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tahosa.us/Equiligraph/Equiligraph/Equiligraph_Basics.html","url_text":"\"The Equligraph: Revisiting an old tool\""}]},{"reference":"Freiser, H. (1963). Ionic Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry. Kreiger. ISBN 0-88275-955-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88275-955-8","url_text":"0-88275-955-8"}]},{"reference":"Purcella, G. (2007). Do It Yourself Guide to Biodiesel: Your Alternative Fuel Solution for Saving Money, Reducing Oil Dependency, Helping the Planet. Ulysses Press. pp. 81–96. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Brice	Fanny Brice	["1 Early life","2 Radio","3 Television appearance","4 Later years","5 Personal life","6 Death","7 Legacy","7.1 Brice portrayals","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]	American actress, singer, and comedian (1891–1951) Fanny BriceBrice circa 1920BornFania Borach(1891-10-29)October 29, 1891New York City, U.S.DiedMay 29, 1951(1951-05-29) (aged 59)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Comedian, song model, singer, actressYears active1908–1951Spouses Frank White (m. 1910; div. 1913) Julius "Nicky" Arnstein (m. 1918; div. 1927) Billy Rose (m. 1929; div. 1938) Children2, including William Brice Fania Borach (October 29, 1891 – May 29, 1951), known professionally as Fanny Brice or Fannie Brice, was an American comedian, illustrated song model, singer, and actress who made many stage, radio, and film appearances. She is known as the creator and star of the top-rated radio comedy series The Baby Snooks Show. Her life story was loosely adapted into the stage musical Funny Girl. Brice was famously portrayed by Barbra Streisand in both the original Broadway production of the musical and its 1968 film adaptation. Early life Brice c. 1910s or early 1920s publicity photo Fania Borach was born in Manhattan, New York City, United States, the third child of Rose (née Stern; 1867–1941), a Jewish Hungarian woman who immigrated to the U.S. at age 10, and Alsatian immigrant Charles Borach. The Borachs were saloon owners and had four children: Phillip, born in 1887; Carrie, born in 1889; Fania, born in 1891; and Louis, born in 1893. Under the name Lew Brice, her younger brother also became an entertainer and was the first husband of actress Mae Clarke. In 1908, Brice dropped out of school to work in a burlesque revue, "The Girls from Happy Land Starring Sliding Billy Watson". Two years later, she began her association with Florenz Ziegfeld, headlining his Ziegfeld Follies in 1910 and 1911. She was hired again in 1921 and performed in the Follies into the 1930s. In the 1921 Follies, she was featured singing "My Man", which became both a big hit and her signature song. She made a popular recording of it for the Victor Talking Machine Company. The second song most associated with Brice is "Second Hand Rose", which she also introduced in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1921. She recorded nearly two dozen record sides for Victor, and also cut several for Columbia Records. She is a posthumous recipient of a Grammy Hall of Fame Award for her 1921 recording of "My Man". Brice's Broadway credits include Fioretta, Sweet and Low, and Billy Rose's Crazy Quilt. Her films include My Man (1928, a lost film), Be Yourself! (1930), and Everybody Sing (1938) with Judy Garland. Brice, Ann Pennington, and Harriet Hoctor were the only original Ziegfeld performers to portray themselves in The Great Ziegfeld (1936) and Ziegfeld Follies (1946). Radio Brice in the role of Baby Snooks, 1940 Brice's first radio show was the Philco Hour in February 1930. Brice's first regular radio show was probably The Chase and Sanborn Hour, a 30-minute program which ran on Wednesday nights at 8 pm in 1933. From the 1930s until her death in 1951, Fanny made a radio presence as a bratty toddler named Snooks, a role she had premiered in a Follies skit co-written by playwright Moss Hart. Baby Snooks premiered in The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air in February 1936 on CBS, with Alan Reed playing Lancelot Higgins, her beleaguered "Daddy." Brice moved to NBC in December 1937, performing the Snooks routines as part of the Good News show, then back to CBS on Maxwell House Coffee Time, with the half-hour divided between the Snooks sketches and actor Frank Morgan. By September 1944, Brice's sketch writers Philip Rapp and David Freedman brought in Arthur Stander and Everett Freeman, who developed a half-hour comedy program, Post Toasties Time, later The Baby Snooks Show. Produced by Everett Freeman, it launched on CBS in 1944, moving to NBC in 1948. Hanley Stafford played the Daddy and Fannie Brice the main character, Baby Snooks. Other co-stars included Lalive Brownell, Lois Corbet, and Arlene Harris each in turn as her mother, Danny Thomas as Jerry, Charlie Cantor as Uncle Louie, and Ken Christy as Mr. Weemish. She returned on Tallulah Bankhead's big-budget, large-scale radio variety show The Big Show in November 1950, sharing the bill with Groucho Marx and Jane Powell. Television appearance Fanny Brice's only appearance on television was on June 12, 1950, in a performance on CBS-TV's Popsicle Parade of Stars, as Baby Snooks. Later years Fanny Brice resided in a house built in 1938 on North Faring Road in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, designed by the architect John Elgin Woolf (1908-1980). The house was entirely gutted and rebuilt from the foundation up between 2001 and 2008. Personal life Brice c. late 1910s Brice had a short-lived marriage in her late teens to a barber, Frank White, whom she met in 1910 in Springfield, Massachusetts, when she was touring in College Girl. The marriage lasted three years and she brought suit for divorce in 1913. Judge Otto Kerner Sr. (left) of the Circuit Court of Cook County granting Brice (center) a divorce decree in September 1927 (Brice's attorney, Benjamin H. Ehrlich, is in the far-right of the photograph) Her second husband was professional gambler and con man Nicky Arnstein. Brice and Arnstein lived together for three years before he was convicted of a wiretapping swindle in 1915. Brice visited Arnstein in prison every week during the 14 months he served in Sing Sing, pawned her jewelry to pay for appeals and eventually secured him a pardon. They were married in 1918, one week after Arnstein obtained a divorce from his first wife. In 1920, Arnstein was charged with conspiracy to sell $5 million of stolen Wall Street bonds. Brice insisted on his innocence and funded his legal defense at great expense and the case went to the Supreme Court while Arnstein remained free on bail. Eventually Arnstein was sentenced to two years in the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth. Arnstein was released December 22, 1925 with 72 days time off for good behavior and joined Brice in Chicago where she was performing. Brice divorced him in Chicago on September 14, 1927 on grounds of infidelity and loss of affection. They had two children: Frances (1919–1992), who married film producer Ray Stark, and William (1921–2008), who became an artist using his mother's surname. Ray Stark later went on to produce a stage musical Funny Girl loosely based on the life of Fanny. Stark also produced a follow-up film Funny Lady. Brice wed lyricist and stage producer Billy Rose in 1929 and appeared in his revue Crazy Quilt, among others. Brice sued Rose for divorce in 1938. Death Brice's grave Six months after her Big Show appearance, on May 29, 1951, Brice died at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Hollywood from a cerebral hemorrhage at 11:15 am; she was 59. She was interred at Home of Peace Memorial Park but in 1999 her remains were relocated to Westwood Village Memorial Park. Legacy Cover of sheet music for Brice's "My Man" For her contributions to the film and radio industries, Brice was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars. Her motion-pictures star is located at 6415 Hollywood Boulevard, while her radio star is located at 1500 Vine Street. The Stony Brook campus of the State University of New York (SUNY at Stony Brook) had a Fannie Brice Theatre, a 75-seat venue that was used for a variety of performances, including a 1988 production of the musical Hair, staged readings, and a studio classroom space. Mexican comedian Maria Elena Saldana was influenced by Brice and created a character similar to Brice's Baby Snooks, La Guereja. In 1991, the US Postal Service featured Brice on a first-class stamp, the only woman included as part of a "Comedian Commemorative Issue", illustrated by Al Hirschfeld. In 2006, Brice was featured in the film Making Trouble-Three Generations of Funny Jewish Women, a tribute to Jewish women comedians produced by the Jewish Women's Archive. Brice portrayals From the trailer for the film The Great Ziegfeld (1936) in which Brice appeared as herself The 1946 Warner Bros. cartoon Quentin Quail features a character based on Brice's characterization of Baby Snooks. Barbra Streisand starred as Brice in the 1964 Broadway musical Funny Girl, which centered on Brice's rise to fame and troubled relationship with Arnstein. In 1969, Streisand won an Academy Award for Best Actress for reprising her role in the film version. The 1975 film sequel, Funny Lady, focused on Brice's turbulent relationship with impresario Billy Rose and was as highly fictionalized as the original film. Streisand also recorded the Brice songs "My Man" and "I'd Rather Be Blue Over You (Than Happy with Somebody Else)"; and "Second Hand Rose", which reached Billboard's top 40. Funny Girl, and its sequel Funny Lady, took liberties with the events of Brice's life. They make no mention of Brice's first husband and suggest that Arnstein turned to crime because his pride would not allow him to live off Fanny and that he was wanted by the police for selling phony bonds. In reality, however, Arnstein sponged off Brice even before their marriage, and was eventually named as a member of a gang that stole $5 million worth of Wall Street securities. Instead of turning himself in, as in the movie, Arnstein went into hiding. When he finally surrendered, he did not plead guilty as he did in the movie, but fought the charges, taking a toll on his wife's finances. Beanie Feldstein starred as Brice in the Broadway revival of Funny Girl, which opened in April 2022. Lea Michele replaced Feldstein on September 6, 2022. Though an actress does not portray Brice, her name is mentioned in three scenes of a movie that was successful at the box office and merited two Academy Award nominations: Can You Ever Forgive Me? (2018). The protagonist, Lee Israel, portrayed by Melissa McCarthy, is a biographer who hopes she can get paid to work on a project about Brice's life. Her literary agent Marjorie, portrayed by Jane Curtin, tells her sharply that that is not going to happen. Marjorie shouts at Lee, "Nobody wants a book about Fanny Brice! There is nothing new or sexy about Fanny Brice! I couldn't get you a ten-dollar advance for a book about Fanny Brice." Kimberly Faye Greenberg originated the role of Fanny Brice in "One Night With Fanny Brice" Off-Broadway at St. Luke's Theatre, NYC (2011). Greenberg has also played Brice in three other shows. These portrayals of Fanny Brice include "Speakeasy Dollhouse: Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic" at Broadway's Liberty Theatre, NY (2015); Other recent portrayals of Fanny Brice were in "Ghostlight" at the New York Musical Theatre Festival at the Signature Theatre, NYC (2011); and in the solo show "Fabulous Fanny: The Songs & Stories of Fanny Brice", which has been touring the United States since 2014 and is streaming on the Stellar Platform. See also Blanche Merrill List of songs written by Blanche Merrill Academy of Music/Riviera Theatre Portal: Biography References ^ a b c d e f g Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 325. ISBN 0-85112-939-0. ^ a b c "Fanny Brice Dies at the Age of 59". The New York Times. May 30, 1951. Retrieved October 26, 2014. Fanny Brice, stage and screen comedienne and the Baby Snooks of radio, died at 11:15 am today at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital. Her age was 59. Miss Brice suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage last Thursday morning and was rushed to the hospital from her home in Beverly Hills. She never again regained consciousness, although she was placed in an oxygen tent. ... ^ Herbert G. Goldman (1992). Fanny Brice. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-0-19-535901-5. ^ Strauss, Marc Raymond (2019). Discovering Musicals: A Liberal Arts Guide to Stage and Screen. McFarland. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4766-7450-6. ^ "GRAMMY Hall Of Fame \| Hall of Fame Artists \| GRAMMY.com". grammy.com. Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ Richard Barrios, A Song In The Dark, Oxford University Press, 1975. ^ Michele Hilmes (Fall 2005). "Fanny Brice and the "Schnooks" Strategy: Negotiating a Feminine Comic Persona on the Air" (PDF). A Screen of One's Own. ^ Radio Digest magazine, June 1933. ^ "Let There Be Laughter – Jewish Humor Around the World". Beit Hatfutsot. March 12, 2019. ^ "Popsicle Parade of Stars, The (children's comedy-variety)". Retrieved January 17, 2024. ^ Morgan Brennan, Luxury Home Rehab: Inside The $65 Million Fanny Brice Estate, Forbes, August 28, 2013 ^ Kudler, Adrian Glick (July 18, 2011). "Fanny Brice's Unrecognizable Holmby Hills House Asking $65 Million". Curbed LA. ^ Donnelly, Marea (July 7, 2018). "Funny Girl whitewashed Fanny Brice's real life troubles". The Daily Telegraph. ^ a b c "Nicky' Arnstein Quits Fight Against Prison; Surrenders, With Cohn, for Two Years' Term". New York Times. May 9, 1924. p. 1. ^ "Nicky Arnstein Quits Prison Today; Says He Will Return Here After Christmas in Chicago -- Fannie Brice Is Elated". New York Times. December 22, 1925. p. 12. ^ "Fanny Brice gets Chicago Divorce". New York Times. September 15, 1927. p. 31. ^ "New York City Marriage Index, 1866–1937". Ancestry.com. New York City Department of Records/Municipal Archives. ^ "Billy Rose Free to Wed Again – And So's Fannie". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 27, 1938. ^ "Fanny Brice - Home of Peace Memorial Park". Retrieved January 15, 2024. ^ "Fanny Brice - Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park". Retrieved January 15, 2024. ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame – Fanny Brice". walkoffame.com/. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved November 30, 2017. ^ Bridges, Ed (February 13, 1986). "Free Creativity" (PDF). The Stony Brook Press. p. 12. Retrieved July 29, 2022. ^ "Fanny Brice". National Postal Museum. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ Deming, Mark (2012). "Making Trouble: Three Generations of Funny Jewish Women". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012. ^ Quentin Quail, The Big Cartoon Database. Accessed January 31, 2016. ^ Billboard Chart Beat 24 April 2017, Barbra Streisand Top 40 Hits "'Second Hand Rose', No. 32, Feb. 5, 1966". Accessed January 1, 2023. ^ Rumsey, Spencer (March 8, 2014). "Fanny Brice: Huntington's Hollywood Star". ^ Evans, Greg (October 6, 2021). "Jane Lynch To Join Beanie Feldstein In Broadway's 'Funny Girl' Revival; Ramin Karimloo, Jared Grimes Also Cast". Deadline. Retrieved March 19, 2022. ^ "Lea Michele to replace Beanie Feldstein in 'Funny Girl' on Broadway". EW.com. Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ "One Night With Fanny Brice (Original Cast Recording)". archive.org. 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ Gans, Andrew (March 16, 2011). "One Night with Fanny Brice with Kimberly Faye Greenberg". Playbill. Retrieved August 26, 2022. ^ Clement, Olivia (March 5, 2015). "Times Square Theater Resurrected as Playground for Ziegfeld and the Follies". Playbill. Retrieved August 26, 2022. ^ Hetrick, Adam (September 26, 2011). "Daisy Eagan, Michael Hayden and Rachel York Step into Ghostlight". Playbill. Retrieved August 26, 2022. ^ Mosher, Stephen (December 4, 2021). "Review: With Flair and a Flourish Kimberly Faye Greenberg Tells the Tale of FABULOUS FANNY BRICE at the Green Room 42". Broadway World. Retrieved August 26, 2022. ^ Tomeo, Marissa (February 19, 2022). "Stream the FABULOUS FANNY: THE SONGS AND STORIES OF FANNY BRICE on Sunday, February 20th". Broadway World. Retrieved August 26, 2022. Further reading Goldman, Herbert, Fanny Brice: The Original Funny Girl, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508552-3. Grossman, Barbara W. (1992). Funny Woman (A Midland Book). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253207623. Billboard Magazine, 6 1951 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Fanny Brice. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fanny Brice. Fanny Brice at the Internet Broadway Database Fanny Brice at IMDb Fanny Brice's television appearance as Baby Snooks Fanny Brice Collection Jewish Virtual Library: Fanny Brice Fanny Brice at Virtual History Grossman, Barbara Wallace. "Fanny Brice", Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"illustrated song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_Songs"},{"link_name":"The Baby Snooks Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baby_Snooks_Show"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Funny Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"1968 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(film)"}],"text":"Fania Borach (October 29, 1891 – May 29, 1951),[1] known professionally as Fanny Brice or Fannie Brice, was an American comedian, illustrated song model, singer, and actress who made many stage, radio, and film appearances. She is known as the creator and star of the top-rated radio comedy series The Baby Snooks Show.[2]Her life story was loosely adapted into the stage musical Funny Girl. Brice was famously portrayed by Barbra Streisand in both the original Broadway production of the musical and its 1968 film adaptation.","title":"Fanny Brice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FannybriceGlamor.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"Jewish Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Alsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub#Saloon_or_lounge"},{"link_name":"Lew Brice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Brice"},{"link_name":"Mae Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Clarke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldman1992-3"},{"link_name":"burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_burlesque"},{"link_name":"Florenz Ziegfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld"},{"link_name":"Ziegfeld Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"My Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_Homme"},{"link_name":"Victor Talking Machine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company"},{"link_name":"Second Hand Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hand_Rose_(song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Grammy Hall of Fame Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grammy_Hall_of_Fame_Award_recipients_J-P"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Sweet and Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_and_Low_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Billy Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Rose"},{"link_name":"My Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Man_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"lost film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Be Yourself!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Yourself!"},{"link_name":"Everybody Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Sing_(film)"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"Ann Pennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Pennington_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Harriet Hoctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Hoctor"},{"link_name":"The Great Ziegfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Ziegfeld"},{"link_name":"Ziegfeld Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies"}],"text":"Brice c. 1910s or early 1920s publicity photoFania Borach was born in Manhattan, New York City, United States,[1] the third child of Rose (née Stern; 1867–1941), a Jewish Hungarian woman who immigrated to the U.S. at age 10, and Alsatian immigrant Charles Borach. The Borachs were saloon owners and had four children: Phillip, born in 1887; Carrie, born in 1889; Fania, born in 1891; and Louis, born in 1893. Under the name Lew Brice, her younger brother also became an entertainer and was the first husband of actress Mae Clarke.[3]In 1908, Brice dropped out of school to work in a burlesque revue, \"The Girls from Happy Land Starring Sliding Billy Watson\". Two years later, she began her association with Florenz Ziegfeld, headlining his Ziegfeld Follies in 1910 and 1911. She was hired again in 1921 and performed in the Follies into the 1930s.[1]In the 1921 Follies, she was featured singing \"My Man\", which became both a big hit and her signature song. She made a popular recording of it for the Victor Talking Machine Company. The second song most associated with Brice is \"Second Hand Rose\", which she also introduced in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1921.[4]She recorded nearly two dozen record sides for Victor, and also cut several for Columbia Records. She is a posthumous recipient of a Grammy Hall of Fame Award for her 1921 recording of \"My Man\".[5]Brice's Broadway credits include Fioretta, Sweet and Low, and Billy Rose's Crazy Quilt. Her films include My Man (1928, a lost film),[6] Be Yourself! (1930), and Everybody Sing (1938) with Judy Garland. Brice, Ann Pennington, and Harriet Hoctor were the only original Ziegfeld performers to portray themselves in The Great Ziegfeld (1936) and Ziegfeld Follies (1946).","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fanny_Brice_Baby_Snooks_1940.JPG"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Chase and Sanborn Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chase_and_Sanborn_Hour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"Moss Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Hart"},{"link_name":"Baby Snooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Snooks"},{"link_name":"The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ziegfeld_Follies_of_the_Air"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Alan Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Reed"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Frank Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Morgan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arlene Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Harris"},{"link_name":"Danny Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Charlie Cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Cantor"},{"link_name":"Tallulah Bankhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead"},{"link_name":"The Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Show_(NBC_Radio)"},{"link_name":"Groucho Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx"},{"link_name":"Jane Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Powell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Brice in the role of Baby Snooks, 1940Brice's first radio show was the Philco Hour in February 1930.[7] Brice's first regular radio show was probably The Chase and Sanborn Hour, a 30-minute program which ran on Wednesday nights at 8 pm in 1933.[8]From the 1930s until her death in 1951, Fanny made a radio presence as a bratty toddler named Snooks,[1] a role she had premiered in a Follies skit co-written by playwright Moss Hart. Baby Snooks premiered in The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air in February 1936 on CBS, with Alan Reed playing Lancelot Higgins, her beleaguered \"Daddy.\" Brice moved to NBC in December 1937, performing the Snooks routines as part of the Good News show, then back to CBS on Maxwell House Coffee Time, with the half-hour divided between the Snooks sketches and actor Frank Morgan.[citation needed]By September 1944, Brice's sketch writers Philip Rapp and David Freedman brought in Arthur Stander and Everett Freeman, who developed a half-hour comedy program, Post Toasties Time, later The Baby Snooks Show. Produced by Everett Freeman, it launched on CBS in 1944, moving to NBC in 1948. Hanley Stafford played the Daddy and Fannie Brice the main character, Baby Snooks. Other co-stars included Lalive Brownell, Lois Corbet, and Arlene Harris each in turn as her mother, Danny Thomas as Jerry, Charlie Cantor as Uncle Louie, and Ken Christy as Mr. Weemish.She returned on Tallulah Bankhead's big-budget, large-scale radio variety show The Big Show in November 1950, sharing the bill with Groucho Marx and Jane Powell.[9]","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Television_Popsicle_Parade_of_Stars-10"}],"text":"Fanny Brice's only appearance on television was on June 12, 1950, in a performance on CBS-TV's Popsicle Parade of Stars, as Baby Snooks.[10]","title":"Television appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holmby Hills, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmby_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"John Elgin Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elgin_Woolf"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbesbrice-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Fanny Brice resided in a house built in 1938 on North Faring Road in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, designed by the architect John Elgin Woolf (1908-1980).[11] The house was entirely gutted and rebuilt from the foundation up between 2001 and 2008.[12]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FashionableFannyBrice.jpg"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fanny_Brice_being_granted_divorce_decree_by_Judge_Otto_Kerner_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Otto Kerner Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kerner_Sr."},{"link_name":"Circuit Court of Cook County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Court_of_Cook_County"},{"link_name":"Nicky Arnstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Arnstein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"swindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindle"},{"link_name":"Sing Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHITEWASH-13"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QUITS-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QUITS-14"},{"link_name":"Leavenworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Leavenworth"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QUITS-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ray Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Stark"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brice"},{"link_name":"Funny Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"Funny Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Lady"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"Billy Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Rose"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Brice c. late 1910sBrice had a short-lived marriage in her late teens to a barber, Frank White, whom she met in 1910 in Springfield, Massachusetts, when she was touring in College Girl. The marriage lasted three years and she brought suit for divorce in 1913.[2]Judge Otto Kerner Sr. (left) of the Circuit Court of Cook County granting Brice (center) a divorce decree in September 1927 (Brice's attorney, Benjamin H. Ehrlich, is in the far-right of the photograph)Her second husband was professional gambler and con man Nicky Arnstein.[1] Brice and Arnstein lived together for three years before he was convicted of a wiretapping swindle in 1915. Brice visited Arnstein in prison every week during the 14 months he served in Sing Sing, pawned her jewelry to pay for appeals and eventually secured him a pardon.[13] They were married in 1918, one week after Arnstein obtained a divorce from his first wife. In 1920, Arnstein was charged with conspiracy to sell $5 million of stolen Wall Street bonds.[14] Brice insisted on his innocence and funded his legal defense at great expense and the case went to the Supreme Court while Arnstein remained free on bail.[14] Eventually Arnstein was sentenced to two years in the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth.[14] Arnstein was released December 22, 1925 with 72 days time off for good behavior and joined Brice in Chicago where she was performing.[15] Brice divorced him in Chicago on September 14, 1927 on grounds of infidelity and loss of affection.[16] They had two children: Frances (1919–1992), who married film producer Ray Stark, and William (1921–2008), who became an artist using his mother's surname. Ray Stark later went on to produce a stage musical Funny Girl loosely based on the life of Fanny.[1] Stark also produced a follow-up film Funny Lady.[1]Brice wed lyricist and stage producer Billy Rose in 1929[17] and appeared in his revue Crazy Quilt, among others. Brice sued Rose for divorce in 1938.[18]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fanny_Brice_grave_at_Westwood_Village_Memorial_Park_Cemetery_in_Brentwood,_California.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cedars of Lebanon Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedars_of_Lebanon_Hospital"},{"link_name":"cerebral hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Home of Peace Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_of_Peace_Memorial_Park"},{"link_name":"Westwood Village Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Village_Memorial_Park"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FannyBriceRestingPlace-1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FannyBriceRestingPlace-2-20"}],"text":"Brice's graveSix months after her Big Show appearance, on May 29, 1951, Brice died at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Hollywood from a cerebral hemorrhage at 11:15 am; she was 59.[2] She was interred at Home of Peace Memorial Park but in 1999 her remains were relocated to \nWestwood Village Memorial Park.[19][20]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MyMan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"motion-pictures star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actors_with_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame_motion_picture_stars"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Vine Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_Street"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"State University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"SUNY at Stony Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_at_Stony_Brook"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Maria Elena Saldana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Elena_Saldana"},{"link_name":"La Guereja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Guereja"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"US Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Al Hirschfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Jewish Women's Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Archive"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Cover of sheet music for Brice's \"My Man\"For her contributions to the film and radio industries, Brice was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars. Her motion-pictures star is located at 6415 Hollywood Boulevard, while her radio star is located at 1500 Vine Street.[21]The Stony Brook campus of the State University of New York (SUNY at Stony Brook) had a Fannie Brice Theatre, a 75-seat venue that was used for a variety of performances, including a 1988 production of the musical Hair, staged readings, and a studio classroom space.[22]Mexican comedian Maria Elena Saldana was influenced by Brice and created a character similar to Brice's Baby Snooks, La Guereja.[citation needed]In 1991, the US Postal Service featured Brice on a first-class stamp, the only woman included as part of a \"Comedian Commemorative Issue\", illustrated by Al Hirschfeld.[23]In 2006, Brice was featured in the film Making Trouble-Three Generations of Funny Jewish Women, a tribute to Jewish women comedians produced by the Jewish Women's Archive.[24]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fannie_Brice_in_The_Great_Ziegfeld_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Great Ziegfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Ziegfeld"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon"},{"link_name":"Quentin Quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Quail"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Funny Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"the film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"impresario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario"},{"link_name":"I'd Rather Be Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27d_Rather_Be_Blue"},{"link_name":"Second Hand Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hand_Rose_(song)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Beanie Feldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanie_Feldstein"},{"link_name":"Funny Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Lea Michele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Michele"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Can You Ever Forgive Me?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_You_Ever_Forgive_Me%3F"},{"link_name":"Lee Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Israel"},{"link_name":"Melissa McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Jane Curtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Curtin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive/one-night-2010-OCR-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Brice portrayals","text":"From the trailer for the film The Great Ziegfeld (1936) in which Brice appeared as herselfThe 1946 Warner Bros. cartoon Quentin Quail features a character based on Brice's characterization of Baby Snooks.[25]Barbra Streisand starred as Brice in the 1964 Broadway musical Funny Girl, which centered on Brice's rise to fame and troubled relationship with Arnstein. In 1969, Streisand won an Academy Award for Best Actress for reprising her role in the film version. The 1975 film sequel, Funny Lady, focused on Brice's turbulent relationship with impresario Billy Rose and was as highly fictionalized as the original film. Streisand also recorded the Brice songs \"My Man\" and \"I'd Rather Be Blue Over You (Than Happy with Somebody Else)\"; and \"Second Hand Rose\", which reached Billboard's top 40.[26]Funny Girl, and its sequel Funny Lady, took liberties with the events of Brice's life. They make no mention of Brice's first husband and suggest that Arnstein turned to crime because his pride would not allow him to live off Fanny and that he was wanted by the police for selling phony bonds. In reality, however, Arnstein sponged off Brice even before their marriage, and was eventually named as a member of a gang that stole $5 million worth of Wall Street securities. Instead of turning himself in, as in the movie, Arnstein went into hiding. When he finally surrendered, he did not plead guilty as he did in the movie, but fought the charges, taking a toll on his wife's finances.[27]Beanie Feldstein starred as Brice in the Broadway revival of Funny Girl, which opened in April 2022.[28] Lea Michele replaced Feldstein on September 6, 2022.[29]Though an actress does not portray Brice, her name is mentioned in three scenes of a movie that was successful at the box office and merited two Academy Award nominations: Can You Ever Forgive Me? (2018). The protagonist, Lee Israel, portrayed by Melissa McCarthy, is a biographer who hopes she can get paid to work on a project about Brice's life. Her literary agent Marjorie, portrayed by Jane Curtin, tells her sharply that that is not going to happen. Marjorie shouts at Lee, \"Nobody wants a book about Fanny Brice! There is nothing new or sexy about Fanny Brice! I couldn't get you a ten-dollar advance for a book about Fanny Brice.\"[citation needed]Kimberly Faye Greenberg originated the role of Fanny Brice in \"One Night With Fanny Brice\" Off-Broadway at St. Luke's Theatre, NYC (2011).[30][31] Greenberg has also played Brice in three other shows. These portrayals of Fanny Brice include \"Speakeasy Dollhouse: Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic\" at Broadway's Liberty Theatre, NY (2015);[32]Other recent portrayals of Fanny Brice were in \"Ghostlight\" at the New York Musical Theatre Festival at the Signature Theatre, NYC (2011);[33] and in the solo show \"Fabulous Fanny: The Songs & Stories of Fanny Brice\",[34] which has been touring the United States since 2014 and is streaming on the Stellar Platform.[35]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-508552-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508552-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0253207623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253207623"},{"link_name":"Billboard Magazine, 6 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BB8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA7"}],"text":"Goldman, Herbert, Fanny Brice: The Original Funny Girl, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508552-3.\nGrossman, Barbara W. (1992). Funny Woman (A Midland Book). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253207623.\nBillboard Magazine, 6 1951","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Brice c. 1910s or early 1920s publicity photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FannybriceGlamor.jpg/170px-FannybriceGlamor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brice in the role of Baby Snooks, 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fanny_Brice_Baby_Snooks_1940.JPG/170px-Fanny_Brice_Baby_Snooks_1940.JPG"},{"image_text":"Brice c. late 1910s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/FashionableFannyBrice.jpg/170px-FashionableFannyBrice.jpg"},{"image_text":"Judge Otto Kerner Sr. (left) of the Circuit Court of Cook County granting Brice (center) a divorce decree in September 1927 (Brice's attorney, Benjamin H. Ehrlich, is in the far-right of the photograph)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fanny_Brice_being_granted_divorce_decree_by_Judge_Otto_Kerner_%281%29.jpg/220px-Fanny_Brice_being_granted_divorce_decree_by_Judge_Otto_Kerner_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brice's grave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fanny_Brice_grave_at_Westwood_Village_Memorial_Park_Cemetery_in_Brentwood%2C_California.JPG/220px-Fanny_Brice_grave_at_Westwood_Village_Memorial_Park_Cemetery_in_Brentwood%2C_California.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cover of sheet music for Brice's \"My Man\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/MyMan.jpg"},{"image_text":"From the trailer for the film The Great Ziegfeld (1936) in which Brice appeared as herself","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Fannie_Brice_in_The_Great_Ziegfeld_trailer.jpg/220px-Fannie_Brice_in_The_Great_Ziegfeld_trailer.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Blanche Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_Merrill"},{"title":"List of songs written by Blanche Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_written_by_Blanche_Merrill"},{"title":"Academy of Music/Riviera Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Devereux#225%E2%80%93227_King_St._Academy_of_Music/Riviera_Theatre"},{"title":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}]	[{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 325. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-939-0","url_text":"0-85112-939-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Fanny Brice Dies at the Age of 59\". The New York Times. May 30, 1951. Retrieved October 26, 2014. Fanny Brice, stage and screen comedienne and the Baby Snooks of radio, died at 11:15 am today at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital. Her age was 59. Miss Brice suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage last Thursday morning and was rushed to the hospital from her home in Beverly Hills. She never again regained consciousness, although she was placed in an oxygen tent. ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1029.html","url_text":"\"Fanny Brice Dies at the Age of 59\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Herbert G. Goldman (1992). Fanny Brice. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-0-19-535901-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fannybriceorigin00gold","url_text":"Fanny Brice"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fannybriceorigin00gold/page/7","url_text":"7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535901-5","url_text":"978-0-19-535901-5"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Marc Raymond (2019). Discovering Musicals: A Liberal Arts Guide to Stage and Screen. McFarland. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4766-7450-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U52fDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22fanny%20brice%22%20second%20hand%20rose&pg=PT74","url_text":"Discovering Musicals: A Liberal Arts Guide to Stage and Screen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7450-6","url_text":"978-1-4766-7450-6"}]},{"reference":"\"GRAMMY Hall Of Fame \| Hall of Fame Artists \| GRAMMY.com\". grammy.com. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award","url_text":"\"GRAMMY Hall Of Fame \| Hall of Fame Artists \| GRAMMY.com\""}]},{"reference":"Michele Hilmes (Fall 2005). \"Fanny Brice and the \"Schnooks\" Strategy: Negotiating a Feminine Comic Persona on the Air\" (PDF). A Screen of One's Own.","urls":[{"url":"http://cinema.usc.edu/assets/097/15718.pdf","url_text":"\"Fanny Brice and the \"Schnooks\" Strategy: Negotiating a Feminine Comic Persona on the Air\""}]},{"reference":"\"Let There Be Laughter – Jewish Humor Around the World\". Beit Hatfutsot. March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bh.org.il/blog-items/despite-funny-girl-story-jewish-comic-fanny-brice/","url_text":"\"Let There Be Laughter – Jewish Humor Around the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popsicle Parade of Stars, The (children's comedy-variety)\". Retrieved January 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classicthemes.com/50sTVThemes/themePages/popsicleParadeOfStars.html","url_text":"\"Popsicle Parade of Stars, The (children's comedy-variety)\""}]},{"reference":"Kudler, Adrian Glick (July 18, 2011). \"Fanny Brice's Unrecognizable Holmby Hills House Asking $65 Million\". Curbed LA.","urls":[{"url":"https://la.curbed.com/2011/7/18/10455706/fanny-brices-unrecognizable-holmby-hills-house-asking-65-million","url_text":"\"Fanny Brice's Unrecognizable Holmby Hills House Asking $65 Million\""}]},{"reference":"Donnelly, Marea (July 7, 2018). \"Funny Girl whitewashed Fanny Brice's real life troubles\". The Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/funny-girl-whitewashed-fanny-brices-real-life-troubles/news-story/06a1875131bd1c4266b48c2814010d0f","url_text":"\"Funny Girl whitewashed Fanny Brice's real life troubles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicky' Arnstein Quits Fight Against Prison; Surrenders, With Cohn, for Two Years' Term\". New York Times. May 9, 1924. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/09/104037415.html?pageNumber=1","url_text":"\"Nicky' Arnstein Quits Fight Against Prison; Surrenders, With Cohn, for Two Years' Term\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicky Arnstein Quits Prison Today; Says He Will Return Here After Christmas in Chicago -- Fannie Brice Is Elated\". New York Times. December 22, 1925. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/12/22/104198739.html?pageNumber=12","url_text":"\"Nicky Arnstein Quits Prison Today; Says He Will Return Here After Christmas in Chicago -- Fannie Brice Is Elated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fanny Brice gets Chicago Divorce\". New York Times. September 15, 1927. p. 31.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/09/15/104287979.html?pageNumber=31","url_text":"\"Fanny Brice gets Chicago Divorce\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York City Marriage Index, 1866–1937\". Ancestry.com. New York City Department of Records/Municipal Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/9105/","url_text":"\"New York City Marriage Index, 1866–1937\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Rose Free to Wed Again – And So's Fannie\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 27, 1938.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fanny Brice - Home of Peace Memorial Park\". Retrieved January 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seeing-stars.com/Buried2/HomeOfPeace.shtml","url_text":"\"Fanny Brice - Home of Peace Memorial Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fanny Brice - Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park\". Retrieved January 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seeing-stars.com/Buried2/PierceBros5.shtml/4798","url_text":"\"Fanny Brice - Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood Walk of Fame – Fanny Brice\". walkoffame.com/. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved November 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walkoffame.com/fanny-brice","url_text":"\"Hollywood Walk of Fame – Fanny Brice\""}]},{"reference":"Bridges, Ed (February 13, 1986). \"Free Creativity\" (PDF). The Stony Brook Press. p. 12. Retrieved July 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/bitstream/handle/1951/37632/Stony%20Brook%20Press%20V.%2007,%20N.%2007.PDF","url_text":"\"Free Creativity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fanny Brice\". National Postal Museum. Retrieved July 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/women-on-stamps-part-4-theatre-and-dance-funny-girls-female-comedians/fanny-brice","url_text":"\"Fanny Brice\""}]},{"reference":"Deming, Mark (2012). \"Making Trouble: Three Generations of Funny Jewish Women\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826033126/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/400302/Making-Trouble-Three-Generations-of-Funny-Jewish-Women/overview","url_text":"\"Making Trouble: Three Generations of Funny Jewish Women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/400302/Making-Trouble-Three-Generations-of-Funny-Jewish-Women/overview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rumsey, Spencer (March 8, 2014). \"Fanny Brice: Huntington's Hollywood Star\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.longislandpress.com/2014/03/08/fanny-brice-huntingtons-hollywood-star/","url_text":"\"Fanny Brice: Huntington's Hollywood Star\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Greg (October 6, 2021). \"Jane Lynch To Join Beanie Feldstein In Broadway's 'Funny Girl' Revival; Ramin Karimloo, Jared Grimes Also Cast\". Deadline. Retrieved March 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/10/jane-lynch-funny-girl-broadway-beanie-feldstein-ramin-karimloo-jared-grimes-1234850671/","url_text":"\"Jane Lynch To Join Beanie Feldstein In Broadway's 'Funny Girl' Revival; Ramin Karimloo, Jared Grimes Also Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lea Michele to replace Beanie Feldstein in 'Funny Girl' on Broadway\". EW.com. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/theater/funny-girl-lea-michele-replaces-beanie-feldstein-broadway/","url_text":"\"Lea Michele to replace Beanie Feldstein in 'Funny Girl' on Broadway\""}]},{"reference":"\"One Night With Fanny Brice (Original Cast Recording)\". archive.org. 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/one-night-with-fanny-brice-2010-original-cast","url_text":"\"One Night With Fanny Brice (Original Cast Recording)\""}]},{"reference":"Gans, Andrew (March 16, 2011). \"One Night with Fanny Brice with Kimberly Faye Greenberg\". Playbill. Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://playbill.com/article/one-night-with-fanny-brice-with-kimberly-faye-greenberg-begins-off-broadway-run-march-16-com-177226","url_text":"\"One Night with Fanny Brice with Kimberly Faye Greenberg\""}]},{"reference":"Clement, Olivia (March 5, 2015). \"Times Square Theater Resurrected as Playground for Ziegfeld and the Follies\". Playbill. Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://playbill.com/article/times-squares-liberty-theater-resurrected-as-playground-for-ziegfeld-and-the-follies-com-343364","url_text":"\"Times Square Theater Resurrected as Playground for Ziegfeld and the Follies\""}]},{"reference":"Hetrick, Adam (September 26, 2011). \"Daisy Eagan, Michael Hayden and Rachel York Step into Ghostlight\". Playbill. Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://playbill.com/article/daisy-eagan-michael-hayden-and-rachel-york-step-into-ghostlight-at-nymf-sept-26-com-182943","url_text":"\"Daisy Eagan, Michael Hayden and Rachel York Step into Ghostlight\""}]},{"reference":"Mosher, Stephen (December 4, 2021). \"Review: With Flair and a Flourish Kimberly Faye Greenberg Tells the Tale of FABULOUS FANNY BRICE at the Green Room 42\". Broadway World. Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/cabaret/article/BWW-Review-With-Flair-and-A-Flourish-Kimberly-Faye-Greenberg-Tells-The-Tale-of-FABULOUS-FANNY-BRICE-at-The-Green-Room-42-20211204","url_text":"\"Review: With Flair and a Flourish Kimberly Faye Greenberg Tells the Tale of FABULOUS FANNY BRICE at the Green Room 42\""}]},{"reference":"Tomeo, Marissa (February 19, 2022). \"Stream the FABULOUS FANNY: THE SONGS AND STORIES OF FANNY BRICE on Sunday, February 20th\". Broadway World. Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/cabaret/article/Stream-the-FABULOUS-FANNY-BRICE-THE-SONGS-AND-STORIES-OF-FANNY-BRICE-On-Sunday-February-20th-20220219","url_text":"\"Stream the FABULOUS FANNY: THE SONGS AND STORIES OF FANNY BRICE on Sunday, February 20th\""}]},{"reference":"Grossman, Barbara W. (1992). Funny Woman (A Midland Book). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253207623.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253207623","url_text":"978-0253207623"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1029.html","external_links_name":"\"Fanny Brice Dies at the Age of 59\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fannybriceorigin00gold","external_links_name":"Fanny Brice"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fannybriceorigin00gold/page/7","external_links_name":"7"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U52fDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22fanny%20brice%22%20second%20hand%20rose&pg=PT74","external_links_name":"Discovering Musicals: A Liberal Arts Guide to Stage and Screen"},{"Link":"https://grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award","external_links_name":"\"GRAMMY Hall Of Fame \| Hall of Fame Artists \| GRAMMY.com\""},{"Link":"http://cinema.usc.edu/assets/097/15718.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fanny Brice and the \"Schnooks\" Strategy: Negotiating a Feminine Comic Persona on the Air\""},{"Link":"https://www.bh.org.il/blog-items/despite-funny-girl-story-jewish-comic-fanny-brice/","external_links_name":"\"Let There Be Laughter – Jewish Humor Around the World\""},{"Link":"https://www.classicthemes.com/50sTVThemes/themePages/popsicleParadeOfStars.html","external_links_name":"\"Popsicle Parade of Stars, The (children's comedy-variety)\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/morganbrennan/2013/08/28/luxury-home-rehab-the-story-behind-the-65-million-fanny-brice-estate/","external_links_name":"Luxury Home Rehab: Inside The $65 Million Fanny Brice Estate"},{"Link":"https://la.curbed.com/2011/7/18/10455706/fanny-brices-unrecognizable-holmby-hills-house-asking-65-million","external_links_name":"\"Fanny Brice's Unrecognizable Holmby Hills House Asking $65 Million\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/funny-girl-whitewashed-fanny-brices-real-life-troubles/news-story/06a1875131bd1c4266b48c2814010d0f","external_links_name":"\"Funny Girl whitewashed Fanny Brice's real life troubles\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/09/104037415.html?pageNumber=1","external_links_name":"\"Nicky' Arnstein Quits Fight Against Prison; Surrenders, With Cohn, for Two Years' Term\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/12/22/104198739.html?pageNumber=12","external_links_name":"\"Nicky Arnstein Quits Prison Today; Says He Will Return Here After Christmas in Chicago -- Fannie Brice Is Elated\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/09/15/104287979.html?pageNumber=31","external_links_name":"\"Fanny Brice gets Chicago Divorce\""},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/9105/","external_links_name":"\"New York City Marriage Index, 1866–1937\""},{"Link":"https://www.seeing-stars.com/Buried2/HomeOfPeace.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Fanny Brice - Home of Peace Memorial Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.seeing-stars.com/Buried2/PierceBros5.shtml/4798","external_links_name":"\"Fanny Brice - Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.walkoffame.com/fanny-brice","external_links_name":"\"Hollywood Walk of Fame – Fanny Brice\""},{"Link":"https://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/bitstream/handle/1951/37632/Stony%20Brook%20Press%20V.%2007,%20N.%2007.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Free Creativity\""},{"Link":"https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/women-on-stamps-part-4-theatre-and-dance-funny-girls-female-comedians/fanny-brice","external_links_name":"\"Fanny Brice\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826033126/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/400302/Making-Trouble-Three-Generations-of-Funny-Jewish-Women/overview","external_links_name":"\"Making Trouble: Three Generations of Funny Jewish Women\""},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/400302/Making-Trouble-Three-Generations-of-Funny-Jewish-Women/overview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/284-Quentin-Quail","external_links_name":"Quentin Quail, The Big Cartoon Database"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/barbra-streisand-biggest-billboard-hot-100-hits/","external_links_name":"Billboard Chart Beat 24 April 2017, Barbra Streisand Top 40 Hits \"'Second Hand Rose', No. 32, Feb. 5, 1966\""},{"Link":"https://www.longislandpress.com/2014/03/08/fanny-brice-huntingtons-hollywood-star/","external_links_name":"\"Fanny Brice: Huntington's Hollywood Star\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/10/jane-lynch-funny-girl-broadway-beanie-feldstein-ramin-karimloo-jared-grimes-1234850671/","external_links_name":"\"Jane Lynch To Join Beanie Feldstein In Broadway's 'Funny Girl' Revival; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihiko_Hiramatsu	Morihiko Hiramatsu	["1 Early life","2 Governor of Oita","3 Honours","4 Death","5 References","6 Further reading"]	Japanese politician Morihiko Hiramatsu平松守彦Governor of Ōita PrefectureIn officeApril 1979 – 27 April 2003Succeeded byKatsusada Hirose Personal detailsBorn(1924-03-12)12 March 1924Ōita CityDied21 August 2016(2016-08-21) (aged 92)Alma materUniversity of TokyoProfessionLawyer, politician Morihiko Hiramatsu (平松守彦, Hiramatsu Morihiko, 12 March 1924 – 21 August 2016) was a Japanese politician who was governor of Ōita Prefecture from April 1979 to April 2003. He is best known for initiating the One Village One Product movement in the prefecture, which was later followed by various other countries. Early life Hiramatsu was born in Ōita City and studied in local schools. He served in the Imperial Japanese Navy and later graduated in law from Tokyo University in 1949. He then joined the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) where he worked on various regulations being formed for the emerging Japanese electronics industry. Governor of Oita In 1975, he became vice-governor of Oita Prefecture and then in 1979 was elected as governor. He was re-elected on five consecutive occasions and stayed in the post until 2003. As the governor of Oita Prefecture, Hiramatsu initiated the One Village One Product movement (OVOP) for regional development. Unique productions and specialized human resource development would take place in each village thus boosting the standard of living at the grass root levels. The movement stressed growing through community support rather than government policies and subsidies. In 1979, he launched technological industries in the area, focusing on those needing air cargo services. This boosted foreign investments in the semiconductor and electronics industry. Research and development programs were also set up at Oita University. Other developing countries followed suit. OVOP was largely followed in rural areas of China where agriculture was prominent source of livelihood. China became the first country to adopt Hiramatsu's scheme and various provinces, especially in Jiangsu province where it accelerated economic development. More than 30 countries and regions followed suit after China. Thailand's Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra also initiated a similar program, One Tambon One Product in 2001. In 2014, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed similar project called One Model Village where Members of Parliament would adopt and develop a village of their constituency. To boost the local development in Beppu City, which was experiencing an economic turndown due to fewer tourists in the 1990s, Hiramatsu proposed the establishment of Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University in 2000. The 2002 FIFA World Cup matches were held at Ōita Bank Dome after an active lobbying campaign on his behalf. Hiramatsu supported the reorganization of Japan into states, which would be formed by combining neighbouring prefectures. Honours Hiramatsu received the Philippine Ramon Magsaysay Award in the Government Service category in 1995. He dedicated the award to the people of Oita prefecture who were together working towards regional revitalization. He was made a Knight of the Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau and Commander of the Portuguese Order of Prince Henry in 2001. He was presented with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun in 2004. The Chinese government presented him with the Friendship Award in 2002. In 2009, he was listed in the internet poll of Top 10 International Friends of China organized by the China Radio International for "making exceptional contributions to the country in the past 100 years." Death He died on 21 August 2016, at the age of 92, and his death was announced by his family two days later. References ^ a b c d e "Morihiko Hiramatsu – Citation". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Retrieved 25 August 2016. ^ a b c d e "Former Oita Gov. Morihiko Hiramatsu of 'one village, one product' fame dead at 92". Japan Times Online. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016. ^ Castells, Manuel (2014). Technopoles of the World: The Making of 21st Century Industrial Complexes. Routledge. ISBN 9781317858164. ^ a b Chen Zhe (21 December 2009). "Morihiko Hiramastu, Initiator of 'One Village One Product' Campaign". Crienglish.com. Retrieved 25 August 2016. ^ Subrata Majumder (26 August 2014). "From rural dystopia to model village". Millennium Post. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 24 August 2016. ^ Goh Sui Noi (13 April 2015). "Small cities in Japan reach out to the world". China Post. Retrieved 24 August 2016. ^ "Curriculum Vitae: Morihiko Hiramatsu" (PDF). Burapha University. Retrieved 25 August 2016. ^ "China awards top 10 international friends". China Daily. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2016. Further reading Oita OVOP International Exchange Promotion Committee website Brief resume from Nikkei Net Interactive vteRamon Magsaysay Award recipientsGovernment Service (1958–2008) Cambodia Ek Sonn Chan China Yuan Longping India C.D. Deshmukh J. M. Lyngdoh Indonesia Raden Kodijat Ali Sadikin Japan Morihiko Hiramatsu Hiroshi Kuroki Yukiharu Miki Laos Keo Viphakone Malaysia Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim B. C. Shekhar Pakistan Akhtar Hameed Khan Ibn Abdur Rehman Philippines Jose Vasquez Aguilar Francisca Reyes-Aquino Hilario Davide Jr. Grace Padaca Jesse Robredo Jovito R. Salonga Miriam Defensor Santiago Haydee Yorac Singapore Goh Keng Swee Thailand Anand Panyarachun Chamlong Srimuang Jon Ungphakorn Phon Sangsingkeo Prawase Wasi Puey Ungpakorn Taiwan Shih-chu Hsu Li Kwoh-ting Jiang Menglin Public Service (1958–2008) Burma Tee Tee Luce Ceylon Mary H. Rutnam China Gao Yaojie Jiang Yanyong Liang Congjie Wu Qing India Baba Amte Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Manibhai Desai Jayaprakash Narayan V. Shanta Indonesia H.B. Jassin Teten Masduki Pakistan Ruth Pfau Philippines Pedro Orata Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI) South Korea Kim Sun-tae Park Won-soon Spainbased in Philippines Joaquin Villalonga Thailand Fua Hariphitak Mechai Viravaidya Nilawan Pintong Phra Parnchand Prateep Ungsongtham Hata Sirindhorn Sithiporn Kridakara Sophon Suphapong Therdchai Jivacate Thongbai Thongpao Community Leadership (1958–2008) Bangladesh Tahrunessa Abdullah Fazle Hasan Abed Muhammad Yunus Zafrullah Chowdhury Mohammed Yeasin Angela Gomes Burma Cynthia Maung India Mandakini Amte & Prakash Amte Mabelle Arole & Rajanikant Arole Pandurang Shastri Athavale Chandi Prasad Bhatt Ela Bhatt Vinoba Bhave Aruna Roy Shantha Sinha Rajendra Singh Japan Fusaye Ichikawa Laos Sombath Somphone Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman Nepal Mahabir Pun Philippines Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation Antonio Meloto Thailand Aree Valyasevi Krasae Chanawongse Prayong Ronnarong Tibet 14th Dalai Lama Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008) Bangladesh Matiur Rahman Abdullah Abu Sayeed Burma Edward Michael Law-Yone Ceylonor Sri Lanka Wannakuwatta Amaradeva Tarzie Vittachi India Mahasweta Devi Palagummi Sainath Amitabha Chowdhury Indonesia Atmakusuma Astraatmadja Mochtar Lubis Japan Akira Kurosawa Yasuji Hanamori Michiko Ishimure Akio Ishii Nepal Bharat Koirala Philippines Zacarias Sarian F. Sionil José Lino Brocka Radio Veritas James Reuter Bienvenido Lumbera Nick Joaquin Raul Locsin Eugenia Duran Apostol Sheila Coronel Thailand Prayoon Chanyavongs Great Britainbased in Philippines Robert McCulloch Dick Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008) China Tang Xiyang India Mother Teresa Jockin Arputham Laxminarayan Ramdas Indonesia Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif Japan Ikuo Hirayama Tetsu Nakamura Saburo Okita Seiei Toyama Nepal Sanduk Ruit Pakistan Ibn Abdur Rehman Philippines Operation Brotherhood Summer Institute of Linguistics William Masterson Harold Ray Watson International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Press Foundation of Asia Asian Institute of Management Corazon Aquino South Korea Pomnyun Sunim Thailand Asian Institute of Technology The Royal Project United Statesbased in Thailand Genevieve Caulfield Emergent Leadership (2001–) Burma Ka Hsaw Wa China Chen Guangcheng Cambodia Oung Chanthol India Sanjiv Chaturvedi Arvind Kejriwal Nileema Mishra Sandeep Pandey Indonesia Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto Dita Indah Sari Philippines Benjamin Abadiano South Korea Yoon Hye-ran Sri Lanka Ananda Galappatti East Timor Aniceto Guterres Lopes United Statesbased in Hong Kong Chung To Uncategorized (2009–) Bangladesh Syeda Rizwana Hasan A.H.M. Noman Khan Cambodia Yang Saing Koma Koul Panha China Fu Qiping Huo Daishan Ma Jun Pan Yue Yu Xiaogang India Kulandei Francis Harish Hande Deep Joshi Indonesia Hasanain Juaini Tri Mumpuni Japan Tadatoshi Akiba Philippines Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation, Inc. (AIDFI) Christopher Bernido Ma. Victoria Carpio-Bernido Romulo Davide Antonio Oposa Jr. Taiwan Chen Shu-chu Thailand Krisana Kraisintu Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Japan Korea Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ōita Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"One Village One Product movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Village_One_Product_movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramon-1"}],"text":"Morihiko Hiramatsu (平松守彦, Hiramatsu Morihiko, 12 March 1924 – 21 August 2016) was a Japanese politician who was governor of Ōita Prefecture from April 1979 to April 2003. He is best known for initiating the One Village One Product movement in the prefecture, which was later followed by various other countries.[1]","title":"Morihiko Hiramatsu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ōita City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita,_%C5%8Cita"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Tokyo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_University"},{"link_name":"Ministry of International Trade and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramon-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death-2"}],"text":"Hiramatsu was born in Ōita City and studied in local schools. He served in the Imperial Japanese Navy and later graduated in law from Tokyo University in 1949. He then joined the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) where he worked on various regulations being formed for the emerging Japanese electronics industry.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramon-1"},{"link_name":"One Village One Product movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Village_One_Product_movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramon-1"},{"link_name":"Oita University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oita_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu_province"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-4"},{"link_name":"Thaksin Shinawatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra"},{"link_name":"One Tambon One Product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Tambon_One_Product"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament_(India)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Modi-5"},{"link_name":"Beppu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beppu,_%C5%8Cita"},{"link_name":"Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsumeikan_Asia_Pacific_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2002 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ōita Bank Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Bank_Dome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death-2"}],"text":"In 1975, he became vice-governor of Oita Prefecture and then in 1979 was elected as governor. He was re-elected on five consecutive occasions and stayed in the post until 2003.[1]As the governor of Oita Prefecture, Hiramatsu initiated the One Village One Product movement (OVOP) for regional development.[1] Unique productions and specialized human resource development would take place in each village thus boosting the standard of living at the grass root levels. The movement stressed growing through community support rather than government policies and subsidies. In 1979, he launched technological industries in the area, focusing on those needing air cargo services. This boosted foreign investments in the semiconductor and electronics industry. Research and development programs were also set up at Oita University.[3]Other developing countries followed suit. OVOP was largely followed in rural areas of China where agriculture was prominent source of livelihood. China became the first country to adopt Hiramatsu's scheme and various provinces, especially in Jiangsu province where it accelerated economic development. More than 30 countries and regions followed suit after China.[4] Thailand's Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra also initiated a similar program, One Tambon One Product in 2001. In 2014, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed similar project called One Model Village where Members of Parliament would adopt and develop a village of their constituency.[5]To boost the local development in Beppu City, which was experiencing an economic turndown due to fewer tourists in the 1990s, Hiramatsu proposed the establishment of Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University in 2000.[6] The 2002 FIFA World Cup matches were held at Ōita Bank Dome after an active lobbying campaign on his behalf.[2] Hiramatsu supported the reorganization of Japan into states, which would be formed by combining neighbouring prefectures.[2]","title":"Governor of Oita"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramon-1"},{"link_name":"Order of Orange-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"link_name":"Order of Prince Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death-2"},{"link_name":"Friendship Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_Award_(China)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-4"},{"link_name":"China Radio International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Radio_International"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Hiramatsu received the Philippine Ramon Magsaysay Award in the Government Service category in 1995. He dedicated the award to the people of Oita prefecture who were together working towards regional revitalization.[1] He was made a Knight of the Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau and Commander of the Portuguese Order of Prince Henry in 2001.[7] He was presented with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun in 2004.[2]The Chinese government presented him with the Friendship Award in 2002.[4] In 2009, he was listed in the internet poll of Top 10 International Friends of China organized by the China Radio International for \"making exceptional contributions to the country in the past 100 years.\"[8]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death-2"}],"text":"He died on 21 August 2016, at the age of 92, and his death was announced by his family two days later.[2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oita OVOP International Exchange Promotion Committee website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ovop.jp/en/index.html"},{"link_name":"Brief resume from Nikkei Net Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060527183253/http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/NIKKEI/inasia/future/2002/2002pro_hiramatsu.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ramon_Magsaysay_Award_Winners"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ramon_Magsaysay_Award_Winners"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramon_Magsaysay_Award_Winners"},{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramon_Magsaysay_Award_winners"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yuan Longping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Longping"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"C.D. 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Shekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._C._Shekhar"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Akhtar Hameed Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtar_Hameed_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abdur Rehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abdur_Rehman"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Hilario Davide Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr."},{"link_name":"Grace Padaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Padaca"},{"link_name":"Jesse Robredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Robredo"},{"link_name":"Jovito R. 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Gomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Gomes"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Maung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Maung"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Prakash Amte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Amte"},{"link_name":"Mabelle Arole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabelle_Arole"},{"link_name":"Rajanikant Arole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajanikant_Arole"},{"link_name":"Pandurang Shastri Athavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale"},{"link_name":"Chandi Prasad Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandi_Prasad_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Ela Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ela_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Vinoba Bhave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave"},{"link_name":"Aruna Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruna_Roy"},{"link_name":"Shantha Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantha_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Rajendra Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Singh"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Fusaye Ichikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusaye_Ichikawa"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Sombath Somphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombath_Somphone"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Tunku Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Mahabir Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabir_Pun"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawad_Kalinga_Community_Development_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Krasae Chanawongse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasae_Chanawongse"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"14th Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Matiur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiur_Rahman_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Abu Sayeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Abu_Sayeed"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Edward Michael Law-Yone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Michael_Law-Yone"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Wannakuwatta Amaradeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannakuwatta_Amaradeva"},{"link_name":"Tarzie Vittachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzie_Vittachi"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mahasweta Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasweta_Devi"},{"link_name":"Palagummi Sainath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palagummi_Sainath"},{"link_name":"Amitabha Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Mochtar Lubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochtar_Lubis"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Akira Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Michiko Ishimure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiko_Ishimure"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Bharat Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Zacarias Sarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacarias_Sarian"},{"link_name":"F. Sionil José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Sionil_Jos%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Lino Brocka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino_Brocka"},{"link_name":"Radio Veritas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Veritas"},{"link_name":"James Reuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Reuter"},{"link_name":"Bienvenido Lumbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienvenido_Lumbera"},{"link_name":"Nick Joaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Joaquin"},{"link_name":"Eugenia Duran Apostol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Duran_Apostol"},{"link_name":"Sheila Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Coronel"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Prayoon Chanyavongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayoon_Chanyavongs"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Tang Xiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Xiyang"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mother Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa"},{"link_name":"Jockin Arputham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockin_Arputham"},{"link_name":"Laxminarayan Ramdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxminarayan_Ramdas"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Syafi%27i_Maarif"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Ikuo Hirayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikuo_Hirayama"},{"link_name":"Tetsu Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsu_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Saburo Okita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saburo_Okita"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Sanduk Ruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanduk_Ruit"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abdur Rehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abdur_Rehman"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Summer Institute of Linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Institute_of_Linguistics"},{"link_name":"William Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Masterson"},{"link_name":"Harold Ray Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ray_Watson"},{"link_name":"International Institute of Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Rural_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"Press Foundation of Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Foundation_of_Asia"},{"link_name":"Asian Institute of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Institute_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Corazon Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Pomnyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomnyun"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Asian Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"The Royal Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Project_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Genevieve Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Ka Hsaw Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_Hsaw_Wa"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Chen Guangcheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Guangcheng"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Oung Chanthol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oung_Chanthol"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sanjiv Chaturvedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjiv_Chaturvedi"},{"link_name":"Arvind Kejriwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwal"},{"link_name":"Nileema Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nileema_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Sandeep Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandeep_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Dita Indah Sari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dita_Indah_Sari"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Abadiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Abadiano"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Aniceto Guterres Lopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniceto_Guterres_Lopes"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Chung To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_To"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Syeda Rizwana Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizwana_Hasan"},{"link_name":"A.H.M. Noman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.H.M._Noman_Khan"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Ma Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Jun_(environmentalist)"},{"link_name":"Pan Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Yue_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Yu Xiaogang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Xiaogang"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Harish Hande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harish_Hande"},{"link_name":"Deep Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Tadatoshi Akiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadatoshi_Akiba"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Chen Shu-chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shu-chu"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Krisana Kraisintu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisana_Kraisintu"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6912213#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1966681/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000081104506"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/30937511"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfxd9d6YtCMV9bCDMDTHC"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/133125831"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84092138"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00010891"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199632367"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01231869?l=en"}],"text":"Oita OVOP International Exchange Promotion Committee website\nBrief resume from Nikkei Net InteractivevteRamon Magsaysay Award recipientsGovernment Service (1958–2008) Cambodia\nEk Sonn Chan\n China\nYuan Longping\n India\nC.D. Deshmukh\nJ. M. Lyngdoh\n Indonesia\nRaden Kodijat\nAli Sadikin\n Japan\nMorihiko Hiramatsu\nHiroshi Kuroki\nYukiharu Miki\n Laos\nKeo Viphakone\n Malaysia\nMohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim\nB. C. Shekhar\n Pakistan\nAkhtar Hameed Khan\nIbn Abdur Rehman\n Philippines\nJose Vasquez Aguilar\nFrancisca Reyes-Aquino\nHilario Davide Jr.\nGrace Padaca\nJesse Robredo\nJovito R. Salonga\nMiriam Defensor Santiago\nHaydee Yorac\n Singapore\nGoh Keng Swee\n Thailand\nAnand Panyarachun\nChamlong Srimuang\nJon Ungphakorn\nPhon Sangsingkeo\nPrawase Wasi\nPuey Ungpakorn\n Taiwan\nShih-chu Hsu\nLi Kwoh-ting\nJiang Menglin\nPublic Service (1958–2008) Burma\nTee Tee Luce\n Ceylon\nMary H. Rutnam\n China\nGao Yaojie\nJiang Yanyong\nLiang Congjie\nWu Qing\n India\nBaba Amte\nBanoo Jehangir Coyaji\nManibhai Desai\nJayaprakash Narayan\nV. Shanta\n Indonesia\nH.B. Jassin\nTeten Masduki\n Pakistan\nRuth Pfau\n Philippines\nPedro Orata\nCenter for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI)\n South Korea\nKim Sun-tae\nPark Won-soon\n Spainbased in Philippines\nJoaquin Villalonga\n Thailand\nFua Hariphitak\nMechai Viravaidya\nNilawan Pintong\nPhra Parnchand\nPrateep Ungsongtham Hata\nSirindhorn\nSithiporn Kridakara\nSophon Suphapong\nTherdchai Jivacate\nThongbai Thongpao\nCommunity Leadership (1958–2008) Bangladesh\nTahrunessa Abdullah\nFazle Hasan Abed\nMuhammad Yunus\nZafrullah Chowdhury\nMohammed Yeasin\nAngela Gomes\n Burma\nCynthia Maung\n India\nMandakini Amte & Prakash Amte\nMabelle Arole & Rajanikant Arole\nPandurang Shastri Athavale\nChandi Prasad Bhatt\nEla Bhatt\nVinoba Bhave\nAruna Roy\nShantha Sinha\nRajendra Singh\n Japan\nFusaye Ichikawa\n Laos\nSombath Somphone\n Malaysia\nTunku Abdul Rahman\n Nepal\nMahabir Pun\n Philippines\nGawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation\nAntonio Meloto\n Thailand\nAree Valyasevi\nKrasae Chanawongse\nPrayong Ronnarong\n Tibet\n14th Dalai Lama\nJournalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008) Bangladesh\nMatiur Rahman\nAbdullah Abu Sayeed\n Burma\nEdward Michael Law-Yone\n Ceylonor Sri Lanka\nWannakuwatta Amaradeva\nTarzie Vittachi\n India\nMahasweta Devi\nPalagummi Sainath\nAmitabha Chowdhury\n Indonesia\nAtmakusuma Astraatmadja\nMochtar Lubis\n Japan\nAkira Kurosawa\nYasuji Hanamori\nMichiko Ishimure\nAkio Ishii\n Nepal\nBharat Koirala\n Philippines\nZacarias Sarian\nF. Sionil José\nLino Brocka\nRadio Veritas\nJames Reuter\nBienvenido Lumbera\nNick Joaquin\nRaul Locsin\nEugenia Duran Apostol\nSheila Coronel\n Thailand\nPrayoon Chanyavongs\n Great Britainbased in Philippines\nRobert McCulloch Dick\nPeace and International Understanding (1958–2008) China\nTang Xiyang\n India\nMother Teresa\nJockin Arputham\nLaxminarayan Ramdas\n Indonesia\nAhmad Syafi'i Maarif\n Japan\nIkuo Hirayama\nTetsu Nakamura\nSaburo Okita\nSeiei Toyama\n Nepal\nSanduk Ruit\n Pakistan\nIbn Abdur Rehman\n Philippines\nOperation Brotherhood\nSummer Institute of Linguistics\nWilliam Masterson\nHarold Ray Watson\nInternational Institute of Rural Reconstruction\nPress Foundation of Asia\nAsian Institute of Management\nCorazon Aquino\n South Korea\nPomnyun Sunim\n Thailand\nAsian Institute of Technology\nThe Royal Project\n United Statesbased in Thailand\nGenevieve Caulfield\nEmergent Leadership (2001–) Burma\nKa Hsaw Wa\n China\nChen Guangcheng\n Cambodia\nOung Chanthol\n India\nSanjiv Chaturvedi\nArvind Kejriwal\nNileema Mishra\nSandeep Pandey\n Indonesia\nAmbrosius Ruwindrijarto\nDita Indah Sari\n Philippines\nBenjamin Abadiano\n South Korea\nYoon Hye-ran\n Sri Lanka\nAnanda Galappatti\n East Timor\nAniceto Guterres Lopes\n United Statesbased in Hong Kong\nChung To\nUncategorized (2009–) Bangladesh\nSyeda Rizwana Hasan\nA.H.M. Noman Khan\n Cambodia\nYang Saing Koma\nKoul Panha\n China\nFu Qiping\nHuo Daishan\nMa Jun\nPan Yue\nYu Xiaogang\n India\nKulandei Francis\nHarish Hande\nDeep Joshi\n Indonesia\nHasanain Juaini\nTri Mumpuni\n Japan\nTadatoshi Akiba\n Philippines\nAlternative Indigenous Development Foundation, Inc. (AIDFI)\nChristopher Bernido\nMa. Victoria Carpio-Bernido\nRomulo Davide\nAntonio Oposa Jr.\n Taiwan\nChen Shu-chu\n Thailand\nKrisana KraisintuAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nJapan\nKorea\nAcademics\nCiNii","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Morihiko Hiramatsu – Citation\". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Retrieved 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rmaward.asia/awardees/hiramatsu-morihiko/","url_text":"\"Morihiko Hiramatsu – Citation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Oita Gov. Morihiko Hiramatsu of 'one village, one product' fame dead at 92\". Japan Times Online. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/23/national/politics-diplomacy/ex-oita-gov-hiramatsu-one-village-one-product-fame-dead-92/","url_text":"\"Former Oita Gov. Morihiko Hiramatsu of 'one village, one product' fame dead at 92\""}]},{"reference":"Castells, Manuel (2014). Technopoles of the World: The Making of 21st Century Industrial Complexes. Routledge. ISBN 9781317858164.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hyWsAgAAQBAJ&q=Morihiko+Hiramatsu&pg=PT129","url_text":"Technopoles of the World: The Making of 21st Century Industrial Complexes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317858164","url_text":"9781317858164"}]},{"reference":"Chen Zhe (21 December 2009). \"Morihiko Hiramastu, Initiator of 'One Village One Product' Campaign\". Crienglish.com. Retrieved 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.cri.cn/4406/2009/12/21/1701s536906.htm","url_text":"\"Morihiko Hiramastu, Initiator of 'One Village One Product' Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Subrata Majumder (26 August 2014). \"From rural dystopia to model village\". Millennium Post. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 24 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160911122245/http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=66821","url_text":"\"From rural dystopia to model village\""},{"url":"http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=66821","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goh Sui Noi (13 April 2015). \"Small cities in Japan reach out to the world\". China Post. Retrieved 24 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/japan/2015/04/13/433489/Small-cities.htm","url_text":"\"Small cities in Japan reach out to the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curriculum Vitae: Morihiko Hiramatsu\" (PDF). Burapha University. Retrieved 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ex-mba.buu.ac.th/japan/CV.Hiramatsu%5B1%5D.pdf","url_text":"\"Curriculum Vitae: Morihiko Hiramatsu\""}]},{"reference":"\"China awards top 10 international friends\". China Daily. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-12/09/content_9150628.htm","url_text":"\"China awards top 10 international friends\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rmaward.asia/awardees/hiramatsu-morihiko/","external_links_name":"\"Morihiko Hiramatsu – Citation\""},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/23/national/politics-diplomacy/ex-oita-gov-hiramatsu-one-village-one-product-fame-dead-92/","external_links_name":"\"Former Oita Gov. Morihiko Hiramatsu of 'one village, one product' fame dead at 92\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hyWsAgAAQBAJ&q=Morihiko+Hiramatsu&pg=PT129","external_links_name":"Technopoles of the World: The Making of 21st Century Industrial Complexes"},{"Link":"http://english.cri.cn/4406/2009/12/21/1701s536906.htm","external_links_name":"\"Morihiko Hiramastu, Initiator of 'One Village One Product' Campaign\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160911122245/http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=66821","external_links_name":"\"From rural dystopia to model village\""},{"Link":"http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=66821","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/japan/2015/04/13/433489/Small-cities.htm","external_links_name":"\"Small cities in Japan reach out to the world\""},{"Link":"http://www.ex-mba.buu.ac.th/japan/CV.Hiramatsu%5B1%5D.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Curriculum Vitae: Morihiko Hiramatsu\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-12/09/content_9150628.htm","external_links_name":"\"China awards top 10 international friends\""},{"Link":"http://www.ovop.jp/en/index.html","external_links_name":"Oita OVOP International Exchange Promotion Committee website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060527183253/http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/NIKKEI/inasia/future/2002/2002pro_hiramatsu.html","external_links_name":"Brief resume from Nikkei Net Interactive"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1966681/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081104506","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30937511","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfxd9d6YtCMV9bCDMDTHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/133125831","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84092138","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00010891","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199632367","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01231869?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba-Zaba	Abba-Zaba	["1 History","2 In popular culture","3 References","4 Other sources","5 External links"]	Candy bar This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Abba-Zaba" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Abba-Zaba bar An Abba-Zaba split Abba-Zaba is a taffy candy bar with peanut butter center, made by the Annabelle Candy Company in Hayward, California. History According to the Candy Wrapper Museum, the first Abba Zaba bars were manufactured in 1922 by Colby and McDermott. Before Annabelle Candy Co. started manufacturing Abba-Zaba, the packaging featured racist imagery. Annabelle Candy Co. will only say that the wrapper has been the same for as long as they have manufactured the candy. The bar was later manufactured by the Cardinet Candy Co. along with U-No Bar. Annabelle Candy purchased the Cardinet Candy Co. in 1978. Annabelle now manufactures both candy bars in addition to others. Abba-Zaba bars can be found almost exclusively west of the Rockies. The wrapper features a yellow and black checkerboard "taxi" pattern. They can be purchased in bulk on the web. They can also be found in candy specialty stores anywhere in the US and Canada. Recently Annabelle has produced a new Abba-Zaba that has an apple flavored taffy. There is also a new bar that contains chocolate spread instead of peanut butter. Abba-Zaba bars are kosher pareve. In popular culture This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Music The bar was a favorite of rock musician Don Van Vliet, who is best known by his stage name Captain Beefheart. He used the bar's name as a song title on his album Safe as Milk in 1967. Artwork on the rear album sleeve also features a black and yellow checkerboard pattern inspired by the Abba-Zaba wrapper. Abba-Zaba is mentioned, along with Almond Joy in the Tom Waits song "Chocolate Jesus" that appeared on his album Mule Variations. Fenix TX included a song entitled "Abba Zabba" on their 2001 second album Lechuza. Film Abba-Zaba bars are featured prominently in the 1998 Dave Chappelle comedy film Half Baked. Celebrities Actor John Wayne had a sweet tooth and Abba-Zaba bars were his favorite candy. Actress and TV host Tiffani Thiessen counts the candy bars among her favorite snacks on set while filming episodes of Saved By the Bell. References ^ The Candy Wrapper Museum. The Candy Wrapper Museum. Retrieved on 2014-03-30. ^ "Photo". redesignblog.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ "Home Sweets Home: The USA's Tastiest Regional Candies \| Frommer's". www.frommers.com. Retrieved 2022-01-26. ^ "Annabelle adds Apple Abba-Zaba". Professional Candy Buyer. 13 (3): 104–105. 2005-05-01. ^ "Vassallo Interviews: John Wayne's Granddaughter Anita Swift Shares Memories". hottytoddy.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016. ^ "Tiffani Thiessen still indulges in her favorite '80s snacks: 'I was an Abba-Zaba or Hot Tamales girl': The 48-year-old actress dishes on her epic Thanksgiving dinner fail and why she'd love to have dinner with Princess Diana". Yahoo!Life. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022. Other sources Pacyniak, Bernard (September 2004). "Sweet on Annabelle". Candy Industry Magazine. 169 (9): 18–25. ISSN 0745-1032. External links Annabellecandy.com - Official website Candy Wrapper Museum - Earliest known Abba-Zaba box and wrapper	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abba-Zaba-Wrapper-Small.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abba-Zaba-Split.jpg"},{"link_name":"taffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taffy_(candy)"},{"link_name":"candy bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_bar"},{"link_name":"peanut butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butter"},{"link_name":"Annabelle Candy Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabelle_Candy_Company"},{"link_name":"Hayward, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward,_California"}],"text":"Abba-Zaba barAn Abba-Zaba splitAbba-Zaba is a taffy candy bar with peanut butter center, made by the Annabelle Candy Company in Hayward, California.","title":"Abba-Zaba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"U-No Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-No_Bar"},{"link_name":"west of the Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"kosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_foods"},{"link_name":"pareve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareve"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"According to the Candy Wrapper Museum, the first Abba Zaba bars were manufactured in 1922 by Colby and McDermott.[1] Before Annabelle Candy Co. started manufacturing Abba-Zaba, the packaging featured racist imagery.[2] Annabelle Candy Co. will only say that the wrapper has been the same for as long as they have manufactured the candy.[citation needed] The bar was later manufactured by the Cardinet Candy Co. along with U-No Bar. Annabelle Candy purchased the Cardinet Candy Co. in 1978. Annabelle now manufactures both candy bars in addition to others.Abba-Zaba bars can be found almost exclusively west of the Rockies.[3] The wrapper features a yellow and black checkerboard \"taxi\" pattern. They can be purchased in bulk on the web. They can also be found in candy specialty stores anywhere in the US and Canada.[citation needed]Recently[when?] Annabelle has produced a new Abba-Zaba that has an apple flavored taffy.[4] There is also a new bar that contains chocolate spread instead of peanut butter.[citation needed]Abba-Zaba bars are kosher pareve.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_musician"},{"link_name":"Captain Beefheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Beefheart"},{"link_name":"Safe as Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_as_Milk"},{"link_name":"Almond Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_Joy"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Mule Variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_Variations"},{"link_name":"Fenix TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenix_TX"},{"link_name":"Lechuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechuza_(album)"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_film"},{"link_name":"Dave Chappelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Chappelle"},{"link_name":"Half Baked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Baked_(film)"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vassallo_Interviews:_John_Wayne%E2%80%99s_Granddaughter_Anita_Swift_Shares_Memories-5"},{"link_name":"Tiffani Thiessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffani_Thiessen"},{"link_name":"Saved By the Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_By_the_Bell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiffani_Thiessen_still_indulges_in_her_favorite_'80s_snacks:_'I_was_an_Abba-Zaba_or_Hot_Tamales_girl'-6"}],"text":"MusicThe bar was a favorite of rock musician Don Van Vliet, who is best known by his stage name Captain Beefheart. He used the bar's name as a song title on his album Safe as Milk in 1967. Artwork on the rear album sleeve also features a black and yellow checkerboard pattern inspired by the Abba-Zaba wrapper.\nAbba-Zaba is mentioned, along with Almond Joy in the Tom Waits song \"Chocolate Jesus\" that appeared on his album Mule Variations.\nFenix TX included a song entitled \"Abba Zabba\" on their 2001 second album Lechuza.FilmAbba-Zaba bars are featured prominently in the 1998 Dave Chappelle comedy film Half Baked.CelebritiesActor John Wayne had a sweet tooth and Abba-Zaba bars were his favorite candy.[5]\nActress and TV host Tiffani Thiessen counts the candy bars among her favorite snacks on set while filming episodes of Saved By the Bell.[6]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candy Industry Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candy_Industry_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0745-1032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0745-1032"}],"text":"Pacyniak, Bernard (September 2004). \"Sweet on Annabelle\". Candy Industry Magazine. 169 (9): 18–25. ISSN 0745-1032.","title":"Other sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Abba-Zaba bar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Abba-Zaba-Wrapper-Small.jpg/300px-Abba-Zaba-Wrapper-Small.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Abba-Zaba split","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Abba-Zaba-Split.jpg/290px-Abba-Zaba-Split.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Photo\". redesignblog.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://redesignblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/cx_abba_zaba_box_sm.jpg","url_text":"\"Photo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Sweets Home: The USA's Tastiest Regional Candies \| Frommer's\". www.frommers.com. Retrieved 2022-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frommers.com/slideshows/848422-home-sweets-home-the-usa-s-tastiest-regional-candies","url_text":"\"Home Sweets Home: The USA's Tastiest Regional Candies \| Frommer's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annabelle adds Apple Abba-Zaba\". Professional Candy Buyer. 13 (3): 104–105. 2005-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10901914&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA133680637&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs","url_text":"\"Annabelle adds Apple Abba-Zaba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vassallo Interviews: John Wayne's Granddaughter Anita Swift Shares Memories\". hottytoddy.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hottytoddy.com/2015/07/31/vassallo-interviews-john-waynes-granddaughter-anita-swift-shares-memories/","url_text":"\"Vassallo Interviews: John Wayne's Granddaughter Anita Swift Shares Memories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tiffani Thiessen still indulges in her favorite '80s snacks: 'I was an Abba-Zaba or Hot Tamales girl': The 48-year-old actress dishes on her epic Thanksgiving dinner fail and why she'd love to have dinner with Princess Diana\". Yahoo!Life. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/tiffani-thiessen-favorite-80s-snack-foods-202821267.html","url_text":"\"Tiffani Thiessen still indulges in her favorite '80s snacks: 'I was an Abba-Zaba or Hot Tamales girl': The 48-year-old actress dishes on her epic Thanksgiving dinner fail and why she'd love to have dinner with Princess Diana\""}]},{"reference":"Pacyniak, Bernard (September 2004). \"Sweet on Annabelle\". Candy Industry Magazine. 169 (9): 18–25. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caihua	Caihua	["1 History","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Traditional Chinese art You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (January 2022) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|zh\|彩畫}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. CaihuaCaihua of the Forbidden CityTraditional Chinese彩畫Simplified Chinese彩画Literal meaning"Colour-painting"TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyincǎihuàIPA Caihua (Chinese: 彩畫; pinyin: cǎihuà), or "colour painting", is the traditional Chinese decorative painting or polychrome used for architecture and one of the most notable and important features of historical Chinese architecture. It held a significant artistic and practical role within the development of East-Asian architecture, as Caihua served not only decoration but also protection of the predominantly wooden architecture from various seasonal elements and hid the imperfections of the wood itself. The use of different colours or paintings would be according to the particular building functions and local regional customs, as well as historical periods. The choice of colours and symbology are based on traditional Chinese philosophies of the Five Elements and other ritualistic principles. The Caihua is often separated into three layer structures; timber or lacquer layer, plaster layer, and pigment layer. History This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2022) The origins of Caihua can be traced back to the Zhou dynasty, as the Zuo Zhuan and Guliang Zhuan detailed: “秋，丹桓宮楹。禮，天子、諸侯黝堊，大夫倉，士黈，丹楹，非禮也。 (the duke painted red the pillars of Huan's temple. According to rule, King and royalty use dark and white, gentry use white, yeoman use yellow. Red pillars are against etiquette.) The Rites of Zhou similarly records a ritualistic usage of motifs and colour, based on each respective aspects' corresponding symbolic value. Gallery Painted elements can be seen on Han dynasty pottery tower. Painted elements can be seen on Han dynasty pottery tower. Example of Tang dynasty decorative motifs, from mural of Mogao Caves. Example of Tang dynasty decorative motifs on architecture, from mural of Mogao Caves. Recreation of Tang dynasty caihua architectural decorations. Recreation of Tang dynasty caihua architectural decorations. Tang dynasty sancai model of a building. Song Dynasty "Wucai Caihua" (Five Coloured Painting)-dougong decorations guide as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi Song Dynasty "Danfen Caihua" (Red and White)-dougong decorations guide as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi. Song Dynasty "Qinglü" (Blue and Green)-decorations guide as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi. Song Dynasty "Jielü Caihua" (Open Green)-decorations guide as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi. Song Dynasty ruyi-decorations on beams guide from the Yingzao Fashi. Song Dynasty ruyi-decorations on beams guide from the Yingzao Fashi. Song Dynasty pillar decorations guide from the Yingzao Fashi. Song Dynasty decorations used in between dougong-brackets guide from the Yingzao Fashi. Buddhist decorations of Ten-Thousand Buddha Hall of Zhenguo Temple, Five Dynasties period. Decorations on Liao dynasty Geyuan Temple. Caihua found on Jinci temple, Song Dynasty. Frescos of Song Silang's Tomb, Northern Song Dynasty. Frescos of Song Silang's Tomb, Northern Song Dynasty. Weathered decorations on Yuanmiao Temple (Putian) dougong. Originally Song dynasty construction. Jin dynasty Jingtu Temple of Shanxi. Datong Confucian temple inner hall decorations. Ming dynasty decorations on Hall of Amitābha at Longxing Temple. Ming dynasty decorations on Jialan Hall at Foguang Temple. Ming dynasty decorations on Hall of Amitābha at Longxing Temple. Ming dynasty decorations on Hall of Amitābha at Longxing Temple. Xuanzi-style decorative design on the Beijing Dongyue Temple Caihua found on the Gate of Heavenly Purity of the Forbidden City Hexi-style decorative design on the Imperial Palace gate of the Forbidden City Underside decorations of Qin'an Hall of the Forbidden City Decorations on support beams inside a palace of the Forbidden City. Datong Guandi temple. Decorations on Summer Palace pavilion Magong Chenghuang Temple decorations, Taiwan. Painted mural depicting an event from Journey to the West on the Long Corridor from Qing Dynasty Summer Palace Caihua-decorations of Pavilion of Prince Teng, inspired by Song dynasty Yingzao Fashi decorations. Caihua-decorations of Pavilion of Prince Teng, inspired by Song dynasty Yingzao Fashi decorations. Caihua-decorations of Pavilion of Prince Teng, inspired by Song dynasty Yingzao Fashi decorations. See also Hexi Caihua Ancient Chinese wooden architecture Chinese architecture Yingzao Fashi Architecture of the Song Dynasty Dancheong References ^ 孙大章 (1991). 中国古代建筑彩画 (in Chinese). 建筑工业出版社. ISBN 7-112-07328-6. ^ 赵双成 (2006). 中国建筑彩画图案 (in Chinese). 天津大学出版社. ISBN 978-7561822494. ^ 刘敦桢 (Liu Dunzhen) (1991). 中国古代建筑史 (2 ed.). 中国建筑工业出版社; 第2版 (China Architecture Building Press). ISBN 9787112019298. ^ Flags, color, and the legal narrative : public memory, identity, and critique. Anne Wagner, Sarah Marusek. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 2021. p. 129. ISBN 978-3-030-32865-8. OCLC 1253353500.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ 穀梁子. 春秋穀梁傳 . Vol. 莊公, 二十三年 – via Wikisource. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caihua. (in Chinese) http://www.gd.gov.cn/zjgd/lnwh/fywh/ctms/content/post_108920.html	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"polychrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychrome"},{"link_name":"Chinese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture"},{"link_name":"Five Elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Caihua (Chinese: 彩畫; pinyin: cǎihuà), or \"colour painting\", is the traditional Chinese decorative painting or polychrome used for architecture and one of the most notable and important features of historical Chinese architecture. It held a significant artistic and practical role within the development of East-Asian architecture, as Caihua served not only decoration but also protection of the predominantly wooden architecture from various seasonal elements and hid the imperfections of the wood itself. The use of different colours or paintings would be according to the particular building functions and local regional customs, as well as historical periods. The choice of colours and symbology are based on traditional Chinese philosophies of the Five Elements and other ritualistic principles.\n[1][2]\nThe Caihua is often separated into three layer structures; timber or lacquer layer, plaster layer, and pigment layer.[citation needed]","title":"Caihua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhou dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Zuo Zhuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan"},{"link_name":"Guliang Zhuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guliang_Zhuan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rites of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou"}],"text":"The origins of Caihua can be traced back to the Zhou dynasty,[3][4] as the Zuo Zhuan and Guliang Zhuan detailed:“秋，丹桓宮楹。禮，天子、諸侯黝堊，大夫倉，士黈，丹楹，非禮也。[5]\n(the duke painted red the pillars of [duke] Huan's temple. According to rule, King and royalty use dark and white, gentry use white, yeoman use yellow. Red pillars are against etiquette.)The Rites of Zhou similarly records a ritualistic usage of motifs and colour, based on each respective aspects' corresponding symbolic value.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expo_2010_Henan_Exhibit,_China_Pavilion_-_Han_Pottery_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Han_Pottery_Tower_1_(better_image).jpg"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavilion_%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C361%E7%AA%9F%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB%E5%8D%97%E5%A3%81%E4%B8%9C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mogao Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8E%AB%E9%AB%98%E7%AA%9F158%E7%AA%9F%E4%B8%9C%E5%A3%81%E9%97%A8%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A6%E4%BE%A7.png"},{"link_name":"Mogao Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E7%B4%8B%E6%A7%98%E3%80%81%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%94%90%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%AE%E7%B4%8B%E6%A7%98%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E8%B2%B0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8E%EF%BC%93.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E7%B4%8B%E6%A7%98%E3%80%81%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%94%90%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%AE%E7%B4%8B%E6%A7%98%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E8%B2%B0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8E%EF%BC%98.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tang_Sancai_Courtyard_Model_(9948341426).jpg"},{"link_name":"sancai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%BA%94%E5%BD%A9%E9%81%8D%E8%A3%85%E6%96%97%E6%8B%B1.JPG"},{"link_name":"dougong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougong"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%B8%B9%E7%B2%89%E5%88%B7%E9%A5%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"dougong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougong"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%9D%92%E7%BB%BF%E5%8F%A0%E6%99%95%E6%A3%B1%E9%97%B4%E8%A3%85.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%A7%A3%E7%BB%BF%E8%A3%85.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%94_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%94_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%94_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%94_23.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pingyao_Zhenguo_Si_2013.08.26_15-47-58.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhenguo Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenguo_Temple"},{"link_name":"Five Dynasties period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geyuan_Temple_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Liao dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%99%8B%E7%A5%A0%E6%B0%B4%E9%95%9C%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%BB.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Song_Silang%27s_Tomb_Fresco,_Northern_Song_Dynasty,_Luoyang.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Song_Fresco_Tomb_of_Song_Silang_07.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E5%85%83%E5%A6%99%E8%A7%82%E4%B8%89%E6%B8%85%E6%AE%BF%E6%96%97%E6%8B%B1%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E5%8E%9F%E6%9E%84%EF%BC%89.JPG"},{"link_name":"Yuanmiao Temple (Putian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanmiao_Temple_(Putian)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%BA%94%E5%8E%BF%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA2020_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datong_Wenmiao_2013.08.29_11-41-52.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-56-13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Longxing Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longxing_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wutai_Foguang_Si_2013.08.28_10-46-32.jpg"},{"link_name":"Foguang Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foguang_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-59-16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Longxing Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longxing_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-57-18.jpg"},{"link_name":"Longxing Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longxing_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tempera_design_in_Beijing_Dongyue_Temple.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E4%B9%BE%E6%B8%85%E9%97%A8%E6%A4%BD%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%87%E5%AF%BF%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%BB.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gate of Heavenly Purity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_of_Heavenly_Purity"},{"link_name":"Forbidden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_color_decorative_painting.JPG"},{"link_name":"Forbidden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%89%E6%AE%BF%E6%A4%BD%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%BB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Forbidden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interlocking_wooden_brackets.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datong_Guandi_Miao_2013.08.29_10-56-34.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guandi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirror_Bridge_IMG_0392.jpg"},{"link_name":"Summer Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%AA%BD%E5%AE%AE%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F-%E5%B1%B1%E9%96%80%E6%96%97%E6%8B%B1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magong Chenghuang Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magong_Chenghuang_Temple"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bai_Gu_Jing_at_Long_Corridor_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Journey to the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"Long Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Summer Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%9C%A8%E6%BB%95%E7%8E%8B%E9%98%81%E5%86%85_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavilion of Prince Teng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion_of_Prince_Teng"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tengwangge_(Prince_of_Teng_Pavilion)_(31500501656).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavilion of Prince Teng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion_of_Prince_Teng"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_Top_of_Tengwangge_(Prince_of_Teng_Pavilion)_(31445668861).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavilion of Prince Teng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion_of_Prince_Teng"},{"link_name":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"}],"text":"Painted elements can be seen on Han dynasty pottery tower.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPainted elements can be seen on Han dynasty pottery tower.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExample of Tang dynasty decorative motifs, from mural of Mogao Caves.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExample of Tang dynasty decorative motifs on architecture, from mural of Mogao Caves.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRecreation of Tang dynasty caihua architectural decorations.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRecreation of Tang dynasty caihua architectural decorations.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTang dynasty sancai model of a building.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSong Dynasty \"Wucai Caihua\" (Five Coloured Painting)-dougong decorations guide as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSong Dynasty \"Danfen Caihua\" (Red and White)-dougong decorations guide as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSong Dynasty \"Qinglü\" (Blue and Green)-decorations guide as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSong Dynasty \"Jielü Caihua\" (Open Green)-decorations guide as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSong Dynasty ruyi-decorations on beams guide from the Yingzao Fashi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSong Dynasty ruyi-decorations on beams guide from the Yingzao Fashi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSong Dynasty pillar decorations guide from the Yingzao Fashi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSong Dynasty decorations used in between dougong-brackets guide from the Yingzao Fashi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuddhist decorations of Ten-Thousand Buddha Hall of Zhenguo Temple, Five Dynasties period.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorations on Liao dynasty Geyuan Temple.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCaihua found on Jinci temple, Song Dynasty.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrescos of Song Silang's Tomb, Northern Song Dynasty.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrescos of Song Silang's Tomb, Northern Song Dynasty.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWeathered decorations on Yuanmiao Temple (Putian) dougong. Originally Song dynasty construction.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJin dynasty Jingtu Temple of Shanxi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDatong Confucian temple inner hall decorations.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMing dynasty decorations on Hall of Amitābha at Longxing Temple.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMing dynasty decorations on Jialan Hall at Foguang Temple.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMing dynasty decorations on Hall of Amitābha at Longxing Temple.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMing dynasty decorations on Hall of Amitābha at Longxing Temple.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tXuanzi-style decorative design on the Beijing Dongyue Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCaihua found on the Gate of Heavenly Purity of the Forbidden City\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHexi-style decorative design on the Imperial Palace gate of the Forbidden City\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnderside decorations of Qin'an Hall of the Forbidden City\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorations on support beams inside a palace of the Forbidden City.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDatong Guandi temple.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorations on Summer Palace pavilion\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMagong Chenghuang Temple decorations, Taiwan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPainted mural depicting an event from Journey to the West on the Long Corridor from Qing Dynasty Summer Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCaihua-decorations of Pavilion of Prince Teng, inspired by Song dynasty Yingzao Fashi decorations.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCaihua-decorations of Pavilion of Prince Teng, inspired by Song dynasty Yingzao Fashi decorations.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCaihua-decorations of Pavilion of Prince Teng, inspired by Song dynasty Yingzao Fashi decorations.","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Hexi Caihua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexi_Caihua"},{"title":"Ancient Chinese wooden architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_wooden_architecture"},{"title":"Chinese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture"},{"title":"Yingzao Fashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi"},{"title":"Architecture of the Song Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Song_Dynasty"},{"title":"Dancheong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancheong"}]	[{"reference":"孙大章 (1991). 中国古代建筑彩画 [Ancient Chinese Architectural Colored Drawings] (in Chinese). 建筑工业出版社. ISBN 7-112-07328-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-112-07328-6","url_text":"7-112-07328-6"}]},{"reference":"赵双成 (2006). 中国建筑彩画图案 [Chinese architecture painting design] (in Chinese). 天津大学出版社. ISBN 978-7561822494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7561822494","url_text":"978-7561822494"}]},{"reference":"刘敦桢 (Liu Dunzhen) (1991). 中国古代建筑史 [History of Chinese Ancient Architecture] (2 ed.). 中国建筑工业出版社; 第2版 (China Architecture Building Press). ISBN 9787112019298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787112019298","url_text":"9787112019298"}]},{"reference":"Flags, color, and the legal narrative : public memory, identity, and critique. Anne Wagner, Sarah Marusek. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 2021. p. 129. ISBN 978-3-030-32865-8. OCLC 1253353500.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1253353500","url_text":"Flags, color, and the legal narrative : public memory, identity, and critique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-32865-8","url_text":"978-3-030-32865-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1253353500","url_text":"1253353500"}]},{"reference":"穀梁子. 春秋穀梁傳 . Vol. 莊公, 二十三年 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%A9%80%E6%A2%81%E5%82%B3/%E8%8E%8A%E5%85%AC","url_text":"春秋穀梁傳"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caihua&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1253353500","external_links_name":"Flags, color, and the legal narrative : public memory, identity, and critique"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1253353500","external_links_name":"1253353500"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%A9%80%E6%A2%81%E5%82%B3/%E8%8E%8A%E5%85%AC","external_links_name":"春秋穀梁傳"},{"Link":"http://www.gd.gov.cn/zjgd/lnwh/fywh/ctms/content/post_108920.html","external_links_name":"http://www.gd.gov.cn/zjgd/lnwh/fywh/ctms/content/post_108920.html"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon	Lebanese Druze	["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Intercommunal relationships","3.1 Relationship with Lebanese Christians","4 Notable people","5 See also","6 References"]	Ethnoreligious group in Lebanon Ethnic group Lebanese DruzeDistribution of Druze in Lebanon by voting districtLanguagesVernacular:Lebanese ArabicReligionDruze Part of a series of articles onLebanese peopleEmblem of Lebanon(Lebanese cedar) Lebanese people Lebanese people by religion: Lebanese Muslims Shia Sunni Druze Lebanese Christians Maronite Greek Orthodox Melkite Protestant CommunitiesNative communities outside of Lebanon: Cyprus Syria Lebanese diaspora: Europe Germany France United Kingdom Sweden Greece Spain Overseas United States Canada Australia New Zealand Argentina Brazil Mexico Colombia Uruguay Chile Ecuador Venezuela Haiti Jamaica Paraguay Ivory Coast Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Middle East Egypt Kuwait United Arab Emirates Qatar Saudi Arabia Iran Culture Lebanese culture Religion Cultural Heritage sites Architecture Art Literature Music Cinema Cuisine Sport History History of ancient Lebanon History of Lebanon Timeline of Lebanese history Phoenicia County of Tripoli Ottoman rule 1860 conflict Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 1958 Lebanon crisis Greater Lebanon Lebanese Civil War South Lebanon conflict Taif Agreement Language Arabic Lebanese Arabic Foreign French French language in Lebanon English Politics Lebanese politics President Prime Minister List of political parties in Lebanon National Pact Lebanese nationalism Phoenicianism Coat of arms of Lebanon Flag of Lebanon Lebanon portalvte The Lebanese Druze (Arabic: دروز لبنان, romanized: durūz lubnān) are an ethnoreligious group constituting about 5.2 percent of the population of Lebanon. They follow the Druze faith, which is an esoteric Abrahamic religion originating from the Near East, and self identify as unitarians (Arabic: موحدين, romanized: muwaḥḥidīn). There are estimated to be less than 1 million Druze worldwide. The Druze, who refer to themselves as al-Muwahhideen, or "believers in one God," are concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas east and south of Beirut. Lebanon has the world's second largest Druze population, after Syria. Under the Lebanese political division (Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation) the Druze community is designated as one of the five Lebanese Muslim communities in Lebanon (Sunni, Shia, Druze, Alawi, and Ismaili), even though the Druze are no longer considered Muslim. Lebanon's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation's ethno-religious groups. Wadi al-Taym is generally considered the "birthplace of the Druze faith". The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate. Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the Chief of the General Staff must be a Druze. History An estimate of the distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups, 1991, based on a map by GlobalSecurity.org A Druze woman wearing a tantour during the 1870s in Chouf, Lebanon Christian Church and Druze Khalwa in Shuf Mountains. The Druze faith does not follow the Five Pillars of Islam, such as fasting during the month of Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca. The Druze beliefs incorporate elements of Ismailism, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism and other philosophies. The Druze call themselves Ahl al-Tawhid "People of Unitarianism or Monotheism" or "al-Muwaḥḥidūn.""The Druze follow a lifestyle of isolation where no conversion is allowed, neither out of, or into, the religion. When Druze live among people of other religions, they try to blend in, in order to protect their religion and their own safety. They can pray as Muslims, or as Christians, depending on where they are. This system is apparently changing in modern times, where more security has allowed Druze to be more open about their religious belonging."The Tanukhids inaugurated the Druze community in Lebanon when most of them accepted and adopted the new message that was being preached in the 11th century, due to their leaderships close ties with then Fatimid ruler Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. The relationship between the Druze and Christians in Lebanon has been characterized by harmony and coexistence, with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. Historically the relationship between the Druze and Muslims has been characterized by intense persecution. The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of Isma'ili. Even though the faith originally developed out of Ismaili Islam, most Druze do not identify as Muslims, and they do not accept the five pillars of Islam. The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, Sunni Ottoman Empire, and Egypt Eyalet. The persecution of the Druze included massacres, demolishing Druze prayer houses and holy places and forced conversion to Islam. Those were no ordinary killings in the Druze's narrative, they were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative. The Druze community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon, and even though they are a minority they play an important role in the Lebanese political scene. Before and during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90), the Druze were predominantly in favor of Pan-Arabism and Palestinian resistance represented by the PLO. Most of the community supported the Progressive Socialist Party formed by their leader Kamal Jumblatt and they fought alongside other leftist and Palestinian parties against the Lebanese Front that was mainly constituted of Christians. After the assassination of Kamal Jumblatt on 16 March 1977, his son Walid Jumblatt took the leadership of the party and played an important role in preserving his father's legacy after winning the Mountain War and sustained the existence of the Druze community during the sectarian bloodshed that lasted until 1990. In August 2001, Maronite Catholic Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir toured the predominantly Druze Chouf region of Mount Lebanon and visited Mukhtara, the ancestral stronghold of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. The tumultuous reception that Sfeir received not only signified a historic reconciliation between Maronites and Druze, who fought a bloody war in 1983–84, but underscored the fact that the banner of Lebanese sovereignty had broad multi-confessional appeal and was a cornerstone for the Cedar Revolution in 2005. Jumblatt's post-2005 position diverged sharply from the tradition of his family. He also accused Damascus of being behind the 1977 assassination of his father, Kamal Jumblatt, expressing for the first time what many knew he privately suspected. The BBC describes Jumblatt as "the smartest leader of Lebanon's most powerful Druze clan and heir to a leftist political dynasty". The second largest political party supported by Druze is the Lebanese Democratic Party led by Prince Talal Arslan, the son of Lebanese independence hero Emir Majid Arslan. On May 10, 2008 as part of the 2008 Conflict, clashes occurred between Hezbollah forces and Druze militias in their mountain resulting in casualties on both sides. The clashes started in Aytat, near Kayfoun and soon expanded to cover many spots in Mount Lebanon including Baysur, Shuweifat and Aley. Most of the fighting was concentrated on Hill 888. After negotiations a ceasefire was called in from outside the country before Hezbollah could call in artillery support. Releases from Hezbollah leaders in 2016 stated that bombing the mountain with close-range artillery from the South and longer-ranged artillery from Syria were both an option and greatly considered. Lebanese Christians and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world. A number of the Druze embraced Christianity, such as some of Shihab dynasty members, as well as the Abi-Lamma clan, During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Protestant missionaries established schools and churches in Druze strongholds, with some Druze converting to Protestant Christianity; yet they did not succeed to convert Druze to Christianity en masse. On the other hand, many Druze immigrants to the United States converted to Protestantism, becoming communicants of the Presbyterian or Methodist Churches. Demographics Prophet Job shrine in Niha village. According to scholar Colbert C. Held of University of Nebraska, Lincoln, the number of Druze people worldwide is around one million, with about 45% to 50% live in Syria, 35% to 40% live in Lebanon, and less than 10% live in Israel, with recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora. The Druze are concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas east and south of Beirut. The Lebanese Druze are estimated to constitute 5.2 percent of Lebanon's population. They live in 136 villages in Hasbaya, Rashaya, Chouf, Aley, Marjeyoun and Beirut, and they constitute the majority of the population in the cities of Aley, Baakleen, Hasbaya and Rashaya. The Druze make up more than half of the population of the Aley District, and they constitute about a third of the residents of the Rachaya District, and they constitute about the quarter of residents of the Chouf District and the Matn District. Intercommunal relationships Relationship with Lebanese Christians Main article: Christianity and Druze The icon of Saidet et Tallé, also known as "the Virgin of the Druze," is venerated by both the Druze and Christian communities. This veneration reflects the long-standing interfaith harmony in Lebanon. Lebanese Christians and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world. The Druzite and Maronite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon. Contact between Christians (members of the Maronite, Eastern Orthodox, Melkite, and other churches) and the Unitarian Druze led to the presence of mixed villages and towns in Mount Lebanon (Aley District, Baabda District, and Chouf District), Rashaya District, Hasbaya, Matn District, and Marjeyoun District. The relationship between the Druze and Christians in Lebanon has been characterized by harmony and coexistence, and they lived in the Shuf Mountains in the past in complete harmony. Historian Ray Jabre mouawad observes that religious symbiosis between Druze and Christians in Mount Lebanon during the Ottoman period. Numerous cultural interactions occurred in Mount Lebanon, producing overlapped symbolism, veneration of shared saints, and use of common words to designate God, the traces of which are discovered in the palaces and mausoleums of Druze lords, as well as in Maronite and Greek Orthodox churches. Druze and Christians in Lebanon celebrate each other's births, weddings, funerals, and celebrations such as Christmas, Maundy Thursday and Easter, especially before and after the Lebanese Civil War. Thursday of the Dead is a feast day shared by Christians and Druze in the Lebanon. It falls sometime between the Easter Sundays of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian traditions. It is a day on which the souls of the dead are honoured. A popular day among women in the region, it underscores the shared culture between Arab Christians and Druze in Lebanon. The baptism of children in accordance with Christian custom was usually in large, well-known Lebanese Druze families. In the period of Egyptian rule in the Levant in the 1830s, many Druze converted to Christianity to avoid enlistment into the Egyptian army, according to historian Aharon Layish there is also explicit evidence of Druzes in Lebanon under the Ottoman rule were posing Christians for practical reasons. Due to the Christian influnce on the Druze faith, two Christian saints become the Druze's favorite venerated figures: Saint George and Saint Elijah. Thus, in all the villages inhabited by Druze and Christians in central Mount Lebanon a Christian church or Druze maqam is dedicated to either one of them. According to scholar Ray Jabre Mouawad the Druzes appreciated the two saints for their bravery: Saint George because he confronted the dragon and Saint Elijah because he competed with the pagan priests of Baal and won over them. In both cases the explanations provided by Christians is that Druzes were attracted to warrior saints that resemble their own militarized society. Notable people Part of a series on Druze Beliefs Al-Muwahhidun-Ahl at-Tawhid Reincarnation Theophany Esotericism Divine Call Seven Druze pillars Taqiya Walayah Important figures Shu'ayb Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Hamza ibn Ali Al-Darazi Baha al-Din al-Muqtana Al-Tanukhi Texts Epistles of Wisdom (Rasa'il al-Hikma) Holy places Mount Druze Shrine of Shu'ayb Khalwat Holy days Eid al-Adha Ziyara History Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty Ma'n dynasty 1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667) Battle of Ain Dara 1838 Druze Revolt 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus Hauran Druze Rebellion Jabal Druze State Jaysh al-Muwahhidin Qalb Loze massacre Druze communities Syrian Druze Lebanese Druze Israeli Druze Jordanian Druze Related topics Persecution of Druze List of Druze Religious symbols Christianity and Druze Religion portalvte Fakhr-al-Din IIShakib ArslanMajid ArslanKamal JumblattWalid Jumblatt Fakhr-al-Din II (1572–1635), a Druze prince and an early leader of the Emirate of Chouf. Emir Shakib Arslan (1869–1946), a Druze prince and notable Islamic scholar. Emir Majid Arslan (1908–1983), head of the Arslan feudal Druze ruling family and leader of the final independence movement for Lebanon. Kamal Jumblatt (1917–1977), a prominent Lebanese progressive socialist politician. Casey Kasem (1932–2014), a Lebanese-American radio personality/DJ born in Detroit. Nabil Kanso (born 1946), a Lebanese-American painter. Akram Chehayeb (born 1947), a Lebanese politician, member of parliament, and Minister of Agriculture. Walid Jumblatt (born 1949), a Lebanese politician and the current leader of the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP). Raghida Dergham (born 1953), a Lebanese-American journalist based in New York. Ghazi Aridi (born 1954), a Lebanese politician, and member of parliament. Samir Kuntar (1962–2015), a member of the Palestine Liberation Front representing Hezbollah. Emir Talal Arslan (born 1965), Lebanese politician and the head of the mostly Druze Lebanese Democratic Party. Mona Abou Hamze (born 1972), a TV presenter. Amal Clooney (born 1978), a London-based British-Lebanese lawyer, activist, and author (Druze father and Sunni mother). Tarek William Saab Venezuelan politician of Lebanese Druze Origin. See also Religion in Lebanon References ^ Chatty, Dawn (2010-03-15). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9. ^ a b c d Lebanon 2015 International Religious Freedom Report U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2019-04-23. ^ Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 0-87779-044-2. ^ Sewell, Abby (2017-09-15). "Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it". GulfNews. Retrieved 2018-09-16. ^ James Lewis (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. Retrieved 13 May 2015. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=wXO8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 Lebanon Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments ^ De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-03-052596-4. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above.. ^ Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. ^ Khuri Hitti, Philip (1996). The Origins of the Druze People: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. University of California Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-5381-2418-5. Lebanon therefore was the distributing center of the Druze people and Wādi - al - Taym was the birthplace of their faith. ^ Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-1666-4. the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century. ^ United Nations Development Programme : Programme on Governance in the Arab Region : Elections : Lebanon Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ a b "Druze". druze.org.au. 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-02-14. ^ James Lewis (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. Retrieved 13 May 2015. ^ William Harris (19 Jul 2012). Lebanon: A History, 600-2011 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-518111-1. ^ Hazran, Yusri (2013). The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-317-93173-7. the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian ^ Artzi, Pinḥas (1984). Confrontation and Coexistence. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-965-226-049-9. .. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs with an intense hatred. ^ CHURCHILL (1862). The Druzes and the Maronites. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25. ..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will.. ^ a b Hobby (1985). Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53. the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony.. ^ Fawaz, L.T. (1994). An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08782-8. Retrieved 2015-04-16. ^ Vocke, Harald (1978). The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions. C. Hurst. p. 10. ISBN 0-903983-92-3. ^ Swayd, Samy (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4422-4617-1. Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous relationship between Muslims and Druzes ^ K. Zartman, Jonathan (2020). Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change. ABC-CLIO. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4408-6503-9. Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered more. ^ Layiš, Aharôn (1982). Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-06412-6. the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter. ^ "Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are". Arab America. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020. ^ J. Stewart, Dona (2008). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-135-98079-5. Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets. ^ Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-19-986263-4. While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims.. ^ De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-03-052596-4. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above.. ^ Parsons, L. (2000). The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-230-59598-9. With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the mihna) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ... ^ C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection . ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366. ISBN 978-1-4408-5353-1. ^ Taraze Fawaz, Leila. An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. p.63. ^ Goren, Haim. Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East. p.95-96. ^ C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection . ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4408-5353-1. ^ Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-09672-6. ^ Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, Meib, May 2003, archived from the original (dossier) on July 20, 2009 ^ "Who's who in Lebanon". BBC News. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2011. ^ "Saturday's live coverage of the war in Lebanon". Ya Libnan. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-12-24. ^ Kandy Ringer. "Lebanon's Fighting Spreads to Druze Heartland". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24. ^ Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners."2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins." ^ Mishaqa, p. 23. ^ Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009-01-01). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. Retrieved 2013-05-25. ^ F. Harik, Iliya (2017). Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711-1845. Princeton University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-4008-8686-9. the Abillama' amirs, were mostly Christians converted from the Druze faith. ^ Shwayri, Raif (2016). Beirut on the Bayou: Alfred Nicola, Louisiana, and the Making of Modern Lebanon. SUNY Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4384-6095-6. The Abillamah, by the way, also converted to Christianity when the Metn Mountains came to be densely inhabited by Christians, a second conversion for them, given that they already turned Druze earlier, relinquishing the Sunni religion ^ Nisan, Mordechai (2004). The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz). Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-135-75952-0. Other earlier converts were the Abillamah Druze Emirs and Harfush Shiite. ^ al- H̲azīn, Farīd (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5. So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite ^ Salibi, Kamal (1900). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. University of California Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-520-07196-4. namely the emirs of the house of Abul - Lama, used to be Druzes before they converted to Christianity and became Maronites ^ Matti Moosa, The Maronites in History, p. 283. Quote ^ A. Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-33219-7. some Christians (mostly from the Orthodox faith), as well as Druze, converted to Protestantism... ^ A. Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-33219-7. Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity. ^ Hobby, Jeneen (2011). Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-4144-4891-6. US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names.. ^ Panagakos, Anastasia (2015). Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World : Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-4408-3332-8. ^ C. Held, Colbert (2008). Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-429-96200-4. Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora. ^ a b تعرف على طائفة "الموحدين العرب" الدروز, BBC ^ Barakat, Halim (2011). Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73981-9. the Druzes make up almost half the district, of Aley, one third of Rashaya, and more than a quarter of Shuf and Matn... ^ Bowman, Glenn (2012). Sharing the Sacra: The Politics and Pragmatics of Intercommunal Relations Around Holy Places. Berghahn Books. p. 17. ISBN 9780857454867. ^ Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners."2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins." ^ Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817916664. the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century. ^ Barakat, Halim (2011). Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292739819. ^ Hazran, Yusri (2013). The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 9781317931737. the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian ^ Artzi, Pinḥas (1984). Confrontation and Coexistence. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9789652260499. .. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs with an intense hatred. ^ Churchill (1862). The Druzes and the Maronites. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25. ..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will.. ^ Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017). Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries. Taylor & Francis. p. 9. ISBN 9781351722179. ^ Volk, Lucia (2010). Memorials and Martyrs in Modern Lebanon. Indiana University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780253004925. ^ Panzac, 1995, p. 381. ^ a b Morgenstern, 1966, p. 158. ^ a b c Genzor, Jozef (1990). Asian and African Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3. University of Michigan Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0700702268. ^ a b c d Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017). Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries. Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–314. ISBN 9781351722179. vteDruzeBeliefs Al-Muwahhidūn/Mowahhid-Ahl at-Tawhīd Divine call Esotericism Reincarnation Taqiya Theophany Seven Durzi pillars Walayah Important figures Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana Hamza ibn Ali Shuaib Muhammad al-Darazī Texts Epistles of Wisdom (Rasa'il al-Hikma) Holy places Druze Khalwa Jabal al-Druze Khalwat al-Bayada Nabi Shu'ayb Holy days Eid Al Adha Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb History Wadi al-Taym Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305) Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty Ma'n dynasty Mount Lebanon Emirate 1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667) Battle of Ain Dara 1838 Druze Revolt 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate Hauran Druze Rebellion Jabal Druze State Mountain War Druze in Mandatory Palestine Jaysh al-Muwahhideen Qalb Loze massacre Prophets Adam Abraham Jesus Khidr Elijah John the Baptist Saint George Moses Muhammad Noah Salman the Persian Relationship with other religions Christianity and Druze Maronite-Druze dualism Islam and Druze Judaism and Druze Druze Zionism Druze communities Syrian Druze Lebanese Druze Israeli Druze Jordanian Druze Druze diaspora OtherFeatures Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine Al-Atrash clan Sultan al-Atrash Alam al-Din dynasty Amin Tarif Druze Arabic dialect Druze cuisine Jumblatt family List of Druze List of Israeli Druze Majid Arslan Mowafaq Tarif Persecution of Druze Religion portal Category vte Demographics of LebanonReligion1Christianity Catholics Armenian Catholics Chaldean Catholics Latin Catholics Maronite Catholics Melkite Catholics Syriac Catholics Assyrian Church of the East Greek Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Armenian Apostolics Coptic Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Protestants Baptist Islam Shiites Shiite Twelvers Alawite Shiites Ismaili Shiites Sunnites Druze2 Other Jews Baháʼí Faith Ethnic minorities, refugees and foreign nationals Armenians Assyrians Bulgarians Canadians French Greeks Indians Iranians Iraqis Italians Jews Kurds Malays Pakistanis Palestinians Poles Romani/Dom groups Russians Sri Lankans Syrians Turks 1 The Lebanese people has the most religious diversity of all peoples in the Middle East, comprising 18 recognized religious sects recognized by the Constitution of Lebanon. 2 Under the terms of the Constitution of Lebanon, the Druze community is designated as a part of the Lebanese Muslim community.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"ethnoreligious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoreligious"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedom-2"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"esoteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religion"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"unitarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unitarian"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wendy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedom-2"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Alawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Ismaili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Incorporated1996-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.ca-8"},{"link_name":"Wadi al-Taym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Maronite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Church"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pact"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Lebanese Druze (Arabic: دروز لبنان, romanized: durūz lubnān) are an ethnoreligious group[1] constituting about 5.2 percent[2] of the population of Lebanon. They follow the Druze faith, which is an esoteric Abrahamic religion originating from the Near East, and self identify as unitarians (Arabic: موحدين, romanized: muwaḥḥidīn).[3]There are estimated to be less than 1 million Druze worldwide.[4] The Druze, who refer to themselves as al-Muwahhideen, or \"believers in one God,\" are concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas east and south of Beirut.[2] Lebanon has the world's second largest Druze population, after Syria.Under the Lebanese political division (Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation) the Druze community is designated as one of the five Lebanese Muslim communities in Lebanon (Sunni, Shia, Druze, Alawi, and Ismaili), even though the Druze are no longer considered Muslim.[5][6][7] Lebanon's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation's ethno-religious groups.[8]Wadi al-Taym is generally considered the \"birthplace of the Druze faith\".[9] The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the \"Maronite-Druze dualism\" in Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.[10] Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the Chief of the General Staff must be a Druze.[11]","title":"Lebanese Druze"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lebanon_sectors_map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Druzewomantantur.jpg"},{"link_name":"tantour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantour"},{"link_name":"Chouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"Druze Khalwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada"},{"link_name":"Shuf Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf_District"},{"link_name":"Five Pillars of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Druze-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Incorporated-1996-13"},{"link_name":"Ismailism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism"},{"link_name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"Unitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"al-Muwaḥḥidūn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Druze-12"},{"link_name":"Tanukhids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanukhids"},{"link_name":"Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"relationship between the Druze and Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony"},{"link_name":"coexistence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurinationalism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hobby_1985_53-18"},{"link_name":"1860 Mount Lebanon civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Mount_Lebanon_civil_war"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Isma'ili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ili"},{"link_name":"Ismaili Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili_Islam"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"five pillars of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Egypt Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goren-31"},{"link_name":"massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"},{"link_name":"forced conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversion"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Pan-Arabism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism"},{"link_name":"PLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLO"},{"link_name":"Progressive Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Kamal Jumblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Front"},{"link_name":"Walid Jumblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Jumblatt"},{"link_name":"Mountain War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_War"},{"link_name":"Maronite Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrallah_Boutros_Sfeir"},{"link_name":"Mukhtara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtara"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Cedar Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-35"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Prince Talal Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talal_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Emir Majid Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Majid_Arslan_II"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbs-37"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Islamic world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Druze embraced Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druze_conversion_to_Christianity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shihab dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishaqa23-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%81gostonMasters2009-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Protestant Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"An estimate of the distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups, 1991, based on a map by GlobalSecurity.orgA Druze woman wearing a tantour during the 1870s in Chouf, LebanonChristian Church and Druze Khalwa in Shuf Mountains.The Druze faith does not follow the Five Pillars of Islam, such as fasting during the month of Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca.[12][13] The Druze beliefs incorporate elements of Ismailism, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism and other philosophies. The Druze call themselves Ahl al-Tawhid \"People of Unitarianism or Monotheism\" or \"al-Muwaḥḥidūn.\"\"The Druze follow a lifestyle of isolation where no conversion is allowed, neither out of, or into, the religion. When Druze live among people of other religions, they try to blend in, in order to protect their religion and their own safety. They can pray as Muslims, or as Christians, depending on where they are. This system is apparently changing in modern times, where more security has allowed Druze to be more open about their religious belonging.\"[12]The Tanukhids inaugurated the Druze community in Lebanon when most of them accepted and adopted the new message that was being preached in the 11th century, due to their leaderships close ties with then Fatimid ruler Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.[14]The relationship between the Druze and Christians in Lebanon has been characterized by harmony and coexistence,[15][16][17][18] with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war.[19][20]Historically the relationship between the Druze and Muslims has been characterized by intense persecution.[21][22][23] The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of Isma'ili. Even though the faith originally developed out of Ismaili Islam, most Druze do not identify as Muslims,[24][25][26] and they do not accept the five pillars of Islam.[27] The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the Shia Fatimid Caliphate,[28] Sunni Ottoman Empire,[29] and Egypt Eyalet.[30][31] The persecution of the Druze included massacres, demolishing Druze prayer houses and holy places and forced conversion to Islam.[32] Those were no ordinary killings in the Druze's narrative, they were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative.[33]The Druze community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon, and even though they are a minority they play an important role in the Lebanese political scene. Before and during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90), the Druze were predominantly in favor of Pan-Arabism and Palestinian resistance represented by the PLO. Most of the community supported the Progressive Socialist Party formed by their leader Kamal Jumblatt and they fought alongside other leftist and Palestinian parties against the Lebanese Front that was mainly constituted of Christians. After the assassination of Kamal Jumblatt on 16 March 1977, his son Walid Jumblatt took the leadership of the party and played an important role in preserving his father's legacy after winning the Mountain War and sustained the existence of the Druze community during the sectarian bloodshed that lasted until 1990.In August 2001, Maronite Catholic Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir toured the predominantly Druze Chouf region of Mount Lebanon and visited Mukhtara, the ancestral stronghold of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. The tumultuous reception that Sfeir received not only signified a historic reconciliation between Maronites and Druze, who fought a bloody war in 1983–84, but underscored the fact that the banner of Lebanese sovereignty had broad multi-confessional appeal[34] and was a cornerstone for the Cedar Revolution in 2005. Jumblatt's post-2005 position diverged sharply from the tradition of his family. He also accused Damascus of being behind the 1977 assassination of his father, Kamal Jumblatt, expressing for the first time what many knew he privately suspected. The BBC describes Jumblatt as \"the smartest leader of Lebanon's most powerful Druze clan and heir to a leftist political dynasty\".[35] The second largest political party supported by Druze is the Lebanese Democratic Party led by Prince Talal Arslan, the son of Lebanese independence hero Emir Majid Arslan.On May 10, 2008 as part of the 2008 Conflict, clashes occurred between Hezbollah forces and Druze militias in their mountain resulting in casualties on both sides.[36] The clashes started in Aytat, near Kayfoun and soon expanded to cover many spots in Mount Lebanon including Baysur, Shuweifat and Aley. Most of the fighting was concentrated on Hill 888. After negotiations a ceasefire was called in from outside the country before Hezbollah could call in artillery support. Releases from Hezbollah leaders in 2016 stated that bombing the mountain with close-range artillery from the South and longer-ranged artillery from Syria were both an option and greatly considered.[37]Lebanese Christians and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world.[38]A number of the Druze embraced Christianity, such as some of Shihab dynasty members,[39] as well as the Abi-Lamma clan,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46] During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Protestant missionaries established schools and churches in Druze strongholds, with some Druze converting to Protestant Christianity;[47] yet they did not succeed to convert Druze to Christianity en masse. On the other hand, many Druze immigrants to the United States converted to Protestantism, becoming communicants of the Presbyterian or Methodist Churches.[48][49]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prophet Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Niha village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niha,_Chouf"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska, Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska,_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedom-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedom-2"},{"link_name":"Hasbaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbaya_District"},{"link_name":"Rashaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaya_District"},{"link_name":"Chouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf_District"},{"link_name":"Aley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf_District"},{"link_name":"Marjeyoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjeyoun_District"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-52"},{"link_name":"Aley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aley"},{"link_name":"Baakleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baakleen"},{"link_name":"Hasbaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbaya"},{"link_name":"Rashaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaya"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-52"},{"link_name":"Aley District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aley_District"},{"link_name":"Rachaya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachaya_District"},{"link_name":"Chouf District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf_District"},{"link_name":"Matn District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matn_District"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Prophet Job shrine in Niha village.[50]According to scholar Colbert C. Held of University of Nebraska, Lincoln, the number of Druze people worldwide is around one million, with about 45% to 50% live in Syria, 35% to 40% live in Lebanon, and less than 10% live in Israel, with recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.[51]The Druze are concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas east and south of Beirut.[2] The Lebanese Druze are estimated to constitute 5.2 percent of Lebanon's population.[2] They live in 136 villages in Hasbaya, Rashaya, Chouf, Aley, Marjeyoun and Beirut,[52] and they constitute the majority of the population in the cities of Aley, Baakleen, Hasbaya and Rashaya.[52] The Druze make up more than half of the population of the Aley District, and they constitute about a third of the residents of the Rachaya District, and they constitute about the quarter of residents of the Chouf District and the Matn District.[53]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Intercommunal relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saidet et Tallé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saidet_et_Tall%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Islamic world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Maronite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deeb_2013-56"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Melkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Aley District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aley_District"},{"link_name":"Baabda District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabda_District"},{"link_name":"Chouf District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf_District"},{"link_name":"Rashaya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaya_District"},{"link_name":"Hasbaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbaya"},{"link_name":"Matn District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matn_District"},{"link_name":"Marjeyoun District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjeyoun_District"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barakat_2011-57"},{"link_name":"harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony"},{"link_name":"coexistence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurinationalism"},{"link_name":"Shuf Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf_District"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hazran_2013_32-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artzi_1984_166-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHURCHILL_1862_25-60"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hobby_1985_53-18"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Ottoman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule"},{"link_name":"saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Maundy Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_Thursday"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volk_2010_95-62"},{"link_name":"Thursday of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panzac-63"},{"link_name":"Easter Sundays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgenstern-64"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christian"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgenstern-64"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genzor-65"},{"link_name":"Egyptian rule in the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%931833)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genzor-65"},{"link_name":"Lebanon under the Ottoman rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genzor-65"},{"link_name":"Christian influnce on the Druze faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze"},{"link_name":"Christian saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_saints"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"Elijah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beaurepaire-66"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beaurepaire-66"},{"link_name":"Saint George because he confronted the dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Baal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beaurepaire-66"},{"link_name":"warrior saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_saint"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beaurepaire-66"}],"sub_title":"Relationship with Lebanese Christians","text":"The icon of Saidet et Tallé, also known as \"the Virgin of the Druze,\" is venerated by both the Druze and Christian communities. This veneration reflects the long-standing interfaith harmony in Lebanon.[54]Lebanese Christians and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world.[55] The Druzite and Maronite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon.[56] Contact between Christians (members of the Maronite, Eastern Orthodox, Melkite, and other churches) and the Unitarian Druze led to the presence of mixed villages and towns in Mount Lebanon (Aley District, Baabda District, and Chouf District), Rashaya District, Hasbaya, Matn District, and Marjeyoun District.[57]The relationship between the Druze and Christians in Lebanon has been characterized by harmony and coexistence, and they lived in the Shuf Mountains in the past in complete harmony.[58][59][60][18] Historian Ray Jabre mouawad observes that religious symbiosis between Druze and Christians in Mount Lebanon during the Ottoman period. Numerous cultural interactions occurred in Mount Lebanon, producing overlapped symbolism, veneration of shared saints, and use of common words to designate God, the traces of which are discovered in the palaces and mausoleums of Druze lords, as well as in Maronite and Greek Orthodox churches.[61]Druze and Christians in Lebanon celebrate each other's births, weddings, funerals, and celebrations such as Christmas, Maundy Thursday and Easter, especially before and after the Lebanese Civil War.[62] Thursday of the Dead is a feast day shared by Christians and Druze in the Lebanon.[63] It falls sometime between the Easter Sundays of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian traditions. It is a day on which the souls of the dead are honoured. A popular day among women in the region,[64] it underscores the shared culture between Arab Christians and Druze in Lebanon.[64] The baptism of children in accordance with Christian custom was usually in large, well-known Lebanese Druze families.[65] In the period of Egyptian rule in the Levant in the 1830s, many Druze converted to Christianity to avoid enlistment into the Egyptian army,[65] according to historian Aharon Layish there is also explicit evidence of Druzes in Lebanon under the Ottoman rule were posing Christians for practical reasons.[65]Due to the Christian influnce on the Druze faith, two Christian saints become the Druze's favorite venerated figures: Saint George and Saint Elijah.[66] Thus, in all the villages inhabited by Druze and Christians in central Mount Lebanon a Christian church or Druze maqam is dedicated to either one of them.[66] According to scholar Ray Jabre Mouawad the Druzes appreciated the two saints for their bravery: Saint George because he confronted the dragon and Saint Elijah because he competed with the pagan priests of Baal and won over them.[66] In both cases the explanations provided by Christians is that Druzes were attracted to warrior saints that resemble their own militarized society.[66]","title":"Intercommunal relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fakhr-al-Din II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II"},{"link_name":"Chouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf"},{"link_name":"Emir Shakib Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakib_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Emir Majid Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majid_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Kamal Jumblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt"},{"link_name":"Casey Kasem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Kasem"},{"link_name":"Nabil Kanso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil_Kanso"},{"link_name":"Akram Chehayeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akram_Chehayeb"},{"link_name":"Walid Jumblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Jumblatt"},{"link_name":"Progressive Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Raghida Dergham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghida_Dergham"},{"link_name":"Ghazi Aridi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_Aridi"},{"link_name":"Samir Kuntar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Kuntar"},{"link_name":"Palestine Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Emir Talal Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talal_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Mona Abou Hamze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Abou_Hamze"},{"link_name":"Amal Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Tarek William Saab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarek_William_Saab"}],"text":"Fakhr-al-Din II (1572–1635), a Druze prince and an early leader of the Emirate of Chouf.\nEmir Shakib Arslan (1869–1946), a Druze prince and notable Islamic scholar.\nEmir Majid Arslan (1908–1983), head of the Arslan feudal Druze ruling family and leader of the final independence movement for Lebanon.\nKamal Jumblatt (1917–1977), a prominent Lebanese progressive socialist politician.\nCasey Kasem (1932–2014), a Lebanese-American radio personality/DJ born in Detroit.\nNabil Kanso (born 1946), a Lebanese-American painter.\nAkram Chehayeb (born 1947), a Lebanese politician, member of parliament, and Minister of Agriculture.\nWalid Jumblatt (born 1949), a Lebanese politician and the current leader of the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP).\nRaghida Dergham (born 1953), a Lebanese-American journalist based in New York.\nGhazi Aridi (born 1954), a Lebanese politician, and member of parliament.\nSamir Kuntar (1962–2015), a member of the Palestine Liberation Front representing Hezbollah.\nEmir Talal Arslan (born 1965), Lebanese politician and the head of the mostly Druze Lebanese Democratic Party.\nMona Abou Hamze (born 1972), a TV presenter.\nAmal Clooney (born 1978), a London-based British-Lebanese lawyer, activist, and author (Druze father and Sunni mother).\nTarek William Saab Venezuelan politician of Lebanese Druze Origin.","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"An estimate of the distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups, 1991, based on a map by GlobalSecurity.org","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lebanon_sectors_map.jpg/150px-Lebanon_sectors_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Druze woman wearing a tantour during the 1870s in Chouf, Lebanon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Druzewomantantur.jpg/220px-Druzewomantantur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christian Church and Druze Khalwa in Shuf Mountains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg/220px-Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prophet Job shrine in Niha village.[50]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg/220px-Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg"},{"image_text":"The icon of Saidet et Tallé, also known as \"the Virgin of the Druze,\" is venerated by both the Druze and Christian communities. This veneration reflects the long-standing interfaith harmony in Lebanon.[54]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg/220px-The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Religion in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon"}]	[{"reference":"Chatty, Dawn (2010-03-15). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Chatty","url_text":"Chatty, Dawn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81792-9","url_text":"978-0-521-81792-9"}]},{"reference":"Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 0-87779-044-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440","url_text":"Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2","url_text":"0-87779-044-2"}]},{"reference":"Sewell, Abby (2017-09-15). \"Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it\". GulfNews. Retrieved 2018-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://gulfnews.com/news/mena/lebanon/finding-a-life-partner-is-hard-enough-for-those-of-the-druze-faith-their-future-depends-on-it-1.2090695","url_text":"\"Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it\""}]},{"reference":"James Lewis (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. Retrieved 13 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)","url_text":"James Lewis"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1615927387","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Books","url_text":"Prometheus Books"}]},{"reference":"De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-03-052596-4. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-052596-4","url_text":"978-0-03-052596-4"}]},{"reference":"Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA447","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0","url_text":"978-1-4381-2676-0"}]},{"reference":"Khuri Hitti, Philip (1996). The Origins of the Druze People: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. University of California Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-5381-2418-5. Lebanon therefore was the distributing center of the Druze people and Wādi - al - Taym was the birthplace of their faith.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2418-5","url_text":"978-1-5381-2418-5"}]},{"reference":"Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-1666-4. the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1666-4","url_text":"978-0-8179-1666-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Druze\". druze.org.au. 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160214100847/http://www.druze.org.au/religion/","url_text":"\"Druze\""},{"url":"http://www.druze.org.au/religion/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James Lewis (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. Retrieved 13 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1615927387","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions"}]},{"reference":"William Harris (19 Jul 2012). Lebanon: A History, 600-2011 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-518111-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518111-1","url_text":"978-0-19-518111-1"}]},{"reference":"Hazran, Yusri (2013). The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-317-93173-7. the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93173-7","url_text":"978-1-317-93173-7"}]},{"reference":"Artzi, Pinḥas (1984). Confrontation and Coexistence. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-965-226-049-9. .. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze \"love the Christians more than the other believers,\" and that they \"hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-226-049-9","url_text":"978-965-226-049-9"}]},{"reference":"CHURCHILL (1862). The Druzes and the Maronites. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25. ..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hobby (1985). Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53. the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fawaz, L.T. (1994). An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08782-8. Retrieved 2015-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nE7RjS91_E4C","url_text":"An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08782-8","url_text":"978-0-520-08782-8"}]},{"reference":"Vocke, Harald (1978). The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions. C. Hurst. p. 10. ISBN 0-903983-92-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvu6AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Lebanese+war:+its+origins+and+political+dimensions","url_text":"The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903983-92-3","url_text":"0-903983-92-3"}]},{"reference":"Swayd, Samy (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4422-4617-1. Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous relationship between Muslims and Druzes","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4617-1","url_text":"978-1-4422-4617-1"}]},{"reference":"K. Zartman, Jonathan (2020). Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change. ABC-CLIO. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4408-6503-9. Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected \"People of the Book,\" a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered more.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6503-9","url_text":"978-1-4408-6503-9"}]},{"reference":"Layiš, Aharôn (1982). Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-06412-6. the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06412-6","url_text":"978-90-04-06412-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are\". Arab America. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/","url_text":"\"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are\""}]},{"reference":"J. Stewart, Dona (2008). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-135-98079-5. Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98079-5","url_text":"978-1-135-98079-5"}]},{"reference":"Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-19-986263-4. While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986263-4","url_text":"978-0-19-986263-4"}]},{"reference":"De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-03-052596-4. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-052596-4","url_text":"978-0-03-052596-4"}]},{"reference":"Parsons, L. (2000). The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-230-59598-9. With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the mihna) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59598-9","url_text":"978-0-230-59598-9"}]},{"reference":"C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366. ISBN 978-1-4408-5353-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5353-1","url_text":"978-1-4408-5353-1"}]},{"reference":"C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4408-5353-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5353-1","url_text":"978-1-4408-5353-1"}]},{"reference":"Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-09672-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09672-6","url_text":"978-1-317-09672-6"}]},{"reference":"Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, Meib, May 2003, archived from the original (dossier) on July 20, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090720012813/http://www.meib.org/articles/0305_ld.htm","url_text":"Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir"},{"url":"http://www.meib.org/articles/0305_ld.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's who in Lebanon\". BBC News. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4348129.stm","url_text":"\"Who's who in Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday's live coverage of the war in Lebanon\". Ya Libnan. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080612180619/http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2008/05/_1415_governmen.php","url_text":"\"Saturday's live coverage of the war in Lebanon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya_Libnan","url_text":"Ya Libnan"},{"url":"http://www.yalibnan.com/site/archives/2008/05/_1415_governmen.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kandy Ringer. \"Lebanon's Fighting Spreads to Druze Heartland\". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080514030635/http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20080512134939559","url_text":"\"Lebanon's Fighting Spreads to Druze Heartland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20080512134939559","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009-01-01). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA530","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7","url_text":"978-1-4381-1025-7"}]},{"reference":"F. Harik, Iliya (2017). Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711-1845. Princeton University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-4008-8686-9. the Abillama' amirs, were mostly Christians converted from the Druze faith.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8686-9","url_text":"978-1-4008-8686-9"}]},{"reference":"Shwayri, Raif (2016). Beirut on the Bayou: Alfred Nicola, Louisiana, and the Making of Modern Lebanon. SUNY Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4384-6095-6. The Abillamah, by the way, also converted to Christianity when the Metn Mountains came to be densely inhabited by Christians, a second conversion for them, given that they already turned Druze earlier, relinquishing the Sunni religion","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6095-6","url_text":"978-1-4384-6095-6"}]},{"reference":"Nisan, Mordechai (2004). The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz). Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-135-75952-0. Other earlier converts were the Abillamah Druze Emirs and Harfush Shiite.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75952-0","url_text":"978-1-135-75952-0"}]},{"reference":"al- H̲azīn, Farīd (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5. So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08105-5","url_text":"978-0-674-08105-5"}]},{"reference":"Salibi, Kamal (1900). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. University of California Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-520-07196-4. namely the emirs of the house of Abul - Lama, used to be Druzes before they converted to Christianity and became Maronites","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4","url_text":"978-0-520-07196-4"}]},{"reference":"A. Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-33219-7. some Christians (mostly from the Orthodox faith), as well as Druze, converted to Protestantism...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33219-7","url_text":"978-0-313-33219-7"}]},{"reference":"A. Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-33219-7. Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33219-7","url_text":"978-0-313-33219-7"}]},{"reference":"Hobby, Jeneen (2011). Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-4144-4891-6. US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names..","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-4891-6","url_text":"978-1-4144-4891-6"}]},{"reference":"Panagakos, Anastasia (2015). Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World [3 volumes]: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-4408-3332-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3332-8","url_text":"978-1-4408-3332-8"}]},{"reference":"C. Held, Colbert (2008). Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-429-96200-4. Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96200-4","url_text":"978-0-429-96200-4"}]},{"reference":"Barakat, Halim (2011). Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73981-9. the Druzes make up almost half the district, of Aley, one third of Rashaya, and more than a quarter of Shuf and Matn...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73981-9","url_text":"978-0-292-73981-9"}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Glenn (2012). Sharing the Sacra: The Politics and Pragmatics of Intercommunal Relations Around Holy Places. Berghahn Books. p. 17. ISBN 9780857454867.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857454867","url_text":"9780857454867"}]},{"reference":"Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817916664. the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817916664","url_text":"9780817916664"}]},{"reference":"Barakat, Halim (2011). Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292739819.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292739819","url_text":"9780292739819"}]},{"reference":"Hazran, Yusri (2013). The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 9781317931737. the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317931737","url_text":"9781317931737"}]},{"reference":"Artzi, Pinḥas (1984). Confrontation and Coexistence. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9789652260499. .. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze \"love the Christians more than the other believers,\" and that they \"hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652260499","url_text":"9789652260499"}]},{"reference":"Churchill (1862). The Druzes and the Maronites. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25. ..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..","urls":[]},{"reference":"Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017). Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries. Taylor & Francis. p. 9. ISBN 9781351722179.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351722179","url_text":"9781351722179"}]},{"reference":"Volk, Lucia (2010). Memorials and Martyrs in Modern Lebanon. Indiana University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780253004925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253004925","url_text":"9780253004925"}]},{"reference":"Genzor, Jozef (1990). Asian and African Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3. University of Michigan Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0700702268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700702268","url_text":"978-0700702268"}]},{"reference":"Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017). Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries. Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–314. ISBN 9781351722179.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351722179","url_text":"9781351722179"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256489.pdf","external_links_name":"Lebanon 2015 International Religious Freedom Report"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440","external_links_name":"Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions"},{"Link":"https://gulfnews.com/news/mena/lebanon/finding-a-life-partner-is-hard-enough-for-those-of-the-druze-faith-their-future-depends-on-it-1.2090695","external_links_name":"\"Finding a life partner is hard enough. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dimdim	Siege of Dimdim	["1 Background","2 The siege","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 Sources"]	Coordinates: 37°21′36.46″N 45°10′15.08″E / 37.3601278°N 45.1708556°E / 37.3601278; 45.1708556Battle between the Safavid Empire and the Sunni Kurds of the Ottoman Empire (1609-1610) 37°21′36.46″N 45°10′15.08″E / 37.3601278°N 45.1708556°E / 37.3601278; 45.1708556 Siege of DimdimDateNovember 1609–Summer of 1610LocationDimdim Castle, Azerbaijan, Safavid IranResult Safavid victoryBelligerents Emirate of Bradost Safavid IranCommanders and leaders Amir Khan Lepzerin Hatem Beg Ordubadi The siege of Dimdim was an operation orchestrated by the Safavid ruler Shah Abbas I (r. 1588–1629), in which his forces besieged the Dimdim Castle of the rebellious Kurdish Emirate of Bradost from November 1609 to the summer of 1610. The siege was led by the grand vizier Hatem Beg Ordubadi, who captured the castle and massacred its garrison. Background Throughout the 17th-century, Safavid shahs (kings) of Iran opted to use harsh measures against the uncooperative Kurdish tribes in the western part of the country. Shah Abbas I (r. 1588–1629) had to decide whether to crack down on Kurdish parties that were in a semi-subordinate position or to maintain a reasonable equilibrium between the Kurds and Turkmens. In the case of Amir Khan Lepzerin, the ruler of the Emirate of Bradost, who constructed the Dimdim Castle close to the western part of the Lake Urmia and rebelled against the Safavids, Shah Abbas I chose the first course of action. The siege There are well documented historical accounts of a long siege from 1609 to 1610 between Kurds and the Safavids. The Kurds were at a disadvantage numerically and technologically. After a siege lasting almost a year, the Safavid Grand Vizier Hatem Beg Ordubadi captured the fort and massacred the Kurdish garrison. Aftermath After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg, which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, Dimdim was captured. All the defenders were killed. Shah Abbas I ordered a general massacre in Bradost and Mukriyan (reported by Iskandar Beg Turkoman, Safavid Historian in the Book Alam Aray-e Abbasi) and resettled the Afshar tribe in the region while deporting many Kurdish tribes to Khorasan region. Shortly after the execution of Bodagh Soltan, the Mokri governor of Maragheh, Abbas married Bodagh’s reputable sister in 1610. No issue is recorded from this marriage. Although Safavid historians (like Iskandar Beg ) depicted the first siege of Dimdim as a result of Kurdish mutiny or treason, in Kurdish oral traditions (Beytî Dimdim), literary works (Dzhalilov, pp. 67–72), and histories, it was treated as a struggle of the Kurdish people against foreign domination. The first literary account of this siege is written by Faqi Tayran. References ^ Atmaca 2021, p. 59. ^ a b Hassanpour 1995, pp. 404–405. ^ Butler, Herbert (2012). Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great : Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627-30, the 1677 Version. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies). p. 403. ISBN 978-0-86698-475-1. ^ American Society of Genealogists. 1997. p. 244. Sources Atmaca, Metin (2021). "Negotiating Political Power in the Early Modern Middle East: Kurdish Emirates between the Ottoman Empire and Iranian Dynasties (Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries)". In Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108473354. Hassanpour, Amir (1995). "Dimdim". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/4: Deylam, John of–Divorce IV. In modern Persia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 404–405. ISBN 978-1-56859-022-6.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"37°21′36.46″N 45°10′15.08″E / 37.3601278°N 45.1708556°E / 37.3601278; 45.1708556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Dimdim&params=37_21_36.46_N_45_10_15.08_E_"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"Shah Abbas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Dimdim Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimdim_Castle"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Bradost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bradost"},{"link_name":"grand vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_vizier"},{"link_name":"Hatem Beg Ordubadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatem_Beg_Ordubadi"}],"text":"Battle between the Safavid Empire and the Sunni Kurds of the Ottoman Empire (1609-1610)37°21′36.46″N 45°10′15.08″E / 37.3601278°N 45.1708556°E / 37.3601278; 45.1708556The siege of Dimdim was an operation orchestrated by the Safavid ruler Shah Abbas I (r. 1588–1629), in which his forces besieged the Dimdim Castle of the rebellious Kurdish Emirate of Bradost from November 1609 to the summer of 1610. The siege was led by the grand vizier Hatem Beg Ordubadi, who captured the castle and massacred its garrison.","title":"Siege of Dimdim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"shahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"Shah Abbas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Turkmens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Bradost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bradost"},{"link_name":"Dimdim Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimdim_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lake Urmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Urmia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtmaca202159-1"}],"text":"Throughout the 17th-century, Safavid shahs (kings) of Iran opted to use harsh measures against the uncooperative Kurdish tribes in the western part of the country. Shah Abbas I (r. 1588–1629) had to decide whether to crack down on Kurdish parties that were in a semi-subordinate position or to maintain a reasonable equilibrium between the Kurds and Turkmens. In the case of Amir Khan Lepzerin, the ruler of the Emirate of Bradost, who constructed the Dimdim Castle close to the western part of the Lake Urmia and rebelled against the Safavids, Shah Abbas I chose the first course of action.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"Hatem Beg Ordubadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatem_Beg_Ordubadi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassanpour1995404%E2%80%93405-2"}],"text":"There are well documented historical accounts of a long siege from 1609 to 1610 between Kurds and the Safavids. The Kurds were at a disadvantage numerically and technologically. After a siege lasting almost a year, the Safavid Grand Vizier Hatem Beg Ordubadi captured the fort and massacred the Kurdish garrison.[2]","title":"The siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mukriyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukriyan"},{"link_name":"Afshar tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afshar_tribe"},{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Mokri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokri_tribe"},{"link_name":"Maragheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Faqi Tayran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqi_Tayran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassanpour1995404%E2%80%93405-2"}],"text":"After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg, which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, Dimdim was captured. All the defenders were killed. Shah Abbas I ordered a general massacre in Bradost and Mukriyan (reported by Iskandar Beg Turkoman, Safavid Historian in the Book Alam Aray-e Abbasi) and resettled the Afshar tribe in the region while deporting many Kurdish tribes to Khorasan region. Shortly after the execution of Bodagh Soltan, the Mokri governor of Maragheh, Abbas married Bodagh’s reputable sister in 1610.[3][4] No issue is recorded from this marriage. Although Safavid historians (like Iskandar Beg ) depicted the first siege of Dimdim as a result of Kurdish mutiny or treason, in Kurdish oral traditions (Beytî Dimdim), literary works (Dzhalilov, pp. 67–72), and histories, it was treated as a struggle of the Kurdish people against foreign domination. The first literary account of this siege is written by Faqi Tayran.[2]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cambridge History of the Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J07AzQEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1108473354","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108473354"},{"link_name":"\"Dimdim\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iranicaonline.org/articles/dimdim"},{"link_name":"Yarshater, Ehsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56859-022-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-022-6"}],"text":"Atmaca, Metin (2021). \"Negotiating Political Power in the Early Modern Middle East: Kurdish Emirates between the Ottoman Empire and Iranian Dynasties (Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries)\". In Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108473354.\nHassanpour, Amir (1995). \"Dimdim\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/4: Deylam, John of–Divorce IV. In modern Persia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 404–405. ISBN 978-1-56859-022-6.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Butler, Herbert (2012). Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great : Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627-30, the 1677 Version. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies). p. 403. ISBN 978-0-86698-475-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-475-1","url_text":"978-0-86698-475-1"}]},{"reference":"American Society of Genealogists. 1997. p. 244.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Atmaca, Metin (2021). \"Negotiating Political Power in the Early Modern Middle East: Kurdish Emirates between the Ottoman Empire and Iranian Dynasties (Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries)\". In Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108473354.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J07AzQEACAAJ","url_text":"The Cambridge History of the Kurds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108473354","url_text":"978-1108473354"}]},{"reference":"Hassanpour, Amir (1995). \"Dimdim\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/4: Deylam, John of–Divorce IV. In modern Persia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 404–405. ISBN 978-1-56859-022-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dimdim","url_text":"\"Dimdim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater","url_text":"Yarshater, Ehsan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-022-6","url_text":"978-1-56859-022-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Dimdim&params=37_21_36.46_N_45_10_15.08_E_","external_links_name":"37°21′36.46″N 45°10′15.08″E / 37.3601278°N 45.1708556°E / 37.3601278; 45.1708556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Dimdim&params=37_21_36.46_N_45_10_15.08_E_","external_links_name":"37°21′36.46″N 45°10′15.08″E / 37.3601278°N 45.1708556°E / 37.3601278; 45.1708556"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J07AzQEACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Cambridge History of the Kurds"},{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dimdim","external_links_name":"\"Dimdim\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodorus_berteroi	Echinodorus berteroi	["1 Description","2 Cultivation","3 References","4 External links"]	Species of aquatic plant Cellophane sword Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Alismatales Family: Alismataceae Genus: Echinodorus Species: E. berteroi Binomial name Echinodorus berteroi(Spreng.) Fassett in Rhodora, 57:1139, 1955 Synonyms Alisma berteroi Spreng. Alisma berteroanum Balb. ex Schult. & Schult.f. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes Alisma sprengelii Rich. ex Kunth Echinodorus cordifolius var. berteroanus (Balb. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Griseb. Alisma rostratum Nutt. Alisma macrophyllum var. minus Seub. in C.F.P.von Martius Echinodorus rostratus (Nutt.) Engelm. Echinodorus rostratus var. lanceolatus Engelm. ex S.Watson & Coult. in A.Gray Echinodorus patagonicus Speg. Sagittaria rostrata (Nutt.) Kuntze Echinodorus cordifolius var. lanceolatus (Engelm. ex S.Watson & Coult.) Mack. & Bush Echinodorus cordifolius f. lanceolatus (Engelm. ex S.Watson & Coult.) Fernald Echinodorus rostratus f. lanceolatus (Engelm. ex S.Watson & Coult.) Fernald Echinodorus berteroi var. lanceolatus (Engelm. ex S.Watson & Coult.) Fernald Echinodorus berteroi var. patagonicus (Speg.) Rataj Echinodorus berteroi subsp. patagonicus (Speg.) Rataj Echinodorus longilineatus Rataj Echinodorus berteroi (upright burhead or cellophane sword) is an aquatic plant species in the Alismataceae It is native to the southern and central parts of the United States, as well as Central America, the West Indies, and South America as far south as Argentina. Description Submersed leaves often modified into phyllodes, 10 – 45 cm long x 0.5 – 4 cm wide, linear to narrowly elliptical, of very variable shape and size, light-green, membraneously transparent, network between the veins often lighter or darker, thus the submersed leaves often appearing mosaic-like coloured. Emerse leaves long-petioled, 5 – 55 cm long, blades light-green, cordate, 5 – 12 cm long x 3 – 5 cm wide, in terrestrial dwarf forms the blades are ovate, truncate at the base, 2 – 5 cm long x 1 – 2 cm wide. In the blades there are very clear pellucid lines 1 – 5 mm (exceptionally up to 11 mm) long. Stem upright, inflorescence compound, branched in lower whorls. In terrestrial forms stem only 6 – 10 cm long. Corolla white, about 1.5 cm in diameter, stamens 12, achenes numerous in echinate head, nutlets grey-brown, 2.5 - 3.5 mm long x 1 - 1.3 mm wide, broadly keeled, with 2 winged ribs alternating with 3 non-winged ribs; facial gland single, close to the beak, indistinct or quite absent. Mature specimens may have between 10 - 30 leaves. most of them differing in shape and size. Cultivation Prefers a larger tank with a deep, rich substrate and good light. It is easy to grow but will soon outgrow the average aquarium. Can be divided, or in submerse plants, adventitious plantlets will form on the inflorescence and can be divided and planted out. Seed will be set in emerse plants, and can be planted out in shallow trays with sand and shallow warm water. Prefers soft, rather acid water. Sub-tropical to tropical temperatures. It doesn't seem to thrive in hard water. Will grow in and by the pond in warmer regions, but must be protected from frost. References ^ a b "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-27. ^ Biota of North America Program Image ^ CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico D.F. ^ Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 55: 1–584 ^ Madsen, J. E., R. Mix & H. Balslev. 2001. Flora of Puná Island 1–289. Aarhus University Press, Aarhus. ^ Zuloaga, F. O., O. N. Morrone, M. J. Belgrano, C. Marticorena & E. Marchesi. (eds.) 2008. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107(1–3): i–xcvi, 1–3348. ^ Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley. ^ "Echinodorus berteroi in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-01-27. External links Missouri plants Archived 2006-03-19 at the Wayback Machine California flora USDA Ohio Taxon identifiersEchinodorus berteroi Wikidata: Q749599 Wikispecies: Echinodorus berteroi AoFP: 2707 BOLD: 550662 Calflora: 2886 CoL: 38HTX EoL: 1087877 EPPO: ECOBE FNA: 222000050 GBIF: 5328802 GRIN: 406385 iNaturalist: 76761 IPNI: 88149-2 IRMNG: 10418873 ITIS: 182443 NatureServe: 2.154765 NCBI: 430087 Observation.org: 198682 Open Tree of Life: 245527 Plant List: kew-305228 PLANTS: ECBE2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:88149-2 Tropicos: 900217 WisFlora: 8224 WFO: wfo-0000766369 Alisma berteroi Wikidata: Q38410522 CoL: BSF8 GBIF: 2864690 GRIN: 406398 IPNI: 58178-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:58178-1 Tropicos: 900248 WFO: wfo-0000755386	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alismataceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alismataceae"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kayellstrom-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Echinodorus berteroi (upright burhead or cellophane sword) is an aquatic plant species in the Alismataceae It is native to the southern and central parts of the United States, as well as Central America, the West Indies, and South America as far south as Argentina.[1][2][3][4][5][6]","title":"Echinodorus berteroi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(flower)"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamens"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Submersed leaves often modified into phyllodes, 10 – 45 cm long x 0.5 – 4 cm wide, linear to narrowly elliptical, of very variable shape and size, light-green, membraneously transparent, network between the veins often lighter or darker, thus the submersed leaves often appearing mosaic-like coloured. Emerse leaves long-petioled, 5 – 55 cm long, blades light-green, cordate, 5 – 12 cm long x 3 – 5 cm wide, in terrestrial dwarf forms the blades are ovate, truncate at the base, 2 – 5 cm long x 1 – 2 cm wide. In the blades there are very clear pellucid lines 1 – 5 mm (exceptionally up to 11 mm) long. Stem upright, inflorescence compound, branched in lower whorls. In terrestrial forms stem only 6 – 10 cm long. Corolla white, about 1.5 cm in diameter, stamens 12, achenes numerous in echinate head, nutlets grey-brown, 2.5 - 3.5 mm long x 1 - 1.3 mm wide, broadly keeled, with 2 winged ribs alternating with 3 non-winged ribs; facial gland single, close to the beak, indistinct or quite absent. Mature specimens may have between 10 - 30 leaves. most of them differing in shape and size.[7][8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Prefers a larger tank with a deep, rich substrate and good light. It is easy to grow but will soon outgrow the average aquarium. Can be divided, or in submerse plants, adventitious plantlets will form on the inflorescence and can be divided and planted out. Seed will be set in emerse plants, and can be planted out in shallow trays with sand and shallow warm water. Prefers soft, rather acid water. Sub-tropical to tropical temperatures. It doesn't seem to thrive in hard water. Will grow in and by the pond in warmer regions, but must be protected from frost.[citation needed]","title":"Cultivation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=305228","url_text":"\"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\""}]},{"reference":"\"Echinodorus berteroi in Flora of North America @ efloras.org\". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=222000050","url_text":"\"Echinodorus berteroi in Flora of North America @ efloras.org\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=305228","external_links_name":"\"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\""},{"Link":"http://bonap.net/MapGallery/State/Echinodorus%20berteroi.png","external_links_name":"Biota of North America Program"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=222000050","external_links_name":"\"Echinodorus berteroi in Flora of North America @ efloras.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Echinodorus_berteroi_page.html","external_links_name":"Missouri plants"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060319061238/http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Echinodorus_berteroi_page.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/burhead.html","external_links_name":"California flora"},{"Link":"https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ECBE2","external_links_name":"USDA"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311062654/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/dnap/Abstracts/E-F/echibert.htm","external_links_name":"Ohio"},{"Link":"https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=2707","external_links_name":"2707"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=550662","external_links_name":"550662"},{"Link":"https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=2886","external_links_name":"2886"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/38HTX","external_links_name":"38HTX"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1087877","external_links_name":"1087877"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ECOBE","external_links_name":"ECOBE"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=222000050","external_links_name":"222000050"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5328802","external_links_name":"5328802"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=406385","external_links_name":"406385"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/76761","external_links_name":"76761"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/88149-2","external_links_name":"88149-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10418873","external_links_name":"10418873"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=182443","external_links_name":"182443"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.154765/","external_links_name":"2.154765"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=430087","external_links_name":"430087"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/198682/","external_links_name":"198682"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=245527","external_links_name":"245527"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-305228","external_links_name":"kew-305228"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ECBE2","external_links_name":"ECBE2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A88149-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:88149-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/900217","external_links_name":"900217"},{"Link":"https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=8224","external_links_name":"8224"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000766369","external_links_name":"wfo-0000766369"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/BSF8","external_links_name":"BSF8"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2864690","external_links_name":"2864690"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=406398","external_links_name":"406398"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/58178-1","external_links_name":"58178-1"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A58178-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:58178-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/900248","external_links_name":"900248"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000755386","external_links_name":"wfo-0000755386"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asho_Chin_people	Asho Chin people	["1 Demography","2 Religion","3 References"]	Tribe of Chin-Mizo people For the title, see Zoroaster. Ethnic group Ashoအရှိုချင်းTotal population250,000Regions with significant populationsRakhine State, Magway Region, Pegu, Irrawaddy, BurmaLanguagesAsho Chin languageReligionTheravada Buddhism, Christianity, AnimismRelated ethnic groupsChin people Asho people (Burmese: အရှိုချင်း) is one of the tribes of the Chin people. Demography The native speakers of Asho language are around 10,000. The total population of the Asho people are around 400,000. Religion Unlike other Chin clans, many of them are Buddhist. The Christian missionaries also used Burmese script for writing Asho language. Rev. G. Whitehead of Anglican Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, introduced the Latin script for writing and published Gospel of Mark in 1921. A Bible Society from Rangoon published New Testament in 1954 in Burmese script. References ^ Khup Za Go, Rev.: A Critical Historical Study of Bible Translation among the Zo people in Northeast India. Imphal. BCPW Press. 1996. p.80-81. ^ Mindat Bonein: History of Chin Hills. Rangoon. Sapay Beihman. 1976. p. 11. ^ ဆမၩကျ့ၩထၩ(Hsama kyá hta) = The New Testament in Asho Southern Chin. British and Foreign Bible Society Burma Agency, 1954. vteEthnic groups of the Zo people and its clansZo people (Kuki-Chin-Mizo people)Chin Anu Anun Cumtu Daai Dai Yindu Falam Sim Falam Khualsim Falam Zahau (Jahau) Falam Zanniat Gunte (Liante) Kaung Saing Kaungso Kebar Khawno Kwemyi Lai (Hakha Chin, Pawi) Laizao (Falam proper, Laizo, Pawi) Lautu (Lutuv) Mro Lhinbu Magun Malin Matu Kaang Mi-er Myanmar Mizos Ngawn Shö Panun Rawngtu (Welaung) Saing Zan Saline (Salai) Senthang Tedim (Zomi) Tawr (Torr) Yin Gog Zophei Zotung Kuki-ZomiKuki Thadou Zomi Paite Gangte Simte Sizang Sukte Vaiphei Zou Mizo Hmar Lusei Myanmar Mizos Lai (Pawi) Mara (Lakher) Ralte Others Aimol Anaal Angami Choroi Naga Chothe Naga Chiru Naga Bawm Kharam Naga Koireng Naga Kom Monsang Naga Moyon Naga Purum Naga Sorbung Tangkhul Tarao vte Ethnic groups in MyanmarBurmese peopleKachin (12) Jingpaw Dalaung Gauri Hkahku Duleng Maru (Lawgore) Hpon Lashi (La Chit) Atsi Lisu Rawang Taron Ngochang Kayah (9) Geba Karen Gheko Karenni Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung) Manu Manaw Pale Yin Baw Yin Talai Zayein Kayin (Karen) (11) Pa-Le-Chi Mon Kayin (Sarpyu) S'gaw Ta-Hlay-Pwa Paku Bwe Monpwa Monnepwa Shu (Pwo) Chin (53) Anu Anun Asho Bre (Ka-Yaw) Cumtu Dai (Yindu) Dim Eik-swair Gunte (Lyente) Guite Hualngo Kaung Saing Chin Kaungso Kebar Khawno Kwangli (Sim) Kwelshin Kwe Myi Lai (Haka Chin) Laizao Lawhtu Laymyo Lhinbu Lyente Magun Malin Marma Matu Meithei (Kathe) Mgan Mi-er Lusayy Mro-Khimi people Naga Ngawn Oo-Pu Panun Rongtu Saing Zan Saline Senthang Tangkhul Tapong Tay-Zan Thado Tiddim (Hai-Dim) Torr (Tawr) Yin Gog Zahau Zahnyet (Zanniat) Sizang Zophei Zotung Zou Bamar (Burman) (9) Dawei Beik Yaw Yabein Kadu (Kado) Ganan Hpon Mon (1) Mon Rakhine (Arakanese) (7) Kamein (Kaman) Khami Daingnet Maramagyi Miram (Mara) Mru (Taung Mro) Thet Shan (33) Danaw (Danau) Danu Intha Pa-O Khamti Shan Khmu (Khamu) Kwi Kokang Lahu Palaung Shan Gale Shan Gyi Tai-Loi Tai Nua Tai-Lon Tai-Lay Taishon Taungyo Wa (Va) Yao Yin Kya Yin Net Yun Man Zi Pyin Eng Son Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw) Maw Shan Maingtha Hkun (Khün) Unrecognised / Others Anglo-Burmese Chinese Panthay Bayingyi Gurkha Mizo Indian Tamils Rohingya Malay Pakistani Taungtha This Myanmar-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an ethnic group in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zoroaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"Chin people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_people"}],"text":"For the title, see Zoroaster.Ethnic groupAsho people (Burmese: အရှိုချင်း) is one of the tribes of the Chin people.","title":"Asho Chin people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asho language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asho_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The native speakers of Asho language are around 10,000.[1] The total population of the Asho people are around 400,000.[2]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_missionaries"},{"link_name":"Burmese script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_script"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Latin script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Unlike other Chin clans, many of them are Buddhist. The Christian missionaries also used Burmese script for writing Asho language.[citation needed] Rev. G. Whitehead of Anglican Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, introduced the Latin script for writing and published Gospel of Mark in 1921. A Bible Society from Rangoon published New Testament in 1954 in Burmese script.[3]","title":"Religion"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asho_Chin_people&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asho_Chin_people&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Luthuli	Albert Luthuli	["1 Early life","1.1 Youth","1.2 Education","1.3 Teaching","2 Early political activity","2.1 Natal Native Teachers' Association","2.2 The Zulu Language and Cultural Society","2.3 Cane Growers' Association","3 Chief of Groutville","4 Natives Representative Council","5 President of the Natal ANC","5.1 Defiance Campaign","6 President-General of the ANC","6.1 First ban","6.2 Second ban","6.3 Congress of the People and Freedom Charter","6.4 Treason Trial","6.5 Third ban and banning of the ANC","6.6 uMkhonto we Sizwe","6.7 Nobel Peace Prize","6.8 International popularity","7 Fourth ban","8 Death","8.1 Reaction","9 See also","10 Notes","11 Citations","12 References"]	South African politician (c. 1898–1967) InkosiAlbert LuthuliPresident-General of the African National CongressIn officeDecember 1952 – 21 July 1967Preceded byJames MorokaSucceeded byOliver TamboRector of the University of GlasgowIn office1962–1965Preceded byQuintin HoggSucceeded byThe Lord ReithChief of the Umvoti River ReserveIn officeJanuary 1936 – November 1952Preceded byMartin LuthuliSucceeded byPosition abolished Personal detailsBornc. 1898Bulawayo, RhodesiaDied21 July 1967 (aged c. 68–69)Stanger, Natal, South AfricaResting placeGroutville Congregationalist Church, StangerNationalitySouth AfricanPolitical partyAfrican National CongressOther politicalaffiliationsCongress AllianceSpouse Nokukhanya Bhengu (m. 1927)Children7, including AlbertinaAlma materAdams CollegeOccupationTeachertraditional leaderpoliticianAwardsNobel Peace PrizeUnited Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights Part of a series onApartheid Events 1948 general election Coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 Treason Trial Sharpeville massacre Rivonia Trial Soweto uprising Church Street, Pretoria bombing Vaal uprising Trojan Horse Incident Khotso House bombing Cape Town peace march CODESA Assassination of Chris Hani Saint James Church massacre 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Organisations ANC APLA IFP AWB BBB Black Sash CCB Conservative Party DP ECC FOSATU PP RP PFP HNP MK PAC UDF Broederbond National Party COSATU Security Branch SACC SADF SAIC SAMA SAP SACP State Security Council People Vernon Berrangé P. W. Botha Steve Biko Mangosuthu Buthelezi F. W. de Klerk Ruth First Bram Fischer Arthur Goldreich Chris Hani Bantu Holomisa Joel Joffe Ahmed Kathrada Albert Luthuli Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Mac Maharaj D. F. Malan Nelson Mandela Govan Mbeki Thabo Mbeki Raymond Mhlaba Benjamin Moloise Albertina Sisulu Walter Sisulu J. G. Strijdom Joe Slovo Robert Sobukwe Helen Suzman Adelaide Tambo Oliver Tambo Eugène Terre'Blanche Desmond Tutu H. F. Verwoerd B. J. Vorster Jacob Zuma Places Bantustan District Six Robben Island Sophiatown South-West Africa Soweto Sun City Vlakplaas Related topics Afrikaner nationalism Apartheid in popular culture Apartheid legislation Cape Qualified Franchise Disinvestment campaign Freedom Charter Internal resistance to apartheid Kairos Document Music in the movement against apartheid Nostalgia for apartheid Project Coast Sullivan Principles Categoryvte Albert John Luthuli (c. 1898 – 21 July 1967) was a South African anti-apartheid activist, traditional leader, and politician who served as the President-General of the African National Congress from 1952 until his death in 1967. Luthuli was born to a Zulu family in 1898 at a Seventh-day Adventist mission in Bulawayo, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). In 1908 he moved to Groutville, where his parents and grandparents had lived, to attend school under the care of his uncle. After graduating from high school with a teaching degree, Luthuli became principal of a small school in Natal where he was the sole teacher. He accepted a government bursary to study for the Higher Teacher's Diploma at Adams College. After the completion of his studies in 1922, he accepted a teaching position at Adams College where he was one of the first African teachers. In 1928, he became the secretary of the Natal Native Teachers' Association, then its president in 1933. Luthuli's entered South African politics and the anti-apartheid movement in 1935, when he was elected chief of the Umvoti River Reserve in Groutville. As chief, he was exposed to the injustices facing many Africans due to the South African government's increasingly segregationist policies. This segregation would later evolve into apartheid, a form of institutionalized racial segregation, following the National Party's election victory in 1948. Luthuli joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944 and was elected the provincial president of the Natal branch in 1951. A year later in 1952, Luthuli led the Defiance Campaign to protest the pass laws and other laws of apartheid. As a result, the government removed him from his chief position as he refused to choose between being a member of the ANC or a chief at Groutville. In the same year, he was elected President-General of the ANC. After the Sharpeville massacre, where sixty-nine Africans were killed, leaders within the ANC such as Nelson Mandela believed the organisation should take up armed resistance against the government. Luthuli was initially against the use of violence. He later gradually came to accept it, but stayed committed to nonviolence on a personal level. Following four banning orders, the imprisonment and exile of his political allies, and the banning of the ANC, Luthuli's power as President-General gradually waned. The subsequent creation of uMkhonto we Sizwe, the ANC's paramilitary wing, marked the anti-apartheid movement's shift from nonviolence to an armed struggle. Inspired by his Christian faith and the nonviolent methods used by Gandhi, Luthuli was praised for his dedication to nonviolent resistance against apartheid as well as his vision of a non-racial South African society. In 1961, Luthuli was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in leading the nonviolent anti-apartheid movement. Luthuli's supporters brand him as a global icon of peace similar to Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr, the latter of whom was a follower and admirer of Luthuli. He formed multi-racial alliances with the South African Indian Congress and the white Congress of Democrats, frequently drawing a backlash from Africanists in the ANC. The Africanist bloc believed that Africans should not ally themselves with other races, since Africans were the most disadvantaged race under apartheid. This schism led to the creation of the Pan-Africanist Congress. Early life The former site of Solusi Mission Station, which is now Solusi University. Albert John Luthuli was born at the Solusi Mission Station, a Seventh-day Adventist missionary station, in 1898 to John and Mtonya Luthuli (née Gumede) who had settled in the Bulawayo area of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). He was the youngest of three children and had two brothers, Mpangwa, who died at birth, and Alfred Nsusana. Luthuli's father died when he was about six months old, and Luthuli had no recollection of him. His father's death led to him being mainly raised by his mother Mtonya, who had spent her childhood in the royal household of King Cetshwayo in Zululand. Mtonya had converted to Christianity and lived with the American Board Mission prior to her marriage to John Luthuli. During her stay, she learned how to read and became a dedicated reader of the Bible until her death. Despite being able to read, Mtonya never learned how to write. After their marriage, Luthuli's father left Natal and went to Rhodesia during the Second Matabele War to serve with the Rhodesian forces. When the war ended, John stayed in Rhodesia with a Seventh-day Adventist mission near Bulawayo and worked as an interpreter and evangelist. Mtonya and Alfred then travelled to Rhodesia to reunite with John, and Luthuli was born there soon after. Luthuli's paternal grandparents, Ntaba ka Madunjini and Titsi Mthethwa, were born in the early nineteenth century and had fought against potential annexation from Shaka's Zulu Kingdom. They were also among the first converts of Aldin Grout, a missionary from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABM), which was based near the Umvoti River north of Durban. The abasemakholweni, a converted Christian community within the Umvoti Mission Station, elected Ntaba as their chief in 1860. This marked the start of a family tradition, as Ntaba's brother, son Martin, and grandson Albert were also subsequently elected as chiefs. Youth Pastor and Deacons at a Groutville Church in 1900. Around 1908 or 1909, the Seventh-day Adventists expressed their interest in beginning missionary work in Natal and requested the services of Luthuli's brother, Alfred, to work as an interpreter. Luthuli and his mother followed, and departed Rhodesia to return to South Africa. Luthuli's family settled in the Vryheid district of Northern Natal, and resided on the farm of a Seventh-day Adventist. During this time, Luthuli was responsible for tending to the missionary's mules as educational opportunities were not available. Luthuli's mother recognised his need for a formal education and sent him to live in Groutville under the care of his uncle. Groutville was a small village inhabited predominantly by poor Christian farmers who were affiliated with the nearby mission station run by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABM). The ABM, which commenced operations in Southern Africa in 1834, was a Congregationalist organisation responsible for setting up the Umvoti Mission Station. After the death of ABM missionary Aldin Grout in 1894, the town surrounding the mission station was renamed Groutville. Luthuli resided in the home of his uncle, Chief Martin Luthuli, and his family. Martin was the first democratically elected chief of Groutville. In 1901, Martin founded the Natal Native Congress, which would later become the Natal branch of the African National Congress. Luthuli had a pleasant childhood as his uncle Martin was guardian over many children in Groutville, which led to Luthuli having many friends of his own age. In Martin's traditional Zulu household, Luthuli completed chores expected of a Zulu boy his age such as fetching water, herding, and building fires. Additionally, he attended school for the first time. Under Martin's care, Luthuli was also provided with an early knowledge of traditional African politics and affairs, which aided him in his future career as a traditional chief. Education John Dube's memorial outside of the Ohlange Institute. Luthuli's mother, Mtonya, returned to Groutville and Luthuli returned to her care. They lived in a brand-new house built by his brother, Alfred, on the site where their grandfather, Ntaba, had once lived. In order to be able to send her son to boarding school, Mtonya worked long hours in the fields of the land she owned. She also took in laundry from European families in the township of Stanger to earn the necessary money for school. Luthuli was educated at a local ABM mission school until 1914, and then transferred to the Ohlange Institute. Ohlange was founded by John Dube, who was the school principal at the time Luthuli attended. Dube was educated in America but returned to South Africa to open the Ohlange Institute to provide an education to black children. He was the first President-General of the South African Native National Congress and founded the first Zulu-language newspaper, Ilanga lase Natal. Luthuli joined the ANC in 1944, partially out of respect to his former school principal. Luthuli describes his experience at the Ohlange Institute as "rough-and-tumble." The outbreak of World War I led to rationing and a scarcity of food among the African population. After attending Ohlange for only two terms, Luthuli was transferred to Edendale, a Methodist school near Pietermaritzburg, the capital of Natal. It was at Edendale that Luthuli participated in his first act of civil disobedience. He joined a protest against a punishment which made boys carry large stones long distances, damaging their uniforms, and leaving many unable to afford replacements. The demonstration failed and Luthuli along with the rest of the strikers were punished by the school. At Edendale, Luthuli developed a passion for teaching and went on to graduate with a teaching degree in 1917. Teaching Albert Luthuli in the late 1920s. Around the age of nineteen years old, Luthuli's first job after graduation came as a principal at a rural intermediate school in Blaauwbosch, located in the Natal midlands. The school was small, and Luthuli was the sole teacher working there. While teaching at Blaauwbosch, Luthuli lived with a Methodist's family. As there were no Congregational churches around him, he became the student of a local Methodist minister, the Reverend Mthembu. He was confirmed in the Methodist church and later became a lay preacher. Luthuli proved himself to be a good teacher and the Natal Department of Education offered him a bursary in 1920 to study for a Higher Teacher's Diploma at Adams College. Following the completion of his two years of study, he was offered another bursary, this time to study at the University of Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape. He refused, as he wanted to earn a salary to take care of his ageing mother. This led him to accept a teaching position at Adams College, where he and Z. K. Matthews were among the first African teachers at the school. Luthuli taught Zulu history, music, and literature, and during his time as a teacher, he met his future wife, Nokukhanya Bhengu. She was also a teacher at Adams and the granddaughter of a Zulu chief. Luthuli was committed to providing quality education to African children and led the Teachers' College at Adams where he trained aspiring teachers and travelled to different institutions to teach students. Early political activity Natal Native Teachers' Association Z. K. Matthews served as president of the Natal Native Teachers' Association prior to Luthuli. Luthuli was elected as the secretary of the Natal Native Teachers' Association in 1928 and served under Z. K. Matthews' presidency. He became the president of the association in 1933. The association had three goals: improving working conditions for African teachers, motivating members to expand their skills, and encouraging members to participate in leisure activities such as sports, music and social gatherings. Despite making little progress in achieving its stated goals, the association is remembered for its opposition to the Chief Inspector for Native Education in Natal, Charles Loram, and his proposal that Africans be educated in "practical functions" and left to "develop along their own lines". Loram's position would serve as the ideological basis for the National Party's Bantu Education policy. The Zulu Language and Cultural Society After becoming disappointed with the Natal Native Teachers' Association's slow progress, Luthuli shifted his attention to establishing a new branch of the Teachers' Association called the Zulu Language and Cultural Society in 1935. Dinizulu, the Zulu king, served as one of the society's patrons, and John Dube served as its inaugural president. Luthuli described the purpose of the society as the preservation of what is valuable to Zulu culture while removing the inappropriate practices and beliefs. Luthuli's involvement with the society was brief, as he assumed the role of chief in Groutville and could not remain actively involved. As a result, the society's goals changed from its original purpose. According to historian Shula Marks, the primary goal of the Zulu Language and Cultural Society was to secure government recognition of the Zulu royal family as the official leaders of the Zulu people. The preservation of Zulu tradition and custom was a secondary goal. Grants and gifts from the South African Native Affairs Department as well as the society's involvement with the Zulu royal house led to its demise as it collapsed in 1946. Seeing no real progress being made by the Teachers' Association and Zulu Society, Luthuli felt compelled to reject the government as a potential collaborator. Cane Growers' Association The 1936 Sugar Act limited production of sugar in order to keep the price from falling. A quota system was implemented, and, for African cane growers, it was severely limiting. As a response Luthuli decided to revive the Groutville Cane Growers' Association of which he became chairman. The association was used to make collective bargaining and advocacy more effective. The association achieved a significant victory: an amendment was made to the Sugar Act that allowed African cane growers to have a comprehensive quota. This meant if some farmers were unable to meet their individual quotas, others could make up the difference, ensuring that all cane would be sold and not wasted in the farms. Luthuli then founded the Natal and Zululand Bantu Cane Growers' Association, which he served as chairman. The association brought almost all African cane growers into a single union. It had very few achievements, but one of them was securing indirect representation on the central board through a non-white advisory board that was concerned with the production, processing, and marketing of sugar. The structural inequalities and discrimination present in South African society hindered the association's efforts to promote the interests of non-white canegrowers, and they proved to be little match for the white canegrowers' associations. As with the Teachers' Association, Luthuli was disappointed with the Growers' Association's few successes. He believed that whatever political role he took part in, the stubbornness and hostility of the government would prevent any significant progress from being made. Luthuli continued to support the interests of black cane growers, and was the only black representative on the central board until 1953. Chief of Groutville Prime Minister Hertzog passed a set of bills that negatively affected and restricted the African population. In 1933, Luthuli was asked to succeed his uncle, Martin, as chief of the Umvoti River Reserve. He took two years to make his decision. His salary as a teacher was enough for him to send money home to support his family, but if he accepted the chieftainship he would earn less than one-fifth of his current salary. Furthermore, leaving a job at Adams College, where he worked with people of different ethnicities from all over South Africa, to become a Zulu chief appeared to be a move towards a more insular way of life. Luthuli opted for the role of chief and said he was not motivated by a desire for wealth, fame, or power. At the end of 1935, he was elected as chief and relocated to Groutville. He commenced his duties on January 1936 and continued in the role until he was deposed by the South African government in 1952. Some chiefs abused their power and used their close relationship with the government to act as dictators. They increased their wealth by claiming ownership of land that was not rightfully theirs, charged excessive fees for services, and accepted bribes to resolve disputes. Despite his reduced salary as a chief, Luthuli rejected corrupt practices. He embraced the concept of Ubuntu, which emphasized the humanity of all people, and governed with an inclusive and democratic approach. He believed that traditional Zulu governance was inherently democratic, with chiefs obligated to respond to the needs of their people. Luthuli was seen as a chief of his people: one community member remembered Luthuli as a "man of the people who had a very strong influence over the community. He was a people's chief." Luthuli involved women, who were considered socially inferior, in the decision-making process of his leadership. He also improved their economic status by allowing them to engage in activities such as beer brewing and running unlicensed bars, despite a government prohibition on these practices. The position of Africans in the reserves continued to regress as a result of laws passed that controlled their social mobility. The Hertzog Bills were introduced a year after Luthuli was elected chief and were instrumental in the restriction and control of Africans. The first bill, the Natives Representation Bill, removed Africans from the voters' roll in the Cape and created the Natives Representative Council (NRC). The second bill, the Natives Land and Trust Bill, restricted the land available to the African population of 12 million to less than 13 per cent. The remaining 87 per cent of land in South Africa was primarily reserved for the white population of approximately 3 million in 1936. Limited access to land and poor agricultural technology negatively affected the people of Groutville, and the government's policies led to a shortage of land, education, and job opportunities, which limited the potential achievements of the population. Luthuli viewed the conditions of Groutville as a microcosm that affected all black people in South Africa. Natives Representative Council It was only too true. For years now they had talked. Nobody listened. I was disillusioned myself, and could only reply, "There are people beyond South Africa who sometimes hear what we say. All we can do is try to shout to the world. All I can do is to help us shout louder." — Albert Luthuli's response to claims that the Native Representative Council was ineffective. The Natives Representative Council (NRC), an advisory body to the government, was established in 1936 with the purpose of compensating and appeasing the African population, who had lost their limited voting rights in the Cape Province due to the enactment of the Hertzog Bills. In 1946, after John Dube's death, Luthuli became a member of the Natives Representative Council through a by-election. He brought his long-standing grievances about insufficient land for African people to the NRC meetings. In August 1946, Luthuli, along with other councilors, objected to the government's use of force to quell a large strike by African mineworkers. Luthuli accused the government of disregarding African complaints against their segregationist policies, and African councilors adjourned in protest. He would later describe the NRC as a "toy telephone" requiring him to "shout a little louder" even though no one was listening. The NRC reconvened later in 1946 but adjourned again indefinitely. Its members refused to co-operate with the government, which caused it to become ineffective. The NRC never met after that point and it was disbanded by the government in 1952. Luthuli frequently addressed the criticism from black South Africans who believed that serving in the Native Representative Council would lead to nothing but talk, and that the NRC was a form of deceit served by the South African government. He often agreed with these sentiments, but he and other contemporary African leaders believed that Africans should represent themselves in all structures created by the government, even if only to change them. He was determined to take the demands and grievances of his people to the government. In the end, like others before him, Luthuli realized that his efforts were futile. In an interview with Drum Magazine in May 1953, Luthuli said that joining the NRC gave White South Africans "a last chance to prove their good faith" but they "had not done so". President of the Natal ANC After John Dube suffered a stroke in 1945, Allison Champion succeeded him as Natal president in 1945 after defeating conservative leader Reverend A. Mtimkulu. During the election meeting, Luthuli was unexpectedly appointed as acting chair. Serving on Champion's executive, Luthuli remained politically active. However, the Youth League's adoption of a more confrontational Programme of Action in 1949 led to growing dissatisfaction with Champion's leadership, as he prioritised Natal's separateness over the new strategy. Champion frequently failed to implement strategies and programmes set forth by the national ANC or Youth League, which made the Natal ANC lag behind. Members of the Youth League in Natal nominated Luthuli for Natal president in 1951 as they viewed him as a new brand of leadership. Luthuli and Champion were the two nominees for the election; Luthuli was elected president of the Natal ANC by a small majority. In Luthuli's first appearance as Natal ANC president at the ANC's national conference, he pleaded for more time to be given to the Natal ANC in preparation for the planned Defiance Campaign, a large act of civil disobedience by non-white South Africans. Some members of the ANC did not support his request, and he was jeered at and labelled a coward. However, Luthuli had no prior knowledge of this planned campaign and only found out about it as he was travelling to Bloemfontein, where the ANC's national conference was held. Many of the details about the campaign were given to his predecessor, A.W.G Champion. The Natal ANC agreed to prepare for the Defiance Campaign, which was slated for the latter half of 1952, and participate as soon as they were ready. Defiance Campaign Main article: Defiance Campaign The nonviolent tactics used during the Defiance Campaign were inspired by Gandhi. The preparations for the Defiance Campaign began on 6 April 1952, while the campaign itself was scheduled for 26 June 1952. The preparation day served as a warm-up, with large demonstrations in cities such as Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, Pretoria, and Durban. Concurrently, many White South Africans observed the three-hundredth anniversary of Jan van Riebeeck's landing at the Cape. Beginning in June, around 8500 volunteers of the ANC and South African Indian Congress, who were carefully selected to follow the method of nonviolent resistance, deliberately set out to break the laws of apartheid. Using strategies inspired by Gandhi, the Defiance Campaign required a strict adherence to a policy of nonviolence. Africans, Indians, and Coloureds used amenities marked "Europeans Only"; they sat on benches and used reserved station platforms, carriages in trains, and post office counters. Until the end of October, the Defiance Campaign remained nonviolent and disciplined. As the movement gained momentum, violence suddenly flared. The outbreaks were not a planned part of the campaign, and many, including Luthuli, believe it to be the work of provocateur agents. The police, frustrated by the passive resistors, responded harshly when outbreaks of violence occurred, resulting in a chain reactions that caused dozens of Africans to be shot. Despite the efforts of the Defiance Campaign, the government's attitude remained unchanged, and they viewed the event as "communist-inspired" and a threat to law and order. This perception led to increased security measures and tighter controls. The Criminal Law Amendment Act allowed for individuals to be banned without trial, and the Public Safety Act allowed the government to suspend rule of law. With more restrictions put in place, the ANC leaders decided to end the campaign in January 1953. Prior to the campaign, the ANC's membership numbered 25,000 in 1951. After the conclusion of the Campaign in 1953, it had increased to 100,000. For the first time African, Indian, and Coloured communities across the country cooperated on a national scale. The Defiance Campaign was also praised for its absence of violence. Even though there were thousands of protesters and some incidents of violence occurred, the low level of violence overall was a notable accomplishment. Due to Luthuli's role in the Defiance Campaign as president of the Natal ANC, he was given an ultimatum by the government to choose between his work as a chief at Umvoti or his affiliation with the ANC. He refused to choose, and the government deposed him as chief in November 1952. President-General of the ANC In December 1952, Albert Luthuli was elected president general of the ANC with the support of the ANC Youth League (ANCYL) and African communists. Nelson Mandela was elected as his deputy. The ANCYL's support for Luthuli reflected its desire for a leader who would enact its programmes and goals, and marked a pattern of younger, more militant members within the ANC ousting presidents they deemed inflexible. The ANCYL had previously succeeded in removing Xuma, Moroka, and Champion when they no longer met their expectations. Luthuli led the ANC in its most difficult years; many of his executive members, such as Secretary-General Walter Sisulu, Moses Kotane, JB Marks, and David Bopape were either to be banned or imprisoned. The 1950s witnessed the erosion of black civil liberties, through the Treason Trial and the passage of the Suppression of Communism Act, which gave the police power to suppress government critics. First ban On 30 May 1953, the government banned Luthuli for a year, prohibiting him from attending any political or public gatherings and from entering major cities. He was restricted to small towns and private meetings for the rest of 1953. The Riotous Assemblies Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act provided the legal framework for the issuing of banning orders. It was the first of four banning orders that Luthuli would receive as President-General of the ANC. Following the expiration of his ban, Luthuli continued to attend and speak at anti-apartheid conferences. Second ban In mid-1954, following the expiration of his ban, Luthuli was due to lead a protest in the Transvaal against the Western Areas Removals, a government scheme where close to 75,000 Africans were forced to move from Sophiatown and other townships. As he stepped off his plane in Johannesburg, the Special Branch handed him new banning orders, not only prohibiting the attendance of meetings but confining him to the Groutville area for two years until July 1956. Congress of the People and Freedom Charter Main article: Congress of the People (1955) Main article: Freedom Charter The Congress of the People took place in Kliptown (pictured). In 1953, Z. K. Matthews proposed a large democratic convention, to be known as the Congress of the People, where all South Africans would be invited to create a Freedom Charter. Despite complaints within the ANC from Africanists who believed the ANC should not work with other races, a multiracial organization, the Congress Alliance, was created as part of the preparation for the Congress of the People. The alliance was led by the ANC and included the South African Indian Congress, Coloured Peoples Conference, Federation of South African Women, Congress of Trade Unions, and the Congress of Democrats. Luthuli viewed the multiracial organisation as a way to bring freedom to South Africa. After convening a secret meeting in December 1954 due to Luthuli's ban, the Congress of the People took place in Kliptown, Johannesburg, in June 1955. Inspired by the values held in the United States Declaration of Independence and the UN Declaration of Human Rights, the Congress of the People developed the Freedom Charter, a list of demands for a democratic, multi-racial, and free South Africa. While well-received by the attendants of the Congress of the People, the Africanist bloc of the ANC rejected it. They opposed the multiracial nature of the charter and what they perceived as communist principles. Although Luthuli recognised the socialist clauses in the Freedom Charter, he rejected any comparison to the communist ideology of the Soviet Union. The ANC ratified the Charter at a conference one year after it was ratified by the Congress of the People. Luthuli was not able to attend the Congress of the People or the framing of the Freedom Charter due to a stroke and heart attack as well as the banning order that confined him to Groutville. In his absence, he was bestowed the honour of the Isitwalandwe, which is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions in the fight for freedom in South Africa. Treason Trial Main article: Treason Trial Luthuli's name was suggested for the Nobel Peace Prize following the start of the Treason Trial. After his second banning order expired in July 1956, he was arrested on 5 December and detained during the preliminary Treason Trial hearings in 1957. Luthuli was one of 156 leaders who were arrested on charges of high treason due to their opposition to apartheid and the Nationalist Party government. High treason carried the death penalty. One of the main charges against the African National Congress leaders were that they were involved in a communist conspiracy to overthrow the government. Anti-apartheid activists were often accused of being communists, and Luthuli was accustomed to such accusations and frequently dismissed them. The charges brought against the accused covered the period from 1 October 1952 to 13 December 1956, which included events such as the Defiance Campaign, Sophiatown removals protest, and the Congress of the People. Following the preparatory examination period that began on 19 December 1956, all defendants were released on bail. The pre-trial examination concluded in December 1957, resulting in charges being dropped against 65 of the accused, including Luthuli who was acquitted. The trial for the remaining 91 accused individuals began in August 1958 as the Treason Trial commenced. By 1959, only thirty of the accused remained. The trial concluded on 29 March 1961 as all of the remaining defendants were found not guilty. Many of the lawyers who defended the accused were drawn by Luthuli and Z. K. Matthews being on trial. Their involvement contributed to raising global awareness and support for the accused. The impression that Luthuli made on the foreigners who came to observe the trial led him to be suggested for the Nobel Peace Prize. Third ban and banning of the ANC A passbook displayed in a museum. On 25 May 1959, the government served Luthuli his third banning order, which lasted for five years. This ban prevented Luthuli from attending any meeting held within South Africa and confined him to his home district. Luthuli's democratic values had been recognised by many white South Africans, and he had gained a minor celebrity status among some white people, which caused the government to view him with more contempt. When news of his ban spread, supporters of all races gathered to bid farewell to Luthuli. While Luthuli was still under a banning order, the ANC, led by Luthuli, announced an anti-pass campaign starting at the end of March 1960. The recently created Pan-Africanist Congress, who split from the ANC because of their opposition to the ANC's multi-racial alliances, decided to jump ahead of the ANC's planned protest by ten days. On 21 March the PAC called for all African men to go to police stations and hand over their passbooks. The peaceful march in Sharpeville resulted in sixty-nine people killed by police fire. Additionally, three people were also killed in Langa. Luthuli and several other ANC leaders ceremonially burned their passbooks in protest against the Sharpeville massacre. Following a state of emergency and the passing of the Unlawful Organisations Act, the government banned the PAC and the ANC. Luthuli and other political leaders were arrested and found guilty of burning their passbooks. In August, Luthuli was fined 100 pounds and initially sentenced to six months in jail. However, in September, this was later reduced to a three year suspended sentence on the condition that he would not be found guilty of a similar offense during that time. Following his return from prison to Groutville, Luthuli's power began to wane due to the banning of the ANC and the banning and imprisonment of supporting leaders, a decline in his health since his stroke and heart attack, and the rise of members in the ANC advocating for an armed struggle. Duma Nokwe, Walter Sisulu, and Nelson Mandela, who had provided leadership for the ANC during South Africa's state of emergency, were determined to steer the ANC in a new direction. In May 1961, following a strike, they believed that "traditional weapons of protest… were no longer appropriate." They constantly evaluated whether the conditions were favourable to launch an armed resistance. uMkhonto we Sizwe Main article: UMkhonto we Sizwe uMkhonto we Sizwe was formally launched by Nelson Mandela on 16 December 1961. In June 1961, during a National Executive Committee Working Group session, Mandela proposed that the ANC adopt a self-defense platform. With the government's bans on the ANC and nonviolent protests, Mandela believed waiting for revolutionary conditions to arise, which was favoured by communist members, was not an option. Instead, the ANC had to adapt to their new underground conditions and draw inspiration from successful uprisings in Cuba, Algeria, and Vietnam. Mandela argued that the ANC was the only anti-apartheid organisation that had the capacity to adopt an armed struggle and if they didn't take the lead, they would fall behind in their own movement. In July 1961, the ANC and Congress Alliance met to hold debates during an ANC NEC meeting surrounding the feasibility of Nelson Mandela's proposal of armed self-defence. Luthuli did not support an armed struggle as he believed the ANC members were ill-prepared without modern firearms and battlefield experience. In a following meeting a day later, a contentious back-and-forth arose. Supporters of armed defence believed the ANC was afraid and running from a physical fight while others believed counter-violence would provoke the government into arresting and killing them. While Luthuli did not support an armed struggle, he also did not oppose it. According to Mandela, Luthuli suggested "two separate streams of the struggle": the ANC, which would remain nonviolent, and a "military movement should be a separate and independent organ, linked to the ANC and under the overall control of the ANC, but fundamentally autonomous". The formation of uMkhonto we Sizwe was part of a larger shift towards armed resistance in southern Africa. Other militant organisations were created in South West Africa, Mozambique, and Southern Rhodesia in the early 1960s. The stated goal of uMkhonto we Sizwe was to cripple South Africa's economy without bloodshed and force the government into negotiating. Mandela explained to Luthuli that only attacks against military installations, transportation links, and power plants would be carried out, which eased Luthuli's fears of the potential of loss of life. Nobel Peace Prize Albert Luthuli in Oslo receiving the Nobel Peace Prize. In October 1961, during his most severe ban yet, Luthuli received the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first African to win the award. He was awarded the prize for his use of nonviolent methods in his fight against racial discrimination. His nomination was put forward by Andrew Vance McCracken, the editor of Advance, a Congregational Church magazine. His name was supported by Norwegian Socialist MPs who nominated him in February 1961. The Nobel Prize transformed Luthuli from being relatively unknown to a global celebrity. He received congratulatory letters from leaders of 25 countries, including U.S. President John F. Kennedy. In Groutville, journalists lined up to interview Luthuli who dedicated the award to the ANC and expressed gratitude to his wife Nokukhanya. He also used his newfound status as a global podium, and he pleaded to the UN and South Africa's trading partners to impose sanctions on Verwoerd's government. His comments to the press made the world focus on apartheid and its effects on Africans. During Luthuli's Nobel Peace Prize speech he spoke about the contribution of people among all races to find a peaceful solution to South Africa's race problem. He went on to speak of how the "true patriots" of South Africa would not be satisfied until there were full democratic rights for everyone, equal opportunity, and the abolition of racial barriers. Norwegian newspaper Arbeiderbladet described the effect of Luthuli's visit claiming: "We have suddenly begun to feel Africa's nearness and greatness." The Times highlighted the strong impression that Luthuli made on the global stage following his appeal to end racial discrimination and establish an equal South Africa. The day after Luthuli returned to South Africa from the award ceremony, uMkhonto we Sizwe launched their first operations on 16 December 1961. The reaction from South Africa's government, as well as many White South Africans, was hostile. Luthuli still had to apply for permission to receive the prize in Oslo, Norway on 10 December 1961. Minister of the Interior, Jan de Klerk initially refused to issue Luthuli a passport but after intense domestic and international pressure, the government finally issued him one. After he was granted permission and received his award, Eric Louw, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, rejected Luthuli's demands for universal suffrage and claimed that Luthuli's speech justified the government restricting his travel within South Africa. The government-operated South African Broadcasting Corporation aired a defamatory broadcast about Luthuli. Volksblad argued the way Luthuli had "grasped every opportunity to besmirch South Africa was shocking". The Star stated: "Mr. Luthuli demands a universal franchise, which is just as silly as restricting the vote to people of one colour and he asks the world to apply sanctions to his own country, which is as reckless and damaging as has been another leader's (HF Verwoerd) impetuous withdrawal from the commonwealth. Neither speaks for the authentic South African". The belief that qualified franchise could be extended to Africans without accepting a democracy based on "one person, one vote" was the view of a majority of White South Africans. Luthuli received congratulations from some White South Africans, such as parliamentarian Jan Steytler and the Pietermaritzburg City Council. The Natal Daily News, a white-owned newspaper, described him as "a man with moral and intellectual qualities that have earned him the respect of the world and a position of leadership". They also urged the government to "listen to the voice of responsible African opinion". South African author and Liberal Party leader Alan Paton concluded that Luthuli was "the only man in South Africa who could lead both the left and the right ... both Africans and non-Africans". International popularity Following his Nobel Peace Prize win, Luthuli was in a position of international renown for his nonviolence despite the concurrent sabotage operations of uMkhonto we Sizwe. On 22 October 1962, University of Glasgow students elected Luthuli as Lord Rector in recognition of his "dignity and restraint". The rectorship position was honorary. Luthuli's role would have been chair of the university court, the university's executive body, which met every month. Students elected Luthuli knowing he would serve in absentia. Although ceremonial, Luthuli's election was significant as he was the first African and first non-white person to be nominated as Rector. The South African government allegedly intercepted all mail from the University to Luthuli, an allegation the government denied. Martin Luther King Jr increased solidarity between the civil rights and anti-apartheid movements and urged Americans to boycott South Africa. Luthuli's adherence to nonviolence also had support from his friend and civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., who commended Luthuli's reputation and spoke of his admiration for Luthuli's "dedication to the cause of freedom and dignity". In September 1962, King and Luthuli had issued the Appeal For Action Against Apartheid organised by the American Committee on Africa, which boosted solidarity between the anti-apartheid and civil rights movements and urged Americans to protest apartheid through nonviolent measures such as boycotts. In 1964, King became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner receiving the award for his nonviolent activism against racial discrimination, similar to Luthuli. While travelling to Oslo to receive his Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, King stopped in London to give an "Address on South African Independence." The audience included Luthuli's exiled compatriots, citizens of different African countries, and human rights advocates from India, Pakistan, the West Indies, and the United States. King compared the racism in America to South Africa stating: "clearly there is much in Mississippi and Alabama to remind South Africans of their own country." He praised Luthuli for his leadership and identified "with those in a far more deadly struggle for freedom in South Africa." King anticipated that the withdrawal of all economic investments and trade from South Africa by the United States and Britain would end apartheid and enable people of all races to build the society they want. During King's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech on 10 December 1964, Luthuli received a special mention. King called Luthuli a "pilot" of the freedom movement and claimed South Africa was the "most brutal expression of man's inhumanity to man". Artist Ronald Harrison, 22 years old at the time, unveiled his painting, The Black Christ, in 1962. Harrison portrayed Luthuli as Christ crucified on a cross. The painting was unveiled in St. Luke's Anglican Church in Salt River with the permission of Archbishop de Blank. The painting garnered controversy across South Africa. Along with Christ being depicted as Black, the two Roman soldiers resembled Prime Minister H. F. Verwoerd and Minister of Justice John Vorster. Minister of the Interior, Jan de Klerk, ordered the painting to be taken down and Harrison to appear before the Censorship Board. The Censorship Board banned the painting, deeming it disrespectful to religious sentiments. Following a CBS television documentary on the artwork, the government mandated its destruction. Danish and Swedish supporters of the anti-apartheid movement smuggled the painting to Britain where, under Anglican priest John Collins' supervision, its display raised money for the International Defence and Aid Fund, a fund created to defend political prisoners. Harrison was arrested and tortured by the Special Branch who intended on discovering who Harrison collaborated with to paint and display The Black Christ. He would later serve eight years of house arrest on charges related to his painting. Luthuli desired to meet Harrison after learning of his painting and its significance, and the Norwegian Embassy arranged a visit for Harrison to Luthuli. Norwegians took Harrison from Cape Town to Durban, and Harrison met Luthuli clandestinely in Groutville. Fourth ban Effective 31 May 1964, John Vorster, the Minister of Justice, issued Luthuli a more severe banning order than the one he received in 1959. Unlike the previous ban, the new ban prevented Luthuli from travelling to the closest town of Stanger until 31 May 1969. Vorster believed that Luthuli's activism advanced communism, and he cautioned him against publishing any statements, making contact with banned individuals, or addressing gatherings. NUSAS, the Liberal Party, and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions publicly protested this banning order. The ban increased Luthuli's isolation from the ANC, but he continued to share his message with the world through visitors such as United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy. During Kennedy's 1966 tour of South Africa, he criticized white South Africa's racism and described apartheid as an abandonment of all that western civilization holds sacred. He later flew by helicopter to Groutville to visit Luthuli where they discussed the anti-apartheid and civil rights movements. Kennedy later gave a press conference where he described Luthuli as one of the most impressive men he had ever met. He was already weak when I returned to Groutville in 1966. And he was very touchy. He got depressed when something went wrong in the house. His feelings had run high because of the treatment he received from the police. They often used to come and take him away from the house, even at that stage. I decided not to go back in 1966 because things had deteriorated so much at home that I needed time to work up the fields and crops. — Luthuli's wife, Nokukhanya, on his declining health. Luthuli's political and physical activity declined significantly in the period leading up to his death. During the 33 months from October 1964 until his passing in July 1967, there are only a few archival records produced by Luthuli's hand, which consist of sermon notes and medical reminders scribbled on scraps of paper. These notes suggest that Luthuli had little contact with others during the last six months of his life and focused primarily on religious matters, including dates of service and scripture readings. Although it is not certain, it appears that Luthuli's mental state may have been declining, as his handwriting became increasingly difficult to decipher. There are no archival records from his last two years of life, casting doubt on his ability to function as the President-General of the ANC or pose a political threat to the government. Newspaper articles reported that Luthuli's ability to read and write had significantly declined, and he devoted most of his time listening to radio broadcasts. According to The Sunday Times, Luthuli underwent delicate surgery on his left eye at McCord Zulu Hospital, and as a result, he was granted a suspension of his banning orders. The eye had been causing him constant pain and had been 'virtually useless' ever since his stroke in 1955. The pain caused by the eye had been a long-standing issue, and doctors had even discussed with Luthuli the option of removing it. According to other newspaper articles, Luthuli was facing more health issues than just his eye problem. He stayed in the hospital for up to four weeks, and other health concerns, including high blood pressure, may have extended his stay. The fact that he drafted and signed his will immediately before his hospitalization raise doubts about the common belief that Luthuli was in good health leading up to his death. Death On Friday 21 July 1967, Luthuli left his house at 08:30 and informed his wife that he would be walking to his store near Gledhow train station. Luthuli traveled from his house to his store and back daily. An hour later at 09:30, he arrived at his store where he delivered a package to his employee. Around 10:00, Luthuli left his store and told his store employee that he was going to his field, and would return later. Forty minutes later Luthuli crossed the river again to return to his store without having met with any of his field workers. On his way back to his store, Luthuli was struck by a goods train. He said that he wanted to go and see how the cane workers were progressing ... I protested: "But you were there yesterday. You get so exhausted and you look so tired. I will go myself, either tomorrow or on Monday, when I come back from Durban. There is no hurry". But he insisted saying, "No, I'll go". — Nokukhanya recounts her and Luthuli's argument a day before his death. At 10:29, a goods train pulled by a locomotive left Stanger for Durban. Aboard the train were the driver, conductor, and fireman. At 10:36 the train passed Gledhow station without stopping. Two minutes later at 10:38, the train began to cross the Umvoti River railway bridge. Someone entering the bridge would have passed a sign that read, "Cross This Bridge At Their Own Risk" in English and Afrikaans. The driver indicated in his testimony that he blew the whistle from the time he saw Luthuli walking towards the train until the train hit him. The driver informed the fireman that the train had hit someone, and the driver testified that he immediately applied the brakes and brought the train to a halt. The driver and the fireman left the train and attended to Luthuli, who was still alive and breathing despite having received head injuries. Luthuli was brought to Stanger Hospital at approximately 11:50, where the Senior Medical Superintendent described his condition as "semi-conscious" and "bleeding freely" due to injuries sustained to his head. For two and a half hours, from 11:50 to 14:20, the doctors treated Luthuli's wounds by giving a blood transfusion and providing heart stimulant medication. Around 13:00, Luthuli's son, Christian, arrived at the hospital to see Luthuli who was still conscious. Christian informed Nokukhanya about Luthuli's potential relocation to King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, prompting her to search for him there. At Stanger Hospital, Luthuli's condition started to deteriorate despite treatment. It was then decided to not transfer Luthuli to a different hospital due to his worsening condition. Instead, a neurosurgeon from Durban would come to Stanger Hospital. Upon hearing the news, Nokukhanya travelled to Stanger. At 14:20, neurosurgeon Mauritius Joubert arrived at Stanger Hospital. He found Luthuli in a coma not responding to stimulation. Five minutes after his examination, at 14:25, Luthuli died. Nokukhanya arrived at the hospital five minutes after his death without having said goodbye to him. Reaction After learning of Luthuli's death, people around the world immediately suspected foul play from the South African government. Despite a formal inquest concluding he was killed by a train, speculation remained rampant and still carries on years after his death. As soon as they learned about Luthuli's death, the ANC and its allies suspected that the South African government was responsible for it. The Zimbabwe African People's Union repeated the same claims in Sechaba, the official organ of the ANC. The Tanganyika African National Union described Luthuli's death as "dubious". In a letter to the ANC, vice-president of FRELIMO, Uria Simango, claimed Luthuli's death was premeditated. Many of Luthuli's family members believe that he was deliberately killed. Daughters Thandeka and Albertinah both maintained that he was murdered in the decades following his death. Albert Luthuli biographer, Scott Everett Couper, states that the myth of Luthuli being killed leads to an inaccurate portrayal of Luthuli, stating: "To say that Luthuli was mysteriously killed is to understand that he still had a vital role in the struggle for liberation at the time of his death, that he was a threat to the apartheid regime. Sadly, Luthuli had long since been considered obsolete by leaders of his own movement and he had little contact with those imprisoned, banned or exiled. Since Sharpeville ... Luthuli served only as the honorary, emeritus, titular leader of the ANC". In May 2024 the South African Minister of Justice Ronald Lamola announced that the inquest into Luthuli's death would be reopened. See also Politics portalSouth Africa portalbiography portal International Fellowship of Reconciliation List of black Nobel laureates List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid Notes ^ Also spelled Lutuli. ^ Luthuli calculates his birth year as 1898. His date of birth is unknown. Citations ^ Jain, Chelsi. "United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Prize. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023. ^ a b c Luthuli 1962, p. 24. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 15. ^ Woodson 1986, p. 345. ^ Couper 2010, p. 8. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 23. ^ a b c Vinson 2018, p. 16. ^ Couper 2010, p. 7. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 25. ^ Kumalo 2009, p. 2. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 18. ^ a b c Benson 1963, p. 4. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 16, 18. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 19. ^ a b c d e f Benson 1963, p. 6. ^ a b c Luthuli 1962, p. 28. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 29. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 20. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 29. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 30. ^ Luthuli 1962, pp. 32. ^ a b c Benson 1963, p. 7. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 20-21. ^ a b c Vinson 2018, p. 21. ^ a b Luthuli 1962, pp. 43. ^ Benson 1963, p. 8. ^ Couper 2010, p. 37. ^ Couper 2010, pp. 37–38. ^ Couper 2010, p. 38. ^ Couper 2010, p. 39. ^ Marks 1989, p. 217. ^ Couper 2010, pp. 39–40. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 28. ^ a b Luthuli 1962, p. 66. ^ a b c Couper 2010, p. 42. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 67. ^ Couper 2010, pp. 42–43. ^ a b c Couper 2010, p. 43. ^ Legum 1968, p. 54. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 24. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 7. ^ a b c Pillay 2012, p. 8. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 25. ^ Woodson 1986, p. 346. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 45. ^ Couper 2010, p. 58. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 24–25. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 27. ^ Woodson 1986, p. 347. ^ a b Luthuli 1962, p. 93. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 94. ^ a b Luthuli 1962, p. 103. ^ Couper 2010, p. 46. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 30. ^ a b Luthuli 1962, p. 102. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 30–31. ^ a b c Vinson 2018, p. 31. ^ Evans 1997, p. 187. ^ a b Pillay 2012, p. 11. ^ Benson 1963, p. 15. ^ Couper 2010, p. 47. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 105. ^ a b c d Pillay 2012, p. 12. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 53. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 39. ^ Couper 2010, p. 54. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 40. ^ a b c d Benson 1963, p. 18. ^ a b c Couper 2010, p. 55. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 112. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 116. ^ Luthuli 1962, p. 115. ^ Legum 1968, p. 59. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 41. ^ Legum 1968, pp. 59–60. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 56. ^ Legum 1968, p. 60. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 14. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 42–43. ^ a b Pillay 2012, p. 15. ^ Pillay 2012, pp. 14–15. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 44–45. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 16. ^ Legum 1968, p. 61. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 47. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 75. ^ Couper 2010, p. 62. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 17. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 51. ^ Legum 1968, p. 63. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 51-52. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 66. ^ Couper 2010, p. 67. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 55. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 19. ^ Benson 1963, p. 26. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 63. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 60. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 58–59. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 43. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 59. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 60–61. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 69. ^ a b c Vinson 2018, p. 61. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 61–62. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 62. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 63. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 64. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 65. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 66. ^ Benson 1963, p. 27. ^ Benson 1963, p. 28. ^ Couper 2010, p. 72. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 21. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 72–73. ^ Benson 1963, p. 29. ^ Legum 1968, p. 64. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 73. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 76–77. ^ Callinicos 2004, p. 235. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 74. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 77. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 76. ^ a b Benson 1963, p. 32. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 83. ^ Couper 2010, p. 82. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 80. ^ Benson 1963, p. 38. ^ Legum 1968, p. 66. ^ Benson 1963, p. 42. ^ Benson 1963, p. 43. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 22. ^ Couper 2010, p. 86. ^ Couper 2010, p. 87. ^ Couper 2010, p. 91. ^ Couper 2010, p. 94. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 154. ^ Couper 2010, p. 102. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 102. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 102–103. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 103. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 104–105. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 105. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 107. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 108. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 106. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 109–110. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 109. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 11. ^ a b c d e Pillay 2012, p. 25. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 110. ^ Benson 1963, p. 52. ^ Benson 1963, pp. 55–56. ^ a b Benson 1963, p. 57. ^ Couper 2010, p. 135. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 118. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 112. ^ Pillay 2012, pp. 25–27. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 27. ^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 111. ^ Vinson 2018, pp. 111–112. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 117. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 13. ^ Pillay 2012, p. 29. ^ Couper 2010, p. 165. ^ Couper 2010, p. 169. ^ Couper 2010, p. 166. ^ Baldwin 1992, p. 201. ^ Nesbitt 2004, p. 62. ^ Couper 2010, p. 163. ^ Couper 2010, pp. 163–164. ^ Couper 2010, p. 164. ^ Couper 2010, p. 185. ^ Couper 2010, pp. 185–186. ^ Vinson 2018, p. 130. ^ Couper 2010, pp. 183–184. ^ Couper 2010, p. 184. ^ Rule 1993, p. 137. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 186. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 187. ^ Couper 2010, p. 188. ^ Couper 2010, p. 189. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 190. ^ Rule 1993, p. 140. ^ Couper 2010, p. 191. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 192. ^ Couper 2010, p. 193. ^ Couper 2010, pp. 193–194. ^ a b Couper 2010, p. 194. ^ a b c Couper 2010, p. 195. ^ Couper 2010, p. 196. ^ Couper 2010, p. 198. ^ Couper 2010, p. 199. ^ Couper 2010, p. 203. ^ "Inquests into apartheid-era deaths of Chief Albert Luthuli, Griffiths Mxenge and Booi Mantyi to be reopened". Daily Maverick. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024. References Baldwin, Lewis (1992). To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. ISBN 9780800625436. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022. Benson, Mary (1963). Chief Albert Lutuli of South Africa. Oxford University Press. Callinicos, Luli (2004). Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. David Philip Publishers. ISBN 978-0864866660. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022. Couper, Scott (11 October 2010). Albert Luthuli: Bound by Faith. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. ISBN 9781869141929. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023. Evans, Ivan (1997). Bureaucracy and Race. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520206519. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Kumalo, Simangaliso (2009). "Faith and politics in the context of struggle: The legacy of Inkosi Albert John Luthuli's Christian-centred political leadership". Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 35: 1–13. ISSN 2412-4265. Legum, Colin (1968). The Bitter Choice: Eight South Africans' Resistance to Tyranny. The World Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022. Luthuli, Albert (1 January 1962). Let My People Go. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0070391208. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022. Marks, Shula (1989). "Patriotism, Patriarchy and Purity: Natal and the Politics of Zulu Ethnic Consciousness". In Vail, Leroy (ed.). The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520074200. Nesbitt, Francis (2004). Race for Sanctions. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253342324. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022. Pillay, Gerald (2012). Voices of Liberation: Albert Luthuli. HSRC Press. ISBN 978-0-7969-2356-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022. Rule, Peter (1993). Nokukhanya, Mother of Light. Grail. ISBN 9780620172592. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022. Vinson, Robert Trent (9 August 2018). Albert Luthuli. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4642-3. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2020. Woodson, Dorothy C. (1986). "Albert Luthuli and the African National Congress: A Bio-Bibliography". History in Africa. 13: 345–362. doi:10.2307/3171551. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3171551. S2CID 154739492. Academic offices Preceded byViscount Hailsham Rector of the University of Glasgow 1962–1965 Succeeded byBaron Reith Cultural offices Preceded byMartin Lutuli Chief of Christian Zulus inhabiting the Umvoti River Reserve 1936–1952 Chieftaincy discontinued vteLaureates of the Nobel Peace Prize1901–1925 1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903: Randal Cremer 1904: Institut de Droit International 1905: Bertha von Suttner 1906: Theodore Roosevelt 1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910: International Peace Bureau 1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912: Elihu Root 1913: Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917: International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919: Woodrow Wilson 1920: Léon Bourgeois 1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922: Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926–1950 1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929: Frank B. Kellogg 1930: Nathan Söderblom 1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933: Norman Angell 1934: Arthur Henderson 1935: Carl von Ossietzky 1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937: Robert Cecil 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944: International Committee of the Red Cross 1945: Cordell Hull 1946: Emily Balch / John Mott 1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949: John Boyd Orr 1950: Ralph Bunche 1951–1975 1951: Léon Jouhaux 1952: Albert Schweitzer 1953: George C. Marshall 1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957: Lester B. Pearson 1958: Georges Pire 1959: Philip Noel-Baker 1960: Albert Luthuli 1961: Dag Hammarskjöld 1962: Linus Pauling 1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964: Martin Luther King Jr. 1965: UNICEF 1966 1967 1968: René Cassin 1969: International Labour Organization 1970: Norman Borlaug 1971: Willy Brandt 1972 1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger 1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975: Andrei Sakharov 1976–2000 1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977: Amnesty International 1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979: Mother Teresa 1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983: Lech Wałęsa 1984: Desmond Tutu 1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986: Elie Wiesel 1987: Óscar Arias 1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 1990: Mikhail Gorbachev 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi 1992: Rigoberta Menchú 1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk 1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta 1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998: John Hume / David Trimble 1999: Médecins Sans Frontières 2000: Kim Dae-jung 2001–present 2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002: Jimmy Carter 2003: Shirin Ebadi 2004: Wangari Maathai 2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008: Martti Ahtisaari 2009: Barack Obama 2010: Liu Xiaobo 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012: European Union 2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016: Juan Manuel Santos 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad 2019: Abiy Ahmed 2020: World Food Programme 2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov 2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties 2023: Narges Mohammadi 2024: to be announced vte1960 Nobel Prize laureatesChemistry Willard Libby (United States) Literature (1960) Saint-John Perse (France) Peace Albert Luthuli (South Africa) Physics Donald A. Glaser (United States) Physiology or Medicine Frank Macfarlane Burnet (Australia) Peter Medawar (Great Britain) Nobel Prize recipients 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 vteAfrican National CongressLeadersSecretary-General Sol Plaatje (1912–1915) Selope Thema (1915–1917) Saul Msane (1917–1919) Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923) TD Mweli Skota (1923–1927) E. J. Khaile (1927–1930) Elijah Mdolomba (1930–1936) James Calata (1936–1949) Walter Sisulu (1949–1955) Oliver Tambo (1955–1958) Duma Nokwe (1958–1969) Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo (1969–1991) Cyril Ramaphosa (1991–1997) Kgalema Motlanthe (1997–2007) Gwede Mantashe (2007–2017) Ace Magashule (2017–2022) Fikile Mbalula (2022–present) President John Langalibalele Dube (1912–1917) Sefako Makgatho (1917–1924) Zacharias Richard Mahabane (1924–1927) Josiah Tshangana Gumede (1927–1930) Pixley ka Isaka Seme (1930–1936) Zacharias Richard Mahabane (1937–1940) Alfred Bitini Xuma (1940–1949) James Moroka (1949–1952) Albert Luthuli (1952–1967) Oliver Tambo (1967–1991) Nelson Mandela (1991–1997) Thabo Mbeki (1997–2007) Jacob Zuma (2007–2017) Cyril Ramaphosa (2017–present) Deputy President Nelson Mandela (1952–1958) Oliver Tambo (1958–1985) Nelson Mandela (1985–1991) Walter Sisulu (1991–1994) Thabo Mbeki (1994–1997) Jacob Zuma (1997–2007) Kgalema Motlanthe (2007–2012) Cyril Ramaphosa (2012–2017) David Mabuza (2017–2022) Paul Mashatile (2022–present) National Conferences Morogoro (1969) 48th (1991) 49th (1994) 50th (1997) 51st (2002) 52nd (2007) 53rd (2012) 54th (2017) 55th (2022) Structure and wings National Working Committee National Executive Committee Provincial Executive Committees ANC Women's League ANC Youth League ANC Veterans' League Luthuli House ANC Today History Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Rivonia Trial Little Rivonia Trial uMkhonto we Sizwe Radio Freedom Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College Operation Vula Bisho massacre Shell House massacre Allied organisations Congress of South African Trade Unions South African Communist Party Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"anti-apartheid activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-apartheid_activist"},{"link_name":"traditional leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_leader"},{"link_name":"President-General of the African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-General_of_the_African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(station)"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Groutville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutville"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_(province)"},{"link_name":"bursary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursary"},{"link_name":"Adams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_College"},{"link_name":"anti-apartheid movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid"},{"link_name":"chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"racial segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"election victory in 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Defiance Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance_Campaign"},{"link_name":"pass laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_laws"},{"link_name":"Sharpeville massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"banning orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid"},{"link_name":"imprisonment and exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoners"},{"link_name":"uMkhonto we Sizwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe"},{"link_name":"Christian faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_faith"},{"link_name":"nonviolent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent"},{"link_name":"Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi"},{"link_name":"nonviolent resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance"},{"link_name":"non-racial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-racialism"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr"},{"link_name":"multi-racial alliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Alliance"},{"link_name":"South African Indian Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress"},{"link_name":"Congress of Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Africanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Pan-Africanist Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanist_Congress"}],"text":"South African politician (c. 1898–1967)Albert John Luthuli[a] (c. 1898 – 21 July 1967) was a South African anti-apartheid activist, traditional leader, and politician who served as the President-General of the African National Congress from 1952 until his death in 1967.Luthuli was born to a Zulu family in 1898 at a Seventh-day Adventist mission in Bulawayo, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). In 1908 he moved to Groutville, where his parents and grandparents had lived, to attend school under the care of his uncle. After graduating from high school with a teaching degree, Luthuli became principal of a small school in Natal where he was the sole teacher. He accepted a government bursary to study for the Higher Teacher's Diploma at Adams College. After the completion of his studies in 1922, he accepted a teaching position at Adams College where he was one of the first African teachers. In 1928, he became the secretary of the Natal Native Teachers' Association, then its president in 1933.Luthuli's entered South African politics and the anti-apartheid movement in 1935, when he was elected chief of the Umvoti River Reserve in Groutville. As chief, he was exposed to the injustices facing many Africans due to the South African government's increasingly segregationist policies. This segregation would later evolve into apartheid, a form of institutionalized racial segregation, following the National Party's election victory in 1948. Luthuli joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944 and was elected the provincial president of the Natal branch in 1951. A year later in 1952, Luthuli led the Defiance Campaign to protest the pass laws and other laws of apartheid. As a result, the government removed him from his chief position as he refused to choose between being a member of the ANC or a chief at Groutville. In the same year, he was elected President-General of the ANC. After the Sharpeville massacre, where sixty-nine Africans were killed, leaders within the ANC such as Nelson Mandela believed the organisation should take up armed resistance against the government. Luthuli was initially against the use of violence. He later gradually came to accept it, but stayed committed to nonviolence on a personal level. Following four banning orders, the imprisonment and exile of his political allies, and the banning of the ANC, Luthuli's power as President-General gradually waned. The subsequent creation of uMkhonto we Sizwe, the ANC's paramilitary wing, marked the anti-apartheid movement's shift from nonviolence to an armed struggle.Inspired by his Christian faith and the nonviolent methods used by Gandhi, Luthuli was praised for his dedication to nonviolent resistance against apartheid as well as his vision of a non-racial South African society. In 1961, Luthuli was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in leading the nonviolent anti-apartheid movement. Luthuli's supporters brand him as a global icon of peace similar to Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr, the latter of whom was a follower and admirer of Luthuli. He formed multi-racial alliances with the South African Indian Congress and the white Congress of Democrats, frequently drawing a backlash from Africanists in the ANC. The Africanist bloc believed that Africans should not ally themselves with other races, since Africans were the most disadvantaged race under apartheid. This schism led to the creation of the Pan-Africanist Congress.","title":"Albert Luthuli"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Solusi_Adventist_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solusi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solusi_University"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201815-5"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodson1986345-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper20108-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201815-5"},{"link_name":"King Cetshwayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetshwayo"},{"link_name":"Zululand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196223-8"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"American Board Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_Mission"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"Second Matabele War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Matabele_War"},{"link_name":"Rhodesian forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_South_African_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196224-3"},{"link_name":"interpreter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter"},{"link_name":"evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196224-3"},{"link_name":"Shaka's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201816-9"},{"link_name":"Aldin Grout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldin_Grout"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper20107-10"},{"link_name":"converted Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity"},{"link_name":"chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201816-9"}],"text":"The former site of Solusi Mission Station, which is now Solusi University.Albert John Luthuli was born at the Solusi Mission Station, a Seventh-day Adventist missionary station, in 1898[b][3] to John and Mtonya Luthuli (née Gumede) who had settled in the Bulawayo area of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).[4] He was the youngest of three children[5] and had two brothers, Mpangwa, who died at birth, and Alfred Nsusana.[3] Luthuli's father died when he was about six months old, and Luthuli had no recollection of him. His father's death led to him being mainly raised by his mother Mtonya, who had spent her childhood in the royal household of King Cetshwayo in Zululand.[6]Mtonya had converted to Christianity and lived with the American Board Mission prior to her marriage to John Luthuli. During her stay, she learned how to read and became a dedicated reader of the Bible until her death. Despite being able to read, Mtonya never learned how to write. After their marriage, Luthuli's father left Natal and went to Rhodesia during the Second Matabele War to serve with the Rhodesian forces.[2] When the war ended, John stayed in Rhodesia with a Seventh-day Adventist mission near Bulawayo and worked as an interpreter and evangelist. Mtonya and Alfred then travelled to Rhodesia to reunite with John, and Luthuli was born there soon after.[2]Luthuli's paternal grandparents, Ntaba ka Madunjini and Titsi Mthethwa, were born in the early nineteenth century and had fought against potential annexation from Shaka's Zulu Kingdom.[7] They were also among the first converts of Aldin Grout, a missionary from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABM), which was based near the Umvoti River north of Durban.[8] The abasemakholweni, a converted Christian community within the Umvoti Mission Station, elected Ntaba as their chief in 1860. This marked the start of a family tradition, as Ntaba's brother, son Martin, and grandson Albert were also subsequently elected as chiefs.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groutville_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"Vryheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vryheid"},{"link_name":"mules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule"},{"link_name":"Groutville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutville"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196225-11"},{"link_name":"poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"},{"link_name":"farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers"},{"link_name":"mission station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_station"},{"link_name":"American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions"},{"link_name":"Congregationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"Aldin Grout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldin_Grout"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201816-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumalo20092-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201818-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19634-14"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201818-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19634-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201816,_18-15"}],"sub_title":"Youth","text":"Pastor and Deacons at a Groutville Church in 1900.Around 1908 or 1909, the Seventh-day Adventists expressed their interest in beginning missionary work in Natal and requested the services of Luthuli's brother, Alfred, to work as an interpreter. Luthuli and his mother followed, and departed Rhodesia to return to South Africa. Luthuli's family settled in the Vryheid district of Northern Natal, and resided on the farm of a Seventh-day Adventist. During this time, Luthuli was responsible for tending to the missionary's mules as educational opportunities were not available. Luthuli's mother recognised his need for a formal education and sent him to live in Groutville under the care of his uncle.[9] Groutville was a small village inhabited predominantly by poor Christian farmers who were affiliated with the nearby mission station run by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABM). The ABM, which commenced operations in Southern Africa in 1834, was a Congregationalist organisation responsible for setting up the Umvoti Mission Station. After the death of ABM missionary Aldin Grout in 1894, the town surrounding the mission station was renamed Groutville.[7]Luthuli resided in the home of his uncle, Chief Martin Luthuli, and his family. Martin was the first democratically elected chief of Groutville. In 1901, Martin founded the Natal Native Congress, which would later become the Natal branch of the African National Congress.[10][11] Luthuli had a pleasant childhood as his uncle Martin was guardian over many children in Groutville, which led to Luthuli having many friends of his own age.[12] In Martin's traditional Zulu household, Luthuli completed chores expected of a Zulu boy his age such as fetching water, herding, and building fires.[11] Additionally, he attended school for the first time.[12] Under Martin's care, Luthuli was also provided with an early knowledge of traditional African politics and affairs, which aided him in his future career as a traditional chief.[13]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ohlange_High_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201819-16"},{"link_name":"Stanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaDukuza"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19634-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19636-17"},{"link_name":"Ohlange Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlange_High_School"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19636-17"},{"link_name":"John Dube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dube"},{"link_name":"school principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_teacher"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196228-18"},{"link_name":"South African Native National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Native_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Zulu-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_language"},{"link_name":"Ilanga lase Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilanga_lase_Natal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19636-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201829-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196228-18"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"rationing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"Pietermaritzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietermaritzburg"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196228-18"},{"link_name":"civil disobedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201820-20"},{"link_name":"protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest"},{"link_name":"punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_discipline"},{"link_name":"uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_uniforms"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196229-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19636-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196230-22"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19636-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201820-20"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"John Dube's memorial outside of the Ohlange Institute.Luthuli's mother, Mtonya, returned to Groutville and Luthuli returned to her care. They lived in a brand-new house built by his brother, Alfred, on the site where their grandfather, Ntaba, had once lived.[14] In order to be able to send her son to boarding school, Mtonya worked long hours in the fields of the land she owned. She also took in laundry from European families in the township of Stanger[12] to earn the necessary money for school.[15] Luthuli was educated at a local ABM mission school until 1914, and then transferred to the Ohlange Institute.[15]Ohlange was founded by John Dube, who was the school principal at the time Luthuli attended.[16] Dube was educated in America but returned to South Africa to open the Ohlange Institute to provide an education to black children. He was the first President-General of the South African Native National Congress and founded the first Zulu-language newspaper, Ilanga lase Natal.[15] Luthuli joined the ANC in 1944, partially out of respect to his former school principal.[17]Luthuli describes his experience at the Ohlange Institute as \"rough-and-tumble.\"[16] The outbreak of World War I led to rationing and a scarcity of food among the African population. After attending Ohlange for only two terms, Luthuli was transferred to Edendale, a Methodist school near Pietermaritzburg, the capital of Natal.[16] It was at Edendale that Luthuli participated in his first act of civil disobedience.[18] He joined a protest against a punishment which made boys carry large stones long distances, damaging their uniforms, and leaving many unable to afford replacements.[19][15] The demonstration failed and Luthuli along with the rest of the strikers were punished by the school.[20] At Edendale, Luthuli developed a passion for teaching and went on to graduate with a teaching degree in 1917.[15][18]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LuthuliCropped.png"},{"link_name":"intermediate school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19636-17"},{"link_name":"Methodist's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Congregational churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reverend"},{"link_name":"lay preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_preacher"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196232-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19637-24"},{"link_name":"bursary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursary"},{"link_name":"Adams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_College"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201820-21-25"},{"link_name":"University of Fort Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Fort_Hare"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Province"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19637-24"},{"link_name":"Z. K. Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z._K._Matthews"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201821-26"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_music"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201821-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19637-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196243-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196243-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19638-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201821-26"}],"sub_title":"Teaching","text":"Albert Luthuli in the late 1920s.Around the age of nineteen years old, Luthuli's first job after graduation came as a principal at a rural intermediate school in Blaauwbosch, located in the Natal midlands. The school was small, and Luthuli was the sole teacher working there.[15] While teaching at Blaauwbosch, Luthuli lived with a Methodist's family. As there were no Congregational churches around him, he became the student of a local Methodist minister, the Reverend Mthembu. He was confirmed in the Methodist church and later became a lay preacher.[21][22]Luthuli proved himself to be a good teacher and the Natal Department of Education offered him a bursary in 1920 to study for a Higher Teacher's Diploma at Adams College.[23] Following the completion of his two years of study, he was offered another bursary, this time to study at the University of Fort Hare in the Eastern Cape. He refused, as he wanted to earn a salary to take care of his ageing mother.[22] This led him to accept a teaching position at Adams College, where he and Z. K. Matthews were among the first African teachers at the school.[24] Luthuli taught Zulu history, music, and literature,[24][22] and during his time as a teacher, he met his future wife, Nokukhanya Bhengu.[25] She was also a teacher at Adams and the granddaughter of a Zulu chief.[25][26] Luthuli was committed to providing quality education to African children and led the Teachers' College at Adams where he trained aspiring teachers and travelled to different institutions to teach students.[24]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early political activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z.K._Matthews_Cropped.png"},{"link_name":"Z. K. Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z._K._Matthews"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201037-29"},{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"social gatherings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201037%E2%80%9338-30"},{"link_name":"Bantu Education policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_Education_Act,_1953"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201038-31"}],"sub_title":"Natal Native Teachers' Association","text":"Z. K. Matthews served as president of the Natal Native Teachers' Association prior to Luthuli.Luthuli was elected as the secretary of the Natal Native Teachers' Association in 1928 and served under Z. K. Matthews' presidency. He became the president of the association in 1933.[27] The association had three goals: improving working conditions for African teachers, motivating members to expand their skills, and encouraging members to participate in leisure activities such as sports, music and social gatherings.[28] Despite making little progress in achieving its stated goals, the association is remembered for its opposition to the Chief Inspector for Native Education in Natal, Charles Loram, and his proposal that Africans be educated in \"practical functions\" and left to \"develop along their own lines\". Loram's position would serve as the ideological basis for the National Party's Bantu Education policy.[29]","title":"Early political activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinizulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinuzulu"},{"link_name":"Zulu king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zulu_kings"},{"link_name":"patrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrons"},{"link_name":"John Dube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dube"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people"},{"link_name":"Groutville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutville"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201039-32"},{"link_name":"Shula Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shula_Marks"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks1989217-33"},{"link_name":"Native Affairs Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Affairs_Department"},{"link_name":"Zulu royal house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_royal_family"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201039%E2%80%9340-34"}],"sub_title":"The Zulu Language and Cultural Society","text":"After becoming disappointed with the Natal Native Teachers' Association's slow progress, Luthuli shifted his attention to establishing a new branch of the Teachers' Association called the Zulu Language and Cultural Society in 1935. Dinizulu, the Zulu king, served as one of the society's patrons, and John Dube served as its inaugural president. Luthuli described the purpose of the society as the preservation of what is valuable to Zulu culture while removing the inappropriate practices and beliefs. Luthuli's involvement with the society was brief, as he assumed the role of chief in Groutville and could not remain actively involved. As a result, the society's goals changed from its original purpose.[30] According to historian Shula Marks, the primary goal of the Zulu Language and Cultural Society was to secure government recognition of the Zulu royal family as the official leaders of the Zulu people. The preservation of Zulu tradition and custom was a secondary goal.[31] Grants and gifts from the South African Native Affairs Department as well as the society's involvement with the Zulu royal house led to its demise as it collapsed in 1946. Seeing no real progress being made by the Teachers' Association and Zulu Society, Luthuli felt compelled to reject the government as a potential collaborator.[32]","title":"Early political activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201828-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196266-36"},{"link_name":"collective bargaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196266-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201042-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196267-38"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201829-19"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201042%E2%80%9343-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201043-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201043-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201043-40"}],"sub_title":"Cane Growers' Association","text":"The 1936 Sugar Act limited production of sugar in order to keep the price from falling.[33] A quota system was implemented, and, for African cane growers, it was severely limiting. As a response Luthuli decided to revive the Groutville Cane Growers' Association of which he became chairman.[34] The association was used to make collective bargaining and advocacy more effective. The association achieved a significant victory: an amendment was made to the Sugar Act that allowed African cane growers to have a comprehensive quota. This meant if some farmers were unable to meet their individual quotas, others could make up the difference, ensuring that all cane would be sold and not wasted in the farms.[34][35]Luthuli then founded the Natal and Zululand Bantu Cane Growers' Association, which he served as chairman.[36] The association brought almost all African cane growers into a single union.[17] It had very few achievements, but one of them was securing indirect representation on the central board through a non-white advisory board that was concerned with the production, processing, and marketing of sugar.[37] The structural inequalities and discrimination present in South African society hindered the association's efforts to promote the interests of non-white canegrowers, and they proved to be little match for the white canegrowers' associations.[38] As with the Teachers' Association, Luthuli was disappointed with the Growers' Association's few successes. He believed that whatever political role he took part in, the stubbornness and hostility of the government would prevent any significant progress from being made.[38] Luthuli continued to support the interests of black cane growers, and was the only black representative on the central board until 1953.[38]","title":"Early political activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Hertzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBM_Hertzog"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196854-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201824-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay20127-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay20128-44"},{"link_name":"Groutville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutville"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay20128-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201825-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodson1986346-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201845-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201058-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201824%E2%80%9325-49"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201825-45"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201827-50"},{"link_name":"unlicensed bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebeens"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201827-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodson1986347-51"},{"link_name":"Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Province"},{"link_name":"Natives Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natives_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196293-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196294-53"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay20128-44"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201042-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201042-37"}],"text":"Prime Minister Hertzog passed a set of bills that negatively affected and restricted the African population.In 1933, Luthuli was asked to succeed his uncle, Martin, as chief of the Umvoti River Reserve.[39] He took two years to make his decision. His salary as a teacher was enough for him to send money home to support his family, but if he accepted the chieftainship he would earn less than one-fifth of his current salary.[40] Furthermore, leaving a job at Adams College, where he worked with people of different ethnicities from all over South Africa, to become a Zulu chief appeared to be a move towards a more insular way of life.[41] Luthuli opted for the role of chief and said he was not motivated by a desire for wealth, fame, or power.[42] At the end of 1935, he was elected as chief and relocated to Groutville.[42] He commenced his duties on January 1936[43][44] and continued in the role until he was deposed by the South African government in 1952.[45][46]Some chiefs abused their power and used their close relationship with the government to act as dictators. They increased their wealth by claiming ownership of land that was not rightfully theirs, charged excessive fees for services, and accepted bribes to resolve disputes.[47] Despite his reduced salary as a chief, Luthuli rejected corrupt practices. He embraced the concept of Ubuntu, which emphasized the humanity of all people, and governed with an inclusive and democratic approach. He believed that traditional Zulu governance was inherently democratic, with chiefs obligated to respond to the needs of their people.[43] Luthuli was seen as a chief of his people: one community member remembered Luthuli as a \"man of the people who had a very strong influence over the community. He was a people's chief.\"[48] Luthuli involved women, who were considered socially inferior, in the decision-making process of his leadership. He also improved their economic status by allowing them to engage in activities such as beer brewing and running unlicensed bars, despite a government prohibition on these practices.[48]The position of Africans in the reserves continued to regress as a result of laws passed that controlled their social mobility.[49] The Hertzog Bills were introduced a year after Luthuli was elected chief and were instrumental in the restriction and control of Africans. The first bill, the Natives Representation Bill, removed Africans from the voters' roll in the Cape and created the Natives Representative Council (NRC).[50] The second bill, the Natives Land and Trust Bill, restricted the land available to the African population of 12 million to less than 13 per cent. The remaining 87 per cent of land in South Africa was primarily reserved for the white population of approximately 3 million in 1936.[51][42] Limited access to land and poor agricultural technology negatively affected the people of Groutville, and the government's policies led to a shortage of land, education, and job opportunities, which limited the potential achievements of the population.[35] Luthuli viewed the conditions of Groutville as a microcosm that affected all black people in South Africa.[35]","title":"Chief of Groutville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli1962103-54"},{"link_name":"Natives Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natives_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"Cape Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Province"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196293-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201046-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201830-56"},{"link_name":"Natives Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natives_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201830-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli1962102-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201830%E2%80%9331-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201831-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1997187-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201831-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201211-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196315-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201047-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli1962105-64"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201831-59"},{"link_name":"South African government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli1962102-57"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli1962103-54"},{"link_name":"Drum Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_(South_African_magazine)"},{"link_name":"White South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201211-61"}],"text":"It was only too true. For years now they had talked. Nobody listened. I was disillusioned myself, and could only reply, \"There are people beyond South Africa who sometimes hear what we say. All we can do is try to shout to the world. All I can do is to help us shout louder.\"\n\n\n— Albert Luthuli's response to claims that the Native Representative Council was ineffective.[52]The Natives Representative Council (NRC), an advisory body to the government, was established in 1936 with the purpose of compensating and appeasing the African population, who had lost their limited voting rights in the Cape Province due to the enactment of the Hertzog Bills.[50][53][54]In 1946, after John Dube's death, Luthuli became a member of the Natives Representative Council through a by-election.[54][55] He brought his long-standing grievances about insufficient land for African people to the NRC meetings.[56] In August 1946, Luthuli, along with other councilors, objected to the government's use of force to quell a large strike by African mineworkers.[57][58] Luthuli accused the government of disregarding African complaints against their segregationist policies, and African councilors adjourned in protest.[57] He would later describe the NRC as a \"toy telephone\" requiring him to \"shout a little louder\" even though no one was listening.[59][60] The NRC reconvened later in 1946 but adjourned again indefinitely. Its members refused to co-operate with the government, which caused it to become ineffective.[61] The NRC never met after that point and it was disbanded by the government in 1952.[62][57]Luthuli frequently addressed the criticism from black South Africans who believed that serving in the Native Representative Council would lead to nothing but talk, and that the NRC was a form of deceit served by the South African government.[55] He often agreed with these sentiments, but he and other contemporary African leaders believed that Africans should represent themselves in all structures created by the government, even if only to change them.[52] He was determined to take the demands and grievances of his people to the government. In the end, like others before him, Luthuli realized that his efforts were futile. In an interview with Drum Magazine in May 1953, Luthuli said that joining the NRC gave White South Africans \"a last chance to prove their good faith\" but they \"had not done so\".[59]","title":"Natives Representative Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Dube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dube"},{"link_name":"Youth League's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANC_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"Natal's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_(province)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201212-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201053-66"},{"link_name":"ANC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANC"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201839-67"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201053-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201054-68"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201212-65"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201840-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196318-70"},{"link_name":"civil disobedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196318-70"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201212-65"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201055-71"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli1962112-72"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196318-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196318-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201055-71"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201212-65"}],"text":"After John Dube suffered a stroke in 1945, Allison Champion succeeded him as Natal president in 1945 after defeating conservative leader Reverend A. Mtimkulu. During the election meeting, Luthuli was unexpectedly appointed as acting chair. Serving on Champion's executive, Luthuli remained politically active. However, the Youth League's adoption of a more confrontational Programme of Action in 1949 led to growing dissatisfaction with Champion's leadership, as he prioritised Natal's separateness over the new strategy. [63][64] Champion frequently failed to implement strategies and programmes set forth by the national ANC or Youth League, which made the Natal ANC lag behind.[65][64] Members of the Youth League in Natal nominated Luthuli for Natal president in 1951 as they viewed him as a new brand of leadership.[66][63] Luthuli and Champion were the two nominees for the election; Luthuli was elected president of the Natal ANC by a small majority.[67][68]In Luthuli's first appearance as Natal ANC president at the ANC's national conference, he pleaded for more time to be given to the Natal ANC in preparation for the planned Defiance Campaign, a large act of civil disobedience by non-white South Africans.[68][63] Some members of the ANC did not support his request, and he was jeered at and labelled a coward.[69] However, Luthuli had no prior knowledge of this planned campaign and only found out about it as he was travelling to Bloemfontein, where the ANC's national conference was held.[70][68] Many of the details about the campaign were given to his predecessor, A.W.G Champion.[68] The Natal ANC agreed to prepare for the Defiance Campaign, which was slated for the latter half of 1952, and participate as soon as they were ready.[69][63]","title":"President of the Natal ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahatma_Gandhi,_Bestanddeelnr_916-6994.jpg"},{"link_name":"Defiance Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli1962116-73"},{"link_name":"Jan van Riebeeck's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck"},{"link_name":"Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli1962115-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196859-75"},{"link_name":"South African Indian Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress"},{"link_name":"nonviolent resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance"},{"link_name":"laws of apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid_legislation"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201055-71"},{"link_name":"Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi"},{"link_name":"nonviolence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201841-76"},{"link_name":"Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"Coloureds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloureds"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196859%E2%80%9360-77"},{"link_name":"provocateur agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_provocateur"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201056-78"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Police"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196860-79"},{"link_name":"communist-inspired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_scare"},{"link_name":"rule of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201214-80"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201056-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201842%E2%80%9343-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201215-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201215-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201214%E2%80%9315-83"},{"link_name":"chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201844%E2%80%9345-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201216-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196861-86"},{"link_name":"deposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deposed_politicians"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201845-47"}],"sub_title":"Defiance Campaign","text":"The nonviolent tactics used during the Defiance Campaign were inspired by Gandhi.The preparations for the Defiance Campaign began on 6 April 1952, while the campaign itself was scheduled for 26 June 1952. The preparation day served as a warm-up, with large demonstrations in cities such as Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, Pretoria, and Durban.[71] Concurrently, many White South Africans observed the three-hundredth anniversary of Jan van Riebeeck's landing at the Cape.[72]Beginning in June, around 8500 volunteers[73] of the ANC and South African Indian Congress, who were carefully selected to follow the method of nonviolent resistance, deliberately set out to break the laws of apartheid.[69] Using strategies inspired by Gandhi, the Defiance Campaign required a strict adherence to a policy of nonviolence.[74] Africans, Indians, and Coloureds used amenities marked \"Europeans Only\"; they sat on benches and used reserved station platforms, carriages in trains, and post office counters.[75] Until the end of October, the Defiance Campaign remained nonviolent and disciplined. As the movement gained momentum, violence suddenly flared. The outbreaks were not a planned part of the campaign, and many, including Luthuli, believe it to be the work of provocateur agents.[76] The police, frustrated by the passive resistors, responded harshly when outbreaks of violence occurred, resulting in a chain reactions that caused dozens of Africans to be shot.[77]Despite the efforts of the Defiance Campaign, the government's attitude remained unchanged, and they viewed the event as \"communist-inspired\" and a threat to law and order. This perception led to increased security measures and tighter controls. The Criminal Law Amendment Act allowed for individuals to be banned without trial, and the Public Safety Act allowed the government to suspend rule of law.[78] With more restrictions put in place, the ANC leaders decided to end the campaign in January 1953.[76]Prior to the campaign, the ANC's membership numbered 25,000 in 1951. After the conclusion of the Campaign in 1953, it had increased to 100,000.[79][80] For the first time African, Indian, and Coloured communities across the country cooperated on a national scale.[80] The Defiance Campaign was also praised for its absence of violence. Even though there were thousands of protesters and some incidents of violence occurred, the low level of violence overall was a notable accomplishment.[81] Due to Luthuli's role in the Defiance Campaign as president of the Natal ANC, he was given an ultimatum by the government to choose between his work as a chief at Umvoti or his affiliation with the ANC.[82][83][84] He refused to choose, and the government deposed him as chief in November 1952.[45]","title":"President of the Natal ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ANC Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANC_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201847-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201875-88"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"Xuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bitini_Xuma"},{"link_name":"Moroka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moroka"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201062-89"},{"link_name":"Walter Sisulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sisulu"},{"link_name":"Moses Kotane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Kotane"},{"link_name":"JB Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Marks"},{"link_name":"Treason Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial"},{"link_name":"Suppression of Communism Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_Communism_Act"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201217-90"}],"text":"In December 1952, Albert Luthuli was elected president general of the ANC with the support of the ANC Youth League (ANCYL)[85] and African communists.[86] Nelson Mandela was elected as his deputy. The ANCYL's support for Luthuli reflected its desire for a leader who would enact its programmes and goals, and marked a pattern of younger, more militant members within the ANC ousting presidents they deemed inflexible. The ANCYL had previously succeeded in removing Xuma, Moroka, and Champion when they no longer met their expectations.[87]Luthuli led the ANC in its most difficult years; many of his executive members, such as Secretary-General Walter Sisulu, Moses Kotane, JB Marks, and David Bopape were either to be banned or imprisoned. The 1950s witnessed the erosion of black civil liberties, through the Treason Trial and the passage of the Suppression of Communism Act, which gave the police power to suppress government critics.[88]","title":"President-General of the ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201851-91"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196863-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201851-52-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201066-94"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201066-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201067-95"}],"sub_title":"First ban","text":"On 30 May 1953, the government banned Luthuli for a year,[89][90] prohibiting him from attending any political or public gatherings and from entering major cities.[91] He was restricted to small towns and private meetings for the rest of 1953.[92] The Riotous Assemblies Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act provided the legal framework for the issuing of banning orders. It was the first of four banning orders that Luthuli would receive as President-General of the ANC.[92] Following the expiration of his ban, Luthuli continued to attend and speak at anti-apartheid conferences.[93]","title":"President-General of the ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal_Province"},{"link_name":"Sophiatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatown"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201855-96"},{"link_name":"Groutville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutville"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201219-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196326-98"}],"sub_title":"Second ban","text":"In mid-1954, following the expiration of his ban, Luthuli was due to lead a protest in the Transvaal against the Western Areas Removals, a government scheme where close to 75,000 Africans were forced to move from Sophiatown and other townships. As he stepped off his plane in Johannesburg, the Special Branch handed him new banning orders,[94] not only prohibiting the attendance of meetings but confining him to the Groutville area for two years until July 1956.[95][96]","title":"President-General of the ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Travelling_Light_11_F.jpg"},{"link_name":"Congress of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)"},{"link_name":"Freedom Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Charter"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201263-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201860-100"},{"link_name":"Africanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Congress Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201858%E2%80%9359-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201843-102"},{"link_name":"South African Indian Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress"},{"link_name":"Federation of South African Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Women"},{"link_name":"Congress of Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201859-103"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201859-103"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201860-100"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201860%E2%80%9361-104"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201069-105"},{"link_name":"United States Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"UN Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Freedom Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Charter"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201861-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201861%E2%80%9362-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201862-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201863-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201864-110"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201865-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201866-112"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201861-106"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196327-113"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201861-106"},{"link_name":"Isitwalandwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isitwalandwe/Seaparankoe"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196328-114"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201069-105"}],"sub_title":"Congress of the People and Freedom Charter","text":"The Congress of the People took place in Kliptown (pictured).In 1953, Z. K. Matthews proposed a large democratic convention, to be known as the Congress of the People, where all South Africans would be invited to create a Freedom Charter.[97][98] Despite complaints within the ANC from Africanists who believed the ANC should not work with other races, a multiracial organization, the Congress Alliance, was created as part of the preparation for the Congress of the People.[99][100] The alliance was led by the ANC and included the South African Indian Congress, Coloured Peoples Conference, Federation of South African Women, Congress of Trade Unions, and the Congress of Democrats.[101] Luthuli viewed the multiracial organisation as a way to bring freedom to South Africa.[101] After convening a secret meeting in December 1954 due to Luthuli's ban,[98] the Congress of the People took place in Kliptown, Johannesburg, in June 1955.[102][103]Inspired by the values held in the United States Declaration of Independence and the UN Declaration of Human Rights, the Congress of the People developed the Freedom Charter, a list of demands for a democratic, multi-racial, and free South Africa.[104][105] While well-received by the attendants of the Congress of the People, the Africanist bloc of the ANC rejected it.[106] They opposed the multiracial nature of the charter and what they perceived as communist principles.[107][108] Although Luthuli recognised the socialist clauses in the Freedom Charter, he rejected any comparison to the communist ideology of the Soviet Union.[109] The ANC ratified the Charter at a conference one year after it was ratified by the Congress of the People.[110]Luthuli was not able to attend the Congress of the People or the framing of the Freedom Charter due to a stroke and heart attack[104][111] as well as the banning order that confined him to Groutville.[104] In his absence, he was bestowed the honour of the Isitwalandwe,[112] which is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions in the fight for freedom in South Africa.[103]","title":"President-General of the ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1933_Nobel_Peace_Prize_awarded_to_Norman_Angell.png"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201072-115"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201221-116"},{"link_name":"high treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Party government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201872%E2%80%9373-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196329-118"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"communist conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_scare"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196864-119"},{"link_name":"Defiance Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Sophiatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatown"},{"link_name":"Congress of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201073-120"},{"link_name":"bail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201073-120"},{"link_name":"pre-trial examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_hearing"},{"link_name":"acquitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201876%E2%80%9377-121"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallinicos2004235-122"},{"link_name":"trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201074-123"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201877-124"},{"link_name":"not guilty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201877-124"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201074-123"},{"link_name":"lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyers"},{"link_name":"defended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_defense_lawyer"},{"link_name":"Z. K. Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z._K._Matthews"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201876-125"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196332-126"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196332-126"}],"sub_title":"Treason Trial","text":"Luthuli's name was suggested for the Nobel Peace Prize following the start of the Treason Trial.After his second banning order expired in July 1956, he was arrested on 5 December and detained during the preliminary Treason Trial hearings in 1957.[113][114] Luthuli was one of 156 leaders who were arrested on charges of high treason due to their opposition to apartheid and the Nationalist Party government.[115][116] High treason carried the death penalty. One of the main charges against the African National Congress leaders were that they were involved in a communist conspiracy to overthrow the government. Anti-apartheid activists were often accused of being communists, and Luthuli was accustomed to such accusations and frequently dismissed them.[117]The charges brought against the accused covered the period from 1 October 1952 to 13 December 1956, which included events such as the Defiance Campaign, Sophiatown removals protest, and the Congress of the People.[118] Following the preparatory examination period that began on 19 December 1956, all defendants were released on bail.[118] The pre-trial examination concluded in December 1957, resulting in charges being dropped against 65 of the accused, including Luthuli who was acquitted.[119][120] The trial for the remaining 91 accused individuals began in August 1958 as the Treason Trial commenced.[121] By 1959, only thirty of the accused remained.[122] The trial concluded on 29 March 1961 as all of the remaining defendants were found not guilty.[122][121]Many of the lawyers who defended the accused were drawn by Luthuli and Z. K. Matthews being on trial. Their involvement contributed to raising global awareness and support for the accused.[123][124] The impression that Luthuli made on the foreigners who came to observe the trial led him to be suggested for the Nobel Peace Prize.[124]","title":"President-General of the ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Womens_Gaol,_Constitution_Hill,_Johannesburg_8.jpg"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201883-127"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201082-128"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201880-129"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196338-130"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196866-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196342-132"},{"link_name":"Pan-Africanist Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanist_Congress"},{"link_name":"police stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_stations"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196343-133"},{"link_name":"Sharpeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpeville"},{"link_name":"sixty-nine people killed by police fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201222-134"},{"link_name":"Langa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langa,_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201086-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201087-136"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"Unlawful Organisations Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_Organizations_Act,_1960"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201091-137"},{"link_name":"sentenced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(law)"},{"link_name":"jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jail"},{"link_name":"suspended sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_sentence"},{"link_name":"offense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201094-138"},{"link_name":"Groutville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutville"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay2012154-139"},{"link_name":"Duma Nokwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duma_Nokwe"},{"link_name":"Walter Sisulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sisulu"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike"},{"link_name":"traditional weapons of protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010102-140"}],"sub_title":"Third ban and banning of the ANC","text":"A passbook displayed in a museum.On 25 May 1959, the government served Luthuli his third banning order, which lasted for five years.[125] This ban prevented Luthuli from attending any meeting held within South Africa and confined him to his home district.[126] Luthuli's democratic values had been recognised by many white South Africans,[127] and he had gained a minor celebrity status among some white people, which caused the government to view him with more contempt.[128] When news of his ban spread, supporters of all races gathered to bid farewell to Luthuli.[129]While Luthuli was still under a banning order, the ANC, led by Luthuli, announced an anti-pass campaign starting at the end of March 1960.[130] The recently created Pan-Africanist Congress, who split from the ANC because of their opposition to the ANC's multi-racial alliances, decided to jump ahead of the ANC's planned protest by ten days. On 21 March the PAC called for all African men to go to police stations and hand over their passbooks.[131] The peaceful march in Sharpeville resulted in sixty-nine people killed by police fire.[132] Additionally, three people were also killed in Langa.[133] Luthuli and several other ANC leaders ceremonially burned their passbooks in protest against the Sharpeville massacre.[134] Following a state of emergency and the passing of the Unlawful Organisations Act, the government banned the PAC and the ANC.[135] Luthuli and other political leaders were arrested and found guilty of burning their passbooks. In August, Luthuli was fined 100 pounds and initially sentenced to six months in jail. However, in September, this was later reduced to a three year suspended sentence on the condition that he would not be found guilty of a similar offense during that time.[136]Following his return from prison to Groutville, Luthuli's power began to wane due to the banning of the ANC and the banning and imprisonment of supporting leaders, a decline in his health since his stroke and heart attack, and the rise of members in the ANC advocating for an armed struggle.[137] Duma Nokwe, Walter Sisulu, and Nelson Mandela, who had provided leadership for the ANC during South Africa's state of emergency, were determined to steer the ANC in a new direction. In May 1961, following a strike, they believed that \"traditional weapons of protest… were no longer appropriate.\" They constantly evaluated whether the conditions were favourable to launch an armed resistance.[138]","title":"President-General of the ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela-2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"National Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"revolutionary conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_situation"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018102-141"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018102%E2%80%93103-142"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018103-143"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018104%E2%80%93105-144"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018105-145"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018107-146"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018108-147"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018103-143"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018106-148"},{"link_name":"uMkhonto we Sizwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe"},{"link_name":"South West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018109%E2%80%93110-149"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018109-150"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018109-150"}],"sub_title":"uMkhonto we Sizwe","text":"uMkhonto we Sizwe was formally launched by Nelson Mandela on 16 December 1961.In June 1961, during a National Executive Committee Working Group session, Mandela proposed that the ANC adopt a self-defense platform. With the government's bans on the ANC and nonviolent protests, Mandela believed waiting for revolutionary conditions to arise, which was favoured by communist members, was not an option. Instead, the ANC had to adapt to their new underground conditions and draw inspiration from successful uprisings in Cuba, Algeria, and Vietnam.[139][140] Mandela argued that the ANC was the only anti-apartheid organisation that had the capacity to adopt an armed struggle and if they didn't take the lead, they would fall behind in their own movement.[141]In July 1961, the ANC and Congress Alliance met to hold debates during an ANC NEC meeting surrounding the feasibility of Nelson Mandela's proposal of armed self-defence.[142] Luthuli did not support an armed struggle as he believed the ANC members were ill-prepared without modern firearms and battlefield experience.[143] In a following meeting a day later, a contentious back-and-forth arose. Supporters of armed defence believed the ANC was afraid and running from a physical fight while others believed counter-violence would provoke the government into arresting and killing them.[144][145]While Luthuli did not support an armed struggle, he also did not oppose it.[141] According to Mandela, Luthuli suggested \"two separate streams of the struggle\": the ANC, which would remain nonviolent, and a \"military movement [that] should be a separate and independent organ, linked to the ANC and under the overall control of the ANC, but fundamentally autonomous\".[146] The formation of uMkhonto we Sizwe was part of a larger shift towards armed resistance in southern Africa. Other militant organisations were created in South West Africa, Mozambique, and Southern Rhodesia in the early 1960s.[147] The stated goal of uMkhonto we Sizwe was to cripple South Africa's economy without bloodshed and force the government into negotiating.[148] Mandela explained to Luthuli that only attacks against military installations, transportation links, and power plants would be carried out, which eased Luthuli's fears of the potential of loss of life.[148]","title":"President-General of the ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:55075_Albert_Lutuli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201811-151"},{"link_name":"Congregational Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_Church"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201225-152"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201225-152"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Groutville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutville"},{"link_name":"sanctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018110-153"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201225-152"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196352-154"},{"link_name":"full democratic rights for everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_before_the_law"},{"link_name":"equal opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_opportunity"},{"link_name":"racial barriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196355%E2%80%9356-155"},{"link_name":"Arbeiderbladet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagsavisen"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196357-156"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196357-156"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010135-157"},{"link_name":"uMkhonto we Sizwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018118-158"},{"link_name":"White South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Jan de Klerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_de_Klerk"},{"link_name":"passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018112-159"},{"link_name":"Eric Louw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Louw"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201225-152"},{"link_name":"South African Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"defamatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation"},{"link_name":"broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Volksblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksblad"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201225-152"},{"link_name":"The Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"HF Verwoerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HF_Verwoerd"},{"link_name":"withdrawal from the commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201225%E2%80%9327-160"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"one person, one vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_person,_one_vote"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201227-161"},{"link_name":"White South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"Jan Steytler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Steytler"},{"link_name":"Pietermaritzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietermaritzburg"},{"link_name":"Natal Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(Durban)"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018111-162"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018111-162"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Alan Paton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Paton"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018111%E2%80%93112-163"}],"sub_title":"Nobel Peace Prize","text":"Albert Luthuli in Oslo receiving the Nobel Peace Prize.In October 1961, during his most severe ban yet, Luthuli received the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first African to win the award.[149] He was awarded the prize for his use of nonviolent methods in his fight against racial discrimination. His nomination was put forward by Andrew Vance McCracken, the editor of Advance, a Congregational Church magazine.[150] His name was supported by Norwegian Socialist MPs who nominated him in February 1961.[150]The Nobel Prize transformed Luthuli from being relatively unknown to a global celebrity. He received congratulatory letters from leaders of 25 countries, including U.S. President John F. Kennedy. In Groutville, journalists lined up to interview Luthuli who dedicated the award to the ANC and expressed gratitude to his wife Nokukhanya. He also used his newfound status as a global podium, and he pleaded to the UN and South Africa's trading partners to impose sanctions on Verwoerd's government.[151] His comments to the press made the world focus on apartheid and its effects on Africans.[150] During Luthuli's Nobel Peace Prize speech he spoke about the contribution of people among all races to find a peaceful solution to South Africa's race problem.[152] He went on to speak of how the \"true patriots\" of South Africa would not be satisfied until there were full democratic rights for everyone, equal opportunity, and the abolition of racial barriers.[153] Norwegian newspaper Arbeiderbladet described the effect of Luthuli's visit claiming: \"We have suddenly begun to feel Africa's nearness and greatness.\"[154] The Times highlighted the strong impression that Luthuli made on the global stage following his appeal to end racial discrimination and establish an equal South Africa.[154] The day after Luthuli returned to South Africa from the award ceremony,[155] uMkhonto we Sizwe launched their first operations on 16 December 1961.[156]The reaction from South Africa's government, as well as many White South Africans, was hostile. Luthuli still had to apply for permission to receive the prize in Oslo, Norway on 10 December 1961. Minister of the Interior, Jan de Klerk initially refused to issue Luthuli a passport but after intense domestic and international pressure, the government finally issued him one.[157] After he was granted permission and received his award, Eric Louw, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, rejected Luthuli's demands for universal suffrage and claimed that Luthuli's speech justified the government restricting his travel within South Africa.[150] The government-operated South African Broadcasting Corporation aired a defamatory broadcast about Luthuli. Volksblad argued the way Luthuli had \"grasped every opportunity to besmirch South Africa was shocking\".[150] The Star stated: \"Mr. Luthuli demands a universal franchise, which is just as silly as restricting the vote to people of one colour and he asks the world to apply sanctions to his own country, which is as reckless and damaging as has been another leader's (HF Verwoerd) impetuous withdrawal from the commonwealth. Neither speaks for the authentic South African\".[158] The belief that qualified franchise could be extended to Africans without accepting a democracy based on \"one person, one vote\" was the view of a majority of White South Africans.[159]Luthuli received congratulations from some White South Africans, such as parliamentarian Jan Steytler and the Pietermaritzburg City Council. The Natal Daily News, a white-owned newspaper, described him as \"a man with moral and intellectual qualities that have earned him the respect of the world and a position of leadership\".[160] They also urged the government to \"listen to the voice of responsible African opinion\".[160] South African author and Liberal Party leader Alan Paton concluded that Luthuli was \"the only man in South Africa who could lead both the left and the right ... both Africans and non-Africans\".[161]","title":"President-General of the ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"nonviolence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence"},{"link_name":"sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage"},{"link_name":"uMkhonto we Sizwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018117-164"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201811-151"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson201813-165"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Lord Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillay201229-166"},{"link_name":"university court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_court"},{"link_name":"in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010165-167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg"},{"link_name":"civil rights activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_activist"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010169-168"},{"link_name":"American Committee on Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Committee_on_Africa"},{"link_name":"solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity"},{"link_name":"anti-apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid"},{"link_name":"civil rights movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"boycotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycotts"},{"link_name":"racial discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010166-169"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"African countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"human rights advocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_advocate"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"withdrawal of all economic investments and trade from South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1992201-170"},{"link_name":"freedom movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbitt200462-171"},{"link_name":"Ronald Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"crucified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Salt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_(Western_Cape)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"H. F. Verwoerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._F._Verwoerd"},{"link_name":"John Vorster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vorster"},{"link_name":"Jan de Klerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_de_Klerk"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010163-172"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_people"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people"},{"link_name":"John Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)"},{"link_name":"International Defence and Aid Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Defence_and_Aid_Fund"},{"link_name":"political prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoners"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010163%E2%80%93164-173"},{"link_name":"arrested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrested"},{"link_name":"tortured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortured"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch"},{"link_name":"house arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"Groutville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutville"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010164-174"}],"sub_title":"International popularity","text":"Following his Nobel Peace Prize win, Luthuli was in a position of international renown for his nonviolence despite the concurrent sabotage operations of uMkhonto we Sizwe.[162][149][163] On 22 October 1962, University of Glasgow students elected Luthuli as Lord Rector in recognition of his \"dignity and restraint\".[164] The rectorship position was honorary. Luthuli's role would have been chair of the university court, the university's executive body, which met every month. Students elected Luthuli knowing he would serve in absentia. Although ceremonial, Luthuli's election was significant as he was the first African and first non-white person to be nominated as Rector. The South African government allegedly intercepted all mail from the University to Luthuli, an allegation the government denied.[165]Martin Luther King Jr increased solidarity between the civil rights and anti-apartheid movements and urged Americans to boycott South Africa.Luthuli's adherence to nonviolence also had support from his friend and civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., who commended Luthuli's reputation and spoke of his admiration for Luthuli's \"dedication to the cause of freedom and dignity\".[166] In September 1962, King and Luthuli had issued the Appeal For Action Against Apartheid organised by the American Committee on Africa, which boosted solidarity between the anti-apartheid and civil rights movements and urged Americans to protest apartheid through nonviolent measures such as boycotts. In 1964, King became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner receiving the award for his nonviolent activism against racial discrimination, similar to Luthuli.[167] While travelling to Oslo to receive his Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, King stopped in London to give an \"Address on South African Independence.\" The audience included Luthuli's exiled compatriots, citizens of different African countries, and human rights advocates from India, Pakistan, the West Indies, and the United States. King compared the racism in America to South Africa stating: \"clearly there is much in Mississippi and Alabama to remind South Africans of their own country.\" He praised Luthuli for his leadership and identified \"with those in a far more deadly struggle for freedom in South Africa.\" King anticipated that the withdrawal of all economic investments and trade from South Africa by the United States and Britain would end apartheid and enable people of all races to build the society they want. During King's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech on 10 December 1964, Luthuli received a special mention.[168] King called Luthuli a \"pilot\" of the freedom movement and claimed South Africa was the \"most brutal expression of man's inhumanity to man\".[169]Artist Ronald Harrison, 22 years old at the time, unveiled his painting, The Black Christ, in 1962. Harrison portrayed Luthuli as Christ crucified on a cross. The painting was unveiled in St. Luke's Anglican Church in Salt River with the permission of Archbishop de Blank. The painting garnered controversy across South Africa. Along with Christ being depicted as Black, the two Roman soldiers resembled Prime Minister H. F. Verwoerd and Minister of Justice John Vorster. Minister of the Interior, Jan de Klerk, ordered the painting to be taken down and Harrison to appear before the Censorship Board. The Censorship Board banned the painting, deeming it disrespectful to religious sentiments. Following a CBS television documentary on the artwork, the government mandated its destruction.[170] Danish and Swedish supporters of the anti-apartheid movement smuggled the painting to Britain where, under Anglican priest John Collins' supervision, its display raised money for the International Defence and Aid Fund, a fund created to defend political prisoners.[171] Harrison was arrested and tortured by the Special Branch who intended on discovering who Harrison collaborated with to paint and display The Black Christ. He would later serve eight years of house arrest on charges related to his painting. Luthuli desired to meet Harrison after learning of his painting and its significance, and the Norwegian Embassy arranged a visit for Harrison to Luthuli. Norwegians took Harrison from Cape Town to Durban, and Harrison met Luthuli clandestinely in Groutville.[172]","title":"President-General of the ANC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Vorster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vorster"},{"link_name":"banning order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banning_order"},{"link_name":"Stanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanger"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"banned individuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010185-175"},{"link_name":"NUSAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUSAS"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"International Confederation of Free Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"protested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010185%E2%80%93186-176"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senate"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinson2018130-177"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"western civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010183%E2%80%93184-178"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Groutville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groutville"},{"link_name":"anti-apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid"},{"link_name":"civil rights movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"press conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_conference"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010184-179"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1993137-180"},{"link_name":"physical activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_health"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010186-181"},{"link_name":"sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"religious matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"mental state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"handwriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penmanship"},{"link_name":"ANC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANC"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010186-181"},{"link_name":"Newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading"},{"link_name":"write","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010187-182"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_surgery"},{"link_name":"McCord Zulu Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCord_Zulu_Hospital"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"removing it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enucleation_of_the_eye"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010187-182"},{"link_name":"will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_and_testament"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010188-183"}],"text":"Effective 31 May 1964, John Vorster, the Minister of Justice, issued Luthuli a more severe banning order than the one he received in 1959. Unlike the previous ban, the new ban prevented Luthuli from travelling to the closest town of Stanger until 31 May 1969. Vorster believed that Luthuli's activism advanced communism, and he cautioned him against publishing any statements, making contact with banned individuals, or addressing gatherings.[173] NUSAS, the Liberal Party, and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions publicly protested this banning order.[174] The ban increased Luthuli's isolation from the ANC, but he continued to share his message with the world through visitors such as United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy.[175] During Kennedy's 1966 tour of South Africa, he criticized white South Africa's racism and described apartheid as an abandonment of all that western civilization holds sacred.[176] He later flew by helicopter to Groutville to visit Luthuli where they discussed the anti-apartheid and civil rights movements. Kennedy later gave a press conference where he described Luthuli as one of the most impressive men he had ever met.[177]He was already weak when I returned to Groutville [from the farms in Swaziland] in 1966. And he was very touchy. He got depressed when something went wrong in the house. His feelings had run high because of the treatment he received from the police. They often used to come and take him away from the house, even at that stage. I decided not to go back in 1966 because things had deteriorated so much at home that I needed time to work up the fields and crops.\n\n\n— Luthuli's wife, Nokukhanya, on his declining health.[178]Luthuli's political and physical activity declined significantly in the period leading up to his death.[179] During the 33 months from October 1964 until his passing in July 1967, there are only a few archival records produced by Luthuli's hand, which consist of sermon notes and medical reminders scribbled on scraps of paper. These notes suggest that Luthuli had little contact with others during the last six months of his life and focused primarily on religious matters, including dates of service and scripture readings. Although it is not certain, it appears that Luthuli's mental state may have been declining, as his handwriting became increasingly difficult to decipher. There are no archival records from his last two years of life, casting doubt on his ability to function as the President-General of the ANC or pose a political threat to the government.[179] Newspaper articles reported that Luthuli's ability to read and write had significantly declined, and he devoted most of his time listening to radio broadcasts.[180] According to The Sunday Times, Luthuli underwent delicate surgery on his left eye at McCord Zulu Hospital, and as a result, he was granted a suspension of his banning orders. The eye had been causing him constant pain and had been 'virtually useless' ever since his stroke in 1955. The pain caused by the eye had been a long-standing issue, and doctors had even discussed with Luthuli the option of removing it.[180] According to other newspaper articles, Luthuli was facing more health issues than just his eye problem. He stayed in the hospital for up to four weeks, and other health concerns, including high blood pressure, may have extended his stay. The fact that he drafted and signed his will immediately before his hospitalization raise doubts about the common belief that Luthuli was in good health leading up to his death.[181]","title":"Fourth ban"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010189-184"},{"link_name":"goods train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_freight_transport"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010190-185"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1993140-186"},{"link_name":"locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"Stanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanger"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_driver"},{"link_name":"conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductor_(rail)"},{"link_name":"fireman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireman_(steam_engine)"},{"link_name":"sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signage"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_whistle"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010190-185"},{"link_name":"brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_brake"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010191-187"},{"link_name":"head injuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_injury"},{"link_name":"Medical Superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Superintendent"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010192-188"},{"link_name":"wounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounds"},{"link_name":"blood transfusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion"},{"link_name":"medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010192-188"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_state"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010193-189"},{"link_name":"neurosurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgeon"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010193%E2%80%93194-190"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010194-191"}],"text":"On Friday 21 July 1967, Luthuli left his house at 08:30 and informed his wife that he would be walking to his store near Gledhow train station. Luthuli traveled from his house to his store and back daily. An hour later at 09:30, he arrived at his store where he delivered a package to his employee.[182] Around 10:00, Luthuli left his store and told his store employee that he was going to his field, and would return later. Forty minutes later Luthuli crossed the river again to return to his store without having met with any of his field workers. On his way back to his store, Luthuli was struck by a goods train.[183]He said that [tomorrow] he wanted to go and see how the cane workers were progressing ... I protested: \"But you were there yesterday. You get so exhausted and you look so tired. I will go myself, either tomorrow or on Monday, when I come back from Durban. There is no hurry\". But he insisted saying, \"No, I'll go\".\n\n\n— Nokukhanya recounts her and Luthuli's argument a day before his death.[184]At 10:29, a goods train pulled by a locomotive left Stanger for Durban. Aboard the train were the driver, conductor, and fireman. At 10:36 the train passed Gledhow station without stopping. Two minutes later at 10:38, the train began to cross the Umvoti River railway bridge. Someone entering the bridge would have passed a sign that read, \"Cross This Bridge At Their Own Risk\" in English and Afrikaans. The driver indicated in his testimony that he blew the whistle from the time he saw Luthuli walking towards the train until the train hit him.[183] The driver informed the fireman that the train had hit someone, and the driver testified that he immediately applied the brakes and brought the train to a halt.[185] The driver and the fireman left the train and attended to Luthuli, who was still alive and breathing despite having received head injuries. Luthuli was brought to Stanger Hospital at approximately 11:50, where the Senior Medical Superintendent described his condition as \"semi-conscious\" and \"bleeding freely\" due to injuries sustained to his head.[186]For two and a half hours, from 11:50 to 14:20, the doctors treated Luthuli's wounds by giving a blood transfusion and providing heart stimulant medication. Around 13:00, Luthuli's son, Christian, arrived at the hospital to see Luthuli who was still conscious.[186] Christian informed Nokukhanya about Luthuli's potential relocation to King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, prompting her to search for him there. At Stanger Hospital, Luthuli's condition started to deteriorate despite treatment. It was then decided to not transfer Luthuli to a different hospital due to his worsening condition.[187] Instead, a neurosurgeon from Durban would come to Stanger Hospital. Upon hearing the news, Nokukhanya travelled to Stanger. At 14:20, neurosurgeon Mauritius Joubert arrived at Stanger Hospital. He found Luthuli in a coma not responding to stimulation.[188] Five minutes after his examination, at 14:25, Luthuli died. Nokukhanya arrived at the hospital five minutes after his death without having said goodbye to him.[189]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010194-191"},{"link_name":"inquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquest"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010195-192"},{"link_name":"ANC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANC"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe African People's Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010195-192"},{"link_name":"Tanganyika African National Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_African_National_Union"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010195-192"},{"link_name":"FRELIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRELIMO"},{"link_name":"Uria Simango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uria_Simango"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010196-193"},{"link_name":"murdered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010198-194"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010199-195"},{"link_name":"myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper2010203-196"},{"link_name":"Ronald Lamola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Lamola"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"}],"sub_title":"Reaction","text":"After learning of Luthuli's death, people around the world immediately suspected foul play from the South African government.[189] Despite a formal inquest concluding he was killed by a train, speculation remained rampant and still carries on years after his death.[190] As soon as they learned about Luthuli's death, the ANC and its allies suspected that the South African government was responsible for it. The Zimbabwe African People's Union repeated the same claims in Sechaba, the official organ of the ANC.[190] The Tanganyika African National Union described Luthuli's death as \"dubious\".[190] In a letter to the ANC, vice-president of FRELIMO, Uria Simango, claimed Luthuli's death was premeditated.[191] Many of Luthuli's family members believe that he was deliberately killed. Daughters Thandeka and Albertinah both maintained that he was murdered in the decades following his death.[192][193] Albert Luthuli biographer, Scott Everett Couper, states that the myth of Luthuli being killed leads to an inaccurate portrayal of Luthuli, stating: \"To say that Luthuli was mysteriously killed is to understand that he still had a vital role in the struggle for liberation at the time of his death, that he was a threat to the apartheid regime. Sadly, Luthuli had long since been considered obsolete by leaders of his own movement and he had little contact with those imprisoned, banned or exiled. Since Sharpeville ... Luthuli served only as the honorary, emeritus, titular leader of the ANC\".[194] In May 2024 the South African Minister of Justice Ronald Lamola announced that the inquest into Luthuli's death would be reopened.[195]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthuli196224-3"}],"text":"^ Also spelled Lutuli.\n\n^ Luthuli calculates his birth year as 1898. His date of birth is unknown.[2]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Events/HRPrizepreviouswinners.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230411025025/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Events/HRPrizepreviouswinners.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthuli196224_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthuli196224_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthuli196224_3-2"},{"link_name":"Luthuli 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLuthuli1962"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinson201815_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinson201815_5-1"},{"link_name":"Vinson 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVinson2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodson1986345_6-0"},{"link_name":"Woodson 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWoodson1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouper20108_7-0"},{"link_name":"Couper 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCouper2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthuli196223_8-0"},{"link_name":"Luthuli 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLuthuli1962"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinson201816_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinson201816_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinson201816_9-2"},{"link_name":"Vinson 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVinson2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouper20107_10-0"},{"link_name":"Couper 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCouper2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthuli196225_11-0"},{"link_name":"Luthuli 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLuthuli1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumalo20092_12-0"},{"link_name":"Kumalo 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKumalo2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinson201818_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinson201818_13-1"},{"link_name":"Vinson 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVinson2018"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19634_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19634_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19634_14-2"},{"link_name":"Benson 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBenson1963"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinson201816,_18_15-0"},{"link_name":"Vinson 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVinson2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinson201819_16-0"},{"link_name":"Vinson 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVinson2018"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19636_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19636_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19636_17-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19636_17-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19636_17-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19636_17-5"},{"link_name":"Benson 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBenson1963"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthuli196228_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthuli196228_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthuli196228_18-2"},{"link_name":"Luthuli 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a b Vinson 2018, p. 109.\n\n^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 11.\n\n^ a b c d e Pillay 2012, p. 25.\n\n^ Vinson 2018, p. 110.\n\n^ Benson 1963, p. 52.\n\n^ Benson 1963, pp. 55–56.\n\n^ a b Benson 1963, p. 57.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 135.\n\n^ Vinson 2018, p. 118.\n\n^ Vinson 2018, p. 112.\n\n^ Pillay 2012, pp. 25–27.\n\n^ Pillay 2012, p. 27.\n\n^ a b Vinson 2018, p. 111.\n\n^ Vinson 2018, pp. 111–112.\n\n^ Vinson 2018, p. 117.\n\n^ Vinson 2018, p. 13.\n\n^ Pillay 2012, p. 29.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 165.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 169.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 166.\n\n^ Baldwin 1992, p. 201.\n\n^ Nesbitt 2004, p. 62.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 163.\n\n^ Couper 2010, pp. 163–164.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 164.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 185.\n\n^ Couper 2010, pp. 185–186.\n\n^ Vinson 2018, p. 130.\n\n^ Couper 2010, pp. 183–184.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 184.\n\n^ Rule 1993, p. 137.\n\n^ a b Couper 2010, p. 186.\n\n^ a b Couper 2010, p. 187.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 188.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 189.\n\n^ a b Couper 2010, p. 190.\n\n^ Rule 1993, p. 140.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 191.\n\n^ a b Couper 2010, p. 192.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 193.\n\n^ Couper 2010, pp. 193–194.\n\n^ a b Couper 2010, p. 194.\n\n^ a b c Couper 2010, p. 195.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 196.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 198.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 199.\n\n^ Couper 2010, p. 203.\n\n^ \"Inquests into apartheid-era deaths of Chief Albert Luthuli, Griffiths Mxenge and Booi Mantyi to be reopened\". Daily Maverick. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.","title":"Citations"}]	[{"image_text":"The former site of Solusi Mission Station, which is now Solusi University.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Aerial_view_of_Solusi_Adventist_University.jpg/170px-Aerial_view_of_Solusi_Adventist_University.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pastor and Deacons at a Groutville Church in 1900.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Groutville_Church.jpg/170px-Groutville_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Dube's memorial outside of the Ohlange Institute.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ohlange_High_School.jpg/170px-Ohlange_High_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Albert Luthuli in the late 1920s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LuthuliCropped.png/170px-LuthuliCropped.png"},{"image_text":"Z. K. Matthews served as president of the Natal Native Teachers' Association prior to Luthuli.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Z.K._Matthews_Cropped.png/170px-Z.K._Matthews_Cropped.png"},{"image_text":"Prime Minister Hertzog passed a set of bills that negatively affected and restricted the African population.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The nonviolent tactics used during the Defiance Campaign were inspired by Gandhi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mahatma_Gandhi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-6994.jpg/170px-Mahatma_Gandhi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-6994.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Congress of the People took place in Kliptown (pictured).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Travelling_Light_11_F.jpg/170px-Travelling_Light_11_F.jpg"},{"image_text":"Luthuli's name was suggested for the Nobel Peace Prize following the start of the Treason Trial.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1933_Nobel_Peace_Prize_awarded_to_Norman_Angell.png/170px-1933_Nobel_Peace_Prize_awarded_to_Norman_Angell.png"},{"image_text":"A passbook displayed in a museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Womens_Gaol%2C_Constitution_Hill%2C_Johannesburg_8.jpg/170px-Womens_Gaol%2C_Constitution_Hill%2C_Johannesburg_8.jpg"},{"image_text":"uMkhonto we Sizwe was formally launched by Nelson Mandela on 16 December 1961.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nelson_Mandela-2008.jpg/170px-Nelson_Mandela-2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Albert Luthuli in Oslo receiving the Nobel Peace Prize.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/55075_Albert_Lutuli.jpg/170px-55075_Albert_Lutuli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martin Luther King Jr increased solidarity between the civil rights and anti-apartheid movements and urged Americans to boycott South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg/170px-Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"South Africa portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:South_Africa"},{"title":"biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"International Fellowship of Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Reconciliation"},{"title":"List of black Nobel laureates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates"},{"title":"List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid"}]	[{"reference":"Jain, Chelsi. \"United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights\" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Prize. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Events/HRPrizepreviouswinners.pdf","url_text":"\"United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411025025/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Events/HRPrizepreviouswinners.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Inquests into apartheid-era deaths of Chief Albert Luthuli, Griffiths Mxenge and Booi Mantyi to be reopened\". Daily Maverick. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-05-13-inquests-into-apartheid-era-deaths-of-chief-albert-luthuli-griffiths-mxenge-and-booi-mantyi-to-be-reopened-lamola","url_text":"\"Inquests into apartheid-era deaths of Chief Albert Luthuli, Griffiths Mxenge and Booi Mantyi to be reopened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Maverick","url_text":"Daily Maverick"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Lewis (1992). To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. ISBN 9780800625436. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. 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Retrieved 18 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RrPOSAAACAAJ","url_text":"Albert Luthuli: Bound by Faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781869141929","url_text":"9781869141929"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230406223918/https://books.google.com/books?id=RrPOSAAACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Ivan (1997). Bureaucracy and Race. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520206519. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b2JRngEACAAJ","url_text":"Bureaucracy and Race"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520206519","url_text":"9780520206519"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411025025/https://books.google.com/books?id=b2JRngEACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kumalo, Simangaliso (2009). \"Faith and politics in the context of struggle: The legacy of Inkosi Albert John Luthuli's Christian-centred political leadership\". Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 35: 1–13. ISSN 2412-4265.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2412-4265","url_text":"2412-4265"}]},{"reference":"Legum, Colin (1968). The Bitter Choice: Eight South Africans' Resistance to Tyranny. The World Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MA0BAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Bitter Choice: Eight South Africans' Resistance to Tyranny"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230406223919/https://books.google.com/books?id=MA0BAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Luthuli, Albert (1 January 1962). Let My People Go. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0070391208. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pkgKAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Let My People Go"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070391208","url_text":"978-0070391208"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407090924/https://books.google.com/books?id=pkgKAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marks, Shula (1989). \"Patriotism, Patriarchy and Purity: Natal and the Politics of Zulu Ethnic Consciousness\". In Vail, Leroy (ed.). The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520074200.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shula_Marks","url_text":"Marks, Shula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520074200","url_text":"978-0520074200"}]},{"reference":"Nesbitt, Francis (2004). Race for Sanctions. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253342324. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. 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Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfyugAACAAJ","url_text":"Voices of Liberation: Albert Luthuli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7969-2356-1","url_text":"978-0-7969-2356-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411025029/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfyugAACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rule, Peter (1993). Nokukhanya, Mother of Light. Grail. ISBN 9780620172592. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0o9GAQAAIAAJ&q=nokukhanya+mother+of+light","url_text":"Nokukhanya, Mother of Light"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780620172592","url_text":"9780620172592"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230406223922/https://books.google.com/books?id=0o9GAQAAIAAJ&q=nokukhanya+mother+of+light","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vinson, Robert Trent (9 August 2018). Albert Luthuli. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4642-3. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4XdlDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Albert Luthuli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4642-3","url_text":"978-0-8214-4642-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411025026/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XdlDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Woodson, Dorothy C. (1986). \"Albert Luthuli and the African National Congress: A Bio-Bibliography\". History in Africa. 13: 345–362. doi:10.2307/3171551. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3171551. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Haiyan	Wu Haiyan	["1 International career","1.1 International goals","2 See also","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]	Chinese association football player In this Chinese name, the family name is Wu. Wu Haiyan 吴海燕 Personal informationFull name Wu HaiyanDate of birth (1993-02-26) 26 February 1993 (age 31)Place of birth Jiande, Zhejiang, ChinaHeight 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team Wuhan Jianghan UniversityNumber 5Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2012–2013 Hangzhou Xizi 2014 Daejeon Sportstoto 2015–2017 Shandong Xiangshang 2017– Wuhan Jianghan University 0 (0)International career‡2012–2013 China U-20 7 (0)2012– China 124 (2) Medal record Women's football Representing China Asian Games 2018 Palembang Team Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12 March 2020‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 8 April 2021 Wu Haiyan (simplified Chinese: 吴海燕; traditional Chinese: 吳海燕; pinyin: Wú Hǎiyàn; born 26 February 1993) is a Chinese footballer who plays for Shandong Xiangshang in the Chinese Women's Super League. International career On 10 February 2020, Wu Haiyan scored a goal in a match with Chinese Taipei. International goals No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1. 17 December 2019 Busan Gudeok Stadium, Busan, South Korea Chinese Taipei 1–0 1–0 2019 EAFF E-1 Football Championship 2. 10 February 2020 Campbelltown Stadium, Sydney, Australia Chinese Taipei 2–0 5–0 2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament See also List of women's footballers with 100 or more caps Honours China Asian Games silver medalist: 2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup third place: 2014, 2018 References ^ "List of Players – China PR" (PDF). FIFA. 30 May 2015. p. 5. Retrieved 12 June 2015. ^ "Olympic Women's Tournament Qualifying Asia: Chinese Taipei 0–5 China PR". AFC. 10 February 2020. External links Wu Haiyan – FIFA competition record (archived) Wu Haiyan at Soccerway China squads vteChina squad – 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup third place 1 Zhang Yue 2 Liu Shanshan 3 Wang Lingling 4 Li Jiayue 5 Wu Haiyan (c) 6 Li Dongna 7 Xu Yanlu 8 Huang Yini 9 Lou Jiahui 10 Li Ying 11 Yang Li 12 Chi Xiaohui 13 Gao Qi 14 Gu Yasha 15 Li Xianglin 16 Wang Chen 17 Zhang Xin 18 Han Peng 19 Zhou Feifei 20 Zhang Rui 21 Wang Shanshan 22 Wang Yun 23 Ren Guixin 24 Zhao Rong 25 Ma Xiaoxu Coach: Hao Wei vteChina squad – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup 1 Zhang Yue 2 Liu Shanshan 3 Pang Fengyue 4 Li Jiayue 5 Wu Haiyan (c) 6 Li Dongna 7 Xu Yanlu 8 Ma Jun 9 Wang Shanshan 10 Li Ying 11 Wang Shuang 12 Wang Fei 13 Tang Jiali 14 Zhao Rong 15 Lei Jiahui 16 Lou Jiahui 17 Gu Yasha 18 Han Peng 19 Tan Ruyin 20 Zhang Rui 21 Wang Lisi 22 Zhao Lina 23 Ren Guixin Coach: Hao Wei vteChina women's football squad – 2016 Summer Olympics 1 Zhao Lina 2 Liu Shanshan 3 Xue Jiao 4 Gao Chen 5 Wu Haiyan 6 Li Dongna (c) 7 Li Ying 8 Tan Ruyin 9 Ma Xiaoxu 10 Yang Li 11 Wang Shanshan 12 Wang Shuang 13 Pang Fengyue 14 Zhao Rong 15 Zhang Rui 16 Yang Man 17 Gu Yasha 18 Zhang Yue Coach: Bini vteChina squad – 2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup third place 1 Zhao Lina 2 Liu Shanshan 3 Xue Jiao 4 Li Danyang 5 Wu Haiyan 6 Lin Yuping 7 Wang Shuang 8 Ma Jun 9 Tang Jiali 10 Li Ying 11 Wang Shanshan 12 Peng Shimeng 13 Lyu Yueyun 14 Xu Yanlu 15 Song Duan 16 Yan Jinjin 17 Gu Yasha 18 Han Peng 19 Tan Ruyin 20 Zhang Rui 21 Xiao Yuyi 22 Xu Huan 23 Ren Guixin Coach: Eyjólfsson vteChina squad – 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup 1 Xu Huan 2 Liu Shanshan 3 Lin Yuping 4 Lou Jiahui 5 Wu Haiyan (c) 6 Han Peng 7 Wang Shuang 8 Li Jiayue 9 Yang Li 10 Li Ying 11 Wang Shanshan 12 Peng Shimeng 13 Wang Yan 14 Wang Ying 15 Song Duan 16 Li Wen 17 Gu Yasha 18 Bi Xiaolin 19 Tan Ruyin 20 Zhang Rui 21 Yao Wei 22 Luo Guiping 23 Liu Yanqiu Coach: Jia Xiuquan vteChina women's football squad – 2020 Summer Olympics 1 Zhu Yu 2 Li Mengwen 3 Lin Yuping 4 Li Qingtong 5 Wu Haiyan 6 Zhang Xin 7 Wang Shuang (c) 8 Wang Yan 9 Miao Siwen 10 Wang Yanwen 11 Wang Shanshan 12 Peng Shimeng 13 Yang Lina 14 Liu Jing 15 Yang Man 16 Wang Xiaoxue 17 Luo Guiping 18 Wurigumula 19 Wang Ying 20 Xiao Yuyi 21 Chen Qiaozhu 22 Ding Xuan Coach: Jia Xiuquan vteChina squad – 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup 1 Zhu Yu 2 Li Mengwen 3 Dou Jiaxing 4 Wang Linlin 5 Wu Haiyan 6 Zhang Xin 7 Wang Shuang 8 Yao Wei 9 Shen Mengyu 10 Zhang Rui 11 Wang Shanshan (c) 12 Xu Huan 13 Yang Lina 14 Lou Jiahui 15 Chen Qiaozhu 16 Yao Lingwei 17 Wu Chengshu 18 Tang Jiali 19 Zhang Linyan 20 Xiao Yuyi 21 Gu Yasha 22 Pan Hongyan 23 Gao Chen Coach: Shui Qingxia This biographical article related to women's association football in China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"Chinese Women's Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Women%27s_Super_League"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Wu.Wu Haiyan (simplified Chinese: 吴海燕; traditional Chinese: 吳海燕; pinyin: Wú Hǎiyàn; born 26 February 1993) is a Chinese footballer who plays for Shandong Xiangshang in the Chinese Women's Super League.","title":"Wu Haiyan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"On 10 February 2020, Wu Haiyan scored a goal in a match with Chinese Taipei.[2]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International goals","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2018_Asian_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"AFC Women's Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Women%27s_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_AFC_Women%27s_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_AFC_Women%27s_Asian_Cup"}],"text":"ChinaAsian Games silver medalist: 2018\nAFC Women's Asian Cup third place: 2014, 2018","title":"Honours"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of women's footballers with 100 or more caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women%27s_footballers_with_100_or_more_caps"}]	[{"reference":"\"List of Players – China PR\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_family_tree	Bagratuni family tree	["1 Kingdom of Armenia","1.1 Persian and Byzantine occupation","1.2 Arabic Caliphate","2 Bagratid kingdom of Armenia","2.1 Bagratunis of Taron","2.2 Kings of Armenia","2.3 Kiurikians","3 See also","4 Sources"]	Heritage of the Bagratuni family in Armenia and Georgia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bagratuni family tree" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Bagratuni family tree describes the heritage of the Bagratuni family in Armenia (Bagratuni dynasty). Bagratuni lineage also lays claim to the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty. Kingdom of Armenia Main article: Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) Artaxias IV, the last Arshakuni king crowned in 423 by Smbat III Bagratuni (19th century image) The Bagratuni family became princes in the 4th century. Their heritable rights were given to them by the Arshakuni Dynasty, the kings of Armenia (52–428). They were called aspets and crowned Arshakuni kings. Their domain included the region of Sper in Upper Armenia, which was famous for its gold, and Tayk. Smbat I was the first member of the dynasty. He was aspet during the reign of Armenia's first Christian king, Tiridates III the Great (287–330). The last Armenian king, who was crowned by Bagratunis, was Artaxias IV (423–428). The aspet was Smbat III, who was known from Vramshapuh king's times (389–415). Family of Bagratuni family tree Smbat I aspet(† 314) Bagrat I aspet(330–353) Smbat II aspet(367–374) Papking(368–374)Sahak I aspet(378–388) Arshak IIIking(378–389)VagharshakdaughterSmbat IIIaspet(† 423) Persian and Byzantine occupation Main articles: Byzantine Armenia and Persian Armenia The ancestors of Smbat III were the most famous princes (nakharars) during the occupation of the Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia. Armenia had been divided between them since 387. Tirots, one of the ancestors of Smbat III, allied with Armenian marzbane. Sahak II and Smbat IV were marzbans of Armenia. The rulers of the dynasty traditionally continued to be "aspets". After the second division of Armenia, the domains of the Bagratuni family became part of Byzantine Empire. Smbat IV was among the princes who rebelled against them. Part of a series on the History of Armenia Coat of Arms of Armenia Prehistory Shulaveri–Shomu culture Kura–Araxes culture Legend of Hayk Trialeti–Vanadzor culture Armani Lchashen–Metsamor culture Hayasa-Azzi Arme–Shupria Mushki Urumu Nairi Confederation Urartu (Kingdom of Van) Etiuni Antiquity Satrapy of Armenia Armenia Minor Kingdom of Armenia Armenian Empire Roman Armenia Christianization of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene Commagene Byzantine Armenia Sasanian Armenia Muslim conquest of Armenia Middle Ages Emirate of Armenia Principality of Hamamshen Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Vaspurakan Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget Kingdom of Syunik Kingdom of Artsakh Zakarid Armenia Principality of Khachen Mongol Armenia Kingdom of Cilicia Early modern age Iranian Armenia Five Melikdoms Ottoman Armenia Russian Armenia Armenian Oblast Armenian question Armenian genocide Western Armenia National movement Modern age First Republic of Armenia Armenian S.S.R. Republic of Mountainous Armenia Contemporary Armenia Republic of Artsakh Timeline • Origins • Etymologyvte Family of Bagratuni family tree Smbat IIIaspet(† 423) Tirots prince († 450) Sahak II marzban (481–482) Sanpdiat aspet(† 505) Varaztirots I Manvel aspetAshot I aspet(† 560) Smbat IV marzban (604–616)Papprince(† 596) Varaz-SahakVaraztirots II Armenian prince (628–634) Smbatprince(† 643)Smbat V aspet(† 646) Arabic Caliphate Main article: Arminiya Coat of arms of Bagrationi dynasty, Georgian branch of Bagratunis During the Arabic period (7–9th centuries), the Bagratuni family was one of the most powerful princely dynasties of Armenia. Their main competitors were sparapets of the Mamikonian family who were Byzantine-oriented. Princes of Armenia were chosen from these two families and sometimes the people, who were under their influence. Princes were the second most powerful people after the ostikan. The competition was ended by the victory of Bagratunis, who founded an independent kingdom. First, the title of Prince of Armenia changed to Prince of Princes. Then, the prince of princes became sparapets who were the constables of the army. In the beginning of the 9th century, a powerful prince, Ashot Msaker, united Taron, Tayk and Ayrarat, taking them under his control and thus making them part of his domain. Later, he united Moxoene, Gugark, Georgia and Caucasian Albania. He then took over Artsrunis of Vaspurakan and Syunis of Syunik. As a result, all of Arminiya came under his control. Princes of Armenia and sparapets were from the family of Smbat VIII. His son, Ashot, became the king of Armenia. Sons of Bagarat II, brother of Smbat VIII, became the princes of Taron. Their sister, Hripsime, became the princess of principality of Vaspurakan. Her husband was the first prince Hamazasp II, Artsruni. Before independence, the Tayk of Bagratuni became an independent principality. Its ruler, Ashot, became the head of the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty. It ruled in Georgia for one thousand years (9–19th centuries). The last prince of Armenia was Ashot (855–885), son of Smbat VIII, who later became the first king (885–890). Family of Bagratuni family tree Smbat V aspet646 Varaztirots III(† 670)Ashot II(684–689) Smbat VI (693–726)AshotVasakBagratSmbatprince(† 705) Ashot III(732–748)Sahak III(753–770)Guaram IIIPrince of Georgia(693–748) Smbat VII(770–775)Vasakdaughter Ashot IV(790–826)Gagik ArtsruniPrince of Vaspurakan(† 800)Adarnase Iprince of Tao(780–807) SahakBagrat II(826–851)Smbat VIII(852–855)HripsimeHamazasp IIprince of Vaspurakan(800–836)Ashot Iking of Georgia(813–830) TaronitesBagratunis of Taron(9–10th cent.)Tornikian family(10–12th cent.)shahnshahsBagratunis of Kars(963–1065)Kiurikian family(978–1113)ArtsruniPrinces of Vaspurakan(836–908)Kings(908–1021)Bagrationi Family Tree Bagratunis of Tayk(813–1001) Georgian kings(1008–1801) Bagratid kingdom of Armenia Main article: Bagratid Armenia Bagratunis of Taron Sasuntzi Davith, the hero of Armenian epic poetry. According to one version, Ashot II and David Arkayik are the personages of creating him Taron (Turuberan) became a part of Bagratunis' domain in the beginning of the 9th century, when Ashot Msaker was Prince of Armenia (790–826). As a prince of Taron, he is counted as Ashot I (804–826). After his death, prince of princes, Bagrat, inherited Taron, the south of the domain, and Smbat, Ayrarat, which was the northern part. Bagrat was the second in the dynasty. Bagrat I was an aspet in the 4th century. However, in Taron, he was the first Bagrat, so he ruled as Bagrat I of Taron (826–851), because there were no Bagrats before him. His sons and grandsons ruled until 966. After, Taron became a part of Byzantine Empire. Previous seniors, princes of Taron, of the Mamikonian family, were strong in the region, even during the ruling of the last prince, Ashot III. They became relatives with the Bagratunis, and as a result of that, there were two more princes in Taron in his last days. They were Bagrat III and Grigor II, who were half-Mamikonians and half-Bagratunis. Later, the Tronite branch of the Bagratunis and Mamikonians became one family. Some of them ruled in Sasun (Tornikians) and the others in Moush (Taronites). Family of Bagratuni family tree Bagrat I(826–851) Ashot I(855–878)David Arkayik(878–895)Tornik Gurgen(895–895)Ashot ΙΙGrigor I(895–936)Apoganem Bagrat II(936–987)Ashot III(936–966)Tornikian family Grigor II(936–987)Bagrat III(998–1020)Gregory Taronites Taronites family Kings of Armenia After the death of Ashot Msaker (826) and Bagrat II Bagratuni (851), Smbat VIII became the prince of Armenia. His family was the ruling royal family for 200 years, in Armenia, Georgia and Albania. Because of this long rule, they were called king of kings (shahnshah). flag, Bagratuni dynasty The son of Smbat VIII, Ashot, became the first Bagratuni king. He had four sons and three daughters, whom he married to Artsruni and Syuni princes. Thus, the strongest families of Armenia became one family and began to rule the country. Ashot's brother, Shapuh, became sparapet, the constable of the Armenian army. The capital was Bagaran, which was throne-city of Ashot Msaker (790–826). Ashot 's son, Smbat (890–914), moved the capital to Yerazgavors. It was the capital for about forty years until King Abas moved it to Kars. Ashot III the Merciful, king of Armenia (953–977), built a new capital around the fortress of Ani. It was the last capital of the Armenian kingdom, so it is also called Kingdom of Ani. His brother, Mushegh, stayed in Kars and founded Kingdom of Kars (963–1065) under the sovereignty of Ashot III. Later, the king of Armenia, Smbat II, allowed his brother Gurgen to organize a new kingdom in north which became the Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget (978–1113). Smbat Syuni did the same in the east creating the Kingdom of Syunik-Baghk. The third son of Ashot III, Gagik, was the last powerful king of Armenia (990–1020). After his death, the kingdom was divided into two parts, between the brothers, Hovhannes-Smbat and Ashot. The last king was Gagik II (1042–1045), son of Ashot. In 1079, Gagik II was killed. In 1080, Gagik of Kars and his sons, Hovhannes and David, also died. The son of Hovhannes, Ashot, was also killed in Ani. As a result, the royal branch of the Bagratunis ended with Ani and Kars. The last royal branch, the Kiurikian family, remained in Lori. Armenian prince Ruben killed the murderers of Gagik II and inherited the throne from him. In 1080, he founded the Armenian principality of Cilicia (1080-1198), which became a kingdom (1198–1375). Consequently, the royal heritage of the Armenian Bagratuni family is either Georgian Bagrationis, or Rubinians, Hetumids and Lusignans in Cilicia, or the Kiurikians. Non-royal or princely branches have many more than these three royal branches. Smbat VIII(852–855)Hripsime Katranide IAshot I (855–885)(885–890)SmbatShapuhMusheghAbastwo daughters Smbat the Martyr(890–914)SahakDavidShapuh sparapet SofyaGrigor ArtsruniVaspurakan(857–887)daughterVahan ArtsruniMariamVasak SyuniSyunik(855–859) AshotVaspurakan(898–904)Gagikprince and king of Vaspurakan(904–908, 908–943)GurgenParskahayk(904–925)GrigorSyunik(859–913)SahakVasak Ashot the Iron (914–928)Sahakanuysh SevadaAbas I(928–953)Gagik Vaspurakan(897–898)sonAshot sparapet KhosrovanuyshAshot III(953–977)Mushegh IKars(963–984)daughter of Sevada II Smbat II(977–990)Gagik I(990–1020)Katranide IIGurgenLori(978–989)Abas IKars(984–1029)Gourandukht Rubinyan Senekerim ArtsruniVaspurakan(1003–1021)KhushushHovhannes-Smbat(1022–1041)Ashot the Brave(1022–1040)AbasKiurikiansGagik I Kars(1029–1065) daughter of David ArtsruniGagik IIMariam HovhannesDaviddaughter of Ablgarib Artsruni Ashot († 1080) Kiurikians coat of arms, Bagratuni dynasty The Kiurikians were a royal and princely family from Armenia from the 10th through 14th centuries. The founder is Gurgen or Kiurike, son of Ashot III the Merciful (953–977). At first, they ruled only in Tashir-Dzoraget (Lori Province) but later in Tavush as well. Grandsons of Gurgen-Kiurike were kings of Tashir-Dzoraget and eastern Georgia (Kingdom of Kakheti). In the 12th century, Kakhety and Lori annexed to Georgia. The Kiurikians remained in Tavush. Later they divided into Matsnaberd and Nor-berd branches. The last prince, Sargis of Matsnaberd, ruled in the 13th century. Nothing is known about him, his parents (probably Aghsartan), or their offspring. Gurgen(978–989) Lori David I(989–1048) Lori Kiurike II(1048–1089) LoriGagik(† 1058) Kakhet David II(1089–1113) LoriAbas I(1089–1113) LoriAghsartan I († 1084) Kakhet Kiurike III TavushKiurike IV(† 1102) Kakhet Abas II TavushAghsartan II († 1105) Kakhet Aghsartan I MatsnaberdVasak I Nor Berd Kiurike IV MatsnaberdDavid III Nor Berd Pahlavan MatsnaberdTaghaiddin MatsnaberdAghsartan II MatsnaberdVasak II Nor Berd See also Origin of the Bagratid dynasties Sources Cyril Tumanoff, Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'Histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne (Arménie-Géorgie-Albanie) Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia René Grousset, Histoire de l'Arménie Archived 2015-12-01 at the Wayback Machine Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition, p. 27. Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-20915-3 Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, p. 383. Peeters Bvba ISBN 90-429-1318-5.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bagratuni family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_family"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Bagratuni dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Bagrationi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty"}],"text":"The Bagratuni family tree describes the heritage of the Bagratuni family in Armenia (Bagratuni dynasty). Bagratuni lineage also lays claim to the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty.","title":"Bagratuni family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smbat_bagratunin_tagadrum_e_artashesin.png"},{"link_name":"Artaxias IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxias_IV"},{"link_name":"Arshakuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshakuni_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Arshakuni Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshakuni_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"aspets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspet"},{"link_name":"Sper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spir"},{"link_name":"Upper Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Tayk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayk"},{"link_name":"Tiridates III the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Artaxias IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxias_IV"}],"text":"Artaxias IV, the last Arshakuni king crowned in 423 by Smbat III Bagratuni (19th century image)The Bagratuni family became princes in the 4th century. Their heritable rights were given to them by the Arshakuni Dynasty, the kings of Armenia (52–428). They were called aspets and crowned Arshakuni kings. Their domain included the region of Sper in Upper Armenia, which was famous for its gold, and Tayk.Smbat I was the first member of the dynasty. He was aspet during the reign of Armenia's first Christian king, Tiridates III the Great (287–330). The last Armenian king, who was crowned by Bagratunis, was Artaxias IV (423–428). The aspet was Smbat III, who was known from Vramshapuh king's times (389–415).","title":"Kingdom of Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sassanid Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Persia"},{"link_name":"Sahak II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahak_II_Bagratuni"},{"link_name":"Smbat IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smbat_IV_Bagratuni"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Smbat IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smbat_IV_Bagratuni"}],"sub_title":"Persian and Byzantine occupation","text":"The ancestors of Smbat III were the most famous princes (nakharars) during the occupation of the Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia. Armenia had been divided between them since 387. Tirots, one of the ancestors of Smbat III, allied with Armenian marzbane. Sahak II and Smbat IV were marzbans of Armenia. The rulers of the dynasty traditionally continued to be \"aspets\".After the second division of Armenia, the domains of the Bagratuni family became part of Byzantine Empire. Smbat IV was among the princes who rebelled against them.","title":"Kingdom of Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bagrationi_dynasty_Coat_of_Arms.png"},{"link_name":"Bagrationi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"sparapets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparapet"},{"link_name":"Mamikonian family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamikonian_family"},{"link_name":"ostikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostikan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sparapets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparapet"},{"link_name":"Ashot Msaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_Msaker"},{"link_name":"Taron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuberan"},{"link_name":"Tayk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayk"},{"link_name":"Ayrarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrarat"},{"link_name":"Moxoene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxoene"},{"link_name":"Gugark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugark"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Artsrunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsruni"},{"link_name":"Vaspurakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaspurakan"},{"link_name":"Syunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siunia_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Syunik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syunik_(historic_province)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ashot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao-Klarjeti"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ashot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Iberia"},{"link_name":"Bagrationi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Ashot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Armenia"}],"sub_title":"Arabic Caliphate","text":"Coat of arms of Bagrationi dynasty, Georgian branch of BagratunisDuring the Arabic period (7–9th centuries), the Bagratuni family was one of the most powerful princely dynasties of Armenia. Their main competitors were sparapets of the Mamikonian family who were Byzantine-oriented. Princes of Armenia were chosen from these two families and sometimes the people, who were under their influence. Princes were the second most powerful people after the ostikan.[citation needed]The competition was ended by the victory of Bagratunis, who founded an independent kingdom. First, the title of Prince of Armenia changed to Prince of Princes. Then, the prince of princes became sparapets who were the constables of the army. In the beginning of the 9th century, a powerful prince, Ashot Msaker, united Taron, Tayk and Ayrarat, taking them under his control and thus making them part of his domain. Later, he united Moxoene, Gugark, Georgia and Caucasian Albania. He then took over Artsrunis of Vaspurakan and Syunis of Syunik. As a result, all of Arminiya came under his control.[citation needed]Princes of Armenia and sparapets were from the family of Smbat VIII. His son, Ashot, became the king of Armenia. Sons of Bagarat II, brother of Smbat VIII, became the princes of Taron. Their sister, Hripsime, became the princess of principality of Vaspurakan. Her husband was the first prince Hamazasp II, Artsruni.[citation needed]Before independence, the Tayk of Bagratuni became an independent principality.[citation needed] Its ruler, Ashot, became the head of the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty. It ruled in Georgia for one thousand years (9–19th centuries).The last prince of Armenia was Ashot (855–885), son of Smbat VIII, who later became the first king (885–890).","title":"Kingdom of Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bagratid kingdom of Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_of_Sasoon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sasuntzi Davith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasuntzi_Davith"},{"link_name":"Ashot II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashot_II_of_Taron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Arkayik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Arkayik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turuberan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuberan"},{"link_name":"Bagratunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ashot Msaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_Msaker"},{"link_name":"Bagrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_II_Bagratuni"},{"link_name":"Ayrarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrarat"},{"link_name":"aspet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspet"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mamikonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamikonian"},{"link_name":"Sasun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasun"},{"link_name":"Moush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moush"},{"link_name":"Taronites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taronites"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Bagratunis of Taron","text":"Sasuntzi Davith, the hero of Armenian epic poetry. According to one version, Ashot II and David Arkayik are the personages of creating himTaron (Turuberan) became a part of Bagratunis' domain in the beginning of the 9th century, when Ashot Msaker was Prince of Armenia (790–826). As a prince of Taron, he is counted as Ashot I (804–826). After his death, prince of princes, Bagrat, inherited Taron, the south of the domain, and Smbat, Ayrarat, which was the northern part. Bagrat was the second in the dynasty. Bagrat I was an aspet in the 4th century. However, in Taron, he was the first Bagrat, so he ruled as Bagrat I of Taron (826–851), because there were no Bagrats before him. His sons and grandsons ruled until 966. After, Taron became a part of Byzantine Empire.[citation needed]Previous seniors, princes of Taron, of the Mamikonian family, were strong in the region, even during the ruling of the last prince, Ashot III. They became relatives with the Bagratunis, and as a result of that, there were two more princes in Taron in his last days. They were Bagrat III and Grigor II, who were half-Mamikonians and half-Bagratunis. Later, the Tronite branch of the Bagratunis and Mamikonians became one family. Some of them ruled in Sasun (Tornikians) and the others in Moush (Taronites).[citation needed]","title":"Bagratid kingdom of Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashot Msaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_Msaker"},{"link_name":"Bagrat II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_II_Bagratuni"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bagratuni_flag.svg"},{"link_name":"Bagratuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ashot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Ashot Msaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_Msaker"},{"link_name":"Ashot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_II_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Smbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smbat_I_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Yerazgavors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirakavan_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars"},{"link_name":"Ashot III the Merciful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_III_the_Merciful"},{"link_name":"Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani"},{"link_name":"Gurgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgen_I_of_Lori"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tashir-Dzoraget"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Syunik-Baghk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syunik-Baghk"},{"link_name":"Gagik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagik_I_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes-Smbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes-Smbat"},{"link_name":"Ashot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_IV"},{"link_name":"Gagik II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagik_II_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Bagrationis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rubinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubinian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hetumids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetumids"},{"link_name":"Lusignans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lusignan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"}],"sub_title":"Kings of Armenia","text":"After the death of Ashot Msaker (826) and Bagrat II Bagratuni (851), Smbat VIII became the prince of Armenia. His family was the ruling royal family for 200 years, in Armenia, Georgia and Albania. Because of this long rule, they were called king of kings (shahnshah).flag, Bagratuni dynastyThe son of Smbat VIII, Ashot, became the first Bagratuni king. He had four sons and three daughters, whom he married to Artsruni and Syuni princes. Thus, the strongest families of Armenia became one family and began to rule the country. Ashot's brother, Shapuh, became sparapet, the constable of the Armenian army. The capital was Bagaran, which was throne-city of Ashot Msaker (790–826). Ashot 's son, Smbat (890–914), moved the capital to Yerazgavors. It was the capital for about forty years until King Abas moved it to Kars.Ashot III the Merciful, king of Armenia (953–977), built a new capital around the fortress of Ani. It was the last capital of the Armenian kingdom, so it is also called Kingdom of Ani. His brother, Mushegh, stayed in Kars and founded Kingdom of Kars (963–1065) under the sovereignty of Ashot III. Later, the king of Armenia, Smbat II, allowed his brother Gurgen to organize a new kingdom in north which became the Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget (978–1113). Smbat Syuni did the same in the east creating the Kingdom of Syunik-Baghk.The third son of Ashot III, Gagik, was the last powerful king of Armenia (990–1020). After his death, the kingdom was divided into two parts, between the brothers, Hovhannes-Smbat and Ashot. The last king was Gagik II (1042–1045), son of Ashot.In 1079, Gagik II was killed. In 1080, Gagik of Kars and his sons, Hovhannes and David, also died. The son of Hovhannes, Ashot, was also killed in Ani. As a result, the royal branch of the Bagratunis ended with Ani and Kars. The last royal branch, the Kiurikian family, remained in Lori.Armenian prince Ruben killed the murderers of Gagik II and inherited the throne from him. In 1080, he founded the Armenian principality of Cilicia (1080-1198), which became a kingdom (1198–1375).Consequently, the royal heritage of the Armenian Bagratuni family is either Georgian Bagrationis, or Rubinians, Hetumids and Lusignans in Cilicia, or the Kiurikians. Non-royal or princely branches have many more than these three royal branches.[citation needed][original research?]","title":"Bagratid kingdom of Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bagrotouni.svg"},{"link_name":"Bagratuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kiurikians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiurikian_family&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ashot III the Merciful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_III_the_Merciful"},{"link_name":"Tashir-Dzoraget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tashir-Dzoraget"},{"link_name":"Lori Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Province"},{"link_name":"Tavush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavush_Province"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti"}],"sub_title":"Kiurikians","text":"coat of arms, Bagratuni dynastyThe Kiurikians were a royal and princely family from Armenia from the 10th through 14th centuries. The founder is Gurgen or Kiurike, son of Ashot III the Merciful (953–977). At first, they ruled only in Tashir-Dzoraget (Lori Province) but later in Tavush as well. Grandsons of Gurgen-Kiurike were kings of Tashir-Dzoraget and eastern Georgia (Kingdom of Kakheti).In the 12th century, Kakhety and Lori annexed to Georgia. The Kiurikians remained in Tavush. Later they divided into Matsnaberd and Nor-berd branches. The last prince, Sargis of Matsnaberd, ruled in the 13th century. Nothing is known about him, his parents (probably Aghsartan), or their offspring.","title":"Bagratid kingdom of Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyril Tumanoff, Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'Histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne (Arménie-Géorgie-Albanie)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fmg.ac/library/205-manuel-de-genealogie-et-de-chronologie-pour-l-histoire-de-la-caucasie-chretienne-armenie-georgie-albanie"},{"link_name":"Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"René Grousset, Histoire de l'Arménie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.payot-rivages.net/livre_Histoire-de-l-Armenie-Rene-Grousset_ean13_9782228889124.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151201145617/http://www.payot-rivages.net/livre_Histoire-de-l-Armenie-Rene-Grousset_ean13_9782228889124.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IVdoAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Suny, Ronald Grigor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny"},{"link_name":"Indiana University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-253-20915-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-429-1318-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5"}],"text":"Cyril Tumanoff, Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'Histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne (Arménie-Géorgie-Albanie)\nArmenian Soviet Encyclopedia\nRené Grousset, Histoire de l'Arménie Archived 2015-12-01 at the Wayback Machine\nContinuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs\nSuny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition, p. 27. Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-20915-3\nRapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, p. 383. Peeters Bvba ISBN 90-429-1318-5.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Artaxias IV, the last Arshakuni king crowned in 423 by Smbat III Bagratuni (19th century image)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Smbat_bagratunin_tagadrum_e_artashesin.png/220px-Smbat_bagratunin_tagadrum_e_artashesin.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Armenia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/50px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Bagrationi dynasty, Georgian branch of Bagratunis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bagrationi_dynasty_Coat_of_Arms.png/200px-Bagrationi_dynasty_Coat_of_Arms.png"},{"image_text":"Sasuntzi Davith, the hero of Armenian epic poetry. According to one version, Ashot II and David Arkayik are the personages of creating him","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/David_of_Sasoon.jpg/200px-David_of_Sasoon.jpg"},{"image_text":"flag, Bagratuni dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bagratuni_flag.svg/300px-Bagratuni_flag.svg.png"},{"image_text":"coat of arms, Bagratuni dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bagrotouni.svg/300px-Bagrotouni.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Origin of the Bagratid dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Bagratid_dynasties"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bagratuni+family+tree%22","external_links_name":"\"Bagratuni family tree\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bagratuni+family+tree%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bagratuni+family+tree%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bagratuni+family+tree%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bagratuni+family+tree%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bagratuni+family+tree%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://fmg.ac/library/205-manuel-de-genealogie-et-de-chronologie-pour-l-histoire-de-la-caucasie-chretienne-armenie-georgie-albanie","external_links_name":"Cyril Tumanoff, Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'Histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne (Arménie-Géorgie-Albanie)"},{"Link":"http://www.payot-rivages.net/livre_Histoire-de-l-Armenie-Rene-Grousset_ean13_9782228889124.html","external_links_name":"René Grousset, Histoire de l'Arménie"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151201145617/http://www.payot-rivages.net/livre_Histoire-de-l-Armenie-Rene-Grousset_ean13_9782228889124.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IVdoAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Rebels_(Dixie_League)	Richmond Rebels (American Football League)	["1 External links","2 References"]	The Richmond Rebels were an American football team based in Richmond, Virginia that played in the Dixie League in 1946 and the American Football League from 1947 to 1950. The squad played in the playoffs from 1948 to 1950. It won the league championship in 1949 and 1950, the league's final season. They were Chicago Bears affiliates from 1948-1950. Another team by that name played in the Virginia-Carolina Football League in 1937. External links 1946 Richmond Rebels season 1947 Richmond Rebels season 1948 Richmond Rebels season 1949 Richmond Rebels season 1950 Richmond Rebels season References ^ ProFootballResearchers.org Archived March 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Jerry Lindquist's Sports Memories: Semipro football and what could have been". vteChicago Bears Founded in 1919 Formerly the Decatur Staleys (1919–1920) and the Chicago Staleys (1921) Based in Chicago, Illinois Headquartered in Lake Forest, Illinois Franchise History Coaches Seasons Current season Records Franchise records All-time record versus NFL Team awards and honors Players Head coaches Pro Football Hall of Famers First-round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Staley Field Wrigley Field Memorial Stadium Soldier Field Chicago Bears stadium (proposed) Culture Brian's Song 1971 2001 Brian Piccolo Award "Bear Down, Chicago Bears" "The Super Bowl Shuffle" Monsters of the Midway "Sweet Home Chicago" Bill Swerski's Superfans Chuck Swirsky Chicago Honey Bears Staley Da Bear Logos and uniforms Halas Hall A. E. Staley Jack Brickhouse George Halas Mike Ditka Roosevelt/Wabash 85386 Payton Jim Cornelison Club Dub ("Swag Surfin") Lore Staley Swindle 1932 Playoff Game First NFL Championship Game Sneakers Game T formation 73–0 1985 season Super Bowl XX 46 defense Asterisk Game Fog Bowl "They are who we thought they were!" Double Doink Rivalries Arizona Cardinals Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings New York Giants Minor league affiliates Newark Bears (AA, 1939–1941) Wichita Aero Commandos (1942) Akron Bears (AFL, 1946) Bloomfield Cardinals (AFL, 1947) Richmond Rebels (AFL, 1948–1950) Quad City Mohawks (MWPFL, 1970–1972) Retired numbers 3 5 7 28 34 40 41 42 51 56 61 66 77 89 Key personnel Principal owner: Virginia Halas McCaskey Chairman: George McCaskey President/CEO: Kevin Warren General manager: Ryan Poles Head coach: Matt Eberflus Division championships (21) 1933 1934 1937 1940 1941 1942 1943 1946 1956 1963 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1990 2001 2005 2006 2010 2018 Conference championships (4) 1956 1963 1985 2006 League championships (9) 1921 1932 1933 1940 1941 1943 1946 1963 1985 (XX) Media Broadcasters Radio: WMVP Personnel: Jeff Joniak (play-by-play) Tom Thayer (analyst) Jason McKie (sideline reporter) Television: WFLD (pre-season and most regular season games through Fox, official pre-game and post-game alternate) Marquee Sports Network (official post-game and in-season programming) Personnel: Lou Canellis (gameday television host, pre-season sideline reporter) Adam Amin (pre-season play-by-play) Jim Miller (pre-season analyst) Current league affiliations League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: North Division Category:Chicago Bears WikiProject Chicago Bears This article about a sports team in Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This American football team article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia-Carolina Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia-Carolina_Football_League"}],"text":"Another team by that name played in the Virginia-Carolina Football League in 1937.","title":"Richmond Rebels (American Football League)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jerry Lindquist's Sports Memories: Semipro football and what could have been\".","urls":[{"url":"https://richmond.com/sports/local/jerry-lindquists-sports-memories-semipro-football-and-what-could-have-been/article_8b72d2af-c894-57f9-96e2-0a0df6d4a982.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Lindquist's Sports Memories: Semipro football and what could have been\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730125514/https://www.profootballarchives.com/1946dflric.html","external_links_name":"1946 Richmond Rebels season"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602211517/https://www.profootballarchives.com/1947aflric.html","external_links_name":"1947 Richmond Rebels season"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602211517/https://www.profootballarchives.com/1948aflric.html","external_links_name":"1948 Richmond Rebels season"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220703175243/https://www.profootballarchives.com/1949aflric.html","external_links_name":"1949 Richmond Rebels season"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602211517/https://www.profootballarchives.com/1950aflric.html","external_links_name":"1950 Richmond Rebels season"},{"Link":"http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/12-02-398.pdf","external_links_name":"ProFootballResearchers.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120326042625/http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/12-02-398.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://richmond.com/sports/local/jerry-lindquists-sports-memories-semipro-football-and-what-could-have-been/article_8b72d2af-c894-57f9-96e2-0a0df6d4a982.html","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Lindquist's Sports Memories: Semipro football and what could have been\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richmond_Rebels_(American_Football_League)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richmond_Rebels_(American_Football_League)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirtieth_Army_(Japan)	Thirtieth Army (Japan)	["1 History","2 List of commanders","3 References","4 External links"]	Japanese Thirtieth ArmyKwantung Army HQ in Xinjing, which also housed the IJA 30th Army HQActiveJuly 30, 1945 - August 15, 1945　CountryEmpire of JapanBranchImperial Japanese ArmyTypeInfantryRoleCorpsGarrison/HQXinjing, ManchukuoNickname(s)Hashi (敏, rapid)EngagementsSoviet invasion of ManchuriaMilitary unit Japanese 30th Army (1945)Parent unitJapanese Third Area ArmyComponents 39th Infantry Division 125th Infantry Division 138th Infantry Division 148th Infantry Division 2nd Engineering Brigade The Japanese 30th Army (第30軍, Dai-sanjyū gun) was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the final days of World War II. History The Japanese 30th Army was initially raised on July 30, 1945 in the Manchukuo capital of Xinjing. As the war situation on the Pacific front grew increasingly desperate for Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army transferred more and more experienced divisions out of Manchukuo to other fronts. By early 1945, the vaunted Kwantung Army was largely hollowed out, and indications of a buildup of Soviet Red Army forces on the borders on Mengjiang and Manchukuo were alarming. The Japanese 30th Army was assigned to the Japanese Third Area Army, and based in southern Manchukuo, but it was raised only days before the beginning of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, and its force of under-armed and untrained raw recruits, reservists and civilian militia were absolutely no match for the experienced battle-hardened Soviet armored divisions. After a brief struggle at Xinjing (during which time the remnants of the Manchukuo Imperial Guard also defected to the Soviet side, the Japanese 30th Army surrendered. Most of its survivors became Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union, many of whom died under harsh conditions in Siberia and other parts of the Soviet Union. List of commanders Name From To Commanding Officer Lieutenant General Shōjirō Iida 30 July 1945 15 August 1945 Chief of Staff Major General Michio Kato 29 July 1945 15 August 1945 References Frank, Richard B (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-41424-X. Jowett, Bernard (1999). The Japanese Army 1931-45 (Volume 2, 1942-45). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-354-3. Madej, Victor (1981). Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937-1945. Game Publishing Company. ASIN: B000L4CYWW. Marston, Daniel (2005). The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-882-0. Glantz, David (2003). The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945 (Cass Series on Soviet (Russian) Military Experience, 7). Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5279-2. External links Wendel, Marcus. "Axis History Factbook". Japanese 30th Army.	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As the war situation on the Pacific front grew increasingly desperate for Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army transferred more and more experienced divisions out of Manchukuo to other fronts. By early 1945, the vaunted Kwantung Army was largely hollowed out, and indications of a buildup of Soviet Red Army forces on the borders on Mengjiang and Manchukuo were alarming. The Japanese 30th Army was assigned to the Japanese Third Area Army, and based in southern Manchukuo, but it was raised only days before the beginning of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, and its force of under-armed and untrained raw recruits, reservists and civilian militia were absolutely no match for the experienced battle-hardened Soviet armored divisions. After a brief struggle at Xinjing (during which time the remnants of the Manchukuo Imperial Guard also defected to the Soviet side, the Japanese 30th Army surrendered. Most of its survivors became Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union, many of whom died under harsh conditions in Siberia and other parts of the Soviet Union.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of commanders"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Frank, Richard B (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-41424-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41424-X","url_text":"0-679-41424-X"}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Bernard (1999). The Japanese Army 1931-45 (Volume 2, 1942-45). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-354-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-354-3","url_text":"1-84176-354-3"}]},{"reference":"Madej, Victor (1981). Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937-1945. Game Publishing Company. ASIN: B000L4CYWW.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marston, Daniel (2005). The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-882-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-882-0","url_text":"1-84176-882-0"}]},{"reference":"Glantz, David (2003). The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945 (Cass Series on Soviet (Russian) Military Experience, 7). Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5279-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5279-2","url_text":"0-7146-5279-2"}]},{"reference":"Wendel, Marcus. \"Axis History Factbook\". Japanese 30th Army.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=7681","url_text":"\"Axis History Factbook\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=7681","external_links_name":"\"Axis History Factbook\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banethok_Deurali	Banethok Deurali	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 28°01′36″N 83°49′53″E / 28.026705°N 83.831392°E / 28.026705; 83.831392Village development committee in Gandaki Zone, NepalBanethok Deurali बनेथोक देउरालीVillage development committeeBanethok DeuraliLocation in NepalShow map of Gandaki ProvinceBanethok DeuraliBanethok Deurali (Nepal)Show map of NepalCoordinates: 28°01′36″N 83°49′53″E / 28.026705°N 83.831392°E / 28.026705; 83.831392Country NepalZoneGandaki ZoneDistrictSyangja DistrictPopulation (2011) • Total3,546Time zoneUTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) Banethok Deurali is a village development committee in Syangja District in the Gandaki Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 3,546 people living in 864 individual households. The VDC is situated eight miles from district headquarters Syangja Bazaar. Siddhartha National Highway is the closest national highway to this VDC. With nearly 95% literate population, this VDC has one higher secondary school, one lower secondary school, four primary schools and one English medium school. References ^ "Syangja VDC Level Report" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-26. External links UN map of the municipalities of Syangja District vteSyangja DistrictHeadquarters: PutalibazarGaunpalika Aandhikhola Arjun Chaupari Biruwa Phedikhola Harinas Kaligandaki Municipalities Bhirkot Chapakot Galyang Putalibazar Waling This article about a location in Syangja District, Nepal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village development committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_development_committee_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Syangja District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_District"},{"link_name":"Gandaki Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_Zone"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"2011 Nepal census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nepal_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village development committee in Gandaki Zone, NepalBanethok Deurali is a village development committee in Syangja District in the Gandaki Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 3,546 people living in 864 individual households.[1] The VDC is situated eight miles from district headquarters Syangja Bazaar. Siddhartha National Highway is the closest national highway to this VDC. With nearly 95% literate population, this VDC has one higher secondary school, one lower secondary school, four primary schools and one English medium school.","title":"Banethok Deurali"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Syangja VDC Level Report\" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026134818/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/39%20Syangja_VDCLevelReport.pdf","url_text":"\"Syangja VDC Level Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Nepal)","url_text":"Central Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/39%20Syangja_VDCLevelReport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Banethok_Deurali&params=28.026705_N_83.831392_E_type:city_region:NP","external_links_name":"28°01′36″N 83°49′53″E / 28.026705°N 83.831392°E / 28.026705; 83.831392"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Banethok_Deurali&params=28.026705_N_83.831392_E_type:city_region:NP","external_links_name":"28°01′36″N 83°49′53″E / 28.026705°N 83.831392°E / 28.026705; 83.831392"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026134818/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/39%20Syangja_VDCLevelReport.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Syangja VDC Level Report\""},{"Link":"http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/39%20Syangja_VDCLevelReport.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.un.org.np/maps/district-maps/western/Syangja.pdf","external_links_name":"UN map of the municipalities of Syangja District"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banethok_Deurali&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgocythara_crassicostata	Pyrgocythara crassicostata	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"]	Species of gastropod Pyrgocythara crassicostata Shell of Pyrgocythara crassicostata Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Superfamily: Conoidea Family: Mangeliidae Genus: Pyrgocythara Species: P. crassicostata Binomial name Pyrgocythara crassicostata(C. B. Adams, 1850) Synonyms Mangilia badia L.A. Reeve, 1846 Pyrgocythara crassicostata, common name the plicate mangelia, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae. Description The length of the shell attains 5.6 mm. The dark chestnut-brown shell is plicately ribbed and transversely strongly plicated. Distribution This marine species occurs off Jamaica and Colombia. References ^ a b Rosenberg, G. (2010). Pyrgocythara crassicostata (C. B. Adams, 1850). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=533363 on 2018-01-17 ^ G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Adams, C. B. 1850. Description of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology, 4: 56–68, 109–123 External links Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295. "Pyrgocythara crassicostata". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Taxon identifiersPyrgocythara crassicostata Wikidata: Q14242173 CoL: 792RP GBIF: 6508335 IRMNG: 11770233 Open Tree of Life: 2904890 SeaLifeBase: 147383 WoRMS: 533363	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"common name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Mangeliidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangeliidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Pyrgocythara crassicostata, common name the plicate mangelia, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.[1]","title":"Pyrgocythara crassicostata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The length of the shell attains 5.6 mm.The dark chestnut-brown shell is plicately ribbed and transversely strongly plicated.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"}],"text":"This marine species occurs off Jamaica and Colombia.","title":"Distribution"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tucker, J.K. (2004). \"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf","url_text":"\"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pyrgocythara crassicostata\". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gastropods.com/9/Shell_24039.shtml","url_text":"\"Pyrgocythara crassicostata\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=533363","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=533363"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/manualconch06tryorich","external_links_name":"G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences"},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13796470","external_links_name":"Adams, C. B. 1850. Description of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology, 4: 56–68, 109–123"},{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gastropods.com/9/Shell_24039.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Pyrgocythara crassicostata\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/792RP","external_links_name":"792RP"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6508335","external_links_name":"6508335"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11770233","external_links_name":"11770233"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2904890","external_links_name":"2904890"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=147383","external_links_name":"147383"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=533363","external_links_name":"533363"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ward	Anthony Ward	["1 Awards and nominations","2 References","3 External links"]	British scenic designer For other people named Anthony Ward, see Anthony Ward (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Anthony Ward" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person relies on a single source. You can help by adding reliable sources to this article. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Anthony Ward (born 1957) is a British theatre designer specializing in set and costume design. He studied theatre design at Wimbledon School of Art. He has designed productions for the Royal National Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company, Donmar Warehouse and the Almeida Theatre. Recent productions include the revival of Stephen Sondheim's play Sweeney Todd, directed by Jonathan Kent (Chichester Festival Theatre/Adelphi Theatre), Posh (Royal Court/Duke of York Theatre), Enron (Royal Court/Chichester Festival Theatre). Ward's West End musical credits include My Fair Lady, Oklahoma!, Oliver! and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Ward designed Sam Mendes' inaugural production, Assassins, at the Donmar Warehouse and Mary Stuart, directed by Phyllida Lloyd, which transferred to the West End and Broadway and received a Tony Award for Best Costume Design. Opera productions include productions of Gloriana and Peter Grimes directed by Phyllida Lloyd for Opera North, and Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria directed by Adrian Noble for the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence. For dance he designed Matthew Bourne's Nutcracker! (Sadler's Wells and UK tour) and most recently The Nutcracker for Nikolaj Hübbe at the Royal Danish Ballet. Ward's partner is Mark Thompson, the Olivier award-winning and Tony-nominated international costume and set designer for stage and screen. They share a house in Kent and a studio in London with their grey Italian whippet. Awards and nominations Awards include: (2009) Tony Award Best Costume Design of a Play for Mary Stuart, (2008) Touring Broadway Award for Best Set &Costume Design My Fair Lady. (2003) OBIE Award Set Design Uncle Vanya, (2003) What's on Stage Theatregoers Choice Award for Set Design Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (2001) Outer Critics Circle Award for Set Design Oklahoma!, (1999) Olivier Award for Set Design Oklahoma! (1996) Olivier Award for Costume Design Midsummer Night’s Dream, La Grande Magia & The Way of the World Nominations include: Olivier Award Nomination: (2006) for Best Costume Design Mary Stuart (2003) Best Set Design for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (2002) Best Set & Costume Design for My Fair Lady (1995) Best Set Design for The Tempest (1994) Best Set & Costume Design for The Winter’s Tale Tony Award Nominations: (2007/8) Macbeth Set design (2004/05) Set Design Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1995/96) Set design A Midsummer Night’s Dream Drama Desk Award Nominations: (2004/2005) Outstanding Set and Costume Design for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, (2001/2002) Outstanding Set Design for Oklahoma!' Evening Standard Award Nominations: (2007) Best Set Design for Macbeth. References ^ Wimbledon College of Art: About Wimbledon: Alumni: Alumni List. University of the Arts London. Accessed August 2013. External links Official website Anthony Ward at IMDb Anthony Ward at the Internet Broadway Database Variety Oliver! West End Official Website Awards for Anthony Ward vteLaurence Olivier Award for Best Costume Design (1991–2000) Jasper Conran (1991) Mark Thompson (1992) William Dudley (1993) Gerald Scarfe (1994) Deirdre Clancy (1995) Anthony Ward (1996) Tim Goodchild (1997) Tim Goodchild (1998) William Dudley (1999) Julie Taymor (2000) Complete list (1976–1990) (1991–2000) (2001–2025) vteLaurence Olivier Award for Best Set Design (1991–2000) Mark Thompson (1991) Mark Thompson (1992) Ian MacNeil (1993) Mark Thompson (1994) Stephen Brimson Lewis (1995) John Napier (1996) Tim Hatley (1997) Tim Goodchild (1998) Anthony Ward (1999) Rob Howell (2000) Complete list (1976–1990) (1991–2000) (2001–2025) vteTony Award for Best Costume Design in a Play Motley: Margaret Harris, Sophie Harris, and Elizabeth Montgomery (1961) Jess Goldstein (2005) Catherine Zuber (2006) Catherine Zuber (2007) Katrina Lindsay (2008) Anthony Ward (2009) Catherine Zuber (2010) Desmond Heeley (2011) Paloma Young (2012) Ann Roth (2013) Jenny Tiramani (2014) Christopher Oram (2015) Clint Ramos (2016) Jane Greenwood (2017) Katrina Lindsay (2018) Rob Howell (2019) Rob Howell (2020/21) Montana Levi Blanco (2022) Brigitte Reiffenstuel (2023) Dede Ayite (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Ward (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ward_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"theatre designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_designer"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_design"},{"link_name":"costume design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_designer"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wimb-1"},{"link_name":"Royal National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Donmar Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse"},{"link_name":"Almeida Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeida_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kent_(director)"},{"link_name":"Chichester Festival Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Festival_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Posh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posh_(play)"},{"link_name":"Enron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_(play)"},{"link_name":"My Fair Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fair_Lady"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma!"},{"link_name":"Oliver!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver!"},{"link_name":"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang"},{"link_name":"Sam Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassins_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Mary Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)"},{"link_name":"Phyllida Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllida_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Gloriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloriana"},{"link_name":"Peter Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Opera North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_North"},{"link_name":"Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_ritorno_d%27Ulisse_in_patria"},{"link_name":"Adrian Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Noble"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"},{"link_name":"Matthew Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Bourne"},{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"Nikolaj Hübbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_H%C3%BCbbe"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Ballet"}],"text":"For other people named Anthony Ward, see Anthony Ward (disambiguation).Anthony Ward (born 1957) is a British theatre designer specializing in set and costume design. He studied theatre design at Wimbledon School of Art.[1]He has designed productions for the Royal National Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company, Donmar Warehouse and the Almeida Theatre. Recent productions include the revival of Stephen Sondheim's play Sweeney Todd, directed by Jonathan Kent (Chichester Festival Theatre/Adelphi Theatre), Posh (Royal Court/Duke of York Theatre), Enron (Royal Court/Chichester Festival Theatre). Ward's West End musical credits include My Fair Lady, Oklahoma!, Oliver! and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.Ward designed Sam Mendes' inaugural production, Assassins, at the Donmar Warehouse and Mary Stuart, directed by Phyllida Lloyd, which transferred to the West End and Broadway and received a Tony Award for Best Costume Design.Opera productions include productions of Gloriana and Peter Grimes directed by Phyllida Lloyd for Opera North, and Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria directed by Adrian Noble for the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence.For dance he designed Matthew Bourne's Nutcracker! (Sadler's Wells and UK tour) and most recently The Nutcracker for Nikolaj Hübbe at the Royal Danish Ballet.Ward's partner is Mark Thompson, the Olivier award-winning and Tony-nominated international costume and set designer for stage and screen. They share a house in Kent and a studio in London with their grey Italian whippet.","title":"Anthony Ward"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Awards include:(2009) Tony Award Best Costume Design of a Play for Mary Stuart,\n(2008) Touring Broadway Award for Best Set &Costume Design My Fair Lady.\n(2003) OBIE Award Set Design Uncle Vanya, \n(2003) What's on Stage Theatregoers Choice Award for Set Design Chitty Chitty Bang Bang \n(2001) Outer Critics Circle Award for Set Design Oklahoma!, \n(1999) Olivier Award for Set Design Oklahoma!\n(1996) Olivier Award for Costume Design Midsummer Night’s Dream, La Grande Magia & The Way of the WorldNominations include:Olivier Award Nomination: \n(2006) for Best Costume Design Mary Stuart\n(2003) Best Set Design for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\n(2002) Best Set & Costume Design for My Fair Lady \n(1995) Best Set Design for The Tempest \n(1994) Best Set & Costume Design for The Winter’s TaleTony Award Nominations: \n(2007/8) Macbeth Set design \n(2004/05) Set Design Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\n(1995/96) Set design A Midsummer Night’s DreamDrama Desk Award Nominations: \n(2004/2005) Outstanding Set and Costume Design for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, (2001/2002) Outstanding Set Design for Oklahoma!'\nEvening Standard Award Nominations:\n(2007) Best Set Design for Macbeth.","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anthony+Ward%22","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Ward\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anthony+Ward%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anthony+Ward%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anthony+Ward%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anthony+Ward%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anthony+Ward%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130816210230/http://www.wimbledon.arts.ac.uk/aboutwimbledon/alumni/alumnilist/","external_links_name":"Wimbledon College of Art: About Wimbledon: Alumni: Alumni List"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130524164723/http://anthonywarddesign.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0911379/","external_links_name":"Anthony Ward"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/24629","external_links_name":"Anthony Ward"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080213182306/http://www.variety.com/profiles/people/main/1064212/Anthony%20Ward.html?dataSet=1","external_links_name":"Variety"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081231003815/http://www.oliver-themusical.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Oliver! West End Official Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000358725752","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/210989648","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqw8pkTryhyWyRpfRqvpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1083814001","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011181442","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitas_(state_constituency)	Pitas (state constituency)	["1 History","1.1 Polling districts","1.2 Representation history","2 Demographics","3 Election results","4 References"]	State constituency in Sabah, Malaysia Malaysian electoral constituency Pitas Sabah constituencyState constituencyLegislatureSabah State Legislative AssemblyMLA Ruddy AwahGRSConstituency created2003First contested2004Last contested2020DemographicsElectors (2020)10,928 Pitas is a state constituency in Sabah, Malaysia, that is represented in the Sabah State Legislative Assembly. History Polling districts According to the gazette issued on 24 September 2019, the Pitas constituency has a total of 10 polling districts. State constituency Polling Districts Code Location Pitas（N03） Telaga 167/03/01 SK Telaga Kalumpang 167/03/02 SK Salimpodon Darat Salimpodon 167/03/03 SK Salimpon Darat Pitas 167/03/04 SMK Pitas Liu 167/03/05 SK Liu Malubang 167/03/06 SK Malubang Rosob 167/03/07 SK Rosob Pinggan-Pinggan 167/03/08 SK Pinggan-Pinggan Sungai Eloi 167/03/09 SK Datong Sanitan 167/03/10 SK Nibang Representation history Members of the Legislative Assembly for Pitas Assembly Years Member Party Constituency created from Bengkoka 12th 2004–2008 Masrani Parman (مسراني ڤرمان) BN (UMNO) 13th 2008–2013 Bolkiah Ismail (بلقية إسماعيل) 14th 2013–2018 15th 2018 2018-2020 WARISAN 2020 Independent 16th 2020-2021 Ruddy Awah 2021-2022 GRS (BERSATU) 2022-2023 GRS (Direct) 2023–present GRS (PGRS) Demographics Ethnic breakdown of Pitas's electorate as of 2020 Sabah Bumiputera (86.17%) Malay-Muslim Bumiputera (7.56%) Other ethnicities (5.24%) Chinese (1.03%) Election results Sabah state election, 2020 Party Candidate Votes % ∆% Independent Ruddy Awah 2,918 39.00 39.00 BN Sufian Abdul Karim 2,359 31.52 11.29 Sabah Heritage Party Shariff Azman 1,565 20.91 12.11 Love Sabah Party Sh Sahar Sh Ading 314 4.20 4.20 USNO (Baru) Ilasam Nurkasim 114 1.52 1.52 Total valid votes 7,270 97.15 Total rejected ballots 192 2.57 Unreturned ballots 21 0.28 Turnout 7,483 65.84 9.99 Registered electors 10,928 Majority 559 7.48 2.41 Independent gain from BN Swing ? Source(s) "RESULTS OF CONTESTED ELECTION AND STATEMENTS OF THE POLL AFTER THE OFFICIAL ADDITION OF VOTES". Sabah state election, 2018 Party Candidate Votes % ∆% BN Bolkiah Ismail 5,606 42.81 16.14 Sabah Heritage Party Maklin Masiau 4,324 33.02 33.02 Sabah People's Hope Party Bakir Mancaing 1,527 11.66 11.66 Sabah Nationality Party Ramlah Nasir 508 3.88 3.88 Anak Negeri Pransol Tiying 400 3.05 3.05 PAS Dausieh Queck @ Paraman 262 2.00 6.30 Total valid votes 12,627 96.43 Total rejected ballots 416 3.18 Unreturned ballots 52 0.40 Turnout 13,095 75.83 3.07 Registered electors 17,269 Majority 1,282 9.79 22.71 BN hold Swing Source(s) "RESULTS OF CONTESTED ELECTION AND STATEMENTS OF THE POLL AFTER THE OFFICIAL ADDITION OF VOTES". Sabah state election, 2013 Party Candidate Votes % ∆% BN Bolkiah Ismail 6,934 58.95 11.19 STAR Maklin Masiau 3,111 26.45 26.45 PAS Dausieh Queck @ Paraman 976 8.30 8.30 SAPP Johnes @ Onis Piut 232 1.97 1.97 KITA Awang Latip Abdul Salam 138 1.17 1.17 Total valid votes 11,391 96.85 Total rejected ballots 354 3.01 Unreturned ballots 17 0.14 Turnout 11,762 78.90 10.21 Registered electors 14,912 Majority 3,823 32.50 14.35 BN hold Swing Source(s) "KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM DEWAN UNDANGAN NEGERI". Sabah state election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % ∆% BN Bolkiah Ismail 5,761 70.14 21.40 PKR Paulus Itom @ Paul Tom 1,913 23.29 23.29 Independent Yusoff Matarang 127 1.55 1.55 Independent Jolly Majalap @ Lucundus Harry 120 1.46 1.46 Total valid votes 7,921 96.44 Total rejected ballots 277 3.37 Unreturned ballots 15 0.18 Turnout 8,213 68.69 5.38 Registered electors 11,956 Majority 3,848 46.85 34.94 BN hold Swing Source(s) "KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM DEWAN UNDANGAN NEGERI PERAK BAGI TAHUN 2008". Sabah state election, 2004 Party Candidate Votes % ∆% BN Masrani Parman 3,278 48.74 Independent Othman Aliasah 2,477 36.83 Independent Masandul Madee 474 7.05 Independent Abu Bakar Siman 158 1.29 PAS Rose @ Ulimsim Ungkir 87 1.46 Total valid votes 6,474 96.27 Total rejected ballots 251 3.73 Unreturned ballots 0 0.00 Turnout 6,725 63.31 Registered electors 10,622 Majority 801 11.91 This was a new constituency created. Source(s) "KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM DEWAN UNDANGAN NEGERI PERAK BAGI TAHUN 2004". References ^ "Dashboard SPR". ^ "His Majesty's Government Gazette - Notice of Contested Election, Parliament for the State of Sabah " (PDF). Attorney General's Chambers of Malaysia. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-10. vte Constituencies of the legislatures of the states of MalaysiaPerlis State Legislative Assembly Titi Tinggi Beseri Chuping Mata Ayer Santan Bintong Sena Indera Kayangan Kuala Perlis Kayang Pauh Tambun Tulang Guar Sanji Simpang Empat Sanglang Kedah State Legislative Assembly Ayer Hangat Kuah Kota Siputeh Ayer Hitam Bukit Kayu Hitam Jitra Kuala Nerang Pedu Bukit Lada Bukit Pinang Derga Suka Menanti Kota Darul Aman Alor Mengkudu Anak Bukit Kubang Rotan Pengkalan Kundor Tokai Sungai Tiang Sungai Limau Guar Chempedak Gurun Belantek Jeneri Bukit Selambau Tanjong Dawai Pantai Merdeka Bakar Arang Sidam Bayu Kupang Kuala Ketil Merbau Pulas Lunas Kulim Bandar Baharu Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Pengkalan Kubor Kelaboran Pasir Pekan Wakaf Bharu Kijang Chempaka Panchor Tanjong Mas Kota Lama Bunut Payong Tendong Pengkalan Pasir Chetok Meranti Gual Periok Apam Putra Salor Pasir Tumboh Demit Tawang Pantai Irama Jelawat Melor Kadok Kok Lanas Bukit Panau Gual Ipoh Kemahang Selising Limbongan Semerak Gaal Pulai Chondong Temangan Kemuning Bukit Bunga Ayer Lanas Kuala Balah Mengkebang Guchil Manek Urai Dabong Nenggiri Paloh Galas Terengganu State Legislative Assembly Kuala Besut Kota Putera Jertih Hulu Besut Jabi Permaisuri Langkap Batu Rakit Tepuh Buluh Gading Seberang Takir Bukit Tunggal Wakaf Mempelam Bandar Ladang Batu Buruk Alur Limbat Bukit Payung Ru Rendang Pengkalan Berangan Telemung Manir Kuala Berang Ajil Bukit Besi Rantau Abang Sura Paka Kemasik Kijal Cukai Air Putih Penang State Legislative Assembly Penaga Bertam Pinang Tunggal Permatang Berangan Sungai Dua Telok Ayer Tawar Sungai Puyu Bagan Jermal Bagan Dalam Seberang Jaya Permatang Pasir Penanti Berapit Machang Bubuk Padang Lalang Perai Bukit Tengah Bukit Tambun Jawi Sungai Bakap Sungai Acheh Tanjong Bunga Air Putih Kebun Bunga Pulau Tikus Padang Kota Pengkalan Kota Komtar Datok Keramat Sungai Pinang Batu Lancang Seri Delima Air Itam Paya Terubong Batu Uban Pantai Jerejak Batu Maung Bayan Lepas Pulau Betong Telok Bahang Perak State Legislative Assembly Pengkalan Hulu Temenggor Kenering Kota Tampan Selama Kubu Gajah Batu Kurau Titi Serong Kuala Kurau Alor Pongsu Gunong Semanggol Selinsing Kuala Sepetang Changkat Jering Trong Kamunting Pokok Assam Aulong Chenderoh Lubok Merbau Lintang Jalong Manjoi Hulu Kinta Canning Tebing Tinggi Pasir Pinji Bercham Kepayang Buntong Jelapang Menglembu Tronoh Bukit Chandan Manong Pengkalan Baharu Pantai Remis Astaka Belanja Bota Malim Nawar Keranji Tualang Sekah Sungai Rapat Simpang Pulai Teja Chenderiang Ayer Kuning Sungai Manik Kampong Gajah Pasir Panjang Pangkor Rungkup Hutan Melintang Pasir Bedamar Changkat Jong Sungkai Slim Behrang Pahang State Legislative Assembly Tanah Rata Jelai Padang Tengku Cheka Benta Batu Talam Tras Dong Tahan Damak Pulau Tawar Beserah Semambu Teruntum Tanjung Lumpur Inderapura Sungai Lembing Lepar Panching Pulau Manis Peramu Jaya Bebar Chini Luit Kuala Sentul Chenor Jenderak Kerdau Jengka Mentakab Lanchang Kuala Semantan Bilut Ketari Sabai Pelangai Guai Triang Kemayan Bukit Ibam Muadzam Shah Tioman Selangor State Legislative Assembly Sungai Air Tawar Sabak Sungai Panjang Sekinchan Hulu Bernam Kuala Kubu Baharu Batang Kali Sungai Burong Permatang Bukit Melawati Ijok Jeram Kuang Rawang Taman Templer Sungai Tua Gombak Setia Hulu Kelang Bukit Antarabangsa Lembah Jaya Pandan Indah Teratai Dusun Tua Semenyih Kajang Sungai Ramal Balakong Seri Kembangan Seri Serdang Kinrara Subang Jaya Seri Setia Taman Medan Bukit Gasing Kampung Tunku Bandar Utama Bukit Lanjan Paya Jaras Kota Damansara Kota Anggerik Batu Tiga Meru Sementa Selat Klang Bandar Baru Klang Pelabuhan Klang Pandamaran Sentosa Sungai Kandis Kota Kemuning Sijangkang Banting Morib Tanjong Sepat Dengkil Sungai Pelek Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Chennah Pertang Sungai Lui Klawang Serting Palong Jeram Padang Bahau Lenggeng Nilai Lobak Temiang Sikamat Ampangan Juasseh Seri Menanti Senaling Pilah Johol Labu Bukit Kepayang Rahang Mambau Seremban Jaya Paroi Chembong Rantau Kota Chuah Lukut Bagan Pinang Linggi Sri Tanjung Gemas Gemencheh Repah Malacca State Legislative Assembly Kuala Linggi Tanjung Bidara Ayer Limau Lendu Taboh Naning Rembia Gadek Machap Jaya Durian Tunggal Asahan Sungai Udang Pantai Kundor Paya Rumput Kelebang Pengkalan Batu Ayer Keroh Bukit Katil Ayer Molek Kesidang Kota Laksamana Duyong Bandar Hilir Telok Mas Bemban Rim Serkam Merlimau Sungai Rambai Johor State Legislative Assembly Buloh Kasap Jementah Pemanis Kemelah Tenang Bekok Bukit Kepong Bukit Pasir Gambir Tangkak Serom Bentayan Simpang Jeram Bukit Naning Maharani Sungai Balang Semerah Sri Medan Yong Peng Semarang Parit Yaani Parit Raja Penggaram Senggarang Rengit Machap Layang-Layang Mengkibol Mahkota Paloh Kahang Endau Tenggaroh Panti Pasir Raja Sedili Johor Lama Penawar Tanjung Surat Tiram Puteri Wangsa Johor Jaya Permas Larkin Stulang Perling Kempas Skudai Kota Iskandar Bukit Permai Bukit Batu Senai Benut Pulai Sebatang Pekan Nanas Kukup Sabah State Legislative Assembly Banggi Bengkoka Pitas Tanjong Kapor Matunggong Bandau Tandek Pintasan Tempasuk Usukan Kadamaian Sulaman Pantai Dalit Tamparuli Kiulu Karambunai Darau Inanam Likas Api-Api Luyang Tanjung Aru Petagas Tanjung Keramat Kapayan Moyog Limbahau Kawang Pantai Manis Bongawan Membakut Klias Kuala Penyu Lumadan Sindumin Kundasang Karanaan Paginatan Tambunan Bingkor Liawan Melalap Kemabong Tulid Sook Nabawan Telupid Sugut Labuk Gum-Gum Sungai Manila Sungai Sibuga Sekong Karamunting Elopura Tanjong Papat Kuamut Lamag Sukau Tungku Segama Silam Kunak Sulabayan Senallang Bugaya Balung Apas Sri Tanjong Kukusan Tanjong Batu Merotai Sebatik Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Opar Tasik Biru Tanjong Datu Pantai Damai Demak Laut Tupong Samariang Satok Padungan Pending Batu Lintang Kota Sentosa Batu Kitang Batu Kawah Asajaya Muara Tuang Stakan Serembu Mambong Tarat Tebedu Kedup Bukit Semuja Sadong Jaya Simunjan Gedong Sebuyau Lingga Beting Maro Balai Ringin Bukit Begunan Simanggang Engkilili Batang Ai Saribas Layar Bukit Saban Kalaka Krian Kabong Kuala Rajang Semop Daro Jemoreng Repok Meradong Pakan Meluan Ngemah Machan Bukit Assek Dudong Bawang Assan Pelawan Nangka Dalat Tellian Balingian Tamin Kakus Pelagus Katibas Bukit Goram Baleh Belaga Murum Jepak Tanjong Batu Kemena Samalaju Bekenu Lambir Piasau Pujut Senadin Marudi Telang Usan Mulu Bukit Kota Batu Danau Ba'kelalan Bukit Sari See also: List of former Malaysian state electoral districts This Sabah location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Sabah State Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Malaysian electoral constituencyPitas is a state constituency in Sabah, Malaysia, that is represented in the Sabah State Legislative Assembly.[1]","title":"Pitas (state constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Polling districts","text":"According to the gazette issued on 24 September 2019, the Pitas constituency has a total of 10 polling districts.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Representation history","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese"}],"text":"Ethnic breakdown of Pitas's electorate as of 2020\n\n Sabah Bumiputera (86.17%) Malay-Muslim Bumiputera (7.56%) Other ethnicities (5.24%) Chinese (1.03%)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dashboard SPR\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dashboard.spr.gov.my/#!/home","url_text":"\"Dashboard SPR\""}]},{"reference":"\"His Majesty's Government Gazette - Notice of Contested Election, Parliament for the State of Sabah [P.U. 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(B) 246/2018]\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitas_(state_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

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